document_title: Aaron Judge

question_text: what race is aaron judge of the new york yankees

text: Aaron Judge

text: Early life and amateur career

text: Judge was born and raised in Linden, California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge, who both worked as teachers. When he was 10 years old, his parents told him that he was adopted; he recalls, "I knew I didn't look like them."[1] (He is African-American.)[2][3] He telephones his parents every day.[1] He has an older brother, John, who was also adopted.[4]

text: Judge attended Linden High School, where he was a three-sport star. He played as a pitcher and first baseman for the baseball team, a wide receiver for the football team, and as a center for the basketball team. He set a school record for touchdowns (17) in football and led the team in points per game (18.2) in basketball. In baseball, he was part of the Linden High School team that made the California Interscholastic Federation Division III playoffs.[5][6]

text: Various colleges recruited Judge to play tight end in football, including Notre Dame, Stanford, and UCLA, but he preferred baseball. The Oakland Athletics selected him in the 31st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft, but he opted to enroll at California State University, Fresno (Fresno State) to play for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Louisville Slugger named him a Freshman All-American. He won the 2012 TD Ameritrade College Home Run Derby.[7] In his junior year, Judge led the Bulldogs in home runs, doubles, and runs batted in (RBIs).[8] Judge was named to the all-conference team in all three of his seasons for the Bulldogs—in the WAC in his first two seasons, and the Mountain West Conference (MW) as a junior (the Bulldogs joined the MW in July 2012, between his sophomore and junior seasons).[8]

text: Professional career

text: Minor leagues

text: The Yankees drafted Judge in the first round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft with the 32nd overall selection,[9][10] a pick the team received as compensation after losing Nick Swisher in free agency.[11] Judge signed with the Yankees, receiving a $1.8 million signing bonus.[12] He tore a quadriceps femoris muscle while participating in a base running drill, which kept him out of the 2013 season.[7][13] He made his professional debut with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2014.[7] He had a .333 batting average, .428 on-base percentage (OBP), .530 slugging percentage (SLG), and hit nine home runs with 45 RBIs in 65 games for Charleston. The Yankees promoted him to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League during the season, where he hit .283 with a .411 OBP, .442 SLG, eight home runs, and 33 RBIs in 66 games for Tampa.[8]

text: The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015.[14] Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League.[15] After Judge batted .284 with a .350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton, the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June.[16] He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.[17] The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call-ups.[18] Judge batted .224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.[19] The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016, and he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Judge was named to the International League All-Star Team in 2016, but did not play in the 2016 Triple-A All-Star Game after he spent a month on the disabled list due to a knee sprain.[20][21] In 93 games for the RailRiders, Judge had a .270 batting average, 19 home runs, and 65 RBIs.[22]

text: New York Yankees

text: Judge made his MLB debut on August 13, 2016, starting in right field against the Tampa Bay Rays.[23] In his first at-bat, Judge hit a home run off Matt Andriese; the previous batter, Tyler Austin, also making his MLB debut, had done the same. This marked the first time that two teammates had hit home runs in their first career at bats in the same game.[24] Judge also hit a home run in his second MLB game, becoming the second Yankees player to do so, after Joe Lefebvre in 1980.[25] Judge's debut season, in which he batted .179 and struck out 42 times in 84 at-bats (95 plate appearances), ended prematurely when he was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a grade 2 right oblique strain on September 13, 2016 against the Los Angeles Dodgers.[26]

text: The Yankees named Judge their right fielder for Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays.[27] He had his first multi-home run game on April 28 against the Baltimore Orioles to help the Yankees win 14–11, coming back from a 9–1 deficit.[28] One of the home runs had a measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour (192.2 km/h), the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast since it was adopted in 2015.[29][30] Judge ended the month of April with 10 home runs, tying the rookie record set by José Abreu and Trevor Story.[31] He was named the American League's (AL) Rookie of the Month for April.[32] In April, he had a .303 batting average, 10 home runs, 20 RBIs, and a .411 OBP in 22 games.[33]

text: The Yankees debuted a cheering section in the right-field seats of Yankee Stadium on May 22, called "The Judge's Chambers", three rows in section 104, containing 18 seats.[34][35] Fans are chosen by the team to sit there and are outfitted with black robes, wigs, and foam gavels.[35][36] In a game against the Oakland Athletics on May 28, Judge hit his first career grand slam.[37] Judge was named AL Rookie of the Month once again for May. In May, he had a .347 batting average, seven home runs, 17 RBIs, and a .441 OBP in 26 games.[38]

text: On June 10, Judge hit a home run that had an exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour (194.9 km/h), again setting a new record for the hardest measured by Statcast.[39] The following day, Judge went 4-for-4 with two home runs, one of which traveled 495 feet (151 m), which was the longest in MLB in the 2017 season.[40] On June 12, Judge was named the AL Player of the Week. His week ended with him leading the AL in all three Triple Crown categories.[41] Judge was named the AL Player of the Month for the month of June, batting .324 with 10 home runs, 25 RBIs and a .481 OBP. His performance in the month of June also earned him his third consecutive AL Rookie of the Month award, the longest streak since Mike Trout won four in a row in 2012.[42] Judge had a 32-game on-base streak, including reaching base in every game in the month of June.[43] On July 2, Judge was voted as a starting outfielder to the 2017 MLB All-Star Game, receiving 4,488,702 votes, the most out of any player in the AL.[44]

text: Judge broke Joe DiMaggio's record for most home runs hit in a Yankees' rookie season with his 30th on July 7.[45] He became the second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All-Star break after Mark McGwire in 1987,[46] the first Yankee to do so since Alex Rodriguez in 2007[47] and the first player in baseball since Chris Davis and Miguel Cabrera in 2013.[48] Before the All-Star break, Judge hit .329 with 30 home runs and 66 RBIs.

text: Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby, besting Minnesota Twins third baseman Miguel Sanó 11–10 in the final round to become the first rookie to win the Derby outright.[49] Judge hit four home runs over 500 feet, one of which travelled 513 feet, the farthest in the Derby.[50] After his performance, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred stated that Judge is a player "who can become the face of the game."[51] On July 21, Judge a hit a home run that almost travelled out of Safeco Field. The ball was hit so hard that Statcast could not measure the details on the home run.[52]

text: On July 27, Judge lost a portion of his front left tooth during a celebration circle after Brett Gardner hit a walk-off home run.[53][54] The next game, Judge hit his 33rd home run of the season, for 37 home runs total through his first 125 career games, third-most in MLB history.[55] On August 17, Judge hit a 457-foot home run at Citi Field that reached the third deck but also struck out in the game, which marked 33 consecutive games with a strikeout, breaking Adam Dunn's record for a position player.[56][57] On August 20, Judge tied pitcher Bill Stoneman's streak of striking out in 37 consecutive games.[58][59]

text: On September 4, Judge became the first AL rookie to record 100 walks in a single season since Al Rosen (1950), and the first player in MLB to do it since Jim Gilliam (1953). During a game on September 10, Judge received his 107th walk, the most walks by a rookie in a season since Ted Williams in 1939.[60] During the same game, he also became the second rookie in MLB history to hit 40 home runs in a season since McGwire (1987).[61] He joined Babe Ruth (1920), Lou Gehrig (1927), Joe DiMaggio (1937) and Mickey Mantle (1956) as the only Yankees to hit 40 home runs in a season at age 25 or younger.[62] On September 20, Judge became the first player since José Bautista in 2010 and the first rookie to record 100 runs, 45 home runs, 100 RBIs, and 100 walks in a single season.[63]

text: On September 25, Judge hit his 49th and 50th home runs, tying and surpassing Mark McGwire's single season rookie home run record.[64] On September 30, Judge hit his 52nd home run of the season and his 33rd at Yankee Stadium, beating Babe Ruth's record for the franchise set in 1921.[65] After the conclusion of September, Judge won Player of the Month for the second time and Rookie of the Month for the fourth time, slashing .311/.463/.889 with 15 homers, 32 RBIs, 28 walks and 29 runs scored. Entering September, Judge's second-half batting average was .179, but he managed to raise it to .228 by the end of the month.

