document_title: 2018–19 NBA season

question_text: when does the 2018 19 nba schedule come out

text: 2018–19 NBA season

text: Transactions

text: Retirement

text:
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[1]
On May 25, 2018, after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[2]
On July 17, 2018, after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA.[3]
On August 27, 2018, Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA. Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise.[4]

text: Free agency

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.

text: Coaching changes

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season

Atlanta Hawks
Mike Budenholzer
Lloyd Pierce

Charlotte Hornets
Steve Clifford
James Borrego

Detroit Pistons
Stan Van Gundy
Dwane Casey

Milwaukee Bucks
Joe Prunty (interim)
Mike Budenholzer

New York Knicks
Jeff Hornacek
David Fizdale

Orlando Magic
Frank Vogel
Steve Clifford

Phoenix Suns
Jay Triano (interim)
Igor Kokoškov

Toronto Raptors
Dwane Casey
Nick Nurse

text: Off-season

text:
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[5] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[6]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[7]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[8]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[9]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[10]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[11]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[12]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[13]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[14]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[15]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[16]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[17]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[18]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[19]

text: Preseason

text: The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12.

text: International games

text: The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29. And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[20]

text: The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8.[21]

text: Regular season

text: The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[22]

text: International games

text: On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[23]

text: On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[24]

text: Arenas

text:
This will be the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019.[25]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018.[26][27]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[28][29]

text: Media

text: This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]

text: Uniforms

text:
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[30][31]
On July 25, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[32]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[33]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[34]
On August 8, 2018, the Orlando Magic unveiled their first "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary.[35]
On August 16, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new "Classic Edition" uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta.[36][37]

text: Uniform sponsorships

text: In April 2016, the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017–18 season.[38] Prior and during the 2017–18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract. Before the 2018–19 season two more teams signed such contract:

text:
Memphis Grizzlies – FedEx[39]
San Antonio Spurs – Frost Bank[40]

text: As of August 22, 2018, seven teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract: Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Indiana Pacers, Oklahoma City Thunder, Phoenix Suns, Portland Trail Blazers, and Washington Wizards.


document_title: Barbie (film series)

question_text: when is the new barbie movie coming out

question_tokens: when is the new barbie movie coming out

root

text: Barbie (film series)

text: Origins[edit]

text: Barbie’s popularity on the toy market began to decline in the 1990s,[2] and struggled further when MGA Entertainment introduced a line of Bratz dolls, whose sexualized characters contrasted with Barbie’s older, chaste image.[4][5] Mattel therefore attempted to overhaul the Barbie brand to keep the toy relevant to consumers in the modern age by bringing in consultants and conducting research on key market groups. Mattel consultants initially considered reducing the Barbie’s breast size, but later claimed that the doll’s figure could not be changed because “being consistent is one of her biggest strengths.”[6] This move might also have been rejected because of the success of the sexualized Bratz dolls of Mattel’s competitors. Mattel's team also considered targeting market audiences of career women and their daughters by introducing lines of Doctor or Lawyer Barbies.[7] However, Mattel’s research showed that girls were spending more time online than playing with physical dolls.[4][7][8] Therefore, targeted career Barbies were discarded in favor of looking for more interactive platforms through online or digital media.

tag: p

text: This resulted in the creation of the Barbie film series, which initially revolved around Barbie being reimagined a princess and eventually expanded into various worlds of fashion and fantasy. A primary benefit of this strategy revolved around marketing, as Mattel could sell dolls specific to each film separately from the DVDs and merchandise related to props, costumes, and sets from the films.[5] Tim Kilpin, the senior vice-president for girls marketing at Mattel, stated that “What you see now are several different Barbie worlds anchored by content and storytelling. A girl can understand what role Barbie is playing, what the other characters are doing, and how they interrelate. That’s a much richer level of story that leads to a richer level of play.”[9] The strategy worked: US Barbie sales, led by the princess line, "increased by two percent in 2006, saving Mattel’s bottom line at a time when its worldwide share of the toy market was declining."[7][10] Within the films, Mattel includes performances by well-known companies and orchestras, such as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Czech Philharmonic and the New York City Ballet.[4][5] These associations could have been included as an enrichment strategy on behalf of Mattel’s marketing team, to help the films be seen as educational.

text: Films[edit]

text: The following is the official list of thirty-six films in the Barbie film series.

text:
#

Title

Barbie’s Role(s)

Release Date

Director(s)

1
Barbie in the Nutcracker
Clara/Sugarplum Princess
October 23, 2001
Owen Hurley

2
Barbie as Rapunzel
Rapunzel
October 1, 2002
Owen Hurley

3
Barbie of Swan Lake
Odette
September 30, 2003
Owen Hurley

4
Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper
Princess Anneliese/Erika
September 28, 2004
William Lau

