document_title: Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)

question_text: who played the mad hatter in alice through the looking glass

text: Plot[edit]

text: Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father's footsteps and sailing the high seas. Upon her return to London from China, Alice discovers that her ex-fiancé, Hamish Ascot, has married her look-alike and taken over her father's company and plans to have her sell him her father's ship, "the Wonder", in exchange for her family home. Unable to make a choice, Alice runs away, and comes across her butterfly friend Absolem, who disappears through a mysterious mirror in one of the upstairs rooms, returning to Wonderland.

text: There, Alice is greeted by Mirana of Marmoreal the White Queen, Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit, the Tweedles, Mallymkun the Dormouse, Thackery Earwicket the March Hare, Bayard, and the Cheshire Cat. They inform her that Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter is in poor health because his family is missing following the Attack of the Jabberwocky. The attack occurred shortly after his father, Zanik, a hat retailer, seemed to reject Tarrant's gift of a hat creation.

text: The White Queen persuades Alice to convince Time himself to save the Mad Hatter's family in the past, believing her to be the only one who can save the Hatter. However, she cautions Alice about Time, and that if her past self sees her future self, everything will be history. As Alice sets out, she ends up in a dreary castle, where Time himself, a demigod that is part-human, part-clock, resides. As Alice tries to consult Time, she finds the Chronosphere, an object that powers all time in Wonderland and will allow her to travel to any time in the past.

text: Alice ignores Time's warning that the past is unchangeable, and steals the Chronosphere, shortly after finding Iracebeth of Crims, the exiled Red Queen, in the care of Time. Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth's coronation, where a younger Mad Hatter mocks the Red Queen when the royal crown doesn't fit on her abnormally large head. This causes Iracebeth to melt down, and her father deems her emotionally unqualified to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister, the White Queen.

text: Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth's and Mirana's past that caused friction between the two and travels back in time again, hoping it will change Iracebeth's ways and stop the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter's family. She learns that the hat that the Mad Hatter thought his father threw away was actually treasured by him. Meanwhile, at the White Queen and Red Queen's castle, at the time they are children, Mirana steals a tart from her mother and eats it. When confronted by their mother, Mirana lies about eating the tart, and Iracebeth is accused, causing her to run out of the castle. Alice sees that Iracebeth is about to run into a clock, thinking that's the event that deforms her head and personality. Alice prevents that collision but fails to change the past, as Iracebeth trips and slams her head into a stone wall instead.

text: A weakened Time then confronts Alice after relentless searching, and scolds her for putting all of time in danger. Out of panic, Alice runs into a nearby mirror back in the real world, where she wakes up in a mental hospital, diagnosed with female hysteria. As Dr. Addison Bennett, a psychiatric doctor, tries to inject her with a sedative, with her mother Helen's encouragement and help, she escapes and returns to Wonderland via the mirror, where she travels to Horevendush Day, when the Hightopp family was killed. Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter's family was captured by the Red Queen instead and never died. Returning to the present, however, Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter is on the brink of death.

text: Alice, close to tears, says that she believes him, and Tarrant transforms back to his normal self. The Wonderlandians go to the Red Queen's new organic plant castle, where the Mad Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm. However, the Red Queen apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice. Ignoring Time's warning, she takes her sister back to the day she lied about the tart. By the time the Mad Hatter and Alice get there, the Red Queen and her younger self have seen each other. Time becomes a paradox, and Wonderland begins to freeze in rust. As a powerless Time's pleas, Alice and the Mad Hatter, with the White Queen and now-frozen Red Queen, use the Chronosphere to race back to the present as the rust proceeds to spread all over the ocean of Time and the castle, where Alice places the Chronosphere in its original place in time.

text: With the Chronosphere stabilized, Wonderland, including those frozen, are reverted to normal. The Mad Hatter reunites with his family, and the White Queen and Red Queen make amends, while Time forgives Alice for the trouble she caused, but forbids her to return. Alice bids farewell to her friends and returns to the real world through another mirror. Alice finds her mother, Helen, about to sign over the Wonder to Hamish and reassures her that it's only a ship. Helen decides to support her daughter regardless. Hamish seizes the Kingsleigh family home but not the ship. Alice and her mother set out to travel the world together with their own shipping company.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter[3]

Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp[4]

Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen[3]

Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana[5]

Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh[3]
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen.[3]

Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth[6]

Sacha Baron Cohen as Time, a powerful Father Time-godlike human clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over of time in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle[3]
Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp, the Hatter's father[3]
Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee[3]
Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh, Alice's mother
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, now "Lord Ascot" following his father's death
Geraldine James as Lady Ascot, Hamish's mother
Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett,[7] a cruel psychiatric doctor
Ed Speleers as James Harcourt,[3] an employee of the Ascots
Richard Armitage as King Oleron, Iracebeth and Mirana's father
Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere, Iracebeth and Mirana's mother
Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot, Hamish's wife
Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp, the Hatter's mother
Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp

Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp

Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp
Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp
Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp
Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Butterfly[3]
Stephen Fry as Cheshire, the Cheshire Cat[3]
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit[3]
Timothy Spall as Bayard, the Bloodhound[3]

Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard[8]

Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse[3]
Matt Vogel as Wilkins, Time's long-suffering manservant. Toby Jones was originally announced in the role[9]
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare[3]
Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty. John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character[10]
Meera Syal as Nobody
Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish
Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog
Paul Hunter as the White Chess King, a chess piece

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was announced via Variety in December 2012.[11] Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted,[12] Of being asked, Bobin has said that "I just couldn't pass it up", as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general.[13] In July 2013, it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter,[14] with Mia Wasikowska's return confirmed the following November.[15] In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time.[16] In May 2014, Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's father.[17] In developing the character of "Time", Bobin sought to avoid creating a "straight-up bad guy", noting that it would be "a bit dull", and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen.[12] Instead, Bobin sought to make Time a "Twit", further explaining that "There's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen", and adding that "it was very much with Sacha in mind".[12]

text: Principal photography began on August 4, 2014, at Shepperton Studios.[18] In August 2014, filming took place in Gloucester Docks, which included the use of at least four historic ships: Kathleen and May, Irene, Excelsior, and the Earl of Pembroke, the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming.[19][20][21][22][23] Principal photography ended on October 31, 2014.[24]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Danny Elfman

Released
May 27, 2016

Recorded
2016

Studio
Abbey Road Studios

Genre
Orchestral, pop rock

Length
76:53

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Danny Elfman

Danny Elfman film scores chronology

Goosebumps
(2015)Goosebumps2015
Alice Through the Looking Glass
(2016)
Before I Wake
(2016)Before I Wake2016

Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Just Like Fire"
Released: April 15, 2016
"Alice"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Saving the Ship"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Looking Glass"
Released: June 1, 2016
"Truth"
Released: July 28, 2016
"Story of Time"
Released: August 7, 2016
"The Red Queen"
Released: October 18, 2016
"The Chronosphere"
Released: October 20, 2016

text: The film’s score was composed by Danny Elfman. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 2016, by Walt Disney Records. Pink recorded the song "Just Like Fire" for the film, and also covered Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit", only used in the film's promotional material.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Alice"
6:35

2.
"Saving the Ship"
3:40

3.
"Watching Time"
5:10

4.
"Looking Glass"
3:30

5.
"To the Rescue"
0:56

6.
"Hatter House"
3:47

7.
"The Red Queen"
2:29

8.
"The Chronosphere"
4:15

9.
"Warning Hightopps"
2:23

10.
"Tea Time Forever"
1:45

11.
"Oceans of Time"
1:15

12.
"Hat Heartbreak"
2:27

13.
"Asylum Escape"
4:06

14.
"Hatter's Deathbed"
3:22

15.
"Finding the Family"
2:04

16.
"Time Is Up"
4:24

17.
"World's End"
1:50

18.
"Truth"
4:09

19.
"Goodbye Alice"
2:13

20.
"Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh"
1:19

21.
"Seconds Song"
0:11

22.
"Friends United"
1:06

23.
"Time's Castle"
1:49

24.
"The Seconds"
1:55

25.
"Clock Shop"
0:50

26.
"They're Alive"
2:23

27.
"Story of Time"
3:03

28.
"Just Like Fire" (performed by Pink)
3:35

Total length:
76:53

text: Release[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10, 2016, and was theatrically released on May 27, 2016, in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on October 18, 2016, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[25][26] It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu-ray Disc sales charts.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million, against a budget of $170 million.[1]

