document_title: Jenna Boyd

question_text: who plays bailey in the sisterhood of the traveling pants

text: Jenna Boyd

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. After a few small roles on television and film, Boyd's big break came when she was cast in The Missing, alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Boyd's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film, although the film itself was not particularly well received. Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia-suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode "Children of Ghosts" she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she played Paige Hardaway, the "practice girlfriend" of the autistic main character, Sam Gardner, in the Netflix Original Series Atypical.

tag: p

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2003
Hunted, TheThe Hunted
Loretta Kravitz

2003
Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star
Sally Finley

2003
Missing, TheThe Missing
Dot Gilkeson

2005
In an Instant
The Girl

2005
Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, TheThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
Bailey

2012
Complicity
Rachel

2012
Last Ounce of Courage
Maddie Rogers

2014
Runaway
Abby

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2001
Geena Davis Show, TheThe Geena Davis Show
Kid
Episode: "Car Wash"

2001
Titus
5-Year-Old Shannon
Episode: "Shannon's Song"

2001
Just Shoot Me!
Hannah Gallo
Episode: "Christmas? Christmas!"

2002
Special Unit 2
(voice)
Episode: "The Piper"

2002
Six Feet Under
7-Year-Old Girl
Episode: "The Secret"

2002
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Sasha Rittle
Episode: "Cross Jurisdictions"

2002
Mary Christmas
Felice Wallace
TV movie

2003
Carnivàle
Maddy Crane
Episode: "Milfay"

2007
Ghost Whisperer
Julie Parker
Episode: "Children of Ghosts"

2007
Gathering, TheThe Gathering
Elizabeth 'Zee' Foster
TV miniseries

2008
Criminal Minds
Jessica Evanson
Episode: "Minimal Loss"

2017
Atypical
Paige Hardaway
Recurring role

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Year
Category
Result
Role

Young Artist Award
2003
Best Performance in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Special - Supporting Young Actress
Nominated
Felice Wallace in Mary Christmas

2004
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Nominated
Sally Finney in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress
Won
Dot Gilkeson in The Missing

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role - Female
Nominated

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
Youth in Film
Nominated

Saturn Award
Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
2005
Choice Movie Breakout Performance - Female
Nominated
Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants

Young Artist Award
2006
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Nominated

2008
Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress
Nominated
Julie Parker in Ghost Whisperer


document_title: Knights of the Southern Cross

question_text: what do the knights of the southern cross do

root

text: Knights of the Southern Cross

text: The objects of the order[edit]

text:
To promote the advancement of Australia
To foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation
To promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families
To encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order
To conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: The Order was founded in 1919 in Sydney at a time when Catholics were regarded with suspicion by the Protestant majority in Australia.[2] The two co-founders were Patrick Minahan, a boot manufacturer and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly, and Joseph Lynch, a school inspector.[3] Within a year of its establishment over 1,000 men had joined the order from every state in Australia and a national council was established to oversee the organisation.[2]

text: In the beginning it served to assist Catholic servicemen returned from the First World War in finding employment, and also to defend the rights and interests of the Catholic Church in Australia – a mission which it continues to promote today.[4]

text: International Alliance of Catholic Knights[edit]

text: Through the International Alliance of Catholic Knights, the Knights of the Southern Cross are associated with the Knights of Columbus, the Knights of St Columbanus, the Knights of Da Gama, the Knights of Peter Claver, the Knights of the Southern Cross (New Zealand) and the Knights of Saint Columba.


document_title: List of NBA teams by single season win percentage

question_text: who has the best nba record in history

question_tokens: who has the best nba record in history

text: Above .750[edit]

text:
PCT

W

L

H

R

N

Diff[a]

Team

Season

Results

W

L

H

R

Notes

Coach

Regular season

Postseason

.890
73
9
39–2
34–7
0–0
10.8
Golden State Warriors
2015–16
Lost in NBA Finals
15
9
11–3
4–6

List[show]

Most wins in NBA history (73)
Best start in NBA history (24–0)
Best start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1-2 and 4-9: (29–1, .967), (36–2, .947), (48–4, .923), (55–5, .917), (62–6, .912), (68–7, .907), (69–8, .896), (73–9, .890)
Most wins in NBA history (regular season and postseason combined) (88)
Started 36–0 at home, part of an NBA record 54-straight home wins dating back to 2014–15 season
28 game winning streak dating back to 2014–15, second longest in NBA history
Most road wins in NBA history (34)
Best road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak (14–0)
Undefeated November (16–0)
Best record heading into the All-Star Break in NBA history (48–4, 0.923)
Winning streaks of 24 and 11 games
Second earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history (the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016–17 season)
First team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three-pointers in regular-season
Only team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season
Only team in NBA history not to lose back-to-back games in regular season
The 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1–3 playoff series deficit (won 4–3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals)
The 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3–1 playoff series lead (lost 3–4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals), and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals.
Only team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses (9)

Steve Kerr

.878
72
10
39–2
33–8
0–0
12.2
Chicago Bulls
1995–96
Won NBA Championship
15
3
10–0
5–3

List[show]

Best combined regular and postseason record in NBA history (87–13, .870)[1]
Second most wins in NBA history (72)
Most wins by a championship-winning team
Best 3-loss start in NBA history (41–3, .932)
Second most road wins in NBA history (33)
Started 37–0 at home, part of 44 game home winning streak
Winning streaks of 18 and 13 games
Undefeated January (14–0)
One of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All-Defensive First Team
Final three losses were by a margin of one point
Defeated 64–18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals

Phil Jackson

.841
69
13
36–5
31–7
2–1
12.3
Los Angeles Lakers
1971–72
Won NBA Championship
12
3
6–2
6–1

List[show]

33 game winning streak, longest in NBA history
16 game road winning streak, longest in NBA history[2]
Started 39–3
Undefeated November (14–0) and December (16–0)
Second best road winning percentage
Highest point-differential in NBA regular-season history (+12.3)[3]

Bill Sharman

.841
69
13
39–2
30–11
0–0
10.8
Chicago Bulls
1996–97
Won NBA Championship
15
4
10–1
5–3

List[show]

Started 12–0; started 17–1
Second most home wins in NBA history
Five eight-game winning streaks[4]
Lost three of final four games
Defeated 64–18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals
First team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons

Phil Jackson

.840
68
13
28–2
26–8
14–3
9.4
Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67
Won NBA Championship
11
4
6–2
5–2

List[show]

Started 26–2
Best 50-game start in NBA history (46–4, .920)[5][6]

Alex Hannum

.829
68
14
33–6
32–8
3–0
8.2
Boston Celtics
1972–73
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
7
6
4–3
3–3

List[show]

Third most road wins in NBA history
Highest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (.829)

Tom Heinsohn

.817
67
15
40–1
27–14
0–0
9.4
Boston Celtics
1985–86
Won NBA Championship
15
3
10–0
5–3

List[show]

Shares best home record in NBA history (with 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs)[2]
Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games

K. C. Jones

.817
67
15
36–5
31–10
0–0
10.4
Chicago Bulls
1991–92
Won NBA Championship
15
7
9–3
6–4

Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games[7]

Phil Jackson

.817
67
15
36–5
31–10
0–0
8.5
Los Angeles Lakers
1999–00
Won NBA Championship
15
8
11–2
4–6

Winning streaks of 19, 16, and 11 games

Phil Jackson

.817
67
15
36–5
31–10
0–0
7.2
Dallas Mavericks
2006–07
Lost Western Conference 1st Round
2
4
2–1
0–3

List[show]

Started 0–4
Only team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games (17, 13, 12)[8]
Undefeated February (10–0)[9]
Only team over .800 to be eliminated in the first round

Avery Johnson

.817
67
15
39–2
28–13
0–0
10.1
Golden State Warriors
2014–15
Won NBA Championship
16
5
9–2
7–3

List[show]

Winning streaks of 16 and 11 games
Second most home wins in NBA history
Most wins by a rookie head coach
Undefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points

Steve Kerr

.817
67
15
40–1
27–14
0–0
10.6
San Antonio Spurs
2015–16
Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals
6
4
3–2
3–2

List[show]

Shares best home record in NBA history (with 1985–86 Boston Celtics), with only loss inflicted by the 73–9 Warriors
Best home start in NBA history (39–0), part of a 48-game home winning streak dating back to 2014–15 season
Best season record that was not also league-best record

