document_title: Anne with an E

question_text: who plays ruby on anne with an e

question_tokens: who plays ruby on anne with an e

text: Anne with an E

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, both in their old age, decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables, on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea, on Prince Edward Island. When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station, he finds not a boy, but a high-spirited and talkative girl, Anne Shirley. At first, the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back, particularly after Marilla's brooch goes missing, and Anne, in despair, runs away. The family reconciles and Anne settles in her new home. Upon starting school, Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong, which they often do. Slowly, her ebullient nature wins over those around her.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley[12]
Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert[12]
R. H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert[12]
Dalila Bela as Diana Barry[13]
Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe[14]
Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard[13]
Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde[13]
Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian "Bash" Lacroix (season 2)[15]
Cory Grüter-Andrew as Cole Mackenzie (season 2)[15]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry
Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian Lacroix
Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry
Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie May Barry
Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry
Wayne Best as John Blythe
Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde
David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews
Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews
Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews
Lia Pappas-Kemps as Jane Andrews
Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews
Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis
Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis
Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis
Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon
Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips
Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye
Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter
Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe
Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane
Joanna Douglas as Miss Muriel Stacy
Trenna Keating as Mrs. Pye

text: Production[edit]

text:
The production companies are listed as Northwood Anne, Northwood Entertainment and
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; Netflix is only the distributor.[16] The executive producers are Miranda de Pencier and series creator Moira Walley-Beckett.

text: According to de Pencier, the adaptation of the novel for this television series was intended to provide a different look and feel compared to past productions; they were aiming for a "documentary level of realism", as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes.[17]

text: Production on Season 3 was planned to start in late 2018[18]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male, women serving as executive producer and showrunner, the series has several female directors.[19] For the second season, showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley-Beckett was joined by a team of women writers.[20] Season 3 will also feature a team of women writers.[21]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley. Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is "incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful", according to Miranda de Pencier. Walley-Beckett describes her as at once "luminous," transparent, smart, soulful and emotional.[19]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text:
The series has occasionally filmed on Prince Edward Island but, for budgetary reasons, it has primarily been filmed in Southern Ontario, at a Toronto studio, at outdoor locations in or near Toronto including Black Creek Pioneer Village, in Waterloo Region at locations including Doon Pioneer Village, and in communities such as Millbrook, Pickering, Hamilton,
and Caledon.[22][23][24][25]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme is the song "Ahead by a Century" performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip.[19]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Moira Walley-Beckett had this to say about her treatment, which is darker than the previous productions: "In this day and age, themes of identity, prejudice, bullying, being an outsider, searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant, and those are themes that are built into the story of 'Anne.'" She went on to call Anne Shirley an "accidental feminist", and how she "really wanted to tell this story now."[19] For the second season, according to what she called her "master plan", Walley-Beckett introduced an entirely new character of her own, Bash,[15] to reflect the racial diversity present in and around Charlottetown at the time of the novel, with a view to representing a community absent from previous adaptations, achieving this by having Gilbert travel on a steamship and meet with the new character in Trinidad: "Bash is the vehicle to explore intolerance and inequality, even more when he goes to The Bog, when he learns that other black people live there."[26] Walley-Beckett explained: "The Bog is the community that's just outside of Charlottetown, where people of color were marginalized and had their own community there."

text: The plan for Season 3 was to cover topics such as identity, feminism, bullying and gender parity.[18] Walley-Beckett provided this additional hint: "Our beloved Anne will be 16 years old when we return to this season full of romantic complications, bold adventures and dramatic discoveries. I will explore important, contemporary themes that I hope will continue to resonate with, and inspire and uplift, our audience."[21]

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: The series initially premiered on March 19, 2017, on CBC and aired on a weekly basis, the season finale airing on April 30, 2017.

text: The series debuted on Netflix on May 12, 2017, under the title Anne With An E.[5][27] The second and later seasons were retitled to match Netflix's title by the CBC which had initially used the title Anne.[28] The CBC premier for Season 2 was in late September, after it had been streaming on Netflix for some time.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series Overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired17March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)210July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateCan. viewers(millions)11"Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny"Niki CaroMoira Walley-BeckettMarch 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)0.999[29]
When a miscommunication brings a girl, Anne Shirley, to Green Gables instead of a boy, Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life-changing decision.
22"I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"Helen ShaverMoira Walley-BeckettMarch 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)0.780[30]
Hoping all is not lost, Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables.
33"But What Is So Headstrong as Youth?"Sandra GoldbacherMoira Walley-BeckettApril 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)0.994[31]
Anne is excited to begin school and make friends, but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she doesn't fit in. Marilla too, is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a "Progressive Mothers" group.
44"An Inward Treasure is Born"David EvansMoira Walley-BeckettApril 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)0.654[32]
Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school. But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne's generous actions help her in her choice.
55"Tightly Knotted to a Similar String"Patricia RozemaMoira Walley-BeckettApril 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)N/A
Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period. At the same time, Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne.
66"Remorse Is the Poison of Life"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettApril 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)0.656[33]
When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill, Diana runs to Anne for help.  Meanwhile, the Blythe farm sees change, as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news.
77"Wherever You Are Is My Home"Amanda TappingMoira Walley-BeckettApril 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)N/A
The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [9]Can. viewers(millions)81"Youth is the Season of Hope"Helen ShaverMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
The Cuthberts' boarders stir excitement with a question: Could there be gold in Avonlea? Elsewhere, Gilbert makes a new friend at sea.
92"Signs are Small Measurable Things, but Interpretations are Illimitable"Paul FoxShernold EdwardsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
The steamer lands in Trinidad, bringing Bash face to face with his past. The Barrys get behind the gold rush, but Matthew and Marilla aren't so sure.
103"The True Seeing is Within"Ken GirottiKathryn Borel, Jr.July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
An adventure away with the Barrys teaches Anne to trust her instincts. Marilla begins to suspect that her boarders aren't as innocent as they seem.
114"The Painful Eagerness of Unfed Hope"Anne WheelerJane MaggsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne writes letters as an "agent of romance" while Diana trains at home to be a lady. A life-changing encounter steers Gilbert toward his destiny.
125"The Determining Acts of Her Life"Norma BaileyAmanda FaheyJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
A game of spin the bottle prompts burning questions about love and beauty. Anne and Cole bond over their differences as Gilbert makes his way home.
136"I Protest Against Any Absolute Conclusion"Ken GirottiNaledi JacksonJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne faces the world with a shocking new look while the town preps for its annual Christmas pantomime. Gilbert and Bash join the Cuthberts for dinner.
147"Memory Has as Many Moods as The Temper"Anne WheelerJane MaggsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Cole accompanies the girls to Aunt Josephine's for a lavish party filled with surprises. Back at home, Marilla's health takes a worrisome turn.
158"Struggling Against the Perception of Facts"Amanda TappingShernold EdwardsJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
With a wedding on the horizon, Anne wonders what kind of bride she'd like to be. Marilla sees an oculist, and Bash meets a friendly face in "The Bog."
169"What We Have Been Makes Us What We Are"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
A brand-new teacher brings unconventional methods -- and a motorbike -- to Avonlea. Gilbert's plan to speed up his studies leaves Bash feeling lost.
1710"The Growing Good of the World"Paul FoxMoira Walley-BeckettJuly 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)N/A
Anne rallies her friends to save Miss Stacy in the wake of a disastrous incident. Bash gets an unexpected gift, and Cole makes a surprising choice.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season has achieved a rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes, the site's critical consensus stating: "Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish, emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right."[34] The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[35]

text: Emily Ashby, writing for Common Sense Media, calls the series an "exceptional" and "spectacular" interpretation, giving it four out of five stars.[36] Tasha Cerny, contributor for the Tracking Board, praises the cinematography as lush and colourful, the characters vibrant, and the plot "surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century. I laughed, I cried, and I didn't expect either from a show about a little girl."[37] Gwen Inhat of The A.V. Club calls the series "at once darker and sweeter than the original" novel, praising the core cast, reserving the highest for the series lead: "Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession. It can't be easy to make Anne's fanciful language sing the way she does, and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with."[38] Writing of the 90-minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star, Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley-Beckett's departures from the novel, bringing its subtext to the fore: "Reading between the novel's lines and adding verisimilitude, she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture."[39] Hanh Nguyen, reviewing the series for IndieWire, concurs with this assessment, saying: "Rather than ruining the series, they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature, basic human decency and having a family to call her own. Montgomery had based much of Anne's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood, and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter."[40] Jen Chaney, writing for Vulture.com, agrees, saying: "What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story's softness, just enough, to create an element of realism that period pieces, Gables-related or not, can be inclined to avoid."[41] Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times, commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness, goes so far as to call the adaptation "richer" than the source material: "Ms. McNulty's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable; she's just not the one-dimensional figure of other adaptations".[42]  Annie Hirschlag, writing for Mic, suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times (the 2010s): "Since today's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes — characters who are far from perfect, even occasionally villainous — it makes sense that Anne's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony."[43]