text: North America[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27, 2016, alongside X-Men: Apocalypse, and was initially projected to gross $55–60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend, but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth.[28] It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters, 380 IMAX screens, 77 premium large formats and 79 D-box locations.[29][30] It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews (to the first film's $3.9 million)[31] and just $9.7 million on its first day, compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor.[32] Through its opening weekend, it earned $27 million, which when compared to its predecessor's $116 million opening is down 70%.[28] While 3D represented 71% ($82 million) of the original film's opening gross, 3D constituted only 41% ($11 million) for this sequel, with 29% coming from traditional 3D shows, 11% from IMAX, and 1% from premium large formats.[33] It became the studio's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time in 2010.[33] During its first week, the film grossed $40.1 million.[34] In its second weekend, the film grossed $11.3 million (a 55.1% drop), finishing 4th at the box office.[35]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: The film was released across 43 countries (72% of its total market place) the same weekend as the US, and was estimated to gross $80–100 million in its opening weekend. It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men: Apocalypse.[36] It ended up grossing $62.7 million, which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows.[37] It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ($4.5 million), Brazil ($4.1 million), and Russia ($3.9 million).[37] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £2.23 million ($3.1 million) during its opening weekend, a mere 21% of the first film's £10.56 million ($15.2 million) opening from 603 theaters. It debuted in second place behind X-Men: Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play.[38] In China, it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million[39] and went on to score the second biggest Disney live-action (non-Marvel or Lucasfilm) opening ever with $26.6 million, behind only The Jungle Book.[37] However, this was down from its $35–45 million projections.[40] It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday. By comparison, the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total.[41][42]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 29% based on 234 reviews, and an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor, but that isn't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor.[45]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review, "What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll? Hardly anything" and that overall, "It's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one".[46] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film, "gaudy, loud, complacent, and vulgar."[47] Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film "hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid" and that, overall, the movie "is just one more silly Hollywood mashup, an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would-be blockbuster".[48]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass, describing it as "the most offensive kind of film...one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money. You give it, they take it. And you get nothing in return but assurances that you're seeing magic and wonder. The movie keeps repeating it in your ear, and flashing it onscreen in big block letters: MAGIC AND WONDER. MAGIC AND WONDER. But there is no magic, no wonder, just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll, tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and 'action scenes', with blockbuster 'journey movie' tropes affixed to every set-piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes."[49]

text: Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review: "The screenplay (by Linda Woolverton) isn't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas, but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special-effects team goes bonkers".[50] Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be "stupidly expensive" and the story familiar, he called it, "a solid kids’ movie in the old style".[51]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Nominated
[52]

Worst Supporting Actor
Johnny Depp

Worst Screen Combo
Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume

Golden Trailer Awards
Best Animation Family
"Poem"
[53]

The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over
"Poem"

Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot
"Grammys"

Best Original Score TV Spot
"Grammys"

Grammy Awards
Best Song Written For Visual Media
"Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback
[54]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Best Song – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film
"Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback
Won
[55][56]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Nominated
[57]

Satellite Awards
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Dan Hennah
[58]

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood

Saturn Awards
Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
[59]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"Just Like Fire" by Pink
[60]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature
Jacob Clark, Joseph Pepper, Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan
[61]


document_title: Chief Justice of Pakistan

question_text: date of retirement of chief justice of pakistan

root

text: Chief Justice of Pakistan

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: Pakistan's longest-serving Chief Justice was Mohammad Haleem for total of 3,205 days. The shortest-serving Chief Justice was Muhammad Shahabuddin, who died in office 9 days after taking oath. Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry is the only Justice to have served non-consecutive terms, for a total of three terms with total of 2,480 days.

tag: p

text:
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by

1
Abdul Rashid
000000001949-06-27-000027 June 1949
000000001954-06-29-000029 June 1954
1,826
Lahore High Court
Government of India Act 1935

2
Muhammad Munir
000000001954-06-29-000029 June 1954
000000001960-05-02-00002 May 1960
2,134
Lahore High Court
Malik Ghulam Muhammad

3
Muhammad Shahabuddin†
000000001960-05-03-00003 May 1960
000000001960-05-12-000012 May 1960
9
Madras High Court
Ayub Khan

4
A.R. Cornelius
000000001960-05-13-000013 May 1960
000000001968-02-29-000029 February 1968
2,848
Lahore High Court

5
S.A. Rahman
000000001968-03-01-00001 March 1968
000000001968-06-03-00003 June 1968
94
Lahore High Court

6
Fazal Akbar
000000001968-06-04-00004 June 1968
000000001968-11-17-000017 November 1968
166
East Pakistan High Court

7
Hamoodur Rahman†
000000001968-11-18-000018 November 1968
000000001975-10-31-000031 October 1975
2,538
Calcutta High Court

8
Yaqub Ali
000000001975-11-01-00001 November 1975
000000001977-09-22-000022 September 1977
691
Lahore High Court
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

9
S. Anwarul Haq
000000001977-09-23-000023 September 1977
000000001981-03-25-000025 March 1981
1,279
Lahore High Court

10
Mohammad Haleem
000000001981-03-23-000023 March 1981
000000001989-12-31-000031 December 1989
3,205
Sindh High Court
Zia-ul-Haq

11
Afzal Zullah
000000001990-01-01-00001 January 1990
000000001993-04-18-000018 April 1993
1,203
Lahore High Court
Ghulam Ishaq Khan

12
Nasim Hasan Shah
000000001993-04-17-000017 April 1993
000000001994-04-14-000014 April 1994
362
Lahore High Court

A*
Saad Saud Jan
000000001994-04-15-000015 April 1994
000000001994-06-04-00004 June 1994
50
Lahore High Court
Farooq Leghari

13
Sajjad Ali Shah
000000001994-06-05-00005 June 1994
000000001997-12-02-00002 December 1997
1,276
Sindh High Court

14
Ajmal Mian
000000001997-12-27-000027 December 1997
000000001999-06-30-000030 June 1999
550
Sindh High Court
Wasim Sajjad

15
Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui
000000001999-07-01-00001 July 1999
000000002000-01-26-000026 January 2000
209
Sindh High Court
Rafiq Tarar

16
Irshad Hasan Khan
000000002000-01-26-000026 January 2000
000000002002-01-06-00006 January 2002
711
Lahore High Court

17
Bashir Jehangiri
000000002002-01-07-00007 January 2002
000000002002-01-31-000031 January 2002
24
Peshawar High Court
Pervez Musharraf

18
Sheikh Riaz Ahmad
000000002002-02-01-00001 February 2002
000000002003-12-31-000031 December 2003
698
Lahore High Court

19
Nazim Hussain Siddiqui
000000002003-12-31-000031 December 2003
000000002005-06-29-000029 June 2005
546
Sindh High Court

20
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (1st)
000000002005-06-29-000029 June 2005
000000002007-03-09-00009 March 2007
618
Balochistan High Court

A
Javaid Iqbal
000000002007-03-09-00009 March 2007
000000002007-03-24-000024 March 2007
15
Balochistan High Court

A
Rana Bhagwandas
000000002007-03-25-000025 March 2007
000000002007-07-20-000020 July 2007
87
Sindh High Court

20
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (2nd)
000000002007-07-20-000020 July 2007
000000002007-11-03-00003 November 2007
136
Balochistan High Court

±
A. H. Dogar
000000002007-11-03-00003 November 2007
000000002009-03-21-000021 March 2009
504
Sindh High Court

20
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (3rd)
000000002009-03-21-000021 March 2009
000000002013-12-11-000011 December 2013
1,726
Balochistan High Court
Asif Ali Zardari

21
Tassaduq Hussain Jillani
000000002013-12-12-000012 December 2013
000000002014-07-06-00006 July 2014
176
Lahore High Court
Mamnoon Hussain

22
Nasir-ul-Mulk
000000002014-07-07-00007 July 2014
000000002015-08-16-000016 August 2015
435
Peshawar High Court

23
Jawwad S. Khawaja
000000002015-08-17-000017 August 2015
000000002015-09-09-00009 September 2015
23
Lahore High Court

24
Anwar Zaheer Jamali
000000002015-09-10-000010 September 2015
000000002016-12-30-000030 December 2016
829
Sindh High Court

25
Mian Saqib Nisar
000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016
000000002019-01-17-000017 January 2019
351
Lahore High Court

tag: table

text:
A Acting
± Recess appointment, later rejected by the Supreme Judicial Council. All decisions voided due to illegality of appointment.
† Died in office

tag: ul

text: Time Line[edit]


document_title: Blood test

question_text: medical term for a blood test to measure the levels of oxygen in the blood

text: Blood test

text: Extraction[edit]

text: Venipuncture is useful as it is a minimally invasive way to obtain cells and extracellular fluid (plasma) from the body for analysis. Blood flows throughout the body, acting as a medium which provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues and carries waste products back to the excretory systems for disposal. Consequently, the state of the bloodstream affects, or is affected by, many medical conditions. For these reasons, blood tests are the most commonly performed medical tests.[1]

text: If only a few drops of blood are needed, a fingerstick is performed instead of drawing blood from a vein.[2]

text: Phlebotomists, laboratory practitioners and nurses are those charged with patient blood extraction. However, in special circumstances, and emergency situations, paramedics and physicians sometimes extract blood. Also, respiratory therapists are trained to extract arterial blood to examine arterial blood gases.[3][4]

text: Types of tests[edit]

text: Biochemical analysis[edit]

text: A basic metabolic panel measures sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium.  Tests focusing on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[5]

text: Some tests, such as those that measure glucose or a lipid profile, require fasting (or no food consumption) eight to twelve hours prior to the drawing of the blood sample.[6]

text: For the majority of tests, blood is usually obtained from the patient's vein. Other specialized tests, such as the arterial blood gas test, require blood extracted from an artery. Blood gas analysis of arterial blood is primarily used to monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen levels related to pulmonary function, but is also used to measure blood pH and bicarbonate levels for certain metabolic conditions.[7]

text: While the regular glucose test is taken at a certain point in time, the glucose tolerance test involves repeated testing to determine the rate at which glucose is processed by the body.[8]

text: Normal ranges[edit]

text: Blood tests results should always be interpreted using the ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the test. Example ranges are shown below.

text:
Test[9][10]
Low
High
Unit
Comments

Sodium (Na)
134
145
mmol/L

Potassium (K)
3.5
5.0
mmol/L

Urea
2.5
6.4
mmol/L
Blood urea nitrogen

Urea
15
40
mg/dL

Creatinine - male
62
115
μmol/L

Creatinine - female
53
97
μmol/L

Creatinine - male
0.7
1.3
mg/dL

Creatinine - female
0.6
1.2

mg/dL

Glucose (fasting)
3.9
5.8
mmol/L
See also glycated hemoglobin

Glucose (fasting)
70
120
mg/dL

text: Common abbreviations[edit]

text: Upon completion of a blood test analysis, patients may receive a report with blood test abbreviations. Examples of common blood test abbreviations are shown below.

text:
Abbreviation[11][12]

Stands for

Description

HDL

High Density Lipoprotein

Level of "good cholesterol" in the blood (ratio of HDL:LDL is usually more significant than actual values)

LDL

Low Density Lipoprotein

Level of "bad cholesterol" in the blood (ratio of HDL:LDL is usually more significant than actual values)

CRP

C-Reactive Protein

Level of inflammation with the body. If the immune system is fighting an infection or illness, CRP will be higher.

