document_title: Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)

question_text: who sings lead vocals on take it to the limit

text: Take It to the Limit (Eagles song)

text: Background[edit]

text: According to Meisner, he wrote the first few lines of the song one night while playing an acoustic guitar after returning from the Troubadour; however he was not able to finish the song by the time they were close to recording it, and Frey and Henley then helped him with the lyrics.[2] Meisner later said of how he would usually write songs with the Eagles: "I'd get a verse or two, and I'm done, and they would help fill in the blanks"[3]

text: On the meaning of the song, Meisner said in the documentary History of the Eagles: "The line 'take it to the limit' was to keep trying before you reach a point in your life where you feel you've done everything and seen everything, sort of feeling, you know, part of getting old. And just to take it to the limit one more time, like every day just keep, you know, punching away at it ... That was the line, and from there the song took a different course."[4]

text: Meisner sings lead on "Take it to the Limit" and the song was released as the third single from the album One of These Nights. It is the first and only Eagles single where Meisner sings lead.

text: Recordings[edit]

text: "Take It to the Limit" is unique in the canon of the band's singles, being the sole A-side on which Randy Meisner sang lead, as well as the first A-side Eagles single on which neither Henley nor Frey sang lead. It was also the last Eagles single to feature founding member Bernie Leadon before he was replaced by guitarist Joe Walsh. The single version of the song is 3:48 in length, almost a minute shorter than the album version. "Take It to the Limit" is one of few Eagles' tracks written in waltz time. (Other notable waltzes performed by the Eagles are "Hollywood Waltz"; the Meisner/Henley/Frey waltz "Saturday Night" (co-written with Leadon) from the 1973 Desperado album; Frey's "Most of Us are Sad" from their self-titled debut album; Frey/Henley/JD Souther's hard-rocking "Teenage Jail" from 1979's "The Long Run" album; and Walsh's "Pretty Maids All in a Row" on the 1976 album Hotel California.)[5]

text: A live performance by Meisner from 1976, recorded at The Forum, Inglewood, California, is included in the album Eagles Live, which was released in 1980 after the band had effectively broken up.

text: The song was rerecorded on Meisner's first solo album (Randy Meisner) released in 1978. The song was performed with piano and acoustic guitar accompaniment, and 1970s teen idol David Cassidy singing in the backing vocals.[6]

text: Live performances[edit]

text:
Eagles - "Take It to the Limit"

The climax of the song as performed by Randy Meisner in a concert in 1976 (from Eagles Live). Meisner was concerned about not hitting the high notes, and his reluctance to sing the song led to disputes and eventually his departure from the band.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: According to Frey, fans of the band loved Meisner's performance of his signature song "Take It to the Limit" at concert. As Henley puts it: "They went crazy when Randy hit those high notes".[7] Meisner, however, was concerned about not being able to hit the high notes, but Frey was insistent that Meisner should perform the song in concert for the fans, and live performances of the song then became a source of great contention between Frey and Meisner, and would eventually become one reason for Meisner leaving the band.

text: Meisner had been struggling to hit the crucial high notes in the song during the Hotel California tour. According to Joe Walsh, Meisner could perform the song, but would become nervous when told he had to sing it.[7] By the time they had reached Knoxville, Tennessee in June 1977, the band was feeling the strain of a long tour, with Meisner unhappy and suffering from a stomach ulcer.[8] Meisner decided not to sing the song for an encore because he had been up late and caught the flu,[9] Frey and Meisner then became involved in an angry physical confrontation backstage over Meisner's refusal to perform the song.[7] After the altercation, Meisner was frozen out from the band and he decided to leave.[8] He left the band at the end of their tour in September 1977[10] and was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit, coincidentally the same bassist who had replaced him in Poco.

text: The song was revived for the Eagles' late 1999 shows at Los Angeles' Staples Center and at those shows, as well as the Eagles' Farewell 1 Tour in 2004 and 2005 and on subsequent tours, the song was sung by Frey. Originally in B major, the song was transposed down to G major to accommodate for Frey's vocal range. For the band's 2017 shows, lead vocals were taken by Vince Gill and was again transposed to A major.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Randy Meisner – lead vocals, bass guitar
Glenn Frey – 12-string acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Don Henley – drums, backing vocals
Don Felder – lead guitar
Bernie Leadon – electric guitar
Jim Ed Norman – piano, conductor, string arrangements

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1975)
Peak
position

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[11]
16

Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[12]
6

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13]
23

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
12

US Billboard Hot 100[15]
4

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[16]
4

text: Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version[edit]

text:
"Take It to the Limit"

Single by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings

from the album Take It to the Limit

B-side
"'Til I Gain Control Again"

Released
October 8, 1983

Genre
Country

Length
3:50

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Randy Meisner, Don Henley, Glenn Frey

Producer(s)
Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings

Willie Nelson singles chronology

"Why Do I Have to Choose"
(1983) Why Do I Have to Choose1983
"Take It to the Limit"
(1983) Take It to the Limit1983
"Without a Song"
(1984) Without a Song1984

Waylon Jennings singles chronology

"Hold On, I'm Comin'"
(1983) Hold On, I'm Comin'1983
"Take It to the Limit"
(1983) Take It to the Limit1983
"The Conversation"
(1983) The Conversation1983

text: The song was covered by country musicians Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings as the title track of their duet album, Take It to the Limit, which was released in 1983.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1983–1984)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[17]
1

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[18]
8

US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[19]
2

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[20]
31

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Dave Mason covered this song.
The song was covered by Jill Lancaster for the 1977 Christo documentary Running Fence.
The song was covered in 1977 by Etta James.
Cher performed the song on her first solo tour in 1979–1980 and again in 1989–1990 on the Heart of Stone Tour.
In 1993, Suzy Bogguss recorded the song for the album Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles.
Sarah Dougher covered it on her 1999 album Day One.
Richard Marx would regularly cover this song in concert. One 1987 performance, which was filmed, included both Meisner and Timothy B. Schmit, marking the only time (outside of the Eagles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame) the two former Eagles and Poco bassists shared a stage. Meisner played 12-string acoustic guitar and Schmit sang backing vocals.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1976
Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik, Scott Calamar (October 7, 2009). Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon. Sterling. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4027-6589-6.
Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 50:55–51:57.
Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 1:12:40–1:13:40.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Greil (2007). Stranded: Rock and roll for a desert island (2nd Da Capo Press ed.). New York: Da Capo Press (Perseus Books Group). p. 87. ISBN 978-0-306-80682-7.
Jump up ^ "Randy Meisner – Randy Meisner". Discogs.
^ Jump up to: a b c History of the Eagles. 2013. Event occurs at 1:39:20–1:42:05.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy Greene (July 16, 2015). "Flashback: The Eagles Play 'Take It to the Limit' in 1977". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (February 7, 2013). "Flashback: All the Eagles Unite for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eagles – Biography". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4109a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 4099." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Eagles – Take It to the Limit". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Eagles: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 6717." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.

tag: ol


document_title: Exploratory committee

question_text: what is the main goal of an exploratory committee

root

text: Exploratory committee

text: In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. They are most often cited in reference to United States Presidential hopefuls, prior to the primaries.

tag: p

text: Exploratory committees may be governed by law. For example, the District of Columbia legally defines Exploratory Committees as (in DC Official Code § 1-1101.01(6)(B)(vi)):

text: Exploratory, draft or "testing the waters" committees are formed solely for the purpose of determining the feasibility of an individual’s candidacy for office. The activities of exploratory committees may include polling, travel, and telephone calls to determine whether the individual should become a candidate.

text: Ron Elving described the use of exploratory committees in his article, Declaring for President is a Dance of Seven Veils, which aired on National Public Radio on December 5, 2006. He wrote:

text: The exploratory committee has been around for decades, and technically it creates a legal shell for a candidate who expects to spend more than $5,000 while contemplating an actual run. Under the rules, exploratory money may be raised without the full disclosure of sources required of true candidates. Only when the candidate drops the exploratory label does the full responsibility of transparency apply.