text: Some reviewers were more ambivalent, mainly about Walley-Beckett's changes to the story. Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz, who reviewed the 90-minute first episode for Toronto Life, said she enjoyed it more than she expected, particularly the set designs and costumes, as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson, and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material. She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material, and disapproved of the "manufactured drama, such as Matthew's wild horse ride".[44] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings, but, "putting the source material aside, it's a fine show on its own", and she conceded that "inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today's TV landscape".[45] Allison Keene, writing for Collider, agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms, but allows it is "only a fair adaptation" of the novel, at its best in the home scenes: "Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables. But its desire to reveal more of Anne's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery's story."[46] Writing for Variety, critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent, describing the series as on the one hand "a brilliant adaptation" which "succeeds admirably", but on the other hand, "the show can't quite sustain the brilliance, veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone", contending that "the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne's dysfunction", presenting "a slightly soapy view of Anne's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others, are rather infantilizing".[47]

text: Sarah Larson, writing for The New Yorker, was not at all impressed with changes made to the story, arguing that they alter Anne's character to the point of non-recognition. While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea, she is not pleased with the execution, saying that the result is part "the Anne we know and love" and part "untrustworthy stranger", calling the alteration and addition of scenes a "betrayal" of Montgomery's novel, comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park.[48] For Joanna Robinson, writing for Vanity Fair, a central problem with the show is that it "seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure, she has to butt up against a straw-man-filled patriarchy," and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists, most notably the Reverend Allan, who is considered by Anne to be a "kindred spirit" in the book: "Anne with an E seems to think Anne's triumphs are only noteworthy if she's continually told she can't succeed, when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition. It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when, in fact, the story of her success was feminist in its own right." This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes, that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone: "this series thrives on non-stop tragedy."[49]


document_title: Folate

question_text: where is folic acid absorbed in the body

root

text: Folate

text: Definition[edit]

text: "Folate" is the term used to name the many forms of the vitamin—namely folic acid and its congeners, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the activated form of the vitamin), methyltetrahydrofolate, methenyltetrahydrofolate, and folinic acid.[18][19][20] People sometimes confuse this use of "folate" with the use of "folate" in the standard way of naming acids in organic chemistry, in which the complete compound is called "X-ic acid" but is called "X-ate" when it loses a proton; acids shift back and forth between these forms based on the acidity of the solution in which they are found. In this usage, "folate" is just "folic acid" in a non-acidic solution.[21]

tag: p

text: Other names include vitamin B9,[1] vitamin Bc,[2] vitamin M,[3] folacin, and pteroyl-L-glutamate.

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Pregnancy[edit]

text: Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects.[22] Likewise a meta-analysis of folate supplementation during pregnancy reported a 28% lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects.[23] The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends the folic acid supplementation for all women able to become pregnant; forms of folate other than folic acid have not been studied for this use and are not recommended.[19]

text: Prenatal supplementation with folic acid did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm births.[24][25] One systematic review indicated no effect of folic acid on mortality, growth, body composition, respiratory, or cognitive outcomes of children from birth to 9 years old.[26] There was no correlation between maternal folic acid supplementation and an increased risk for childhood asthma.[27]

text: Fertility[edit]

text: Folate is necessary for fertility in both men and women. It contributes to spermatogenesis. Therefore, it is necessary to receive sufficient amounts through the diet to avoid subfertility.[28] Also, polymorphisms in genes of enzymes involved in folate metabolism could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[29]

text: Heart disease[edit]

text: Taking folic acid over years reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease by 4%,[11] where another study found it did not affect cardiovascular disease, even while reducing homocysteine levels.[30]

text: Stroke[edit]

text: Long-term supplementation with folic acid reduced the risk of stroke by 10%, which may be due to the role folate plays in regulating homocysteine concentration.[11] The reviews indicate the risk of stroke appears to be reduced only in some individuals, but a definite recommendation regarding supplementation beyond the current RDA has not been established for stroke prevention.[31] Asian populations had greater protection against stroke with folate supplementation than did European or North American subjects.[11]

text: Observed stroke reduction is consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day, since hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke. Folic supplements are inexpensive and relatively safe to use, which is why people who have had strokes or who have hyperhomocysteinemia are encouraged to consume daily B vitamins including folic acid.[32]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Studies on folic acid intake from food and folate supplementation with regards to cancer risk are based on the adequacy of chronic intake. Chronically insufficient intake of folic acid (below the recommended level of 400 micrograms per day[6]) may increase the risk of colorectal, breast, ovarian, pancreas, brain, lung, cervical, and prostate cancers.[33][34][35][36] Other studies showed that excessive dietary supplementation with synthetic folate may increase the risk of certain cancers, in particular prostate.[37][38] A 2017 review found no relationship between taking folate supplements and cancer risk.[39]

text: Antifolate chemotherapy[edit]

text: Folate is important for cells and tissues that divide rapidly.[40] Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. The antifolate methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form of THF from the inactive dihydrofolate (DHF). However, methotrexate can be toxic,[41][42][43] producing side effects, such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally. Also, bone marrow depression (inducing leukopenia and thrombocytopenia), and acute kidney and liver failure have been reported.

text: Folinic acid, under the drug name leucovorin, a form of folate (formyl-THF), can help "rescue" or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate.[44] Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[45][46] There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in people receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy. It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements. The supplement of folinic acid in people undergoing methotrexate treatment is to give cells dividing less rapidly enough folate to maintain normal cell functions. The amount of folate given is depleted by rapidly dividing cells (cancer) quickly, and so does not negate the effects of methotrexate.

text: Psychological[edit]

text: Some evidence links a shortage of folate with depression.[47] Limited evidence from randomised controlled trials showed using folic acid in addition to SSRIs may have benefits.[48] Research at the University of York and Hull York Medical School has found a link between depression and low levels of folate.[49] One study by the same team involved 15,315 subjects.[50] Folic acid supplementation affects noradrenaline and serotonin receptors within the brain, which could be the cause of folic acid's possible ability to act as an antidepressant.[51][52] The exact mechanisms involved in the development of schizophrenia and depression are not entirely clear, but the bioactive folate, methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), a direct target of methyl donors like S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), recycles the inactive dihydrobiopterin (BH2) into tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the necessary cofactor in various steps of monoamine synthesis, including that of dopamine. BH4 serves a regulatory role in monoamine neurotransmission and is required to mediate the actions of most antidepressants. 5-MTHF also plays both direct & indirect roles in DNA methylation, NO2 synthesis, and one-carbon metabolism.[53]

text: Age related macular degeneration[edit]

text: A sub study of the Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study published in 2009 reported use of a nutritional supplement containing folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin decreased the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration by 34.7%.[54] The amount of folic acid used in this clinical trial – 2500 μg – was higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1000 μg.

text: Folic acid, B12 and iron[edit]

text: There is a complex interaction between folic acid, vitamin B12 and iron. A deficiency of one may be "masked" by excess of another so the three must always be in balance.[55][56][57]

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low, because folate is a water-soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine.[58] One potential issue associated with high dosages of folic acid is that it has a masking effect on the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia (vitamin B12 deficiency),[59] and a variety of concerns[clarification needed] of potential negative impacts on health.[60]

text: Folate deficiency[edit]

text: Folate deficiency can be caused by unhealthy diets that do not include enough fruits and vegetables, diseases in which folates are not well absorbed in the digestive system (such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease), some genetic disorders that affect levels of folate, and certain medicines (such as phenytoin, sulfasalazine, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole).[61] Folate deficiency is accelerated by alcohol consumption.[62]

text: Folate deficiency may lead to glossitis, diarrhea, depression, confusion, anemia, and fetal neural tube defects and brain defects (during pregnancy).[63] Other symptoms include fatigue, gray hair, mouth sores, poor growth, and swollen tongue.[61] Folate deficiency is diagnosed by analyzing CBC and plasma vitamin B12 and folate levels.[63] CBC may indicate megaloblastic anemia but this could also be a sign of vitamin B12 deficiency.[63] A serum folate of 3 μg/L or lower indicates deficiency.[63] Serum folate level reflects folate status but erythrocyte folate level better reflects tissue stores after intake.[63] Serum folate reacts more rapidly to folate intake than erythrocyte folate.[64] An erythrocyte folate level of 140 μg/L or lower indicates inadequate folate status.[63] Increased homocysteine level suggests tissue folate deficiency but homocysteine is also affected by vitamin B12 and vitamin B6, renal function, and genetics.[63]

text: One way to differentiate between folate (vitamin B9) deficiency from vitamin B12 deficiency is by testing for methylmalonic acid levels.[63] Normal MMA levels indicate folate deficiency and elevated MMA levels indicate vitamin B12 deficiency.[63] Folate deficiency is treated with supplemental oral folic acid of 400 to 1000 μg per day. This treatment is very successful in replenishing tissues, even if deficiency was caused by malabsorption.[63] People with megaloblastic anemia need to be tested for vitamin B12 deficiency before treatment with folic acid, because if the person has vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid supplementation can remove the anemia, but can also worsen neurologic problems.[63] People who are morbidly obese with BMIs of greater than 50 are more likely to develop folate deficiency.[65] People with celiac disease have a higher chance of developing folate deficiency.[65] Cobalamin deficiency may lead to folate deficiency, which, in turn, increases homocysteine levels and may result in the development of cardiovascular disease or birth defects.[66]

text: Malaria[edit]

text: Some studies show iron–folic acid supplementation in children under 5 may result in increased mortality due to malaria; this has prompted the World Health Organization to alter their iron–folic acid supplementation policies for children in malaria-prone areas, such as India.[67]

text: Dietary recommendations[edit]

text: Because of the difference in bioavailability between supplemented folic acid and the different forms of folate found in food, the dietary folate equivalent (DFE) system was established. One DFE is defined as 1 μg of dietary folate. One μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE. The reason for the difference is that at least 85% of folic acid is estimated to be bioavailable when taken with food, whereas only about 50% of folate naturally present in food is bioavailable.[68]

text:
National Institutes of Health (US) nutritional recommendations[68] (µg DFE per day for RDA, µg folic acid for UL )