CBC
(UK: FBC)

Complete Blood Count
(UK: Full Blood Count)

Analysis of 15 different blood test readings to provide information about overall health.

TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyroid regulates the function of metabolism. Low levels can lead to weight loss, while high levels lead to weight gain.

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Indicates the time it takes for red blood cells to move down a tube. This shows signs of inflammation within a body.

INR

International Normalized Ratio

This is a blood clotting test.

LFT

Liver Function Test

This test reveals the levels of waste products, enzymes and proteins that are processed by the liver.

U+E

Urea and Electrolytes

This test is performed to measure the function of kidney.

CMP

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

This analysis provides an overall picture of the metabolism and chemical balance of the body.

WBC

White Blood Cell Count

The level of white blood cells.

RBC

Red Blood Cell Count

The level of red blood cells.

HBC

Hemoglobin

Level of hemoglobin molecules.

HCT

Hematocrit

Similar to RBC but in percentage.

PLT

Platelets

Platelets levels in the blood.

text: Molecular profiles[edit]

text:
Protein electrophoresis (general technique—not a specific test)
Western blot (general technique—not a specific test)
Liver function tests
Polymerase chain reaction (DNA). DNA profiling is today possible with even very small quantities of blood: this is commonly used in forensic science, but is now also part of the diagnostic process of many disorders.
Northern blot (RNA)
Sexually transmitted diseases

text: Cellular evaluation[edit]

text:
Full blood count (or "complete blood count")
Hematocrit
MCV ("mean corpuscular volume")
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Cross-matching. Determination of blood type for blood transfusion or transplants
Blood cultures are commonly taken if infection is suspected. Positive cultures and resulting sensitivity results are often useful in guiding medical treatment.

text: Future alternatives[edit]

text: Saliva tests[edit]

text: In 2008, scientists announced that the more cost effective saliva testing could eventually replace some blood tests, as saliva contains 20% of the proteins found in blood.[13][14]

text: Microemulsion[edit]

text: In February 2011, Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary's Schulich School of Engineering announced a microchip for blood tests. Dubbed a microemulsion, a droplet of blood captured inside a layer of another substance. It can control the exact size and spacing of the droplets. The new test could improve the efficiency, accuracy and speed of laboratory tests while also doing it cheaply.[15] The microchip costs $25, whereas the robotic dispensers currently in use cost around $10,000.[citation needed]

text: SIMBAS[edit]

text: March 2011: A team of researchers from UC Berkeley, DCU and University of Valparaíso have developed lab-on-a-chip that can diagnose diseases within 10 minutes without the use of external tubing and extra components. It is called Self-powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System (SIMBAS). It uses tiny trenches to separate blood cells from plasma (99 percent of blood cells were captured during experiments). Researchers used plastic components, to reduce manufacturing costs.[16][17]


document_title: Trinity

question_text: who first held that the trinity is defined as one substance in three persons

question_tokens: who first held that the trinity is defined as one substance in three persons

text: Trinity

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "trinity" is derived from Latin trinitas, meaning "the number three, a triad". This abstract noun is formed from the adjective trinus (three each, threefold, triple),[21] as the word unitas is the abstract noun formed from unus (one).

text: The corresponding word in Greek is tριάς, meaning "a set of three" or "the number three".[22] The first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170. He wrote:[23][24]

text: In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries, are types of the Trinity [Τριάδος], of God, and His Word, and His wisdom. And the fourth is the type of man, who needs light, that so there may be God, the Word, wisdom, man.[25]

text: Tertullian, a Latin theologian who wrote in the early 3rd century, is credited as being the first to use the Latin words "Trinity",[26] "person" and "substance"[27] to explain that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are "one in essence—not one in Person".[28]

text: History[edit]

text: The Ante-Nicene Fathers asserted Christ's deity and spoke of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit", even though their language is not that of the traditional doctrine as formalised in the fourth century. Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine.[30] Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110,[31] exhorting obedience to "Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit".[32] Justin Martyr (AD 100–c. 165) also writes, "in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit".[33] The first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word "Trinity" was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, His Word (Logos) and His Wisdom (Sophia)[34] in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation. The first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian. He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended the Trinitarian theology against the "Praxean" heresy.[35] St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps.[36]

text: Another early, and already more philosophic, formulation of the Trinity (again without usage of that term) is attributed to the Gnostic teacher Valentinus (lived c.100 – c.160), who according to the fourth century theologian Marcellus of Ancyra, was “the first to devise the notion of three subsistent entities (hypostases), in a work that he entitled On the Three Natures.” The highly allegorical exegesis of the Valentinian school inclined it to interpret the relevant scriptural passages as affirming a Divinity that, in some manner, is threefold. The Valentinian Gospel of Philip, which dates to approximately the time of Tertullian, upholds the Trinitarian formula. Whatever his influence on the later fully formed doctrine may have been, however, Valentinus's school is rejected as heretical by orthodox Christians.

text: Although there is much debate as to whether the beliefs of the Apostles were merely articulated and explained in the Trinitarian Creeds,[37] or were corrupted and replaced with new beliefs,[38][39] all scholars recognize that the Creeds themselves were created in reaction to disagreements over the nature of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. These controversies took some centuries to be resolved.

text: Of these controversies, the most significant developments were articulated in the first four centuries by the Church Fathers[37] in reaction to Adoptionism, Sabellianism, and Arianism. Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man, born of Joseph and Mary, who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism. In 269, the Synods of Antioch condemned Paul of Samosata for his Adoptionist theology, and also condemned the term homoousios (ὁμοούσιος, "of the same being") in the sense he used it.[40]

text: Sabellianism taught that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same, the difference being simply verbal, describing different aspects or roles of a single being.[41] For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for heresy in Rome c. 220.

text: In the fourth century, Arius, as traditionally understood,[note 1] taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not, by nature, God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming "Son of God".[42] In 325, the Council of Nicaea adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father".[43][44] The creed used the term homoousios (of one substance) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son. After more than fifty years of debate, homoousios was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy, and was further developed into the formula of "three persons, one being".

text: The third Council of Sirmium, in 357, was the high point of Arianism. The Seventh Arian Confession (Second Sirmium Confession) held that both homoousios (of one substance) and homoiousios (of similar substance) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son. (This confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium)

text: But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin substantia, but in Greek ousia, that is, to make it understood more exactly, as to 'coessential,' or what is called, 'like-in-essence,' there ought to be no mention of any of these at all, nor exposition of them in the Church, for this reason and for this consideration, that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them, and that they are above men's knowledge and above men's understanding;[45]

text: Athanasius (293–373), who was present at the Council as one of the Bishop of Alexandria's assistants, stated that the bishops were forced to use this terminology,[46] which is not found in Scripture, because the biblical phrases that they would have preferred to use were claimed by the Arians to be capable of being interpreted in what the bishops considered to be a heretical sense.[47] Moreover, the meanings of "ousia" and "hypostasis" overlapped then, so that "hypostasis" for some meant "essence" and for others "person".

text: The Confession of the Council of Nicaea said little about the Holy Spirit.[48] The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life.[49] He defended and refined the Nicene formula.[48] By the end of the 4th century, under the leadership of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus (the Cappadocian Fathers), the doctrine had reached substantially its current form.[48]

text: Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity, "No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One. When I think of any of the Three, I think of Him as the Whole, and my eyes are filled, and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me. I cannot grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest. When I contemplate the Three together, I see but one torch, and cannot divide or measure out the undivided light."[50]

text: Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where Saint Benedict dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in 872.[51] Feast Days were not instituted until 1091 at Cluny and 1162 at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until 1331.[52]

text: Theology[edit]

text: Trinitarian baptismal formula[edit]

text: In the synoptic Gospels the baptism of Jesus is often interpreted as a manifestation of all three persons of the Trinity: "And when Jesus was baptized, he went up immediately from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened and he saw the spirit of God descending like a dove, and alighting on him; and lo, a voice from heaven, saying, 'This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.'"[Mt 3:16–17] Baptism is generally conferred with the Trinitarian formula, "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit".[Mt 28:19] Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation, as seen for example in the statement of Basil the Great (330–379): "We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received, and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized." The First Council of Constantinople (381) also says, "This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to this Faith there is one Godhead, Power, and Being of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." Matthew 28:19 may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church's existence.

