document_title: The Salvation Army in Australia

question_text: where was the salvation army founded in australia

text: The Salvation Army in Australia

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880. Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten.[1] In 1883, Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis, known as the "Prison Gate" program. Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work, so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol. Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton, to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne's gaols. This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade, the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job.[2] The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families. In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910, The Army's Limelight Department was established as Australia's first film production company.[3]

text: Eighty-four cents in every dollar donated to The Salvation Army goes directly to those in need.[citation needed] This is one of the most efficient[peacock term] rates of any charity in Australia.[citation needed] It is thought that the name of the popular biscuit by Arnotts, SAO, stands for ‘Salvation Army Officer’.[4]

text: The Salvation Army helps more than one million Australians every year.[citation needed] In an average week, the Salvation Army provides an estimated:[citation needed]

text:
100,000 meals for the hungry
2,000 beds for the homeless
5,000 to 8,000 food vouchers
1,000 people with assistance in finding employment
Refuge to 500 victims of abuse
Assistance to 500 people addicted to drugs, alcohol or gambling
Several thousand people with counselling
3,000 elderly people with aged care services
1,000 people in the court system with chaplaincy services
Family tracing services which locate 40 missing family members

text: From these diverse activities, The Salvos have grown to be one of Australia's most respected charitable organisations, with a 2009 survey by Sweeney Research and the advertising group Grey Global finding the Salvation Army and the nation's Ambulance Service to be Australia's most trusted entities.[5]

text: Australia's George Carpenter was General of the Salvation Army (worldwide leader) from 1939–1946 and Eva Burrows during the 1980s and 1990s.[6][7]

text: Salvation Army Growth 19th Century[edit]

text: The Salvation Army grew quickly within Australia, but it was a growth fraught with difficulty. In its early days The Salvation Army often met with suspicion, derision and violence. Salvationists simply walking down the streets would often suffer abuse and sustain injury from thrown objects. Several local councils even passed by-laws forbidding Salvation Army street processions, and the Police were liable to arrest them. From 1881 to 1907, across the country, more than 100 Salvationists were fined or jailed for holding street-meetings and marches.

text: "Almost every night some of our soldiers are getting hurt. One night during the week, as we were all having our usual open-air meeting, a crowd of 200 roughs gathered around, and threw lumps of road metal. One piece struck the Captain on the mouth and split one of his teeth, and loosened two others; yet, with all, we were able to sing, 'Hallelujah!' "Another night a sister got struck on the head, almost forcing her to the ground. In the face of all, there are certain officials of the law who stand by and enjoy the brutal sport."

text: Despite persecution and prosecution the number of Salvation Army Corps grew at an amazing rate, so much so that by 1900 there were over 1,300 Corps and outposts across Australia and New Zealand and The Salvation Army in Australasia could boast the following statistics:[8][9][10]

text:
Officers & Cadets & Employees: 1929
Soldiers (Members) estimated at 50,000
Corps (Churches): 512
Outposts: 858
Training Homes: 2
Women's Industrial Homes: 4
Rescue Homes: 16
Maternity Homes: 7
Slum Posts & Women's Shelters: 5
Prison-Gate Brigade Homes: 7
Men's Shelters & Labour Yards: 6
Men's Industrial Homes & Farms: 7
League of Mercy: 4
Military Home: 1

text: Australian sex abuse cases[edit]

text: From the 1940s to the 1980s the Salvation Army in Australia sheltered approximately 30,000 children. In 2006 the Australian Salvation Army acknowledged that sexual abuse may have occurred during this time and issued an apology. In it, the Army explicitly rejected a claim, made by a party unnamed in the apology, that there were as many as 500 potential claimants.[11]

text: In 2013 it was reported that private settlements totalling A$15.5 million had been made in Victoria relating to 474 abuse cases; a Salvation Army spokesman said that "This should not have happened and this was a breach of the trust placed in us" and that they were "deeply sorry" whilst claiming that the abuse was "the result of individuals and not a culture within the organisation."[12][13][14]

text: On 28 January 2014, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, a royal commission of inquiry initiated in 2013 by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments,[15] began an investigation into abuse cases at the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly; the Riverview Training Farm (also known as Endeavour Training Farm) at Riverview – both in Queensland; the Bexley Boys’ Home at Bexley; and the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn – both in New South Wales. The investigation also examined The Salvation Army's processes in investigating, disciplining, removing and/or transferring anyone accused of, or found to have engaged in, child sexual abuse in these homes.[16][17][18][19] On 27 March 2014, the Royal Commission began an investigation into the handling by The Salvation Army (Eastern Territory) of claims of child sexual abuse between 1993 and 2014.[20][21][22]

text: Many questions were raised during the course of the investigation as to whether high-ranking members of the organisation knew about these cases of child sexual abuse and failed to investigate, discipline, sack and prosecute sex offenders while boys and girls were beaten, bashed and raped.[23]

text: The Royal Commission published a case study report on the findings and recommendations for one of the abovementioned case studies.[24]


document_title: Maximum life span

question_text: the average length of life of members of a species is called

root

text: Maximum life span

text: Definition[edit]

text: In animal studies, maximum  span is often taken to be the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. By another definition, however, maximum life span corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a species or experimental group has died. Calculation of the maximum life span in the latter sense depends upon initial sample size.[1]

tag: p

text: Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by "rate of aging".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.

text: In humans[edit]

text: The longest-living person whose dates of birth and death were verified to the modern norms of Guinness World Records and the Gerontology Research Group was Jeanne Calment (1875-1997), a French woman who lived to 122. Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of the increased average life span longevity, but since the 1960s mortality rates among those over 80 years have decreased by about 1.5% per year. "The progress being made in lengthening lifespans and postponing senescence is entirely due to medical and public-health efforts, rising standards of living, better education, healthier nutrition and more salubrious lifestyles."[3] Animal studies suggest that further lengthening of human lifespan could be achieved through "calorie restriction mimetic" drugs or by directly reducing food consumption. Although calorie restriction has not been proven to extend the maximum human life span, as of 2014, results in ongoing primate studies have demonstrated that the assumptions derived from rodents are valid in primates as well [Reference: Nature 1 April 2014].[4]

text: No fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent today.[5][6] "A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit."[7] "The assumption that the maximum human life span is fixed has been justified, [but] is invalid in a number of animal models and ... may become invalid for humans as well."[8] Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. That is, there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximal human lifespan.[9] This law was first quantified in 1939, when researchers found that the one-year probability of death at advanced age asymptotically approaches a limit of 44% for women and 54% for men.[10]

text: Scientists have observed that a person's VO2max value (a measure of the volume of oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle) decreases as a function of age. Therefore, the maximum lifespan of a person could be determined by calculating when the person's VO2max value drops below the basal metabolic rate necessary to sustain life, which is approximately 3 ml per kg per minute.[11][page needed] On the basis of this hypothesis, athletes with a VO2max value between 50 and 60 at age 20 would be expected "to live for 100 to 125 years, provided they maintained their physical activity so that their rate of decline in VO2max remained constant".[12]