Age
Infants (AI)
Infants (UL)
Adults (RDA)
Adults (UL)
Pregnant women (RDA)
Pregnant women (UL)
Lactating women (RDA)
Lactating women (UL)

0–6 months
65
None set
–
–
–
–
–
–

7–12 months
80
None set
–
–
–
–
–
–

1–3 years
–
–
150
300
–
–
–
–

4–8 years
–
–
200
400
–
–
–
 –

9–13 years
–
–
300
600
–
–
–
–

14–18
–
–
400
800
600
800
500
800

19+
–
–
400
1000
600
1000
500
1000

tag: table

text: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for folate in 2001. As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. The UL for folate refers to only micrograms of synthetic folic acid, as no health risks have been associated with high intake of folate from food sources. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).[68][69]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg/day. PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg/day, for lactation 500 μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years the PRIs increase with age from 120 to 270 μg/day. These values differ somewhat from the U.S. RDAs.[70] The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and agreed with United States that the UL be set at 1000 μg.[71]

text: For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For folate labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 400 μg. As of May 27, 2016 update it was kept unchanged at 400 μg.[72] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Food and supplement companies have until January 1, 2020 to comply with the change.[73]

text: Sources[edit]

text: Folate naturally occurs in a wide variety of foods, including vegetables (particularly dark green leafy vegetables), fruits and fruit juices, nuts, beans, peas, dairy products, poultry and meat, eggs, seafood, grains, and some beers.[8][74] Avocado,[75] beetroot, spinach, liver, yeast, asparagus, and Brussels sprouts are among the foods with the highest levels of folate.[8] Folate naturally found in food is susceptible to high heat and ultraviolet light, and is soluble in water.[76] It is heat-labile in acidic environments and may also be subject to oxidation.[76]

text: Folic acid is added to grain products in many countries, and these fortified products make up a significant source of the population's folate intake.[77]

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1920s, scientists believed folate deficiency and anemia were the same condition.[78] In 1931, researcher Lucy Wills made a key observation that led to the identification of folate as the nutrient required to prevent anemia during pregnancy. Wills demonstrated that anemia could be reversed with brewer's yeast. In the late 1930s, folate was identified as the corrective substance in brewer's yeast.

text: It was first isolated via extraction from spinach leaves by Herschel K. Mitchell, Esmond E. Snell, and Roger J. Williams in 1941.[79] Bob Stokstad isolated the pure crystalline form in 1943, and was able to determine its chemical structure while working at the Lederle Laboratories of the American Cyanamid Company.[80] This historical research project, of obtaining folic acid in a pure crystalline form in 1945, was done by the team called the "folic acid boys," under the supervision and guidance of Director of Research Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow, at the Lederle Lab, Pearl River, NY.[81]

text: This research subsequently led to the synthesis of the antifolate aminopterin, the first-ever anticancer drug, the clinical efficacy was proven by Sidney Farber in 1948. In the 1950s and 1960s, scientists began to discover the biochemical mechanisms of action for folate.[78] In 1960, experts first linked folate deficiency to neural tube defects.[78] In the late 1990s, US scientists realized, despite the availability of folate in foods and in supplements, there was still a challenge for people to meet their daily folate requirements, which is when the US implemented the folate fortification program.[78]

text: Biological roles[edit]

text: DNA and cell division[edit]

text: Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells, for DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis through methylation, and for preventing changes to DNA, and, thus, for preventing cancer.[40] It is especially important during periods of frequent cell division and growth, such as infancy and pregnancy. Folate is needed to carry one-carbon groups for methylation reactions and nucleic acid synthesis (the most notable one being thymine, but also purine bases).[82] Thus, folate deficiency hinders DNA synthesis and cell division, affecting hematopoietic cells and neoplasms the most because of their greater frequency of cell division. RNA transcription, and subsequent protein synthesis, are less affected by folate deficiency, as the mRNA can be recycled and used again (as opposed to DNA synthesis, where a new genomic copy must be created). Since folate deficiency limits cell division, erythropoiesis, production of red blood cells, is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by large immature red blood cells. This pathology results from persistently thwarted attempts at normal DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell division, and produces abnormally large red cells called megaloblasts (and hypersegmented neutrophils) with abundant cytoplasm capable of RNA and protein synthesis, but with clumping and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin. Some of these large cells, although immature (reticulocytes), are released early from the marrow in an attempt to compensate for the anemia.[83] Both adults and children need folate to make normal red and white blood cells and prevent anemia.[84] Deficiency of folate in pregnant women has been implicated in neural tube defects (NTD); therefore, many developed countries have implemented mandatory folic acid fortification in cereals, etc. NTDs occur early in pregnancy (first month), therefore women must have abundant folate upon conception. Folate is required to make red blood cells and white blood cells and folate deficiency may lead to anemia, which causes fatigue, weakness and inability to concentrate.[85]

text: DNA and amino acid production[edit]

text: In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate (THF) compounds, folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single-carbon-transfer reactions, and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP (2′-deoxythymidine-5′-phosphate) from dUMP (2′-deoxyuridine-5′-phosphate). It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B12 and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA, and so required for all dividing cells.[86]

text: The pathway leading to the formation of tetrahydrofolate (FH4) begins when folic acid (F) is reduced to dihydrofolate (DHF) (FH2), which is then reduced to THF. Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the last step.[87] Vitamin B3 in the form of NADPH is a necessary cofactor for both steps of the synthesis. Thus, hydride molecules are transferred from NADPH to the C6 position of the pteridine ring to reduce folic acid to THF.[88]

text: Methylene-THF (CH2FH4) is formed from THF by the addition of a methylene bridge from one of three carbon donors: formate, serine, or glycine. Methyl tetrahydrofolate (CH3-THF, or methyl-THF) can be made from methylene-THF by reduction of the methylene group with NADPH.

text: Another form of THF, 10-formyl-THF, results from oxidation of methylene-THF or is formed from formate donating formyl group to THF. Also, histidine can donate a single carbon to THF to form methenyl-THF.

text: Vitamin B12 is the only acceptor of methyl-THF, and this reaction produces methyl-B12 (methylcobalamin). There is also only one acceptor for methyl-B12, homocysteine, in a reaction catalyzed by homocysteine methyltransferase. These reactions are important because a defect in homocysteine methyltransferase or a deficiency of B12 may lead to a so-called "methyl-trap" of THF, in which THF converts to a reservoir of methyl-THF. Thereafter, this THF has no way of being metabolized, and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate.[80] Thus, a deficiency in B12 can generate a large pool of methyl-THF that is unable to undergo reactions and mimics folate deficiency.

text: The reactions that lead to the methyl-THF reservoir can be shown in chain form:

text: Conversion to biologically active derivatives[edit]

text: All the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives. Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver. This action is unusually slow in humans, being less than 2% of that in rats (and with an almost-5-fold variation in enzymatic activity), leading to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid.[89] It has been suggested this low activity limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms "when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (1 mg/d for adults)."[89]

text: Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions[edit]

text: A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and THF. Among them are the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and methotrexate; the sulfonamides (competitive inhibitors of 4-aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase).

text: Valproic acid, one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants that is also used to treat certain psychological conditions, is a known inhibitor of folic acid, and as such, has been shown to cause neural tube defects and cases of spina bifida and cognitive impairment in the newborn. Because of this considerable risk, those mothers who must continue to use valproic acid or its derivatives during pregnancy to control their condition (as opposed to stopping the drug or switching to another drug or to a lesser dose) should take folic acid supplements under the direction and guidance of their health care providers.

text: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988–91) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994–96 CSFII) indicated most adults did not consume adequate folate.[90][91] However, the folic acid fortification program in the United States has increased folic acid content of commonly eaten foods such as cereals and grains, and as a result, diets of most adults now provide recommended amounts of folate equivalents.[92]

text: Food fortification[edit]

text: Folic acid fortification is a process where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the populace. In the USA, food is fortified with folic acid, only one of the many naturally occurring forms of folate, and a substance contributing only a minor amount to the folates in natural foods.[60]

text: Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects, governments and health organizations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant.

