document_title: List of national animals

question_text: cow is the national animal of which country

text: List of national animals

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2017)

text: This is a list of national animals.

text: National animals

text:
Country
Name of animal
Scientific name
Pictures
Ref.

 Algeria
Fennec fox
Vulpes zerda

[1]

 Angola
Red-crested turaco (national bird)
Tauraco erythrolophus

[2]

 Anguilla
Zenaida dove
Zenaida aurita

[3]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Fallow deer (national animal)
Dama dama

[4]

Frigate (national bird)
Fregata magnificens

[4]

Hawksbill turtle (national sea creature)
Eretmochelys imbricata

[4]

 Argentina
Rufous hornero
Furnarius rufus

[5]

 Australia
Red kangaroo (national animal)
Macropus rufus

[6]

Emu (national bird)
Dromaius novaehollandiae

[7]

 Austria
Black eagle
Ictinaetus malaiensis

[8]

 Azerbaijan
Karabakh horse
Equus ferus caballus

[9]

 Bangladesh
Royal Bengal tiger (national animal)
Panthera tigris tigris

[10]

Magpie robin (national bird)
Copsychus saularis

[10]

Ilish (national fish)
Tenualosa ilisha

[10]

 Belarus
European bison
Bison bonasus

[11]

 Belgium
Lion (heraldic Leo Belgicus)
Panthera leo

[12]

 Belize
Baird's tapir (national animal)
Tapirus bairdii

[11][13]

Keel-billed toucan (national bird)
Ramphastos sulfuratus

[14]

 Bhutan
Druk
Mythical

[15]

Takin
Budorcas taxicolor

[16]

 Brazil
Rufous-bellied thrush
Turdus rufiventris

[17]

 Cambodia
Kouprey
Bos sauveli

[18]

 Canada
North American beaver (sovereignty animal symbol)
Castor canadensis

[19][20]

Canadian horse (national horse)
Equus ferus caballus

[20]

 China
Giant panda (national animal)
Ailuropoda melanoleuca

[21]

Chinese dragon (national animal)
Mythical

[22]

Red-crowned crane (national bird)
Grus japonensis

[23]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Okapi
Okapia johnstoni

[11]

 Colombia
Andean condor
Vultur gryphus

[24]

 Costa Rica
Yigüirro (national bird)
Turdus grayi

[25]

White-tailed deer (national animal)
Odocoileus virginianus

[26]

West Indian manatee (national aquatic animal)
Trichechus manatus

[27]

 Croatia
Pine marten
Martes martes

[28][29]

 Cuba
Cuban trogon
Priotelus temnurus

[30][31]

 Cyprus
Cypriot mouflon
Ovis orientalis

[32]

 Czech Republic
Double-tailed lion
Mythical

[33]

 Denmark
Mute swan (national bird)
Cygnus olor

[34]

Small tortoiseshell (national butterfly)
Aglais urticae

[34]

 Egypt
Steppe eagle
Aquila nipalensis

[35]

 Estonia
Barn swallow (national bird)
Hirundo rustica

[36]

 Eritrea
Arabian camel
Camelus dromedarius

[37]

 Ethiopia
Lion
Panthera leo

[38]

 Faroe Islands
Eurasian oystercatcher (national bird)
Haematopus ostralgus

[39]

 Finland
Brown bear (national animal)
Ursus arctos

[40]

Whooper swan (national bird)
Cygnus cygnus

[41]

Holly blue (national butterfly)
Celastrina argiolus

[42]

European perch (national fish)
Perca fluviatilis

[43]

Seven-spot ladybird (national insect)
Coccinella septempunctata

[43]

 France
Gallic rooster
Gallus gallus domesticus

[44]

 Germany
Unspecified Eagle
Members of Accipitridae

[45]

 Greece
Phoenix
Mythical

[46][47]

Dolphins
Delphinus

[48]

 Guatemala
Quetzal
Pharomachrus mocinno

[49]

 Haiti
Hispaniolan Trogan
Priotelus roseigaster

[50]

 Honduras
White-tailed deer
Odocoileus virginianus

[51]

 Hungary
Turul
Mythical (most probably Falco cherrug) [52]

 Iceland
Gyrfalcon
Falco rusticolus

[53]

 India
Bengal tiger (National predator)
Panthera tigris tigris

[54]

Indian peafowl (National bird)
Pavo cristatus

[55]

King cobra (National reptile)
Ophiophagus hannah

[56]

Ganges river dolphin (National aquatic animal)
Platanista gangetica gangetica

[57]

Indian elephant (National heritage animal)
Elephas maximus indicus

[58]

 Indonesia
Komodo dragon (national animal)
Varanus komodoensis

[59]

Garuda (historic national animal)
Mythical

[60]

 Iran
Persian lion
Panthera leo persica

[46]

 Iraq
Chukar partridge
Alectoris chukar

[61]

Goat
( KRG)
Capra aegagrus

[62]

 Israel
Hoopoe (national bird)
Upupa epops

[46]

 Jamaica
Red-billed streamertail
Trochilus polytmus

[63]

 Japan
Green pheasant (national bird)
Phasianus versicolor

[64]

Carp (national fish)
Cyprinus carpio

[65]

 Latvia
White wagtail (national bird)
Motacilla alba

[66][67]

Two-spotted ladybird (national insect)
Adalia bipunctata

[67]

 Lithuania
White stork
Ciconia ciconia

[68]

 Macedonia
Lion (in Macedonian heraldry)
Panthera leo

[69]

 Madagascar
Zebu (in Malagasy heraldry)
Bos primigenius indicus

[70]

Ring-tailed lemur (national animal)
Lemur catta

[71]

 Malaysia
Malayan tiger (national animal)
Panthera tigris jacksoni

[72]

 Malta
Pharaoh Hound (national animal)
Canis lupus familiaris

[1]

 Moldova
Aurochs (national animal)
Bos primigenius

[73]

 Mauritius
Dodo
Raphus cucullatus

[11][74][75]

 Mexico
Golden eagle (national animal)
Aquila chrysaetos

[76]

Xoloitzcuintli (national dog)
Canis lupus familiaris

[76]

Jaguar (national mammal)
Panthera onca

[76]

Grasshopper (national arthropod )
Sphenarium purpurascens

[76]

Vaquita (national marine mammal)
Phocoena sinus

[76]

   Nepal
Cow (national animal)
Bos taurus indicus

[77]

Danphe (national bird)
Lophophorus impejanus

[78]

 Netherlands
Lion (heraldic symbol)
Panthera leo

[79]

Black-tailed godwit (national bird)
Limosa limosa

[80]

 New Zealand
Kiwi
Apteryx sp.