text:
A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified stretched exponential function for human survival curves.[14] The analysis of dynamics of the body mass in human population indicates extremums, which correspond to mean (70-75 years), the commonly accepted maximum (100–110 years) and maximum known (140–160 years) lifespan.[13]
In another study, researchers claimed that there exists a maximum lifespan for humans, and that the human maximal lifespan has been declining since the 1990s.[15][dubious  – discuss]
This study is now disputed on the basis of simple coding errors and biased sampling.[16] This study also supports a continuing increase in both theoretical and observed upper human lifespan, based on observed data from 200 national populations. However, a theoretical study also suggested that the maximum human life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years.[17]

text: The United Nations has undertaken an important Bayesian sensitivity analysis of global population burden based on life expectancy projection at birth in future decades. The 2017 95% prediction interval of 2090 average life expectancy rises as high as +6 (106, in Century Representation Form) by 2090, with dramatic, ongoing, layered consequences on world population and demography should that happen. The prediction interval is extremely wide, and the United Nations can not be certain. Organizations like the Methuselah Foundation are working toward an end to senescence and practically unlimited human lifespan. If successful, the demographic implications for human population will be greater in effective multiplier terms than any experienced in the last five centuries if maximum lifespan remains unlimited by law.

text: In other animals[edit]

text: Small animals such as birds and squirrels rarely live to their maximum life span, usually dying of accidents, disease or predation.

text: The maximum life span of most species is documented in the Anage repository.[18]

text: Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger or have effective defenses against predation, such as bird flight,[19]  chemical defenses[20] or living in social groups.[21]

text: The differences in life span between species demonstrate the role of genetics in determining maximum life span ("rate of aging"). The records (in years) are these:

text:
for common house mouse, 4[22]
for Brown rat, 3.8[23]
for dogs, 29 (See List of oldest dogs)[24]
for cats, 38[25]
for polar bears, 42[26] (Debby)
for horses, 62[27]
for Asian elephants, 86[28]

tag: ul

text: The longest-lived vertebrates have been variously described as

text:
Large parrots (Macaws and cockatoos can live up to 80–100 years in captivity)
Koi (A Japanese species of fish, allegedly living up to 200 years, though generally not exceeding 50 – A specimen named Hanako was reportedly 226 years old upon her death)[29][30]
Tortoises (Galápagos tortoise) (190 years)[31]
Tuataras (a New Zealand reptile species, 100–200+ years[32])
Eels, the so-called Brantevik Eel (Swedish: Branteviksålen) is thought to have lived in a water well in southern Sweden since 1859, which makes it over 150 years old.[33] It was reported that it had died in August 2014 at an age of 155.[34]
Whales (Bowhead Whale) (Balaena mysticetus about 200 years) Although this idea was unproven for a time, recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had harpoons in their bodies from about 1890,[35] which, along with analysis of amino acids, has indicated a maximum life span, stated as "the 211 year-old bowhead could have been from 177 to 245 years old".[36][37][38]
Greenland Sharks are currently the vertebrate species with the longest known lifespan.[39] An examination of 28 specimens in one study published in 2016 determined by radiocarbon dating that the oldest of the animals that they sampled had lived for about 392 ± 120 years (a minimum of 272 years and a maximum of 512 years). The authors further concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at about 150 years of age.[39]

text: Invertebrate species which continue to grow as long as they live (e.g., certain clams, some coral species) can on occasion live hundreds of years:

text: A bivalve mollusc (Arctica islandica) (aka "Ming", lived 507±2 years.[40][41])

text: Exceptions[edit]

text:
Some jellyfish species, including Turritopsis dohrnii, Laodicea undulata,[42] and Aurelia sp.1,[43] are able to revert to the polyp stage even after reproducing (so called life cycle reversal), rather than dying as in other jellyfish. Consequently, these species are considered biologically immortal and have no maximum lifespan.[44]
There may be no natural limit to the Hydra's life span, but it is not yet clear how to estimate the age of a specimen.
Flatworms, or Platyhelminthes, are known to be "almost immortal" as they have a great regeneration capacity, continuous growth and binary fission type cellular division.[45]
Lobsters are sometimes said to be biologically immortal because they don't seem to slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age. However, due to the energy needed for moulting, they cannot live indefinitely.[46]
Tardigrades can live indefinitely in a state of suspended animation, a state which they enter when they are not hydrated. In this state, they can withstand an extremely large number of environmental pressures, including intense radioactivity and heat, and being sent into space. Despite this, they can only live in a hydrated state for a few months. [47]

text: In plants[edit]

text: Plants are referred to as annuals which live only one year, biennials which live two years, and perennials which live longer than that. The longest-lived perennials, woody-stemmed plants such as trees and bushes, often live for hundreds and even thousands of years (one may question whether or not they may die of old age). A giant sequoia, General Sherman is alive and well in its third millennium. A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine called Methuselah is 4,848 years old (as of 2017) and the Bristlecone Pine called Prometheus was a little older still, at least 4,844 years (and possibly as old as 5,000 years), when it was cut down in 1964. The oldest known plant (possibly oldest living thing) is a clonal Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) tree colony in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah called Pando at about 80,000 years. Lichen, a symbiotic algae and fungal proto-plant, such as Rhizocarpon geographicum can live upwards of 10,000 years.

text: Increasing maximum life span[edit]

text: "Maximum life span" here means the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. Caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity. Rats, mice, and hamsters experience maximum life-span extension from a diet that contains all of the nutrients but only 40–60% of the calories that the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want. Mean life span is increased 65% and maximum life span is increased 50%, when caloric restriction is begun just before puberty.[48] For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding.[49]

text: A few transgenic strains of mice have been created that have maximum life spans greater than that of wild-type or laboratory mice. The Ames and Snell mice, which have mutations in pituitary transcription factors and hence are deficient in Gh, LH, TSH, and secondarily IGF1, have extensions in maximal lifespan of up to 65%. To date, both in absolute and relative terms, these Ames and Snell mice have the maximum lifespan of any mouse not on caloric restriction (see below on GhR). Mutations/knockout of other genes affecting the GH/IGF1 axis, such as Lit, Ghr and Irs1 have also shown extension in lifespan, but much more modest both in relative and absolute terms. The longest lived laboratory mouse ever was a Ghr knockout mouse, which lived to ≈1800 days in the lab of Andrzej Bartke at Southern Illinois University.  The maximum for normal B6 mice under ideal conditions is 1200 days.