text: Fortification is controversial, with issues having been raised concerning individual liberty,[60] as well as the health concerns described in the Toxicity section above. In the USA, there is concern that the federal government mandates fortification, but does not provide monitoring of potential undesirable effects of fortification.[60]

text: 76 countries worldwide require mandatory folic acid fortification of at least one major cereal grain, with nearly all fortifying at least wheat flour, according to November 2013 data from the Food Fortification Initiative.[93] These countries are:

text: As of November 2013, no EU country has mandated folic acid fortification.[93]

text: Australia[edit]

text: There has been previous debate in Australia regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour.[94]

text: Australia and New Zealand have jointly agreed to fortification though the Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Australia will fortify all flour from 18 September 2009.[95] Although the food standard covers both Australia and New Zealand, an Australian government official has stated it is up to New Zealand to decide whether to implement it there, and they will watch with interest.[96]

text: The requirement is 0.135 mg of folate per 100g of bread.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 2003, a Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto research group published findings showing the fortification of flour with folic acid in Canada has resulted in a dramatic decrease in neuroblastoma, an early and very dangerous cancer in young children.[97] In 2009, further evidence from McGill University showed a 6.2% decrease per year in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects.[98]

text: Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate.[99] It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue.[99] Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate, and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters.[100] Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine;[99] therefore, it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent (DFE) when calculating one's intake. Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE;, however, 0.6 µg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE.

text: Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in Canada in 1998, with the fortification of 150 µg of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour and uncooked cereal grains.[101] The purpose of fortification was to decrease the risk of neural tube defects in newborns.[101] It is important to fortify grains because it is a widely eaten food and the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation, often before many women even know they are pregnant. Canada's fortification program has been successful with a decrease of neural tube defects by 19% since its introduction.[102] A seven-province study from 1993 to 2002 showed a reduction of 46% in the overall rate of neural tube defects after folic acid fortification was introduced in Canada.[103] The fortification program was estimated to raise a person’s folic acid intake level by 70–130 µg/day; however, an increase of almost double that amount was actually observed.[102] This could be from the fact that many foods are over fortified by 160–175% the predicted value.[102] In addition, much of the elder population take supplements that adds 400 µg to their daily folic acid intake. This is a concern because 70–80% of the population have detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in their blood and high intakes can accelerate the growth of preneoplastic lesions.[104] It is still unknown the amount of folic acid supplementation that might cause harm.[101]

text: Supplementation promotion[edit]

text: According to a Canadian survey, 58% of women said they took a folic acid containing multivitamin or a folic acid supplement as early as three months before becoming pregnant. Women in higher income households and with more years of school education are using more folic acid supplements before pregnancy. Women with planned pregnancies and who are over the age of 25 are more likely to use folic acid supplement. Canadian public health efforts are focused on promoting awareness of the importance of folic acid supplementation for all women of childbearing age and decreasing socio-economic inequalities by providing practical folic acid support to vulnerable groups of women.[103]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand was planning to fortify bread (excluding organic and unleavened varieties) from 18 September 2009, but has opted to wait until more research is done.[95]

text: The Association of Bakers [105] and the Green Party [106] have opposed mandatory fortification, describing it as "mass medication". Food Safety Minister Kate Wilkinson reviewed the decision to fortify in July 2009, citing links between overconsumption of folate with cancer .[107] The New Zealand Government is reviewing whether it will continue with the mandatory introduction of folic acid to bread.[108]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: There has been previous debate in the United Kingdom regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour.[109] While the Food Standards Agency has recommended folic acid fortification,[110][111][112] and wheat flour is fortified with iron,[93] folic acid fortification of wheat flour is allowed voluntarily rather than required.

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States Public Health Service recommends an extra 0.4 mg/day for newly pregnant women, which they can take as a pill. However, many researchers believe this supplementation can never work effectively enough, since about half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, and not all women comply with the recommendation. Approximately 53% of the US population uses dietary supplements and 35% uses dietary supplements that contain folic acid.[113]

text: Men consume more folate (in dietary folate equivalents) than women, and non-Hispanic whites have higher folate intakes than Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks.[113] Twenty-nine percent of black women have inadequate intakes of folate.[113] The age group consuming the most folate and folic acid is the >50 group.[113] 5% of the population exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level.[113]

text: In 1996, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published regulations requiring the addition of folic acid to enriched breads, cereals, flours, corn meals, pastas, rice, and other grain products.[114][115] This ruling took effect on 1 January 1998, and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns.[116] There are concerns that the amount of folate added is insufficient .[117] In October 2006, the Australian press claimed that U.S. regulations requiring fortification of grain products were being interpreted as disallowing fortification in non-grain products, specifically Vegemite (an Australian yeast extract containing folate). The FDA later said the report was inaccurate, and no ban or other action was being taken against Vegemite.[118]

text: As a result of the folic acid fortification program, fortified foods have become a major source of folic acid in the American diet.[8] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia used data from 23 birth defect registries covering about half of United States births, and extrapolated their findings to the rest of the country. These data indicate that, since the addition of folic acid in grain-based foods as mandated by the FDA, the rate of neural tube defects dropped by 25% in the United States.[119] Before folic acid fortification, about 4,100 pregnancies were affected by a neural tube defect each year in the United States. After fortification, this number declined to around 3,000.[120] The results of folic acid fortification on the rate of neural tube defects in Canada have also been positive, showing a 46% reduction in prevalence of NTDs;[121] the magnitude of reduction was proportional to the prefortification rate of NTDs, essentially removing geographical variations in rates of NTDs seen in Canada before fortification.

text: When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the folic acid fortification regulation in 1996, the projected increase in folic acid intake was 100 µg/d.[122] Data from a study with 1480 subjects showed that folic acid intake increased by 190 µg/d and total folate intake increased by 323 µg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/d.[122] Folic acid intake above the upper tolerable intake level (1000 µg folic acid/d) increased only among those individuals consuming folic acid supplements as well as folic acid found in fortified grain products.[122] Taken together, folic acid fortification has led to a bigger increase in folic acid intake than first projected.[122]


document_title: Mama's Family

question_text: why did they kill off fran on mama's family

question_tokens: why did they kill off fran on mama 's family

text: Mama's Family

text: Overview[edit]

text: The show is set in the city of Raytown, which was later revealed by actress Vicki Lawrence to be Raytown, Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City[5] The televison series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family, extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons. Always at the center of the trouble and confusion is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper—a buxom, blue-haired, purse-lipped, 65-year-old widow who is portrayed as explosively quick-tempered, abrasive and brash.[6] Thelma's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scenes of each episode cut to an exterior shot of her house while she is heard riposting the comments of whomever had previously spoken, followed by audience laughter and applause. In spite of Thelma's brusqueness, she is nurturing and obliging at heart, allowing family members to live in her home who would otherwise have no place to live, while also cooking for and cleaning up after them.[6] Thelma's family members can be ingrates, even banding together and ganging up on Thelma on occasion.

text: Network run (seasons 1–2)[edit]

text: Beginning the series[edit]

text: In the ninth season of The Carol Burnett Show, producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama in her own series, but Lawrence turned him down. She did not wish to wear a fat suit portraying an old lady every week, and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman (who played Mama's son-in-law, Ed Higgins) and Carol Burnett (who played Mama's daughter Eunice Higgins) regularly by her side as in "The Family" sketches. Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series, and that it was Lawrence's time to shine and take what she had learned from The Carol Burnett Show and make it on her own. Shortly after the highly rated Eunice TV movie, with continued urging by Korman and Burnett, Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character's own sitcom.[7]

text: The writers had created Raytown to be its own "cartoon-like" world outside of reality. Even though the series was sold to NBC without a pilot, the network had its own requirements, such as having "normal" teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time, which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about.[8] However, Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions, including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series. Lawrence had objections to the original script of the episode "Mama Cries Uncle", in which Thelma's brother-in-law comes to visit and the two are supposed to have wound up sleeping together:

text:
“
I went to the writers and I said, 'I'm sorry, she is nothing if not Bible Belt. She would never sleep with her brother-in-law. I don't care how dead her husband is, This is wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong'. Well, threw everything into a tizzy and Joe [Hamilton] said, 'Gotta listen to her,' and they re-wrote the second half of the show.[7]
”

text: According to her autobiography, Lawrence had a problem with the decision to film the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City, where The Carol Burnett Show was produced.[citation needed]

text: Plot details[edit]

text: For one and a half seasons from 1983 through 1984, Mama's Family ran on NBC. In the series' first episode, Thelma Harper lives with her uptight spinster sister Fran (Rue McClanahan), a journalist for a local paper. Thelma's son, Vinton (whose wife, Mitzi, had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas), stops by to inform Thelma that he and his two children, Sonja and Buzz, have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay. Much to Fran's chagrin, Thelma allows Vint, Sonja and Buzz to move in.

text: During the first season, Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers' flirtatious next-door neighbor, Naomi Oates (whom Thelma disliked), and soon married her. After selling Naomi's house and losing the money in a bad business deal, Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma's basement, where they remain for most of the show's run. Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma's two daughters: the snobbish Ellen (Betty White) and the ornery Eunice (Carol Burnett). Harvey Korman, who directed many of the earlier episodes, made featured appearances as Eunice's husband, Ed Higgins. (During the eleventh and final season of The Carol Burnett Show, the Ed Higgins character was written out of "The Family" skits, having left Eunice).

text: Opening theme discrepancies[edit]

text: Korman also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the stuffed shirt Alistair Quince (an obvious parody of Alistair Cooke), who would soberly introduce the program in the style of Masterpiece Theatre. These monologues were cut out of the later syndicated reruns.[9] Korman also performed the voice of Thelma's unseen late husband, Carl, in flashback episodes.

text: An extended version of the show's opening theme song, with repeated melodies, was used during the original NBC run, but was never used in reruns.

text: The house and neighborhood shown in the opening credits differed between the original NBC run and the syndicated shows, leading to discrepancies such as in the episode "Mama for Mayor", in which Mama is shown in front of the house used in the original opening theme used for the first two seasons.