text: Judge finished the 2017 season with a .284 batting average, 154 hits, 114 RBIs, a .422 on-base percentage, a .627 slugging percentage, and nine stolen bases. He led the American League in three categories, with 128 runs scored, 52 home runs, and 127 walks (11 intentional). He became the first Yankee to lead the league in home runs, walks, and runs scored since Jason Giambi (who led the AL in walks in 2005), Mark Teixeira (who was the AL home run leader in 2009), and Curtis Granderson (who scored the most runs in the AL in 2011). He ranked second in the league in RBIs, on-base percentage, and slugging. He also struck out an MLB-leading 208 times,[66] breaking the Yankees record previously set by Curtis Granderson in 2012[67] and a rookie record previously set by Kris Bryant in 2015.[68]

text: With the Yankees finishing the year with a 91-71 record, the team clinched a Wild Card spot. During the AL Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Twins, Judge hit his first career postseason home run en route to an 8-4 victory.[69] In Game 3 of the ALDS, Judge robbed Francisco Lindor of a home run, preserving the tie game. Judge struck out 16 times in the series, setting a ALDS-record.[70] Judge hit three home runs for the Yankees in the ALCS, also robbing Yulieski Gurriel of a potential home run in the Game 7 loss to the Houston Astros, but finished with 27 strikeouts in the entire postseason, a major league record[71] (this record would be broken by Cody Bellinger in Game 7 of the 2017 World Series just 11 days later).[72]

text: End of season awards for Judge included selection as an outfielder on Baseball America's All-MLB Team.[73]

text: New York Yankees franchise records

text:
Most home runs in a season hit at home: 33 (Babe Ruth held the record with 32).
Most home runs in a season by a rookie: 52 (Joe DiMaggio held the record with 29)[74]
Fifth Yankee to have 50 home runs in a single season. He joins Babe Ruth (54 in 1920, 59 in 1921, 60 in 1927, 54 in 1928), Mickey Mantle (52 in 1956, 54 in 1961), Roger Maris (61 in 1961), and Alex Rodriguez (54 in 2007).
First Yankee with at least 110 walks and 110 runs scored since Mickey Mantle in 1961 (126 walks, 131 runs).[75]
Second player in Yankees history to hit a home run in each of his first two games. (Joe Lefebvre was the first Yankee to do so in 1980).[76]
Holds the Yankees single season record for strikeouts with 208 (Passing Curtis Granderson's 195)[67]
33 home runs in 36 games at Yankee Stadium in a single season. (Broke Babe Ruth's record, 32 in 1921).[77]
First right-handed hitter in Yankees history with at least 100 RBIs, 100 runs scored and 100 walks; in a single season
Eighth player in Yankees history with at least 100 runs, 100 RBIs and 100 walks in a season.[78]
Fourth rookie in franchise history with 100 RBIs in a season (joining Joe DiMaggio, Tony Lazzeri and Hideki Matsui).[79]
Third rookie in Yankees history to hit a homerun in postseason debut after Elston Howard (1955) and Shane Spencer (1998).

text: MLB records

text:
Most home runs by a rookie, 52 (Mark McGwire held record with 49)[80]
Became the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season.[81]
Measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour (192.2 km/h), the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast. (April 28, 2017)[82]
Measured exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour (194.9 km/h), again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast. (June 10, 2017)[83]
Second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All-Star break after Mark McGwire (33 in 1987).[84]
Holds the MLB record for striking out in 37 consecutive games. (2017)[85]
Holds the MLB record for most strikeouts by a rookie with 208.
Holds the MLB record for most walks by a rookie with 127.
First rookie in MLB history with at least 45 home runs, 100 RBIs and 100 runs scored.[86]
Second rookie in MLB history with 100+ RBIs, 100+ runs scored and 100+ walks in a season. (Ted Williams is the other).[78]
Fourth rookie to post an OPS of more than 1.000 with a 1.049 mark, only behind "Shoeless" Joe Jackson (1911), Ted Williams (1939) and Albert Pujols (2001).[87]
Most Golden Sombreros in postseason play since 1903.[88]
Second AL rookie to hit 4 home runs in a single postseason. Evan Longoria has 6 HR (2008).

text: Uniform

text: Judge has worn the unusual uniform number of 99 since it was given to him during 2016 spring training[89] (higher numbers are often given to young players who are not expected to make the regular-season team). Judge has stated he would prefer either No. 44 (retired by the Yankees to honor Reggie Jackson) or No. 35 (worn by Michael Pineda since 2014), but is not sure whether he would switch if the latter two were to become available.[89]

text: MLB along with the MLB Players Association, created Players Weekend to let players 'express themselves while connecting with their past in youth baseball'. From August 25–27, 2017, players wore alternate team jerseys inspired by youth league designs. They also had the option to replace their last names with their nicknames on their jersey nameplates, and the vast majority of players did so. Judge chose the nickname "All Rise" (given to him by teammate Todd Frazier) to be worn on the back of his jersey nameplate.[90]

text: Player profile

text: Judge is listed at 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) and 282 pounds (128 kg). Due to his large size and strength, he has elicited comparisons to Giancarlo Stanton, Richie Sexson,[91] Dave Winfield, and Willie Stargell.[8][4]

text: Personal life

text: Judge is a Christian and has posted about his faith on his Twitter account.[92] He keeps a note on his phone that reads ".179", his batting average with the Yankees in 2016, and looks at it daily as a source of motivation.[93] Judge appeared on the cover of the edition of May 15, 2017 of Sports Illustrated.[94] On May 15, 2017, he appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where he posed undercover to ask Yankee fans questions about himself.[95] Judge has earned praise for his humble personality and willingness to be a team player.[96]


document_title: United States Secret Service

question_text: when did the secret service start guarding the president

question_tokens: when did the secret service start guarding the president

root

text: United States Secret Service

text: Dual mission[edit]

text: The Secret Service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation’s leaders. The two core missions of investigations and protection synergize with the other, providing crucial benefits to special agents during the course of their careers. Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent’s protective duties include but are not limited to:

tag: p

text:
Proficiency in analyzing handwriting and forgery techniques being applied in protective investigations of handwritten letters and suspicious package threats.
Expertise in investigating electronic and financial crimes being applied in protective investigations of threats made against the nation's leaders on the Internet.
Tactical operation (i.e. surveillance, arrests, and search warrants) and law enforcement writing (i.e. affidavits, after action reports, and operations plans) skills being applied to both investigative and protective duties.
Partnerships that are created between field offices and local law enforcement during the course of investigations being used to gather both protective intelligence and in coordinating protection events.

tag: ul

text: The Secret Service's primary investigative mission is to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic-based crimes including counterfeit U.S. currency, bank & financial institution fraud, illicit financing operations, cybercrime, identity theft, intellectual property crimes, and any other violations that may affect the United States economy and financial systems. The agency's key focus is on large, high-dollar economic impact cases involving organized criminal groups. Financial criminals include embezzling bank employees, armed robbers at automatic teller machines, heroin traffickers, and criminal organizations that commit bank fraud on a global scale.

text: The USSS plays a leading role in facilitating relationships between other law enforcement entities, the private sector, and academia. The Service maintains the Electronic Crimes Task Forces, which focus on identifying and locating international cyber criminals connected to cyber intrusions, bank fraud, data breaches, and other computer-related crimes. Additionally, the Secret Service runs the National Computer Forensics Institute (NCFI), which provides law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judges with cyber training and information to combat cybercrime.

text: Protection of the nation's highest elected leaders and other government officials remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States.