text: Candidates use an exploratory committee as not only a transitional phase for their bookkeeping but as an extra claim on media attention. Some of the most skillful handlers like to leak word that their candidate is testing the waters, then leak word that he or she is thinking about forming an exploratory committee. Additional "news" can be made when the same candidate actually forms such a committee and registers with the Federal Election Commission. Yet a fourth round of attention may be generated when the word exploratory gets dropped from the committee filing.[1]


document_title: Timekeeping on Mars

question_text: what is a day on mars compared to earth

question_tokens: what is a day on mars compared to earth

text: Timekeeping on Mars

text: Time of day[edit]

text: The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s (88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units), and the length of its solar day (often called a sol) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s (88,775.244147 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s, respectively. This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days/sol. Thus Mars' solar day is only about 2.7% longer than Earth's.

text: A convention used by spacecraft lander projects to date has been to keep track of local solar time using a 24-hour "Mars clock" on which the hours, minutes and seconds are 2.7% longer than their standard (Earth) durations. For the Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Phoenix, and Mars Science Laboratory missions, the operations team has worked on "Mars time", with a work schedule synchronized to the local time at the landing site on Mars, rather than the Earth day. This results in the crew's schedule sliding approximately 40 minutes later in Earth time each day. Wristwatches calibrated in Martian time, rather than Earth time, were used by many of the MER team members.[1][2]

text: Local solar time has a significant impact on planning the daily activities of Mars landers. Daylight is needed for the solar panels of landed spacecraft. Its temperature rises and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have the Earth's thick atmosphere and oceans that buffer such fluctuations.

text: Alternative clocks for Mars have been proposed, but no mission has chosen to use them. These include a metric time schema, with "millidays" and "centidays", and an extended day which uses standard units but which counts to 24 h 39 m 35 s before ticking over to the next day.

text: As on Earth, on Mars there is also an equation of time that represents the difference between sundial time and uniform (clock) time. The equation of time is illustrated by an analemma. Because of orbital eccentricity, the length of the solar day is not quite constant. Because its orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Earth, the length of day varies from the average by a greater amount than that of Earth, and hence its equation of time shows greater variation than that of Earth: on Mars, the Sun can run 50 minutes slower or 40 minutes faster than a Martian clock (on Earth, the corresponding figures are 14m 22s slower and 16m 23s faster).

text: Mars has a prime meridian, defined as passing through the small crater Airy-0. However, Mars does not have time zones defined at regular intervals from the prime meridian, as on Earth. Each lander so far has used an approximation of local solar time as its frame of reference, as cities did on Earth before the introduction of standard time in the 19th century. (The two Mars Exploration Rovers happen to be approximately 12 hours and one minute apart.)

text: Note that the modern standard for measuring longitude on Mars is "planetocentric longitude", which is measured from 0°–360° East and measures angles from the center of Mars. The older "planetographic longitude" was measured from 0°–360° West and used coordinates mapped onto the surface.[3]

text: Coordinated Mars Time (MTC)[edit]

text: MTC is a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time (UT1) on Earth. It is defined as the mean solar time at Mars's prime meridian. The prime meridian was first proposed by German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler in 1830 as marked by the fork in the albedo feature later named Sinus Meridiani by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. This convention was readily adopted by the astronomical community, the result being that Mars had a universally accepted prime meridian half a century before the International Meridian Conference of 1884 established one for Earth. The definition of the Martian prime meridian has since been refined on the basis of spacecraft imagery as the center of the crater Airy-0 in Terra Meridiani. The name "MTC" is intended to parallel the Terran Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), but this is somewhat misleading: what distinguishes UTC from other forms of UT is its leap seconds, but MTC does not use any such scheme. MTC is more closely analogous to UT1.

text: Use of the term "MTC" as the name of a planetary standard time for Mars first appeared in the Mars24[4] sunclock coded by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. It replaced Mars24's previous use of the term "Airy Mean Time" (AMT), which was a direct parallel of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). In an astronomical context, "GMT" is a deprecated name for Universal Time, or sometimes more specifically for UT1.

text: AMT has not yet been employed in official mission timekeeping. This is partially attributable to uncertainty regarding the position of Airy-0 (relative to other longitudes), which meant that AMT couldn't be realized as accurately as local time at points being studied. At the start of the Mars Exploration Rover missions, the positional uncertainty of Airy-0 corresponded to roughly a 20-second uncertainty in realizing AMT.

text: Time zones[edit]

text: Each lander mission so far has used its own time zone, corresponding to average local solar time at the landing location. Of the six successful Mars landers to date, five employed offsets from local mean solar time (LMST) for the lander site while the sixth (Mars Pathfinder) used local true solar time (LTST).[5][6]

text: Pathfinder[edit]

text: Mars Pathfinder used the local apparent solar time at its location of landing. Its time zone was AAT-02:13:01, where "AAT" is Airy Apparent Time, meaning apparent solar time at Airy-0.

text: Spirit and Opportunity[edit]

text: The two Mars Exploration Rovers do not use precisely the LMST of the landing points. For mission operations purposes, they defined a time scale that would match the clock used for the mission to the apparent solar time about halfway through the nominal 90-sol prime mission. This is referred to in mission planning as "Hybrid Local Solar Time" (HLST). The time scales are uniform in the sense of mean solar time (they are actually mean time of some longitude), and are not adjusted as the rovers travel. (The rovers have traveled distances that make a few seconds difference to local solar time.) The HLST of Spirit is AMT+11:00:04 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT+11:41:55. The HLST of Opportunity is AMT-01:01:06 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT-00:22:06. Neither rover is likely to ever reach the longitude at which its mission time scale matches local mean time. For science purposes, Local True Solar Time is used.

text: Phoenix[edit]

text: The Mars Phoenix project specified timekeeping that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its the planned landing longitude of -126.65°E (the actual landing site was about 0.7° east of that). This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT-08:26:36.

text: Curiosity[edit]

text: The MSL Curiosity Rover project opted for the use of Local Mean Solar Time at its originally planned landing longitude of 137.42°E (the actual landing site was about 0.2° east of that). This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT+09:09:40.8.

text: Other[edit]

text: With the location of Airy-0 now known much more precisely than when these missions landed, it is technically feasible for future missions to use a convenient offset from Airy Mean Time, rather than completely non-standard time zones. Although there are currently no official timezone system for Mars other than AMT/MTC, Ares Astronautics has also put forward a solution to this problem based upon the USGS Martian Quadrangles officially known as the Arean Time Zone System.[7][importance?]

text: Sols [edit]

text: The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars.[8] A mean Martian solar day, or "sol", is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.[6]

text: When a spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars, the passing Martian days (sols) are tracked using a simple numerical count. The two Viking missions, Mars Phoenix and the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity count the sol on which each lander touched down as "Sol 0", as will the InSight mission. Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as "Sol 1".[9]

text: Although lander missions have twice occurred in pairs, no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair. Thus, for example, although Spirit and Opportunity were sent to operate simultaneously on Mars, each counted its landing date as "Sol 1", putting their calendars approximately 21 sols out of sync. Spirit and Opportunity differ in longitude by 179 degrees, so when it is daylight for one it is night for the other, and they carried out activities independently while both were operational.

text: On Earth, astronomers often use Julian Dates – a simple sequential count of days – for timekeeping purposes. "For historical utility with respect to the Earth-based atmospheric, visual mapping, and polar-cap observations of Mars…, a sequential count of sol-numbers" the Mars Sol Date (MSD) was proposed starting "prior to the 1877 perihelic opposition."[5] This Mars Sol Date (MSD), is a running count of sols since December 29, 1873 (the birth date of astronomer Carl Otto Lampland). Another proposal suggests a start date (or epoch) in the year 1608 (invention of the telescope).[citation needed] Either choice is intended to ensure that all historically recorded events related to Mars occur after it. The Mars Sol Date is defined mathematically as MSD = (Julian Date using International Atomic Time - 2451549.5 + k)/1.02749125 + 44796.0, where k is a small correction of approximately 0.00014 d (or 12 s) due to uncertainty in the exact geographical position of the prime meridian at Airy-0 crater.