text: In 2013, StarVista Entertainment released the original NBC seasons with the Alistair Quince intros and original opening credits intact, except for two episodes in Season 1 ("Cellmates" and "Mama's Boyfriend"), as the master prints of those episodes are lost and were replaced by the syndicated version in the re-release.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: While not a huge ratings success, the first season garnered solid enough numbers to justify being renewed for a second season.[10] For instance, the premiere episode ranked #28 for the week with an 18.6/28 rating/share. However, during the second season, the show dropped out of the top 50 shows, losing share to CBS' hit Magnum, P.I. As a result, NBC canceled the series in May 1984.

text: First-run syndication (Seasons 3–6)[edit]

text: Series rebirth[edit]

text: After Mama's Family was canceled by NBC in 1984, it was later relaunched in first-run syndication in 1986. Lorimar had merged with Telepictures and were looking for projects for first-run syndication, and after seeing the show's ratings in the summer reruns, it decided that the show needed a second chance and ordered 100 episodes for syndication.[7][11]

text: Plot details[edit]

text: Since the original set had been destroyed, a new set had to be constructed. This led to some significant changes in set design details. Adjustments in the show's cast occurred as well, with only Vicki Lawrence (Thelma), Ken Berry (Vinton) and Dorothy Lyman (Naomi) returning as regulars from the first life of the sitcom. Vinton's kids from his first marriage, Buzz (played by Eric Brown) and Sonja (played by Karin Argoud), who were regulars in the show's first life, did not reprise their roles for the show's revival; their characters, though mentioned briefly in the first episode of the show's syndicated life, were never to be spoken of again.

text: During the hiatus of the series, both Rue McClanahan (Aunt Fran) and Betty White (Ellen Jackson) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls, rendering them unavailable to return. White, however, did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival. Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman, meanwhile, did not reprise their roles either, resulting in their characters (Eunice and Ed Higgins) being written out as having moved to Florida.

text: To fill the void left by Mama's grandchildren, Allan Kayser was cast as Thelma's delinquent teenage grandson Mitchel "Bubba" Higgins. Bubba was the son of Ed and Eunice. Bubba was ordered to live with his grandmother after being released from juvenile hall and placed on probation. Also added to the cast was Beverly Archer, who played the new character of Iola Boylen, the family's prissy neighbor and Mama's best friend. Her catchphrase was calling out "Knock, knock!" in place of ringing the doorbell.

text: The second life of the show saw far less bickering than in its first life and particularly "The Family" sketches. The Naomi and Vinton characters became far less assertive and more dimwitted, and Mama was represented as more overpowering throughout the show's syndicated run. A recurring theme throughout the fifth season was Naomi's desire to become a mother, and the penultimate season concluded with Naomi's announcement that she was pregnant. Preparation for the baby became a central theme of the sixth and final season.

text: Absence of Carol Burnett as the "Eunice" character[edit]

text: According to Lawrence's autobiography, Vicki!: The True-Life Adventures of Miss Fireball, Burnett resented Lawrence for accepting the role of Mama for first-run syndication. It was during this time that Burnett was involved in an acrimonious divorce with The Carol Burnett Show and Mama's Family producer Joe Hamilton.[12] Burnett felt Lawrence had been disloyal to her and held a grudge against her until Hamilton's death in 1991. By the time of Hamilton's death, Burnett and Lawrence had reconciled. Lawrence's autobiography reads:

text:
“
A funny thing happened the day I signed with Lorimar. Carol called and said, 'I think I'd like to put together maybe a little syndicated show with the family characters. I'll do Eunice, you do Mama. Doesn't that sound like fun?' I said, 'It does, but I just signed with Lorimar to do Mama's Family for Joe.' It became a very abrupt conversation, and Carol hung up. I then went to Al and asked him what he made of the whole thing. He agreed it was really weird. I wondered if I was about to get caught in the middle of yet another struggle between the two of them . . . During her divorce, Carol and I went through a 'cool' period. She 'divorced' everyone and remained distant for a lot of years. She called the house a few years ago. I was standing at the sink peeling carrots, fifteen feet from the phone, but Garrett got to it first and I only heard his half of the following conversation: 'Hello? Oh hi. Yeah, sure, he's in the other room, on the other line. You want me to tell him you're calling? My mom's here, you want to talk to her? No? Okay. Goodbye.' When he hung up I asked him who it was. 'Carol Burnett.' I was shocked. 'What did she say?' 'She didn't want to talk to you. She only wanted to talk to Dad.' Al called her back later that night, made a point of telling her how much we missed and loved her, and she told him, 'I'll be back. It's just going to take a while longer. Give me another year or so."[13]
”

text: Series end[edit]

text: After Mama's Family was picked up in first-run syndication, ratings for the series improved, becoming the highest-rated first-run program in syndication.[14] Despite the show's success, Lawrence did not sign on for further seasons after completing her four-season contract in first-run syndication. According to Ken Berry (who played Mama's son, Vinton Harper), Lawrence had seemingly tired of playing the "Mama" role by 1990 and wanted to end the show.[15] According to Lawrence, who would reprise the Mama role on stage for many years thereafter, the series ended because the series had reached the standard threshold of 100 episodes and no longer needed to produce any more.[16] The series finale featured Naomi giving birth to a baby girl, who was named Tiffany Thelma.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Thelma Mae Crowley Harper (Mama)[edit]

text: Role[edit]

text: Thelma Harper, also known as Mama, is the title character/main character of Mama's Family. Despite the title of "Mama," few characters in the sitcom actually refer to Thelma as Mama. In actuality, Thelma plays miscellaneous roles in the series, including grandmother, mother-in-law, sister, neighbor friend, and mother dependent on the supporting character in question.

text: Thelma is the widowed matriarch of a rural, Southern family.[17] She is a country elderly woman in her mid-to-late 60s, who speaks in a southern drawl.[6] Always active in the housework and nurturance of her family, Mama is usually seen cooking, cleaning, and providing loving support to her family.

text: Appearance[edit]

text: Mama's appearance is based on that of a stereotypical elderly woman. She is a buxom, purse-lipped widow with silvery blue curls. All of her daytime outfits were short-sleeved, floral-print dresses that carried lace collars. Costumer Ret Turner color-coded Mama in lavender.[18] As much of Mama's time was spent cooking and cleaning, her dresses were often worn with an overlapping apron. Mama's lower legs were always clasped by visible support hose (a feature that was nonexistent during "The Family" sketches and the Eunice movie).[19] For footwear, Mama invariably wore white, orthopedic shoes of a high heeled brogue style.[20]

text: Mama invariably wore a few fashion accessories: a white pearl necklace and white pearl earrings.

text: Mama's outerwear always consisted of the same purple sweater, worn casually, draped over her shoulders without arms in the sleeves; inconstant floral headpieces; and a white purse, which she didn't hesitate to use as a weapon when given the opportunity.

text: Persona evolution[edit]

text: In contrast to her more stereotypically elderly, dependent, invariably spiteful and cantankerous character on "The Family" skits, Mama's hostilities are significantly toned down by the sitcom's first life. Though still cantankerous in the sitcom's first life, Mama's character expanded with wisecracks and humor; pesky antics; unseemliness and naivete. Mama's unseemliness and naivete were exemplified by her inability to drive (episode "Mama Learns to Drive"); inability to act in socially acceptable ways out in public and in the presence of guests (episodes "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", "Country Club" and "Ellen's Boyfriend"); inability to work jobs outside of the home (episodes "Mama Gets a Job", "Supermarket" and "Mama for Mayor"); etc. These characteristics often resulted in the humiliation or frustration of her loved ones.

text: By the show's second life, Mama was no longer naive (rather, Vinton overwhelmingly assumed this role) and far more capable of high spirits than ever before. This version of Mama had the least amount of stereotypically elderly traits. Rather conversely, Mama was dutiful in caring for her home, garden and family; independent; and active in the community along with best friend Iola Boylen. For example, Mama returned to high school and graduated (episodes "Educating Mama" and "Pomp and Circumstance"); Mama was heavily involved in the Church Ladies League and at one point, its president (episode "Where There's Smoke"); Mama participated in dirty dancing (episode "Very Dirty Dancing"); Mama went on a trip (episode "Mama Goes Hawaiian"), etc. Highlighting her much more relaxed nature during the syndicated seasons, Mama's main character trait during this time was her many fretful wisecracks typically made in high-pitched, whiny vocal qualities. Despite that, this era of Mama was also very rough, abrasive and brash in manner; volatile and explosive in temper; and smart-mouthed with a proneness for making snappy retorts.[6]

text: Unlike the precedent sketch comedy and television movie, Thelma had many locutions on the program, "Good Lord!" being her most frequently used. She occasionally stated this in alternate ways, such as "Good Lord in heaven!" "Good heavens!" or "Good night Louise!" Among some of Thelma's additional locutions on the series include: "Hell's bells!" "The hell you say," "Now hear this," "God-awful," "In a pig's eye!" "Shoot!" "For crying out loud!" "For heaven's sake!" "Real good!" (sarcastically) etc. Disparaging and impudent, Thelma had a series of name-calling catchphrases she often used to refer to certain members of her family or her family as a whole, such as "Nitwit," "Dimwit," "Goon," "Goober goon," "Lamebrain," "Dunce," "Tramp," "Floozy," etc.