text: Most biomedical gerontologists believe that biomedical molecular engineering will eventually extend maximum lifespan and even bring about rejuvenation.[citation needed]Anti-aging drugs are a potential tool for extending life.[50]

text: Aubrey de Grey, a theoretical gerontologist, has proposed that aging can be reversed by Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence. De Grey has established The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice. So far, three Mouse Prizes have been awarded: one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of Southern Illinois University (using GhR knockout mice); one for late-onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the University of California (using caloric restriction initiated late in life); and one to Dr. Z. Dave Sharp for his work with the pharmaceutical rapamycin.[51]

text: Correlation with DNA repair capacity[edit]

text: The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Accumulated DNA damage appears to be a limiting factor in the determination of maximum life span. The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging, and thus a principal determinant of maximum life span, has attracted increased interest in recent years.  This is based, in part, on evidence in human and mouse that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging.[52][53][54] There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues, such as those of the brain, muscle, liver and kidney (reviewed by Bernstein et al.[55] and see DNA damage theory of aging and DNA damage (naturally occurring)).  One expectation of the theory (that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging) is that among species with differing maximum life spans, the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan.  The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow[56] who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair.  They found that nucleotide excision repair capability increased systematically with species longevity.  This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species (reviewed by Bernstein and Bernstein[57]).  In general, the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span.  The association between nucleotide excision repair capability and longevity is strengthened by the evidence that defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins in humans and rodents cause features of premature aging, as reviewed by Diderich.[53]

text: Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs).  PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair.  Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs, and especially PARP-1, are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity.[58]  The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly(ADP ribosyl)ation capability measured in mononuclear cells.  Furthermore, lymphoblastoid cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals.

text: Research data[edit]

text:
A comparison of the heart mitochondria in rats (7-year maximum life span) and pigeons (35-year maximum life span) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer free-radicals than rat mitochondria, despite the fact that both animals have similar metabolic rate and cardiac output[59]
For mammals there is a direct relationship between mitochondrial membrane fatty acid saturation and maximum life span[60]
Studies of the liver lipids of mammals and a bird (pigeon) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of double bonds[61]
Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between telomere rate of change (shortening) and maximum life span[62]
Maximum life span correlates negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels and free-radicals production and positively with rate of DNA repair[63]
Female mammals express more Mn−SOD  and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes than males. This has been hypothesized as the reason they live longer[64] However, mice entirely lacking in glutathione peroxidase 1 do not show a reduction in lifespan.
The maximum life span of transgenic mice has been extended about 20% by overexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria[65]
A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and cow) showed that the rate of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span[66]
A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed an inverse correlation between maximum life span and oxidative damage to mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) in heart & brain[67]
A study of several species of mammals and a bird (pigeon) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span[68]
There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for mammalian species[69]
Drosophila (fruit-flies) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30% greater than that of controls[70]
Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes glutathione in long-lived transgenic Drosophila (fruit-flies) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50%[71]
A mutation in the age−1 gene of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans increased mean life span 65% and maximum life span 110%.[72] However, the degree of lifespan extension in relative terms by both the age-1 and daf-2 mutations is strongly dependent on ambient temperature, with ≈10% extension at 16 °C and 65% extension at 27 °C.
Fat-specific Insulin Receptor KnockOut (FIRKO) mice have reduced fat mass, normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18%.[73]
The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the carcinogenic chemical benzo(a)pyrene to a water-soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span.[74]
Short-term induction of oxidative stress due to calorie restriction increases life span in Caenorhabditis elegans by promoting stress defense, specifically by inducing an enzyme called catalase. As shown by Michael Ristow and co-workers nutritive antioxidants completely abolish this extension of life span by inhibiting a process called mitohormesis.[75]


document_title: War for the Planet of the Apes

question_text: where did they film war for planet of the apes

text: War for the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years have passed[8] since the human-hating bonobo Koba attacked the human survivors in San Francisco. Forcing Caesar and his tribe of intelligent apes against a rogue U.S. military faction known as Alpha-Omega. Led by a ruthless Colonel, Alpha-Omega employs many apes formerly loyal to Koba. These apes are derogatorily called "donkeys".

text: An attack by an Alpha-Omega platoon on an ape colony is rebuffed when Caesar rallies his apes in defense. Capturing alive a soldier named Preacher, three other soldiers and "donkey" gorilla named Red, Caesar explains that he executed Koba for causing the war and only desires peace. Caesar then releases the soldiers, hoping the display of mercy will show the Colonel that the apes are not savages. Meanwhile, Red escapes by injuring the albino gorilla Winter.

text: While ceremonially disposing of the dead apes, Caesar welcomes back his eldest son Blue Eyes and his lieutenant Rocket from a long journey. Blue Eyes reports that they have found a place across the desert that is ideal for them. An uneasy Winter beseeches that the tribe leave immediately. Though agreeing to leave, Caesar feels they need to prepare first. That night, the Colonel leads a team of soldiers in infiltrating the ape’s home. Believing he had succeeded, the Colonel begins to leave only to be discovered by Caesar. Enraged upon seeing that the human killed his wife Cornelia and son, he attempts to prevent the Colonel's escape but fails. After the attack the apes cannot find Winter.

text: In the morning, the tribe gathers to journey to safety. Leaving his youngest son, Cornelius, in the care of Blue Eyes' wife Lake, Caesar departs to exact revenge while serving as the decoy for the other apes. Accompanied by his orangutan adviser Maurice, gorilla lieutenant Luca, and Rocket, the apes enter an abandoned village where they kill a deserted soldier in self-defense. Searching the village the apes discover a mute girl. Maurice befriends and adopts the girl, giving her a small rag doll.

text: At a beach side military camp, the apes spot Winter inside and the group sneak in. Winter, who became a "donkey", tells Caesar that the Colonel has departed for the border, to meet soldiers from the north. Winter attempts to call out for help but the apes restrain him and in the struggle Caesar accidentally kills him. In the morning the military breaks camp and the apes follow. Along the way, the apes discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead. Their examination of a surviving soldier reveals that he is mute like the girl. Dying from his wounds, Caesar kills him in an act of mercy.

text: Climbing atop a radio tower, the apes search for direction the soldier’s traveled. During this, a hooded figure steals one of their horses and the apes give chase. Ending at a lodge, the apes corner the figure who is revealed to be a chimpanzee named Bad Ape. The group is surprised to discover he is an intelligent ape but from another zoo. While camping with Bad Ape they discover he knows where the border is and he hesitantly agrees to lead them there. The group reach the border where they see a quarantine facility. When attempting to get a closer look, Luca is killed protecting Caesar from some soldiers. An angered Caesar decides to proceed alone rather than endanger his allies further.

text: At the facility, Caesar learns that Alpha-Omega captured his tribe and are forcing them to build a wall without food or water. Caesar is then captured by Red who brings him to the Colonel. The Colonel tells Caesar that he intended to kill him rather than his son and wife. With an act of defiance Caesar causes the other apes to stop working but the Colonel threatens to kill Caesar to get the apes to continue working. Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off other military who are against him for killing his own soldiers. The Colonel commends Caesar's intelligence and goes on to tell Caesar that the Simian Flu virus had mutated and the human carriers became mute and devolved into a primitive state. The mutation infecting his only son, The Colonel killed him and ordered his men to kill anyone that happens to be infected or defies his instruction. A survivor of this purge told the military in the north who sent men to relieve the Colonel of his command. The Colonel says he spared one person to give a message to the military to come after him at the facility. The Colonel knows that the facility used to be a weapons depot and plans on using it’s resources to fight off the military. Finally the Colonel declares that he is fighting a "holy war" for humanity's survival and redemption.