Gregg Popovich

.817
67
15
36–5
31–10
0–0
11.6
Golden State Warriors
2016–17
Won NBA Championship
16
1
9–0
7–1

List[show]

Best playoff record in NBA history (16–1, .941)
Longest winning streak in NBA playoff history (15 games)
First team in NBA playoff history to start 15–0
First team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15–0 in the postseason.
Second highest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+13.5)
NBA record 146 regular-season games without back-to-back losses (dating back to 2014–15 season)
Winning streaks of 14 and 12 games
Second team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons (after 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls)
Most wins in NBA history over the course of three regular-seasons (207), Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995–96 and 1997–98
Earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history

Steve Kerr

.817
49
11
29–1
20–10
0–0
9.9
Washington Capitols
1946–47
Lost Semi-Finals
2
4
0–3
2–1

List[show]

Winning streaks of 17 and 15 games
Undefeated December (10–0)[10]

Red Auerbach

.805
66
16
34–2
28–13
4–1
12.3
Milwaukee Bucks
1970–71
Won NBA Championship
12
2
8–0
4–2

List[show]

Started 17–1
Winning streaks of 20, 16, and 10 games
Lost five of final six games
Highest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+14.5)[11]

Larry Costello

.805
66
16
35–6
31–10
0–0
10.3
Boston Celtics
2007–08
Won NBA Championship
16
10
13–1
3–9

List[show]

Best single-season improvement in NBA history (42 wins)[12]
Started 29–3
Won title 22 years after the last one in franchise history (1986)
Played a record 26 games in the postseason

Doc Rivers

.805
66
16
39–2
27–14
0–0
8.9
Cleveland Cavaliers
2008–09
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
10
4
6–1
4–3

List[show]

13 game winning streak
Second most home wins in NBA history

Mike Brown

.805
66
16
37–4
29–12
0–0
7.9
Miami Heat
2012–13
Won NBA Championship
16
7
10–3
6–4

List[show]

Started 29–14
27-game winning streak (2nd-longest in NBA history in a season)
First team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month
Best second half of season in NBA history (38–3, .927)

Erik Spoelstra

.797
51
13
31–1
15–12
5–0
8.2
Syracuse Nationals
1949–50
Lost NBA Finals
6
5
5–1
1–4

List[show]

Started 16–1
12 game winning streak

Al Cervi

.793
65
17
35–6
30–11
0–0
7.7
Philadelphia 76ers
1982–83
Won NBA Championship
12
1
7–0
5–1

List[show]

Third highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history (behind the 2016-17 Golden State Warriors and 2000–01 Los Angeles Lakers
14 game winning streak[13]

Billy Cunningham

.793
65
17
37–4
28–13
0–0
9.3
Los Angeles Lakers
1986–87
Won NBA Championship
15
3
10–0
5–3

Pat Riley

.793
65
17
36–5
29–12
0–0
7.7
Los Angeles Lakers
2008–09
Won NBA Championship
16
7
10–2
6–5

Phil Jackson

.793
65
17
34–7
31–10
0–0
8.5
Houston Rockets
2017–18
Lost Western Conference Finals
11
6
7–3
4–3

Winning streaks of 17, 14, and 11 games
Most three-pointers made in a regular season
Most consecutive three-pointers missed in a playoff game

Mike D'Antoni

.787
59
16
25–2
23–9
11–5
8.3
Boston Celtics
1959–60
Won NBA Championship
8
5
5–2
3–3

List[show]

17 game winning streak
Undefeated December (15–0)[14]

Red Auerbach

.780
64
18
38–3
26–15
0–0
7.8
Seattle SuperSonics
1995–96
Lost NBA Finals
13
8
8–3
5–5

List[show]

14 game winning streak
Lost to 72–10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals

George Karl

.780
64
18
38–3
26–15
0–0
8.8
Utah Jazz
1996–97
Lost NBA Finals
13
7
10–1
3–6

List[show]

Two 15 game winning streaks[15]
Four game losing streak
Lost to 69–13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals

Jerry Sloan

.780
64
18
37–4
27–14
0–0
6.6
Detroit Pistons
2005–06
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
10
8
8–2

2–6

Flip Saunders

.775
62
18
27–3
27–11
8–4
8.4
Boston Celtics
1964–65
Won NBA Championship
8
4
7–0
1–4

16 game winning streak[16]

Red Auerbach

.768
63
19
31–5
27–12
5–2
11.2
Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72
Lost Western Conference Finals
6
5
3–3

3-2

Started 17–1

Larry Costello

.768
63
19
35–6
28–13
0–0
6.4
Boston Celtics
1981–82
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
7
5
4–3

3–2

18 game winning streak[17]

Bill Fitch

.768
63
19
35–6
28–13
0–0
6.6
Boston Celtics
1984–85
Lost NBA Finals
13
8
9–2
4–6

Lost to 62–20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals

K. C. Jones

.768
63
19
37–4
26–15
0–0
5.8
Detroit Pistons
1988–89
Won NBA Championship
15
2
8–1
7–1

Chuck Daly

.768
63
19
37–4
26–15
0–0
6.8
Los Angeles Lakers
1989–90
Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals
4
5
3–2

1–3

Pat Riley

.768
63
19
36–5
27–14
0–0
8.7
Portland Trail Blazers
1990–91
Lost Western Conference Finals
9
7
8–1
1–6

List[show]

Started 19–1
16 game winning streak[18]

Rick Adelman

.768
63
19
37–4
26–15
0–0
9.1
Seattle SuperSonics
1993–94
Lost Western Conference 1st Round
2
3
2–1
0–2

List[show]

Started 16–1
First team to lose to an 8th seed

George Karl

.768
63
19
34–7
29–12
0–0
6.8
San Antonio Spurs
2005–06
Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals
7
6
5–2
2–4

Gregg Popovich

.758
50
16
26–7
24–9
0–0
8.2
Chicago Bulls
2011–12
Lost Eastern Conference 1st Round
2
4
2–1
0–3

Held tie-breaker over San Antonio Spurs

Tom Thibodeau

.758
50
16
28–5
22–11
0–0
7.2
San Antonio Spurs
2011–12
Lost Western Conference Finals
10
4
6–1
4–3

Won last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs

Gregg Popovich

.756
62
20
27–8
25–12
10–0
8.6
Philadelphia 76ers
1967–68
Lost Eastern Division Finals
7
6
4–3
3–3

Alex Hannum

.756
62
20
35–6
27–14
0–0
5.9
Boston Celtics
1980–81
Won NBA Championship
12
5
7–2
5–3

Winning streaks of 13 and 12 games

Bill Fitch

.756
62
20
37–4
25–16
0–0
7.9
Philadelphia 76ers
1980–81
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
9
7
6–2
3–5

12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games

Billy Cunningham

.756
62
20
33–8
29–12
0–0
6.6
Boston Celtics
1983–84
Won NBA Championship
15
8
12–1
3–7

K. C. Jones

.756
62
20
36–5
26–15
0–0
7.4
Los Angeles Lakers
1984–85
Won NBA Championship
15
4
8–2
7–2

Defeated 63–19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals
NBA record 52 regular-season games with 30+ assists

Pat Riley

.756
62
20
35–6
27–14
0–0
7.7
Los Angeles Lakers
1985–86
Lost Western Conference Finals
8
6
6–2
2–4

Pat Riley

.756
62
20
36–5
26–15
0–0
5.8
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–88
Won NBA Championship
15
9
12–2
3-7

15 game winning streak[19]

Pat Riley

.756
62
20
35–6
27–14
0–0
6.7
Phoenix Suns
1992–93
Lost NBA Finals
13
11
7–6
6–5

List[show]

Undefeated December (14–0)
14 game winning streak[20]

Paul Westphal

.756
62
20
33–8
29–12
0–0
6.0
San Antonio Spurs
1994–95
Lost Western Conference Finals
9
6
4–4
5–2

List[show]

15 game winning streak[21]
Started 7–9

Bob Hill

.756
62
20
37–4
25–16
0–0
7.1
Chicago Bulls
1997–98
Won NBA Championship
15
6
10–2
5–4

List[show]

13 game winning streak
Defeated 62–20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals

Phil Jackson

.756
62
20
36–5
26–15
0–0
6.5
Utah Jazz
1997–98
Lost NBA Finals
13
7
8–3
5–4

Lost to 62–20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals

Jerry Sloan

.756
62
20
31–10
31–10
0–0
7.1
Phoenix Suns
2004–05

Lost Western Conference Finals
9
6
4–4
5–2

Followed a series of going 18–1 with a 6-game losing streak[22]

Mike D'Antoni

.756
62
20
35–6
27–14
0–0
7.5
Boston Celtics
2008–09
Lost Eastern Conference Semifinals
7
7
5–3
2–4

List[show]

2nd best two-loss start in NBA History (27–2, .931)
Lost seven of next nine games afterwards
Winning streaks of 19 and 12 games

Doc Rivers

.756
62
20
36–5
26–15
0–0
7.3
Chicago Bulls
2010–11
Lost Eastern Conference Finals
9
7
6–3
3–4

Won Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers

Tom Thibodeau

.756
62
20
32–9
30–11
0–0
7.7
San Antonio Spurs
2013–14
Won NBA Championship
16
7
11–2
5–5

List[show]

19-game winning streak
Undefeated March (16–0)

Gregg Popovich

tag: table


document_title: SIG Sauer P320

question_text: what is the difference between the m17 and m18

text: SIG Sauer P320

text: Design details[edit]

text: Features[edit]

text: A key feature of the pistol is its modular design. The main module of the P320 is an internal stainless steel frame fire control unit, which consists of the integrated fire control group (trigger, and all necessary linkage and springs), ambidextrous slide release (one on each side of the pistol), ejector and four slide rails. This steel receiver unit is used in every P320 grip module, top end, and chambering combination and is inserted into the grip frame module and held in place by the axis pin of the disassembly lever. The firearm's serial number is on the fire control unit instead of the grip module. The fire control unit allows the operator to interchange differently-sized slide assembly or top end modules and polymer grip frame modules and trigger shoes and (limited) chambering conversions to adapt the gun to the individual user and address different needs.

text: Each of these three calibers comes in four sizes, which again can all be changed back and forth using caliber exchange kits. A 9mm full size can be changed to a 9mm carry, compact, or subcompact in this manner (as can any of the 3 calibers). Or a 9mm full size can be changed to .357 Sig carry (for example). In addition to the basic P320 models are the RX series which feature optical sights built in. Another P320 variation is the X Series. The RX features are also available to standard models through caliber exchange kits, and vice versa. These parts are not firearms and are not serialized and can be sold and shipped with no restriction.

text: The Sig Sauer P320 handguns use polymer grip frames which can be changed from between of four sizes of frames and three sizes of grips. In this manner the size of the grip is matched to the length of the handgun action as well as being available in three grip sizes. The four chassis sizes are full, carry, compact, and sub compact. The three grip sizes are large, medium, and small. The .45 ACP caliber is not interchangeable with the other calibers but does have varying grip sizes too. Most of the grip sizes have a standard Picatinny accessory rail , except for subcompact grips.

text: The firearms serial number, which is used for registration and tracking by the government, is part of the one part that is not changeable with regard to registration and is in effect the firearm regardless of which of the frame or grip sizes is attached to it. The Fire Control Unit (FCU) contains the trigger, striker, disconnector, and safety mechanisms. This is, in effect, the firearm while all the interchangeable barrels, slides, recoil springs, grips, and magazines involved are merely accessory pieces and are not subject to registration of restrictions. (USA regulations). The ability to change caliber, frame size, and grip size is the essence of the modular system.

text: The P320 was designed to be ambidextrous in handling, sporting an ambidextrous slide catch lever and user reversible magazine catch. All other operating controls are designed so they can be operated from either side. The firearm can be field stripped with no tools. Additionally, the firearm can also be field stripped without depressing the trigger, an additional safety feature to prevent negligent discharge of the weapon.[3]

text: The full-size, carry and compact grip modules feature an integral Picatinny rail mounting-bracket at the lower forward edge of the module to allow the mounting of laser sights, tactical lights, and other accessories.

text: Modular options[edit]

text: The P320 pistol is offered in three Glass-filled polymer grip module sizes—small, medium, and large—in each of the full-sized, carry, compact, and subcompact P320 variants. The pistol top ends also come in full-sized, compact, and subcompact variants that will fit the correspondingly sized grip modules. Every chambering can be converted by the user with a caliber exchange kit. The 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, and .357 SIG chamberings share their polymer grip frame modules and this offers the possibility to interchange these three chamberings by swapping the top end—consisting of the slide, recoil spring assembly, barrel and the box magazine. Due to the significantly larger external dimensions of the .45 ACP cartridge compared to the other P320 chambering options, the .45 ACP chambering uses slightly wider .45 ACP–specific polymer grip modules with an enlarged magazine well. The firearm's "fire control group", which contains the only serialized part of the firearm, is also slightly different to accommodate the enlarged magazine well.

text: The manufacturer offers caliber exchange kits or Caliber X-Change® kits consisting of a slide, recoil assembly, barrel, box magazine and grip module in the varying frame sizes, grip module sizes and chambering variants in which the P320 pistol is offered. These kits enable a user to switch between the various P320 configurations without the use of tools.

text: Recoil mechanism[edit]

text: Like other SIG Sauer pistols, the P320 pistol is a short recoil operated, locked breech pistol. It uses the Sig Sauer System cam-operated barrel, which locks into the ejection port on the slide.

text: Slide[edit]

text: The slide is made of stainless steel and is often finished in a durable black finish called Nitron®. The slide contains the breechblock, striker, disconnector, ejector, and safety systems. State compliant versions may also mount an ambidextrous external safety lever. Some slides are machined for the Romeo1 type of optical sight.

text: Safety Mechanisms[edit]

text: The standard P320 has no manual safeties, promoting instant readiness. The use of an automatic firing pin safety combined with a disconnector ensures safe carrying of the weapon, while preventing accidental discharges if the gun is dropped or roughly handled. As mandated in some USA states, some models come with an external safety. The Modular Handgun System (MHS) (now known as the M17) version of the P320 has an ambidextrous thumb safety. Law Enforcement and Military versions can also be equipped with a tabbed safety trigger on request.

text: Trigger system[edit]

text: The trigger releases a pretensioned Double Action striker. The trigger system has a pull weight of about 5.5 lbs., 28.95 N [4]

text: The P320 trigger is available in standard (solid) and tabbed (with trigger safety).[5]

text: Barrel[edit]

text: The P320 is available with a 120 mm (4.7 in), 98 mm (3.9 in), or 91 mm (3.6 in) barrel depending on the size (full-sized, carry/compact or sub-compact respectively). The Tacops model barrel is threaded for suppressor (also called a silencer) use.

text:
Model Size
Barrel Length
Threaded

X-Five
5

Full
4.7

Carry
3.9
4.6

Compact
3.9

Subcompact
3.6

text: Ammunition feeding[edit]

text: The pistol feeds from metal detachable box magazines with a 6 to 21 round magazine capacity, depending on chambering and pistol size. See the chart under the Variants section.

text: Sights[edit]

text: The P320 comes with three-dot combat-type iron sights of which the front sight element can be drifted to the left or right in its dovetail to adjust for windage. There are three rear sight heights and six front sight heights available to adjust for elevation. Self-luminous tritium-powered SIGLITE Night Sights in differing heights are optional. SIGLITE night sights are optional, but come standard in exchange kits.

text: The SIG Sauer Romeo1 sight is supplied on the RX Full and RX Compact versions of the P320. [6]

text: The X-Five comes with Dawson Precision Fiber Optic front sight and a fully adjustable rear sight. [7]

text: Field Stripping[edit]

text: Field stripping is accomplished by first locking the action open with the hold open lever either by racking the slide to the rear with an empty magazine which will engage the slide hold open lever when the slide is released, or by holding the slide to the rear and then pushing up the slide hold open lever. The magazine is then removed. Then the takedown lever on the left side of the frame is revolved downward. The slide hold open lever is then pushed down while holding onto the slide assembly which can then be removed from it's engagement with the fire control units stainless steel rails. Once removed the barrel can be removed from the slide by pushing the recoil spring, located under the barrel away from the breech block which allows the spring to be removed. Then the barrel can be pivoted downward away from the slide breech end first and then removed from the front of the slid bushing. Cleaning can be easily accomplished from this point on.