text: Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama[edit]

text: Vicki Lawrence has stated that at the beginning of Mama's Family, she detected that the writers had made adjustments to her character from "The Family" skits, significantly toning down Mama's hostilities and nastiness. Lawrence originally disfavored Mama's change in character from "The Family" sketches to the series version, believing that toning down the character's then-familiar aggression and spite in exchange for a less difficult, more agreeable nature, capable of humor and high spirits, wasn't funny.

text: Lawrence has revealed, however, that after counsel that the character needed to be reshaped for sitcom television from Harvey Korman, she came to accept the adjustments made to "Mama." Korman informed Lawrence that Mama had to be less one-dimensionally hostile since the entire show would revolve around her—that more characteristics would need to be added into the mix. Korman also informed her that you can't expect people to come home from work, pop a beer, and put up their feet to a character that's so one-dimensional. He informed her that the character would have to be more than just disagreeable for a whole half hour otherwise viewers would get bored. According to Korman, silly elements would need to be added to the character.

text: Lawrence has stated that it took her a while to warm up to this, but that she later came to greatly appreciate how Mama "blossomed" and "matured" from her early years on "The Family". She added that she still favors the adjustments in Mama's character and has credited who Thelma Harper is today partly to Korman. "The Family" sketch writers, however, who based "The Family" characters on their real-life family members, disfavored the less aggressive Mama. In February 2013, Lawrence remarked that "The Family" sketch version of Mama was created by writers who hated their mothers.[2][21][22]

text: Family members and friends[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Years
character rank
Description

Vinton Harper
Ken Berry
1983–1984
1986–1990
Supporting character
The youngest of Thelma's three children. Dopey, buffoonish, and accident prone, Vint regularly makes a fool out of himself, particularly when he attempts to be assertive or knowledgeable.[6] Works at Kwik Keys as a locksmith. Vinton was color-coded in tan in a short-sleeved button-down shirt and pants.[18]

Naomi Oates Harper
Dorothy Lyman
1983–1984
1986–1990
Supporting character
Vinton's lascivious, demonstrative, and maritally flirtatious second wife, who is often at odds with Thelma over his loyalty, also in part for her salaciousness.[6] Naomi works as a checker (later becoming the assistant manager) at Food Circus, a local supermarket. Vinton's nickname for her is "Skeeter" while Mama's nickname for her is "tramp." While Naomi had straight hair in the first life of the sitcom, she had curls by the show's second life. Naomi was color-coded in yellow-colored, off-the-shoulder or strapless dresses,[18] which Thelma often referred to as "gaudy."

Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr.
Eric Brown
1983–1984
Supporting character
Vint's teenage son with his first wife, Mitzi. Buzz is very cheerful, spirited, patient, and obliging. Buzz was last mentioned in "Farewell Frannie", and subsequently retconned as never to have existed.

Sonja Harper
Karin Argoud
1983–1984
Supporting character
Vint's teenage daughter with his first wife, Mitzi. Sonja starts out moody, whiny, lazy, and rather oblivious, but later becomes interested in boys and blossoms into a young lady interested in civic affairs. Like her brother, she later moved out, presumably going off to college. She was also crowned Miss Rayteen 1984 during the second season of the show's run. Sonja was last mentioned in "Farewell Frannie", and subsequently retconned as never to have existed.

Ellen Harper-Jackson
Betty White
1983–1984
1986
Recurring character
The eldest of Thelma's three children. Ellen is a pretentious social elitist, who often avoids fraternizing with the rest of the family, unless it suits her purpose. Her birthday is June 30.

Eunice Harper Higgins
Carol Burnett
1983–1984
Recurring character
The second of Thelma's three children. Seemingly never changing her outfit and always layered in tattered, raggedy green rags, Eunice is extremely tempestuous, antagonistic, and quarrelsome, constantly bickering with everyone in the family (especially her mother). Her birthday is December 19.

Ed Higgins
Harvey Korman
1983–1984
Recurring character
Eunice's mild mannered, browbeaten husband. The Ed character was toned down from his appearances in "The Family" sketches, formerly a fiercely ill-tempered man that had no qualms with regularly quarreling with his mother-in-law and Eunice, at one point even permanently up and leaving Eunice. In Mama's Family, however, the two remained married.

Bubba Higgins
Allan Kayser
1986–1990
Supporting character
Ed and Eunice's teenage son who is forced to live with Thelma upon being released from juvenile hall, after his parents had moved to Florida. Although initially depicted as a frisky, hyperactive, and eccentric teen with a penchant for playing instruments along with friends Dwayne and T-Boy, he over time evolved into a calm, mature, and commonsensical teen, though still with a robust interest in the opposite sex. The character always wore extremely tight-fitting jeans and in the early going suspenders as well. This later progressed into tight-fitting jeans and conservative sweatshirts.[6] Bubba was color-coded in green.[18]

Frances Marie Crowley
Rue McClanahan
1983–1984
Supporting character
Thelma's younger uncomfortable and uptight spinster sister. Works as a newspaper reporter and free-lance writer. She later died by choking on a toothpick at the Bigger Jigger. McClanahan was unhappy with the role.[23]

Iola Lucille Boylen
Beverly Archer
1986–1990
Supporting character
The Harpers’ well-meaning but obnoxious, nice, chipper, quirky, and prissy neighbor. She is a spinster like Thelma's sister Frannie. Among her quirks, she constantly bestows the family with peculiar handicraft items, predominately wears pink, and calls "knock knock" upon her every entrance. During her first appearances on the show, a running gag existed that saw her having loopy temper tantrums at odd intervals, described as "spells". She lives with her overbearing and aging parents, whom she seeks to escape by spending as much time at Thelma's home as possible. Iola is best friends with Thelma (her only friend). In her first couple of seasons, she was secretly infatuated with Vint; the two had known each other since their youth, which caused her and Naomi to have an adversarial relationship. Iola was color-coded in pink, usually gingham, shirtwaist dresses.[18]

text: Harper family tree[edit]

text:
Grandma Crowley*

unknown parents

Frances Crowley

Thelma Crowley

Carl Harper

Effie Harper

Roy Harper

Bruce Jackson (div.)

Ellen Harper

Eunice Harper

Ed Higgins

Vinton Harper

Naomi Oates

Leonard Oates (div.)

Mitzi (div.)

Bubba Higgins

Tiffany Thelma Harper

Sonja Harper

Vinton "Buzz" Harper, Jr.

text:
Magenta = Crowleys
Orange = Harpers
Blue = Harper children
Red = Harper in-laws
Green = Harper grandchildren

