document_title: The Bible (miniseries)

question_text: who played daniel in the bible mini series

text: The Bible (miniseries)

text: Description[edit]

text: The series covers "Genesis to Revelation" in "one grand narrative,"[1] within five two-hour parts,[12] each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer-generated imagery.[2][3] According to Burnett, it included "obvious" stories such as Noah's Ark, the Exodus, and the life of Jesus Christ.[2] Five hours are taken from the Old Testament, five from the New.[1] The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.[3]

text: Downey and Burnett said their "greatest hope" in making the series was that it would "affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible."[13]

text: "Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers," the couple wrote in an op-ed in The Huffington Post. "Instead, we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament. How they are one sweeping story with one grand, overriding message: God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love."[14]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2011, The New York Times reported that Downey, Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series, with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast.[2] The budget for the series was under $22 million.[1]  Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy.[2] Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans,[15]  Helen Bond, Paula Gooder, Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss.[16] Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere.[3]

text: Burnett and Downey consulted "a wide range of pastors and academics," including their friend Joel Osteen, Joshua Garroway (a rabbi from Hebrew Union College), and a Catholic cardinal.[1] Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance, read each episode's script and visited the set in Morocco: he "wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series" and  "was not disappointed."[17] Another consultant, Focus on the Family President Jim Daly, applauded the couple's courage for making the series: "Let's face it, it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood. In fact, when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus. They refused."[18]

text: Other project advisors included:[19]

text:
Rick Warren (pastor, Saddleback Church)
Erwin McManus (pastor, Mosaic)
Sam Rodriguez (National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference)
Paul Eshleman (Campus Crusade for Christ)
Bobby Gruenewald (YouVersion Bible)
Brad Lomenick (Catalyst)
Leith Anderson (president, National Association of Evangelicals)
Frank Wright (president, National Religious Broadcasters)
Tom Peterson (Catholics Come Home)
Gabe Lyons (founder of the Fermi Project)
Luis Palau (Christian evangelist)
George Wood (General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America)
Craig Groeschel (Life Church)
Denny Rydberg (Young Life)
Andrew Benton (president, Pepperdine University)

text: Days before the series premiere, Downey and Burnett authored an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because "(t)he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world – which informs the understanding of the modern world – are biblical in origin."[20]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diogo Morgado – Jesus Christ
Darwin Shaw – Peter
Paul Brightwell – Malchus
Roma Downey – Mary, mother of Jesus
Leila Mimmack – Mary (young)
Greg Hicks – Pontius Pilate
Sebastian Knapp – John
Amber Rose Revah – Mary Magdalene
Adrian Schiller – Caiaphas
Andrew Brooke – Antonius
Louise Delamere – Claudia
Matthew Gravelle – Thomas
Simon Kunz – Nicodemus
Joe Wredden – Judas
Fraser Ayres – Barabbas
Michael Legge – Stephen
Paul Marc Davis – Simon
Paul Freeman – Samuel
Will Houston – Moses
Joe Forte – Moses (young)
Melia Kreiling – Bathsheba
Dhaffer L'Abidine – Uriah
Francis Magee – Saul
Con O'Neill – Paul the Apostle[21]
Joe Coen – Saint Joseph
Stephanie Leonidas – Rahab
Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni – Satan
Gary Oliver – Abraham
Josephine Butler – Sarah
Andrew Scarborough – Joshua
Sean Knopp – Joshua (young)
Clive Wood – Nathan
Hara Yannas – Michal
Langley Kirkwood – David
Jassa Ahluwalia – David (young)
Eddie Elks – Angel Gabriel
Nonso Anozie – Samson
Jake Canuso – Daniel
Sam Douglas – Herod the Great
Gerald Kyd – Cyrus the Great
Peter Guinness – Nebuchadnezzar II[22]
Cristian Solimeno – Jonathan
Laurie Calvert – Jonathan (young)
Paul Knops – Adam
Darcie Lincoln – Eve
Hugo Rossi – Isaac
Conan Stevens – Goliath
Sharon Duncan-Brewster – Samson's mother
Kierston Wareing – Delilah
Lonyo – Guardian angel
David Rintoul – Noah
Aharon Ipalé – Pharaoh
Stewart Scudamore – Ramesses
Sean Teale – Ramesses (young)
Jalaal Hartley – Nashon
Shivani Ghai – Batya
Louis Hilyer – Aaron
Joanna Foster – Miriam
Soraya Radford – Hagar
Antonio Magro – Lot
Rachel Edwards – Lot's wife
Raad Rawi – Jeremiah
Samuel Collings – Zedekiah
Christopher Simon – Azariah
David Freedman – Eleazar the Scribe
Jake Maskall – Bashaa