text: Reassembly requires that the slide be locked open with the slide hold open lever (and then released or left open) or the magazine cannot be reinserted.

text: Removing the Fire Control Unit[edit]

text: Changing grip modules is very easy and simple. It begins with the removal of the slide as noted above. Once the slide assembly is removed the takedown lever can be removed from the frame by pulling it out from the left side. Then the Fire Control Unit (FCU) can be pivoted out of the grip. The FCU can then be easily inserted into a different grip size and if desired a different slide assembly can be used with that different frame. This is the essence of the configurability of the modular system.

text: Accessories[edit]

text: The factory accessories consist of magazines, caliber exchange kits, barrels, handgun holsters, Optical Sights, and Tactical Light/Laser units.

text: Variants[edit]

text: In the chart below the presence of MS in the model indicates a model with manual external ambidextrous safety. The presence of TB in the model indicates Threaded Barrel. Siglights are tritium illuminated Night Sights. States that have restrictions are listed next to the model. These related to manual safety and magazine capacity in most cases.

text: The X-Five model has a 5" bull barrel. X model has a different grip and flat trigger.

text: *M17 is in Coyote for grip and controls. Available with and without the external manual safety. Comes with RX type slide and night sights.

text:
Model
Caliber
State Compliant
Mag Cap
#of Mags
Sights

Nitron Full
9mm
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Full
9mm

17
2
Siglight

Nitron Full
.40 S&W
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Full
.40 S&W

14
2
Siglight

Nitron Full
.45 ACP
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Contrast Sights

Nitron Full
.45 ACP

10
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact
9mm
CT/HI/MO/NY
10
2
Contrast Sights

Nitron Compact
9mm
CT/HI/MO/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact MS
9mm
MA
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact
9mm

15
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact TB
9mm

15
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact MS
9mm

15
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact
.40 S&W
CT/HI/MO/NY
10
2
Contrast Sights

Nitron Compact
.40 S&W
CT/HI/MO/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact
.40 S&W

13
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact
.45 ACP

9
2
Contrast Sights

Nitron Compact MS
.45 ACP
MA
9
2
Siglight

Nitron Compact MS
.45 ACP

9
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry
9mm
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry
9mm

17
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry TB
9mm

10
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry
357 Sig
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry
9mm

14
2
Siglight

Nitron Carry
.40 S&W
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

Nitron SubCompact
9mm

12
2
Siglight

Nitron SubCompact
.40 S&W

10
2
Siglight

FDE Compact
9mm

10
2
Siglight

FDE Compact
9mm

15
2
Siglight

FDE Compact
.35 Sig

10
2
Siglight

FDE Compact
.40 S&W

10
2
Siglight

Tacops Full
9mm

21
4
TFD Frt, Siglight Rr

Tacops Carry TB
9mm

21
4
Tall Slite Night Sights

X-Five Full
9mm
5" Barrel
21
4
Dawson Fiber Optic

RX Full
9mm
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

RX Full
9mm

17
2
Siglight

RX Compact
9mm
CT/HI/NY
15
2
Tall Slite Night Sights

RX Compact
9mm
CT/HI/NY
10
2
Siglight

RX Compact
9mm
CT/HI/NY
15
2
Siglight

X-Carry
9mm
Flat Trigger X Grip
17
2
X Ray

X-VTAX
9mm
Straight Trigger, FDE
17
3
VTAC Day-Night Sights

M17 (MS)
9mm
Coyote Grip & Controls

RX type Slide, Night Sights

text: Modular Handgun System Procurement XM17[edit]

text: When the requirements were formulated for a new handgun for the US Army one of the tenants of the proposal was that an existing model handgun was desired to fulfill the requirements laid out in the Modular Handgun System Request for Proposal, known as the XM17 Procurement. Sig Sauer submitted a P320 with a number of modifications and submitted them for the XM17 Modular Handgun System competition.

text: Modifications include:

text:
Slide cut out to facilitate the addition of a reflex sight. (This is the slide from the RX Series) [9]
Ambidextrous thumb safety
Loaded chamber indicator
Improved slide sub-assembly to capture small components when disassembled
Improved trigger "mud flap" to prevent foreign debris from entering the pistol action
4.7" 120 mm barrel length in full size M17
3.9" 98 mm barrel length in compact M18
chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum(can be adapted to fire larger calibers like .357 SIG and .40 S&W)
Pistols chambered in 9mm can feature a 17-round magazine in standard with optional 21-round extended magazines available.[10][11]

text: The 101st Airborne are the first to receive the M17[edit]

text: On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military's Modular Handgun System trials. The P320 will be known as the M17 (full size) and M18 (compact) in U.S. Military service. Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber, the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer’s proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition.[12][13] The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a "Winchester jacketed hollow point" round.

text: In May 2017, the Army announced that the first unit that will receive the M17 would be the 101st Airborne Division by the end of the year. At the same time, the rest of the U.S. Armed Forces revealed they also intend to acquire the handgun, making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military. The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total; 195,000 for the Army, 130,000 for the Air Force, 61,000 for the Navy (XM18 compact version only), and 35,000 for the Marines.[14][15]

text: On 17 November 2017, soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols, with over 2,000 handguns delivered. The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9. It will also be fielded more widely, being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders; while special forces would dual-arm all of its members with a pistol and rifle, previously junior leaders in regular infantry units were excluded from carrying sidearms but policy was changed to give them more choices and options in close quarters battle situations. All Army units are planned to have the M9 replaced with the M17 within a decade.[16][17]

text: Drop Firing Problem[edit]

text: In late July 2017, the Dallas Police Department instructed all personnel to stop carrying the P320 pending an investigation.[18] There are concerns that the firearm may discharge when it is dropped and the back of the slide hits the ground at about a 30-degree angle. The problem may be related to the trigger weight; some triggers are heavy enough that they essentially continue to move due to inertia after the gun hits the ground. Internet publications, such as TheTruthAboutGuns.com, conducted independent tests that appear to confirm potential drop firings (at a 40% rate).[19] Another test has shown that the P320 may discharge when the magazine hits the ground first after the gun is dropped.[20]

text: On 8 August 2017, Sig Sauer issued a notice that they would upgrade all P320s to address the issue.[21] The P320 upgrade program is detailed on the Sig Sauer Website at: P320 Voluntary Upgrade Program.

text: Voluntary Upgrade Program[edit]

text: Although the P320 handgun had successfully passed the MH17 drop protocol tests it became apparent later than the gun could fire if dropped in a specific fashion onto a hard surface. In one instance a gun writer installed a lighter trigger which almost totally eliminated the possibility of accidentally firing. Sig Sauer instituted a program for those who wanted to upgrade their P320 handguns whereby a number of changes are made which ensure that no drop discharges are likely to occur. The details of the changes are found here: Explanation of Changes Made To The P320 Pistol

text: The upgrade program entails no cost to the owner. Sig Sauer sends a "call tag" to the owner who ships the firearm at no cost by 2 day freight to Sig's factory for the upgrade. After the upgrade is performed the handgun is shipped back to the owner, again by 2 day freight. To participate in the upgrade program a user goes to the Sig Sauer website as shown above and registers for the upgrade. Sig Sauer will send to the user a prepaid shipping label and instruction on how to pack the firearm for legal shipment. Details will generally be sent by email, or post if the owner does not have email. Once the firearm arrives at Sig Sauer the announced wait time is from four to six weeks. Actual turnaround time has been as short as 7 days. Once shipped the owner will be notified of the shipment and given a tracking number. SIG SAUER Announces Details of Free P320 ‘Voluntary Upgrade’ Program

text: Owners who have received their P320s back after the upgrade report that they are also being given a Sig P320 Patch and a 25% discount coupon for a future purchase from the Sig Sauer store.

text: Patent Infringement Lawsuit[edit]

text: In May 2017, Steyr Mannlicher filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sig Sauer[22]. Steyr references their patent US6260301 (filed in 1999 and approved in 2001), which is for a handgun with a removable chassis. Steyr Arms is demanding a preliminary and permanent injunction against Sig Sauer selling any of these firearms.