tag: ul

text: *Note: Thelma's mother was shown on two occasions on the show (once in a flashback and once as a ghost, played both times by Vicki Lawrence), but her name was never revealed. There were at least two Crowley brothers (mentioned in passing in "Double Standard" and "Mama with the Golden Arm"); one was named Clyde ("Pomp and Circumstance"). A cousin named Cora is seen in "There's No Place Like...No Place", and an Uncle Oscar is mentioned in "Mama Gets the Bird", but it is not known if he was from Thelma's side of the family or her husband Carl's. Eunice also mentions having a son named Billy, but Billy's whereabouts is unknown in Mama's Family.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Carl Harper, a predominately unseen character (although once played by Ken Berry in a flashback episode), he is the deceased husband of Mama and father of Ellen, Eunice, and Vinton. While he's occasionally made mention of especially by Thelma, he only appears in flashback episodes. Though even in flashbacks, he's unseen for the most part, as he's usually only portrayed in voice as a man who spent the vast majority of his life nested on the toilet in the bathroom with the door closed. In fact, Carl died on the toilet. He's characterized as a grouch who screams from the bathroom about how he doesn't want to be interrupted during his long hours on the toilet, even for emergencies.
Effie Crowley Harper, Thelma's cousin (in season 2) and later her sister-in-law (in season 4). She lives in nearby Ceciltown on a farm. Played by Dorothy Van.
Reverend Lloyd Meechum, the Harpers' henpecked minister. Played by Earl Boen.
Alberta Meechum, Reverend Meechum's stuck-up, catty wife and a perennial thorn in the side of Thelma Harper. Played by Anne Haney.
Mayor Alvin Tutweiler, the mayor of Raytown and Ellen's boyfriend. Played by Alan Oppenheimer.
Eddie Edwards, a TV personality in Raytown, who hosts such programs as Good Morning, Raytown and the Grandma USA pageant. Played by Wayne Morton.
Clive Montaigne, the head of the community theater, who fashions himself an actor just as important as actors in New York and London. The people in town treat him like a mini-celebrity, despite only running the community theater. Played by Rod McCary.
Luann Fayette, Naomi Harper's flamboyant and flirtatious best friend. Played by Jennifer Richards. She is only seen once but mentioned several times.
Mr. and Mrs. Boylen, Iola's elderly, predominately unseen parents, who live across the street from Thelma. Not much is mentioned of her father, while her mother is often alluded to as a grotesquely large, temperamental, T.V.-watching invalid. The two characters are largely unseen; however, Mama once called out a greeting to an elderly woman, living next to her, she referred to as "Ms. Boylen." This was a brief moment from the episode "Mama Learns To Drive," from the show's first life (season 2), prior to the appearances of Iola.
Roselle Huplander, an obese associate of Thelma and Iola who is never seen. On a few occasions Thelma has spoken to her over the phone but more often, she is gossiped about by Thelma and Iola. Once, at a church fair, she gave Vint a black eye when he suggested that she weighed 309 pounds at the "Guess Your Weight" booth he was running.
Dwayne and T-Boy, Bubba's best friends. Played by Beau Bishop and Grant Heslov respectively. More spoken of than ever seen.
Mr. Alan Hanson, an intelligent, laid-back night-school teacher of Thelma and Bubba, and love interest of Thelma Harper. Her relationship with him is unceremoniously discontinued in the series however. Played by Joseph Campanella.
Amy Johnson, girlfriend of Bubba Higgins. Played by Amy Benedict.
Lolly Purdue, member and later president (succeeding Thelma) of the Church Ladies League. Revealed to be illiterate. Played first by Doris Hess, then Marge Redmond.
Officer Sneed, an extremely youthful-looking, strange police officer. Played by Allan David Fox.
Claude Cainmaker, Vint's seedy friend, who is always thinking up schemes. Played by Geoffrey Lewis.
Alistair Quince, The erudite host that introduced Mama's Family during the first and second seasons. The character was a take off of Alistair Cooke who at the time introduced Masterpiece Theater each week on PBS. These intros were edited out when the show went into syndication but have been restored in the DVDs released by StarVista/Time Life. The character first appeared as Alistair Cookie on The Carol Burnett Show.[24] Played by Harvey Korman.
Grandma Crowley (played by Vicki Lawrence), Thelma's dearly departed mother, who only appeared in flashback sequences or by photo. She had a dismal, forbidding appearance, constantly grimacing and wearing nothing but dark, somber dresses. She first appeared in the first life of the show (episode "Mama's Birthday") as a buxom elderly woman with a surly nature. In this appearance, she spoke to a middle-aged Thelma over the phone. The conversation ended with Grandma Crowley hanging up on Thelma, following Thelma's resentful protests against Grandma Crowley's contemptuous remarks about her husband, Carl. Grandma Crowley's second appearance was in the show's second life (episode "My Mama, Myself"). In this appearance, Grandma Crowley appeared as a slender ghost, haunting Mama. Taking on a menacing, overbearing, and harassing nature, she spent the entirety of the episode relentlessly criticizing, insulting, and ordering Thelma around. On more than one episode of the show's second life, Thelma alluded to having to possess forbearance in dealing with her mother's harassingly censorious nature growing up. For example, in the episode "Mama Makes Three," Thelma visited a psychiatrist with Vinton and Naomi. During the session, she began ranting and raving about her childhood and her mother, even referring to Grandma Crowley as a "prune-face old harpy." Vinton has also described Grandma Crowley as being "mean" in her treatment of him, Eunice, and Ellen when they were all children.
Church Ladies League, also known as CLL. Their motto is: "Gentle Helpers; Kind and Good" and First Lady Alberta Meechum served as the first president. Members include Thelma Harper, Lolly Purdue, Iola Boylen, Roselle Huplander, Inez and Florence. The association was first mentioned in "Where's There's Smoke", when Mama was nominated for president of the Church Ladies League. It was mentioned later in the episodes "Reading the Riot Act", "Ladies Choice" and "Mama's Medicine Show". Their award bears the name "Church Ladies League Woman of the Year."

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Network

1
13
January 22, 1983 (1983-01-22)
May 7, 1983 (1983-05-07)
NBC

2
22
September 29, 1983 (1983-09-29)
April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07)

3
25
September 27, 1986 (1986-09-27)
March 28, 1987 (1987-03-28)
Syndicated

4
25
September 26, 1987 (1987-09-26)
March 26, 1988 (1988-03-26)

5
25
November 5, 1988 (1988-11-05)
May 27, 1989 (1989-05-27)

6
20
September 23, 1989 (1989-09-23)
February 24, 1990 (1990-02-24)

text: Altogether, Mama's Family had six seasons consisting of 130 episodes. The show's first life consisted of thirty-five episodes, making for two seasons. The show's second life consisted of ninety-five episodes, making for four seasons.

text: Favorites of Vicki Lawrence[edit]

text: On September 30, 2013, Vicki Lawrence was asked what her favorite episodes of the series are:

text:
Lawrence answered that between the early seasons, her favorite is the episode "The Wedding (Part 2)." Her reason for favoring this episode is because of the combination of big names featured in it. She listed Carol Burnett, Harvey Korman, Betty White, Ken Berry and Dorothy Lyman. Admiring the episode, Lawrence remarked "How much help does one girl get?" and "It's just an amazing supporting cast. Dear God, Carol was funny in that show!"[21]
Lawrence has stated that another favorite of hers from the early seasons is the episode "Rashomama." Lawrence revealed that "Rashomama" is a takeoff of the Japanese film "Rashomon." She explained that the episode is about Mama getting hit with a kettle in the kitchen and it is her, Betty, Dorothy, and Carol. At the emergency room, the three of them each have a different version of what happened to Mama. Lawrence explained, ". . . we redo the scene three different ways, and it's pretty funny."[21]
As other episode favorites, Lawrence has named "Family Feud" and "Mama on Jeopardy!" Lawrence stated to loving this dysfunctional family getting sent out into the real world. In particular, she stated to loving this when game shows were involved because ". . . people know the format of these shows so perfectly, and to watch this crazy family get stuck in that format was really fun to me. Probably because I also love game shows so much." [21]
As another episode favorite, Lawrence named "The Love Letter." Stated Lawrence, "It was a great episode, a record-holder actually. I think Bubba writes a love letter for Vint, who is having some problems with Naomi. In the course of the 22 minute episode, everybody thinks that the love letter is meant for them. Mama thinks it is for her from the repair guy who is there. Iola is sure Vint has written it to her. The show actually ran 22 minutes with no costume changes or anything. I remember the night that we did it. We did it in 22 minutes and were out at 7:25, and our director said 'good night, you're done!'" Lawrence added "Honestly, I have to say, by the time we finished the show, we had it down to a four day workweek, so I kind of felt like we got paid to play dress up really."[21]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season 1: #22
Season 2: #59

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD information

Mama's Family—The Complete First Season

Release date: September 26, 2006
Studio: Warner Home Video

text: On September 26, 2006, Warner Bros. Television released season 1 of Mama's Family on DVD. The DVD release features the syndicated versions of the episodes, which edits roughly three minutes from what originally aired. Warner Bros. claimed to only own the rights to the syndicated form.[25]

text: Due to issues relating to ownership rights between the show's production companies, Mama's Family for a long time had difficulties coming out on DVD, with only its first season available for many years.

text: However, in May 2013, it was announced that StarVista Entertainment would release all 6 seasons of the sitcom to DVD, as well as a complete series box set, which was available only through the StarVista website. Most of the original unedited versions, dubbed "The Joe Hamilton Cuts," were presented on DVD. Included with the package were extras of over 10 hours of bonus material, as well as a new cast reunion with Vicki Lawrence and the show's syndicated cast members. In addition, StarVista offered a "Signature" collection of the entire series, autographed by Vicki Lawrence, which was limited to 500 copies.[26]

text: In the fall of 2013, Star Vista began releasing individual season sets, Seasons 1 & 2 were released on September 10, 2013,[27] followed by season 3 on February 25, 2014.[28] Season 4 was released on June 24, 2014,[29] Season 5 on September 23, 2014[30] and the sixth and final season was released on February 10, 2015.[31] In conjunction with the complete seasons, Star Vista released a "best-of" single-disc unit for each season. Selected by Vicki Lawrence, each release has 6 (season 1 has 7) of her personal favorite episodes from each season.

text:
Release
Ep #
DVD release date
Bonus features

The Complete 1st Season
13
September 26, 2006
(re-released September 10, 2013)
Featurette: Mama's Family Tree: The Branches (All About Eunice and Ellen)
Family History: A Classic "Family" Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show, featuring Betty White

The Complete 2nd Season
22
September 10, 2013
The original TV movie Eunice
Featurette: Mama's Family Tree: The Roots (all about Mama and Fran)
Interviews: Vicki Lawrence interviews Mama; Vicki Lawrence and Carol Burnett; Betty White

The Complete 3rd Season
25
February 25, 2014
Family History: A Classic "Family" Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show, featuring Maggie Smith
Featurette: Mama's Family Tree: The Sprouts (All about Bubba)
Mama Knows Best: A Mama's Family Cast Reunion
Interview: Allan Kayser (Bubba)

The Complete 4th Season
25
June 24, 2014
Featurette: Mama's Family Tree: The Neighbors (All about Iola)
Interview: Beverly Archer (Iola Boylen)
Under One Roof: A Mama's Family Cast Reunion

The Complete 5th Season
25
September 23, 2014
Interviews:
Vicki Lawrence
Dorothy Lyman
Ken Berry
Rick Hawkins

The Complete 6th Season
20
February 10, 2015
Interviews:
Jim Evering
Manny Basanese
Vicki Lawrence and Rick Hawkins
Bob Mackie and Ret Turner

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 1)
7
September 10, 2013
Vint and the kids move in; The Wedding, pt. 1; The Wedding, pt. 2; Cellmates; Family Feud; Positive Thinking; Mama's boyfriend

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 2)
6
September 10, 2013
Country Club; Rashomama; Aunt Gert Rides Again; Mama Learns to Drive; Mama Buys a Car; Dear Aunt Fran

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 3)
6
September 9, 2014
Soup to Nuts; Cat's Meow; Steal One, Pearl Two; Where There's Smoke; Birthright; It Takes Two to Watusi

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 4)
6
January 27, 2015
Zirconia's are a Girl's Best Friend; Educating Mama; The Sins of the Mother; Mama on Jeopardy!; Mama Goes Hawaiian, pt. 1; Mama Goes Hawaiian, pt. 2

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 5)
6
April 28, 2015
Naomi's new position; The Really Loud Family; Found Money; Mama's Layaway Plan; Mama in One; Dependence Day

Mama's Family: Mama's Favorites (Season 6)
6
July 28, 2015
Mama Fights Back; Bubba's House Band; The Big Nap; Pinup Mama; Look Who's Breathing; Bye-Bye Baby!