[81]

 North Korea
Chollima
Mythical

[82][83][84]

 Norway
Lion (royal national animal)
Panthera leo

[85]

White-throated dipper (national bird)
Cinclus cinclus

[86]

Fjord horse (national horse)
Equus ferus caballus

[87]

 Oman
Arabian oryx (national animal)
Oryx leucoryx

[88]

 Pakistan
Markhor (National animal)
Capra falconeri

[89]

Indus river dolphin (National aquatic mammal)
Platanista indicus minor minor

[89]

Chukar (National bird)
Alectoris chukar

[89]

Indus crocodile (National reptile)
Crocodylus palustris

[89]

Shaheen falcon (Heritage bird)
Falco peregrinus peregrinator

[90]

Snow leopard (National predator)
Panthera uncia

[89]

 Panama
Harpy eagle
Harpia harpyja

[11]

 Papua New Guinea
Dugong (national marine mammal)
Dugong dugon

[91]

 Peru
Vicuña (national animal)
Vicugna vicugna

[92]

 Philippines
Carabao (national animal)
Bubalus bubalis

[93]

Philippine eagle (national bird)
Pithecophaga jefferyi

[94]

 Poland
White-tailed eagle (national bird)
Haliaeetus albicilla

[95][96]

White stork (national bird)
Ciconia ciconia

[97]

European bison (national animal)
Bison bonasus

[98][99]

 Qatar
Arabian oryx
Oryx leucoryx

[100]

 Romania
Lynx
Lynx lynx

[101]

 Russia
Eurasian brown bear
Ursus arctos arctos

[102]

 Rwanda
Leopard
Panthera pardus

[103]

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent amazon
Amazona guildingii

[104]

 Serbia
Wolf
Canis lupus lupus

[105]

White eagle
Mythical

[106]

Lynx
Lynx lynx

[107]

 Somalia
Leopard (national animal)
Panthera pardus

[108]

 South Africa
Springbok (national animal)
Antidorcas marsupialis

[109]

Blue crane (national bird)[109]
Anthropoides paradiseus

Galjoen (national fish)[109]
Dichistius capensis

 South Korea
Siberian tiger
Panthera tigris altaica

[110]

Korean magpie (national bird)
Pica (pica) sericea

[110]

 Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan junglefowl (national bird)
Gallus lafayettii

[111]

 Tanzania
Giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis

[112][113][114]

 Thailand
Elephant
Elephas maximus

[115]

 United Arab Emirates
Arabian oryx (national animal)
Oryx leucoryx

[116]

Peregrine falcon (national bird)
Falco peregrinus

[116]

 United Kingdom
Lion (United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales)
Panthera leo

[117][118]

Bulldog (Britain as "British Bulldog")
Canis lupus familiaris

[119]

Red kite (Wales)
Milvus milvus

[120]

Unicorn (Scotland)
Mythical

[46][121][122][123][124]

Y Ddraig Goch (Welsh Dragon Wales)
Mythical

[120][125]

 United States
Bald eagle (national bird)
Haliaeetus leucocephalus

[126][127]

American bison (national mammal)
Bison bison

[128][129]


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: back to the future biff's gang actors

question_tokens: back to the future biff 's gang actors

root

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

tag: p

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #20.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: Glentoran F.C.

question_text: when was the last time glentoran won the league

text: Glentoran F.C.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1914, Glentoran won the Vienna Cup, becoming the first team from Ireland to win a European trophy, although as this competition took place several decades before the formation of UEFA, it is not recognised as such.[2]

text: George Best watched Glentoran with his grandfather as a youth, but was rejected by the club for being "too small and light". However, Best did make one appearance for Glentoran, in the club's centenary match against Manchester United.[3]

text: In 1964–65, Glentoran faced Panathinaikos in the European Cup and drew 2–2 at home and lost 3–2 away. In the following season's Fairs Cup, they faced Antwerp resulting a 1–0 defeat away and 3–3 draw at home. The Cup-Winners' Cup in 1966–67 saw Glentoran draw 1–1 with Rangers in front of a packed Oval before losing the away leg 4–0.

text: Glentoran's finest hour came in a European Cup encounter with Benfica in 1967. The tie was played over two legs, the first being at the Oval. Glentoran scored a penalty early on and held out for nearly sixty minutes until football great Eusébio equalised. The match ended 1–1. The return tie was at Benfica's Estádio da Luz. Part-time Glentoran were expected to crumble under the pressure of the occasion, but again held out for a famous 0–0 draw. Benfica advanced to the next round on the away goals rule. Glentoran were the first team to lose out to this rule and the first team to stop Benfica scoring at home.[4]

text: In 1967, the club ran the Detroit Cougars football franchise in the United Soccer Association.[5] The newly formed league had planned for an inaugural season in 1968, but when the rival National Professional Soccer League announced a start date of 1967 and a television contract with CBS, the league owners decided to fast track their league by importing entire squads from Europe and South America. The two leagues would eventually merge and form the North American Soccer League the following year.

text: In 1973–74, Glentoran reached the quarter-finals of the Cup-Winners' Cup. They faced Borussia Mönchengladbach in the quarter-finals and were beaten 2–0 and 5–0. Four seasons later they faced Juventus in a European Cup match and lost 1–0 at home (Warren Feeney missing a late penalty) and 5–0 away.

text: In 1981–82, Glentoran reached the second round of the European Cup and faced eventual semi-finalists CSKA Sofia. After a 2–0 defeat away, Glentoran went 2–0 up in the return leg to force the game into extra time. The final result was 2–1, Glentoran going out 3–2 on aggregate.