text: Oneness Pentecostals demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism ‘in the name of Jesus Christ’ as the original apostolic formula.[53] For this reason, they often focus on the baptisms in Acts. Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew 28:19 in its present form. Most scholars of New Testament textual criticism accept the authenticity of the passage, since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula, and the extant form of the passage is attested in the Didache[54] and other patristic works of the 1st and 2nd centuries: Ignatius,[55] Tertullian,[56] Hippolytus,[57] Cyprian,[58] and Gregory Thaumaturgus.[59]

text: Commenting on Matthew 28:19, Gerhard Kittel states:

text: This threefold relation [of Father, Son and Spirit] soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 Cor. 13:14 and in 1 Cor. 12:4–6. The form is first found in the baptismal formula in Matthew 28:19; Did., 7. 1 and 3....[I]t is self-evident that Father, Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship.[60]

text: Fundamental monotheism[edit]

text: Christianity, having emerged from Judaism, is a monotheistic religion. Never in the New Testament does the Trinitarian concept become a "tritheism" (three Gods) nor even two.[61] God is one, and that God is a single being is strongly declared in the Bible:

text:
The Shema of the Hebrew Scriptures: "Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one."[Deut 6:4]
The first of the Ten Commandments—"Thou shalt have no other gods before me."[5:7]
And "Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel and his redeemer the LORD of hosts: I am the first and I am the last; and beside me there is no God."[Isa 44:6]
In the New Testament: "The LORD our God is one."[Mk 12:29]

text: In the Trinitarian view, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit share the one essence, substance or being. The central and crucial affirmation of Christian faith is that there is one savior, God, and one salvation, manifest in Jesus Christ, to which there is access only because of the Holy Spirit. The God of the Old Testament is still the same as the God of the New. In Christianity, statements about a single God are intended to distinguish the Hebraic understanding from the polytheistic view, which see divine power as shared by several beings, beings which can and do disagree and have conflicts with each other.

text: One God as Three Persons[edit]

text:
The
Father
Son
Holy
Spirit

The "Shield of the Trinity" or Scutum Fidei diagram of traditional medieval Western Christian symbolism

text: In Trinitarian doctrine, God exists as three persons or hypostases, but is one being, having a single divine nature.[62] The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal, one in essence, nature, power, action, and will. As stated in the Athanasian Creed, the Father is uncreated, the Son is uncreated, and the Holy Spirit is uncreated, and all three are eternal without beginning.[63] "The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit" are not names for different parts of God, but one name for God[64] because three persons exist in God as one entity.[65] They cannot be separate from one another. Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature, not merely similar natures.[66]

text: For Trinitarians, emphasis in Genesis 1:26 is on the plurality in the Deity, and in 1:27 on the unity of the divine Essence. A possible interpretation of Genesis 1:26 is that God's relationships in the Trinity are mirrored in man by the ideal relationship between husband and wife, two persons becoming one flesh, as described in Eve's creation later in the next chapter.[2:22]

text: Perichoresis[edit]

text: Perichoresis (from Greek, "going around", "envelopment") is a term used by some theologians to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity. The Latin equivalent for this term is circumincessio. This concept refers for its basis to John 14–17, where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure. His going to the Father, he says, is for their sake; so that he might come to them when the "other comforter" is given to them. Then, he says, his disciples will dwell in him, as he dwells in the Father, and the Father dwells in him, and the Father will dwell in them. This is so, according to the theory of perichoresis, because the persons of the Trinity "reciprocally contain one another, so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by, the other whom he yet envelopes". (Hilary of Poitiers, Concerning the Trinity 3:1).[67]

text: Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts, but rather is a simple being. It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself, in the Apostle Paul's words, "all the fullness of deity" and not a part. (See also: Divinization (Christian)). Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean. The Son, the eternal Word, is from all eternity the dwelling place of God; he is the "Father's house", just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit; so that, when the Spirit is "given", then it happens as Jesus said, "I will not leave you as orphans; for I will come to you."[John 14:18]

text: According to the words of Jesus, married persons are in some sense no longer two but are joined into one. Therefore, Orthodox theologians also see the marriage relationship between a man and a woman to be an example of this sacred union. "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh." Gen. 2:24. "Wherefore they are no more twain but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder." Matt. 19: 6.[image or "icon" 17:22]

text: Eternal generation and procession[edit]

text: Trinitarianism affirms that the Son is "begotten" (or "generated") of the Father and that the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father, but the Father is "neither begotten nor proceeds". The argument over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, or from the Father and the Son, was one of the catalysts of the Great Schism, in this case concerning the Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that, in the sense of the Latin verb procedere (which does not have to indicate ultimate origin and is therefore compatible with proceeding through), but not in that of the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι (which implies ultimate origin),[68] the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father and the Son, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, which teaches that the Spirit "proceeds" from the Father alone, has made no statement on the claim of a difference in meaning between the two words, one Greek and one Latin, both of which are translated as "proceeds". The Eastern Orthodox Churches object to the Filioque clause on ecclesiological and theological grounds, holding that "from the Father" means "from the Father alone".

text: This language is often considered difficult because, if used regarding humans or other created things, it would imply time and change; when used here, no beginning, change in being, or process within time is intended and is excluded. The Son is generated ("born" or "begotten"), and the Spirit proceeds, eternally. Augustine of Hippo explains, "Thy years are one day, and Thy day is not daily, but today; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow, for neither does it follow yesterday. Thy today is eternity; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal, to whom Thou saidst, 'This day have I begotten Thee.'"[Ps 2:7]

text: Most Protestant groups that use the creed also include the Filioque clause. Its controversial use is addressed in several confessions: the Westminster Confession 2:3, the London Baptist Confession 2:3, and the Lutheran Augsburg Confession 1:1–6.

text: Economic and immanent Trinity[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The term "immanent Trinity" focuses on who God is; the term “economic Trinity” focuses on what God does.

text: According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church,

text: The Fathers of the Church distinguish between theology (theologia) and economy (oikonomia). "Theology" refers to the mystery of God's inmost life within the Blessed Trinity and "economy" to all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life. Through the oikonomia the theologia is revealed to us; but conversely, the theologia illuminates the whole oikonomia. God's works reveal who he is in himself; the mystery of his inmost being enlightens our understanding of all his works. So it is, analogously, among human persons. A person discloses himself in his actions, and the better we know a person, the better we understand his actions.[69]

text: The ancient Nicene theologians argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father, Son, and Spirit working in unity with one will. The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably, for their work is always the work of the one God. The Son's will cannot be different from the Father's because it is the Father's. They have but one will as they have but one being. Otherwise they would not be one God. According to Phillip Cary, if there were relations of command and obedience between the Father and the Son, there would be no Trinity at all but rather three gods.[70] On this point St. Basil observes "When then He says, 'I have not spoken of myself', and again, 'As the Father said unto me, so I speak', and 'The word which ye hear is not mine, but [the Father's] which sent me', and in another place, 'As the Father gave me commandment, even so I do', it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation, nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key-note, that he employs language of this kind. His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father. Do not then let us understand by what is called a 'commandment' a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech, and giving orders to the Son, as to a subordinate, concerning what He ought to do. Let us rather, in a sense befitting the Godhead, perceive a transmission of will, like the reflexion of an object in a mirror, passing without note of time from Father to Son."[71]

text: Athanasius of Alexandria explained that the Son is eternally one in being with the Father, temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry.[72] Such human traits, he argued, were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity. Likewise, the Cappadocian Fathers also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity. As Basil wrote: "We perceive the operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit to be one and the same, in no respect showing differences or variation; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature."[73]

text: The traditional theory of "appropriation" consists in attributing certain names, qualities, or operations to one of the Persons of the Trinity, not, however, to the exclusion of the others, but in preference to the others. This theory was established by the Latin Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries, especially by Hilary of Poitiers, Augustine, and Leo the Great. In the Middle Ages, the theory was systematically taught by the Schoolmen such as Bonaventure.[74]

text: Roger E. Olson says that a number of evangelical theologians hold the view that there is a hierarchy of authority in the Trinity with the Son being subordinate to the Father. "The Gospel of John makes this clear as Jesus repeatedly mentions that he came to do the Father's will."[75] Olsen cautions, however, that the hierarchy in the "economic Trinity" should be distinguished from the "immanent Trinity". He cites the Cappadocian Fathers, "the Father is the source or “fount” of divinity within the Godhead; the Son and the Spirit derive their deity from the Father eternally (so there is no question of inequality of being). Their favorite analogy was the sun and its light and heat. There is no imagining the sun without its light and heat and yet it is the source of them."[75]

text: Benjamin B. Warfield saw a principle of subordination in the "modes of operation" of the Trinity, but was also hesitant to ascribe the same to the "modes of subsistence" in relation of one to another. While noting that it is natural to see a subordination in function as reflecting a similar subordination in substance, he suggests that this might be the result of "...an agreement by Persons of the Trinity – a "Covenant" as it is technically called – by virtue of which a distinct function in the work of redemption is assumed by each".[76]

