document_title: The Proud Family Movie

question_text: who plays 15 cent in the proud family movie

text: The Proud Family Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver, the great-great-grandson of George Washington Carver, trying to generate a super 'Gnome Warrior', a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors, but it disintegrates. The scene then turns to Penny Proud, who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville, California, and fails her driver's ed. She and her friends are excited to be a part of 15 Cent's (Sticky's cousin and parody of 50 Cent) dance group, Spare Change. When 15 Cent drives her home, Oscar Proud, her over-protective father, gets mad when he finds them kissing. After Oscar gives her the worst grounding of her life, and essentially forbids her from ever becoming an adult, Penny wishes he wasn't her father, to which he states he wished he never had her as a daughter. This marks the culmination of their relationship as seen over the entire series.

text: Oscar has invented an everlasting multiplying formula that was supposed to make his Proud Snacks tastier, but it instead causes the snack to expand and explode. As he is hauled away from his presentation, he proclaims that his formula has no expiration date. Dr. Carver, overhears Oscar's ranting, plots to get Oscar's formula since he has never gotten his experiment to stabilized. Disguising himself, Carver invites the Proud family to Legume Island. Trudy forces Oscar, Sugar Mama, and Penny to go in hopes they will re-bond. The family meets the inhabitants of the island, short peanut creatures called the Genomes.

text: Carver tries to negotiate obtaining the formula from Oscar by offering him $10 million. However, a G-nome named Wally convince Oscar not to. When Oscar refuses (who doesn't have the formula with him), Carver constructs evil peanut clones of his family from DNA snatched from them while they were partying. Oscar runs away and tries explaining to his family, but they don't believe him. The clones get a mix-up when the real Penny comes with them back to the mainland to search for the formula; Penny's clone remains with the original family. Penny soon enjoy the free life which the clones allowed her, in spite of their bizarre personalities and Oscar's clone becoming a celebrity, but quickly tires of it. She discovers that Cashew, a G-nome she befriended earlier on the island, had stowed away; he wanted to see what it was like to have a 'real family'. He also reveals to her the true nature of the clones.

text: At that moment, Wally leads the Prouds and the Penny clone on a perilous journey to the other side of the island, where he claims there is someone who can answer their questions. Along the way, the Penny clone proves to be the kind of daughter Oscar desires – obedient. When they meet the person Wally wanted them to meet, he turns out to be the real Dr. Carver. Dr. Carver explains that he moved to the island and began his goal on cloning technology and created the friendly island creatures, but wanted someone to inherit all that he learned and cloned himself, it was a success but the clone went sizzling crisp in the sun one day and turned evil. Donning a disguise of his original form, the clone took over the island and forced the G-nomes to work for him (excluding Wally) and began using Carver's peanut research for world domination. Oscar realizes his formula is the key and tells the family he had left it in a necklace for Penny's birthday, which she opened back home. Her clone informs the other clones, who took the formula. Penny and Cashew gather her friends to go back to Legume Island and rescue the family. They steal 15 Cent's yacht to get there, but Penny accidentally sinks it.

text: The Carver clone has already prepared to leave to take over the world with his Super G-nomes. The clones attack Penny and her friends and family, but she convinces the Oscar clone to help - by bribing him with hot dogs which he had become obsessed with earlier - and he defeats the rest of the clones. Dr. Carver unleashes a sea creature on them but the original Dr. Carver recognizes the monster as Bobo, a former experiment that went bad and convinces it to being good. Seeing the Carver clone making his getaway, the original Dr. Carver reveals a possible solution - a container of gas that could instantly turn solid peanuts into peanut butter. Penny takes the gas, boards the clone's airship, and battles him with help from Oscar, who para-sails up using one of Sugar Mama's giant underwear. Just as Penny is on the verge of releasing the gas, Dr. Carver offers her to join him and live a free life, without rules or responsibilities. However, Penny retorts that, even though they aren't the perfect one, her family is who she cares about and unleashes the gas, foiling the clone's plot and destroying the army. The clone, having only been hit slightly by the gas, turns back into a peanut and falls into the ocean. Oscar then gives Penny her birthday necklace, stating that he now knows she's mature enough that she is ready to make her own decisions, and finally accepts her for who she is, and they then make up on national TV.

text: 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back-up dancers and the crowd loves them. On Legume Island, the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends' song has been popular for five weeks (35 days) in a row.

text: In an extended ending, the scene fast-forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family, Penny is receiving her driver's license and helps Oscar by driving through town advertising his new drink Pork-Nut-o-Rade, but Puff drank it back home earlier, turning him into a large and rampaging monster. He chases them around the world up to China, until Suga Mama, who also drank the concoction, takes him home.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Kyla Pratt – Penny Proud
Tommy Davidson – Oscar Proud
Paula Jai Parker – Trudy Proud
Jo Marie Payton – Suga Mama
Tara Strong – Bebe Proud / Cece Proud / Cashew
Orlando Brown – Sticky Webb
Jeff Bennett – Mr. Bufferman
Soleil Moon Frye – Zoey Howser
Alisa Reyes – LaCienega Boulevardez
Karen Malina White – Dijonay Jones
Omarion – 15 Cent
LisaRaye McCoy – Choreographer
Arsenio Hall – Dr. Carver / Bobby Proud
Jeremy Suarez – Wally
Carlos Alazraqui – Puff / Board Member
Billy West - Board Member / Cab Driver
Carlos Mencia - Felix Boulevardez
Maria Canals - Sunset Boulevardez
Alvaro Guttierez – Papi
Phil LaMarr – Dr. Carver in Disguise / Board Member
Aries Spears – Wizard Kelly / Board Member
Keith David – Bebe Proud Clone
Kevin Michael Richardson – Mangler Mania/Bobo the Sea Beast
Masi Oka - Japanese Kid / Announcer

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez, Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel. The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick, Jorge Corante, Robyn Johnson, Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston, along with covers of calypso songs. The songs featured in the film are:

text:
"Blowin' Up the Spot" - Performed by Omarion Grandberry (Instrumental only)
"Right Here" - Performed by  'Jhené Ako'
"Boom Boom Boom" - Performed by Arsenio Hall (Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud)
"If I Ruled the World" - Performed by Arsenio Hall (Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud)
"Looking for the Perfect Beat" - Performed by Afrika Bambaatta & the Soulsonic Force
"Together Makes it Better" - Performed by Kyla Pratt (Penny Proud), Alisa Reyes (LaCienga Boulevardez), Karen Malina White (Dijonay Jones) and Soleil Moon Frye (Zoey)

text: Release[edit]

text: The Proud Family Movie was shown on Disney Channel on August 19, 2005 and was released on DVD December 6, 2005 with an extended ending.

text: The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28, 2016, as part of Disney Channel's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film, Adventures in Babysitting.