text: Caesar is tortured with starvation to force his clan to work. The mute girl sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food, water, and her rag doll. To prevent her from being discovered, Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion. The next day, the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive, and confiscates the doll upon discovering it. Together, Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel leading out of the facility. Here Maurice names the girl Nova, and along with Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes, but Caesar remains behind to settle his affair with the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army. Caesar finds the Colonel has been infected by the virus from contact with Nova's doll. Caesar chooses not to kill the Colonel, instead watching him commit suicide with his pistol.

text: The escaping apes are caught in the crossfire between the two armies. Red watches the apes suffering and begins to doubt his allegiance to Alpha-Omega. Caesar attempts to blow up a large fuel tank to take out the Alpha-Omega forces from behind but he is shot with a crossbow by Preacher. Red uses a grenade launcher to kill Preacher and saves Caesar's life but is shot dead by a soldier. Caesar succeeds in blowing up the fuel tank and escapes the facility as it is consumed in cascade of explosions. The victorious northern army notices Caesar but before they can kill him, an avalanche descends upon the base. The apes, carrying Nova, all survive by climbing nearby trees. The apes then cross the desert to find an oasis. While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home, Maurice discovers Caesar's fatal arrow wound. Maurice promises to tell Cornelius who his father was and what he did for their tribe. Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds, dying peacefully while Maurice and the other apes look on.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes.[9]
Steve Zahn as "Bad Ape", a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak, and was a hermit before joining Caesar's group.[10][11]
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar's adviser.[9]
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee who is Caesar's brother-figure.[12]
Ty Olsson as Red, a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba, now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar. Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise.[13]
Michael Adamthwaite as Luca, a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe.[14]
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, now appears in Caesar's hallucinations.
Judy Greer as Cornelia, Caesar's wife.[9]
Sara Canning as Lake, a common chimpanzee in Caesar's tribe, who is also Blue Eyes' mate and later Cornelius's caretaker.[15]
Max Lloyd-Jones as Blue Eyes, Caesar and Cornelia's oldest son.[16]
Devyn Dalton as Cornelius, Caesar and Cornelia's youngest son, and Blue Eyes' younger brother. Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise.
Aleks Paunovic as Winter, an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear.[17]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Woody Harrelson as Colonel J. Wesley McCollough, the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha-Omega, who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species.[18][19]
Amiah Miller as Nova, a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for.[20][21]
Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher, a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha-Omega.[22]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. In January 2014, the studio announced the third film, with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, and Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers.[23][24] During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV, Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film's setting. "...It could be five years after the event. It could be the night after the events of where we left 'Dawn.'"[25] In May 2015, the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[26] By October 2015, it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[10]

text: When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn, the film already had a release date, which led to an accelerated production schedule. However, with the third installment, Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film. Taking advantage of this, the two bonded with each other more than before.[27]

text: In interviews for Dawn, Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans: "As this story continues, we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn. That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with. Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never, ever wanted to deal with, and was hoping he could avoid. And now he is right in the middle of it. The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways, in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply. It’s going to be an epic story. I think you’ve probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary. The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times. This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history, and sort of leads to an almost biblical status. He is going to become like a mythic ape figure, like Moses."[28]

text: Toby Kebbell, who portrayed Koba in Dawn, had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters.[29] Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early, with Bomback saying, "If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, you hear Koba’s breathing. We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to. Very early on in spitballing, we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba – certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story. But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea. In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film, Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother. That would have resonance, and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost. So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar’s mind at this point and revisit Koba that way."[30]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film.[31] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was supporting.[18] In October 2015, TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film.[10] It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film's humans, with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice,[9][20] while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes.[17][15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[32][33] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[34] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[35] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[36]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: As with Rise and Dawn, the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital; the apes were created with a mixture of motion-capture and CGI key-frame animation, as they were performed in motion-capture technology and animated in CGI.

text: Influences[edit]

text: At New York Comic-Con 2016, Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing. He said, "One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies. We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does. We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie. We watched every Planet of the Apes movie, war movies, westerns, Empire Strikes Back... We just thought, 'We have to pretend we have all the time in the world,' even though we had limited time. We got really inspired."[37]

text: Additionally, during production, Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like The Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape. Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements, they also watched Biblical epics like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments. The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson's Colonel, a military leader with pretensions toward godhood. The parallels between Caesar as Moses and the Colonel as Pharaoh are quite evident. Caesar arranges for the escape of his oppressed and enslaved fellow apes. The oppressor army is totally destroyed by an overwhelming "sea" as in the Exodus story. Finally, when Caesar and his clan reach the mountain overlooking the "promised land" he dies--just as Moses did on Mt. Nebo. Reeves indebtedness to the Exodus story is substantial. Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai. Another comparison is in Caesar's journey to find the Colonel, flanked by a posse of close friends – a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood's war-weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales.[27] Influences from the film Apocalypse Now, notably Harrelson's character and his Alpha-Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz's renegade army, were also noted by several journalists.[38][39][40] Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration.[41]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
War for the Planet of the Apes

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
July 7, 2017 (Digital)
July 21, 2017 (Physical)

Recorded
2017

Genre
Film score

Label
Sony Masterworks

Michael Giacchino film scores chronology

Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)Spider-Man: Homecoming2017
War for the Planet of the Apes
(2017)
Coco
(2017)Coco2017

text: On October 17, 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino, the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn, would return to compose War's score.[42] The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7, 2017,[43] and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21, 2017.[44]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Apes’ Past is Prologue"
10:53

2.
"Assault of the Earth"
5:29

3.
"Exodus Wounds"
4:23

4.
"The Posse Polonaise"
1:39

5.
"The Bad Ape Bagatelle"
1:13

6.
"Don’t Luca Now"
3:53

7.
"Koba Dependent"
2:54

8.
"The Ecstasy of the Bold"
1:57

9.
"Apes Together Strong"
7:12

10.
"A Tide in the Affairs of Apes"
5:31

11.
"Planet of the Escapes"
2:42

12.
"The Hating Game"
2:04

13.
"A Man Named Suicide"
5:32

14.
"More Red Than Alive"
2:41

15.
"Migration"
2:03

16.
"Paradise Found"
5:35

17.
"End Credits"
9:30

Total length:
75:11

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially set for a July 29, 2016, release. However, in January 2015, Fox postponed the film's release date to about a year later on July 14, 2017.[45][5]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Special behind-the-scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22, 2015, as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis.[46] The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC.[47][48] The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance-capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape.[49] The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page later the same day.[50]

text: At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6, Reeves, Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film.[51]

text: Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game, for which he performed motion capture.[52] Titled Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier, the game was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC in fall 2017.[53]

text: Home media[edit]

text: War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million, against a production budget of $150 million.[4]

text: In North America, the film was projected to gross $50–60 million in its opening weekend,[55] however, given its acclaimed status and strong word-of-mouth, rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70–80 million.[3][56][57] War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales, a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots (such as Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Transformers: The Last Knight and The Mummy). However, box office analysts noted that well-reviewed films have tended to perform in-line with estimates (Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Wonder Woman and Spider-Man: Homecoming).[58][59][60] The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters, up 22% from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor, and $22.1 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $56.3 million, topping the box office, albeit with a 22% drop from Dawn's $72.6 million debut.[61][62] In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.9 million (a drop of 62.9%, more than the 50.4% fall Dawn saw), finishing 4th at the box office.[63] In its third weekend, the film made $10.5 million (dropping another 49.9%), finishing 6th at the box office. It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ($16.1 million) and Dawn ($16.8 million).[64]