text: The word "yestersol" was coined by the NASA Mars operations team early during the MER mission to refer to the previous sol (the Mars version of "yesterday"), and came into fairly wide use within that organization during the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2003.[10] It was even picked up and used by the press.[citation needed] Other neologisms include "tosol" (for "today" on Mars), as well as one of three Mars versions of "tomorrow": "nextersol", "morrowsol", or "solmorrow".[11] NASA planners coined the term "soliday" at least as far back as 2012 to refer to days off due to time phasing or the synching of planetary schedules.[12]

text: Martian year [edit]

text: The length of time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun is its sidereal year, and is about 686.98 Earth solar days, or 668.5991 sols. Because of the eccentricity of Mars' orbit, the seasons are not of equal length. Assuming that seasons run from equinox to solstice or vice versa, the season Ls 0 to Ls 90 (northern-hemisphere spring / southern-hemisphere autumn) is the longest season lasting 194 Martian sols, and Ls 180 to Ls 270 (northern hemisphere autumn / southern-hemisphere spring) is the shortest season, lasting only 142 Martian sols.[13] One commonly used system in the scientific literature denotes year number relative to Mars Year 1 (MY1) beginning with the northern Spring equinox of April 11, 1955.[14]

text: As on Earth, the sidereal year is not the quantity that is needed for calendar purposes. Rather, the tropical year would be likely to be used because it gives the best match to the progression of the seasons. It is slightly shorter than the sidereal year due to the precession of Mars' rotational axis. The precession cycle is 93,000 Martian years (175,000 Earth years), much longer than on Earth. Its length in tropical years can be computed by dividing the difference between the sidereal year and tropical year by the length of the tropical year.

text: Tropical year length depends on the starting point of measurement, due to the effects of Kepler's second law of planetary motion. It can be measured in relation to an equinox or solstice, or can be the mean of various possible years including the March (northward) equinox year, June (northern) solstice year, the September (southward) equinox year, the December (southern) solstice year, and other such years. The Gregorian calendar uses the March equinox year.

text: On Earth, the variation in the lengths of the tropical years is small, but on Mars it is much larger. The northward equinox year is 668.5907 sols, the northern solstice year is 668.5880 sols, the southward equinox year is 668.5940 sols, and the southern solstice year is 668.5958 sols. Averaging over an entire orbital period gives a tropical year of 668.5921 sols. (Since, like Earth, the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have opposite seasons, equinoxes and solstices must be labelled by hemisphere to remove ambiguity.)

text: Martian calendars in science[edit]

text: Long before mission control teams on Earth began scheduling work shifts according to the Martian sol while operating spacecraft on the surface of Mars, it was recognized that humans probably could adapt to this slightly longer diurnal period. This suggested that a calendar based on the sol and the Martian year might be a useful timekeeping system for astronomers in the short term and for explorers in the future. For most day-to-day activities on Earth, people do not use Julian days, as astronomers do, but the Gregorian calendar, which despite its various complications is quite useful. It allows for easy determination of whether one date is an anniversary of another, whether a date is in winter or spring, and what is the number of years between two dates. This is much less practical with Julian days count. For similar reasons, if it is ever necessary to schedule and co-ordinate activities on a large scale across the surface of Mars it would be necessary to agree on a calendar.

text: American astronomer Percival Lowell expressed the time of year on Mars in terms of Mars dates that were analogous to Gregorian dates, with 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marking the southward equinox, southern solstice, northward equinox, and northern solstice, respectively; Lowell's focus was on the southern hemisphere of Mars because it is the hemisphere that is more easily observed from Earth during favorable oppositions. Lowell's system was not a true calendar, since a Mars date could span nearly two entire sols; rather it was a convenient device for expressing the time of year in the southern hemisphere in lieu of heliocentric longitude, which would have been less comprehensible to a general readership.[15]

text: Italian astronomer Mentore Maggini's 1939 book describes a calendar developed years earlier by American astronomers Andrew Ellicott Douglass and William H. Pickering, in which the first nine months contain 56 sols and the last three months contain 55 sols. Their calendar year begins with the northward equinox on 1 March, thus imitating the original Roman calendar. Other dates of astronomical significance are: northern solstice, 27 June; southward equinox, 36 September; southern solstice, 12 December; perihelion, 31 November; and aphelion, 31 May. Pickering's inclusion of Mars dates in a 1916 report of his observations may have been the first use of a Martian calendar in an astronomical publication.[16] Maggini states: "These dates of the Martian calendar are frequently used by observatories...."[17] Despite his claim, this system eventually fell into disuse, and in its place new systems were proposed periodically which likewise did not gain sufficient acceptance to take permanent hold.

text: In 1936, when the calendar reform movement was at its height, American astronomer Robert G. Aitken published an article outlining a Martian calendar. In each quarter there are three months of 42 sols and a fourth month of 41 sols. The pattern of seven-day weeks repeats over a two-year cycle, i.e., the calendar year always begins on a Sunday in odd-numbered years, thus effecting a perpetual calendar for Mars.[18]

text: Whereas previous proposals for a Martian calendar had not included an epoch, American astronomer I. M. Levitt developed a more complete system in 1954. In fact, Ralph Mentzer, an acquaintance of Levitt's who was a watchmaker for the Hamilton Watch Company, built several clocks designed by Levitt to keep time on both Earth and Mars. They could also be set to display the date on both planets according to Levitt's calendar and epoch (the Julian day epoch of 4713 BCE).[19][20]

text: Charles F. Capen included references to Mars dates in a 1966 Jet Propulsion Laboratory technical report associated with the Mariner 4 flyby of Mars. This system stretches the Gregorian calendar to fit the longer Martian year, much as Lowell had done in 1895, the difference being that 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marks the northward equinox, northern solstice, southward equinox, southern solstice, respectively.[21] Similarly, Conway B. Leovy et al. also expressed time in terms of Mars dates in a 1973 paper describing results from the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter.[22]

text: British astronomer Sir Patrick Moore described a Martian calendar of his own design in 1977. His idea was to divide up a Martian year into 18 months. Months 6, 12 and 18, have 38 sols, while the rest of the months contain 37 sols.[23]

text: American aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale first published regarding the Darian calendar in 1986, with additional details published in 1998 and 2006. It has 24 months to accommodate the longer Martian year while keeping the notion of a "month" that is reasonably similar to the length of an Earth month. On Mars, a "month" would have no relation to the orbital period of any moon of Mars, since Phobos and Deimos orbit in about 7 hours and 30 hours respectively. However, Earth and Moon would generally be visible to the naked eye when they were above the horizon at night, and the time it takes for the Moon to move from maximum separation in one direction to the other and back as seen from Mars is close to a Lunar month.[24][25][26]

text: Czech astronomer Josef Šurán offered a Martian calendar design in 1997, in which a common year has 672 Martian days distributed into 24 months of 28 days (or 4 weeks of 7 days each); in skip years an entire week at the end of the twelfth month is omitted.[27]

text: Martian time in fiction[edit]

text: Allusions to timekeeping on Mars in fiction tend to be cursory, meant only as part as the exotic ambience of another world.

text: The first known reference to time on Mars appears in Percy Greg's 1880 novel Across the Zodiac. The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary divisions of the sol are based on the number 12. Sols are numbered 0 through the end of the year, with no additional structure to the calendar. The epoch is "the union of all races and nations in a single State, a union which was formally established 13,218 years ago".[28]

text: Edgar Rice Burroughs described the divisions of the sol into zodes, xats, and tals;[29] he may have been the first to make the mistake of describing the Martian year as lasting 687 Martian days, but he was far from the last.[30]

text: In Robert A. Heinlein's 1949 novel Red Planet, humans living on Mars use a 24-month calendar, alternating between familiar Earth months and newly created months such as Ceres and Zeus. For example, Ceres comes after March and before April, while Zeus comes after October and before November.[31]

text: Arthur C. Clarke's 1951 novel The Sands of Mars mentions in passing that "Monday followed Sunday in the usual way" and "the months also had the same names, but were fifty to sixty days in length".[32]

text: In H. Beam Piper's 1957 short story "Omnilingual", the Martian calendar and the periodic table are the keys to archaeologists' deciphering of the records left by the long dead Martian civilization.[33]

text: Kurt Vonnegut's 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan describes a Martian calendar divided into twenty-one months: "twelve with thirty sols, and nine with thirty-one sols", for a total of only 639 sols.[34]

text: D. G. Compton states in his 1966 novel Farewell, Earth's Bliss, during the prison ship's journey to Mars, "Nobody on board had any real idea how the people in the settlement would have organised their six-hundred-and-eighty-seven-day year".[35]

text: In Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy, clocks retain Earth-standard seconds, minutes, and hours, but freeze at midnight for 39.5 minutes. As the fictional colonization of Mars progresses, this "timeslip" becomes a sort of witching hour, a time when inhibitions can be shed, and the emerging identity of Mars as a separate entity from Earth is celebrated. (It is not said explicitly whether this occurs simultaneously all over Mars, or at local midnight in each longitude.) Also in the Mars Trilogy, the calendar year is divided into twenty-four months. The names of the months are the same as the Gregorian calendar, except for a "1" or "2" in front to indicate the first or second occurrence of that month (for example, 1 January, 2 January, 1 February, 2 February).