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S.viewers(in millions)1"Beginnings"Crispin ReeceRichard BedserAlexander MarengoColin SwashNic YoungMarch 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)13.10[23]
Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark (Genesis 1-3; 6-8); Abrahamic covenant; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim (Genesis 14); Hagar and Ishmael (Genesis 16); birth of Isaac (Genesis 21); Abraham is tested (Genesis 22); Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19).
2"Exodus"Crispin ReeceRichard BedserAlexander MarengoMarch 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)13.10[23]
During the time of Egyptian slavery, Moses learns of his roots, kills a soldier and flees Egypt (Exodus 2); God speaks to Moses through the burning bush (Exodus 3); Moses returns to Egypt; ten Plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-11); Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus; Moses parts the Red Sea (Exodus 14); Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai (Exodus 20)
3"Homeland"Tony MitchellRichard BedserAdam RosenthalNic YoungMarch 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)10.80[24]
Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites (Deuteronomy 31; Joshua 1); the Israelites camp outside of Jericho; Joshua sends spies into Jericho (Joshua 2); Joshua invades and conquers Jericho (Joshua 6); Delilah betrays Samson, a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines (Judges 13-16)
4"Kingdom"Tony MitchellRichard BedserColin SwashNic YoungMarch 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)10.80[24]
Samuel anoints Saul as king, a move that could throw the nation into civil war (1 Samuel 15); Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath (1 Samuel 17); King David ushers a golden age for Israel, but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11); God forgives David, and Solomon builds God's temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 6)
5"Survival"Crispin ReeceRichard BedserNic YoungMarch 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)10.90[8]
The Jews are enslaved in Babylon (Jeremiah 39); the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace (Daniel 3); Daniel is thrown into the lions’ den, but when his faith endures and God spares him (Daniel 6); the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 36; Ezra 1)
6"Hope"Crispin ReeceRichard BedserNic YoungMarch 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)10.90[8]
During the time of Roman occupation, the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child (Luke 1); Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census, where Jesus is born (Luke 2); the Holy family escapes Herod’s order to kill Bethlehem’s male babies (Matthew 2); Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate; John baptizes Jesus (Matthew 3); Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness (Matthew 4); Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter (Matthew 4)
7"Mission"Christopher SpencerRichard BedserChristopher SpencerNic YoungMarch 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)10.30[25]
Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee (Matthew 14) and brings a dead man, Lazarus, back to life (John 11); Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey – a declaration that he is the Messiah; Jesus turns on the money-changers in the Temple (Mark 11)
8"Betrayal"Christopher SpencerRichard BedserChristopher SpencerColin SwashNic YoungMarch 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)10.30[25]
Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mark 14); Jesus is arrested and Malchus' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial (Matthew 26)
9"Passion"Christopher SpencerRichard BedserChristopher SpencerAbraham Christen LiandoColin SwashNic YoungMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)11.70[26]
Peter denies Jesus (Luke 22) and Judas hangs himself; Pilate's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus (Matthew 27); Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus' head (John 19); Jesus is condemned to death (Matthew 27); Jesus is crucified; Jesus is buried (John 19)
10"Courage"Tony MitchellRichard BedserChristopher SpencerNic YoungMarch 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)11.70[26]
Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb, a figure walks towards her – He is back (John 20); Jesus commissions the disciples to "go and preach to all" before he ascends (Acts 1). The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost (Acts 2); Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul (Acts 7); Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus (Acts 9); martyrdom of the Disciples, John's survival and exile to Patmos, John receives a revelation – Jesus is coming back, and all who keep the faith will be rewarded