document_title: Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics

question_text: who won the gold metal for men's ice hockey in 2014

question_tokens: who won the gold metal for men 's ice hockey in 2014

root

text: Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics

text: Medal summary[edit]

text: Medal table[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada
2
0
0
2

2
 Sweden
0
1
0
1

 United States
0
1
0
1

3
 Finland
0
0
1
1

 Switzerland
0
0
1
1

Total
2
2
2
6

tag: table

text: Medalists[edit]

text:
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze

Men's
details
 Canada (CAN)
Jamie Benn
Patrice Bergeron
Jay Bouwmeester
Jeff Carter
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Matt Duchene
Ryan Getzlaf
Dan Hamhuis
Duncan Keith
Chris Kunitz
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Rick Nash
Corey Perry
Alex Pietrangelo
Carey Price
Patrick Sharp
Mike Smith
Martin St. Louis
P. K. Subban
John Tavares
Jonathan Toews
Marc-Édouard Vlasic
Shea Weber
 Sweden (SWE)
Daniel Alfredsson
Nicklas Bäckström
Patrik Berglund
Alexander Edler
Oliver Ekman-Larsson
Jhonas Enroth
Jimmie Ericsson
Jonathan Ericsson
Loui Eriksson
Jonas Gustavsson
Carl Hagelin
Niklas Hjalmarsson
Marcus Johansson
Erik Karlsson
Niklas Kronwall
Marcus Krüger
Gabriel Landeskog
Henrik Lundqvist
Gustav Nyquist
Johnny Oduya
Daniel Sedin
Jakob Silfverberg
Alexander Steen
Henrik Tallinder
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN)
Juhamatti Aaltonen
Aleksander Barkov
Mikael Granlund
Juuso Hietanen
Jarkko Immonen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Leo Komarov
Sami Lepistö
Petri Kontiola
Lauri Korpikoski
Lasse Kukkonen
Jori Lehterä
Kari Lehtonen
Olli Määttä
Antti Niemi
Antti Pihlström
Tuukka Rask
Tuomo Ruutu
Sakari Salminen
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
Ossi Väänänen
Sami Vatanen

Women's
details
 Canada (CAN)
Meghan Agosta-Marciano
Gillian Apps
Mélodie Daoust
Laura Fortino
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Charline Labonté
Geneviève Lacasse
Jocelyne Larocque
Meaghan Mikkelson
Caroline Ouellette
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Natalie Spooner
Shannon Szabados
Jenn Wakefield
Catherine Ward
Tara Watchorn
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA)
Kacey Bellamy
Megan Bozek
Alexandra Carpenter
Julie Chu
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Lyndsey Fry
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Michelle Picard
Josephine Pucci
Molly Schaus
Anne Schleper
Kelli Stack
Lee Stecklein
Jessie Vetter
 Switzerland (SUI)
Janine Alder
Livia Altmann
Sophie Anthamatten
Laura Benz
Sara Benz
Nicole Bullo
Romy Eggimann
Sarah Forster
Angela Frautschi
Jessica Lutz
Julia Marty
Stefanie Marty
Alina Müller
Katrin Nabholz
Evelina Raselli
Florence Schelling
Lara Stalder
Phoebe Stanz
Anja Stiefel
Nina Waidacher

text: Teemu Selanne, at age 43 years and 234 days, became the oldest ice hockey player to win an Olympic medal, by being part of Team Finland's bronze. He also holds the Olympic record for total ice hockey points, upping it to 43.[4] He also shares the record for most appearances in ice hockey at the Olympics, with 2014 being his 6th Olympics.[5]

tag: p

text: In a drug test at the Olympics, Nicklas Bäckström's A-sample indicated doping pseudoephedrine and he was prevented from playing in the final. The B-sample, analyzed after the final, also showed values above the allowed limit.

text: Men's tournament[edit]

text: The tournament featured 12 countries, 9 qualifying through the IIHF World Ranking, and 3 through subsequent qualifying tournaments.[3] The format was the same as 2010; there were three groups of 4 to determine seeding, with four rounds of elimination games. Each group winner received a bye into the second round, along with the best second place team while the remaining eight teams played a qualification game. Each quarter-final winner advanced to the semis with the winners playing for the gold medal, and the losers the bronze.[6] The NHL has agreed to allow its players to participate in the tournament.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. The top nine teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics, while all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining three spots in the Olympics.

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: The twelve nations played in three pools.

text:
Group A
Group B
Group C

 Russia
 Slovakia
 United States
 Slovenia

 Finland
 Canada
 Norway
 Austria

 Czech Republic
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 Latvia

text: Women's tournament[edit]

text: The women's tournament ran from 8 to 20 February. Eight nations contested the gold. A new format was introduced, with the top 4 ranked teams in group A, with the next four in group B. The bottom two group A teams played the top 2 teams in group B in the quarter finals, where the winners played either the first or second place team in group A.[7]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Qualification for the women's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championships. The top five teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics, Russia gained direct entry by being host and all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining two spots in the Olympics.[3]

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: The eight nations played in two pools.

text: On December 6, 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations resulting in the team being disqualified.[8] Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later.[9]

text:
Group A
Group B

 Canada
 Finland
  Switzerland
 United States

 Russia
 Sweden
 Germany
 Japan


document_title: I'd Love to Change the World

question_text: who sang i want to change the world

question_tokens: who sang i want to change the world

text: I'd Love to Change the World

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The song was written and sung by Alvin Lee.

text: It discusses the confused state of the world, covering a wide variety of societal complaints, until it finally addresses the Vietnam War.[1]

text: The song features a folk-inspired chord pattern to support the melody.[1]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "I'd Love to Change the World" was the band's highest charting single. It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971.[2] When it was released, "I'd Love to Change the World" was a staple of both FM and AM radio, a rarity for the time.[1]

text: Billy Walker of Sounds wrote that the "acoustic guitar, echoing vocals, and electric guitar build up the tempo with very good cool electric passages by Alvin [Lee], and while there's nothing new developing it's a very nice track".[3] Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic highlighted Lee's guitar work as the "most expressive—and most tasteful—electric guitar performance of his career", and added "if there is a single song that can describe the overall vibe of the counterculture in 1969/1970, this may very well be it. The band and Lee never quite matched the song's supple power in their later efforts, but this song is representation enough of their awesome artistry."[1] Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic about Lee's philosophical stance, finding it "cautious" and "dumb": "Fellow seems to believe that if you 'tax the rich to feed the poor' you soon run out of rich, with dire consequences." Christgau later said the lyrics took a cowardly position that "epitomized the political reaction of English blues rock" during the 1970s.[4]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Alvin Lee – guitar and vocals
Leo Lyons – bass
Ric Lee – drums
Chick Churchill – keyboards

tag: ul

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1971)

Peakposition

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2]

40

U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles[5]

28

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e
Greenwald, Matthew. "I'd Love to Change the World review". Allmusic. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved June 25, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b "Ten Years After Awards". Allmusic. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved June 25, 2012.