text: In the manga and anime series Aria by Kozue Amano, set on a terraformed Mars, the calendar year is also divided into twenty-four months. Following the modern Japanese calendar, the months are not named but numbered sequentially, running from 1st Month to 24th Month.[36]

text: The Darian calendar is mentioned in several works of fiction set on Mars:

text:
Star Trek: Department of Temporal Investigations: Watching the Clock by Christopher L. Bennett, Pocket Books/Star Trek (April 26, 2011)
The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi, Tor Books; Reprint edition (May 10, 2011)

tag: ul

text: In both The Martian (Weir novel), a 2011 science fiction novel by Andy Weir, and The Martian (film), a 2015 American film directed by Ridley Scott, based on the Weir novel, sols are counted and referenced frequently.

text: In Ian McDonald's Desolation Road, set on a terraformed Mars (referred to by the book's characters as "Ares"), characters follow an implied 24-month calendar whose months are portmanteaus of Gregorian months, such as "Julaugust," "Augtember" and "Novodecember."

text: Formulas to compute MSD and MTC[edit]

text: MSD can be computed from the Julian date referred to Terrestrial Time (TT), as[37]

text: Terrestrial time, however, is not as easily available as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). TT can be computed from UTC by first adding the difference TAI−UTC, which is a positive integer number of seconds occasionally updated by the introduction of leap seconds (see current number of leap seconds), then adding the constant difference TT−TAI = 32.184 s. This leads to the following formula giving MSD from the UTC-referred Julian date:

text: where the difference TAI−UTC is in seconds. JDUTC can in turn be computed from any epoch-based time stamp, by adding the Julian date of the epoch to the time stamp in days. For example, if t is a Unix timestamp in seconds, then

text: It follows, by a simple substitution:

text: MTC is simply the fractional part of MSD, in hours, minutes and seconds:[6]

text: For example, at the time this page was last generated (28 Feb 2018, 13:15:30 UTC):

text:
JDTT = 2458178.05323
MSD = 51247.20066
MTC = 04:48:57


document_title: Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes

question_text: who's the most paid athlete in the world

question_tokens: who 's the most paid athlete in the world

text: 2017 list[edit]

text: The 2017 list:[1]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$93 million
$58 million
$35 million

2
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$86.2 million
$31.2 million
$55 million

3
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$80 million
$53 million
$27 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$64 million
$6 million
$58 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$60.6 million
$26.6 million
$34 million

6
Andrew Luck
American football
 United States
$50 million
$47 million
$3 million

6
Rory McIlroy
Golf
 Northern Ireland
$50 million
$16 million
$34 million

8
Stephen Curry
Basketball
 United States
$47.3 million
$12.3 million
$35 million

9
James Harden
Basketball
 United States
$46.6 million
$26.6 million
$20 million

10
Lewis Hamilton
Auto racing
 England
$46 million
$38 million
$8 million

tag: table

text: 2016 list[edit]

text: The 2016 list:[2]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$88 million
$56 million
$32 million

2
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$81.4 million
$53.4 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$77.2 million
$23.2 million
$54 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67.8 million
$7.8 million
$60 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$56.2 million
$20.2 million
$36 million

6
Novak Djokovic
Tennis
 Serbia
$55.8 million
$21.8 million
$34 million

7
Cam Newton
American football
 United States
$53.1 million
$41.1 million
$12 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$52.9 million
$2.9 million
$50 million

9
Jordan Spieth
Golf
 United States
$52.8 million
$20.8 million
$32 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$50 million
$25 million
$25 million

text: 2015 list[edit]

text: The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$300 million
$285 million
$15 million

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$160 million
$148 million
$12 million

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$79.6 million
$52.6 million
$27 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$73.8 million
$51.8 million
$22 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67 million
$9 million
$58 million

6
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$64.8 million
$20.8 million
$44 million

7
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$54.1 million
$19.1 million
$35 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$50.8 million
$2.8 million
$48 million

9
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$50.6 million
$0.6 million
$50 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$49.5 million
$23.5 million
$26 million

text: 2014 list[edit]

text: The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$105 million
$105 million
$0

2
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$80 million
$52 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$72.3 million
$19.3 million
$53 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$64.7 million
$41.7 million
$23 million

5
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.5 million
$30.5 million
$31 million

6
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$61.2 million
$6.2 million
$55 million

7
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$56.2 million
$4.2 million
$52 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$53.2 million
$5.2 million
$48 million

9
Rafael Nadal
Tennis
 Spain
$44.5 million
$14.5 million
$30 million

10
Matt Ryan
American football
 United States
$43.8 million
$42 million
$1.8 million

text: 2013 list[edit]

text: The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$78.1 million
$13.1 million
$65 million

2
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$71.5 million
$6.5 million
$65 million

3
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.9 million
$27.9 million
$34 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$59.8 million
$17.8 million
$42 million

5
Drew Brees
American football
 United States
$51 million
$40 million
$11 million

6
Aaron Rodgers
American football
 United States
$49 million
$43 million
$6 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$48.7 million
$4.7 million
$44 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$47.2 million
$5.2 million
$42 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$44 million
$23 million
$21 million

10
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$41.3 million
$20.3 million
$21 million

text: 2012 list[edit]

text: The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$85 million
$85 million
$0

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$62 million
$56 million
$6 million

3
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$59.4 million
$4.4 million
$55 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$53 million
$13 million
$40 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$52.7 million
$7.7 million
$45 million

6
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$52.3 million
$20.3 million
$32 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$47.8 million
$4.8 million
$43 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$46 million
$9 million
$37 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$42.5 million
$20.5 million
$22 million

10
Peyton Manning
American football
 United States
$42.4 million
$32.4 million
$10 million


question_text: who is the director of the defense intelligence agency

text:
Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency

DIA Seal

Incumbent
Vincent R. Stewart
since January, 2015

Defense Intelligence Agency

Reports to
The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence

Appointer
The President

Formation
October 1961

Website
DIA.mil

text: The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who, upon nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate, serves as the nation's highest-ranking military intelligence officer. As the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Director is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence through the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command. Additionally, he chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.[1]

text: List of DIA Directors[edit]

text: All but two directors were active members of the military. Nagy served briefly in the USAF before joining the DIA. Shedd never served in the military.

text:
#
Director
Photo
Service
Term
President(s) served under

1
Joseph Carroll

USAF
October 1961 – September 1969
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson

2
Donald V. Bennett

USA
September 1969 – August 1972
Richard Nixon

3
Vincent P. de Poix

USN
August 1972 – September 1974
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford

4
Daniel O. Graham

USA
September 1974 – December 1975
Gerald Ford

5
Samuel V. Wilson

USA
May 1976 – August 1977
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter

6
Eugene F. Tighe

USAF
September 1977 – August 1981
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan

7
James A. Williams

USA
September 1981 – September 1985
Ronald Reagan

8
Leonard H. Perroots

USAF
October 1985 – December 1988
Ronald Reagan

9
Harry E. Soyster

USA
December 1988 – September 1991
Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush

10
Dennis M. Nagy

Civilian
September 1991 – November 1991
George H. W. Bush

11
James R. Clapper

USAF
November 1991 – August 1995
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton

12
Kenneth Minihan

USAF
August 1995 – February 1996
Bill Clinton

13
Patrick M. Hughes

USA
February 1996 – July 1999
Bill Clinton

14
Thomas R. Wilson

USN
July 1999 – July 2002
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush

15
Lowell E. Jacoby

USN
July 2002 – November 2005
George W. Bush

16
Michael D. Maples

USA
November 2005 – March 2009
George W. Bush
Barack Obama

17
Ronald Burgess

USA
March 2009 – July 2012
Barack Obama

18
Michael T. Flynn

USA
July 2012 – August 2014
Barack Obama

19
David Shedd

Civilian
August 2014 – January 2015
Barack Obama

20
Vincent R. Stewart

USMC
January 2015 – Present
Barack Obama
Donald Trump


document_title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

question_text: when did ritz carlton become part of marriott

question_tokens: when did ritz carlton become part of marriott

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Predecessor company[edit]

text: Ritz, Carlton and Ritz-Carlton in Europe[edit]

text: The story of The Ritz-Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz, who was well known in the hotel industry as the "king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings" redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London, among others. He and the renowned chef from his hotels, Auguste Escoffier, opened a la carte restaurants known as Ritz-Carlton on board the Hamburg-Amerika Line ocean liners SS Amerika in 1905 and SS Imperator in 1913.[2] The restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I. Although Ritz died in 1918, his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name.[3]

text: The Ritz-Carlton in North America[edit]

text: The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller, who bought and franchised the name in the United States. The first Ritz-Carlton Hotel in the U.S. opened in New York City in 1911.[4] It was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue. Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there.[5] In 1911, the Ritz company announced its intention to expand to Philadelphia and Atlantic City.[6] The Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia followed in 1913[7] at Broad & Walnut streets,[8] designed by Horace Trumbauer and Warren & Wetmore.[9] The Ritz-Carlton Montreal opened in 1912, not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada. Keller's Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921.[10]

text: The first Ritz-Carlton chain[edit]

text: In the early 1920s, the Ritz-Carlton chain consisted of 15 hotels:

text: Argentina

text: Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires

text: France

text:
Ritz Hotel, Paris
Imperial Hotel, Menton
Royal Hotel, Évian-les-Bains
Splendide Hotel, Évian-les-Bains

text: Italy

text:
Grand Hotel Excelsior, Rome
Grand Hotel, Rome (today The St. Regis Rome)
Grand Hotel and New Casino, Rapallo
Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromees, Lake Maggiore
Excelsior Hotel, Naples

text: Switzerland

text: Grand Hotel National, Lucerne

text: United Kingdom

text:
Carlton Hotel, London
Ritz Hotel, London

text: United States

text:
Ritz-Carlton Hotel, New York City
Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Atlantic City

text: The Boston hotel[edit]

text: In October 1926, 29-year-old Edward N. Wyner bought a third-acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz-Arlington Trust with his father, George, and business associate, John S. Slater.

text: The trust sold $2.1 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower. The 18-story, 201-foot (61 m) brick building, designed by Strickland, Blodget & Law Architects, was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time. Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then-Mayor James Michael Curley to make the Mayflower a world-class, 300-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel, which opened May 19, 1927. Room rates were $5 to $15 per night; $40 per night for suites.

text: After a hugely successful opening, the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties. The Wyner family funded the hotel’s operating losses during the early 1930s, although the interest on the bonds went unpaid. Still in 1933, when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel, Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance the hotel was full.

text: Decline of the first Ritz-Carlton chain[edit]

text: The Philadelphia location was converted to an office building after only a few years in operation. The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s, and later Sheraton Hotels in 1959.[10] The New York hotel was demolished in 1951, leaving only the Boston location.[11]

text: Edward Wyner died of a heart attack on December 5, 1961. His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel, but were unable to overcome difficulties, and decided to sell.

text: The Blakeley years: 1964–1983[edit]

text: The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel. But Cabot, Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested. After more than a year of legal work, Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations, and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz-Carlton Boston for $3.8 million.

text: “Out of the 20 years I owned it, it made money three years. The other years it broke even, but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F, it was a tremendous asset,” said Blakeley, who completed a 19-story Ritz-Carlton luxury condominium complex on land adjacent to the hotel in 1981.[citation needed]

text: In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz-Carlton name in North America (with the exception of Montreal and New York). In June 1978, Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz-Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration.

text: In the 1970s, the Ritz-Carlton name was licensed to the builders of a new hotel in Chicago. The Ritz-Carlton Chicago opened in 1975 in a tower atop Water Tower Place. It joined the Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts chain in 1977, as there was no Ritz-Carlton chain at the time. Confusingly, it remained part of Four Seasons for decades, marketed as "The Ritz-Carlton Chicago (A Four Seasons Hotel)". It had no association with the modern Ritz-Carlton chain, though it used the name and the iconic logo. The property was sold in 2013 and left Four Seasons, joining the modern Ritz-Carlton chain as a franchise on August 1, 2015.[12]

text: In 1982, Blakely licensed the name to hotelier John B. Coleman for two hotels he was renovating, The Fairfax in Washington, D.C. and the Navarro in New York City. Coleman renamed them The Ritz-Carlton Washington D.C. and The Ritz-Carlton New York in April 1982. Coleman paid Blakely a fee of 1.5 percent of each hotel's annual gross revenue for use of the name.[13] The two hotels eventually joined the modern chain that would be founded a few years later.

text: Current company[edit]

text: In August 1983, Blakeley sold The Ritz-Carlton Boston and the US trademark for $75.5 million to developer William B. Johnson,[14] who assembled a four-person development team in Atlanta, headed by hotelier Horst Schulze,[15] to create The Ritz-Carlton concept and established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co.

text: In 1988, Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to The Ritz-Carlton name throughout the world except for the 210-room Hotel-Ritz Paris, The Ritz-Carlton at Water Tower Place in Chicago, and The Ritz-Carlton in Montreal.

text: The corporate years: 1983–1999[edit]

text: From 1951 to 1975, The Ritz-Carlton Boston had been one of only two Ritz-Carlton hotels in the US. The other was the independently owned Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City which had since been converted to condominiums. Johnson's company paid the Atlantic City establishment to abandon its name and rename itself The Ritz Condominiums.[10]

text: Johnson would later enlarge the company from just the Boston property to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years. He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by The Ritz-Carlton Boston. This loan was refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136.5 million and again in 1994 by Sumitomo Bank of Japan. By 1996, this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214.8 million.[citation needed] By splitting this mortgage note into three parts, Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle The Ritz-Carlton Boston from the trademark rights to The Ritz-Carlton brand worldwide.

text: Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz-Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998. A month later, Marriott International of Bethesda, Maryland, acquired the[where?]hotel from Blackstone for $100 million. Marriott, which franchises and manages Marriott’s 325,000 rooms, then bought The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz-Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two-part transaction completed in 1998.

text: Disposal of the historic Boston property[edit]

text: In 1998, Christopher Jeffries, founding partner of Millennium Partners, obtained The Ritz-Carlton franchises from Marriott for four hotel properties under construction: two in Washington, one in New York City, and one in Atlanta, Georgia. In addition, Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155-room hotel and 270-luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston’s 1,800,000-square-foot (170,000 m2) Millennium Place, a mixed-use complex on lower Washington Street. Due to noncompetition clauses, the only way he could obtain a second Ritz-Carlton flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz-Carlton.

text: Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz-Carlton Boston for $122 million (though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior) and spent $50 million for renovations. Marriott agreed to allow The Ritz-Carlton affiliation for the condominium complex, known as The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton, sharing all of the services of the hotel.

text: From 2001 to 2007, Boston was home to two Ritz-Carlton hotels that faced each other across Boston Common. The Ritz-Carlton, Boston Common opened in 2001.

text: In November 2006, Taj Hotels, a subsidiary of the India-based Tata Group, purchased The Ritz-Carlton Boston from its owners, Millennium Partners for $170 million. The Ritz-Carlton Boston became the Taj Boston on January 11, 2007.[16]

text: The Ritz-Carlton today[edit]

text: The company grew under the leadership of President and COO Horst Schulze. Schulze instituted a company-wide concentration on both the personal and the data-driven sides of service: He coined the company's well-known customer/employee-centered motto, "We are Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen" and the set of specific service values (standards) on which The Ritz-Carlton employees base service through the present day.[17] Under his leadership the hotels earned an unprecedented two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards[18] and grew from four to forty U.S. locations.[19]

text: During this time, The Ritz-Carlton also became known for its influence on service in a wide range of industries, through the creation of The Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center, created by then-Ritz executive Leonardo Inghilleri, who was an architect of the Ritz's second Baldrige award, where executives from other companies worldwide in many disciplines come to learn The Ritz-Carlton principles of service.[20]

text: In 1995, Marriott International purchased a 49% stake in The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and in 1998, they purchased an additional 50% stake in the company, giving it 99% ownership of the company. Schulze and other executives (including Leonardo Inghilleri, Robert A. Warman and Peter Schoch) left to form the West Paces Hotel Group, which took the name of its primary brand, Capella Hotels, in December 2011.[21] In 2007, the partners also formed Solís Hotels.[22]

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company is now headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, located in the Washington, D.C. MSA.