text: The Secret Service is authorized by law to protect:[6]

text:
The President, Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President, should the Vice Presidency be vacant), President-elect and Vice President-elect
The immediate families of the above individuals
Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes (except when the spouse divorces or remarries), under the Former Presidents Act. From 1997 until 2013, legislation was in place limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents and their spouses to a period of 10 years from the date the former President leaves office. President Barack Obama signed legislation on January 10, 2013, reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection.[7][8]
The widow or widower of a former President who dies in office or dies within a year of leaving office for a period of one year after the President's death (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Children of former Presidents until age 16 or 10 years after the presidency
Former Vice Presidents, their spouses, and their children under 16 years of age, for up to 6 months from the date the former Vice President leaves office (the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time)
Visiting heads of states or governments and their spouses traveling with them
Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad, as directed by the President
Major presidential and vice presidential candidates[9]
The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates (within 120 days of a general presidential election)
Other individuals as designated per executive order of the President
National Special Security Events, when designated as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security

text: The laws states that individuals other than the President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect, and the Vice President-elect may decline Secret Service protection, but the law neither allows nor disallows these excepted offices from declining.[6]

text: When Hillary Clinton became Secretary of State in 2009, the Secret Service continued to protect her at home; however the Diplomatic Security Service protected her while she was performing her duties as the Secretary of State, including foreign travel.

text: The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the President of the United States.

text: In the face of budget pressure, hiring challenges and some high-profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014, the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency's focus should shift more to the protective mission, leaving more of its original mission to other agencies.[10][11]

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time,[12] the Secret Service was created on July 5, 1865 in Washington, D.C., to suppress counterfeit currency. Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D.C. as the "Secret Service Division" of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting. The legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincoln's desk the night he was assassinated.[13] At the time, the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Customs Service, the United States Park Police, the U.S. Post Office Department's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations (now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service), and the United States Marshals Service. The Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection. A year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage.

text: The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) upon the FBI's creation in 1908.

text: The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II.[14] The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[15]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Taft assassination attempt[edit]

text: In 1909, President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico.[16] But the historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the then small Secret Service, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, BOI agents, U.S. marshals, and an additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security.[17][18] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[19] Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C.R. Moore, and the two men captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft, preventing the shooting of both Presidents.[20]

text: In 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman. Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, killing Torresola with a single shot to his head. As of  2017[update], Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt (Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30, 1981, and took a bullet to the abdomen but made a full recovery). Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979.

text: In 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees.[21] In 1965 and 1968, Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16.[3]

text: The Secret Service Presidential Protective Division safeguards the President of the United States and his immediate family. They work with other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and the military to safeguard the President when he travels in Air Force One, Marine One and by limousine in motorcades.

text: Although the most visible role of the Secret Service today, personal protection is an anomaly in the responsibilities of an agency focused on fraud and counterfeiting.

text: In 1984, the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, which extended the Secret Service's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud.

text: In 1990, the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil, which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers, allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States. The operation, which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown, affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking, and led to no convictions. The Secret Service, however, was sued and required to pay damages.

text: In 1994 and 1995, it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare.[22] The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws. They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces (ECTFs) across the United States. These task forces are partnerships between the Service, federal/state and local law enforcement, the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology-based crimes.

text: In 1998, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62, which established National Special Security Events (NSSE). That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events. In 1999, the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC, granting the agency its first headquarters. Prior to this, the agency's different departments were based in office space around the DC area.[23]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: September 11 attacks[edit]

text: The New York City Field office was located at 6 World Trade Center. Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks, Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid. Sixty-seven Special Agents in New York City, at and near the New York Field Office, helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers. One Secret Service employee, Master Special Officer Craig Miller,[24] died during the rescue efforts. On August 20, 2002, Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts.[25]

text: Domestic expansion[edit]

text: Effective March 1, 2003, the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security.

text: The USA Patriot Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York. As such, this mandate expanded on the agency's first ECTF—the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force, formed in 1995—which brought together federal, state and local law enforcement, prosecutors, private-industry companies, and academia. These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria: significant economic or community impact; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations; or use of schemes involving new technology.[26][27]

text: The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria:

text:
Significant economic or community impact,
Participation of multiple-district or transnational organized criminal groups,
Use of new technology as a means to commit crime.

text: Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency; bank fraud; virus and worm proliferation; access device fraud; telecommunications fraud; Internet threats; computer system intrusions and cyberattacks; phishing/spoofing; assistance with Internet-related child pornography and exploitation; and identity theft.[28]

text: International expansion[edit]

text: On July 6, 2009, the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cybercrime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force, based on the successful U.S. domestic model, through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials. Over a year later, on August 9, 2010, the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom.[29][30]

text: Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of "computer-based criminal activity," including:

text:
Identity theft
Network intrusions
Other computer-related crimes affecting financial and other critical infrastructures.

text: As of 2010, the Service had over 6,500 employees: 3,200 Special Agents, 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers, and 2,000 technical and administrative employees.[31] Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial, cyber, and homeland security-related crimes.

text: In September 2014, the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high-profile incidents involving intruders at the White House. One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door.[32]

text: Another incident involved a violation of procedure in which an armed security guard for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rode in the same elevator as President Barack Obama during a visit to that agency's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss U.S. response to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. The guard used his phone to record a video of Obama and refused to comply with a request to stop.[33] The guard had been arrested multiple times in the past, but had never been convicted of a crime.[34]

text: Attacks on presidents[edit]

text: Since the 1960s, Presidents John F. Kennedy (killed), Gerald Ford (twice attacked, but uninjured) and Ronald Reagan (seriously wounded) have been attacked while appearing in public.[35][36] Agents on scene though not injured during attacks on Presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman. One of the agents was Robert DeProspero, the Special Agent In Charge (SAIC) of Reagan's Presidential Protective Division (PPD) from January 1982 to April 1985. DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr, the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981.[37][38]

text: The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents. First, an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy, Clint Hill, was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began. While the shooting continued, Hill leapt from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the President's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car. He then shielded the President and the First Lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital.

text: Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car. When the shots were fired, he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.[39] That evening, Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood's bravery.[40][41] Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir, Twenty Years in the Secret Service.

text: The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency. Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was "low" for months following the assassination.[42][43] The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing. Training, which until that time had been confined largely to "on-the-job" efforts, was systematized and regularized.

text: The Reagan assassination attempt also highlighted the bravery of several Secret Service agents, particularly agent Tim McCarthy, who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would-be assassin, John Hinckley Jr.[44] McCarthy survived a .22-caliber round in the abdomen. For his bravery, McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982.[45] Jerry Parr, the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine, and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House, was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day.[46]

text: Significant investigations[edit]

text: Arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler, co-founder of the Carders Market carding website. Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after his September 5, 2007 arrest, on wire fraud and identity theft charges. According to the indictment, Butler hacked over the Internet into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process.[47]

text: Operation Firewall: In October 2004, 28 suspects—located across eight U.S. states and six countries—were arrested on charges of identity theft, computer fraud, credit-card fraud, and conspiracy. Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service, including the newly established national ECTFs, and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe, were involved in this operation. Collectively, the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers, which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions. However, authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The operation, which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year, led investigators to identify three cybercriminal groups: Shadowcrew, Carderplanet, and Darkprofits.[48]

text: Arrest and indictment of Albert Gonzalez and 11 individuals; three U.S. citizens, one from Estonia, three from Ukraine, two from the People's Republic of China, one from Belarus, and one known only by an online alias. They were arrested on August 5, 2008, for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers, including TJX Companies, BJ's Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble, Sports Authority, Forever 21, and DSW. Gonzalez, the main organizer of the scheme, was charged with computer fraud, wire fraud, access device fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime.[49]

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Director of Secret Service
Deputy Director
Chief Operating Officer
Assistant Director
Deputy Assistant Director

text:
Special Agent in Charge  (SAIC)
Deputy Special Agent in Charge (DSAIC)
Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAIC)
Assistant to the Special Agent in Charge (ATSAIC)
Special Agent (SA)
Special Officer (SO)
Uniformed Division Officer (UD)

text: Administrative, Professional, Technical (APT)

text: Special Agent[edit]

text: The Secret Service special agent position is highly competitive. In 2011, the Service accepted less than 1% of its 15,600 special agent applicants.[50] While the Secret Service has always been a popular career path for former military and law enforcement personnel, the Service seeks to hire agents from a diverse range of backgrounds in fulfilling its dual mission, including accountants, lawyers, scientists, engineers, and foreign language specialists.