5
Barbie: Fairytopia
Elina
March 8, 2005
Walter P. Martishius

6
Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus
Princess Annika
September 20, 2005
Greg Richardson

7
Barbie Fairytopia: Mermaidia
Elina
March 14, 2006
William Lau
Walter P. Martishius

8
The Barbie Diaries
Barbie
May 9, 2006
Eric Fogel

9
Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses
Princess Genevieve
September 19, 2006
Greg Richardson

10
Barbie Fairytopia: Magic of the Rainbow
Elina
March 13, 2007
William Lau

11
Barbie as the Island Princess
Ro/Rosella
September 18, 2007
Greg Richardson

12
Barbie: Mariposa
Elina/Mariposa
February 26, 2008
Conrad Helten

13
Barbie & the Diamond Castle
Barbie/Liana
September 9, 2008
Gino Nichele

14
Barbie in A Christmas Carol
Barbie/Eden Starling
November 4, 2008
William Lau

15
Barbie Presents: Thumbelina
Barbie
March 17, 2009
Conrad Helten

16
Barbie and the Three Musketeers
Corinne
September 15, 2009
William Lau

17
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale
Merliah Summers
March 2, 2010
Adam L. Wood

18
Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale
Barbie
September 14, 2010
William Lau

19
Barbie: A Fairy Secret
Barbie
March 15, 2011
William Lau

20
Barbie: Princess Charm School
Blair Willows/Princess Sophia
September 13, 2011
Ezekiel Norton

21
Barbie: A Perfect Christmas
Barbie
November 8, 2011
Mark Baldo

22
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2
Merliah Summers
February 27, 2012
William Lau

23
Barbie: The Princess & the Popstar
Princess Tori/Keira
September 11, 2012
Ezekiel Norton

24
Barbie in the Pink Shoes
Kristyn Farraday/Giselle/Odette
February 26, 2013
Owen Hurley

25
Barbie: Mariposa & the Fairy Princess
Mariposa
August 27, 2013
William Lau

26
Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale
Barbie Roberts
October 22, 2013
Kyran Kelly

27
Barbie: The Pearl Princess
Princess Lumina
March 11, 2014
Ezekiel Norton

28
Barbie and the Secret Door
Princess Alexa
September 16, 2014
Karen J. Lloyd

29
Barbie in Princess Power
Princess Kara
March 4, 2015
Ezekiel Norton

30
Barbie in Rock 'N Royals
Princess Courtney
September 8, 2015
Karen J. Lloyd

31
Barbie and Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure
Barbie Roberts
October 27, 2015
Andrew Tan

32
Barbie: Spy Squad
Barbie
February 8, 2016
Conrad Helten

32
Barbie: Star Light Adventure
Barbie of Para-Den
August 29, 2016
Andrew Tan

34
Barbie and Her Sisters In A Puppy Chase
Barbie Roberts
October 18, 2016
Conrad Helten

35
Barbie: Video Game Hero
Barbie
January 31, 2017
Conrad Helten
Ezekiel Norton

36
Barbie: Dolphin Magic
Barbie Roberts
October 13, 2017
Conrad Helten

tag: table

text: Live action film adaptation[edit]

text: In 1986, a St. Petersburg Times newspaper reported that Cannon Films planned to make a Barbie film, but nothing came to fruition.

text: Sony Pictures and Mattel are developing a comedic live-action Barbie movie with Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing and Jenny Bicks writing the film.[11] On March 4, 2015 it was announced that Diablo Cody will be doing rewrites on the script.[12] In December 2015 it was announced that Sony would hire three different writers to write scripts, and that they would choose the best one. They are working with the draft written by Hilary Winston.[13][14]

text: On August 5, 2015, Sony Pictures set the film's release date on June 2, 2017.[15]

text: On December 2, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Amy Schumer had been cast as Barbie. It also reported that minor changes would be made in terms of the character and the story itself, centering on a Barbie, who after she is exiled from a world full of Barbies, enters the real world as a normal woman who is imperfect.[16] On March 23, 2017, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Schumer had dropped out of the project due to scheduling conflicts; similar reports stated that the film was without a director.[17] In August 2017, it was announced that Anne Hathaway would star as the titular character and that up-and-coming director Alethea Jones would helm the film.[18]

text: Originally scheduled for release on May 12, 2017, it was reported that the live-action film adaptation was pushed back and was set for a June 29, 2018 release in the United States;[19] it was later pushed back to August 8, 2018.[20] The film would later move its release date to May 8, 2020.[21] On April 26, 2018, Diablo Cody announced she has dropped out of the project. Cody said that she spent too much time involved working on the screenplay for Tully to focus on writing the live action Barbie movie and that she doesn't feel she is the right person to write the script.[22]