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the BVLGARI brand. The company currently has marketing agreements with Bulgari Hotels & Resorts, the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, the privately owned Ritz-Carlton Montreal, The Ritz Hotel London and the Hotel Ritz Madrid.

text: In 2011, The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong was opened. It is the tallest hotel in the world.

text: Simon Cooper joined Ritz-Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer, taking the helm from Horst Schulze. Cooper's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification. Under Cooper's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and added The Ritz-Carlton Residences, private residential units, and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club, fractional ownership residences, to the company's development program.

text: August 12, 2010, Ritz-Carlton announced its new President and Chief Operations Officer would be Herve Humler, one of the founders of the 1983 company, who will be responsible for leading brand operations and global growth strategy.[23] In 2015, The Ritz-Carlton, Macau was opened. It is located at the Galaxy Macau. The Ritz-Carlton, Macau is designed as a gold palace.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company has been featured on Zagat Survey Top Lists for dining, hotels and service. The Dallas, USA and Wolfsburg, Germany locations both received top honors from Zagat in 2009, including Top Large Hotel for the Dallas location.[24] The Ritz-Carlton is the only company to date to win two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards (1992 and 1999). Ritz-Carlton's President and COO Horst Schulze was recognized for Ritz-Carlton's contributions during his tenure with Corporate Hotelier of the World Ishikawa Medal for contributions to the Quality movement.[25]

text: Other accomplishments[edit]

text: The Ritz-Carlton is notable for attempting to share its knowledge of quality as it applies to service. Initially this was done at the request of the Baldrige committee, but The Ritz-Carlton ultimately adopted this as a central mission through the creation of The Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center.[20]

text: In October, 2011, Angella Reid, the General Manager of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City, Virginia was appointed as White House Chief Usher, becoming the first woman to serve in that post.[26]

text: It also has major service training operations in its Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center, created by Ritz-Carlton executive (emeritus) Leonardo Inghilleri,[20] where nearly 50,000[19] executives from other companies worldwide have been trained in The Ritz-Carlton principles of service.

text: Notable current properties[edit]

text: In 1999 Ritz-Carlton acquired the former Hotel St. Moritz in New York City, reestablishing a presence in New York for the first time since the 1951 demolition of their previous building.[27]

text: Actually, a Ritz-Carlton opened in Manhattan, New York City, in 1982 or 1983. See "NEW RITZ-CARLTON OFFERS LUXURY ON SMALLER SCALE," New York Times, April 25, 1982. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/25/nyregion/new-ritz-carlton-offers-luxury-on-smaller-scale.html

text: The first Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Russia, The Moscow Ritz-Carlton (ru), opened 1 July 2007 on Tverskaya Street. The Ritz-Carlton Suite, billed at US$13,715 per night, is listed at number 13 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN in 2012.[28]

text: In 2014, Oberoi Realty and Ritz-Carlton announced they would construct a hotel in Mumbai with an expected opening in 2016. Ritz-Carlton opened its first Indian property in Bangalore in 2013.[29]

text: On 29 March 2011, The Ritz-Carlton opened the highest hotel in the world, The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong on floors 102-108 of the International Commerce Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong.[30] The lobby is 425 m (1,394 ft) above the ground, making the hotel the tallest in Asia.[31] Asian Headquarters of Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse, and Deutsche Bank are located in the same 110-storey building.[32]

text: The Ritz-Carlton, Charlotte which opened in October 2009 is the first Ritz-Carlton property to earn LEED Gold Certification[33] and the youngest Ritz-Carlton property to earn five-diamonds, and is the only five diamond property in Charlotte (and one of only three in the state of North Carolina).

text: The Ritz-Carlton, Fort Lauderdale (AAA Five Diamond Award) which opened in August 2008 opened as a St. Regis just one year prior.

text: The Ritz-Carlton and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live opened February 2010 and share the first skyscraper built since the early 1990s in Downtown Los Angeles. The Ritz-Carlton, Los Angeles was awarded a LEED silver certification.[34]

text: The readers of Condé Nast Traveler elected The Ritz-Carlton Shanghai, Pudong as "The Best Hotel in Asia" from 2012 through 2014.[35]

text: The Ritz-Carlton operates fractional residences at several locations in the United States under the name Ritz-Carlton Destination Club. Properties include Aspen Highlands and Vail in Colorado, St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands, San Francisco and Jupiter, Florida.

text: On Tuesday 17 July 2009, at 7:47 a.m. Jakarta time, a bomb exploded in The Ritz-Carlton Mega Kuningan, Jakarta, Indonesia destroying the first floor of the hotel. The explosion occurred 2 minutes after the explosion at the nearby JW Marriott Jakarta. The hotel was scheduled to host the Manchester United football club the following Monday during the Indonesia leg of its Asia tour, but the visit was canceled due to the bombing.[36] Nine people including 2 suicide bombers were killed.[37]

text: On 26 August 2013, members of the Filipino diaspora protested at The Ritz-Carlton, Los Angeles and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam. It is believed that the family of the alleged mastermind of the scam Janet Lim-Napoles owned a condominium unit in the building said to be worth $2 million.[38]

text: On 31 October 2013, The Ritz-Carlton Bangalore is opened and the first property in India.[39]

text: On 4 November 2013, the Ritz-Carlton Kazakhstan opened in Almaty. The 145-room hotel sits on the top floors of the Esentai Tower, the tallest building in Central Asia. The upper floors also include the Ritz-Carlton Residences as well. The hotel includes a steakhouse, a sky bar, a business center, spa and 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft) of meeting space. The rooms include in-room safes, power outlets for laptops, iPod docking stations and marble bathrooms.[40][41]

text: In January 2014, Ritz-Carlton opened a hotel in Herzliya, Israel featuring a spa and the brand's first kosher restaurant.[42]

text: The Ritz-Carlton Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia's capital city, opened in 1997, is the only 'all butler hotel' operating in the city, offering butler service to all of its 300+ rooms and suites and has since been ranked among the "Gold List" of hotels by Condé Nast, ranked as "one of the top five butler hotels" by The Independent and regarded by Travel and Leisure as one of "The World's Greatest Hotels".[43]

text: Former properties[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia, India: Management terminated in 2009[44]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Enniskerry, Ireland: Ritz-Carlton Powerscourt: Management terminated 1 October 2013[45]

text: North America[edit]

text:
Atlanta, Georgia: Buckhead Ritz-Carlton - reopened as The Whitley December 2017 [46]
Montego Bay, Jamaica: Ritz-Carlton Rose Hall—Management terminated July 2013[47][48]
Aspen, Colorado: Ritz-Carlton Aspen—Management terminated 2 Aug 1997[49]
Dearborn Michigan: Ritz-Carlton Dearborn—Management terminated 2 June 2010[50]
Houston, Texas: Ritz-Carlton Houston—Management terminated 2 Aug 1997[49]
Kansas City, Missouri: Ritz-Carlton Kansas City
Lake Las Vegas Ritz-Carlton: Opened 2003; closed 2 May 2010[51]
Palm Beach, Florida: Ritz-Carlton Palm Beach—Management terminated 1 July 2013[44]
Pasadena, California: Ritz-Carlton Huntington—Opened 1991; management terminated January 2008[52]
Phoenix, Arizona: Ritz-Carlton Phoenix—Opened 1988; management contract ended 24 July 2015[53]
Washington, District of Columbia: Ritz-Carlton Washington D.C.—Management terminated 2 Aug 1997[49]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Sydney Ritz-Carlton Double Bay: management terminated 2001[54]

text: The Ritz-Carlton hotels in popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In E.B. White's children's novel The Trumpet of the Swan, the main character Louis (a trumpeter swan) stays at the Ritz-Carlton Boston, where he eats watercress sandwiches and sleeps in the bathtub.