Jump up ^ Walker, Billy (28 August 1971). "Ten Years After Today". Sounds. Spotlight Publications. p. 6.

Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Ten Years After". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the '70s. Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-026-X. Retrieved 6 November 2017.  ^ Christgau, Robert (October 14, 1971). "Consumer Guide (19)". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved April 14, 2013.  ^ Christgau, Robert (27 December 1976). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

Jump up ^
"Cash Box Top 100 11/27/71". Cashbox Magazine, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2012.

tag: ol


document_title: James Dewar

question_text: who has won the race to liquefy helium

question_tokens: who has won the race to liquefy helium

text: James Dewar

text: Early life[edit]

text: James Dewar was born in Kincardine, Perthshire (now in Fife) in 1842, the youngest of six boys of Thomas Dewar, a vintner, and his wife, Ann Dewar.[1] James was educated at Kincardine Parish School and then Dollar Academy. He lost his parents when he was 15, soon after leaving the Academy, but was still able to attend University of Edinburgh. There he studied chemistry under Lyon Playfair (later Baron Playfair) and became Playfair's personal assistant. Dewar also studied under August Kekulé at Ghent.

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1875, Dewar was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge, becoming a fellow of Peterhouse.[2] He became a member of the Royal Institution and later, in 1877, replaced Dr. John Hall Gladstone in the role of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. Dewar was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902, as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives. Whilst he was serving on the Committee on Explosives, Frederick Augustus Abel and he developed cordite, a smokeless gunpowder alternative.

text: In 1867 Dewar described several chemical formulas for benzene.[3] One of the formulae, which does not represent benzene correctly and was not advocated by Dewar, is sometimes still called Dewar benzene.[4] In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being his former mentor, Lyon Playfair.[1]

text: His scientific work covers a wide field – his earlier papers cover a wide range of topics: organic chemistry, hydrogen and its physical constants, high-temperature research, the temperature of the Sun and of the electric spark, spectrophotometry, and the chemistry of the electric arc.

text: With professor J. G. McKendrick, of Glasgow, he investigated the physiological action of light and examined the changes that take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence. With professor G. D. Liveing, one of his colleagues at Cambridge, he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations, the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous elements separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures; he was joined by professor J. A. Fleming, of University College London, in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures.

text: His name is most widely known in connection with his work on the liquefaction of the so-called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching absolute zero.[5] His interest in this branch of physics and chemistry dates back at least as far as 1874, when he discussed the "Latent Heat of Liquid Gases" before the British Association. In 1878, he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then-recent work of Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet, and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus. Six years later, again at the Royal Institution, he described the researches of Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski, and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air. Soon afterward, he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent, before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites; about the same time, he also obtained oxygen in the solid state.

text: By 1891, he had designed and built, at the Royal Institution, machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities, and towards the end of that year, he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet. About 1892, the idea occurred to him of using vacuum-jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases – the Dewar flask (otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask) – the invention for which he became most famous. The vacuum flask was so efficient at keeping heat out, it was found possible to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods, making an examination of their optical properties possible. Dewar did not profit from the widespread adoption of his vacuum flask – he lost a court case against Thermos concerning the patent for his invention. While Dewar was recognised as the inventor because he did not patent his invention, no way to stop Thermos from using the design was possible.[6]

text: He next experimented with a high-pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule–Thomson effect, and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine. Using this machine in 1898, liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time, solid hydrogen following in 1899. He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas, helium, which condenses into a liquid at −268.9 °C, but owing to a number of factors, including a short supply of helium, Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium, in 1908. Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures – Dewar was nominated several times, but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize.[6]

text: In 1905, he began to investigate the gas-absorbing powers of charcoal when cooled to low temperatures and applied his research to the creation of high vacuum, which was used for further experiments in atomic physics. Dewar continued his research work into the properties of elements at low temperatures, specifically low-temperature calorimetry, until the outbreak of World War I. The Royal Institution laboratories lost a number of staff to the war effort, both in fighting and scientific roles, and after the war, Dewar had little interest in restarting the serious research work that went on before the war. Shortages of scholars necessarily compounded the problems. His research during and after the war mainly involved investigating surface tension in soap bubbles, rather than further work into the properties of matter at low temperatures.

text: Family[edit]

text: He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871. They had no children.

text: Helen was sister-in-law to both Charles Dickson, Lord Dickson and James Douglas Hamilton Dickson.[1]

text: His nephew, Dr Thomas William Dewar FRSE (1861–1931) was an amateur artist, who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar.[7] [8] He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar as mentioned as executor in James Dewar's will, ultimately replaced "unopposed" by Dewar's wife.[9]

text: Royal Institution Christmas Lectures[edit]

text: Dewar was invited to deliver several Royal Institution Christmas Lectures:

text: Honours and awards[edit]

text: Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the Swedish Academy, he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death, in Britain and overseas. The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford (1894), Davy (1909), and Copley Medal (1916) medals upon him for his work, as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901.[10] In 1899, he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air.

text: In 1904, he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1906, he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of the Italian Society of Sciences. He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900–1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1908, he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts. A lunar crater was named in his honour.

text: A street within the Kings Buildings complex (a group of science buildings linked to Edinburgh University) was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century.

text: Character[edit]

text: Dewar's irascibility was legendary. Rowlinson (2012) called him "ruthless", particularly with his colleague Siegfried Ruhemann.[11]

text: Selected publications[edit]

text: George Downing Liveing; James Dewar (1915). Collected Papers on Spectroscopy. University press. , G. D. Living and J. Dewar, Cambridge University Press, 1915

text:
Pippard, Brian. 1993. “Siegfried Ruhemann (1859-1943), F.R.S. 1914-1923.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 (2): 271–76.
Rowlinson, Sir J. S. 2012. Sir James Dewar, 1842–1923: A Ruthless Chemist. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.


document_title: Puppy Dog Pals

question_text: who voices captain dog in puppy dog pals

text: Puppy Dog Pals

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers[1] Bingo and Rolly, two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home. They also have a cat sister named Hissy, and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black pug with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.
Rolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a fawn pug with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In "Bob Loves Mona", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.
Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.
Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: "A Pyramid Scheme", "Hissy's Big Day", "Bob Loves Mona", "Puzzling Pugs", "A Seat at the Theatre", and "Return to the Pumpkin Patch", She is the first and currently only female character to sing.
A.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode "A.R.F.". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in "Go, Dog, Go!"