document_title: Education in Wales

question_text: how many secondary schools are there in wales

text: Education in Wales

text: The structure of the Welsh educational system[edit]

text: Compulsory schooling[edit]

text: A child's age on 1 September determines the point of entry into the relevant stage of education.  Education is compulsory beginning with the term following the child's fifth birthday, but may take place at either home or school.  Most parents choosing to educate through school-based provision, however, enrol their children in the reception year in September of that school year, with most children thus beginning school at age four or four and a half.  This age was traditionally  much earlier than in most other Western nations,[5] but in recent years many European countries have lowered their age of compulsory education, usually by making one or more years of kindergarten compulsory.[6]

text: Primary education[edit]

text: In 2014/15, there were 1,330 primary schools in Wales with 273,400 pupils and 12,240 full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers. The teacher/pupil ratio was 1:22 and the average class size was 26 pupils.[7] In the same year, there were 13 nursery schools in with 1,076 pupils and 43 full-time equivalent teachers.[7] In 2015/16, there were 276,950 pupils in 1,310 primary schools - a rise of 3,550 since 2014/15.[8]

text: In 2008 a unique new curriculum - the Foundation phase - was rolled out to all schools in Wales. It began for 3- to 4-year-olds and by 2011 is in place for 3- to 7-year-olds. It is based on experiential learning, in small groups, with a teacher ratio of 1:8 for the youngest ages.

text: In 2014/15, there were 435 Welsh-medium primary schools with 65,460 pupils, rising from 64,366 in 2013/14 but the number of Welsh-medium primary schools decreasing from 444.[7]

text: Secondary education[edit]

text: Pupils in secondary school take part in the compulsory GCSE and the non-compulsory A-level or BTEC qualifications at age 16 and 18 respectively. Since 2007 the Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification has also been available as an option although it was ungraded until 2014.

text: In 2014/15 there were 207 secondary schools (a drop of six since 2013/14) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers (a drop of 310 since 2013/14). The pupil/teacher ratio was 17:1, which has remained largely the same since 2000/01.[7] In 2015/16, there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools - a drop of 3,700 since 2014/15.[8] The same report found that in 2015/16, there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools, 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools, and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units.

text: In 2014/15, there were 50 Welsh-medium secondary (a drop of 2 since 2013/14) schools with 36,485 pupils, dropping from 37,400 in 2013/14. In the same year, there were 4 Welsh-medium middle schools (a rise of 2 since 2013/14) with 2,448 pupils, a rise from 1,577 in 2013/14.[7]

text: In 2016, 60/3% of Year 11 pupils (aged 16) achieved the Level 2 inclusive threshold (Level 2 including a grade A*-C in English or Welsh first language and Mathematics). 35.6% of pupils eligible for FSM (free school meals) achieved the L2 inclusive threshold. 66.9% of pupils achieved A*-C in maths. 70.4% of pupils achieved A*-C in either English or Welsh first language.[9]

text: PISA results, by which the performance of Welsh pupils is compared to that of other countries, is also of enormous concern, with Wales lagging behind all other countries in the UK, leading to the then Minister of Education Leighton Andrews to describe the performance as "unacceptable".[10]

text: Education Consortia

text: There are four formal education consortia in Wales covering:

text:
North Wales (Flintshire, Conwy, Wrexham, Gwynedd, Isle of Anglesey, Denbighshire)
South West and Mid Wales (Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, Powys, Ceredigion)
Central South Wales (Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Vale of Glamorgan)
South East Wales (Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport, Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen)

tag: ul

text: Each of the consortia are responsible for school improvement services throughout their respective local authorities and schools.  Whilst all aspects of school improvement are considered consortia roles, they are specifically targeted with addressing the three Ministerial priorities of; improving levels of literacy, numeracy and reducing the impact of poverty on education attainment.

text: Further education[edit]

text: Further education (FE) includes full- and part-time learning for people over compulsory school age, excluding higher education.[11] FE and publicly funded training in Wales is provided by 15 FE institutions in 2014/15 and a range of public, private and voluntary sector training providers, such as the Workers' Educational Association. Colleges vary in size and mission, and include general FE, tertiary and specialist institutions, including one Roman Catholic Sixth Form College and a residential adult education college. Many colleges offer leisure learning and training programmes designed to meet the needs of business.[12][13] In 2014/15 there were 263,315 FE students in Wales spanning the entire availability of FE at multiple placements, including FE, HE (higher education), LA (local authority) Community, and work-based learning.[7]

text: Adult community learning[edit]

text: Adult Community learning is a form of adult education or lifelong learning delivered and supported by local authorities in Wales.[14] Programmes can be formal or informal, non-accredited or accredited, and vocational, academic or leisure orientated.[15] In 2015/16 there were 28,710 learners in Local Authority Community Learning.[7]

text: Higher education[edit]

text: Students normally enter higher education (HE) from 18 onwards. All undergraduate education is largely state-financed (with Welsh students contributing £1,255), and students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. The state does not control syllabi, but it does influence admission procedures and monitors standards through the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales.