text: Users[edit]

text:
Thailand: Royal Thai Police; Purchase of 152,468 SIG Sauer P320 pistols is approved.[23][24] The pistols were delivered in December 2017.[25]
 United States:

United States Army: On January 19th, 2017, the P320 was chosen to replace the Beretta M9 as its main service pistol in response to the request for a Modular Handgun System (MHS) also known as XM17.[26][27]
Hawaii Department of Public Safety[28]
Oklahoma Highway Patrol[29]
Pasco County Sheriff's Office (Florida)[30]


document_title: List of medical abbreviations: T

question_text: what does ts stand for in medical terms

question_tokens: what does ts stand for in medical terms

text: List of medical abbreviations: T

text:
hidevteMedical abbreviations
← previous page of list (S)
next page of list (U) →

0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Latin abbreviations
Prescription abbreviations
Acronyms in healthcare
Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel
Abbreviations for diseases and disorders

text:
Abbreviation

Meaning

T
thoracic vertebrae

Tx
Treatment

TA
temporal arteritis

T&A
tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy

T&C
type and cross-match (see blood transfusion)

T&S
type and screen (blood; e.g., to prepare for blood transfusion)

Tab
Tablet (pharmacy)

TAB
therapeutic abortion

TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy

TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

TAP
trypsinogen activation peptide

TAPVR
total anomalous pulmonary venous return

TAT
thematic apperception test

TAVI
transcatheter aortic valve implantation

TAVR
transcatheter aortic valve replacement

TB
tuberculosis

TBC
tuberculosis  total body crunch

TbEC
Enteric coated tablet

TBG
thyroid-binding globulin

TBI
to be intubated  total body irradiation  traumatic brain injury

TBLC
term birth living child

TC
traffic crash

TCA
tricyclic antidepressants

TCC
transitional cell carcinoma

TCM
traditional Chinese medicine

TCN
tetracycline

TCOM
Transcutaneous oxygen measurement

TCT
thrombin clotting time

T2DM
type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Td
tetanus and diphtheria (combined vaccination)

TDaP
tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis combined vaccine

TdP
Torsades de pointes

TDS
three times a day (from Latin ter die sumendus)

TdT
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

TD
Tardive dyskinesia

TE
tracheoesophageal

TEB
thoracic electrical bioimpedance (see impedance cardiography)

TEC
transient erythroblastopenia of childhood

TEE
transesophageal echocardiogram

TEF
tracheoesophageal fistula

TEM
transmission electron microscopy

Temp
temperature

TEN
toxic epidermal necrolysis

TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator

TF
transfer

T/F
transfer

TFR
tumor volume to fetal weight ratio

TFTs
thyroid function tests

TGA
transposition of the great arteries

TG
triglycerides

Tg
thyroglobulin

TGF
tumor growth factor

TGV
transposition of the great vessels

T&H
type and hold (stay ready for blood transfusion)

THR
total hip replacement

TI
terminal ileum

TIA
transient ischemic attack

TIBC
total iron-binding capacity

Tib-Fib
tibia and fibula

TID
three times a day (from Latin ter in die)

TIN
tubulointerstitial nephritis

TIPS
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

TKA
total knee arthoplasty

TKO
to keep (vein) open for IV therapy

TKR
total knee replacement

TKVO
to keep vein open

TLA
three letter acronym

TLC
total lung capacity, or total lymphocyte count

TLH
total laparoscopic hysterectomy

TLR
tonic labyrinthine reflex

TM
tympanic membrane

TME
total mesorectal excision

TNF
tumor necrosis factor

TMJ
temporomandibular joint

TNG
trinitroglycerin

TNM
tumor-nodes-metastases

TNTC
too numerous to count

TOA
tuboovarian abscess

TOC
test-of-cure (+TOC meaning patient cured of disease proven via test)

TOD
transoesophageal Doppler

TOE
transoesophageal echocardiogram

TOF
tetralogy of Fallot

TOP
termination of pregnancy

TOT
transobturator tape

TP
total protein

TPa
tissue plasminogen activator

TPN
total parenteral nutrition

TPR
temperature, pulse, respiration

TPR

total peripheral resistance

TR
tricuspid regurgitation

Tr
tincture

TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM flap)

TRAP
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

TRF
transfer (pronounced "turf")

TRF'd
transferred (pronounced "turfed", as in "We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD")

TRH
thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRT
testosterone replacement therapy

TRUSP
Transrectal Ultrasonography of the ProstateTransrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate

TS
tricuspid stenosis

Tsp
teaspoon (5 mL)

TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH
Thoughts of self-harm

TSHR-Ab
thyrotropin-receptor antibody

TSI
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin

T.S.T.H.
too sick to send home

TT
thrombin time

TTE
transthoracic echocardiogram

TTG
tissue transglutaminase

TTN
transient tachypnea of the newborn

TTO
to take out (medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay)

TTP
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura  tender to palpation

TTR
transthyretin

TTS
transdermal therapeutic system

TTTS
twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Tu
tumor

TUBA
Trans-umbilical breast augmentation

TUIP
Transurethral incision of the prostate

TUMT
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy

TUNA
Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate

TUR
transurethral resection

TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor

TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate

TVC
true vocal cord

TVH
transvaginal hysterectomy

TVT
tension-free vaginal tape

TWOC

Trial without catheter

Tx
therapy  transplant  treatment

TXA
Tranexamic acid

Txp
transport (by ambulance to or between hospitals)

text: Lists of medical abbreviations


document_title: HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

question_text: factors that contribute to the spread of hiv in nigeria

text: HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

text: As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]

text: Nigeria is emerging from a period of military rule that accounted for almost 28 of the 57 years since independence in 1960. Consequently, the policy environment is not fully democratized. Civil society was weak during the military era, and its role in advocacy and lobbying remains weak.[citation needed] The size of the population and the nation pose logistical and political challenges particularly due to the political determination of the Nigerian government to achieve health care equity across geopolitical zones. The necessity to coordinate programs simultaneously at the federal, state and local levels introduces complexity into planning. The large private sector is largely unregulated and, more importantly, has no formal connection to the public health system where most HIV interventions are delivered.[citation needed] Training and human resource development is severely limited in all sectors and will hamper program implementation at all levels.[citation needed] Care and support is limited because existing staff are overstretched and most have insufficient training in key technical areas to provide complete HIV services.[5]


document_title: Joy Ride (2001 film)

question_text: who does the truckers voice in joy ride

question_tokens: who does the truckers voice in joy ride

text: Joy Ride (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: University students Lewis Thomas (Paul Walker) and Venna Wilcox (Leelee Sobieski), Lewis's childhood friend and crush, prepare to go home for the summer holiday. Lewis, a University of California student, offers to come by Venna's campus (she attends University of Colorado) to drive her home instead of both of them flying back; Venna happily agrees. After refunding his plane ticket to buy a 1971 Chrysler Newport, Lewis calls his parents to announce the change of plan and learns that his older brother Fuller (Steve Zahn), the family's black sheep, has been arrested once again. Lewis drives to Salt Lake City and bails out Fuller, who then tags along for the trip.

text: At a gas station, Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis's car for $40, and the two begin listening in on truckers' chatter. Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed 'Rusty Nail' (voiced by Ted Levine (uncredited)). Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night. Lewis tells Rusty that "she" is in room 17, the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued, but the guys are actually in room 18. When Rusty Nail arrives at the man's room, an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard. The next morning, Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway, still alive with his lower jaw ripped off. Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident, but lets them go, as he already has his hands full, and they do not know anything other than the man's nickname (CB handle). However, he orders them to leave the state by sundown.

text: On the road, Rusty Nail is heard again on the CB radio looking for Candy Cane. Lewis talks to him and reveals that he is Candy Cane. Rusty Nail demands an apology, but Fuller insults him, instead. Rusty Nail simply notes that they should get their taillight fixed, indicating that he is right behind them, causing the duo to panic and speed up. At the next gas station, they unsuccessfully attempt to contact Ritter. Seeing an ice truck pulling into the gas station, the already paranoid pair drives away. The ice truck driver chases them down. However, the driver turns out to be merely trying to return Lewis's credit card, which he left behind in panic. The real Rusty Nail then shows up in his truck and crushes the ice truck and its driver. He then slowly pins Lewis's car against a tree. The two hysterically apologize, and Rusty Nail drives away, declaring his actions to be simply a retaliatory joke.