text: Political aspect[edit]

text: Richard E. Rubenstein says that Emperor Constantine and his advisor Hosius of Corduba were aware of the usefulness of having a divinely ordained church in which the church authority, and not the individual, was able to determine individual salvation, and threw their support toward the homoousion Nicene formula.[77] According to Eusebius, Constantine suggested the term homoousios at the Council of Nicaea, though most scholars have doubted that Constantine had such knowledge and have thought that most likely Hosius had suggested the term to him.[78] Constantine later changed his view about the Arians, who opposed the Nicene formula, and supported the bishops who rejected the formula,[79] as did several of his successors, the first emperor to be baptized in the Nicene faith being Theodosius the Great, emperor from 379 to 395.[80]

text: Biblical background[edit]

text: From the Old Testament, the early church retained the conviction that God is one.[81] The New Testament does not use the word Τριάς (Trinity)[82] nor explicitly teach the Nicene Trinitarian doctrine, but it contains several passages that use twofold and threefold patterns to speak of God. Binitarian passages include Rom. 8:11, 2 Cor. 4:14, Galatians 1:1, Eph. 1:20, 1 Tim. 1:2, 1 Pet. 1:21, and 2 John 1:13. Passages which refer to the Godhead with a threefold pattern include Matt. 28:19, 1 Cor. 6:11 and 12:4ff., Gal. 3:11–14, Heb. 10:29, 1 Pet. 1:2 and 1 John 5:7. These passages provided the material with which Christians would develop doctrines of the Trinity.[81] Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the Great Commission: "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit"[Matt 28:19] and Paul the Apostle's blessing: "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all",[2 Cor. 13:14] while at the same time the Jewish Shema Yisrael: "Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one"[Deuteronomy 6:4][83] led the early Christians to question how the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are "one". Later, the diverse references to God, Jesus, and the Spirit found in the New Testament were systematized into a Trinity—one God subsisting in three persons and one substance—to combat heretical tendencies of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods.[84]

text: Some scholars dispute the idea that support for the Trinity can be found in the Bible, and argue that the doctrine is the result of theological interpretations rather than sound exegesis of scripture.[85][86] The concept was expressed in early writings from the beginning of the 2nd century forward, and other scholars hold that the way the New Testament repeatedly speaks of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit is such as to require one to accept a Trinitarian understanding.[61]

text: The Comma Johanneum, 1 John 5:7, is a disputed text which states: "For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one." However, this passage is not considered to be part of the genuine text,[87] and most scholars agree that the phrase was a gloss.[88]

text: Jesus as God[edit]

text: The Gospel of John has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus' divinity, presenting Jesus as the Logos, pre-existent and divine, from its first words, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."[John 1:1][89] The Gospel of John ends with Thomas's declaration that he believed Jesus was God, "My Lord and my God!"[John 20:28][84] There is no significant tendency among modern scholars to deny that John 1:1 and John 20:28 identify Jesus with God.[90] John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe.[91]

text: There are also a few possible biblical supports for the divinity of Jesus found in the Synoptic Gospels. The Gospel of Matthew, for example, quotes Jesus as saying, "All things have been handed over to me by my Father."[Mt 11:27] This is similar to John, who wrote that Jesus said, "All that the Father has is mine."[John 16:15] These verses have been quoted to defend the omnipotence of Christ, having all power, as well as the omniscience of Christ, having all wisdom.

text: Expressions also in the Pauline epistles have been interpreted as attributing divinity to Jesus. They include: "For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him"[Colossians 1:16] and "For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form",[Colossians 2:9] and in Paul the Apostle's claim to have been "sent not from men nor by man, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father".[Galatians 1:1][92]

text: Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy when he quotes Jesus as saying, "The Father is greater than I",[14:28] a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism.[93] However, Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking in the form of a man.[94]

text: Holy Spirit as God[edit]

text: As the Arian controversy was dissipating, the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son. On one hand, the Pneumatomachi sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son. On the other hand, the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was an equal person to the Father and Son.

text: Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28:19, Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as "But Peter said, 'Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to men but to God.'"[Acts 5:3–4][95]

text: Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host."[Psalm 33:6] According to their understanding, because "breath" and "spirit" in Hebrew are both "רוּחַ" ("ruach"), Psalm 33:6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators. And since, according to them,[95] because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels, the Son and Holy Spirit must be God.

text: Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from "For who knows a person's thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God."[1Cor. 2:11] They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us.[95]

text: The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted, "Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?"[1Cor. 3:16] and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God, thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son.[96]

text: They also combined "the servant does not know what his master is doing"[John 15:15] with 1 Corinthians 2:11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God, and therefore his equal.[97]

text: The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting, "Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation?"[Hebrews 1:14] in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits.[98] The Church Fathers disagreed, saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels, since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy[1Cor. 12:8–10] so that the angels could announce events to come.[95]

text: The usage of the word "paraclete" (Greek: parakletos) for the Holy Spirit in John 14:16, which can be translated as advocate, intercessor, counsellor or protector,[99] and the Holy Spirit's essence and action characterized by truth, as all three persons of the Trinity are linked with truth (see v. 17),[100] are seen as arguments that he is a divine person; especially that Jesus calls him another counsellor, in this way expressing that the Holy Spirit is similar to himself in regard to our counsel.[101]

text: Old Testament parallels[edit]

text: In addition, the Old Testament has also been interpreted as foreshadowing the Trinity,[102] by referring to God's word,[Ps 33:6] his spirit,[Isa 61:1] and Wisdom,[Prov 9:1] as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham.[Gen 18][103] However, it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine.[104][105]

text: Some Church Fathers believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament, and that they identified the divine messenger of Genesis 16:7,21:17, 31:11, Exodus 3:2 and Wisdom of the sapiential books with the Son, and "the spirit of the Lord" with the Holy Spirit.[104] Other Church Fathers, such as Gregory Nazianzen, argued in his Orations that the revelation was gradual, claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly, but the Son only obscurely, because "it was not safe, when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged, plainly to proclaim the Son".[106]

text: Genesis 18–19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text.[107] The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham, who was visited by three men.[Gen 18:1–2] Then in Genesis 19, "the two angels" visited Lot at Sodom. The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord/three men/the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons. Justin Martyr, and John Calvin similarly, interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God, who was accompanied by two angels.[108] Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens, but was nevertheless identified as the (monotheistic) God. Justin appropriated the God who visited Abraham to Jesus, the second person of the Trinity.

text: Augustine, in contrast, held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity.[108] He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal, as would be the case in Justin's reading. Then in Genesis 19, two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular: "Lot said to them, 'Not so, my lord.'"[Gen 19:18 KJV][108] Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance, despite the plurality of persons.[note 2]

text: According to Swedenborg, the three angels which appeared to Abraham do represent the Trinity, but a Trinity of one being: the Divine Itself, the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding. That one being is represented is indicated by the fact that they are referred to in the singular as Jehovah and Lord.[109] The reason why only two of the angels went to visit Sodom and Gomorrah is that they represent the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding, and to those aspects of the Divine belongs judgment, as Jesus declared that all judgment was entrusted by the Father to the Son.[John 5:22][110] The three angels did indeed appear to Abraham as three men, but they are only a symbolic representation of the Trinity, which should not be taken literally as three distinct persons. In the Old Testament, Swedenborg finds the earliest direct reference to a Trine in the Divinity in the account of Moses' encounter with the Lord in Exodus which states, "And Jehovah passed by upon his face, and called, Jehovah, Jehovah, a God merciful and gracious."[Exodus 34:6][111]

text: Some Christians interpret the theophanies or appearances of the Angel of the Lord as revelations of a person distinct from God, who is nonetheless called God.[112] This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis, and reflects ideas that were already present in Philo.[113] The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as Christophanies, each a "preincarnate appearance of the Messiah".[114]

text: Impact of Stoic philosophy[edit]

text: In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations, the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound influence of Stoic philosophy on Christianity. In particular:

text: Again in the doctrine of the Trinity, the ecclesiastical conception of Father, Word, and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity. Thus Seneca, writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe, states, 'This Power we sometimes call the All-ruling God, sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom, sometimes the holy Spirit, sometimes Destiny.' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature; while the further assertion 'these three are One', which the modern mind finds paradoxical, was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions.[115]

text: Artistic depictions[edit]

text: The Trinity is most commonly seen in Christian art with the Spirit represented by a dove, as specified in the Gospel accounts of the Baptism of Christ; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread. However depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art.[116]

text: The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age, and later by dress, but this too is not always the case. The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical Ancient of Days, which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation. However, in Eastern Orthodoxy the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son, not God the Father (see below)—early Byzantine images show Christ as the Ancient of Days,[117] but this iconography became rare. When the Father is depicted in art, he is sometimes shown with a halo shaped like an equilateral triangle, instead of a circle. The Son is often shown at the Father's right hand.[Acts 7:56] He may be represented by a symbol—typically the Lamb (agnus dei) or a cross—or on a crucifix, so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size. In early medieval art, the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture, for example in scenes of the Baptism of Christ. Later, in the West, the Throne of Mercy (or "Throne of Grace") became a common depiction. In this style, the Father (sometimes seated on a throne) is shown supporting either a crucifix[118] or, later, a slumped crucified Son, similar to the Pietà (this type is distinguished in German as the Not Gottes)[119] in his outstretched arms, while the Dove hovers above or in between them. This subject continued to be popular until the 18th century at least.