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings.[27] The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers, according to Nielsen.[27] In Canada, the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers.[28] The second installment saw a ratings slippage, but still brought in 10.8 million viewers, tops in all television for the 8–10 p.m. time period.[24] Week three's installment, meanwhile, garnered 10.9 million total viewers.[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reviews of The Bible have been mixed. It has had a "mixed or average reviews" rating at Metacritic, having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews.[29]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: On March 19, 2013, Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion. He said: "We've realized, on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place, many people cannot afford cable TV. And those people need to see this Bible series. So we're rushing the DVD out April 2nd, also immediately with Spanish subtitles. This is very important. And this is only for America and Canada. Now we're about to start around the world. This will be in every country of the world. More people will see this series than everything we ever made; together, combined. Billions of people will see this series. Billions."[30]

text: Differences from the Bible[edit]

text: In the introduction to each episode, the message is displayed "This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world. It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book."[31] Roma Downey stated in an interview, "we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us, making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully,"[32] However, many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text, and using too many creative licenses. These are included below:

text:
In the Bible, Noah's three sons are full grown men, whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys.
In the Book of Genesis, the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him. Then they feasted with Lot in his home. The series shows the angels approaching Lot, begging for help with no hospitality extended to them.[33] (Genesis 19:1-5)
The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors, and Lot offering his daughters instead. The series omits this.[34][35]  (Genesis 19:4-10)
At the destruction of Sodom, the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city's inhabitants. Critics refer to these as "Ninja Angels". This is not in the text.[36] (Genesis 19:1-17)
The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac, a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son. In the Bible it is a three-day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants.[37] (Genesis 22:1-4)
The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac. This is not in the text.[38] (Genesis 22:1-19)
In the Binding of Isaac, the text describes a ram (adult) caught by its horns in a thicket. The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg[39] (Genesis 22:13)
When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later, the text shows Moses' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh's magicians copying the trick. The series omits this.
The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines' crops and plants. This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man. When they head this they burned Samson's wife and her father to death (Judges 15: 4-6). In the series the Philistine commander has Samson's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson, who was an Israelite.
After David's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite, he is confronted by Nathan. The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant, whereas in the text, David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt, leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God[40] (2 Samuel 12:13, Psalms 51)
When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem, Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders. In the text Jeremiah is captured, bound in chains and later released[39] (Jeremiah 39:11-40:6)
The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege, when in fact, they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem’s destruction[39] (Daniel 1; 2 Kings 24:10-16)
When Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue, the miniseries depicts them as being tied up, with a fire lit under them. In the text, the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual. In fact, the text describes the furnace as being so hot, that some of Nebuchadnezzar's "strongest soldiers" who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so.[41] (Daniel 3:19-23)
The miniseries's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel, living during the time of the Babylonian exile. This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time. This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born, 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats, and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile[42] meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously—that is, at the same time—as Daniel and Cyrus. (Isaiah 44:28; 45:1; 45:13).
In the miniseries' depiction of the Temptation of Christ, the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down. In the text, the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple. The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him.[32][39] (Matthew 4:1-11; Luke 4:1-13)
In the Bible, Jesus had the mourners remove the stone, and then he called for Lazarus to come out.  In the miniseries, Jesus enters Lazarus' tomb and kisses him on the head, while not even addressing Lazarus, and gives a brand-new monologue. (John 11:38-44) [43]
During the Way of The Cross scene, the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to "not to weep for him; Rather for themselves and their children" (Luke 23:27-31). The miniseries omits this. However, they featured a scene where a woman (Saint Veronica) wipes his face. This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church.