text: Believing themselves safe, the brothers arrive at the University of Colorado and pick up Venna. They stop at a motel and drink at a bar. Lewis goes to sleep, but Rusty Nail calls him, revealing he knows of Venna. The three flee the motel. Rusty Nail contacts them, announcing that he has kidnapped Charlotte, Venna's friend. He directs them to a cornfield, where he gets them to split up, and kidnaps Venna.

text: Rusty Nail sets up a meeting at another motel in room 17, mirroring the false date with which he was pranked. He sets up a trap that will kill Venna if the room door is opened. Fuller attempts to get in the room by a window, but is injured by Rusty Nail and stuck outside the room. Rusty Nail's truck appears uphill and begins rolling down toward Venna's room. Lewis frees Fuller, and the brothers save Venna just in time. As the police investigate Rusty Nail's truck, they see a dead body in the driver's seat and Charlotte, still alive, on the floor.

text: Lewis, Fuller, and Venna are treated for their injuries at an ambulance. At this point, the dead man turns out to be the ice truck driver. A CB in the ambulance is on, and the group hear Rusty Nail's voice, learning that he is still alive and free.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Paul Walker as Lewis Thomas
Steve Zahn as Fuller Thomas
Leelee Sobieski as Venna Wilcox
Jessica Bowman as Charlotte Dawson
Matthew Kimbrough (uncredited) as Rusty Nail. He is credited after all cast and crew in Spanish as "Clavo" meaning "nail".
Ted Levine (uncredited) as Voice of Rusty Nail
Stuart Stone as Danny, Lewis's roommate
Brian Leckner as Officer Keeney
Jim Beaver as Sheriff Ritter
Hugh Dane as Man at door
Jay Hernandez as Marine
Basil Wallace as Car salesman
Rachel Singer as Gas station manager
Satch Huizenga as Mr. Jones
Luis Côrtes as Night manager
Kenneth White as Ronald Ellinghouse
Walton Goggins (deleted scenes) as Cop
Anna Malle (uncredited) as Cable TV porn actress

text: Production[edit]

text: In his screenplay for Joy Ride, J. J. Abrams was influenced by the first film directed by Steven Spielberg, Duel, and there are numerous references to it. For example, in one scene, a seemingly maniacal ICE truck pulls up to a gas station that the brothers have pulled up to. In Duel, a likewise maniacal truck pulls up the protagonist, and a small billboard for ICE is visible in the background.

text: The central antagonist, "Rusty Nail", remains almost entirely unseen throughout the film and was portrayed by hulking actor Matthew Kimbrough in the brief shot of the villain towards the end of the film. Rusty Nail's voice heard on the radio throughout most of the film was provided by veteran actor Ted Levine (The Silence of the Lambs) due to his distinctive voice tone, and was added in post production. Eric Stoltz and Sylvester Stallone also auditioned for the role of Rusty Nail.[3] Rusty Nail's truck is a 359 Peterbilt.

text: Alternate footage[edit]

text: On the DVD release, there is a 29-minute-long alternate ending, and four other shorter alternate endings. The main one featured Rusty Nail's shotgun suicide and numerous bodies are found by the police in his trailer. One featured Rusty Nail being arrested, another being beaten in a fight with both Thomas brothers, another wherein he is blown up in his truck, and another saw Rusty Nail run over with his own truck. The ending featured in the actual theatrical cut of the film is the only ending in which Rusty Nail lives. There are also numerous deleted scenes.

text: In the alternate ending where Rusty Nail's truck explodes, you can see a water tower behind the truck as it burns. The original intention was to have the truck hit the water tower and have the water come down and put the flames out so that it would be believable if Rusty Nail survived. However, time constraints kept the scene from being filmed. The water tower cost over $100,000.

text: Sobieski filmed two different romantic interludes, one with Zahn and one with Walker during the shooting and re-shooting of the film. Both scenes ended up getting cut. This may explain why Venna appears to be romantically interested in both of them.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film also goes under numerous other titles in other countries. In Australia, Sweden, Finland, Ireland and some other European countries the film was retitled Roadkill, Never Play with Strangers in Israel and Spain, Radio Killer in Italy, Never talk to strangers in Greece, Road Killer in Japan, Ничего себе поездочка (What a ride!) in Russia and Mortal Frequency in Mexico.

text: The film went under the working titles of Candy Cane, Highway Horror, Deadly Frequency, and Squelch.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Joy Ride opened theatrically on October 5, 2001 in 2,497 venues and earned $7,347,259 in its opening weekend, ranking number five in the domestic box office.[4] By the end of its run, the film had grossed $21,974,919 domestically and $14,667,919 overseas for a worldwide total of $36,642,838.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "A well-constructed B-movie thriller, Joy Ride keeps up the necessary level of tension and chills. Critics also liked Zahn's performance as the goofball older brother."[5] Metacritic reports a 75 out of 100 rating based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The film was followed by two direct to video sequels, Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008) and Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014).


document_title: Flying car (aircraft)

question_text: who tried to make the first flying car

question_tokens: who tried to make the first flying car

text: Flying car (aircraft)

text: History[edit]

text: Early developments[edit]

text: In 1926, Henry Ford displayed an experimental single-seat aeroplane that he called the "sky flivver". The project was abandoned two years later when a distance-record attempt flight crashed, killing the pilot.[1] The Flivver was not a flying car at all, but it did get press attention at the time, exciting the public that they would have a mass-produced affordable airplane product that would be made, marketed, sold, and maintained just like an automobile. The airplane was to be as commonplace in the future as the Model T of the time.

text: In 1940, Henry Ford famously predicted: "Mark my word: a combination airplane and motorcar is coming. You may smile, but it will come.”[2]

text: The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in December 1949, and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests. Chuck Berry featured the concept in his 1956 song "You Can't Catch Me", and in December 1956 the Civil Aviation Authority approved the design for mass production, but despite wide publicity and an improved version produced in 1989, Taylor did not succeed in getting the flying car into production.[3]

text: In the period between 1956 - 1958, Ford's Advanced Design studio built the Volante Tri-Athodyne, a 3/8 scale concept car model. It was designed to have three ducted fans, each with their own motor, that would lift it off the ground and move it through the air. In public relation release, Ford noted that "the day where there will be an aero-car in every garage is still some time off", but added that "the Volante indicates one direction that the styling of such a vehicle would take".[4][5]

text: In 1957, Popular Mechanics reported that Hiller Helicopters was developing a ducted-fan aircraft that would be easier to fly than helicopters, and should cost a lot less. Hiller engineers expected that this type of an aircraft would become the basis for a whole family of special-purpose aircraft.[6]

text: In 1956, the US Army's Transportation Research Command began an investigation into "flying jeeps", ducted-fan-based aircraft that were envisioned to be smaller and easier to fly than helicopters. In 1957, Chrysler, Curtiss-Wright, and Piasecki were assigned contracts for building and delivery of prototypes. They all delivered their prototypes; however, Piasecki's VZ-8 was the most successful of the three. While it would normally operate close to the ground, it was capable of flying to several thousand feet, proving to be stable in flight. Nonetheless, the Army decided that the "Flying Jeep concept [was] unsuitable for the modern battlefield", and concentrated on the development of conventional helicopters. In addition to the army contract, Piasecki was developing the Sky Car, a modified version of its VZ-8 for civilian use.

text: In the mid-1980s, former Boeing engineer, Fred Barker, founded Flight Innovations Inc. and began the development of the Sky Commuter, a small duct fans-based VTOL aircraft. It was a compact, 14-foot-long (4.3 m) two-passenger and was made primarily of composite materials.[7] In 2008, the remaining prototype was sold for £86k on eBay.[8]

text:
Transition

Production Prototype of Terrafugia Transition at the N.Y. Int'l Auto Show in April 2012

Role
Flying car

Manufacturer
Terrafugia

First flight
5 March 2009[9]

Introduction
In development since 2006, prototype unveiled in 2009

Number built
2[10]

Unit cost

US$279,000[citation needed]

text: Modern developments[edit]

text: In 1942, the Soviet armed forces experimented with a gliding tank, the Antonov A-40, but it was not capable of flying on its own.