text: The 1985 Irish Cup final between the big two saw another famous incident. Glentoran supporters brought a cockerel, the club's emblem, to the match and a pig, painted in royal blue colour, the colour of bitter rivals, Linfield. The two animals stayed on the sidelines for the duration of the match. Glentoran fans also brought a cockerel to the 2006 Irish Cup final, it too stayed on the sidelines for the duration, Glentoran lost the game 2–1, thus ending their unbeaten post-war record against Linfield in Irish Cup finals. This run of 5 victories over Linfield in post-war finals which started in 1966 continued until Glentoran's defeat in the 2006 final.[6]

text: In 1995 Glentoran played their traditional Boxing Day match against Linfield on a snow-covered pitch. In the first half the orange ball was damaged, and not having a replacement the teams were forced to play with a white ball for the remainder of the game. The incident was used as a "What Happened Next" question on the BBC's A Question of Sport.[7]

text: Former Linfield manager Roy Coyle took charge of the club in 1997 and under his stewardship the club entered another period of success. In Coyle's first cup final in charge he gave up the right to lead the team out, instead he asked long serving Kitman Teddy Horner have this honour.

text: The 2002–03 season was one of the club's most successful in recent times. Of a potential four trophies, Glentoran won three, capturing the Irish League championship, Irish League Cup and County Antrim Shield but fell at the final hurdle, losing the Irish Cup Final 1–0 to Coleraine. The only Irish League to complete the clean sweep of all trophies is Linfield who have achieved this on 3 occasions. They won 7 trophies in 1921–22 and 7 in 1961–62 and also 4 trophies in 1955–56. To come so close to a clean sweep in 2003 and fail was a bitter pill to swallow.

text: On 23 April 2005, Glentoran defeated their rivals Linfield in the second last game but one of the league season. In the 93rd minute of the match, Glentoran, who needed victory in order to have a chance of clinching the league title, scored a goal via their centre forward (and former Linfield player) Chris Morgan. There were confrontations between the two sets of fans following the match. Hooliganism was commonplace at matches between the clubs in the past. However this has reduced significantly in recent years.[8]

text: Roy Coyle won 16 trophies with Glentoran and is the club's most successful manager in the club's history.

text: After eight years in charge of Glentoran, Roy Coyle resigned as manager after a string of indifferent results. On 14 February 2006 the club announced that former Newry City manager Paul Millar was to take over the manager's position.[9] Since taking over, performances improved and he led his team into the Irish Cup final with rivals Linfield. Despite taking the lead in the first half, Linfield won the game with two goals from Peter Thompson. He also led his new club to their biggest ever defeat against their bitter cross-city rivals Linfield in a 6–0 defeat at Windsor Park. The Glens have sought to reduce the gap between them and Linfield by signing Kyle Neill and Gary Hamilton from Portadown and re-signing former fan's favourite Gary Smyth. Also arriving was another former player, Jason Hill, former Portadown and Newry City player Cullen Feeney and promising young keeper Ciaran McLaughlin from Ards.

text: Paul Millar was sacked as manager on 17 May 2007 after less than fifteen months in the job, having steered the club to two successive seasons finishing second in the League behind Linfield. He had the backing of chairman Stafford Reynolds, but the majority of the board and fans wanted his departure. The start of his second season in charge had looked promising. As Glentoran led the league summit, they were five points clear of Linfield at Christmas. Arguably ten minutes of football wrecked what looked to be a very successful campaign. Glentoran were leading Portadown 2 – 1 with eighty-five minutes gone. Two late goals sealed Glentoran's first defeat of the season and ultimately led to successive defeats, and the slight climax (8–0 vs. Armagh City). Fans were disappointed with the style of football displayed by the team in the later months of Millar's reign.

text: On 24 May 2007 former Crusaders and Glenavon manager Roy Walker was appointed as Glentoran manager along with assistant manager Billy Sinclair. Walker previously led Crusaders to two league titles in 1995 and 1997. After leaving football management for seven years, Walker became a football analyst with BBC Radio Ulster. He was quoted as saying, "Glentoran were my boyhood team and are probably the only club which could have attracted me back."[10]

text: However, on 26 May 2007 it was revealed that Walker would not be able to take up the post, due to not possessing the necessary UEFA coaching qualifications.[11]

text: Less than one week later Glentoran appointed head coach Alan McDonald as manager. Roy Walker gracefully walked away but stated in the Belfast Telegraph that he would not rest until director of football Tom Dick stood down. Mr Dick then did so, but also criticised the club chairman Stafford Reynolds. Reynolds confirmed that he would step down if the right person could be found to take over. Alan McDonald, the new manager, has so far secured former Glentoran player Rory Hamill, Daryl Fordyce from Portsmouth, winger Jamie McGovern from West Bromwich Albion and Dungannon Swifts winger David Scullion and has re-signed Chris Morgan and Tim McCann. Darren Lockhart left the club at the time to join Crusaders on a one-year load deal along with defender Gary Smith. In January Glentoran managed to bring in Shane Mcabe from Dungannon and Darren Boyce from Coleraine.[12]

text: Alan McDonald won two trophies with The Glens and also led the Glens to the final of the Setanta Cup. In McDonald's first season as manager, Glentoran defeated Crusaders in the County Antrim Shield final. The next season, Glentoran won the league after a strong race with Linfield. Glentoran finished three successive seasons, 2006–2008, as runners-up to three times Double Champions Linfield. Since then, notable signings at the club include Matthew Burrows, from Dundela (where he scored fifty-three goals last term), Johnny Taylor (from Hearts) and former Lisburn Distillery player Andy Waterworth for a fee of £30,000. Glentoran's build up to the season included friendlies against Hearts, Burnley and Ipswich Town. However, Glentoran's start to the season was delayed by a referee strike led by their association's Chairman, David Malcolm, citing higher wage demands. This ultimately postponed all week one fixtures. The following week, in the game against Glenavon, Glentoran's pitch was declared unplayable. Matches against Bangor and then Linfield were cancelled, and this led to Glentoran facing Bangor in the first Irish League game to be played on a Sunday. The historic scoreline was 1–0. Glentoran also unexpectedly reached the final of the Setanta Sports Cup 2008, a cup in which the top four clubs from both the Irish League and League of Ireland play each other. Glentoran defeated Linfield with a 4–1 win, making the group a more open competition. This was followed up by a 1–0 win in a home match again St. Patrick's Athletic. In the final on 13 October 2008, Glentoran were defeated by League of Ireland side Cork City 2–1 at Turners Cross. On 2 May 2009 Glentoran won the first ever Irish Premiership by defeating Cliftonville 3–1 at The Oval. This was their first league title since a 2005 win, ending Linfield's 3-year dominance on all fronts. Alan McDonald would in the coming weeks sign a new 2-year contract with the club after much speculation, keeping him there until 2011. Glentoran's only summer signings for 2009 were Richard Clarke from Newry City and Northern Ireland international Keith Gillespie on a free transfer.