text: Lookalike controversy[edit]

text: There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan (Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni) to U.S. President Barack Obama. The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode's premiere.[44][45]

text: This led the History Channel to announce,

text: History [C]hannel has the highest respect for President Obama. The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors. It's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection. History’s "The Bible" is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history."[46]

text: Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement,

text: This is utter nonsense. The actor who played Satan, Mehdi Ouazanni, is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor. He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics – including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President.[46]

text: Downey added separately,

text: "Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president, who is a fellow Christian. False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible.[47]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie.[48] The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013.[49] In 2014, The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year.[50]

text: Other media[edit]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
United States – History: March 3, 2013 – March 31, 2013
 Canada – History: March 3, 2013 – March 31, 2013
 Spain – Antena 3: March 25, 2013 – April 2013
 Finland - Alfa TV: Premiered December 1, 2013
 Colombia – Caracol TV: March 28, 2013 – April 2013
 Chile – Canal 13: March 29, 2013 – April 2013 / March 30, 2018
 Portugal – SIC: March 30, 2013 – March 31, 2013[51]
 Greece – ANT1: April 29, 2013 – May 4, 2013
 Cyprus – ANT1: April 29, 2013 – May 4, 2013
 United Kingdom – Channel 5: November 30, 2013 – December 22, 2013[52]
 Australia – Nine Network: Premiered July 16, 2013
 Brazil – Rede Record: Premiered October 16, 2013
 Poland – Polsat: Premiered October 19, 2013
 Hong Kong – TVB Pearl: Premiered November 6, 2013
 Kenya – KTN: Premiered October 7, 2013
 France – Paris Première: Premiered December 8, 2013
 Ireland – TV3 (Ireland): December 21, 2013
 Slovakia – Slovenská televízia: Premiered December 23, 2013
 Russia – TV-3: Premiered January 2014
 Italy – Rete 4: Premiered March 23, 2014
 Mexico – Canal 5: April 14, 2014 – April 19, 2014 / March 26, 2018 – March 30, 2018 (Holy Week special)
 Costa Rica – Teletica Canal 7: April 17, 2014 – April 18, 2014
 Philippines – ABS–CBN: April 17, 2014 – April 19, 2014 / March 29, 2018 – March 31, 2018 (Holy Week special)
 Peru – América Televisión: April 6, 2014 – April –, 2014
 Netherlands – EO: Premiered May 12, 2014
 Germany – VOX: April 17, 2014 – April 19, 2014
 Ecuador – Ecuavisa, Ecuavisa HD: April 5, 2014 – April 19, 2014
 Lebanon - LBCI: April 10, 2014 – April 20, 2014.
 United States – Telemundo: March 25, 2015

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The series became the biggest-selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release, and biggest on Blu-ray and Digital HD of all time. In its first week on home video, 'The Bible' series sold 525,000 copies. It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008.[53]  A Blu-ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox.

text: Novel[edit]

text: Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries, entitled A Story of God and All of Us: A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries "The Bible." It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best-Seller List.[54]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Bible: Music Inspired by the Epic MiniseriesSoundtrack album

text: A CD was released on March 12, 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries:[55]

text: The Bible (Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries)No.TitleWriter(s)Artist(s)Length1."In Your Eyes"Peter GabrielFrancesca Battistelli5:082."Live Like That"David FreyBen GloverBen McDonaldSidewalk Prophets3:573."This Side of Heaven"Chris AugustChris August2:574."Starting Line"Jason CastroPhillip LaRueSeth MosleyJason Castro3:325."Love Come to Life"Jeremy RedmonBig Daddy Weave3:466."Crave"Shaun ShankelJoel SmallboneLuke Smallbonefor King & Country4:267."Fearless"Andy AndersonTony BattagliaBlanca CallahanManwell ReyesGroup 1 Crew3:228."What Love Means"Seth MosleyNikita OdnoralovRuslan OdnoralovEverfound3:369."Home"Paul AlanDara MacleanDara Maclean3:5310."Wash Me Away"Ian EskelinNicole WittTony WoodPoint of Grace3:0311."Not for a Moment (After All)"Meredith AndrewsStu GJason IngramJames MacDonaldAndi RozierMeredith Andrews4:0012."Mary, Did You Know?"Buddy GreeneMark LowryKenny RogersWynonna3:51