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cupcake (voiced by Jill Talley) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly. She is the main antagonist of the series.
Rufus (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake. He cannot speak much except growl and mutter. He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times, but in "Haunted Howl-O-Ween", he helped them instead.
Captain Dog (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the star of the pups' favorite television show.
Frank Exposition (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly's missions. In "A Pyramid Scheme" he gets tangled in ribbons, which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy.
Esther Exposition (voiced by Cheri Oteri) is Frank's wife. In "Hissy's Big Day", she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who didn’t appear again until "The Great Pug-scape".
Daisy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) is a kind German Shepherd. She first appeared in "History Mystery". She appeared again in "A Very Pug Christmas".
Bulworth (voiced by Huey Lewis) is the junkyard dog.
Hedgie the Hedgehog (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is a hedgehog who first appeared in “Winter Wonder Pug”.
The Go-Long Retriever (voiced by Harland Williams) is the toy stick and one of Bob's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of. It doesn't say anything other than "Play fetch with me!"
Johnathan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's wisecracking seagull friend.
Cagey (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store, but is now Chloe’s pet.
Crumpet (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the royal Corgi dog.
Whaley (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall.
Dallie (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a dalmatian.
Jackie (voiced by Jill Talley) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna.
Nelly (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a bluebird who appears in "Polly Wants A Pug". She appears again in "Winter Wonder-Pug".
Miss Mudge (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is Snowflake's owner.
Guard Dog (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth.
Chloe (voiced by Emma Shannon) is a little girl who is Bob's neighbor.
Chloe's Mom (voiced by Tara Strong) is Chloe's mom.
Bob's Mom (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is an old lady who appears in three episodes: "Special Delivery" , "Your Royal Pug-Ness", and “A Pug-Tastic Day with Grandma”.
Bizzy the Beaver (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a beaver who lives in the forest.
Strider the Sheepdog (voiced by Mo Collins) is a fast-talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes, "Counting Sheep" and "Rhapsody in Pug".
Shockero (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a lavender Scotty dog.
Bark Knight (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Captain Dog's sidekick.
Titus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a leopard who now owns Hissy's squeaky toy.
Harriet (voiced by Mo Collins) is a smart African elephant.
Barry (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a giraffe who let Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy ride on his head.
Quinty Mcsquinty (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol' Snapper.
Ol' Snapper (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a turtle mistaken as a monster.
Baby (barks provided by Jessica DiCicco) is a huge Great Dane puppy.
Queen Kazoo (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is the star of Bob's favorite play.
Baboo (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Queen Kazoo's dog.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [4]
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [5]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Hawaii Pug-Oh"
Scott Bern
Harland Williams
Paul Cohen
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[6]

When Bob says he'd love to feel the sand on his toes, pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii.

1b
"A.R.F."
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
James Gibson
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[6]

Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F., a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes.

2a
"The French Toast Connection"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Kris Wimberly
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[6]

Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast.

2b
"Take Me Out to the Pug Game"
Scott Bern
Sean Coyle
Doris Umschaden
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[6]

The pugs chase Bob's prized baseball across the city.

3a
"The Go-Long Retriever"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[7]

Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self-fetching stick that begins chasing them.

3b
"Pot O' Pugs"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley
Doris Umschaden
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[7]

After Bob says he needs a pot of gold, the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow.

4a
"A Pyramid Scheme"
Trevor Wall
Jeff Rothpan
Julia Briemle
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[7]

Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids.

4b
"Special Delivery"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[7]

The pugs try to deliver a Mother's Day card for Bob.

5a
"Design-A-Dog"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Paul Cohen
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[8]

Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob's childhood toy.

5b
"Ice, Ice Puggy"
Trevor Wall
Darrin Rose
James Gibson
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[8]

When Bob runs out of ice, the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some.

6a
"Free Whaley"
Trevor Wall
Sean Tweedley
Julia Briemle
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[9]

Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family.

6b
"Putting It Together"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Otis Brayboy
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[9]

The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob's unicycle.

7a
"Hissy's Big Day"
Trevor Wall
Bill Fuller
Julia Briemle
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[10]

After Hissy has had a bad morning, Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places.

7b
"Go, Dog. Go!"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[10]

The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog isn't programmed to bring them back.

8a
"Pigs and Pugs"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[11]

Bob mistakes a mud-covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm.

8b
"Bob Loves Mona"
Scott Bern
Joe Ansolabehere (story)
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[11]

The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa.

9a
"Don't Rain on my Pug-rade"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Arthur Valencia
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[12]

When Bob can't leave his house to watch a parade, the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house.

9b
"Their Royal Pug-ness"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[12]

Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen.

10a
"Scuba-Doggies"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton (story)
Bob Smiley
Rudi Bloss
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25[13]

The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob’s package that was lost at sea.

10b
"Walking the Bob"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Bill Breneisen
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25 [13]

The pups lead a blurry-visioned Bob home.

11a
"Hissy's Kitty"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[14]

When Bob brings home a lost kitty, Bingo and Rolly try find her a home.

11b
"Polly Wants a Pug"
Scott Bern
Michael Olson & Bob Smiley
Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[14]

While in Florida, Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob's.

12a
"Leave it to Beavers"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Julia Briemle
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[15]

Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm.

12b
"Counting Sheep"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[15]

When Bob says he'll count sheep to sleep, the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help.

13a
"Captain Rolly"
Scott Bern
Brian Hall
Rudi Bloss
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[16]

The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party.

13b
"The Coolest Dogs in Town"
Trevor Wall
Brian Hall
Bill Breneisen
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[16]

A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool.

14a
"Puzzling Pugs"
Stephanie Arnett
Harland Williams(story)
Michael Olson and Harland Williams
Ashley Lenz
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[17]

Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy find a leopard for Bob's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up.

14b
"Rhapsody in Pug"
Scott Bern
Amy Van Curen
Doris Umschaden
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[17]

Bingo and Rolly go to a concert.

15a
"The Legend of Ol' Snapper"
Trevor Wall
Sean Coyle
Julia Briemle
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[18]

Bob's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature.

15b
"Adventures in Puppy-Sitting"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[18]

The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town.

16a
"Bye Bye, Butterfly"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams
Ed Baker
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)
TBA
0.63[19]

Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family.

16b
"A Seat at the Theatre"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)
TBA
0.63[19]

Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time.

17a
"Return to the Pumpkin Patch"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley (story)
Amy Van Curen
Doris Umschaden
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBA
0.97[20]

Bingo, Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo's collar after he loses it in the maze.

17b
"Haunted Howl-oween"
Stephanie Arnett
Amy Van Curen (story)
Jessica Carleton
Ashley Lenz
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
TBA
0.97[20]

Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe's Halloween Costume.

18a
"Close Encounters of a Pug Kind"
Trevor Wall
Brian Hall
Bill Breneisen
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
TBA
0.84[21]

The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien.

18b
"History Mystery"
Stephanie Arnett
Amy Van Curen
Otis Brayboy
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
TBA
0.84[21]

When the pups find a doggie toy that isn't theirs, they go on a mission to find its original owner.

19a
"Art for Pug's Sake"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Kris Wimberly
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
TBA
0.94[22]

The pugs try to hang something of Bob's at a famous Italian art museum.