text: Recent history[edit]

text: In March 2010, after McDonald resigned, former player Scott Young was put in charge of the Glens until the end of the 2010–11 season along with Pete Batey as assistant manager and Tim McCann as head coach. Young led Glentoran into the 2009–10 Irish League Cup final against Coleraine. The bannsiders were the favourites for the match but the Glens were the team who came out victorious, winning 4–1 on penalties after the match ended in a 2–2 draw. At the end of the season, Young along with Batey and McCann signed a deal with the Glens to stay on as manager. Former Glentoran manager Roy Coyle, who brought a huge amount of success, became director of football.

text: Young stunned the fans by releasing a couple of the club's higher profile players, including Michael Halliday and Keith Gillespie. Halliday joined North Belfast side Crusaders. Kyle Neill also left the club and joined Glenavon. Dean Fitzgerald and Shane McCabe were also among the players released.

text: Gary Hamilton went out on loan to Glenavon, and back in December 2011 took on the role as manager of the club (after the resignation of Marty Quinn), after being released of his playing obligations by Glentoran. During Young's first season as manager, Glentoran's financial difficulties escalated, until HMRC issued Glentoran a winding up order, and gave the club until the beginning of January 2011 to clear all outstanding debts which totalled over £300,000. A fund raising organisation, Spirit of '41(which was named after the year when The Oval was bombed by Germans and the massive effort to rebuild it) was set up, and to this day has raised over £25,000. On 12 January 2011, a special EGM was held which set out the proposals that would save Glentoran from oblivion and change radically how the club is run. The vote was passed unanimously with the condition that 3 new board members were added, including a new chairman, and the current chairman stepped down to vice chairman.

text: On 5 October 2010, Glentoran player Matty Burrows scored a back heel goal against Portadown, which won Burrows the ESPN goal of the season and Sky Sports goal of the season. The goal also achieved millions of views on YouTube and went up against world-famous player Lionel Messi for the FIFA goal of the season award. Burrows narrowly lost out on the award with many saying he didn't win because he wasn't a high-profile player. When José Mourinho saw the goal he was quoted as saying "how much does it cost to buy this guy", whilst Cristiano Ronaldo said that the goal deserved to win and would be very difficult for him to attempt.

text: On 7 July 2011, Glentoran beat Macedonian side FK Renova in the Europa League first qualifying round after the Glens overturned a 2–1 away defeat by winning the home leg 2–1 at The Oval and thus levelling the score on aggregate. The match was decided by penalties. Glentoran progressed after winning the shoot-out 3–2.

text: Young started his second season very well, with a 2–1 win away to Crusaders. However, the 2011–12 season would turn out to be disappointing for Young and the club. Rory Patterson was set to come back at the club, but could not agree on the contract following the finance problems. Patterson joined Glentoran's bitter rivals Linfield. However, Matty Burrows returned to the club, but struggled to maintain his place. The club then started to go through a run of poor results, and started to lose supporters. Despite beating Linfield three times, Glentoran lost in the County Antrim Shield final to Cliftonville, and continued their losing streak in the league. Then on 14 January 2012, Glentoran were knocked out of the 2011–12 Irish Cup by Amateur league side Newington Youth Club. Young then resigned after the game. Director of Football Roy Coyle was put in charge for the match against Ballymena United.

text: Former Lisburn Distillery boss Paul Kirk, former Crusaders and Ballymena United boss Roy Walker, former Cliftonville boss Eddie Patterson, and former Coleraine boss Marty Quinn were among the possible contenders for the job including former player Pat McGibbon and Ian Foster. Walker and Patterson applied for the job along with McGibbon and Foster on 1 February 2012. Patterson was appointed manager of the club on Wednesday 22 February 2012. Glentoran finished the 2011–12 league season in 6th place, a massive 28 points behind the league champions; cross-city rivals Linfield. However, some consolation came from the fact that they beat Linfield in all four league meetings between the sides that season, without conceding a goal in the process.

text: During the summer of 2012, Patterson made several signings such as Marcus Kane, Jay Magee and Mark Clarke. The Glens started the 2012–13 season well with a 3–1 victory over Donegal Celtic. This was followed by three consecutive 1–1 draws against Glenavon, Cliftonville and Linfield. One day before the game against Linfield, the club announced the signing of Stuart Elliott, who was returning to the club where he made his name before moving across the water to play for Hull City, Motherwell and Hamilton Academical. Glentoran defeated Ballinamallard United 4–1 and Dungannon Swifts 3–1 in the space of a week, pushing them up to second in the league. The Glens then secured a 0–0 home draw against Coleraine in a top of the table clash before defeating Lisburn Distillery 3–0 a week later. A 1–1 draw against Ballymena United at the Showgrounds made it nine league games unbeaten from the start of the season.

text: However, the unbeaten run came to an end in the next game when Crusaders won 2–0 at Seaview on 6 October 2012, just 5 days after an enthralling County Antrim Shield quarter-final defeat against Linfield which saw three goals in the final minutes of the game, ending 3–2 to Linfield. One week after the Crusaders loss, Glentoran were beaten for the second successive league game (their first home loss of the season), when Portadown won 1–0 at The Oval.

text: The club's financial problems would soon come to light again. In November 2012 it was reported that the squad had refused to train because they had not received their wages for two months. If the problem continued, it may have reached the stage where the players would have the right to be released from their contracts. Back on the field, the club had mixed results in the next six league games. Three wins, a draw, and two defeats which included a disappointing 2–1 loss away to Donegal Celtic, left the Glens sitting in fifth place in the league at the end of November, twelve points behind pacesetters Cliftonville.