text: Score[edit]

text: The Bible (Official Score Soundtrack)No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Faith" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe12:492."In the Beginning"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe3:473."Romas Lament" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe5:304."Hope" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:225."Journey"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe3:186."Zedekiah's Sons"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe1:557."Daniel Prays"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:128."The Road to Jerusalem"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:059."Pentecost"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:1510."King David"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe1:4111."I Am" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe3:4512."Pray for Us"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe1:5113."Free Us, Save Us"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:2814."The Nativity" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe4:3315."Creation Choral"Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:0816."Rise up in Faith" (featuring Lisa Gerrard)Hans ZimmerLorne Balfe2:45

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three-hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release. He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet, though he could possibly release it himself.[10] In June 2013, Burnett elaborated that the film, which has already been edited, will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus, and will run two hours and fifteen minutes.[56] In September 2013, it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution, currently titled Son of God.[57][58] In October 2013, it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28, 2014.[59]

text: Sequel – A.D.[edit]

text: On December 17, 2013, it was announced that there would be a follow-up miniseries in 2015, titled A.D. The Bible Continues, also produced by Burnett, Downey, and Bedser.[11][60] The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday, April 5.  It airs in twelve weekly one-hour episodes. The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible, beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection, and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts.[61][62] On July 3, 2015, NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season. However, producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel.[63]


document_title: Optical coating

question_text: the amount of light reflected from the front surface of common window glass is about

root

text: Optical coating

text: Types of coating[edit]

text: The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of metals, such as aluminium, which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces, a process known as silvering. The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating, and yields a reflectivity of around 88%-92% over the visible spectrum. More expensive is silver, which has a reflectivity of 95%-99% even into the far infrared, but suffers from decreasing reflectivity (<90%) in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions. Most expensive is gold, which gives excellent (98%-99%) reflectivity throughout the infrared, but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550 nm, resulting in the typical gold colour.

tag: p

text: By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings, it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface, resulting in a half-silvered mirror. These are sometimes used as "one-way mirrors".

text: The other major type of optical coating is the dielectric coating (i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate). These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and various metal oxides, which are deposited onto the optical substrate. By careful choice of the exact composition, thickness, and number of these layers, it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic. Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2%, producing an antireflection (AR) coating. Conversely, the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99%, producing a high-reflector (HR) coating. The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value, for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90% and transmits 10% of the light that falls on it, over some range of wavelengths. Such mirrors are often used as beamsplitters, and as output couplers in lasers. Alternatively, the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths, producing an optical filter.

text: The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments (such as lasers, optical microscopes, refracting telescopes, and interferometers) as well as consumer devices such as binoculars, spectacles, and photographic lenses.

text: Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to provide a protective layer (as in silicon dioxide over aluminium), or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film. Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that cannot be made any other way. One example is the so-called "perfect mirror", which exhibits high (but not perfect) reflection, with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength, angle, and polarization.[1]

text: Antireflection coatings[edit]

text: Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces. Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another (such as when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the interface) between the two media.

text: A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection. The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface, with an index of refraction between those of the two media. The reflection is minimized when

text:
where

n

1

{\displaystyle n_{1}}

 is the index of the thin layer, and

n

0

{\displaystyle n_{0}}

 and

n

S

{\displaystyle n_{S}}

 are the indices of the two media. The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0° is given by Moreno et al. (2005).[2]

text: Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4% per surface to around 2%. These were the first type of antireflection coating known, having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886. He found that old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new, clean pieces due to this effect.

text: Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also use the interference effect of a thin layer. If the layer's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one-quarter of the wavelength of the light (a quarter-wave coating), the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other.

text: In practice, the performance of a simple one-layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle, and by difficulties finding suitable materials. For ordinary glass (n≈1.5), the optimum coating index is n≈1.23. Few useful substances have the required refractive index. Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is often used, since it is hard-wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using physical vapour deposition, even though its index is higher than desirable (n=1.38). With such coatings, reflection as low as 1% can be achieved on common glass, and better results can be obtained on higher index media.