text: The typical first degree offered at Welsh universities is the Bachelor's degree, typically taking three years to complete full-time. Some institutions offer an undergraduate master's degree as a first degree, typically lasting four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. Some universities offer a vocationally based Foundation degree, typically two years in length.

text: Within Wales, medical undergraduate education is provided by only Cardiff University, while graduate fast track route training is provided at Swansea University. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of universities with their own degree awarding powers owing to the change in the University of Wales from a single awarding body for most of the Universities in Wales to a confederal structure, along with former institutes gaining university status. In 2014/15, there were 8 HE institutions in Wales including one music conservatoire, the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff which is part of the University of Glamorgan Group. The University of Glamorgan, the second largest university in Wales, has never been a member of the University of Wales and awards its own degrees: the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama also awards University of Glamorgan degrees.

text: In 2014/15 there were 145,735 enrolments at HE institutions in Wales, including 97,900 first degree and other undergraduates and 27,780 postgraduates. Welsh HE institutions had a total of 10,140 full-time and part-time staff.[7]

text: In 2012, the minister with responsibility for education within Wales, Leighton Andrews, made a significant statement in relation to the merger of Cardiff Metropolitan University (CMU, formerly UWIC), the University of Glamorgan and University of Wales, Newport (UWN),[16] in which he proposed the dissolution of CMU and UN as part of the process towards merger. However significant such changes may seem, it is arguable that the effective imposition of an average undergraduate fee of £7.5 K pa for the three institutions (and others, but not to Cardiff, Swansea, Bangor and Aberystwyth all of whom will charge £9 K pa) will cause much more substantial long term damage to these universities and reinvent the 'binary divide' between universities and the former polytechnics and HE institutes.[17]


document_title: Oval Office

question_text: where is the oval office in the white house

text: Oval Office

text: Cultural history[edit]

text: The Oval Office has become associated in Americans' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, Jr. peering through the front panel of his father's desk, President Richard Nixon speaking by telephone with the Apollo 11 astronauts during their moonwalk, and daughter Amy Carter bringing her Siamese cat Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten President Jimmy Carter's day. Several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Nixon announcing his resignation from office (1974),[1] Ronald Reagan following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986),[2] and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks (2001).[3] In 2018, former White House stenographer Beck Dorey-Stein published a memoir about her years working for Obama called "From the Corner of the Oval."

text: Antecedents[edit]

text: Washington's Bow Window[edit]

text: George Washington never occupied the White House. He spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D.C. was under construction.

text: In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the President's House in Philadelphia, creating a ceremonial space in which the public would meet the President.[4] Standing before the three windows of this Bow Window, he formally received guests for his Tuesday afternoon levees, delegations from Congress and foreign dignitaries, and the general public at open houses on New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, and his birthday.

text: "Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through an unfolding door, made their salutations to the President, and turning off, stood on one side."[5]

text: President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in March 1797, and used the Bow Window in the same manner as his predecessor.[6]

text: Curved foundations of Washington's Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the President's House site.[7] They are exhibited under glass at the President's House Commemoration, just north of the Liberty Bell Center.[8]

text: White House[edit]

text: Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792 and would have seen the Bow Window.[9] The following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House.

text: The "elliptic salon" at the center of the White House was the outstanding feature of Hoban's original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism. Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture.

text: In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House. He and his successor, President Thomas Jefferson, used Hoban's oval rooms in the same ceremonial manner that Washington had used the Bow Window, standing before the three windows at the south end to receive guests.[10]

text: During the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White House's second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library.

text: West Wing[edit]

text: The West Wing was the idea of President Theodore Roosevelt, brought about by his wife's opinion that the second floor of the White House, then shared between bedrooms and offices, should be just a domestic space. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, for use until a permanent building was erected either on that site or elsewhere.[11] Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan.[12] Roosevelt moved the offices of the executive branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a two-room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room, located just west of the present Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the president's desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company, of Boston.[13]

text:
Location of the Yellow Oval Room on the second floor of the White House. A number of presidents used this as their private office or library.