text: AeroMobil currently fly-tests a prototype that obtained Slovak ultralight certification. When the final product will be available or how much it will cost is not yet specified.[11]

text: Urban Aeronautics' X-Hawk[12] is a VTOL turbojet powered aircraft announced in 2006 with a first flight planned for 2009. It was intended to operate much like a tandem rotor helicopter, but with ducted fans rather than exposed rotors. The requisite decrease in rotor size would also decrease fuel efficiency. The X-Hawk was being promoted for rescue and utility functions. As of 2013, no flights had been reported.

text: Terrafugia have a flying road vehicle, the Terrafugia Transition On 7 May 2013, Terrafugia announced the TF-X, a plug-in hybrid tilt-rotor vehicle that would be the first fully autonomous flying car. It would have a range of 500 miles (800 km) per flight and batteries are rechargeable by the engine. Development of TF-X is expected to last 8–12 years, which means it will not come to market before 2021–2025.

text: The Moller Skycar M400[13][14] is a prototype personal VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft which is powered by four pairs of in-tandem Wankel rotary engines, and is approaching the problems of satellite-navigation, incorporated in the proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System. Moller also advises that, currently, the Skycar would only be allowed to fly from airports & heliports. The Skycar M400 has tiny wheels and no road capability at all. Moller has been developing VTOL craft since the late 1960s, but no Moller vehicle has ever achieved free flight out of ground effect. The proposed Autovolantor model has an all-electric version powered by Altairnano batteries.[15]

text: The Xplorair PX200 is a French project of single-seater VTOL aircraft without rotating airfoil, relying on the Coandă effect and using an array of small jet engines called thermoreactors embedded within tiltwings' body. Announced in 2007, the project has been funded by the Government of France and is now supported by various aerospace firms. A full-scale drone is scheduled for flight at Paris Air Show 2017, followed by the commercialization of a single-seater flying car in the years after.

text: The SkyRider X2R is a prototype of a flying car developed by MACRO Industries, Inc. It is lighter than the Moller Skycar which has never successfully flown untethered.

text: Also notable is the roadable aircraft PAL-V ONE, which is an autogyro or gyrocopter that can be taken to the road, too.

text: Zee.Aero and Kitty Hawk Corporation are developing flying cars.[16][17]

text: Flying cars are planned to enter Russian market in 2018.[18]

text: Design[edit]

text: Engineering[edit]

text: A practical flying car would have to be capable of safely taking off, flying and landing throughout heavily populated urban environments. However, to date, no vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) vehicle has ever demonstrated such capabilities. To produce such an aircraft would require a propulsion system that is quiet, to avoid noise complaints, and has non-exposed rotors so it could be flown safely in urban environments. Additionally, for such aircraft to become airborne, they would require very powerful engines which would create huge and concentrated downdrafts, a bad idea in an urban environment. Many types of aircraft technologies and form factors have been suggested, such as ducted-fan and tiltrotor vehicles,[19] but most previous designs have suffered from problems; ducted-fan aircraft tend to easily lose stability and have difficulty traveling greater than 30–40 knots,[20] while tiltrotors, such as the V-22 Osprey, are generally noisy.

text: Economics[edit]

text: Due to the requirement of propulsion that is both small and powerful, the cost of producing a flying car would be very high and estimated by some as much as 10 million dollars.[21] In addition, the flying car's energy efficiency would be much lower compared to conventional cars and other aircraft; optimal fuel efficiency for airplanes is at high speeds and high altitudes,[22] while flying cars would be used for shorter distances, at higher frequency, lower speeds and lower altitude. For both environmental and economic reasons, flying cars would be an enormous use of resources.

text: Safety[edit]

text: Although statistically, commercial flying is much safer than driving, unlike commercial planes personal flying cars might not have as many safety checks and their pilots would not be as well trained. Humans already have problems with the aspect of driving in two dimensions (forward and backwards, side to side), adding in the up and down aspect would make "driving" or flying as it would be, much more difficult; however, this problem might be solved via the sole use of self-flying and self-driving cars.[23] In mid-air collisions and mechanical failures, the aircraft could fall from the sky or go through an emergency landing, resulting in deaths and property damage.[24] In addition, poor weather conditions, such as low air density, lightning storms and heavy rain, snow or fog could be challenging and affect the aircraft's aerodynamics.[25]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Where's my flying car?[edit]

text: Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The flying car was and remains a common feature of conceptions of the future, including imagined near futures such as those of the 21st century. Complaints of the non-existence of flying cars have become nearly idiomatic as expressions of disappointment in the failure of the present to measure up to the glory of past predictions.[citation needed]

text: In 1999 the U.S. journalist Gail Collins noted:

text: Here we are, less than a month until the turn of the millennium, and what I want to know is, what happened to the flying cars? We're about to become Americans of the 21st century. People have been predicting what we'd be like for more than 100 years, and our accoutrements don't entirely live up to expectations. (...) Our failure to produce flying cars seems like a particular betrayal since it was so central to our image.[26]

text: As a result, flying cars have been referred to jokingly with the question "Where's my flying car?", emblematic of the supposed failure of modern technology to match futuristic visions that were promoted in earlier decades.[notes 1]

text: Aired on 8 January 1998, Seinfeld's 167th episode, "The Dealership", featured George and Jerry complaining about the non-existence of the flying cars. Jerry says, "It's like we're living in the '50s here."

text: A 2001 IBM television commercial featured Avery Brooks complaining, "It is the year 2000, but where are the flying cars? I was promised flying cars. I don’t see any flying cars. Why? Why? Why?"[28]

text: Comedian Lewis Black had a similar routine early in the decade, in which he says, "This new millennium sucks! It's exactly the same as the old millennium! You know why? No flying cars!"[29]

text: The Flying Car was a comedy short film written by Kevin Smith in 2002 for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. It featured Dante Hicks and Randal Graves stuck in traffic, discussing the lengths to which a man might go to obtain such a vehicle.[30]

text: In 2008, Onion News Network's 245th episode, titled "Mean Automakers Dash Nation's Hope for Flying Cars", featured The Onion's anchor Brandon Armstrong humorously arguing about the feasibility and existence of flying cars with representatives from General Motors, Toyota and Ford.[31]

text: Fiction[edit]

text: The flying car has been depicted in many works of fantasy and science fiction.[32]

text: Live action films[edit]

text:
Fantômas se déchaîne (1965) - Fantômas escapes in style, using his Citroën DS with retractable wings that converts into an airplane
Star Wars (1977–present)

Flying cars appear in Star Wars where they are called airspeeders, such as those that can be seen on the planet of Coruscant in all three Star Wars prequel movies, from 1999's Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace onward. They are also featured in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, where an early chase sequence involves flying cars. In 2005's Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Bail Organa rides a retro-futuristic vehicle that apart from its flying ability resembles a 1950-style car.[dubious – discuss]

Blade Runner (1982)

"Spinner" is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in Blade Runner, set in futuristic-cyberpunk Los Angeles of 2019. A Spinner can be driven as a ground-based vehicle, and take off vertically, hover, and cruise using jet propulsion much like Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft. They are used extensively by the police to patrol and survey the population, and it is clear that despite restrictions wealthy people can acquire spinner licenses.[33] The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an "aerodyne"—a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift, though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet, and anti-gravity"[34] Mead's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 working vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield.[35] A Spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington.[36]

Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II (1985/1989)

In Back to the Future Part II and the ending of Back to the Future, Doc Brown invites Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer in his modified flying DeLorean time machine, and time travels to the year 2015 where flying hovercars are a common sight.