text: Outside North America, War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months (July–September). The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14, albeit only in two major markets, and was projected to have an opening of $50–60 million, with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform, as they have for recent tent poles.[3] The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million, including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom.[65]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the cast's performances (particularly Serkis), Reeves's direction, visual effects, musical score, cinematography and its morally complex storyline.[66] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 294 reviews, with a rating average of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful, poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful – and truly blockbuster – note."[67] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[68] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors.[61]

text: Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10, saying: "War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy, but also one that does enough world-building that the series can potentially continue from here – and it’s a rare case where, after three movies, we’re left wanting more."[69] A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, "“War for the Planet of the Apes,” directed by Matt Reeves, is the grimmest episode so far, and also the strongest, a superb example — rare in this era of sloppily constructed, commercially hedged cinematic universes — of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking," and lauded Andy Serkis's performance in the film, stating that "Andy Serkis’s performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting."[70]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, and said that Serkis performed "with a resonant power and depth of feeling that's nearly Shakespearean. Oscar, get busy: Serkis deserves the gold," and went on to say that "War for the Planet of the Apes – No. 9 in the simian cinema canon – is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original."[71] Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating, and praised Matt Reeves's directing, saying "It’s a given that an expensive 21st century sci-fi movie with talking animals, exploding tanks, and jarring machine guns would look and sound great, but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they’re always working in service of a greater narrative agenda." Kohn went on to applaud the visuals and musical score, stating that "The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men, aided by Michael Giacchino’s vibrant score, is a strong indicator of the next-level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles; not only is the action easy to follow, but you care for the motion-captured characters at the center of it, while the humans cower in fear."[72]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Golden Trailer Awards
June 6, 2017
Best Motion/Title Graphics
War for the Planet of the Apes: 20th Century Fox, Wild Card
Nominated
[73][74]

Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot

Hollywood Film Awards
November 5, 2017
Hollywood Visual Effects Award
Dan Barrett, Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, and Erik Winquist
Won
[75][76]

Hollywood Post Alliance
November 16, 2017
Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film
Dan Barrett, Anders Langlands, Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, Luke Millar, Erik Winquist, and Weta Digital
Won
[77][78]

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Movie: Summer
20th Century Fox
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 8, 2017
Best Motion Capture Performance
Andy Serkis
Won
[79]

Best Motion Capture Performance
Steve Zahn
Nominated

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
December 10, 2017
Best Actor
Andy Serkis
Won
[80][81]

Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Visual Effects
War for the Planet of the Apes
Won
[82]

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 12, 2017
Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated
[83]

Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated
[84][85]

Best Visual Effects
Joe Letteri, Dan Lemmon, Dan Barrett, and Joel Whist
Won

Utah Film Critics Association
Best Actor
Andy Serkis
Won
[86]

Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society
December 19, 2017
Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance
Andy Serkis
Won
[87][88][89]

Best Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated

Best Action / War
War for the Planet of the Apes
Nominated

Best Blockbuster
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Won

Phoenix Film Critics Society
Best Visual Effects
War for the Planet of the Apes
Won
[90]

North Carolina Film Critics Association
December 29, 2017
Best Special Effects
War for the Planet of the Apes
Won
[91]

Columbus Film Critics Association
January 4, 2018
Actor of the Year (for an exemplary body of work)
Woody Harrelson
Runner-up
[92]

Golden Tomato Awards
January 3, 2018
Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Movie 2017
War for the Planet of the Apes
2nd Place
[93]

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2018
Best Actor
Andy Serkis
Nominated
[94][95]

Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino

Best Visual Effects
War for the Planet of the Apes

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Action Movie
War for the Planet of the Apes
Nominated
[96]

Best Visual Effects
Won

Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018
Best Actor
Andy Serkis
Nominated
[97]

Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
January 21, 2018
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
War for the Planet of the Apes
Nominated
[98][99]

Art Directors Guild
January 27, 2018
Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film
James Chinlund
Nominated
[100]

Annie Awards
February 3, 2018
Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production
Daniel Barrett, Sidney Kombo-Kintombo, Emile Ghorayeb, Luisma Lavin Peredo, and Alessandro Bonora
Won
[101]

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Film Editing
William Hoy
Won
[102]

Best Original Score
Michael Giacchino
Nominated

Best Sound
War for the Planet of the Apes
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 13, 2018
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature
Joe Letteri, Ryan Stafford, Daniel Barrett, Dan Lemmon, Joel Whist
Won
[103]

Outstanding Animated Character in a Photoreal Feature
Eteuati Tema, Aidan Martin, Florian Fernandez, Mathias Larserud for "Bad Ape"
Nominated

Dennis Yoo, Ludovic Chailloleau, Douglas McHale, Tim Forbes for "Caesar"
Won

Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature
Chris McLaughlin, Ryan Salcombe, Seungjin Woo, Francesco Dell'Anna for "Hidden Fortress"
Nominated

Phillip Leonhardt, Paul Harris, Jeremy Fort, Thomas Lo for "Prison Camp"
Nominated

Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature
David Caeiro Cebrian, Johnathan Nixon, Chet Leavai, Gary Boyle
Won

Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature
Christoph Salzmann, Robin Hollander, Ben Morgan, Ben Warner
Won

British Academy Film Awards
February 18, 2018
Best Special Visual Effects
Daniel Barrett, Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, and Joel Whist
Nominated
[6]

Golden Reel Awards
February 18, 2018
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Dialogue / ADR
Supervising Sound Editors: Douglas Murray, Will Files; Supervising Dialogue Editor: R.J. Kizer; Vocal Editors: Kim Foscato, P.K. Hooker, Doug Jackson, Lindsay Alvarez; ADR Editors: Laura Graham, and Jim Brookshire
Won
[104][105]

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Effects / Foley
Supervising Sound Editors: Douglas Murray, Will Files; Sound Effects Editors: David Grimaldi, Jack Whittaker, Ken McGill, P.K. Hooker, Doug Jackson, Lindsay Alvarez; Foley Editors: John Morris, Matthew Harrison, Thom Brennan, Willard Overstreet; Foley Artists: Dan O'Connell, and John T. Cucci
Nominated

International Film Music Critics Association Awards
February 22, 2018
Score of the Year
Michael Giacchino
Nominated
[106][107]

Best Original Score for a Fantasy/Science Fiction/Horror Film
Michael Giacchino
Won

Film Music Composition of the Year
"End Credits" from War for the Planet of the Apes by Michael Giacchino
Won

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Visual Effects
Daniel Barrett, Dan Lemmon, Joe Letteri, and Joel Whist
Pending
[108]

text: Possible fourth film[edit]

text: In October 2016, it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed.[109][110]


document_title: Uno (card game)

question_text: how many cards do you get when you play uno

text: Uno (card game)

text: Official rules[edit]

text: The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points, achieved (usually over several rounds of play) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players. Action cards (Skip, Draw Two and Reverse) are worth 20 Points while Wild and Wild Draw Four cards are worth 50 Points.