The Yellow Oval Room about 1868 used as President Andrew Johnson's library. Note the bearskin chair on the right.

text: Taft Oval Office: 1909–1933[edit]

text: President William Howard Taft made the West Wing a permanent building, expanding it southward, doubling its size, and building the first Oval Office.[14] Designed by Nathan C. Wyeth and completed in 1909, the office was centered on the south side of the building, much as the oval rooms in the White House are. Taft intended it to be the hub of his administration, and, by locating it in the center of the West Wing, he could be more involved with the day-to-day operation of his presidency. The Taft Oval Office had simple Georgian Revival trim, and was likely the most colorful in history; the walls were covered with vibrant seagrass green burlap.[15]

text: On December 24, 1929, during President Herbert Hoover's administration, a fire severely damaged the West Wing. Hoover used this as an opportunity to create more space, excavating a partial basement for additional offices. He restored the Oval Office, upgrading the quality of trim and installing air-conditioning. He also replaced the furniture, which had undergone no major changes in twenty years.

text:
Exterior of the West Wing (circa 1910s), showing the curve of the Taft Oval Office.

President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins, January 15, 1930.

West Wing construction, 1934.

Exterior of the Oval Office as viewed from the South Lawn, July 15, 2006.

text: Modern Oval Office: 1934–present[edit]

text: Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing, President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933. To create additional space without increasing the apparent size of the building, Gugler excavated a full basement, added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn, and built an unobtrusive "penthouse" story. The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices. Gugler's most visible addition was the expansion of the building eastward for a new Cabinet Room and Oval Office.[16]

text: The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing's southeast corner, offering FDR, who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair, more privacy and easier access to the Residence. He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms, with more robust Georgian details: doors topped with substantial pediments, bookcases set into niches, a deep bracketed cornice, and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal. Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture, the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that "wash" the ceiling in light.[17] In small ways, hints of Art Moderne can be seen, in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion. FDR and Gugler worked closely together, often over breakfast, with Gugler sketching the president's ideas. One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room's furniture, is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace. The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left, and a visiting head of state on the right. This allowed FDR to be seated, with his guests at the same level, de-emphasizing his inability to stand. Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934.

text: Decoration[edit]

text: The basic Oval Office furnishings have been a desk in front of the three windows at the south end, a pair of chairs in front of the fireplace at the north end, a pair of sofas, and assorted tables and chairs. The Neoclassical mantel was made for the Taft Oval Office in 1909, and salvaged after the 1929 West Wing fire.[18] A tradition of displaying potted Swedish ivy (Plectranthus verticillatus) atop the mantel goes back to the administration of John F. Kennedy, and the current plants were rooted from the original plant.

text: A Federal longcase clock, made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795–1805 – commonly known as the Oval Office grandfather clock – was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972, and has stood next to the Oval Office's northeast door since 1975.[19]

text: The carpet of the Oval Office bears the Seal of the President. President Harry S. Truman's oval carpet was the first to incorporate the presidential seal. In Truman's carpet, the seal was represented monochromatically through varying depths of the cut pile. His carpet was used in the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. In recent years most administrations have created their own rug, working with an interior designer and the Curator of the White House. As part of her overall restoration of the White House, Jacqueline Kennedy had a redecoration of the Oval Office begun on November 21, 1963, when she accompanied President John F. Kennedy on a trip to Texas. The next day, November 22, a new carpet was installed just as the Kennedys were making their way through Dallas and the President was assassinated.[20]

text: Desks[edit]

text: Six desks have been used in the Oval Office by U.S. Presidents. The Theodore Roosevelt desk was used there by seven presidents – most recently by Dwight Eisenhower – and by Theodore Roosevelt in his non-oval office.

text: Equally popular is the Resolute Desk, so named because it was made from the timbers of the British frigate HMS Resolute. The ship had been frozen in Arctic ice and abandoned but was later found and freed by American seamen. It was refurbished and presented as a gift from the United States to Queen Victoria in 1856. When the ship was decommissioned from the British Navy in 1879, Queen Victoria ordered twin desks made from its timbers, keeping one and presenting the other as a gift to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered a kneehole panel with the Presidential Seal added, but work was not completed until after his 1945 death in office. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy had the desk restored, and she was the first to place it in the Oval Office. Following the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the desk toured the country as part of a traveling exhibit for the Kennedy Presidential Library and was then lent to the Smithsonian Institution. President Jimmy Carter brought the desk back to the Oval Office in the 1970s. Since then, Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush,  Barack Obama and  Donald Trump have also used it as their Oval Office desk.

text: When not in use in the Oval Office, a desk is often placed in the adjacent Oval Office Study, in the White House, or is used by the vice-president.

text: Artwork[edit]

text: Decorator Ted Graber arranged for the floor to be built, installed and donated by Rode Brothers from Los Angeles .

text: Art may be selected from the White House collection, or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration.