text: At a minimum, a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen, possess a current valid driver's license, be in excellent health and physical condition, possess visual acuity no worse than 20/60 uncorrected, correctable to 20/20 in each eye, and be between the ages of 21 and 37 at the time of appointment.[51] However, preference eligible veterans may apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision: OPM Letter.[52]

text: Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS/SCI (Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance, and undergo an extensive background investigation, to include in-depth interviews, drug screening, medical diagnosis, and full-scope polygraph examination.[51]

text: Special agents receive training in two locations, totaling approximately 7 months. The first phase, the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) is conducted at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) at Glynco, GA, lasting approximately 12 weeks. The second phase, the Special Agent Training Course (SATC) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy, James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC), just outside Washington, D.C in Laurel, Maryland, lasting approximately 18 weeks.[53]

text: A typical special agent career path, depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments, begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office. Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process, and upon receiving a final job offer, usually have several locations to choose from.[51] After their field office experience, agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years. Following their protective assignment, many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers, or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington, D.C. During their careers, agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency's international field offices. This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency's foreign law enforcement counterparts.[51]

text: Special agents are hired at either the GL-07 or GL-09 grade level, depending on individual qualifications and/or education.[51] Agents are eligible for promotion on a yearly basis, from GL-07, to GL-09, to GS-11, to GS-12, to GS-13 (GL-08 and GS-10 grade levels are skipped). The full performance grade level for a journeyman agent is GS-13, which a GL-07 and GL-09 agent may reach in as little as four and three years respectively. GS-13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to supervisory agent positions, which compasses the GS-14, GS-15, and SES grade levels. GS-13 agents who wish to remain as senior field agents continue to advance the GS-13 step level, capping at GS-13 Step-10.

text: Special agents also receive Law Enforcement Availability Pay (LEAP), a type of premium overtime pay which provides them with an additional 25% bonus pay on top of their salary, as agents are required to work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40.[54] Therefore, an agent living in the Greater New York City area will earn an annual salary of approximately $65,733 (GL-07), $74,850 (GL-09), $87,639 (GS-11), $105,044 (GS-12), $124,909 (GS-13), $147,606 (GS-14), and $164,200 (GS-15).[55]

text: Moreover, due to the nature of their work and unique among their federal law enforcement counterparts (e.g. FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE), Secret Service agents are regularly eligible for scheduled overtime pay (SOT pay) in addition to LEAP for hours they work beyond 50 per week, and enjoy a raised statutory pay cap of $189,600 per year (Level II of the Executive Schedule) as opposed to $164,200 per year (Level IV of the Executive Schedule).[56]

text: Uniformed Division Officer[edit]

text: The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a security police similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C. area. Established in 1922 as the White House Police, this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930. In 1970, the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force's responsibilities, and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service. The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977.

text: Secret Service Uniformed Division officers provide protection for the White House Complex, the Vice President's residence, the main Treasury Building and Annex, and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington, D.C., area. Additionally, Uniformed Division officers travel in support of presidential, vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions.[57] Officers may, as their careers progress, be selected to participate in one of several specialized units, including the:

text:
Canine Unit: Performing security sweeps and responding to bomb threats and suspicious packages.
Emergency Response Team: Providing a coordinated tactical response for the White House and other protected facilities.
Counter-sniper Team: Utilizing observation, sighting equipment and high-performance weapons to provide a secure environment for protectees.
Motorcade Support Unit: Providing motorcycle tactical support for official movements of motorcades.
Crime Scene Search Unit: Photographing, collecting and processing physical and latent evidence.
Office of Training: Serving as firearms and classroom instructors or recruiters.
Special Operations Section: Handling special duties and functions at the White House Complex, including conducting the daily congressional and public tours of the White House.[57]

text: Special Officer[edit]

text: Secret Service special officers (not to be confused with Uniformed Division Officers) are federal agents who work within the Special Agent Division and perform a wide range of security functions and support assignments as part of the protective mission for the Secret Service. Whereas special agents alternate between protection and investigative assignments, special officers are hired only to work protection details. They must have a familiarity with all phases of protective responsibilities sufficient to assist in protective movements, cover designated security posts and drive protective vehicles.

text: Assignments may include

text:
Maintaining designated protective security posts that control movement of persons into and around multiple Secret Service facilities and associated areas
Inspecting all operational, safety, emergency, and convenience equipment of protective vehicles to ensure peak-operating condition
Driving protective or follow-up vehicles
Monitoring and operating various communications equipment
Using various advanced x-ray screening technologies to detect and identify high-risk items

text: Special officers are sworn law enforcement officers, and are authorized to make arrests in connection with their official duties. They are classified as federal agents but use "special officer" as their official title much the same way as Deputy US Marshals are special agents but use the title "Deputy US Marshal".

text: Newly appointed special officers must successfully complete eight (8) weeks of intensive training at the Special Officer Basic Training Course at the Secret Service James J. Rowley Training Center just outside Washington, D.C. The training includes courses such as Criminal Law, Laws of Arrest, Search and Seizure, Control Tactics, Civil Liability, Emergency Medicine, Basic Water Safety, Firearms and Weapons Handling, Radio Communications, Emergency Driving and Physical Fitness Training.

text: Weapons and equipment[edit]

text: Since the agency's inception, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents.

text: Previous firearms[edit]

text: Initially the firearms were privately procured and there was little if any standardization. In the 1930s, the USSS issued the Colt M1911A1 pistol in .45 ACP caliber. In the 1950s and 1960s, Special Agents carried the Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Colt Detective Special .38-Special revolvers.

text: Following President Kennedy's assassination, USSS Special Agents were authorized to carry the .357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver.

text: Between 1981 and 1991, the Secret Service issued the Smith & Wesson Model 19 and the Smith & Wesson Model 66 .357 Magnum revolvers, with 2.5-inch barrels all the way up to the 4-inch-barreled models, loaded with hollow-point rounds.

text: By 1992, the standard issue weapon became the SIG Sauer P228 9mm pistol. This weapon stayed in service through 1999.

text: The Secret Service replaced the Thompson submachine gun with the Uzi submachine gun in the 1970s. Uzis that the Secret Service used have slightly shorter-than-standard barrels so they could to fit inside the standard size Samsonite briefcases that concealed them. They phased out the Uzi in the mid 1990s and replaced it with the H&K MP5. The Secret Service was the last Federal agency to use the Uzi.

text: The Counter-Assault Team used the M4 carbine from the early 1990s until 2006.

text: Current weapons[edit]

text: The current sidearm for USSS agents is the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in .357 SIG (which entered service in 1999) or FN Five-seveN chambered in FN 5.7x28mm.

text: Agents and officers are trained on standard shoulder weapons that include the FN P90 submachine gun,[58] the 9mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the 12-gauge Remington 870 shotgun.[58] The agency has initiated a procurement process to ultimately replace the MP5 with a 5.56mm rifle.[59]

text: As a non-lethal option, Special Agents, Special Officers, and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP 16” expandable baton, and Uniformed Division officers also carry pepper spray.

text: Special Operations Division (SOD) units are authorized to use a variety of non-standard weapons. The Counter Assault Team (CAT) and the Emergency Response Team (ERT) both use the 5.56mm Knight's Armament Company SR-16 CQB assault rifle in an 11.5" configuration. CAT also deploys 12 gauge Remington 870 MCS breaching shotguns. Uniform Division technicians assigned to the Counter Sniper (CS) team use custom built .300 Winchester Magnum-chambered bolt-action rifles referred to as JARs ("Just Another Rifle"). These rifles are built with Remington 700 long actions in Accuracy International stocks and use Schmidt & Bender optics. CS technicians also use the 7.62mm KAC SR-25/Mk11 Mod 0 semi-automatic sniper rifle with a Trijicon 5.5× ACOG optic.[60]

text: Badges[edit]

text:
Secret Service badge (1875-1890)

Secret Service badge (1890-1971)

Secret Service badge (1971-2003)

Secret Service badge (2003-Present)

text: Attire[edit]

text: Special Agents and Special Officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings, in order to blend in as much as possible. In most circumstances, the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit, but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment. Stereotypically, Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece. Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service. Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents.[citation needed]

text: The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic/identification vests for members of the counter-sniper team, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and canine officers. The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black, depending on the garment. Also, the shoulder patch is embroidered with "U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police" around the emblem.[61]