text: The deck consists of 108 cards, of which there are 25 of each color (red, green, blue, and yellow), each color having two of each rank except zero. The ranks in each color are zero to nine, "Skip", "Draw Two", and "Reverse" (the last three being "action cards"). In addition, the deck contains four each of "Wild" and "Wild Draw Four" cards.

text: To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer's left plays first unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player's turn, they must do one of the following:

text:
play a card matching the discard in color, number, or symbol
play a Wild card, or a playable Wild Draw Four card (see restriction below)
draw the top card of the deck

text: Play proceeds clockwise around the table.

text: Action and Wild cards have the following effects:

text:
Card

Effect when played from hand

Effect as first discard

Skip

Next player in sequence misses a turn

Player to dealer's left misses a turn

Reverse

Order of play switches directions (clockwise to counterclockwise, or vice versa)

Dealer plays first; play proceeds counterclockwise

Draw Two (+2)

Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn

Player to dealer's left draws two cards and misses a turn

Wild

Player determines the next color to be matched (may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color)

Player who puts the color card down chooses the color of the new card by putting down a card of that color.

Wild Draw Four/Draw Four Wild (+4 and wild)

Player determines next color to be matched; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn. May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color (see Penalties)

Return card to the deck, shuffle, flip top card to start discard pile

text:
A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card and may play no other card from their hand on that turn.
A player may play a Wild card at any time, even if that player has other playable cards.
A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color. The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card.[3] A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence (see Penalties) to prove that their hand meets this condition.
If the entire deck is used during play, the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck. Play then proceeds normally.
It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player.

text: A player who plays their next-to-last-card must call "Uno" as a warning to the other players.[4]

text: The first player to get rid of their last card ("going out") wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players. Number cards count their face value, all action cards count 20, and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50. If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out, the next player in the sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied. If the next player has a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card, it can be stacked and possibly bring the "out" player back into play.

text: The first player to score 500 points wins the game.

text: Penalties[edit]

text:
If a player does not call "Uno" after laying down their next-to-last card and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn (i.e., plays a card from their hand, draws from the deck, or touches the discard pile), they must draw two cards as a penalty. If the player is not caught in time (subject to interpretation) or remembers to call "Uno" before being caught, they suffer no penalty. If a player falsely calls "Uno" while having multiple cards in their hand, they must draw two cards.[3]
If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card, the following player can challenge its use. The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player, in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards. If the challenge is correct, then the challenged player draws four cards instead. If the challenge is wrong, then the challenger must draw six cards; the four cards they were already required to draw plus two more cards.[3]

text: Two-player game[edit]

text: In a two-player game, the Reverse card acts like a Skip card; when played, the other player misses a turn.

text: House rules[edit]

text: The following house rules are suggested in the Uno rulebook, to alter the game:

text:
Progressive Uno: If a draw card is played, and the following player has the same card, they can play that card and "stack" the penalty, which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player.[3]
Seven-O: When a certain card is played, the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players. For example, the person who played the 7 card is able to switch all of their cards with another player; the player who played the 0 card is able to make every player exchange all their cards to the next player.[3]
Jump-In: If a player has exactly the same card (both number and color) as the top card of the discard pile, they may play it immediately, even if it is not their turn. The game then continues as if that player had just taken their turn.[3]

text: Strategies[edit]

text: A strategy at Uno may be offensive (aiming to go out), or defensive (aiming to minimize the value of one's hand, in the event that another player goes out, thus getting those points). Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy.

text: An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out (when it's harder to play a matching card). However, a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early, because they have a high point value.

text: A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand. However, an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color, because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color (there is only one 0 of each color, but two of each 1–9).

text: A player holding only one card is required to call out "Uno" or risk being penalized if caught. A player who calls "Uno" risks being the target of concerted action by the other players, who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out. Depending on the level and seriousness of play, some players may deliberately avoid saying "Uno", in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn. For this reason, it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds.

text: Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno. Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter. Attempts to reduce point count in a player's hands can be "read" by other players if too transparent. This information can be exploited by other players, and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate.

text: Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior.[5] Players may exhibit physical tells,[6] in which a subtle, often repeated, cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game. Alternatively, they may change their playing style, switching from an aggressive card-shedding strategy to a more subdued one, or vice versa.

text: Card and deck styles[edit]

text:
The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action, except for the Wild cards which still bear the word "Wild." Before the design change, such cards in English versions of the game had letters only. Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards.  Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs, especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word "Wild". The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards. There are also language-free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word "Wild" but have the same styling.
There is a new version called "Uno Mod" where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers. This version also comes in a red and white case. It is one of several "Mod" games by Mattel, the others being Othello (game) Mod, Apples to Apples Mod, Phase 10 Mod, and Skip-Bo Mod.

text: Theme packs[edit]

text: There are many different themes and versions of Uno.  These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards.