text: On the HBO original series Boardwalk Empire, the character of Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (portrayed by Steve Buscemi), the treasurer of Atlantic County, occupies the entire 9th floor of a fictionalized version of the hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The real Enoch "Nucky" Johnson on which Nucky Thompson was based did in fact occupy an entire floor of suites at the Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City until his arrest in 1941 on charges of tax evasion.

text: A 1922 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald is titled, "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz."

text: The 2003 movie, American Wedding used the Ritz-Carlton in Half Moon Bay, California, as the filming location for the wedding venue.

text: The Ritz also features in the Irving Berlin song "Puttin' On the Ritz" in which the hotel chain served as an inspiration for the titular expression, meaning to live opulently

text: In 2015, the rapper Plies released the song "Ritz Carlton". In the song, he raps about his affinity for routinely spending time at the lavish hotel. He also boasts about a prior situation where he "ran off on the plug twice".

text: The Ritz Paris was also referenced in Kenneth Oppel's novel Skybreaker. The main character visits for a meeting with a man who wants the coordinates of the mythical airship Hyperion. The man he meets mentions that he enjoyed "putting on the Ritz", but would be foolish to pay for it.

text: Michael Hutchence of INXS aged 37 was found dead at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney on 22 November 1997 in Room 524

text: American telenovela and drama Jane the Virgin, aired on The CW, uses the Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Rey's property as the setting for the show, while the storyline is based in Miami (whereas that Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Ray is in Los Angeles, California).


document_title: Million Dollar Baby

question_text: who played the female boxer in million dollar baby

text: Million Dollar Baby

text: Plot[edit]

text: Margaret "Maggie" Fitzgerald, a waitress from a Missouri town in the Ozarks, shows up in the Hit Pit, a run-down Los Angeles gym  owned and operated by Frankie Dunn, an old, cantankerous boxing trainer. Maggie asks Frankie to train her, but he initially refuses. Maggie works out tirelessly each day in his gym, even after Frankie tells her she's "too old" to begin a boxing career at her age. Eddie "Scrap-Iron" Dupris, Frankie's friend and employee—and the film's narrator—encourages and helps her.

text: Frankie's prize prospect, "Big" Willie Little, signs with successful manager Mickey Mack after becoming impatient with Frankie rejecting offers for a championship bout. With prodding from Scrap and impressed with her persistence, Frankie reluctantly agrees to train Maggie. He warns her that he will teach her only the basics and then find her a manager. Other than Maggie and his employees, the only person Frankie has contact with is a local priest, with whom he spars verbally at daily Mass.

text: Before her first fight, Frankie leaves Maggie with a random manager in his gym, much to her dismay; upon being told by Scrap that said manager deliberately put her up against his best girl (coaching the novice to lose) to give her an easy win, Frankie rejoins Maggie in the middle of the bout and coaches her instead to an unforeseen victory. A natural, she fights her way up in the women's amateur boxing division with Frankie's coaching, winning many of her lightweight bouts with first-round knockouts. Earning a reputation for her KOs, Frankie must resort to bribery to get other managers to put their trainee fighters up against her.

text: Eventually, Frankie takes a risk by putting her in the junior welterweight class, where her nose is broken in her first match. Frankie comes to establish a paternal bond with Maggie, who substitutes for his estranged daughter. Scrap, concerned when Frankie rejects several offers for big fights, arranges a meeting for her with Mickey Mack at a diner on her 33rd birthday. Out of loyalty, she declines. Frankie begrudgingly accepts a fight for her against a top-ranked opponent in the UK, where he bestows a Gaelic nickname on her. The two travel to Europe as she continues to win; Maggie eventually saves up enough of her winnings to buy her mother a house, but she berates Maggie for endangering her government aid, claiming that everyone back home is laughing at her.

text: Frankie is finally willing to arrange a title fight. He secures Maggie a $1 million match in Las Vegas, Nevada against the WBA women's welterweight champion, Billie "The Blue Bear" Osterman, a German ex-prostitute who has a reputation as a dirty fighter. Overcoming a shaky start, Maggie begins to dominate the fight, but after a round has ended, Billie knocks her out with an illegal sucker punch from behind after the bell has sounded to indicate the end of the round. Before Frankie can pull the corner stool out of the way which was inappropriately placed on its side by Frankie's assistant, Maggie lands hard on it, breaking her neck and leaving her a ventilator-dependent quadriplegic.

text: Frankie is shown experiencing the first three of the five stages of grief: first seeking multiple doctors' opinions in denial, then blaming Scrap in anger and later trying to bargain with God through prayer.

text: In a medical rehabilitation facility, Maggie looks forward to a visit from her family, but they arrive accompanied by an attorney and only after having first visited Disneyland and Universal Studios Hollywood; their only concern is to transfer Maggie's assets to them. She orders them to leave, threatening to sell the house and inform the IRS of her mother's welfare fraud if they ever show their faces again.

text: As the days pass, Maggie develops bedsores and undergoes an amputation for an infected leg. She asks a favor of Frankie: to help her die, declaring that she got everything she wanted out of life. A horrified Frankie refuses, and Maggie later bites her tongue repeatedly in an attempt to bleed to death, but the medical staff saves her and takes measures to prevent further suicide attempts. The priest Frankie has harassed for 23 years, Father Horvak, warns him that he would never find himself again if he were to go through with Maggie's wishes.

text: Frankie sneaks in one night, unaware that Scrap is watching from the shadows. Just before administering a fatal injection of adrenaline, he finally tells Maggie the meaning of a nickname he gave her, Mo Chuisle (spelled incorrectly in the film as "mo cuishle"): Irish for "my darling, and my blood" (literally, "my pulse"). He never returns to the gym. Scrap's narration is revealed to be a letter to Frankie's daughter, informing her of her father's true character. The last shot of the film shows Frankie sitting at the counter of a diner where Maggie once took him, and after having a homemade lemon meringue pie with her, said "Now I can die and go to heaven".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Clint Eastwood as Frankie Dunn, a gruff but well-meaning elderly boxing trainer.
Hilary Swank as Mary Margaret "Maggie" Fitzgerald, a determined, aspiring boxer trained up by Frankie Dunn.
Morgan Freeman as Eddie "Scrap-Iron" Dupris, Dunn's gym assistant; an elderly former boxer, he was blinded in one eye in his 109th, and last, fight.
Jay Baruchel as Dangerous Dillard Fighting Flippo Bam-Bam Barch or "Danger", a simple-minded would-be boxer.
Mike Colter as "Big" Willie Little, a boxer whom Dunn has trained for years.
Lucia Rijker as Billie "The Blue Bear" Osterman, a vicious, ex-prostitute boxer.
Brían F. O'Byrne as Father Horvak, the priest of the church which Dunn attends, who cannot stand Dunn.
Anthony Mackie as Shawrelle Berry, an overzealous boxer and frequent tenant of Dunn's gym.
Margo Martindale as Earline Fitzgerald, Maggie's selfish mother.
Riki Lindhome as Mardell Fitzgerald, Maggie's welfare-cheating sister.
Michael Peña as Omar, a boxer and Shawrelle's best friend.
Benito Martinez as Billie's manager
Grant L. Roberts as Billie's cut man, (trainer) trained Hilary Swank off screen for her Academy Award-winning role
Bruce MacVittie as Mickey Mack, a rival of Dunn.
David Powledge as Counterman at Diner
Joe D'Angerio as Cut Man
Aaron Stretch as Himself
Don Familton as Ring Announcer

text: Development and production[edit]

text: The film was stuck in so-called "development hell" for years before it was shot. Several studios rejected the project even when Eastwood signed on as actor and director. Even Warner Bros., Eastwood's longtime home base, would not agree to a US$30 million budget. Eastwood persuaded Lakeshore Entertainment's Tom Rosenberg to put up half the budget (as well as handle foreign distribution), with Warner Bros. contributing the rest ($15 million). Eastwood shot the film in less than 40 days between June and July 2004.[1][2] Filming took place in Los Angeles and film sets at Warner Bros. Studios.[2] The term 'Million Dollar Baby' was from the nose art of a World War II Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber. Eastwood had his daughter Morgan Colette appear in a brief role as a girl who waves to Swank's character at a gas station.[4][5]