19b
"Winter Wonderpug"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley
Doris Umschaden
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
TBA
0.94[22]

Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter.

20a
"A Very Pug Christmas"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall (story)
Roger Dondis
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
125
1.03[23]

On Christmas Eve, Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh.

20b
"The Latke Kerfuffle"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Bill Breneisen
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
125
1.03[23]

Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe's Hanukkah party.

21a
"Puggy-ology"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
TBA
0.72[24]

Bingo and Rolly help Bob's younger sister look for historical items.

21b
"Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun"
Trevor Wall
Jean Ansolabehere
Bill Breneisen
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
TBA
0.72[24]

Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who's been making noises in their house.

22a
"The Great Pug-scape"
Stephanie Arnett
Amy Van Curen
Kris Wimberly
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
TBA
0.71[25]

After Hissy gets a time out, Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment.

22b
"Luck of the Pug-ish"
Scott Bern
Sean Coyle
Kelly James
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
TBA
0.76[26]

The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four-leaf clover to bring Bob good luck.

23a
"The Great Shirt Rescue"
Scott Bern
Jean Ansolabehere
Rudi Bloss
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
TBA
0.84[27]

When Bob loses his lucky shirt, the pugs stage a heist to get it back.

23b
"A Pugtastic Day with Grandma"
Trevor Wall
Bill Fuller (story)
Michael Olson
Carole Holliday
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA
0.89[28]

The pugs stay at Bob’s Mom’s house while he goes out of town.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Region
Title
Episode(s)
Season
Running time
Released
Ref.

1
Going on a Mission!
6
1
183 minutes
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2018
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Individual in Animation
Steve C. Meyers
Won

Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
Allyson Bosch
Nominated


document_title: Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom

question_text: when was the first speed camera introduced in the uk

text: Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom

text: Rationale[edit]

text: Enforcement is used to increase compliance with speed limits.

text: One of the main motivations for enforcement is to reduce road casualties, particularly at accident blackspots.[1] For 2008, "exceeding the speed limit" was reported as one of the contributory factors in 5% of all casualty collisions (14% of fatal collisions resulting in 15% of all deaths).[n 1]

text: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimates that a pedestrian has a 90% chance of surviving being hit by a car at 20 mph, falling to 50% chance at 30 mph and to 10% at 40 mph.[2] The government noted that the change from "mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries" takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph.[2] One third of drivers thought that the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph was 50% or less.[2] Parliament noted that most deaths of pedestrian occurred in urban areas (where the speed limit ranges from 20–40 mph).[2][relevant? – discuss]

text: A 2003 survey of drivers for the Department for Transport found that 58% break speed limits on 30 mph roads and 25% break them by more than 5 mph. 57% break speed limits on motorways and 20% break them by more than 10 mph.[3] In 2002 the Select Committee on Transport stated that "Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding them".[4]

text: Groups most likely to speed excessively are those driving in a work related capacity, members of high income households and young males. Motorcyclists also frequently speed as do HGV drivers commonly on single carriageway main roads where their speed limit is 50 mph.[5]

text: Methods[edit]

text: There are many methods used by authorities, in places where the speed limits are not generally observed, to attempt to achieve greater compliance. These methods generally fall into one of two categories:

text:
to attempt to identify drivers or vehicles that are breaking the speed limit for the purposes of prosecution,
to remind vehicle users what the speed limit is, and that it should be obeyed.

text: There are several types of speed camera in use. Speed cameras must be calibrated and certified before the images from it are acceptable to the court, including the cameras used in police vehicles.[6] Owners of vehicles photographed may be contacted with a 'Notice of Intended Prosecution' (NIP) requiring them to provide the name and address of the driver. If they do not provide this information they may receive a Court summons for 'Failing to Furnish Driver Details'. "Higher speeds" result in prosecution by way of a 'Conditional Offer Fixed Penalty' which can be settled by accepting a £100 fine and three penalty points. "Excessive speed offences" are automatically sent to the court.[7]

text: Fixed instantaneous speed cameras[edit]

text: These cameras are installed beside a road and record the instantaneous speed of vehicles and a photograph of vehicles that have been identified as breaking the speed limit. There are two types commonly in use:

text:
Gatso cameras, which take a photograph of the rear of the vehicle after the vehicle has passed,
Truvelo / D-cam digital cameras which use infrared to take a picture of a vehicle as it approaches, which includes an image of the driver. These cameras then transmit the image and speed to the authorities virtually instantly.

text: Police operated equipment[edit]

text: Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution. These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles.

text: Average speed cameras[edit]

text: Known as the SPECS system, these cameras measure average speeds over a known or measured distance. The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004.[8]

text: Vehicle activated signs[edit]

text: Vehicle activated signs that illuminate to indicate to a driver that they are exceeding the speed limit — these do not result in the issuance of a penalty, merely serve as a warning.

text: Community Speed Watch[edit]

text: Community Speed Watch is a partnership between local people, the Police, the Fire Service and local councils. Volunteers spend a short time each week monitoring speeds and noting number plates. Those identified as speeding are sent a warning letter and the police will take further action if the same vehicle is identified as speeding three times.[9] Community Speed Watch is only permitted for speed limits of 40 mph or below. Junior Speed Watch works in a similar way but involves schoolchildren.[10]

text: Speed limiters[edit]

text: Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means. New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows. Buses and coaches: 70 mph (113 km/h)[n 2] HGVs: 60 mph (97 km/h)[n 2] Mopeds: 30 mph (48 km/h)[n 3] Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds.[11] These devices do not enforce speed limits as they do not adapt to speed limit changes.

text: Speed triggered traffic lights[edit]

text: Swindon council is planning to install equipment on some of their traffic light systems so that they will turn to red early if a car is detected travelling above a preset speed on the approach. A Swindon councillor is reported to have said that "the whole key is to monitor driver behaviour without beating them over the head" and that "it may annoy them, but I think eventually people will work out that if they maintain a constant speed at or around the speed limit then actually their journey times will be much shorter because they won't be getting delayed by traffic lights". The RAC Foundation gave a cautious welcome to the trial. Similar systems are already in use in Spain and Portugal.[12]

text: Intelligent speed adaptation[edit]

text: A trial of intelligent speed adaptation is available in London. Drivers can install free software in their TomTom GPS sat-nav units to provide a warning if they are exceeding the speed limit. In addition a 'voluntary ISA' system which uses technology installed in the vehicle which makes it difficult to accidentally accelerate beyond the speed limit is being developed. This technology is expected to be available on a voluntary basis with no current plans for vehicles to be required to be fitted with it.[13]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Speed cameras[edit]

text: In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras,[14] across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI (Killed / Seriously Injured) figures have fallen by an average of 65%.[15]

text: In 2003 the British Medical Journal reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment.[16] In February 2005 the British Medical Journal again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties, noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups.[17] In 2003 Northumbria Police's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras didn't reduce casualties but did raise revenue – an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties.[18]