text:
American Kennel Club (Herding Breeds) Uno
American Kennel Club (Non-Sporting Group) Uno (2006)
American Kennel Club (Sporting Group) Uno
American Kennel Club (Terrier Breeds) Uno
Angry Birds Uno (2012)
Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno (2007)
Avengers Uno (2015)
Avengers Assemble Uno (2013)
Bandai Uno[a]
Barbie Uno[b]
Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno (2004)
Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno (2014)
Batman Uno (2005)
Batman Begins Uno (2005)
Batman: The Dark Knight Uno (2008)
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Uno (2015)
Beach Uno (2011)
Betty Boop Uno (2005)
The Big Bang Theory Uno (2012)
Braille Uno (2012)
Care Bears Uno (2003)
Car-Go Uno (2004)
Cars Uno (2006)
Cars 2 Uno (2011)
Cars 3 Uno (2017)
Cinderella Uno (2012)
Coca-Cola Uno (1998, 2004)
Coco (2018)
Dare (2014)
DC Super Heroes Uno
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno (2012)
Disney Uno (2002)
Disney Electronic Uno (Classic) (2003)
Disney Electronic Uno (Modern)
Disney Fairies Uno (2009)
Disney Pixar Uno (2012)
Disney Princess Uno[c]
Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno[d]
Disney Sofia The First Uno[e]
Disney Theme Park Uno[f]
Doc McStuffins Uno (2013)
Dog Uno (2003)
Doraemon Uno[g]
Doctor Who Uno (2007)
Elvis Uno (2000)
Emoji Uno
Eragon Uno (2006)
Family Guy Uno (2004)
Fantastic Four Uno (2005)
Fat Albert Uno (2005)
Ferrari Uno (2000)
Finding Dory Uno (2016)
Fishing Uno (2012)
Florida State University Uno (2011)
Fraggle Rock Uno[h]
Frozen Uno (2014)
Glee Uno (2011)
Ghostbusters Uno (2016)
Golden Compass Uno (2007)
Green Lantern Uno (2011)
Hairspray Uno (2007)
Hanna-Barbera Uno (2004)
Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno
Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno (2007)
Happy Feet Uno (2006)
Harry Potter Uno[i]
Hello Kitty Bow Uno (2012)
Hello Kitty Friendship Uno (2003)
Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno (2006)
High School Musical Uno (2006)
High School Musical 2 Uno (2007)
High School Musical 3 Uno (2008)
Holiday Uno (2009)
Hoops and Yoyo Uno
Horses Uno (2011)
Hot Death Uno (2001)
Hot Wheels Uno (2012)
House Rules Uno (1998)
Hulk Uno (2003)
H2O[j]
H2O To Go
H2O Splash (2005)
Iron Man 2 Uno (2010)
Jelly Belly Uno (2012)
John Deere Uno(2010)[k]
Justice League Uno (2017)[l]
Kittens Uno
Kung Fu Panda Uno (2008)
Limited Too It's A Girl's World Uno (2008)
Macy's Parade Uno
Magic Tree House Uno (2007)
Marvel Heroes Uno (2010)
Mario Bros. Uno (2012)
Mini Party Favors Uno
Muppet Show Uno[m]
My Scene Uno (2005)
MyUno Uno (2005)
National Parks Uno (2002, 2009)
New York City Uno (2001)
NHL Uno
Nightmare Before Christmas Uno (2007)
Nintendo Uno (2004)
North American Wildlife Uno
Notre Dame Uno (2005)
NSYNC Uno(2000)
One Piece Uno (2003, 2011)
One Piece: The New World Uno (Japan-2012)
Over the Hedge Uno (2006)
Paw Patrol Uno (2015)
Peanuts Uno (2002)[n]
Peanuts – A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno[o]
Peanuts – It's the Great Pumpkin Uno (2006)
Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno (2006)
Peanuts Movie Uno (2015)
Peanuts – Vintage Peanuts Uno (2005)
The Penguins of Madagascar Uno (2012)
Penn State University Uno
Phineas and Ferb Uno (2012)
Pinkalicious Uno (2010)
Pirates of the Caribbean Uno (2007)
Planes Uno (2013)
Planes - Fire and Rescue! Uno (2014)
Pokémon Uno (2006)
Pokémon: Best Wishes (Japan)
Pokémon: XY (Japan)
Polly Pocket Uno (2006)
Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno
Puppies Uno
Ratatouille Uno (2007)
Ren and Stimpy Uno (2004)
Retro Uno (2014)
Scooby-Doo Uno
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
Shopkins Uno (2015)
Shrek Uno
Shrek 2 Uno (2004)
Shrek the Third Uno[p]
The Simpsons Uno (2003)
The Simpsons (D'oh) Uno (2009)
The Simpsons: Springfield / Great Scot Uno (2006)
The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror Uno (2005)
Sock Monkey Uno
South Park Uno (2004)
Speed Racer[q]
Spider-Man Uno (2002)
Spider-Man 2 Uno (2004)
Spider-Man Spider Sense Uno*
Marvel Ultimate Spider-Man Web-Warriors Uno (2014)
Splash Uno[r]*
Splash: Finding Dory Uno[s]
SpongeBob SquarePants #1[t]
SpongeBob SquarePants #2[u]
SpongeBob SquarePants #3[v]
SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob! (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time (2006)
St. Louis Uno (2005)
Star Trek Uno[w]
Mattel-produced "Special Edition"[x]
Fundex Games "Collector's Edition"[y]
Star Wars: The Clone Wars Uno
Super Mario (2016)
Superman Uno (2005)
Superman Returns Uno (2005)
Sydney 2000 Uno (1999)
Teen Titans Uno (2006)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno (2014)
Texas Uno (2006)
Toy Story Uno (2010)
University of Alabama Uno
University of Florida Uno
University of Georgia Uno
University of Kentucky Uno
University of Michigan Uno
University of North Carolina Uno
University of Texas Uno
Uno (1971)
Uno 25th Anniversary (1996)
Uno 30th Anniversary (2001)
Uno 35th Anniversary (2011)
UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case (2016)
Uno Deluxe in box[z]
Uno Deluxe in Wood Box
UNO With Customizable Wild Cards (2015)
Uno Mod (2010)
USA Uno
Vacation Uno[aa]
Wilderness Uno (2016)
Wildlife Uno (2012)
Wizard of Oz Uno(2007) [ab]
WWE Legends Uno (2005)
X-Games (1999, 2007)
X-Men Uno (2003)

text: Note: * indicates HIT Entertainment character, by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012.

text: Themed My First Uno games[edit]

text:
Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age.  These sets come in several variants, based on titles for children.
My First Uno versions:

text:
Angelina Ballerina Uno (2005)
Animals Uno
Bob The Builder Uno (2007)
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Curious George Uno (2005)
Dora the Explorer Uno (2003, 2010)
Elmo Uno
Handy Manny Uno (2009)
Disney's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno (2011)
Koala Brothers Uno (2005)
Little People Uno (2006)
Mickey Mouse Club Uno (2008)
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends Uno (2006)
Rugrats Uno (1991)
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno (2012)
Thomas & Friends Uno (2010)
Where the Wild Things Are Uno (2007)
Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno (2002, 2011, 2012)
Yo Gabba Gabba! Uno

text: Themed video games[edit]

text: Uno versions available on the Xbox 360:

text:
Street Fighter II Uno[ac]
Project Gotham Racing Uno[ad]

text:
Kameo: Elements of Power Uno[ae]
Uno 35th Anniversary (see above)

text: Themed sports teams[edit]

text: Several sports teams each have 112-card sets, featuring players from those teams. The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself. The following teams have confirmed Uno sets.

text:
Minnesota Patriots
Auburn Tigers (NCAA)
England FA (2010)
England Rugby (2010)
Manchester United
Hockey Calgary Flames (2010)NHLNHL Stars of Finland
MLB All-StarsAmerican League (2005)  American League - Stars of the American League (2006)[af] American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada   American League - Boston Red Sox (Regular (2004) and World Series editions (2007))  American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited (2007)  American League - Chicago White Sox (2007)  American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship  American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2005)  American League - New York Yankees (2006)  American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited (2007)  American League - Seattle Mariners (2003)  American League - Texas Rangers (2006)National League  National League - MLB All Stars National League National League - Chicago Cubs[ag]  National League - Chicago Cubs: Derek Lee (2006)  National League - Houston Astros (2005)  National League - New York Mets (2005)  National League - New Your Mets: David Wright Special (2007)  National League - Philadelphia Phillies (2005)  National League - St. Louis Cardinals (2006)
NBA All-Stars(East and West)  Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference (2006)  Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends (2005)  Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers: LeBron James Special Edition (2007)  Eastern Conference - New York Knicks (2006)  Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference (2006)  Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition (2006)  Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition (2007)  Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs (2006)
American FootballChicago Bears (2006)Dallas Cowboys (2006)Green Bay Packers (2007)Minnesota VikingsNational Football League NFC Edition (2006)New England Patriots (2007)New York Giants (2006)New York Jets (2009)NFL American League (2006)NFL National League (2006)Phil. Eagles (2006)Pittsburgh Steelers (2006)Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition (2006)
NFL Greatest Players EditionsTom Brady (2007)Reggie Bush(2007)Brett Favre (2007)LaDanian Tomlinson (2007)Brian Urlacher (2007)