text: Eastwood had confidence in Swank's acting background, but upon seeing Swank's small physique, he had concerns, "I just thought, 'Yeah, this gal would be great. If we can get her trained up. If we can get a little bit more bulk on her, to make her look like a fighter'...She was like a feather. But what happened is, she had this great work ethic."[6]

text: Consequently, to prepare for her role, Swank underwent extensive training in the ring and weight room gaining 19 pounds of muscle, aided by professional trainer Grant L Roberts.  She trained for nearly five hours every day, winding up with a potentially life-threatening staphylococcus infection.  She did not tell Eastwood about the infection because she thought it would be out of character for Maggie.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Million Dollar Baby initially had a limited release, opening in eight theaters in December 2004.[7] In its later wide release opening, the film earned $12,265,482 in North America and quickly became a box-office hit both domestically and internationally. It grossed $216,763,646 in theaters; $100,492,203 in the United States, and $116,271,443 overseas. The film played in theaters for six and a half months.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received critical acclaim. It holds a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 261 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Clint Eastwood's assured direction - combined with knockout performances from Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman - help Million Dollar Baby to transcend its clichés, and the result is deeply heartfelt and moving."[8] It also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[9] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film four stars and stated that "Clint Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby is a masterpiece, pure and simple," listing it as the best film of 2004.[10] Michael Medved stated: "My main objection to Million Dollar Baby always centered on its misleading marketing, and effort by Warner Brothers to sell it as a movie about a female Rocky, with barely a hint of the pitch-dark substance that led Andrew Sarris of the New York Observer ... to declare that 'no movie in my memory has depressed me more than Million Dollar Baby.'"[11]

text: In early 2005, the film sparked controversy when some disability rights activists protested the ending. Wesley J. Smith in The Weekly Standard also criticized the film for its ending and for missed opportunities; Smith said, "The movie could have ended with Maggie triumphing once again, perhaps having obtained an education and becoming a teacher; or, opening a business managing boxers; or perhaps, receiving a standing ovation as an inspirational speaker."[12]

text: Eastwood responded to the criticism by saying the film was about the American dream.[13] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Eastwood distanced himself from the actions of characters in his films, noting, "I've gone around in movies blowing people away with a .44 Magnum. But that doesn't mean I think that's a proper thing to do". Roger Ebert stated that "a movie is not good or bad because of its content, but because of how it handles its content. Million Dollar Baby is classical in the clean, clear, strong lines of its story and characters, and had an enormous emotional impact".[14]

text: Some commentators[who?] criticized the fact that the phrase mo chuisle, a term of endearment meaning literally "my pulse", and generally "my darling", was misspelled in the film as Mo Cuishle, as shown on the back of Maggie's robe. It is translated in the film as "my darling, my blood", although an Irish Gaelic translation site states that it is always translated as "pulse", not as "blood".[15] The original phrase is short for a chuisle mo chroí, meaning "O pulse of my heart".[16] The film has been praised, however, for stirring renewed interest in the Irish language in the U.S.[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Million Dollar Baby received the award for Best Picture of 2004 at the 77th Academy Awards. Clint Eastwood was awarded his second Best Director Oscar for the film, and also received a Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman received Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actor in a Supporting Role Oscars, respectively. Joel Cox, Eastwood's editor for many years, was nominated for Best Film Editing, and Paul Haggis was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay award. The film was named the third "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" in 2017 by The New York Times.[17]

text:
Award

Category

Subject

Result

Academy Award

Best Picture

Clint Eastwood,Albert S. Ruddy and Tom Rosenberg

Won

Best Director

Clint Eastwood

Won

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Won

Best Actor

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Paul Haggis

Nominated

Best Film Editing

Joel Cox

Nominated

ACE Eddie

Best Editing

Nominated

Amanda Award

Best Foreign Feature Film

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

American Screenwriters Association

Discover Screenwriting Award

Paul Haggis

Won

Art Directors Guild Award

Best Contemporary Feature Film

Henry BumsteadJack G. Taylor Jr.

Nominated

Billie Award

Best Film

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Black Reel Award

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Nominated

Best Director

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

Best Film

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Casting Society of America Award

Best Casting for Feature Film: Drama

Phyllis Huffman

Nominated

César Award

Best Foreign Film

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Award

Best Director

Clint Eastwood

Won

Directors Guild of America Award

Outstanding Directing

Won

Director's Guild of Great Britain

Outstanding Director

Nominated

ESPY Award

Best Sports Movie

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle Award

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Golden Globe Award

Best Actress

Won

Best Director

Clint Eastwood

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Nominated

Best Motion Picture - Drama

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Best Original Score

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

Grammy Award

Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors Award

Best Sound Editing

Alar Robert MurrayBub AsmanDavid GrimaldiJason King

Nominated

MTV Movie Award

Best Female Performance

Hilary Swank

Nominated

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Won

National Board of Review Award

Best Film

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Best Director

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

Best Actor

Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle Award

Best Director

Won

Producers Guild of America Award

Best Theatrical Motion Picture

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society Award

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Best Actor

Clint Eastwood

Nominated

Best Director

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Nominated

Best Film

Clint EastwoodAlbert S. RuddyTom RosenbergPaul Haggis

Nominated

Satellite Award

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay

Paul Haggis

Won

Screen Actors Guild Award

Best Actress

Hilary Swank

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Morgan Freeman

Won

Best Cast

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text:
The film was released on VHS and DVD on July 12, 2005, and all editions of the Region 1 DVD, except for the "Deluxe Edition", came with a paperback copy of the book Rope Burns: Stories from the Corner. An HD DVD release was issued on April 18, 2006.[18] The Blu-ray Disc version was released on November 14, 2006.[19] It was the first Best Picture winner released on either high-definition optical disc format in the U.S.; it and Unforgiven were the only ones released in the U.S. on HD DVD prior to the first one released in the U.S. on Blu-ray, Crash.[18][19]It is also available online for downloading and
streaming video rentals through Amazon, Apple's iTunes Store and Vudu.


document_title: Abhi

question_text: what is the meaning of abhi in hindi

question_tokens: what is the meaning of abhi in hindi

text: Abhi

text: Origin[edit]

text: The first reference to the word "Abhi" is found in the ancient Hindu sacred text Rigveda book 1, hymn 164.[2] The word frequently appears in the Vedas, Upnishad and Bhagavad Gita.

text: Meaning[edit]

text: "Abhi" is an adverb or preposition (see Upasarga) with various meanings depending on its context. According to Macdonnell's Sanskrit dictionary:[3]

text:
As an adverb, it means "unto, near"
As a preposition plus accusative, it means "towards; to, against; over; for, for the sake of; with regard to"
As a preposition plus ablative, it means "without"

text: It is believed that the word "Abhi" on its own in Sanskrit (for example, in ancient poetry) means the first ray of sunlight.[citation needed]

text: According to Swami Vivekananda the meaning of the word "Abhih" mentioned in the Vedantas is "fearless." While pronouncing "Abhih," the second "h" is silent.[4][5] He also told a "Vedantist is to be Abhih, fearless".[6]

text: The meaning of the Hindi word "abhi," if translated to English, would be (ab + hi) "just now" or "now itself" (ab meaning now).

text: Usage[edit]

text: "Abhi" is also a common Indian name for boys and men. Although a name less common in girls, it is often used as a nickname, short for "Abhilasha."  Confusion results from the fact that the name also has a current meaning in Hindi ("now").

text: The word 'Abhi' is used as a prefix in many Indian male and female names and words. Example of names: Abhinay,Abhigyan, Abhiram, Abhirami, Abhiras, Abhinesh, Abhijeet, Abhilash, Abhimanyu, Abhishek, Abhinav, Abhichandra, Abhinehsan

text: Example of words: Abhidhamma, Abhikarta, Abhimana, Abhineta, Abhisheka, Abhivandana, Abhiyan, Abhiyanta, Abhinash

text: Famous Historical Figures[edit]

text: Abhimanyu

text: Famous Modern-Day Figures[edit]

text:
Abhishek Bachchan
Abhinav Bindra
Abhijeet Bhattacharya (Singer)

text: Famous Movies[edit]

text:
Abhimaan
Abhilasha
Abhinetri