text: The 2012–13 league campaign ultimately ended with the club finishing fourth in the table. However, the season ended on a high note as the Glens overcame favourites and newly crowned league champions Cliftonville 3–1 after extra time in the Irish Cup final on 4 May 2013. This was the club's first Irish Cup win in nine years.

text: In the 2014–15 Season Glentoran won another Irish cup against Portadown and the 2nd under Eddie Patterson. The game was played at The Oval because construction work at Windsor park had gone wrong and the Kop stand was deemed unstable and needed to be knocked down. The game finished 1–0 after a very wet afternoon in East Belfast

text: After defeating Carrick Rangers 2–0 at home news had broke that Eddie Patterson had been sacked. A club statement was then released explaining that the current position in the table wasn't at best interest from club and fans as the club is under pressure to make progress year on year. It then emerged that the next game would be in the hands of Roy Coyle a former Manager at the Club as caretaker boss

text: On 9 November 2015 Alan Kernaghan was appointed as Glentoran manager.[13] Kernaghan started with some promising results and managed to end the 2015/16 season in 5th Position.The Glens made several signings that summer in the hope of returning to the top 3 and returning to regular European football signing included former Ballymena United goalkeeper Dwayne Nelson, Portadown defender Ross Redman, resigned former player James Ferrin, Eric Foley from Galway United and the signing of Rangers Spanish legend Nacho Novo the Glens started the season inconsistently with two 1–0 wins against Dungannon Swifts and Portadown and two defeats against Cliftonville and struggling Carrick Rangers.The pressure starting to mount on Kernaghan was severely increased when they were beaten 4–1 by Coleraine with many thinking the writing was on the wall for Kernaghan reign as manager and following a shock 3–2 League Cup defeat to championship side Annagh United, Kernaghan resigned as manager of Glentoran. Gary Haveron succeeded Kernaghan as manager. In January 2017, Glentoran suffered a 2–1 Irish Cup 5th Round defeat at the Oval to fierce rivals Linfield after extra time.

text: Glentoran Academy[edit]

text: Glentoran runs the Glentoran Academy, to help promote football to younger players. It is the fastest growing football academy in the country and includes players, both boys and girls from the age of 4. The Academy also includes a disability section and a Polish language section, where playing for the team requires attendance at training and at English language classes. In 2015–16, the club had 44 players representing Northern Ireland at different age groups, twice as many as any other club. In the summer of 2016, 4 more players left the academy to take up places at English professional clubs academies. The Academy was set up in June 2008.[14]

text: Redevelopment[edit]

text: In March 2003, the club's board of directors advised the shareholders of Glentoran Recreation Company Ltd to sell the Oval to a property development holding company called Girona. To date no new ground has materialised. A campaign waged by a group of volunteer supporters called Rest In East, was then set up to keep the club in east Belfast. The club's Board of directors have suggested moving close to a town called Comber, well outside the city bounds of Belfast, which the majority of supporters firmly oppose.

text: On 3 November 2005 a fans forum voted 417–0 in favour of forming Glentoran Community Trust, the first supporters' trust to be formed in Northern Ireland. It was officially formed on 15 May 2006 and registered with the Registry of Companies Belfast under the Industrial and Provident Societies Acts 1965–1978. The trust sits completely independent of the parent club, giving the ordinary non-shareholding supporter a voice.[15] On the 29 January 2008, the GCT took another historic step in giving the fans a voice, when one of its members, Stephen Henderson was elected to the board of directors by the shareholders of Glentoran FC.

text: On 12 January 2011, a resolution was passed that gives the GCT two permanent board members. Recently, Glentoran formed a strategic alliance partnership with Insaka AFC, the football club of the African Youth Diaspora in the Irish Republic by forming Insaka-Glentoran Football Academy at the same time becoming the first club on the island of Ireland to adopt a whole club approach to the UEFA 'Respect' campaign.

text: On 24 May 2016, Supporters approved a board recommendation, at the club end of season AGM, to demolish and redevelop The Oval into a modern new community-based stadium, over alternative proposed moves to sites at Sydenham and Titanic Quarter. Funding will come from a £10million amount that has been on hold for the Glens under the Government's £110m sports grounds improvement programme that has led to the creation of the new Windsor Park and Ulster Rugby's Kingspan Stadium in tandem with redevelopment at venues across the country.

text: European competition history[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Competition
Round
Opponent
Home
Away
Agg

1962–63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1QR
 ESP Real Zaragoza
0–2
2–6
2–8

1963–64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1QR
 SCO Partick Thistle FC
1–4
0–3
1–7

1964–65 European Cup
1QR
 GRE Panathinaikos
2–2
2–3
4–5

1965–66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1QR
 BEL Royal Antwerp
3–3
0–1
3–4

1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 SCO Rangers
1–1
0–4
1–5

1967–68 European Cup
1QR
 POR Benfica
1–1
0–0
1–1

1968–69 European Cup
1QR
 BEL Anderlecht
2–2
0–3
2–5

1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1QR
 ENG Arsenal FC
1–0
0–3
1–3

1970–71 European Cup
1QR
 IRL Waterford
1–3
0–1
1–4

1971–72 UEFA Cup
1QR
 FRG Eintracht Braunschweig
0–1
1–6
1–7

1973–74 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 ROU Chimia Rimnicu Vilcea
2–0
2–2
4–2

1R
 NOR Brann
3–1
1–1
4–2

QF
 FRG Borussia Mönchengladbach
0–2
0–5
0–7

1975–76 UEFA Cup
1QR
 NLD Ajax
1–6
0–8
1–14

1976–77 UEFA Cup
1QR
  CHE FC Basel
3–2
0–3
3–5

1977–78 European Cup
1QR
 ISL Valur
2–0
0–1
2–1

1R
 ITA Juventus
0–1
0–5
0–6

1978–79 UEFA Cup
1QR
 ISL ÍBV
1–1
0–0
1–1

1981–82 European Cup
1QR
 LUX Progres Niedercorn
4–0
1–1
5–1

1R
 BGR CSKA Sofia
2–1 ot
0–2
2–3

1982–83 UEFA Cup
1QR
 CZE Banik Ostrava
1–3
0–1
1–4

1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 FRA Paris Saint-Germain
1–2
1–2
2–4