text: Special Uno games[edit]

text:
Uno Attack (Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada) (1999)
Uno Attack Refill Deck
Uno Bingo (1997)
Uno Blast (2012)
Uno Blitzo (2000)
Uno Choo-Choo (2011)
Uno Color Screen
Uno Deluxe
Uno Dare (2014)
Uno Dice (1987, 1996, 2011)
Uno Dominoes (1986)
Electronic Uno
Uno Flash (2007)
Uno Flip (2009)
Giant Uno (2016)
Uno H2O (2004)
Uno H2O To Go
Uno Hearts (1994)
Uno Junior (1992)
King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers (1-6) and colors to help children make matches. The deck also contains 4 wild cards, a Draw 2 card for each suit, and a Free Turn card for each suit. (1994)
Killer Uno (1995)
Uno Madness (1995)
Uno Moo (2008, 2014)
Uno Power Grab
Uno Reflex
Uno Roboto
Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules! (2014)
Uno Rummy Up (1993)
Uno Spin (2005)
Uno Spin Hannah Montana (2005)
Uno Spin One Piece (Japan)
Uno Spin To Go (2010)
Uno Stacko (1994)
Travel Uno Stacko
Uno Tippo (2009)
Uno Slam
Uno Tiki Twist (2014)
Uno Wild Jackpot (2016)
Uno Wild Tiles (1982)
Get Wild for Uno (2016)
Uno MineCraft (201x)

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Hot Death UNO (IBM - 1993)
Uno (handheld video game - 2000)
Uno (handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game)
 UNO DX (Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998)
Uno (PlayStation Network)
Uno (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Rush (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Challenge (mobile version of the classic Uno board game)
Uno Free Fall (puzzle game for mobile phones)
Uno 52 (Nintendo Game Boy Advance)
Super Uno (Super Famicom)
Uno (Facebook) (Adobe Flash–based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios)
Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play.  Produced by Gameloft
Uno The same as on the iPhone, but with enhanced graphics.  Produced by Gameloft
Uno Released as three versions: SD, HD and Free with adverts.  Produced by Gameloft
Uno
Uno & Friends (various platforms)
Pocket Uno
Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone
Uno Undercover (Windows)
Uno (2016 video game for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One by Ubisoft)
Uno (2017 video game for Nintendo Switch, produced by Ubisoft)

text: Variations[edit]

text: Many variations from standard gameplay exist, such as Elimination Uno, Speed Uno, French Uno, Pirate Uno, and Pakistani Uno.[7]

text: A variation of Uno named Dos that includes math and the player having to say "Dos!" when they have 2 cards left. This spinoff of Uno was introduced in 2018.[8]

text: UNO: Slots[edit]

text: In 2002, International Gaming Technology (IGT)[9]released a video slot machine based on UNO.

text: UNO: The Game Show[edit]

text: In March 2013, it was announced that Mattel and The Gurin Company[10][11]are teaming up to create a game show based on UNO where contestants will match colors, numbers and wits for a shot at a big cash prize. The show would be produced as a half-hour daily strip with a $100,000 cash jackpot along with a primetime version in which contestants competed for 1 million dollars. However, the idea was scrapped later on.

text: Similar games[edit]

text: Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games.  The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards.

text:
Crazy Eights
Eleusis
Last Card
Macau
Mao
Mau Mau (game)
O'NO 99
One Card (game)
Phase 10
SKIP-BO
Taki
Whot!

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A version released in Japan.

Jump up ^ Features the "friendship" card, where the player can swap his/her hand with another player. (2002, 2010)

Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card, when played, all players must discard a prince card (regardless of color or number) to kill the dragon before continuing play.  If a player does not have a prince card in their hand, they must pick up cards until they find a prince card. (2004) (2013)

Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel.

Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag.

Jump up ^ Evil card: the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game, even if it's not his or her turn. (2005, 2012)

Jump up ^ Released in Japan

Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card (featuring Traveling Matt), which allows the player to "travel" to another player's spot and view his or her entire hand. (2006)

Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three (instead of Draw Two) card; also features a "howler" wild card where, if played, the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud; also features an "invisibility" wild card where, if played, the player can block any card placed down (such as, a card that forces them to draw cards). (2000, 2003, 2005, 2010)

Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards.  It includes 4 (2 of which are +1 2 of which are +2 downpour cards) black action cards called "wild DownPour" cards; when played, all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck, and also double as wild cards. (2004)

Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a "Harvest" card-The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he/she draws a green card, which will allow them to complete the harvest (or, until they draw 5 cards, whichever comes first).

Jump up ^ Features X-Ray card that lets a player see another's hand and strategically exchange a card.

Jump up ^ Mayhem card: the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands.  The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card. (2003)

Jump up ^ Wei, R. H. "Gamebits: Peanuts at Play". Games.  Issue 196 (Vol. 27, No. 10).  Pg.4.  December 2003.

Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card (2007, 2008, 2010)

Jump up ^ In a Shrek-faced package.  'Merlin Card' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice. All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color. All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands. (2007)

Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card.  The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number, the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before.  For example, player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3.  The next player must place a card with the number 4 (regardless of colour) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on.  If they reach 9, they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he/she must draw three cards. (2007)

Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear. Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go.

Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear.

Jump up ^ Super Absorbency (#1) Uno – which features the Super Absorbency card, a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players' hands at random.  There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player's penultimate card.  Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him/her.  However, some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players' hands except those who are in the uno stage.  Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin. (2002)

Jump up ^ Secret Recipe (#2) Uno – Secret Recipe – Allows the player to look at another player's hand.  The player can also select a new color just like a wild card.

Jump up ^ Lost in Time (#3 Uno) – Daredevil – Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card.  Can also be used as a wild card.

Jump up ^ Two Editions, both based on Star Trek: The Original Series

Jump up ^ With special cards, each of which appears once per pack: Double Tribble card – The player who plays this card chooses the color of play, then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn; Beam Me Up, Scotty card – This can played to stop any command card (a "Draw 2" card, for example) and allows for the color of play to be chosen; Mind Meld card – This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand; Live Long & Prosper card – This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one, then allows him/her to choose color of play. (1999)

Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind: 4 "Beam Up WILD" cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player.  That player can then call a new color, and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD.  (It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired.) (2008)

Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad. (1978, 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1993, 2001, 2000, 2004, 2008)

Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player, he/she can:
immediately play another card of the same suit color, OR
play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card, the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played.

However, this Check Two Card cannot be played:
on its own (without a card of the same suit color), OR
as the last card in your hand.
If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand, he/she must take another card from the draw pile. If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card, he/she may directly play the Check Two Card, say UNO, and play the matching suit color card to complete the game. (2002)

Jump up ^ Includes a special "Over The Rainbow" card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at, also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play.

Jump up ^ In this game, the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game.  This deck contains a special Hadouken card, which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card.  Play then continues on as normal.

Jump up ^ In this game, the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games.  In this game, the rules include a card called the "Gotham Live" card, which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3.  This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players.

Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006.  This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game.  In addition, a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game.

Jump up ^ This may be the same as the "American League" deck

Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005, 2006, & 2007

tag: ol