text: By the end of the 15th century, larger representations, other than the Throne of Mercy, became effectively standardised, showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father, Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his Passion, and the dove above or around them. In earlier representations both Father, especially, and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns. Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown, or even a papal tiara.

text: In the later part of the Christian Era, in Renaissance European iconography, the Eye of Providence began to be used as an explicit image of the Christian Trinity and associated with the concept of Divine Providence. Seventeenth-century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or sunbursts.[120]

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
Depiction of Trinity from Saint Denis Basilica in Paris (12th century)

Father, The Holy Spirit, and Christ Crucified, depicted in a Welsh manuscript. c. 1390–1400

God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit as a dove, by Lucas Cranach the Elder (d. 1553)

God the Father (top), and the Holy Spirit (represented by a dove) depicted above Jesus. Painting by Francesco Albani (d. 1660)

God the Father (top), the Holy Spirit (a dove), and child Jesus, painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (d. 1682)

Pope Clement I prays to the Trinity, in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by Gianbattista Tiepolo (d. 1770)

Atypical depiction. The Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an Eye of Providence, and the Spirit a dove, painting by Fridolin Leiber (d. 1912)

13th Century depiction of the Trinity from a Roman de la Rose manuscript

A Christian version of the Eye of Providence, emphasizing the triangle representing the Trinity

text: Nontrinitarianism[edit]

text: Nontrinitarianism (or antitrinitarianism) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin. Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Various nontrinitarian views, such as Adoptionism, Monarchianism and Arianism existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325, 360, and 431, at the Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, respectively.[121] Following the final victory of orthodoxy at Constantinople in 381, Arianism was driven from the Empire, retaining a foothold amongst the Teutonic tribes. When the Franks converted to Catholicism in 496, however, it gradually faded out.[122] Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th century.

text: Modern nontrinitarian groups or denominations include Christadelphians, Christian Scientists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dawn Bible Students, Friends General Conference, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Living Church of God, Members Church of God International, Oneness Pentecostals, the Seventh Day Church of God, Unitarian Universalist Christians, United Church of God, The Shepherd's Chapel and Spiritism.

text: Islamic views[edit]

text: Islam considers Jesus to be a prophet, but not divine,[123] and Allah to be absolutely indivisible (a concept known as tawhid).[124] Several verses of the Qur'an state that the doctrine of the Trinity is blasphemous.[125][126]

text: "Say: He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.

text: Certainly they disbelieve who say: Surely Allah is the third (person) of the three; and there is no god but the one Allah, and if they desist not from what they say, a painful chastisement shall befall those among them who disbelieve.

text: And when Allah will say: O Isa son of Marium! did you say to men, Take me and my mother for two gods besides Allah he will say: Glory be to Thee, it did not befit me that I should say what I had no right to (say); if I had said it, Thou wouldst indeed have known it; Thou knowest what is in my mind, and I do not know what is in Thy mind, surely Thou art the great Knower of the unseen things.

text: Interpretation of these verses by modern scholars has been varied.[130][131] Verse 5:73 has been interpreted as a potential criticism of Syriac literature that references Jesus as "the third of three" and thus an attack on the view that Christ was divine.[132]

text: Edward Hulmes writes:

text: "The Qur'anic interpretation of trinitarian orthodoxy as belief in the Father, the Son, and the Virgin Mary, may owe less to a misunderstanding of the New Testament itself than to a recognition of the role accorded by local Christians (see Choloridians) to Mary as mother in a special sense."[133]

text: There is also debate about whether this verse should be taken literally.[134] For example, Thomas states that verse 5:116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs, but rather, giving examples of shirk (claiming divinity for beings other than God) and a "warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary, a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped."[130] When read in this light, it can be understood as an admonition, "Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth-century church councils that she is 'God-bearer'."[130]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: Judaism traditionally maintains a tradition of monotheism to the exclusion of the possibility of a Trinity.[123] In Judaism, God is understood to be the absolute one, indivisible, and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence. The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical — it is even considered by some polytheistic.[135]


document_title: List of GLOW characters

question_text: who plays salty the sack johnson on glow

text: List of GLOW characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Ruth Wilder[edit]

text: Ruth Wilder (Alison Brie) is an actress struggling to land a role on film and television. Having studied the works of August Strindberg, Ruth relies heavily on method acting. One day, she is given an invitation for an audition which turns out to be for the fledgling women's wrestling promotion Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling (GLOW). Ruth initially has personality conflicts with director Sam Sylvia due to her tendency to overact in the ring. Aside from her acting style, Sam often questions her looks, unsure whether of not he finds her attractive. Making matters worse is her affair with Mark Eagan, the husband of her best friend Debbie. Because of this, she is known by the other women as a "homewrecker". After several weeks of struggling to come up with a character, she creates the in-ring persona of "Zoya the Destroya", a Soviet heel based on the real GLOW wrestler Colonel Ninotchka.[1]

text: Debbie Eagan[edit]

text: Debbie Eagan (Betty Gilpin) is a former actress and Ruth's best friend. She is best known for her role as Laura Morgan in the soap opera Paradise Cove until she was written off the series due to her pregnancy. Her friendship with Ruth is severely strained when she discovers that Ruth had an affair with her husband Mark during and after her pregnancy, sparking a cat fight during practice that inspires Sam to cast Debbie as GLOW's leading lady. While trying to convince her to join GLOW, Sam theorizes that despite her popularity in Paradise Cove, she was being held back by the show's writers and her character was put in a coma for a whole season as punishment for improvising too many lines. Originally oblivious to the professional wrestling business, Debbie's mindset changes when she watches a local wrestling show and sees its similarities to soap opera before having a one-night-stand with male wrestler Steel Horse. She later on realizes that wrestling is a liberating experience, as her body is not constrained by Mark or her son Randy in the ring. Debbie's in-ring persona is "Liberty Belle", a patriotic Southern belle based on the real GLOW wrestlers Americana and The Southern Belles: Scarlet and Tara.[2]

text: Sam Sylvia[edit]

text: Sam Sylvia (Marc Maron) is an exploitation film director hired to direct GLOW. He had directed eight films in the 1970s and claims that two of them are taught in colleges. In addition, his film Gina the Machina was deemed so controversial that it was banned in 49 states. Sam has a chronic drug and alcohol addiction that has led to one divorce and multiple affairs with other women; his habits continue in GLOW when he has an affair with wrestler Rhonda Richardson. He often has conflicts with GLOW's producer Sebastian "Bash" Howard over the creative direction of the promotion, with Sam going for a dystopian sci-fi theme and Bash incorporating colorful stereotypes. Sam is loosely based on Matt Cimber, the director of the original GLOW series.[3]

text: Cherry Bang[edit]

text: Cherry Bang (Sydelle Noel) is a former stuntwoman who becomes GLOW's head trainer. She previously worked in Sam's exploitation films in the 1970s and had an affair with him. Prior to GLOW, Cherry had not worked with Sam since 1978 and she had been out of work since 1979, as the blaxploitation subgenre went on a decline toward the 1980s. She also suffered a miscarriage two years before joining GLOW. Cherry's in-ring persona is "Junkchain", a female rapper.[4]

text: Carmen Wade[edit]

text: Carmen Wade (Britney Young) is a 25-year-old heavy-set woman who is part of a professional wrestling family. Her father, legendary wrestler Goliath Jackson, disapproves of her desire to become a wrestler, as he sees women's wrestling as a cheap sideshow. While she has wrestling skills and helps Cherry train the other ladies, Carmen suffers from stage fright. Carmen's in-ring persona is "Machu Picchu", a gentle Peruvian giant loosely based on the real GLOW wrestler Mount Fiji.[4]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Melanie Rosen[edit]

text: Melanie Danielle "Melrose" Rosen (Jackie Tohn) is a "party girl" and chauffeur who worked as an extra in several films and music videos. She initially is at odds with Cherry Bang, who sees through her as an attention-starved Jewish-American princess who has never had a real job. Melrose introduces herself as "Melanie Rose," even though her real last name is Rosen. Her in-ring personality is based on the real GLOW wrestler Hollywood.[5][6]

text: Rhonda Richardson[edit]

text: Rhonda Richardson (Kate Nash) is a British model who takes the in-ring persona of "Britannica", an English genius inspired by the real GLOW wrestlers Zelda the Brain and Godiva. Prior to joining GLOW, she was homeless, living in a car and asking men for money in Santa Monica. Rhonda becomes romantically involved with Sam, but he becomes concerned when she makes their affair obvious in front of the other ladies.[5]

text: Justine Biagi[edit]

text: Justine Victoria Biagi (Britt Baron) is a punk rock girl who uses the in-ring name "Scab". On the first day of auditions, she claims to be 19 years old. She is a fan of Sam's exploitation films and has a romantic relationship with pizza boy Billy Offal. Later in the series, Justine reveals herself to be Sam's illegitimate daughter, as he had a one-night-stand with her mother Rosalie after being kicked out of a Black Panther Party rally in Sacramento nearly two decades ago. Her sole purpose of joining GLOW was to meet him.[5]

text: Tammé Dawson[edit]