1984–85 UEFA Cup
1QR
 BEL Standard Liège
1–1
0–2
1–3

1985–86 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 ISL Fram
1–0
1–3
2–3

1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 DDR Lokomotive Leipzig
1–1
0–2
1–3

1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 FIN RoPS
1–1
0–0
1–1

1988–89 European Cup
1QR
 URS Spartak Moscow
1–1
0–2
1–3

1989–90 UEFA Cup
1QR
 SCO Dundee United
1–3
0–2
1–5

1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup
1QR
 ROU Steaua București
1–1
0–5
1–6

1992–93 UEFA Champions League
1QR
 FRA Olympique Marseille
0–5
0–3
0–8

1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
PR
 CZE Sparta Prague
1–2
0–8
1–10

1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
PR
 ISR Maccabi Haifa
0–1
1–2
1–3

1999–00 UEFA Champions League
PR
 BGR Litex
0–2
0–3
0–5

2000–01 UEFA Cup
PR
 NOR Lillestrøm SK
0–3
0–1
0–4

2001–02 UEFA Cup
PR
 DNK Midtjylland
0–4
1–1
1–5

2002–03 UEFA Cup
QR
 POL Wisła Kraków
0–2
0–4
0–6

2003–04 UEFA Champions League
PR
 FIN HJK Helsinki
0–0
0–1
0–1

2004–05 UEFA Cup
PR
 FIN Allianssi
2–2
2–1
4–3

PR
 SWE IF Elfsborg
0–1
1–2
1–3

2005–06 UEFA Champions League
PR
 IRL Shelbourne
1–2
1–4
2–6

2006–07 UEFA Cup
PR
 NOR Brann
0–1
0–1
0–2

2007–08 UEFA Cup
PR
 SWE AIK
0–5
0–4
0–9

2008–09 UEFA Cup
PR
 LVA Metalurgs Liepāja
1–1
0–2
1–3

2009–10 UEFA Champions League
PR
 ISR Maccabi Haifa
0–4
0–6
0–10

2010–11 UEFA Europa League
PR
 ISL KR Reykjavík
2–2
0–3
2–5

2011–12 UEFA Europa League
QR
 MKD Renova
2–1 ot
1–2
3–3 (3–2 p)

QR
 UKR Vorskla
0–2
0–3
0–5

2013–14 UEFA Europa League
QR
 ISL KR Reykjavik
0–3
0–0
0–3

2015–16 UEFA Europa League
PR
 SLO MŠK Žilina
1–4
0–3
1–7

tag: table

text: [16] Key: PR – Preliminary round; QR – Qualifying round; 1QR – First qualifying round; 1R – First/Second round; QF – Quarter-final

text: Overall record[edit]

text: As of 4 December 2016.

text:
Competition
P
W
D
L
GF
GA

European Cup/UEFA Champions League
28
3
7
18
20
59

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
48
4
9
35
29
117

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
22
3
7
12
18
46

Total
98
10
23
65
67
222

text: UEFA club ranking[edit]

text: As of the 2016 UEFA Club Rankings.[17]

text:
Rank
Team
Points

423
 NSÍ Runavík
1.450

424
 Glentoran
1.400

425
 Portadown
1.400

text: Honours[edit]

text: Senior honours[edit]

text:
Irish League/Irish Premier League/IFA Premiership: 23

1893–94, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1924–25, 1930–31, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2008–09

Irish Cup: 22

1913–14, 1916–17, 1920–21, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2012–13, 2014–15

Irish League Cup: 7

1988–89, 1990–91, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10

County Antrim Shield: 27

1900–01, 1901–02, 1908–09*, 1910–11, 1915–16, 1917–18, 1924–25, 1930–31, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1943–44, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1956–57, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1977–78, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2007–08, 2010–11

tag: ul

text: * Won by Glentoran ll (reserve team)

text:
Charity Shield: 2

1992 (shared with Glenavon), 2015

text: Defunct Competitions[edit]

text:
Gold Cup: 15

1916–17, 1941–42, 1951–52, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1966–67, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01

City Cup: 18

1896–97, 1898–99, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1913–14, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1916–17, 1918–19, 1931–32, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1969–70, 1972–73, 1974–75

Ulster Cup: 9

1950–51, 1952–53, 1966–67, 1976–77, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1988–89, 1989–90

Floodlit Cup: 2

1987–88, 1989–90

County Antrim Centenary Chalice: 1

1987–88

text: All-Ireland[edit]

text:
Blaxnit Cup: 1

1972–73

Inter-City Cup: 1

1943–44

Vienna Cup: 1

1913–14

text: Reserve (Intermediate) honours[edit]

text:
Irish League B Division: 1

1958–59†

B Division Section 2/Reserve League: 8

1985–86†, 1986–87†, 1989–90†, 1992–93†, 1995–96†, 1997–98†, 2001–02†, 2002–03†

Irish Intermediate Cup: 9

1893–94†, 1897–98†, 1908–09†, 1912–13†, 1915–16†, 1917–18†, 1930–31†, 1940–41†, 1961–62†

George Wilson Cup: 11

1965–66†, 1966–67†, 1979–80†, 1986–87†, 2000–01†, 2001–02†, 2002–03†, 2004–05†, 2009–10†, 2011–12†, 2013–14†

Steel & Sons Cup: 13

1904–05†, 1908–09†, 1910–11†, 1914–15†, 1918–19†, 1932–33†, 1937–38†, 1957–58†, 1965–66†, 1966–67†, 1989–90†, 2000–01†, 2001–02†

text: † Won by Glentoran II (reserve team)

text: Junior honours[edit]

text:
Irish Junior Cup: 1

1889–90†

text: † Won by Glentoran II (reserve team)

text: Current squad[edit]

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Elliot Morris

2

DF
William Garrett

3

MF
Marcus Kane (captain)

5

DF
Calum Birney

7

MF
Peter McMahon

8

MF
Daniel Kelly

9

FW
Curtis Allen

10

FW
John McGuigan

11

MF
Corey McMullan

12

DF
Karl Hamill

14

FW
Dylan Davidson

15

DF
Nathan Kerr

No.