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: When transporting the President in a motorcade, the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom-built armored Cadillac Parade Limousines, the newest and largest version of which is known as "The Beast". Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low profile appearance is required. For official movement the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors. For unofficial events the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned.[25]

text: Field offices[edit]

text: The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies, and the headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Service's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and the world. The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol, located in those cities.[62]

text: Misconduct[edit]

text: In April 2012, an incident involving the president's security detail received international press attention. The incident involved 11 agents and personnel from four branches of the U.S. military; they allegedly engaged prostitutes while assigned to protect the U.S. President at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, Colombia. As of April 24, 2012, nine employees had resigned or retired.[63][64]

text: After the incident was publicized, the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel.[65][66][67][68] The rules prohibit personnel from visiting "non-reputable establishments"[66] and from consuming alcohol fewer than ten hours before starting work. Additionally, they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms.[66]

text: A few weeks later, stories emerged of Secret Service agents hiring strippers and prostitutes prior to Obama's 2011 visit to El Salvador.[69]

text: In 2015, two inebriated senior service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier. One of the congressmen in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated that incident was Jason Chaffetz. In September 2015, it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors, including Assistant Director Ed Lowery, accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz' investigations of agency misconduct. The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast. Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible.[70]

text: In March 2017, a member of US Vice President Mike Pence's detail was suspended after he was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland.[71]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Mister 880 (1950): Unlike most films with a Secret Service theme, this one features their anti-counterfeiting role: an agent (Burt Lancaster) tracks down an elderly man (Edmund Gwenn) who counterfeits only small amounts of money.
Suddenly (1954): A group of hired assassins take over a house overlooking a rail-station in the small town of Suddenly where the President of the United States is expected to make a stop. The town's sheriff and a team of Secret Service agents work to foil the plot. Stars Frank Sinatra, Sterling Hayden, James Gleason and Nancy Gates.
Being There (1979): Peter Sellers is seen advising a Uniformed Division Officer at post #W-4 in front of the White House. Also Secret Service agents are seen throughout the movie escorting and protecting the president. The film was an inductee of the 2005 National Film Registry list.[72]
To Live and Die in L.A. (1985): A Secret Service agent (William L. Petersen) is determined to bring down, by any means necessary, a counterfeiter (Willem Dafoe) who murdered the agent's partner.
Assassination (1987): U.S. Secret Service agent Jay Killion (Charles Bronson) must protect First Lady Lara Royce Craig (Jill Ireland) from a plot on her life.
The Bodyguard (1992): Kevin Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent who is hired as a bodyguard to protect a music star, played by Whitney Houston, from an unknown stalker.
In the Line of Fire (1993): Psychological thriller in which Clint Eastwood plays a Secret Service Agent who had been on the presidential protection detail during the assassination of John F. Kennedy.  He is now pursuing a deranged former CIA special operations assassin who is intent on killing the current U.S. President.
Guarding Tess (1994): Nicolas Cage plays an agent assigned to guard a former First Lady.
Hackers (1995): Secret Service Agent Richard Gill (Wendell Pierce) is responsible for the pursuit of the young hackers throughout the entire film.
First Kid (1996): Sinbad and Timothy Busfield appear as Secret Service agents in charge of protecting the President's son.
 Air Force One (1997): Xander Berkeley plays a Secret Service agent, who is secretly a mole that helps Kazakh terrorists that hijack Air Force One.
Murder at 1600 (1997): A thriller adaptation starring Wesley Snipes of the novel Murder In The White House by Margaret Truman, daughter of President Truman.
First Target (1999): Daryl Hannah is a Secret Service agent who uncovers a plot involving senior US politicians and rogue Secret Service agents to kill the President whilst on vacation.
Wild Wild West (1999): Action parody starring Will Smith and Kevin Kline as, respectively, U.S. Army Captain James West and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon. Set in 1869, they battle a madman who kidnaps President Ulysses S. Grant as part of his plot to dismember the United States. At the end of the film, President Grant promotes them to Agents #1 and #2 of his new Secret Service.
First Daughter (2004): Katie Holmes as the daughter of the President, who goes to college.
The Sentinel (2006): Thriller starring Michael Douglas, Kiefer Sutherland, and Eva Longoria as Secret Service agents investigating a potential assassination attempt and traitor in the Secret Service.
Vantage Point (2008): An assassination attempt on the President of the United States is seen from a different set of vantage points through the eyes of eight witnesses.  Dennis Quaid plays the Secret Service agent pursuing the terrorists.
Olympus Has Fallen (2013): An attempt to target and capture the White House and the President of United States, Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), by a North Korean terrorist leader, Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune) with his commandos. A former Army Ranger-turned Secret Service agent, Michael Banning (Gerard Butler), was trapped in the White House (Olympus) and works with officials at The Pentagon to save the President. Continued in the next sequels London Has Fallen (2016) and Angel Has Fallen.
White House Down (2013): John Cale (Channing Tatum) is a U.S. Capitol Police officer and is a hopeful candidate for a special agent position at the U.S. Secret Service. Cale attempts to foil a terrorist attack on the White House and save the President from the terrorists.
The Purge: Election Year (2016): Former LAPD sergeant Leo Barnes (Frank Grillo) is the chief of security for a US Senator running for the presidency and hoping to outlaw an annual 12-hour period taking place from March 21 to 22 wherein all crimes are legal. He is later promoted to chief of the Secret Service upon the Senator's victory in the election two months after the final annual Purge.

text: Television[edit]

text:
The Wild Wild West (1965): A highly popular Western action series, set in the early- to mid- 1870s, starring Robert Conrad and Ross Martin as Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon.  West and Gordon pursue a variety of villains across the old west and often report directly to President Ulysses S. Grant.  Two reunion telemovies were screened in 1979 and 1980, followed by the film Wild Wild West (above).
24 (2001): Involves many characters and operations within the Secret Service as they protect the presidents throughout the series, most notable Agent Aaron Pierce, played by Glenn Morshower.
House of Cards (2013): Edward Meechum initially serves as a bodyguard to President Frank Underwood when he was Majority Whip but later gets promoted to the Secret Service when Underwood became Vice President (remaining on his detail when he becomes president). During an assassination attempt on President Underwood, Edward Meechum takes a bullet for the president and shoots and kills the gunman before immediately dying from his injuries.
Intelligence (2014): U.S. Secret Service agent Riley Neal (Meghan Ory) is recruited by the U.S. Cyber Command to provide protective services for Cyber Command agent Gabriel Vaughn (Josh Holloway), into whose brain a high-tech microchip has been implanted.
Wayward Pines (2015):  After a car crash, U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke (Matt Dillon) wakes up in the mysterious town of Wayward Pines, where the inexplicable happens and from which there is no escape.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Resident Evil 4 (2007): Leon S. Kennedy is a Secret Service agent after the events of Resident Evil 2. His mission in the game is to find the President's daughter, who has been kidnapped.
Secret Service (2008): A first-person shooter video game, developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision Value for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360.

text: Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies[edit]

text:
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Marshals Service (USMS)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID)
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI)


document_title: Foreign language influences in English

question_text: what percent of the english language is greek

text: Foreign language influences in English

text: Word origins[edit]

text: A computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd ed.) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff (1973)[3] that estimated the origin of English words as follows:

text:
French: 28.3%
Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%
Germanic languages – inherited from Old English, from Proto-Germanic, or a more recent borrowing from a Germanic language such as Old Norse; does not include Germanic words borrowed from a Romance language, i.e., coming from the Germanic element in French, Latin or other Romance languages: 25%
Greek: 5.32%
No etymology given: 4.04%
Derived from proper names: 3.28%
All other languages: less than 1%

text: A survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language of 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave this set of statistics:[4]

text:
French (langue d'oïl): 41%
"Native" English: 33%
Latin: 15%
Old Norse: 5%
Dutch: 1%
Other: 5%[5]

text: Languages influencing the English language[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

tag: table

text: Here is a list of the most common foreign language influences in English, where other languages have influenced or contributed words to English.