text: In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four-year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras.[19] The Times reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still 'impressive'.[20]

text: A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped.[21] A survey conducted by The Automobile Association in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75% of their members.[22] In 2010 Journalist Quentin Willson writing in The Mirror said "Don’t listen to the shameless tosh coming out of safety camera partnerships" and suggested that speed cameras were "useless".[23]

text: There is also evidence against the efficacy of speed cameras. Within four years of Swindon abandoning the use of fixed speed cameras, arguing that the cost did not represent an effective way to reduce road accidents,[24] the town was the safest town to drive in the UK, based on accident rates per 1,000 registered vehicles: a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation, Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety, alongside close working with the police.[25]

text: Vehicle activated signs[edit]

text: The MP Angela Watkinson stated in parliament that vehicle activated signs were more effective than speed cameras – Department for Transport figures show that each vehicle-activated sign is estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents per year compared to 2.2 for speed cameras. Jim Fitzpatrick the Under-Secretary of State for Transport questioned her source.[26]

text: Following the decision by Portsmouth City Council to remove all their speed cameras, a councillor stated that the evidence is that vehicle activated signs are at least as effective at reducing traffic speeds as speed cameras and at one-tenth of the cost.[27] In 2006 Transport Minister Stephen Ladyman issued a retraction accepting that VAS were indeed ten times more cost effective than cameras. [1]. The data behind this came from the Transport Research Laboratory report TRL548 from 2003, which was commissioned by the Department for Transport but was not included in their earlier figures. [2]

text: History[edit]

text: Historical methods[edit]

text: Time and distance[edit]

text: Before the availability of such technology the police would time drivers over a known distance to calculate their speed.

text: Pacing[edit]

text: The police would sometimes follow the target vehicle at a constant distance, and use the speed reading from their own calibrated speedometer as evidence of the speed of the vehicle being followed.[28]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The Highway Act 1835 allowed cart owners to be traced when it introduced the offence of 'Negligence causing damage to person or goods being conveyed on the highway', not having the owners name painted on the side of a cart, and refusing to give the owner's name.

text: The early Locomotive Acts between 1866 and 1896 effectively calmed self-propelled traffic by requiring that a man walked in front of each vehicle with a red flag, and so the imposed speed limits of 2 miles per hour (3.2 km/h) and 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h) did not require enforcing.

text: The first person to be convicted of speeding in the UK was Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h), thus exceeding the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph (3.2 km/h). He was fined one shilling plus costs.[29][30][31]

text: The Automobile Association was formed in 1905 to help motorists avoid police speed traps.[32] In 1906 Earl Russell, an early motoring enthusiast, compared 'speed traps' to 'highway robbery' in Parliament: "Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger, but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country... they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages".[33]

text: In 1910 in legal test case ('Betts -v- Stevens') involving an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist the Chief Justice, Lord Alverston, ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap then that person would have committed the offence of 'obstructing an officer in the course of his duty' under the Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885.[34][35] Subsequently, the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car which showed a visible AA Badge unless there was a speed trap nearby, on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute.[36]

text: All speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930[37] because 'the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt'.[38]

text: Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937.[39][40]

text: Electronic aids[edit]

text: By the late 1980s traffic police were being issued with Laser speed guns which enabled them to measure the speed of a vehicle more precisely.[41]

text: 1991 – March 2007 Speed cameras[edit]

text: The first speed camera was installed in 1991.[42] A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes.[41] The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras.[43]

text: A Statutory instrument, 'The Road Traffic Offenders (Prescribed Devices) Order 1992' was approved in May 1992 coming into force 1 July 1992 allowing for unattended traffic cameras to be used for prosecution of speeding offences.[44] The Gatsometer BV Type 24 was approved in June 1992.[45] The LTI 20.20, a police operated LIDAR speed gun received type approval in 1993.[46]

text: The charity Brake was formed in 1995 to support traffic victims and campaign for effective enforcement of speed limits.[47] The charity RoadPeace was founded in 1990[48] and has since actively campaigned to increase the number of speed cameras.[49] In 1991 the government launched a major TV campaign 'Kill your speed, not a child' with the budget rising from an initial £1m to £3.5m in 1997.[41]

text: Research published in February 1999 showed that cameras reduce drivers' speeds markedly and were perceived to be reasonably effective.[50] Safety Camera Partnerships were introduced by the Department for Transport in December 1999 with eight initial trial areas.[51] In 1999 income from penalties for offences recorded by cameras was approaching £100 million.[41]

text: In 1999 there was an increase in road fatalities for only the second time in 10 years (the previous time being in 1997).[n 4]

text: In March 2000 the government launched a new road-safety strategy that would focus specifically on speed aiming to reduce road fatalities and serious injuries by 40%, and by 60% for children by 2010 (compared to the average of 1994–8).[52] A similar level of 10-year casualty reduction had been consistently achieved over each of the previous eight years.[53] Safe Speed was founded to challenge this strategy and campaign against the crack-down on speed.[41]

text: In April 2000 two motorists caught speeding and challenged the Road Traffic Act 1988 which required the registered keeper of a vehicle to identify the driver at a particular time[54] as being in contradiction to the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that it amounted to a 'compulsory confession', also that since the camera partnerships included the police, local authorities, Magistrates Courts Service (MCS) and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial. Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver.[54]

text: During 2001 The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001 made it illegal to alter, rearrange or misrepresent the letters or numbers on a registration plate (number plate), with a maximum fine of up to £1000.[55] The Vehicles (Crime) Act 2001 introduced registration for number plate suppliers,[56] regulate the specifications for registration plates and provided new 'Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc.'[57]

text: The Transport Research Laboratory published a report on traffic management at major motorway road works in January 2004. Safe Speed received a copy of the then unpublished report and claimed that it showed that fixed cameras increased the risk of injury accidents 55 per cent at road works and by 31 per cent on open motorways, also that fatal and serious crashes were 32 per cent more likely where cameras were being operated'.[41]

text: The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004.[58] Vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed, the average being reduced by 5–6 mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit by 80% or more in some areas.[59]

text: In March 2005 a BBC program Inside Out demonstrated how the LTI 20.20 LIDAR speed gun, of which 3,500 were in use in the UK, could create exaggerated reading. Errors came from two sources. 'Sweep errors' were as a result of the camera not measuring the distance to a fixed point on the vehicle but instead being 'swept' along the side of the vehicle. This was demonstrated by sweeping the target along a wall which was recorded as moving at 58 mph. Another way of achieving a bogus reading was where the laser reflected off a wing mirror, hit a stationary reflective object and then returned reflecting off the mirror a second time.[60]

text: In July 2005 the Department for Transport blocked the installation of nearly 500 new speed cameras over concerns that partnerships have failed to consider alternatives.[61]