The Fifth Element (1997)

In The Fifth Element, set in 2263 New York City, flying cars are used as main mean of transportation. The production design for the film was developed by French comics creators Jean Giraud[37] and Jean-Claude Mézières.[38] Mézières wrote the book The Circles of Power, which features a character named S'Traks, who drives a flying taxicab through the congested air traffic of the vast metropolis on the planet Rubanis. Besson read the book and was inspired to change the Dallas character to a taxicab driver who flies through a futuristic New York City.[39][40]

Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Professor Caractacus Potts salvages a broken classic race car and converts it into a flying car with wings sporting external propellers.
The Absent Minded Professor: Professor Ned Brainard (Fred MacMurray) makes a Model T fly using flubber. His flying car also appears in the sequel, Son of Flubber, and in the 1997 remake, Flubber, starring Robin Williams.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets: Mr. Weasley owns a Ford Anglia 105E that he used numerous spells on to make it flyable and invisible.
Halloweentown: Marnie Cromwell, her brother Dylan and sister Sophie take a flying bus to Halloweentown to visit their grandmother and save Halloweentown from a villain named Kalabar.
The Man with the Golden Gun: The villain, Francisco Scaramanga, owns an AMC Matador coupe that can be converted into a light airplane when wings with a jet engine and a flight tail unit are attached (the car serves as the fuselage and landing gear).
Thunderbirds: Lady Penelope's pink Ford can extend wings and a gas-powered jet engine and take flight, retracting its back wheels. It can also, from flight setting, travel on water, where the wings fold down, and the front wheels retract. In the first film of the original puppet show, in Alan's dream, the original FAB1 Rolls-Royce flew him and Lady Penelope to the Swinging Star.
Sky High: Sky High is a high-school for superheroes and since the school floats high above ground, access is by flying school buses

text: Live action television series[edit]

text:
In the children's TV show, Supercar, the flying car "Supercar" was invented by Rudolph Popkiss and Horatio Beaker, and piloted by Mike Mercury.
Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers: In this 1993 TV show Power Rangers. Billy the Blue Ranger invents a flying car using the Volkswagen Beetle he dubbed the "Rad Bug" It was useful at times when they couldn't teleport to places.
Power Rangers: Turbo In the 1997 season 5, Griller the monster makes cars fly out of control and crash into buildings and on the ground in "Cars Attack". Later on in the episode "The Wheels of fate" a flying red car named Lighting Cruiser is a vehicle that Divatox tried to capture but T.J. captured the car. The Lighting Cruiser has auto driving and can go from wheel mode to flight mode by turning 4 wheels up allowing it to fly and it can fly like a jet. It would be used by T.J. along with Storm Blaster car which was used by Justin Stewart.
Buck Rogers (serial) In the 1939 black and white live action TV series, after Buck Rogers and Buddy Wade wake up from their deep sleep, they discover a future with flying cars.
Marvel's Agents of Shield Characters belonging to the secret spy agency routinely use flying cars designed to look like normal vehicles.

text: Animation[edit]

text:
The Animatrix (2003)

In the best-selling[41] animated film The Animatrix (part of The Matrix saga), specifically in the episode called The Second Renaissance, appears a supposed TV commercial announcing a flying car called Versatran,[42][43] this episode details the backstory of the Matrix universe, and the original war between man and machines which led to the creation of the Matrix; among its content shows the elaboration of the Versatran propulsion engines, and how those engines will latter be used in Hovercraft battleships like the Nebuchadnezzar (the ship Morpheus and Trinity use to rescue Neo).

The animated television series The Jetsons, premiered in 1962, reflected the idea that flying cars would become a significant means of transportation in the future. Flying cars were also featured in the film adaptation of The Jetsons.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward in the 6th season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series. Splinter the Rat and the 4 mutant Turtles Leo, Mike, Ralph, and Don time travel to the year 2105 in a New York city filled with flying cars and wheel cars. Cody Jones also runs Neil Tech industries.
In the animated television series, Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, set in the 22nd century in New London, people use flying cars as main mean of transportation.
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs A scientist Flint Lockwood attempts to build a flying car, but it crashes in the ocean. Later on, Flint Lockwood finally succeeds in building a flying car which he uses to fly up to his machine causing a raining food disaster.
Despicable Me 2 Lucy Wilde owns a car that has the ability to convert into plane mode and both Lucy Wilde and Felonius Gru make their getaway from the Paradise Mall and the cars wings extend out and it flies away.
Home In the 2015 DreamWorks movie, an alien named Oh shows a girl named Tip her car that he wrecked and fixed it into a flying car which they both fly in to save the world.
Pinocchio 3000: Flying cars can be seen in the city Scamboville. Mayor Scamboli owns a flying black car, Marline owns a red flying car convertible. The Scambocop owns a flying police car. Pinocchio steals the flying taxi bus and flies in the skyways to find his dad Geppetto while the Scambocop goes on a flying car chase to pull over the flying taxi bus.
Meet the Robinsons: In this Disney CGI movie Wilbur takes Lewis as a kid to visit the future in the red flying car time machine and visits the future where flying cars are seen in the sky in the futuristic city made by Robinson Industries.
Star Trek Into Darkness: Many flying cars are seen in the skies of San Francisco and London, including flying garbage trucks. The final action sequence showed Spock fighting Khan on top of a couple of flying garbage trucks.
Lilo & Stitch: In this Disney cartoon movie the monster alien named Stitch escapes from jail on a spaceship. He then escapes in a red flying car which he pilots in outer space and crash lands on Earth in Hawaii. Later on near the end of the film Stitch can be seen driving his red hovercar.
Inspector Gadget's Biggest Caper Ever In this CGI movie the gadgetmobile converts from car mode into plane mode by extending its wings out flying over the hole in the road.
Samurai Jack: In this Cartoon Network TV show. Jack has been sent forward in time through the time gate far into the future where he discovers flying hovercars in the city of Aku.
Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet: Spectrum owns a fleet of red sports cars (Cheetah RRV), which can extend wings, fire a thruster and either jump over obstacles in its path or fly. Moreover, Spectrum owns a flying motorcycle design (Skyrider, which does not have wheels) and a motor-tricycle design (Stallion Raid Bike). The latter has wings, so it can be launched from Skybase.
Phineas and Ferb: In the episode My Ride From Outer Space, the series' title characters repair and modify a crashed alien spaceship into a Hot-Rod themed flying car, they also modified their mom's station wagon into a flying car called The Flying Car of The Future, Today
Ben10: In 2 episodes, of the original series, that are set in the future, the title character's grandfather is seen driving a flying future-version of the series' signature Rust Bucket (the old RV that's used as the main transport in the series)
Generator Rex: Rex Salazar (the series' title character) is capable of creating bio-mechanical machines out of parts of his own body. One such machine is called a Hover-bike, a fast version of a Motorcycle that has no wheels and can hover a few feet above the ground, which he uses as his main means of transport.
Kim Possible: A muscle car, known as The Sloth was restored and used by the title character, Kim, and her twin brothers. The same car is then later modified more extensively as a rocket-propelled vehicle, and it eventually ends-up flying into outer-space

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Back to the Future II & III NES 1990: Marty uses a remote control that allows the flying car Delorean to come to Marty whenever he needs to time travel to the years 1955, 1985A and 2015.
Space Quest IV The Time Rippers: While Roger Wilco visits Space Quest X: Latex Babes of Estros, he gets kidnapped by women called Latex Babes. After Roger saves them from the Sea Slug monster they take him in a flying car to the Mall in the Galaxy called Galaxy Galleria.
F-zero GX 2003: In the city called Aeropolis Multiplex, while the player is racing in a hovercar. There are flying car traffic jams the player can see while racing in their hovercar.
Wipeout Fusion 2002: There are flying cars that can be seen while racing on the moon.
Beam Breakers 2002: In the year 2173 the player is driving in a flying car in the skyways, dodging other flying cars in cities like "Neo York". There are 57 missions in story mode and the goals include dodging flying police cars, stealing other flying cars, ramming into an opponents, vandalizing restaurants and competing in a flying car race with flying car racers.
Eyetoy: Antigrav 2004: This game has flying cars in 4 cities the player has to dodge while riding on a hoverboard.
Meet the Robinsons video game 2007: Wilbur uses the red flying car time machine to chase after the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris the robot hat who stole the blue flying car time machine. Also flying cars can be seen outside Robinson Industries.
Crime Cities 2001: Flying car can be seen flying in the city. Also the player can drive their flying car and they can shoot flying cars out of the sky.
Samurai Jack: The Shadow of Aku 2004: For Nintendo Gamecube, PlayStation 2. In the futuristic city of Aku, Samurai Jack has to jump on flying hovercars to get from building to building and must be careful he doesn't fall to his death.
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City contains a cheat to enable cars to fly.[44][45]
In Professor Layton and the Lost Future, Layton's car is modified so that it can fly.

text: Literature[edit]

text:
In the science fiction novel, Ralph 124C 41+, people use "Aeroflyer", a small flying car that can reach speeds of up to 600 mph (970 km/h)
Valérian and Laureline in the fifteenth volume, The Circles of Power