text: Most presidents have hung a portrait of George Washington – usually the Rembrandt Peale "Porthole" portrait or the Charles Willson Peale three-quarter-length portrait – over the mantel at the north end of the room. A portrait of Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully hung in Lyndon Johnson's office, and in Ronald Reagan's, George H. W. Bush's and Bill Clinton's. A portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story hung in George W. Bush's office, and continued in Barack Obama's. Three landscapes/cityscapes by minor artists – City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke, Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly, and The President's House, a copy after William Henry Bartlett – have adorned the walls in multiple administrations. The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam and Working on the Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell flanked the Resolute Desk in Bill Clinton's office, and did the same in Barack Obama's.

text: Statuettes, busts, heads, and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office. Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject, in works by sculptors Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Gutzon Borglum, Adolph Alexander Weinman, Leo Cherne and others. In recent administrations, traditional busts of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower. Western bronzes by Frederic Remington have been frequent choices: Harry S. Truman displayed Fired On; Lyndon Johnson displayed The Bronco Buster, as did Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Presidents Reagan and Bush added its companion piece, Rattlesnake.

text: President Harry S. Truman displayed works related to his home state of Missouri, illustrations of biplanes, and models of jet-airplanes. He hung a large photograph of the White House portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, under whom he had served as Vice-President, who died in office in 1945. President Dwight Eisenhower filled the office walls with landscape paintings, as well as a painting of Robert E. Lee.[21] President John F. Kennedy surrounded himself with paintings of naval battles from the War of 1812, photographs of sailboats, and ship models. President Lyndon Johnson installed sconces on either side of the mantel, and added the office's first painting by a woman artist, Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. President Richard Nixon tried three different George Washington portraits over the mantel, and hung a copy of Earthrise – a photograph of the earth taken from the moon's orbit during the Apollo 8 mission – beside his desk. President Gerald Ford displayed tasteful, conservative works; paintings that remained mostly in place through the administrations of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. President George H. W. Bush added luminist landscapes. President Bill Clinton chose the Childe Hassam and Norman Rockwell paintings mentioned above, along with Waiting for the Hour by William T. Carlton,[22] a genre painting showing African-Americans gathered in anticipation of the Emancipation Proclamation going into effect. President George W. Bush mixed traditional works with paintings by Texas artists and Western sculptures. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, British Prime Minister Tony Blair lent him a bust of Winston Churchill, who had guided Great Britain through World War II. President Barack Obama honored Abraham Lincoln with the portrait by Story, a bust by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation. Below the proclamation was a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. by Charles Alston,[23] and in the nearby bookcase was a program from the August 28, 1963 March on Washington, at which Dr. King gave his "I Have a Dream Speech."

text: Redecoration[edit]

text: A tradition evolved in the latter part of the twentieth century of each new administration redecorating the office to the President's liking. A new administration usually selects an oval carpet, new drapery, the paintings on the walls, and some furniture. Most incoming presidents continue using the rug of their predecessor until their new one is installed. The retired carpet very often is then moved to the presidential library of the president for whom it was made.

text: The redecoration of the Oval Office is usually coordinated by the First Lady's office in the East Wing, working with an interior designer and the White House Curator.

text: Alterations[edit]

text: Since the present Oval Office's construction in 1934 during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally.[citation needed] More than any president, FDR left an impression on the room and its use. Doors and window frames have been modified slightly.[citation needed] A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning. President Lyndon B. Johnson's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring.[citation needed] The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint, and a series of electrified wall sconces have come and gone.[citation needed]

text: Though some presidents have chosen to do day-to-day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office, most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings. Traffic from the large numbers of staff, visitors, and pets over time takes its toll. There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office. The original floor was made of cork installed over soft wood; however, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was an avid golfer and damaged the floor with his golf spikes. Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood-grain linoleum. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan had the floor replaced with quarter sawn oak and walnut, in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to Eric Gugler's 1933 sketch, which had never been installed. In August 2005, the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush, in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor.

text: Conservation[edit]

text: In the late 1980s, a comprehensive assessment of the entire house, including the Oval Office, was made as part of the National Park Service's Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS).[24] Detailed photographs and measured drawings were made documenting the interior and exterior and showing even slight imperfections. A checklist of materials and methods was generated for future conservation and restoration.

text: Dimensions[edit]

text:
Dimensions
US
SI

Major axis (north-south)
35 ft 10 in
10.9 m

Minor axis (east-west)
29 ft
8.8 m

Eccentricity
0.59
0.59

Height
18 ft 6 in
5.6 m

Line of rise (the point at which the ceiling starts to arch)
16 ft 7 in
5.0 m

Approximate circumference
102 ft 5 in
31.2 m

Approximate area
816.2 sq ft
75.8 sq m

text: The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is approximately 21:17 or 1.24.

text:
John F. Kennedy's children visit the Oval Office

The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford

President Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope play golf in the Oval Office, a tradition harking back to the tenure of Lyndon B. Johnson

President George W. Bush chose a more muted color palette than his predecessor, using shades of taupe, celadon and navy.