text: Celtic[edit]

text: Words are almost absent, except for dialectal words, such as the Yan Tan Tethera system of counting sheep. However, hypotheses have been made that English syntax was influenced by Celtic languages, such as the system of continuous tenses was a cliché of similar Celtic phrasal structures; this is controversial, as the system has clear native English and other Germanic developments.

text: French[edit]

text: The French contributed legal, military, technological, and political terminology. Their language also contributed common words, such as the names of meats: veal, mutton, beef, pork, and how food was prepared: boil, broil, fry, roast, and stew; as well as words related to the nobility: prince, duke, marquess, viscount, baron, and their feminine equivalents.[6]:254-258 Nearly 30 percent of English words (in an 80,000 word dictionary) may be of French origin.

text: Latin[edit]

text: Scientific and technical words, medical terminology, academic and legal terminology.

text: Greek[edit]

text: Scientific and medical terminology (for instance -phobias and -ologies), Christian theological terminology.

text: Norman[edit]

text: Castle, cauldron, kennel, catch, cater are among Norman words introduced into English. The Norman language also introduced (or reinforced) words of Norse origin such as mug.

text: Dutch[edit]

text: There are many ways through which Dutch words have entered the English language: via trade and navigation, such as skipper (from schipper), freebooter (from vrijbuiter), keelhauling (from kielhalen); via painting, such as landscape (from landschap), easel (from ezel), still life (from stilleven); warfare, such as forlorn hope (from verloren hoop), beleaguer (from beleger), to bicker (from bicken); via civil engineering, such as dam, polder, dune (from duin); via the New Netherland settlements in North America, such as cookie (from koekie), boss from baas, Santa Claus (from Sinterklaas); via Dutch/Afrikaans speakers with English speakers in South Africa, such as wildebeest, apartheid, boer; via French words of Dutch/Flemish origin that have subsequently been adopted into English, such as boulevard (from bolwerk), mannequin (from manneken), buoy (from boei).[7]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Words relating to warfare and tactics, for instance flotilla and guerrilla; or related to science and culture, whether created in Arabic, originated in Amerindian civilizations (Cariban: cannibal, hurricane; Mescalero: apache; Nahuatl: tomato, coyote, chocolate; Quechua: potato; Taíno: tobacco), or Iberian Romance languages (aficionado, albino, alligator, cargo, cigar, embargo, guitar, jade, mesa, paella, platinum, plaza, renegade, rodeo, salsa, savvy, sierra, siesta, tilde, tornado, vanilla etc.).

text: Italian[edit]

text: Words relating to some music, piano, fortissimo. Or Italian culture, such as piazza, pizza, gondola, balcony, fascism. The English word umbrella comes from Italian ombrello.

text: Indian Languages[edit]

text: Words relating to culture, originating from the colonial era. Many of these words are of Persian origin rather than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts. e.g., pyjamas, bungalow, verandah, jungle, curry, shampoo, khaki.

text: German[edit]

text: German words relating to World War I and World War II found their way into the English language, words such as Blitzkrieg, Führer and Lebensraum; food terms, such as bratwurst, hamburger and frankfurter; words related to psychology and philosophy, such a gestalt, Übermensch, zeitgeist and realpolitik. From German origin are also: wanderlust, schadenfreude, kaputt, kindergarten, autobahn, rucksack.

text: Old Norse[edit]

text: Words of Old Norse origin have entered English primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as egg, sky or knife.

text: Hebrew and Yiddish[edit]

text: Words used in religious contexts, like Sabath, kosher, hallelujah, amen, and jubilee or words that have become slang like schmuck, shmooze, nosh, oy vey, and schmutz.

text: Arabic[edit]

text: Trade items such as borax, coffee, cotton, hashish, henna, mohair, muslin, saffron; Islamic religious terms such as jihad, hadith and sharia; scientific vocabulary borrowed into Latin in the 12th and 13th centuries (alcohol, alkali, algebra, azimuth, cipher, nadir); plants or plant products originating in tropical Asia and introduced to medieval Europe through Arabic intermediation (camphor, jasmine, lacquer, lemon, orange, sugar); Middle Eastern cuisine words (couscous, falafel, hummus, kebab, tahini).

text: Counting[edit]

text: Cardinal numbering in English follows two models, Germanic and Italic. The basic numbers are zero through ten. The numbers eleven through nineteen follow native Germanic style, as do twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety.

text: Standard English, especially in very conservative formal contexts, continued to use native Germanic style as late as World War I for intermediate numbers greater than 20, viz., "one-and-twenty," "five-and-thirty," "seven-and-ninety," and so. But with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the Latin tradition of counting as "twenty-one," "thirty-five," "ninety-seven," etc., which is easier to say and was already common in non-standard regional dialects, gradually replaced the traditional Germanic style to become the dominant style by the end of nineteenth century.

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign-derived ones (which are mainly Romantic, Latin and Greek). "Native" can mean "Anglo-Saxon" or it can be widened to include all Germanic words. In its mild form, it merely means using existing native words instead of foreign-derived ones (such as using "begin" instead of "commence"). In its more extreme form, it involves reviving native words that are no longer widely used (such as "ettle" for "intend") and/or coining new words from Germanic roots (such as word stock for vocabulary). This dates at least to the inkhorn term debate of the 16th and 17th century, where some authors rejected the foreign influence, and has continued to this day, being most prominent in Plain English advocacy to avoid Latinate terms if a simple native alternative exists.


document_title: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers

question_text: who played alice in seven brides for seven brothers

text: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1850, backwoodsman Adam Pontipee comes into a town in the Oregon Territory to search for a bride. Met with ridicule by some locals, he comes upon the local tavern where he meets Milly. Convinced of her worth by the quality of her cooking and her insistence on finishing her chores before she would leave with him, he proposes and she accepts despite knowing each other for only a few hours.

text: On the journey home Milly talks about how she is excited to be cooking and taking care of only one man, visibly upsetting Adam. When they arrive at his cabin in the mountains, Milly is surprised to learn that Adam is one of seven brothers living under the same roof. The brothers have been named alphabetically from the Old Testament in order of birth: Adam, Benjamin, Caleb, Daniel, Ephraim, Frank (short for frankincense, the Old Testament having no names beginning with F), and Gideon. All of the brothers have red hair and all but Gideon are well over six feet tall. Understandably sad about having to tend to the needs of not one, but seven men, and with an idea to solve the situation, a smart and reasonable Milly decides to marry Adam's brothers off to some girls from the town.

text: During an attempt to accomplish this, Milly teaches Adam's rowdy, ill-behaved younger brothers some manners and social mores. She also shows them how to dance. At first, the brothers have a hard time changing from their "mountain man" ways, but eventually each comes to see that the only way he will get a woman of his own is to do things Milly's way. They try out their new manners and make an attempt to begin courting the girls. This takes place at a social gathering in the town (dance + barn-raising), where they meet six women they like – Dorcas, Ruth, Martha, Liza, Sarah, and Alice. The girls take a fancy to the brothers as well. However, they already have suitors among the young men of the town, who jealously taunt the brothers into fighting during the barn-raising. At first the six brothers remember Milly's teaching and try to resist being drawn into a fight by accepting physical indignities. Adam refuses to let himself be pushed around by the rival suitors and calls his younger brothers cowards for letting them get away with their behavior. The girls' suitors from the town finally go too far when they attack Adam, provoking Gideon into fighting back. A free-for-all ensues in which the brothers dominate their physically weaker townie rivals. Although the Pontipees did not start the fight, they are banished from the town after demolishing the barn they were raising in the course of the brawl.

text: Winter finds the six younger brothers pining for the girls for whom they had fallen fast and hard. Milly asks Adam to talk to the brothers as she fears they will want to leave because of missing the girls. Adam reads his brothers the story of "The Sobbin' Women" (taken from Plutarch's story of the Sabine Women), one of the books Milly brought to the homestead. He tells them that they should stop moping around and take whatever action is necessary to get their women. Aided by Adam, the brothers kidnap the six girls, then cause an avalanche in Echo Pass so that they cannot be followed by the townspeople. The only problem: they forgot to bring the parson to perform the marriages.