Position
Player

16

FW
Tiarnan McNicholl

18

GK
Dwayne Nelson

19

MF
Conal Delaney

20

MF
Patrick Cafolla

22

MF
Steven Gordon

23

DF
Ross Redman

24

DF
James Ferrin

26

MF
Paul O'Neil

28

MF
Eoghan McCawl

32

FW
Robbie McDaid

text: Under 20's Squad[edit]

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Rhys Clougherty

1

GK
Matthew Davidson

3

DF
Lee Newell

4

DF
Nqobile Mlotshwa

7

DF
Carl Lennox

8

MF
Cieran Clougherty (Captain)

9

MF
Kris Gaw

No.

Position
Player

10

MF
Noel Healy

12

FW
Paul O'Neill

14

FW
Padraig Hughes

15

FW
Brent Ritchie

16

FW
Joe O'Connor

20

MF
Mark Herdman

text: Former managers[edit]

text: List only counts permanent managers.

text:
Sam Jennings (1936–38)
 Louis Page (1939–40)
 Frank Thompson (1945–47)
 Frank Grice (1948–55)
 Ken Chisholm (1958)
 Tommy Briggs (1959–60)
 Alex Young (1968)
 Peter McParland (1968–71)
 Alex McCrae (1972)
 George Eastham, Sr. (1972–74)

 Arthur Stewart (1977–78)
 Ronnie McFall (1979–84)
 Tommy Jackson (1987–93)
 Tommy Cassidy (1994–97)
 Roy Coyle (1997–2006)
 Paul Millar (2006–07)
 Alan McDonald (2007–10)
 Scott Young (2010–12)
 Eddie Patterson (26 February 2012 – 17 October 2015)
 Alan Kernaghan (9 November 2015 – 30 August 2016)


document_title: Daubert standard

question_text: where does daubert put the responsibility of the admissibility of evidence

text: Daubert standard

text: Definition[edit]

text: In Daubert, seven members of the Court agreed on the following guidelines for admitting scientific expert testimony:

text:
Judge is gatekeeper: Under Rule 702, the task of "gatekeeping", or assuring that scientific expert testimony truly proceeds from "scientific knowledge", rests on the trial judge.
Relevance and reliability: This requires the trial judge to ensure that the expert's testimony is "relevant to the task at hand" and that it rests "on a reliable foundation". Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 584-587. Concerns about expert testimony cannot be simply referred to the jury as a question of weight. Furthermore, the admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rule 104(a), not Rule 104(b); thus, the Judge must find it more likely than not that the expert's methods are reliable and reliably applied to the facts at hand.
Scientific knowledge = scientific method/methodology: A conclusion will qualify as scientific knowledge if the proponent can demonstrate that it is the product of sound "scientific methodology" derived from the scientific method.[3]
Illustrative Factors: The Court defined "scientific methodology" as the process of formulating hypotheses and then conducting experiments to prove or falsify the hypothesis, and provided a set of illustrative factors (i.e., not a "test") in determining whether these criteria are met:

text:
Whether the theory or technique employed by the expert is generally accepted in the scientific community;
Whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication;
Whether it can be and has been tested;
Whether the known or potential rate of error is acceptable; and
Whether the research was conducted independent of the particular litigation or dependent on an intention to provide the proposed testimony.[4]

tag: ol

text: In 2000, Rule 702 was amended in an attempt to codify and structure elements embodied in the "Daubert trilogy." The rule then read as follows:

text: (As amended Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000.)

text: In 2011, Rule 702 was again amended to make the language clearer. The rule now reads:

text: (As amended Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000; Apr. 26, 2011, eff. Dec. 1, 2011)

text: While some federal courts still rely on pre-2000 opinions in determining the scope of Daubert, as a technical legal matter any earlier judicial rulings that conflict with the language of amended Rule 702 are no longer good precedent.

text: Use[edit]

text: Although the Daubert standard is now the law in federal court and over half of the states, the Frye standard remains the law in some jurisdictions including California, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington.[5]

text: Florida passed a bill to adopt the Daubert standard as the law governing expert witness testimony, which took effect on July 1, 2013.[6] However, the Florida Supreme Court rejected the Legislature's "Daubert Amendment" to the extent it is procedural in nature.[7]

text: Although trial judges have always had the authority to exclude inappropriate testimony, prior to Daubert, trial courts often preferred to let juries hear evidence proffered by both sides.[8] Once certain evidence has been excluded by a Daubert motion because it fails to meet the relevancy and reliability standard, it will likely be challenged when introduced again in another trial. Even though a Daubert motion is not binding to other courts of law, if something was found untrustworthy by one court, other judges may choose to follow that precedent. Of course, a decision by an appellate court that a piece of evidence is inadmissible under Daubert would be binding on district courts within that court's jurisdiction.

text: Daubert motion: timing[edit]

text: To attack expert testimony as inadmissible, counsel may bring pretrial motions, including motions in limine.[9] The motion in limine may be brought prior to trial, although counsel may bring the motion during trial as well.[10]

text: A motion attacking expert testimony should be brought within a reasonable time after the close of discovery if the grounds for the objection can be reasonably anticipated.[11] The hearing should be made well in advance of the first time a case appears on a trial calendar.

text: In one case where a Daubert hearing was conducted on the day of the trial, in which the district court excluded all plaintiff's expert testimony, resulting in the dismissal of all claims, the appellate court remanded the case because of multiple irregularities and a defective record of lower court proceedings.[12]

text: The appellate court noted that in cases that rely heavily on expert testimony, a district court should set a discovery[13] and trial schedule that realistically provides both sides with an adequate opportunity to introduce necessary evidence. The application of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to proposed expert testimony can often be an uncertain process, and is best conducted in such a manner that litigants have a reasonable opportunity to locate experts who meet the rule's requirements.

text: In another case in which the defendant was apparently at fault for filing a motion to exclude expert testimony one week before the trial date, the district court denied the motion on that ground, but it advised the defendant that it might conduct its own voir dire of the expert in question before he testified. The district court preliminarily found that defendant's motion was predicated on a ruling made almost three months earlier by a district court in another state, and that defendant had shown no good cause for waiting to file the motion. The defendant ultimately lost that case, following the admission of the disputed expert testimony, and ultimately failed in its appeal.[14]

text: An evidentiary hearing on the motion may not be necessary if the court finds that it would not assist the court in ruling on any of the matters in the motion.