One of many hand-shake photos in front of the fireplace. President George W. Bush sitting to the viewer's right, the guest (Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda) to the left. One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace. March 2003.

text: Taft Oval Office, 1909–1933[edit]

text:
President

Image

Designer

Furnishings

Artwork

Notes

William Howard Taft1909–1913

Nathan C. Wyeth, 1909

Marble Neoclassical mantelBookcases with glass doorsLighting fixtures by E. F. Caldwell & Co.[25]Walls covered in green burlapSkylightTheodore Roosevelt deskGreen draperyGreen rug2 leather "Davenport" sofasLeather armchairsSide chairs covered in leather

 President Roosevelt's Executive Office, 1904.President Taft used the desk and furniture from President Roosevelt's office.

Woodrow Wilson1913–1921

President Wilson rarely used the Oval Office, preferring to work in the Treaty Room.[26]

Warren G. Harding1921–1923

President Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. This photo, taken on the day of his funeral, shows a mourning crepe tied to the desk chair and blotter.

Calvin Coolidge1923–1929

President Coolidge's first official photograph, taken August 15, 1923.

Herbert Hoover1929–1933

Before fire:Theodore Roosevelt deskAfter fire:Hoover desk[27]Art Moderne-style sconces6 cane-back armchairsUpholstered furniture

President Hoover rebuilt the West Wing after the December 24, 1929 fire. He installed air-conditioning, and replaced the Oval Office's Colonial-Revival lighting fixtures with Art Moderne ones. He replaced the leather sofas and chairs with upholstered furniture, and added the 6 cane-back armchairs that are still used in the modern Oval Office.

Franklin D. Roosevelt1933–1945

Hoover desk

Note the Art Moderne sconces in this 1933 photo.President Roosevelt moved the marble mantel, 2 of the sconces, the rug, drapery, desk, and furniture to the modern Oval Office.

text: Modern Oval Office, 1934–present[edit]

text:
President

Image

Designer

Furnishings

Artwork

Notes

Franklin D. Roosevelt1933–1945

Eric Gugler, 1934

Marble mantel (from prior Oval Office)2 sconces (from prior Oval Office)Hoover deskGreen draperyGreen rugArched-back desk chairArched-back armchairs (against the wall)"Lawson" sofa (against the wall)6 cane-back armchairs

George Washington by Rembrandt PealePrints of the Hudson ValleyShip models

George Washington by Rembrandt PealeOval Office replica at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum.

Harry S. Truman1945–1953

Theodore Roosevelt deskGray draperyBlue-gray rug with the Presidential SealTelevision set

George Washington by Rembrandt PealeGeorge Washington by Luis Cadena (gift of Ecuador)[28]Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas (gift of Venezuela)[29]José de San Martín, copy after Jean Baptiste Madou (gift of Argentina)USS Constitution by Gordon GrantMissouri State Seal plaqueFired On by Frederic RemingtonEquestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson by Charles KeckPhotograph of Portrait of Franklin Delano Roosevelt by Frank O. SalisburyJet-airplane models

 Truman receiving a bust of Simón Bolívar (gift of Venezuela), 1946.Oval Office replica at Harry S. Truman Presidential Library.

Dwight D. Eisenhower1953–1961

Theodore Roosevelt deskTruman draperyTruman rug

Landscape paintingsSeated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum

 Seated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum.

John F. Kennedy1961–1963

Stéphane Boudin, 1963

Resolute deskWhite draperyRed rugRocking chair2 white sofas (not against the wall)Round coffee table, with phone attachedReplaced sconces with brass lanterns

USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian by Thomas Birch[30]Paintings of naval battlesPhotographs of sailboatsShip models

First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy restored the Resolute desk.Redecoration of the Oval Office was nearing completion at the time of JFK's assassination.[31]

Lyndon B. Johnson1963–1969

Johnson desk[32]Truman rugKennedy draperyCabinet for TeletypeBanquette with three televisionsKennedy rocking chairKennedy sofasRound coffee table, with phone in drawerFederal-style tall-case clockReplaced brass lanterns with brass sconcesCovered floor with wood-grained linoleum

George Washington by Gilbert StuartAndrew Jackson by Thomas SullyThomas Jefferson by Gilbert StuartFranklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff[33]The Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonBust of Lyndon B. Johnson (1966) by Jimilu Mason[34]

 Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff (on mantel).

Richard Nixon1969–1974

Wilson deskYellow draperyRoyal blue rug

1st. George Washington by Gilbert Stuart2nd. George Washington by Rembrandt Peale3rd. George Washington by Charles Willson PealeThe President's House, copy after William Henry BartlettBust of Abraham Lincoln by Leo CherneBird figurines by Edward Marshall BoehmEarthrise (photograph of the earth from the moon's orbit)

 Oval Office replica at Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.First Lady Pat Nixon designed the Oval Office's royal blue rug.