text: Milly is furious with Adam, as are the six kidnapped women. Milly consigns the brothers to the barn "with the rest of the livestock" while the women live in the house. Adam, feeling betrayed by Milly's reaction, leaves for the trapping cabin farther up the mountain to live out the winter by himself, unknowingly hurting Milly's feelings. Soon after, Milly realizes that she is pregnant by Adam.

text: The winter months slowly pass. The women vent their frustration and resentment by playing pranks on the brothers, such as hitting them with rock-filled snowballs and dumping basins of wash water on them. By spring, the women have forgiven their kidnappers and fallen in love with the brothers, who are now allowed to court them. Milly gives birth to a daughter, Hannah. Gideon rides to the cabin to inform Adam of his daughter's arrival and asks him to come home. Adam refuses, saying that he had said he would return home only when the snow had melted enough that the pass was open to traffic.

text: Having time to think about his baby daughter, Adam returns home in the spring just as Echo Pass is opening and reconciles with Milly. As a newly responsible father, he has become aware of how worried the townspeople would be about what has happened to the six abducted girls. Adam realizes he was wrong to tell his brothers to kidnap them. He tells his brothers they need to take the women back to their homes in town, but his brothers are unwilling. The six women also do not want to return to their homes; they all want to stay at the farm with their new suitors and hide so they will not be taken back home. When Milly discovers that the women are not in the house, Adam tells his brothers to go after them and bring them back.

text: The townspeople arrive with the intention of lynching the Pontipee brothers for the kidnappings. Upon finding the brothers trying to force the women to return, the fathers believe their daughters are being assaulted and charge to their rescue. Alice's father (Ian Wolfe), a preacher, hears baby Hannah cry in the distance, and worries that the baby might belong to one of the kidnapped girls. The fathers and other townsmen round up the Pontipees and announce they intend to hang them.

text: Alice's father, the Reverend Alcott, asks the women whose baby he had heard. They all decide, simultaneously, to claim the baby as their own. This misinformation gives the women and the brothers their wish: the townspeople, including the girls' fathers, insist that all six couples marry at once in a shotgun wedding, performed by the parson while Adam and Milly watch and the fathers stand behind their daughters' grooms, shotguns over their arms.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Brothers and their Brides:

text:
Howard Keel as Adam and Jane Powell as Milly
Jeff Richards as Benjamin and Julie Newmar (Newmeyer) as Dorcas
Matt Mattox as Caleb and Ruta Lee (Kilmonis) as Ruth
Marc Platt as Daniel and Norma Doggett as Martha
Jacques d'Amboise as Ephraim and Virginia Gibson as Liza
Tommy Rall as Frank and Betty Carr as Sarah
Russ Tamblyn as Gideon and Nancy Kilgas as Alice

text: Brothers[edit]

text: To perform the dance numbers and action sequences, choreographer Michael Kidd wanted dancers to portray all six of Adam Pontipee's brothers. Kidd said that he "had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous. I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people – it couldn't look like ballet. And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers." However, he was able to integrate into the cast two non-dancer MGM contract players who were assigned to the film, Jeff Richards, who performed just the simpler dance numbers, and Russ Tamblyn, utilizing him in the dance numbers by exploiting his talents as a gymnast and tumbler.[4][5]

text: The other four brothers were portrayed by professional dancers – Matt Mattox, Marc Platt, Tommy Rall, and Jacques d'Amboise. All four balanced on a beam together during their barn-raising dance.

text: The wood-chopping scene in Lonesome Polecat was filmed in a single take.[6]

text:
Adam (light green shirt): Howard Keel, a professional singer, appeared as the eldest of the seven brothers. He also appeared as Petruchio in the film version of Kiss Me Kate, and appeared, in leading roles, in other musical films including Rose Marie and Show Boat.
Benjamin (orange shirt): Jeff Richards was a former professional baseball player who topped out at the AAA level of the minor leagues. Although obviously athletic, he is noticeably in the background, seated, or standing during the dance numbers so as to not expose his lesser dancing skills. This often relegated his partner, the classically trained ballet dancer Julie Newmar, to the background as well.[7]
Caleb (yellow shirt): Matt Mattox, a professional dancer, appeared on stage on Broadway and also danced in many Hollywood musical films. His singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bill Lee.
Daniel (mauve shirt): Marc Platt, a professional dancer, danced the role of Chalmers / Dream Curly in the original 1943 Broadway production of Oklahoma! and also had a dancing/speaking role in the 1955 film version of Oklahoma! as the friend of Curly who bought Curly's saddle for $10 at the auction and who said that Ado Annie's pie had given him a 'three day bellyache'.[8]
Ephraim (dark green shirt): Jacques d'Amboise, a principal dancer with New York City Ballet, was given special leave for the filming of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (although he was recalled before filming was completed).[9] He also danced in other musical films, including the ballet role of the Starlight Carnival "barker" in the film Carousel (in which he partnered Susan Luckey in Louise's ballet). The Academy Award and Tony Award winning documentary film, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' is about Jacques d'Amboise and his teaching children how to dance.
Frank (red shirt): Tommy Rall, a professional dancer and singer, appeared on stage on Broadway and in many musical films. These included the role of Bill Calhoun (Lucentio) in the film version of Kiss Me Kate – and as one of the Gallini brothers in the film Merry Andrew (including him being one of the three featured acrobatic dancers in the circus engagement scene – Tommy Rall is the dancer in the center wearing the red shirt). He was also in the film Funny Girl, in the role of the Prince who partnered Barbra Streisand in a parody of the ballet Swan Lake.
Gideon (blue shirt): Russ Tamblyn was cast in the role of youngest brother Gideon. Tamblyn showcased his gymnastics training throughout the action sequences.

text: Brides[edit]

text: Professional dancers played all seven of the brides.

text: The four girls, whom Adam sees in the Bixby store when he first goes into town, are Dorcas, Ruth, Liza and Sarah.

text:
Milly: Jane Powell channeled her experiences growing up in Oregon to create Milly. She and Howard Keel would later reprise their roles in a Seven Brides for Seven Brothers stage revival.[10] She also appeared in dancing and singing roles in many other musical films, including Royal Wedding, and Rich, Young and Pretty and also A Date with Judy.
Dorcas Gaylen: Julie Newmar (Newmeyer), wore a purple dress in the barn raising scene. Dorcas is one of the more confident girls, and has stated that she always wanted to be a June bride and have a baby right away. She is also the only girl shown to have a sibling, a younger sister. At the end of the film, she marries Benjamin. A classically trained ballerina, she would later rise to fame as Catwoman in the 1960s TV version of Batman. She also won a Supporting Actress Tony Award for The Marriage-Go-Round (starring Claudette Colbert). She appeared on her neighbor James Belushi's sitcom According to Jim after the two settled a highly publicized lawsuit. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Betty Allen.
Ruth Jepson: Ruta Lee (Kilmonis) enjoyed a long stage and television career, appearing in dozens of films and TV series, working with Lucille Ball, Sammy Davis, Jr., Elizabeth Taylor, Natalie Wood, and Frank Sinatra. Lee appeared in the sitcom Roseanne as the first girlfriend of Roseanne's mother. Her singing parts for the film were dubbed in post-production by Betty Noyes. She is wearing a blue dress in the barn raising scene, and is shown to like baking pies. She marries Caleb.
Martha: Norma Doggett performed in the 1940s-50s Broadway shows Bells Are Ringing, Fanny, Wish You Were Here, Miss Liberty, and Magdalena. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bobbie Canvin. She wears a green dress during the barn raising scene. She marries Daniel.
Liza: Virginia Gibson was nominated for a Tony Award in 1957 and performed regularly, as singer and dancer, on the Johnny Carson show. She wears a pink dress during the barn raising scene. She marries Ephraim.
Sarah Kine: Betty Carr was also a Broadway veteran, dancing in Damn Yankees, Happy Hunting, Mask and Gown, and Fanny (alongside Norma Doggett). Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Norma Zimmer. She wears a yellow dress during the barn raising. She marries Frank.
Alice Elcott: Nancy Kilgas made her film debut in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. The youngest of the girls in the story, she is especially close with Milly and wears a peach colored dress in the barn raising scene. Her father is the town reverend. Gideon falls in love with her at first sight. She danced in the film versions of Oklahoma!, Shake, Rattle & Rock!, and Alfred Hitchcock's Torn Curtain. Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Marie Greene. She marries Gideon.