text: A 2006 report from the Department for Transport estimated that 'exceeding the speed limit' was a fact in 12% of fatal road crashes and 5% of all casualty crashes.[62] In the year 2006/2007 1.75 million drivers had 3 points put on their licenses[63] and a total of £114 million of fines were issued.[64] The 2006 AA road map controversially included the location for thousands of speed cameras – the first time such information was available in that form.[65] A trial of number-plate displaying Vehicle activated signs in 2006 at roadworks on the M42 motorway resulted in half of the speeding traffic slowed down, compared to a third who responded to normal speed cameras.[66]

text: As of April 2006 there were thirty eight Safety Camera Partnerships in England and Wales covering forty-one police force areas out of a total of forty-three.[67] The Road Safety Act 2006 introduced new legislation relating to Road safety grants, the application of surplus income from safety camera enforcement and regualation relating to fixed fines.[68] From April 2007 authorities received a 'Road Safety Grant' which was no longer related to the number of fines issued locally and was instead given directly to those Local Authorities responsible for road safety regardless or not of whether they operate traffic enforcement cameras.[69]

text: During 2007 a e-petition to ban speed cameras organised by Safe Speed received 28,000 signatures.[70]

text: April 2007–present[edit]

text: Funding for Safety Camera Partnership changed in April 2007 and has subsequently come from Department for Transport as 'Road Safety Grants' rather than being directly linked to money raised locally from fines as it had been previously.[citation needed]

text: Swindon in Wiltshire switched off their 5 fixed cameras in July 2009, with the intention of replacing them with vehicle activated speed warning signs. They thus became the first local council with no fixed cameras, although the police will continue to use their mobile speed cameras to enforce speed limits.[71] In the nine months following the switch-off there was a small reduction in casualty rates between similar periods before and after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight accidents).[72] The journalist George Monbiot claimed that the results were not statistically significant, highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years.[73]

text: A report by ICM Research (an Opinion poll research organisation) sponsored by motor insurance company LV in 2010 indicated that 1% of accidents are caused by drivers braking and then accelerating near speed cameras and that this would equates to a total of some 28,000 accidents across the country. A spokesman said that speed cameras 'impair driving ability or at the least concentration on the road'.[74]

text: In May 2010 the new Coalition government said that the 'Labour's 13-year war on the motorist is over' and that the new government 'pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras'.[75] In July Mike Penning, the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £95 million to £57 million saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures. It is estimated that as a result the Treasury is now distributing £40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year.[76] The cuts include a 27% to the revenue grant used for camera maintenance and education programs and 100% to the capital grant used for road safety measures such as the installation of fixed cameras, speed humps and pedestrian crossings. Brake warned that by removing ring-fencing the cuts could in reality be larger.[77] Penning later said "road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities, not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending."[78]

text: In June 2010 it was announced that 9 of Somerset's 26 fixed speed cameras were to be switched off.[79]

text: In July 2010, the BBC announced that the Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership was to be wound up, and that no speed camera would be operated in the South West from the following year unless funding was provided by the government.[80] Also in July 2010 one-fifth of the speed cameras in Northamptonshire were switched off – the council would not reveal which of its 42 cameras remained active,[81] and others announced plans to review camera provision.[72] and a total of four other counties; Buckinghamshire, Lancashire, Dorset and Essex announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras;[72][82]

text: All the Oxfordshire speed cameras were switched off on 1 August 2010.[83] Later in August an Oxford Mail report challenged a claim by Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership that speed offences had increased since the switch-off, stating that they have received data showing that speed offences actually fell by 4 per-cent when compared the figures since the switch-off to those of 2008–9.[84] In September, Oxfordshire's Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership reported that the number of drivers speeding past the county's deactivated speed cameras had increased by up to 88%.[85] Following lobbying by road safety groups and by local residents it was announced in November that they would be reinstated.[86] The Oxfordshire cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them.[87] Following rule changes on the threshold for offering "Speed Awareness Courses" as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers, and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as for the fine revenues, the partnership will be able to fund their operations from course fees.[87] Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on, the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same – at 13 – and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70, resulting from 62 crashes – 2 more than when the cameras were still operating.[87] There were no fatalities during either period.[87]

text: Also in August Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts[88]

text: In July 2010, some opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk by the removal of speed cameras.[89] The AA agreed saying adding that cameras were supported by the majority of motorists.[22]

text: In October 2010 Wiltshire switched off its remaining speed cameras, both fixed and mobile. Speed limit enforcement will continue to be provided in the county by Wiltshire's traffic police and Community Speed Watch.[90]

text: In December 2010, Portsmouth City Council decided to end its membership of the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Road Safety Partnership, and to remove all its speed cameras.[27]

text: In 2017 fines issued by courts for the most serious speeding offences have increased to better reflect the seriousness of the offence.[91] On April 24, 2017 new rules came into force which see the maximum fine for being caught speeding increase by 150 per cent to £2,500 from £1,000 for the most serious offenders.[92] The minimum penalty for speeding remains a £100 fine and 3 penalty points added to your licence.[93]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Department for Transport (2009), p. 45 "Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 per cent of all accidents. However, the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident. It was reported in 14 per cent of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities, 15 per cent of all deaths"
^ Jump up to: a b Department for Transport (2008), p.181 "Speed limiter settings lowered to 70 mph for new buses and coaches and to 60 mph for HGVs."
Jump up ^ Department for Transport (2008), p.179 "Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed"
Jump up ^ Department for Transport (2008), p. 106 table 2


document_title: Indian national calendar

question_text: when is the new year day celebrated according to the indian national calendar

text: Indian national calendar

text: Calendar structure[edit]

text: The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar.

text:
#

Month (Sanskrit)

Length

Start date (Gregorian)

Tropical zodiac

Tropical zodiac (Sanskrit)

1

Chaitra
30/31
March 22/21
Aries
Meṣa

2

Vaishākha
31
April 21
Taurus
Vṛṣabha

3

Jyēshtha
31
May 22
Gemini
Mithuna

4

Āshādha
31
June 22
Cancer
Karkata

5

Shrāvana
31
July 23
Leo
simha

6

Bhaadra
31
August 23
Virgo
Kanyā

7

Āshwin
30
September 23
Libra
Tulā

8

Kārtika
30
October 23
Scorpio
Vṛścika

9

Agrahayana
30
November 22
Sagitarius
Dhanur

10

Pausha
30
December 22
Capricorn
Makara

11

Māgha
30
January 21
Aquarius
Kumbha

12

Phalguna
30
February 20
Pisces
Mīna

text: Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22, except in leap years, when it has 31 days and starts on March 21.  The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time.

text: The names of the months are derived from older, Hindu lunisolar calendars, so variations in spelling exist, and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to.