text: Tammé Dawson (Kia Stevens) is a heavy-set black woman who takes the in-ring persona of "The Welfare Queen", an arrogant wrestler who flaunts her wealth from America's welfare policies and preys on the impoverished. She is initially concerned with her gimmick, as her son is studying at Stanford University. Prior to joining GLOW, Tammé worked as an extra in several TV shows such as Knots Landing and Gimme a Break! and as an audience coordinator for some game shows such as Family Feud.[5]

text: Sheila the She-Wolf[edit]

text: Sheila the She-Wolf (Gayle Rankin) is an antisocial woman who wears heavy black eye makeup and has a savage personality. She claims to have an acute sense of smell and hearing, hence being a light sleeper. She also says that she is spiritually a wolf and has been using her persona for at least five years. Sheila actually has blond hair underneath her thick black wig, but she refuses to break kayfabe even in everyday life. Aside from wrestling, Sheila is in charge of audio production. She can play the keyboard, but is limited to "Theme of Exodus".[5]

text: Arthie Premkumar[edit]

text: Arthie Premkumar (Sunita Mani) is an Indo-American pre-med student who takes the in-ring persona of "Beirut the Mad Bomber", a Middle Eastern terrorist based on the real GLOW wrestler Palestina.[5]

text: Jenny Chey[edit]

text: Jenny Chey (Ellen Wong) is a Cambodian-American woman who takes the in-ring persona of "Fortune Cookie", a stereotypical Chinese martial artist. Aside from wrestling, Jenny is in charge of the wrestlers' costumes.[5]

text: Dawn and Stacey[edit]

text: Dawn Rivecca (Rebekka Johnson) and Stacey Beswick (Kimmy Gatewood) are hairstylists who pull practical jokes on the other GLOW women. Their in-ring personas are "Edna and Ethel Rosenblatt: The Beatdown Biddies" - a geriatric tag team based on the real GLOW wrestlers The Housewives: Arlene and Phyllis. In GLOW's first show, Dawn are Stacey are put on a bind when they are scheduled to face Cherry and Tammé, as two black women beating up two elderly white women looks bad on all sides. As a compromise, The Beatdown Biddies wear Ku Klux Klan outfits (somewhat inspired by original GLOW characters The Hicks: Sara and Mabel) to completely put the match in favor of their opponents. Aside from wrestling, Dawn and Stacey are in charge of the wrestlers' hair and make-up.[5]

text: Reggie Walsh[edit]

text: Reggie Walsh (Marianna Palka) is an Olympic medalist. She originally uses the "Liberty Belle" gimmick in the persona test, but because of a lack of personality, the gimmick is given to Debbie instead, and Reggie becomes "Vicky the Viking" due to her tall, athletic stature and blond hair. Her in-ring persona is loosely based on the real GLOW wrestler Brunhilda.[5]

text: Sebastian Howard[edit]

text: Sebastian "Bash" Howard (Chris Lowell) is the heir to the Howard Foods business empire and producer of GLOW, as well as the promotion's ring announcer and commentator. He provides the women with an old boxing gym for them to train and The Dusty Spur motel as their sleeping quarters. Bash also coordinates with K-DTV for broadcast rights and Patio Town for sponsorship. However, he is in a bind when his mother freezes his assets after having spent over $600,000 on GLOW. Bash is loosely based on GLOW creator David McLane and his dealings with financier/owner Meshulam Riklis.[5]

text: Mark Eagan[edit]

text: Mark Eagan (Rich Sommer) is Debbie's husband. He had encouraged Debbie to leave Paradise Cove to be happy and raise a family; however, during Debbie's pregnancy, he had a sexual affair with Ruth after they both got drunk at a party. After Debbie learns of his infidelity, Mark makes several attempts to mend their marriage. However, Debbie realizes that he has never taken her career seriously ever since her Paradise Cove days.[5]

text: Mallory[edit]

text: Mallory (Amy Farrington) is a casting director who purposefully brings in Ruth to casting calls to show directors who not to cast in their projects. Seeing that Ruth is desperate for a break, Mallory leaves a message on her answering machine about a potential opportunity with GLOW. She also threatens to have Ruth blacklisted from all casting calls if she continues to stalk her in the office restroom. Later in the series, Mallory calls Cherry to inform her that K-DTV has invited her to audition for a TV drama titled Chambers and Gold.

text: Keith Bang[edit]

text: Keith Bang (Bashir Salahuddin) is Cherry's husband and the GLOW referee. Like Cherry, Keith previously worked with Sam on his exploitation films in the 1970s.

text: Florian[edit]

text: Florian (Alex Rich) is Bash's butler. He and Bash have known each other since the third grade. Florian participates in GLOW's pilot episode to present the GLOW Crown.[7]

text: Glen Klitnick[edit]

text: Glen Klitnick (Andrew Friedman) is an executive for K-DTV who picks up the broadcast rights of GLOW. On the night of GLOW's pilot episode taping, Glen tells Cherry that she won the audition for Chambers and Gold, but she must quit GLOW if she wants to take the part.

text: Billy Offal[edit]

text: Billy Offal (Casey Johnson) is a pizza delivery boy who develops a relationship with Justine. He and Justine have very differing opinions on Sam Sylvia's films, as he considers him to be a hack.

text: Goliath Jackson[edit]

text: Goliath Jackson (Winston James Francis) is a veteran wrestler and Carmen's father. He is against Carmen pursuing a career in GLOW, as he wants her to get married and be a good housewife instead, but comes around to the idea by GLOW's pilot airing when he influences the crowd to cheer for her.

text: Big Kurt Jackson and Mighty Tom Jackson[edit]

text: Big Kurt Jackson (Carlito) and Mighty Tom Jackson (Brodus Clay) are Carmen's elder brothers. They are known in the wrestling business as the tag team "The Lumberjacksons". The duo train Ruth and Debbie for their main event.

text: Patrick O'Towne[edit]

text: Patrick O'Towne (Andy Umberger) is the CEO of Patio Town, an indoor/outdoor lifestyle store chain. He initially declines to sponsor GLOW due to his lack of interest, but Sam convinces him to reconsider when Ruth cuts a promo as Zoya the Destroya during the ribbon-cutting ceremony of Patio Town's new Calabasas branch.

text: Gregory[edit]

text: Gregory (Ravil Isyanov) is the cranky Russian manager of The Dusty Spur motel. When Ruth needs help in developing her Zoya the Destroya character, he takes her to a Russian Jewish family party. Fortunately, Ruth does not speak Russian and thus can't understand what the family is saying about her.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text:
Salty "The Sack" Johnson (John Morrison) is a professional wrestler assigned as GLOW's original trainer, but is fired by Sam due to creative differences.
Carolyn (Esther Anderson) is Sam's ex-wife. Sam divorced her after he caught her having sex with his steadicam operator. They share joint custody of their dog Lenny.
Lorene (Lisa Ann Walter) is Debbie's mother, who takes care of Debbie's son Randy while she is out training for GLOW.
Ron (Allan Havey) is Debbie's stepfather.
Dale (Alex Riley) is a professional wrestler who takes the persona of "Steel Horse", a working-class hero. He admits to Debbie that his promotion's storylines were inspired by soap operas, and that he has been a fan of hers since her days in Paradise Cove.
Rick (Joey Ryan) is a professional wrestler who takes the persona of "Mr. Monopoly", an arrogant business tycoon who is Steel Horse's arch nemesis and half-brother. His gimmick is a parody of "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, and he is accompanied by his valet and Steel Horse's ex-girlfriend Crystal (Laura James), a parody of Miss Elizabeth.
Michael (Daniel Polo) is Gregory's cousin and a young Russian Jewish chess champion who migrates to America. He undergoes bris during his welcome party, and upon overhearing Ruth talking about Yentl, he asks her to sing one of Barbra Streisand's songs to ease his pain.
Amber Fredrickson (Brooke Hogan) is the manager of a night club (which looks like the Mayan Theater) that Sam and Ruth see as a possible venue for GLOW shows.
Birdie Howard (Elizabeth Perkins) is Bash's mother. Upon discovering that Bash spent over $600,000 on investing on GLOW, she freezes his assets. After Bash brings in the GLOW wrestlers as mock speakers in Birdie's anti-drug fundraiser, Birdie allows him to use the Hayworth Hotel's ballroom for GLOW's pilot episode.
Regina Offal (Christine Elliott) is Billy's mother.


document_title: Blood sugar regulation

question_text: regulation of blood sugar level takes place in the

text: Blood sugar regulation

text: Mechanisms[edit]

text: Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by many tissues, but the cells in the pancreatic islets are among the most well understood and important.

text: Glucagon[edit]

text: If the blood glucose level falls to dangerous levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a hormone whose effects on liver cells act to increase blood glucose levels. They convert glycogen into glucose (this process is called glycogenolysis). The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar. Hypoglycemia, the state of having low blood sugar, is treated by restoring the blood glucose level to normal by the ingestion or administration of dextrose or carbohydrate foods. It is often self-diagnosed and self-medicated orally by the ingestion of balanced meals. In more severe circumstances, it is treated by injection or infusion of glucagon.