Gerald Ford1974–1977

Wilson deskRed draperyYellow floral rug2 yellow Queen Anne-style armchairs2 yellow wing chairs2 striped sofasSeymour tall-case clockRemoved the brass sconces

George Washington by Charles Willson PealeThe President's House, copy after William Henry BartlettEastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de GraillyCity of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George CookeBenjamin Franklin by Charles Willson PealeStanding Lincoln by Adolph Alexander WeinmanThe Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington

 President Ford first placed the Seymour tall-case clock in the Oval Office.[35]

Jimmy Carter1977–1981

1977

Resolute deskFord draperyFord rugPlaced the Ford sofas back-to-back

George Washington by Charles Willson Peale.The President's House, copy after William Henry BartlettEastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de GraillyThe City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George CookeBust of Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Antoine HoudonBust of George Washington by Hiram PowersBust of Thomas Jefferson by Jean-Antoine HoudonThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonBust of Harry S. Truman by Charles KeckShip model

 Oval Office replica at Jimmy Carter Library and Museum.

Ronald Reagan1981–1989

Ted Graber, 1981[36]Ted Graber, 1988

Resolute desk Ford draperyFord rug (First Term)Replaced the wood floor[37]"Sunbeam" rug (Second Term)

George Washington by Charles Willson Peale.The President's House, copy after William Henry BartlettEastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de GraillyThe City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George CookeAndrew Jackson by Thomas SullyThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonRattlesnake by Frederic RemingtonNumerous family pictures

 Oval Office replica at Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.First Lady Nancy Reagan designed the rug.[38]

George H. W. Bush1989–1993

Mark Hampton

C&O deskPale blue draperyPale blue rug

George Washington by Rembrandt PealeThe President's House, copy after William Henry BartlettRutland Falls, Vermont by Frederic Edwin ChurchThe Three Tetons by Thomas MoranAndrew Jackson by Thomas SullyShip modelNumerous family pictures

 Oval Office replica at George Bush Presidential Library.

Bill Clinton1993–2001

Kaki Hockersmith, 1993

Resolute deskYellow draperyNavy blue rug

George Washington by Rembrandt PealeThe Avenue in the Rain by Childe HassamStatue of Liberty by Norman RockwellThe City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George CookeWaiting for the Hour by William Tolman CarltonAndrew Jackson by Thomas SullyThe Thinker by Auguste RodinThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonAppeal to the Great Spirit by Cyrus DallinBust of Abraham Lincoln by Robert BerksBust of Franklin D. Roosevelt by Jo DavidsonNumerous family pictures

 Oval Office replica at William J. Clinton Presidential Library.

George W. Bush2001–2009

Ken Blasingame, 2001

Resolute deskGold drapery"Sunbeam" rugReplaced the wood floor

George Washington by Rembrandt Peale.A Charge to Keep by W. H. D. Koerner[39]Rio Grande by Tom Lea[40]Near San Antonio by Julian Onderdonk[41]Chili Queens at the Alamo by Julian Onderdonk[42]Cactus Flower by Julian Onderdonk[43]Abraham Lincoln by George Henry StoryThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonRattlesnake by Frederic RemingtonBust of Dwight D. Eisenhower by Nison TregorBust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint-GaudensBust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein (lent by British Prime Minister Tony Blair from the British Government Art Collection)Numerous family pictures

Oval Office replica at George W. Bush Presidential Center. First Lady Laura Bush designed the "Sunbeam" rug.[44]

Barack Obama2009–2017

Michael S. Smith, 2010

Resolute deskRed draperyTaupe rug with quotes in borderStriped wallpaper

George Washington by Rembrandt PealeThe Avenue in the Rain by Childe HassamStatue of Liberty by Norman RockwellThe Three Tetons by Thomas MoranAbraham Lincoln by George Henry StoryCobb's Barns, South Truro by Edward HopperBurly Cobb's House, South Truro by Edward HopperThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonBust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint-GaudensBust of Martin Luther King, Jr. by Charles AlstonCopy of the Emancipation ProclamationNumerous family pictures

The rug's border incorporates quotes from Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Donald Trump2017–present

2017

Resolute deskClinton drapery[45]Reagan sunburst rug[46]Classic White motif wallpaperG.W. Bush cream-colored sofas[47]

Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl[48]Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story[48]George Washington by Gilbert Stuart[48]Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert StuartThe Bronco Buster by Frederic RemingtonBust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint-Gaudens[48]Bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein[49]Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. by Charles Alston[50]Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark MillsLetter from President Nixon[49]Pictures of Trump's parents (Fred and Mary Anne Trump)Collection of Challenge coins[51]