text: Years are counted in the Saka era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Saka year – if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Saka year is a leap year as well. Its structure is just like the Persian calendar.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Other members of the Committee were: A. C. Banerjee, K. K. Daftari, J. S. Karandikar, Gorakh Prasad, R. V. Vaidya and N. C. Lahiri. It was Saha's effort, which led to the formation of the Committee. The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study, which could be adopted uniformly throughout India. It was a mammoth task. The Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country. There were thirty different calendars. The task was further complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars. India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in his preface to the Report of the Committee, published in 1955, wrote: “They (different calendars) represent past political divisions in the country ... . Now that we have attained Independence, it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic, social, and other purposes, and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem.” [2]

text: Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879, Saka Era, or 22 March 1957. However, government officials seem to largely ignore the New Year's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar.[3]


document_title: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

question_text: willy wonka and the chocolate factory 1971 cast charlie

text: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a small town, Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, watches a group of children visit a candy shop. Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.

text: The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.

text: Returning home with the Golden Ticket, Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone. The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a candy land with a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, gummy bears, candy canes, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, they see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, over Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Golden Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only for chocolate bars and Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall.

text: With Charlie and Joe remaining, Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks. Infuriated by this, Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson, an employee of Wonka, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Walker Edmiston as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson (voice, uncredited)
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann

text: Oompa Loompas[edit]

text:
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]

text: It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

text: Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]

text: Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]

text: When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:

text: When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.

text: The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]

text: Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on August 31, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.

text:
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)

Munich Gasworks as it appears today

Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film

text: Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]

text: When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the 53rd highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars, while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]

text: By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.

text: Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[21] for the "scary tunnel" scene.

text: As of 2017, the film holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8/10 based on 44 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[22]

text: Dahl's reaction[edit]

text: Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the film could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]

text: Animated adaptation[edit]

text: In 2017, an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[25] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[26] VHS and Betamax copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.

text: A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.

text: In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[27] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[28] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.

text: In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[29]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition". In 2016, UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP.

text: The music and songs, in order of appearance, are as follows:

text:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want it Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows:

text:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer up, Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want it Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")


document_title: Kansas City jazz

question_text: in the kansas city style of jazz arrangements were based on

text: Kansas City jazz

text: Background[edit]

text: The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra, a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s. However, the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s.

text: Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures. Transcontinental trips at the time whether by plane or train often required a stop in the city. The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast. Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville. Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in variations for an entire night. Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night.

text: Claude Williams described the scene:

text: Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine.

text: Among the clubs were the Amos 'n' Andy, Boulevard Lounge, Cherry Blossom, Chesterfield Club, Chocolate Bar, Dante's Inferno, Elk's Rest, Hawaiian Gardens, Hell's Kitchen, the Hi Hat, the Hey Hey, Lone Star, Old Kentucky Bar-B-Que, Paseo Ballroom, Pla-Mor Ballroom, Reno Club, Spinning Wheel, Street's Blue Room, Subway, and Sunsetx.

text: Style[edit]

text: Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements:

text:
A preference for a 4 feel (walking) over the 2 beat feel found in other jazz styles of the time. As a result, Kansas city jazz had a more relaxed, fluid sound than other jazz styles.
Extended soloing. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to "say something" with one's instrument, rather than simply show off one's technique. It was not uncommon for one "song" to be performed for several hours, with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time.
So-called "head arrangements". The KC big bands often played by memory, composing and arranging the music collectively, rather than sight-reading as other big bands of the time did. This further contributed to the loose, spontaneous Kansas City sound.
A heavy blues influence, with KC songs often based around a 12-bar blues structure, rather than the 32 bar AABA standard, although Moten Swing is in this AABA format.
One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent, elaborate riffing by the different sections. Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively, and took many forms: a) one section riffing alone, serving as the main focus of the music; b) one section riffing behind a soloist, adding excitement to the song; or c) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint, creating an exciting hard-swinging sound. The Count Basie signature tunes "One O'Clock Jump" and "Jumpin' at the Woodside", for example, are simply collections of complex riffs, memorized in a head arrangement, and punctuated with solos. Glenn Miller's famous swing anthem "In the Mood" closely follows the Kansas City pattern of riffing sections, and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John H. Hammond cemented his career by discovering Kansas City talent, in the shape of Count Basie.

text: Pendergast was to be convicted of income tax evasion in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era.

text: Beginning in the 1970s Kansas City has attempted to celebrate the heritage by taking off the rough edges for family friendly environments. In the 1970s, the city tried to create a jazz enclave in the River Quay area on the Missouri River in the City Market neighborhood. Three of the clubs were bombed during a mob war that ultimately also led to the demise of mob influence of Las Vegas casinos that was depicted in the 1995 movie Casino.

text: In 1979, Bruce Ricker filmed The Last of the Blue Devils, a documentary starring Basie and singer Big Joe Turner, and featuring many performers from the original era.

text: In 1981 114 people died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in an attempted recreation of the jazz scene during a tea dance.

text: In 1996 Kansas City native Robert Altman released the film Kansas City depicting the Kansas City jazz era.

text: In 1997 the American Jazz Museum opened in the 18th and Vine neighborhood with a mission of celebrating Kansas City's jazz heritage.

text: Each year Kansas City celebrates "Jazzoo" - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds for the Kansas City Zoo. In 2011, Jazzoo was one of the Nation's largest charity fundraisers, raising over $800,000.[5]

text: Musicians[edit]

text:
Count Basie
Earl Carruthers
Buck Clayton
Maxwell Davis
Herschel Evans
Coleman Hawkins
Pete Johnson
Jo Jones
Andy Kirk
Julia Lee
George E. Lee
Harlan Leonard
Jimmie Lunceford
Jay McShann
Pat Metheny
Bennie Moten
Hot Lips Page
Walter Page
Charlie Parker
Sammy Price
Jimmy Rushing
Big Joe Turner
Bobby Watson
Ben Webster
Claude Williams
Mary Lou Williams
Lester Young

text: Selected discography[edit]

text: Early jazz and swing era music:

text:
Various artists, The Real Kansas City - Columbia (1996)
Various artists, Jazz Kansas City Style - Pearl (1996)
Various artists, Cradle of Jazz - The International Music Co. (2000) [6][7]
Various artists, Kansas City Jazz 1924-1942 - Fremeaux & Assoc. Fr (2005)

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix, Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop--A History New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-530712-2
Haddix, Chuck. Rags to Be-bop: the Sounds of Kansas City Music, 1890-1945. [Text by] Chuck Haddix. Kansas City, Mo.: University of Missouri at Kansas City, University Libraries, Marr Sound Archives, 1991. Without ISBN
Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., Goin' to Kansas City. Urbana, Il.: University of Illinois Press, 1988, ISBN 0-252-06438-0
Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz. In: Black Music Research Journal Vol. 9 (2), (1989), pp. 181–192
Ross Russell, Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971, ISBN 0-520-01853-2
Gunther Schuller, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945 (The History of Jazz, Vol. 2), New York: Oxford University Press, 1991