text: Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range (400-700 nm) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5% are commonly achievable. Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1%. Alternatively, a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a refractive index gradient.

text: High-reflection coatings[edit]

text: High-reflection (HR) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings. The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials, one with a high index, such as zinc sulfide (n=2.32) or titanium dioxide (n=2.4) and low index material, such as magnesium fluoride (n=1.38) or silicon dioxide (n=1.49). This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called band-stop, whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only (for quarter-wave system), while the maximum reflectivity is increasing nearly up to 100% with a number of layers in the stack. The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter-wave (then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in compare to the non-quarter-wave systems composed from the same materials), this time designed such that reflected beams constructively interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission. The best of these coatings built-up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on the perfect smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999% (over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths). Common HR coatings can achieve 99.9% reflectivity over a broad wavelength range (tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range).

text: As for AR coatings, HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light. When used away from normal incidence, the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths, and becomes polarization dependent. This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam.

text: By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack, the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application, and may incorporate both high-reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions. The coating can be designed as a long- or short-pass filter, a bandpass or notch filter, or a mirror with a specific reflectivity (useful in lasers). For example, the dichroic prism assembly used in some cameras requires two dielectric coatings, one long-wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm (to separate the blue component of the light), and one short-pass filter to reflect red light, above 600 nm wavelength. The remaining transmitted light is the green component.

text: Extreme ultraviolet coatings[edit]

text: In the EUV portion of the spectrum (wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm) nearly all materials absorb strongly, making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range. Telescopes such as TRACE or EIT that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high-mass metal such as molybdenum or tungsten, and a low-mass spacer such as silicon, vacuum deposited onto a substrate such as glass. Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected. Constructive interference between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light. Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70% of incident EUV light (at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is constructed).

text: Transparent conductive coatings[edit]

text: Transparent conductive coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate static charge. Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from electromagnetic Interference, while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build-up of static electricity. Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass, for example in flat panel display technologies and in many photoelectrochemical experiments. A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is indium tin oxide (ITO). ITO is not very optically transparent, however. The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency, particularly at the blue end of the spectrum. Using ITO, sheet resistances of 20 to 10,000 ohms per square can be achieved. An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve transmittance. Other TCOs (Transparent Conductive Oxides) include AZO (Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide), which offers much better UV transmission than ITO. A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater-air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have (Radar) stealth (Stealth technology) properties. These are known as RAITs (Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting) and include materials such as boron doped DLC (Diamond-like carbon)[citation needed].

text: Current market and forecast[edit]

text: Estimated at US$6.5 billion in 2013, the global demand of optical coatings is forecast to grow 6.5% annually over the next years. The largest application market of optical coatings is electronics and semiconductor combined, while the fastest growing one is fiber optics & telecommunication combined.[3]

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Hecht, Eugene. Chapter 9, Optics, 2nd ed. (1990), Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-11609-X.
I. Moreno, et al., "Thin-film spatial filters," Optics Letters 30, 914-916 (2005)
C. Clark, et al., "Two-color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems", Proc. SPIE Vol. 4375, p. 307-314 (2001)

tag: ul


document_title: Display size

question_text: how many cm is a 24 inch tv

question_tokens: how many cm is a 24 inch tv

text: Display size

text: Optimal screen size and viewing distance[edit]

text: The TV image is composed of many lines of pixels. Ideally, the TV watcher sits far enough away from the screen that the individual lines merge into one solid image. The watcher may sit even farther away and still see a good picture, but it will be a smaller portion of their visual field. However, note that viewing behavior is dependent on screen size [1]. With increasing screen sizes visual exploration is enhanced with an increased number of fixations of shorter duration and a tendency to view only the center of the display.