text: Insulin[edit]

text: When levels of blood sugar rise, whether as a result of glycogen conversion, or from digestion of a meal, a different hormone is released from beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This hormone, insulin, causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen (this process is called glycogenesis), and to force about 2/3 of body cells (primarily muscle and fat tissue cells) to take up glucose from the blood through the GLUT4 transporter, thus decreasing blood sugar. When insulin binds to the receptors on the cell surface, vesicles containing the GLUT4 transporters come to the plasma membrane and fuse together by the process of endocytosis, thus enabling a facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell. As soon as the glucose enters the cell, it is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-Phosphate in order to preserve the concentration gradient so glucose will continue to enter the cell.[2] Insulin also provides signals to several other body systems, and is the chief regulator of metabolic control in humans.

text: There are also several other causes for an increase in blood sugar levels. Among them are the 'stress' hormones such as epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), several of the steroids, infections, trauma, and of course, the ingestion of food.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications. Also, too much insulin and/or exercise without enough corresponding food intake in diabetics can result in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

text: Hormones that influence blood glucose level[edit]

text:
Hormone
Tissue of Origin
Metabolic Effect
Effect on Blood Glucose

Insulin
Pancreatic β Cells
1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.
Lowers

Amylin[1]
Pancreatic β Cells
1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.
Lowers

GLP-1[1]
Intestinal L cells
1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)
Lowers

Glucagon
Pancreatic α Cells
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.
Raises

Asprosin[3]
White adipose tissue
1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.
Raises

Somatostatin
Pancreatic δ Cells
1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.
Lowers

Epinephrine
Adrenal medulla
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Raises

Cortisol
Adrenal cortex
1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.
Raises

ACTH
Anterior pituitary
1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Raises

Growth Hormone
Anterior pituitary
Antagonizes Insulin
Raises

Thyroxine
Thyroid
1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine
Raises

text: Food[edit]

text: Some edible mushrooms are noted for the ability to lower blood sugar levels including reishi,[4][5] maitake[6][7][8][9][10][11] Agaricus blazei[12][13][14][15] as well as some others.

text: Some minerals play roles in glucose regulation: see Chromium in glucose metabolism for example.


document_title: List of Ashes series

question_text: when did england last win the ashes in aus

text: List of Ashes series

text: Key[edit]

text:
Years denotes the cricket season in which the series takes place.
Host denotes the host country for the series.
First match denotes the date on which the first match of the series commenced.
Tests denotes how many Tests were played in the series, and in parentheses (if different) the number of Tests that were scheduled to be played in the series.
Australia denotes how many matches in the series were won by Australia.
England denotes how many matches in the series were won by England.
Drawn denotes how many matches in the series were drawn.
Result denotes which side won the series overall, or if it was drawn.
Holder denotes which side was awarded (or retained) the Ashes at the end of the series of matches

text: Ashes series[edit]

text:
Series

Years

Host

First match

Tests

Australia

England

Drawn

Result

Holder

Ref

1

1882–83

Australia

30 December 1882

3

1

2

0

England

England

[16]

2

1884

England

11 July 1884

3

0

1

2

England

England

[17]

3

1884–85

Australia

12 December 1884

5

2

3

0

England

England

[18]

4

1886

England

5 July 1886

3

0

3

0

England

England

[19]

5

1886-87

Australia

28 January 1887

2

0

2

0

England

England

[20]

6

1887-88

Australia

10 February 1888

1

0

1

0

England

England

[21]

7

1888

England

16 July 1888

3

1

2

0

England

England

[22]

8

1890

England

21 July 1890

2 (3)

0

2

0

England

England

[23]

9

1891–92

Australia

1 January 1892

3

2

1

0

Australia

Australia

[24]

10

1893

England

17 July 1893

3

0

1

2

England

England

[25]

11

1894–95

Australia

14 December 1894

5

2

3

0

England

England

[26]

12

1896

England

22 June 1896

3

1

2

0

England

England

[27]

13

1897–98

Australia

13 December 1897

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[28]

14

1899

England

1 June 1899

5

1

0

4

Australia

Australia

[29]

15

1901–02

Australia

13 December 1901

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[30]

16

1902

England

29 May 1902

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[31]

17

1903–04

Australia

11 December 1903

5

2

3

0

England

England

[32]

18

1905

England

29 May 1905

5

0

2

3

England

England

[33]

19

1907–08

Australia

13 December 1907

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[34]

20

1909

England

27 May 1909

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[35]

21

1911–12

Australia

15 December 1911

5

1

4

0

England

England

[36]

22

1912

England

27 May 1912

3

0

1

2

England

England

[37]

23

1920–21

Australia

17 December 1920

5

5

0

0

Australia

Australia

[38]

24

1921

England

28 May 1921

5

3

0

2

Australia

Australia

[39]

25

1924–25

Australia

19 December 1924

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[40]

26

1926

England

12 June 1926

5

0

1

4

England

England

[41]

27

1928–29

Australia

30 November 1928

5

1

4

0

England

England

[42]

28

1930

England

13 June 1930

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[43]

29

1932–33

Australia

2 December 1932

5

1

4

0

England

England

[44]

30

1934

England

8 June 1934

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[45]

31

1936–37

Australia

4 December 1936

5

3

2

0

Australia

Australia

[46]

32

1938

England

10 June 1938

4 (5)

1

1

2

Drawn

Australia

[47]

33

1946–47

Australia

29 November 1946

5

3

0

2

Australia

Australia

[48]

34

1948

England

10 June 1948

5

4

0

1

Australia

Australia

[49]

35

1950–51

Australia

1 December 1950

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[50]

36

1953

England

11 June 1953

5

0

1

4

England

England

[51]

37

1954–55

Australia

26 November 1954

5

1

3

1

England

England

[52]

38

1956

England

7 June 1956

5

1

2

2

England

England

[53]

39

1958–59

Australia

5 December 1958

5

4

0

1

Australia

Australia

[54]

40

1961

England

8 June 1961

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[55]

41

1962–63

Australia

30 November 1962

5

1

1

3

Drawn

Australia

[56]

42

1964

England

4 April 1964

5

1

0

4

Australia

Australia

[57]

43

1965–66

Australia

10 December 1965

5

1

1

3

Drawn

Australia

[58]

44

1968

England

6 June 1968

5

1

1

3

Drawn

Australia

[59]

45

1970–71

Australia

27 November 1970

6 (7)

0

2

4

England

England

[60]

46

1972

England

8 June 1972

5

2

2

1

Drawn

England

[61]

47

1974–75

Australia

29 November 1974

6

4

1

1

Australia

Australia

[62]

48

1975

England

10 July 1975

4

1

0

3

Australia

Australia

[63]

49

1977

England

16 June 1977

5

0

3

2

England

England

[64]

50

1978–79

Australia

1 December 1978

6

1

5

0

England

England

[65]

51

1981

England

18 June 1981

6

1

3

2

England

England

[66]

52

1982–83

Australia

12 November 1982

5

2

1

2

Australia

Australia

[67]

53

1985

England

13 June 1985

6

1

3

2

England

England

[68]

54

1986–87

Australia

14 November 1986

5

1

2

2

England

England

[69]

55

1989

England

8 June 1989

6

4

0

2

Australia

Australia

[70]

56

1990–91

Australia

23 November 1990

5

3

0

2

Australia

Australia

[71]

57

1993

England

3 June 1993

6

4

1

1

Australia

Australia

[72]

58

1994–95

Australia

25 November 1994

5

3

1

1

Australia

Australia

[73]

59

1997

England

5 June 1997

6

3

2

1

Australia

Australia

[74]

60

1998–99

Australia

20 November 1998

5

3

1

1

Australia

Australia

[75]

61

2001

England

5 July 2001

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[76]

62

2002–03

Australia

7 November 2002

5

4

1

0

Australia

Australia

[77]

63

2005

England

21 July 2005

5

1

2

2

England

England

[78]

64

2006–07

Australia

23 November 2006

5

5

0

0

Australia

Australia

[79]

65

2009

England

8 July 2009

5

1

2

2

England

England

[80]

66

2010–11

Australia

25 November 2010

5

1

3

1

England

England

[81]

67

2013

England

10 July 2013

5

0

3

2

England

England

[82]

68

2013–14

Australia

21 November 2013

5

5

0

0

Australia

Australia

[83]

69

2015

England

8 July 2015

5

2

3

0

England

England

[84]

70

2017–18

Australia

23 November 2017

5

4

0

1

Australia

Australia

[85]

text: Summary of results[edit]

text:
Played

Won byAustralia

Won byEngland

Drawn

All Tests

330

134 (7001406000000000000♠40.6%)

106 (7001321000000000000♠32.1%)

90 (7001273000000000000♠27.3%)

Tests in Australia

167

86 (7001515000000000000♠51.5%)

56 (7001335000000000000♠33.5%)

25 (7001150000000000000♠15%)

Tests in England

163

48 (7001294000000000000♠29.4%)

50 (7001307000000000000♠30.7%)

65 (7001399000000000000♠39.9%)

All series

70

33 (7001471000000000000♠47.1%)

32 (7001457000000000000♠45.7%)

5 (7000710000000000000♠7.1%)

Series in Australia

35

19 (7001543000000000000♠54.3%)

14 (7001400000000000000♠40%)

2 (7000570000000000000♠5.7%)

Series in England

35

14 (7001400000000000000♠40%)

18 (7001514000000000000♠51.4%)

3 (7000860000000000000♠8.6%)

As of 8 January 2018