The Complete Series
130
September 10, 2013
(online exclusive)
September 23, 2014
(retail release)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Episodes(s)
Result

1983
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series
Bob Mackie and Ret Turner
for ""The Wedding: Part 2"
Nominated

1984
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series
Bob Mackie and Ret Turner
for "Mama's Birthday"
Won

1987
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series
Bob Mackie and Ret Turner
for "The Love Letter"
Nominated

text: TV Land Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Episodes(s)
Result

2004
Favorite "Big, Bad Momma"
Vicki Lawrence
N/A
Won

text: Young Artist Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Episodes(s)
Result

1984
Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series
Karin Argoud
N/A
Nominated

Best Young Actor in a Comedy Series
Eric Brown
N/A
Nominated

1985
Best Young Actress – Guest in a Television Series
Tanya Fenmore
for "Mama's Birthday"
Nominated

Best Young Actor – Guest in a Television Series
David Friedman
for "Mama's Birthday"
Nominated

1989
Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Syndicated Comedy, Drama or Special
Ryan Bollman
for "Child's Play"
Nominated

Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series
Allan Kayser
N/A
Nominated

text: Syndication[edit]

text: After the series finale in 1990, the entire series (including the NBC episodes) was placed in off-network syndication, airing in most cities every weekday. Mama's Family also ran on TBS from 1997 until August 2006.[32] That same month, ION Television (formerly the PAX network) began airing reruns of the series. The show aired Monday through Wednesday at 8:00 to 9:00 pm from 2006 to 2008. ET.[32]

text: In December 2006, CMT began re-airing the series.[33]

text: On September 19, 2015, during a live appearance on the EVINE Live shopping channel, Vicki Lawrence announced that the show would begin airing on the Me-TV Network in early 2016.

text: As of early 2017, re-runs appear on the Logo Network and Me-TV.

text: Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper/Mama[edit]

text:
Vicki Lawrence has been reprising her role of Mama in her non-televised touring stage show, entitled Vicki Lawrence and Mama: A Two-Woman Show. In the show, Lawrence first performs stand-up comedy as herself, then comes out in character as Mama, giving her opinions on modern-day topics. During the break between the two acts, the audience is shown bloopers from the syndicated seasons of the series. Lawrence also sings the lyrics she wrote for "Bless My Happy Home," the show's theme song, which were omitted from the version used on-air.
Lawrence has also appeared in her Mama role on several Halloween-themed episodes of the 1998–2004 run of Hollywood Squares with Tom Bergeron at the helm.
Lawrence appeared on RuPaul's Drag Race in the "All-Stars" season as Mama in the skit "RuPaul’s Gaff-In."
Vicki Lawrence appeared on The Queen Latifah Show as Mama the Monday after Mother's Day 2014 in a comical skit that aired prior to each commercial break. Lawrence would also appear on the show 8 days later alongside two other well-known actresses to speak about her role of Mama and on her personal life.
Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character in promos for re-runs of Mama's Family on the MeTV channel in 2015–2016.[34]
Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character during the 2015 and 2016 TV Seasons of "The Doctors", where she talked about health-related issues.


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers

question_text: who has scored the most goals in the world cup final

text: Finals goalscorers[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Score
Minute
Result
Report
Ref

1930
Pablo Dorado
Uruguay
1–0
12'
4–2
Report

Carlos Peucelle
Argentina
1–1
20'

Guillermo Stábile
Argentina
2–1
37'

Pedro Cea
Uruguay
2–2
57'

Santos Iriarte
Uruguay
3–2
68'

Héctor Castro
Uruguay
4–2
89'

1934
Antonín Puč
Czechoslovakia
1–0
71'
2–1
Report

Raimundo Orsi
Italy
1–1
81'

Angelo Schiavio
Italy
2–1
95'

1938
Gino Colaussi
Italy
1–0
6'
4–2
Report

Pál Titkos
Hungary
1–1
8'

Silvio Piola
Italy
2–1
16'

Gino Colaussi (2)
Italy
3–1
35'

György Sárosi
Hungary
2–3
70'

Silvio Piola (2)
Italy
4–2
82'

1950[n 1]
Friaça
Brazil
1–0
47'
2–1
Report

Juan Alberto Schiaffino
Uruguay
1–1
66'

Alcides Ghiggia
Uruguay
2–1
79'

1954
Ferenc Puskás
Hungary
1–0
6'
3–2
Report

Zoltán Czibor
Hungary
2–0
8'

Max Morlock
West Germany
1–2
10'

Helmut Rahn
West Germany
2–2
18'

Helmut Rahn (2)
West Germany
3–2
84'

1958
Nils Liedholm
Sweden
1–0
4'
5–2
Report

Vavá
Brazil
1–1
9'

Vavá (2)
Brazil
2–1
32'

Pelé
Brazil
3–1
55'

Zagallo
Brazil
4–1
68'

Agne Simonsson
Sweden
2–4
80'

Pelé (2)
Brazil
5–2
90'

1962
Josef Masopust
Czechoslovakia
1–0
15'
3–1
Report

Amarildo Tavares da Silveira
Brazil
1–1
17'

Zito
Brazil
2–1
69'

Vavá (3)
Brazil
3–1
78'

1966
Helmut Haller
West Germany
1–0
12'
4–2
Report

Geoff Hurst
England
1–1
18'

Martin Peters
England
2–1
78'

Wolfgang Weber
West Germany
2–2
89'

Geoff Hurst (2)
England
3–2
101'

Geoff Hurst (3)
England
4–2
120'

1970
Pelé (3)
Brazil
1–0
18'
4-1
Report

Roberto Boninsegna
Italy
1–1
37'

Gérson
Brazil
2–1
66'

Jairzinho
Brazil
3–1
71'

Carlos Alberto
Brazil
4–1
86'

1974
Johan Neeskens
Netherlands
1–0
2' (p)
2–1
Report

Paul Breitner
West Germany
1–1
25' (p)

Gerd Müller
West Germany
2–1
43'

1978
Mario Kempes
Argentina
1–0
38'
3–1
Report

Dick Nanninga
Netherlands
1–1
82'

Mario Kempes (2)
Argentina
2–1
105'

Daniel Bertoni
Argentina
3–1
115'

1982
Paolo Rossi
Italy
1–0
57'
3–1
Report

Marco Tardelli
Italy
2–0
69'

Alessandro Altobelli
Italy
3–0
81'

Paul Breitner (2)
West Germany
3–1
83'

1986
José Luis Brown
Argentina
1–0
23'
3–2
Report

Jorge Valdano
Argentina
2–0
56'

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
West Germany
1–2
74'

Rudi Völler
West Germany
2–2
81'

Jorge Burruchaga
Argentina
3–2
84'

1990
Andreas Brehme
West Germany
1–0
85' (p)
1–0
Report

1994
No goals scored.  Game decided in penalty shoot-out.
Report

1998
Zinedine Zidane
France
1–0
27'
3–0
Report

Zinedine Zidane (2)
France
2–0
45+1'

Emmanuel Petit
France
3–0
90+3'

2002
Ronaldo
Brazil
1–0
67'
2–0
Report

Ronaldo (2)
Brazil
2–0
79'

2006
Zinedine Zidane (3)
France
1–0
7' (p)
1–1
Report

Marco Materazzi
Italy
1–1
19'

Game decided in penalty shoot-out.

2010
Andrés Iniesta
Spain
1–0
116'
1–0
Report

2014
Mario Götze
Germany
1–0
113'
1–0
Report

2018
Mario Mandžukić
France
1–0
18' (o.g.)
4–2
Report

Ivan Perišić
Croatia
1–1
28'

Antoine Griezmann
France
2–1
38' (p)

Paul Pogba
France
3–1
59'

Kylian Mbappe
France
4–1
65'

Mario Mandžukić
Croatia
2–4
69'

text: Players with most goals in the Finals[edit]

text:
Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals

Player

Team

Goals scored

Finals played

Final(s)

Geoff Hurst

 England

3

1

1966

Vavá

 Brazil

3

2

1958, 1962

Pelé

 Brazil

3

2

1958, 1970

Zinedine Zidane

 France

3

2

1998, 2006

Gino Colaussi

 Italy

2

1

1938

Silvio Piola

 Italy

2

1

1938

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

2

1

1954

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

2

1

1978

Paul Breitner

 West Germany

2

2

1974, 1982

Ronaldo

 Brazil

2

2

1998, 2002

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.

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