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to Daubert, relevancy in combination with the Frye test were the dominant standards for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence in Federal courts. Frye is based on a 1923 Federal Court of appeals ruling involving the admissibility of polygraph evidence.[15] Under Frye, the Court based the admissibility of testimony regarding novel scientific evidence on whether it has "gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs." The trial court's gatekeeper role in this respect is typically described as conservative, thus helping to keep pseudoscience out of the courtroom by deferring to those in the field.

text: In Daubert, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1923 Frye test was superseded by the 1975 Federal Rules of Evidence, specifically Rule 702 governing expert testimony. Rule 702 originally stated (in its entirety),

text: If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

text: In Daubert, the Court ruled that nothing in the Federal Rules of Evidence governing expert evidence "gives any indication that 'general acceptance' is a necessary precondition to the admissibility of scientific evidence. Moreover, such a rigid standard would be at odds with the Rules' liberal thrust and their general approach of relaxing the traditional barriers to 'opinion' testimony."

text: By requiring experts to provide relevant opinions grounded in reliable methodology, proponents of Daubert were satisfied that these standards would result in a fair and rational resolution of the scientific and technological issues which lie at the heart of product liability adjudication.[16]

text: Ironically, Daubert has not appeared to further the Federal Rules philosophy of admitting generally all relevant testimony, and specifically of relaxing the traditional barriers to 'opinion' testimony." The Daubert decision has instead been heralded by some political commentators as one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in imposing higher barriers for toxic tort and product liability cases, by allegedly reducing the volume of so-called junk science in the court room.

text: According to a 2002 RAND study, post Daubert, the percentage of expert testimony by scientists that was excluded from the courtroom significantly rose. This rise likely contributed to a doubling in successful motions for summary judgment in which 90% were against plaintiffs.[17] Beyond this study, there is little empirical evidence of the impact of Daubert. However, some critics argue that Daubert has disrupted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants, “The exclusion of expert testimony affects plaintiffs far more than defendants because plaintiffs may then not be able to meet their required burden of proof. Furthermore, there is little point in plaintiffs going to the expense of Daubert motions to exclude defendant’s experts until they know if their case will proceed. So if more experts are now being excluded, then Daubert has undoubtedly shifted the balance between plaintiffs and defendants and made it more difficult for plaintiffs to litigate successfully.”[8] Similarly, Daubert hearings can be subject to various abuses by attorneys attempting to bolster a weak case. These tactics can range from simply attempting to delay the case to driving up the costs of the litigation forcing settlement.[18]

text: A different pattern has emerged in criminal cases. In criminal cases, the prosecution has the burden of proof and uses a host of forensic science methods as evidence to prove their case. But, Daubert motions are rarely made by criminal defendants and when they do, they lose a majority of the challenges.[19][20] Some critics of the use of unreliable science in court argue that Daubert has had beneficial effects in civil litigation, but fails to address the underlying pathologies of the forensic science system that leads to dubious verdicts in criminal cases.[21]

text: Some commentators believe that Daubert caused judges to become—in the phrase used in former Chief Justice William Rehnquist’s dissent in Daubert—amateur scientists, many lacking the scientific literacy to effectively fulfill their role as gatekeeper of scientific evidence.[22] Although "science for judges" forums have emerged in the wake of Daubert in order to educate judges in a variety of scientific fields, many are still skeptical about the usefulness of the Daubert standard in discerning valid science.[23][24][25] The responsibility to assess scientific relevance has shifted from highly trained expert witnesses to judges deficient in science education. The "Daubert" ruling furthermore admits the possible introduction of non-peer reviewed data and conclusions. This increasingly shifts the burden of scientific judgement onto judges who have not had an education which would enable them to properly evaluate such data.[26]

text: Pursuant to Rule 104(a), in Daubert the U.S. Supreme Court suggested that the following factors be considered:[27]

text:
Has the technique been tested in actual field conditions (and not just in a laboratory)?
Has the technique been subject to peer review and publication?
What is the known or potential rate of error?
Do standards exist for the control of the technique's operation?
Has the technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community?

text: The Supreme Court explicitly cautioned that the Daubert list should not be regarded by judges as "a definitive checklist or test..." Yet in practice, judges have judged the admissibility of scientific evidence using the "Daubert factors" as a checklist; for example, the trial court judge in Kumho admitted to erroneously treating the factors as mandatory.[8]

text: International influence[edit]

text: The Canadian Supreme Court has expressly adopted the Daubert standard in two cases. R. v. Mohan,;[28] R. v. J.L.-J., [2000].[29] In J.L.-J., the Court took a look at the development of U.S. law in this regard, noted the U.S. Supreme Court's rejection of the Frye standard and its replacement with the Daubert Standard. While the Court did note that: " Daubert must be read in light of the specific text of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which differs from our own procedures," the Court also stated in the same sentence that "the U.S. Supreme Court did list a number of factors that could be helpful in evaluating the soundness of novel science."[30] The Court then applied the Daubert standard to a decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal. The Quebec Court had held that greater liberality should be applied by the Court in receiving pro-defense scientific evidence in a criminal case.[31] The Court rejected this decision and reinstated the defendant's conviction.

text: Additionally, in 2005, the United Kingdom House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommended the creation of a Forensic Science Advisory Council to regulate forensic evidence in the UK and observed that:

text: The absence of an agreed protocol for the validation of scientific techniques prior to their being admitted in court is entirely unsatisfactory. Judges are not well-placed to determine scientific validity without input from scientists. We recommend that one of the first tasks of the Forensic Science Advisory Council be to develop a "gate-keeping" test for expert evidence. This should be done in partnership with judges, scientists and other key players in the criminal justice system, and should build on the US Daubert test.[32]

text: The Law Commission for England and Wales has proposed a consultation paper (No.190) to adopt a criterion like the Daubert Standard to help reform the law of evidence in regards to the admissibility of scientific evidence.[33]