text: Townspeople[edit]

text:
Reverend Elcott (Ian Wolfe) is the local preacher and father of Alice, one of the brides. He is the officiant in both wedding ceremonies in the movie. A longtime Hollywood character actor, he is perhaps best remembered for his roles as Carter, chief clerk to "Wilfred the Fox," Sir Wilfred Roberts in Witness for the Prosecution; Mr. Atoz in the Star Trek episode "All Our Yesterdays"; as Father Joseph the Abbot in The Frisco Kid; and as "Hirsch," "Mrs. Carlson's" butler on WKRP in Cincinnati.
Pete Perkins (Howard Petrie) is a leading citizen of the town where the Pontipees do their trading. Another longtime Hollywood character actor, he is also known for his role as Tom Hendricks in Bend of the River and as Mr. Lattimore, the prosecuting attorney in the Randolph Scott movie Rage At Dawn.
Mrs. Bixby (Marjorie Wood), co-owner of the general store in the town. Perhaps best known for playing Lady Lucas opposite Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier in Pride and Prejudice, she was a Hollywood veteran of 34 films going back to the silent movie era. She died a year after shooting wrapped on the movie.
Mr. Bixby (Russell Simpson), co-owner of the general store in the town. A longtime Hollywood actor with 244 movie and television credits to his name going well back into the silents in 1914, his best known roles are as Pa Joad in The Grapes of Wrath, and Red Kelly in San Francisco.
Harry (Earl Barton)
Matt (Dante DiPaolo)
Carl (Kelly Brown)
Ruth's Uncle (Matt Moore)
Dorcas' Father (Dick Rich)

text: Production[edit]

text: Choreographer Michael Kidd originally turned down the film, recalling in 1997: "Here are these slobs living off in the woods. They have no schooling, they are uncouth, there's manure on the floor, the cows come in and out – and they're gonna get up and dance? We'd be laughed out of the house."[11]

text: Lyricist Johnny Mercer said that the musical numbers were written at Kidd's behest, as an example "of how a songwriter sometimes has to take his cue from his collaborators."[12] For example, Kidd explained to Mercer and dePaul his conception of the "Lonesome Polecat" number, the lament of the brothers for the women, and the two worked out the music and lyrics.[12]

text: In his introduction to a showing on Turner Classic Movies on January 17, 2009, host Robert Osborne, as well as Jane Powell in her autobiography, The Girl Next Door, both say MGM was much less interested in Seven Brides than it was in Brigadoon which was also filming at the time, even cutting its budget and transferring the money to the Lerner and Loewe vehicle.[10]

text: Most of the movie was shot on the MGM sound stages. One exterior sequence not filmed at the studio was shot on location at Corral Creek Canyon in Sun Valley, Idaho. It was here that the escape following the brothers' kidnapping their future brides and the avalanche that closed the pass was filmed.[13]

text: On the 2004 DVD commentary, Stanley Donen states that the film was originally shot in two versions, one in CinemaScope and another in normal ratio, because MGM was concerned that not all theaters had the capability to screen it. Despite the fact that it cost more than the widescreen version to make, he says, the other version was never used. However both versions are available on the 2004 DVD release.

text: The dresses worn by the female cast were made from old quilts that costume designer Walter Plunkett found at the Salvation Army.[10]

text: Songs and music[edit]

text: The "Main Title" is a medley of the songs "Sobbin' Women", "Bless Your Beautiful Hide" and "Wonderful, Wonderful Day".

text: In the film, Matt Mattox's voice is dubbed in by Bill Lee on "Lonesome Polecat". Mattox can be heard singing the song on the soundtrack album.

text:
Song / Music
Title
Characters
Vocalists
(Singers and speakers etc.)
Instrumental
Music
Year
recorded

Main Title

N/A

N/A

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

Bless Your Beautiful Hide
Adam

Howard Keel

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Bless Your Beautiful Hide (reprise)
Adam

Howard Keel

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

Wonderful, Wonderful Day
Milly

Jane Powell

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

When You're in Love
Milly

Jane Powell

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Goin' Courtin'
Milly and Brothers
Jane Powell, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn, Marc Platt,
Matt Mattox, Jacques d'Amboise, Jeff Richards,
Howard Hudson, Gene Lanham & Robert Wacker
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Barn Dance

N/A

N/A

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Barn Raising

N/A

N/A

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

When You're in Love (reprise)
Adam

Howard Keel

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Lonesome Polecat
The Brothers
Bill Lee and the M-G-M Studio Chorus
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

Sobbin' Women
Adam & Brothers
Howard Keel, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn,
Matt Mattox, Alan Davies, C. Parlato, Marc Platt,
Robert Wacker, Gene Lanham & M. Spergel
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1953

Kidnapped And Chase

N/A

N/A

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

June Bride
The Brides
Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

June Bride (reprise)
Brides & Milly
Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer
& Jane Powell
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

Spring, Spring, Spring
Brothers & Brides
Howard Keel, Tommy Rall, Russ Tamblyn,
Matt Mattox, Alan Davies, C. Parlato,
Robert Wacker, Gene Lanham, M. Spergel, Bill Lee,
Virginia Gibson, Barbara Ames, Betty Allan,
Betty Noyes, Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer
M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

End Title

N/A

N/A

M-G-M Studio Orchestra

1954

text: Reception[edit]

text: Seven Brides for Seven Brothers was the 5th most popular film at the British box office in 1955.[14] According to MGM records it made $5,526,000 in the US and Canada and $3,877,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $3,198,000.[1]

text: The film came in third in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK's "Number One Essential Musicals"[15] and was listed as number eight in the "Top 10 MGM musicals" in the book Top 10 of Film by Russell Ash. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." In 2006, it was ranked #21 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals. In 2008, the film was ranked number 464 in Empire magazine's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[16]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes awards Seven Brides for Seven Brothers an 88% "Fresh" rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The critics' consensus states: "Buoyed by crowd-pleasing tunes and charming performances, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers makes a successful transition from Broadway to screen that's sure to please the whole family."[17]

text: Publicity slogan[edit]

text: The following slogan was used to publicize the film in 1954:

text:
Adam abducted Milly
Benjamin brought Dorcas
Caleb caught Ruth
Daniel detained Martha
Ephraim eloped with Liza
Frank fetched Sarah
Gideon grabbed Alice

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards
March 30, 1955
Best Picture of the Year
Jack Cummings
Nominated

Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay
Albert Hackett, Frances Goodrich, and Dorothy Kingsley
Nominated

Best Cinematography, Color
George J. Folsey
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Ralph E. Winters
Nominated

Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture
Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin
Won

BAFTA Awards
February 16, 1955
Best Film from any Source
Stanley Donen (United States)
Nominated

Directors Guild of America
February 13, 1955
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Stanley Donen
Nominated

National Board of Review
December 20, 1954
Top Ten Best Films of the Year

2nd place

National Film Registry
December 28, 2004

Honored

Satellite Awards
December 17, 2005
Best Youth DVD
For the 50th Anniversary Two-Disc Special Edition DVD
Nominated

Writers Guild of America
February 28, 1955
Best Written American Musical
Albert Hackett, Frances Goodrich, and Dorothy Kingsley
Won

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #21[18]

text: Adaptations and remakes[edit]

text: The 1978 stage musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is an adaptation of the film, with a book by Lawrence Kasha and David Landay. Four songs from the film ("Bless Your Beautiful Hide", "Wonderful Wonderful Day", "Goin' Courtin'", and "Sobbin' Women") were kept for the stage musical; the rest of the score consisted of new songs written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn.

text: The TV series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, loosely based on the film, ran weekly on CBS from September 19, 1982 to March 23, 1983.

text: The 1982 Bollywood film Satte Pe Satta ("Seven On Seven") was a remake of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.