text: The resolution of the human eye (with 20/20 vision) is about one minute of arc. For full HDTV resolution, this one minute of arc implies that the TV watcher should sit 4 times the height of the screen away. At this distance the individual pixels can not be resolved while simultaneously maximising the viewing area. So the ideal set size can be determined from the chart below by measuring the distance from where the watcher would sit to the screen in centimeters (or inches), dividing that by 4, and comparing with the screen heights below. Do not be surprised if the observer can see the pixels at this viewing distance as most normal people see far better than 6/6 ([20/20 vision]). If the user is replacing a standard definition TV with an HDTV this implies that the best visual experience will be with a set that is twice as tall as the standard definition set. As the average size LCD TV being sold is now 38"[when?], which is only about 15% taller than a 27" standard definition TV, this means that most consumers buy HDTV sets that are smaller than what they could utilize. Cost and budget also limit screen size.

text: Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors[edit]

text: Knowing the actual height and width of a screen is useful when deciding which one to purchase. Common dimensions are listed in the table below. If the display is not listed, then the following equations can be used. Note that D is the diagonal (in centimeters or inches), W is the width (in pixels), and H is the height (in pixels).

text:
h
e
i
g
h
t
=
H
×

D

W

2

+

H

2

{\displaystyle height=H\times {\frac {D}{\sqrt {W^{2}+H^{2}}}}}

text:
w
i
d
t
h
=
W
×

h
e
i
g
h
t

H

{\displaystyle width=W\times {\frac {height}{H}}}

text:
Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors

Diagonal

5:4

4:3

3:2 (15:10)

8:5 (16:10)

5:3 (15:9)

16:9 (4²:3²)

21.3:9 (4³:3³)

(in)
(cm)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)
w (cm)
h (cm)
A (cm²)

3.5
9
7
6
39
7
5
38
7
5
36
8
5
36
8
5
35
8
4
34
8
3
28

3.7
9
7
6
43
8
6
42
8
5
41
8
5
40
8
5
39
8
5
38
9
4
32

4
10
8
6
50
8
6
50
8
6
48
9
5
46
9
5
46
9
5
44
9
4
37

4.3
11
9
7
58
9
7
57
9
6
55
9
6
54
9
6
53
10
5
51
10
4
43

5
13
10
8
79
10
8
77
11
7
74
11
7
72
11
7
71
11
6
69
12
5
58

7
18
14
11
154
14
11
152
15
10
146
15
9
142
15
9
139
15
9
135
16
7
113

10
25
20
16
315
20
15
310
21
14
298
22
13
290
22
13
285
22
12
276
23
10
231

11.6
29
23
18
423
24
18
417
25
16
401
25
16
390
25
15
383
26
14
371
27
11
311

13.3
34
26
21
557
27
20
548
28
19
527
29
18
513
29
17
503
29
17
488
31
13
409

14
36
28
22
617
28
21
607
30
20
584
30
19
568
30
18
558
31
17
540
33
14
453

15
38
30
24
708
30
23
697
32
21
670
32
20
652
33
20
640
33
19
620
35
15
520

15.4
39
31
24
746
31
23
734
33
22
706
33
21
688
34
20
675
34
19
654
36
15
548

17
43
34
27
910
35
26
895
36
24
861
37
23
838
37
22
823
38
21
797
40
17
668

18.5
47
37
29
1,077
38
28
1,060
39
26
1,019
40
25
992
40
24
974
41
23
944
43
18
791

19
48
38
30
1,136
39
29
1,118
40
27
1,075
41
26
1,047
41
25
1,028
42
24
995
44
19
834

20
51
40
32
1,259
41
30
1,239
42
28
1,191
43
27
1,160
44
26
1,139
44
25
1,103
47
20
924

21
53
42
33
1,388
43
32
1,366
44
30
1,313
45
28
1,279
46
27
1,255
46
26
1,216
49
21
1,019

22
56
44
35
1,523
45
34
1,499
46
31
1,441
47
30
1,403
48
29
1,378
49
27
1,334
51
22
1,118

23
58
46
36
1,665
47
35
1,638
49
32
1,575
50
31
1,534
50
30
1,506
51
29
1,458
54
23
1,222

24
61
48
38
1,813
49
37
1,784
51
34
1,715
52
32
1,670
52
31
1,639
53
30
1,588
56
24
1,331

25
64
50
40
1,967
51
38
1,935
53
35
1,861
54
34
1,812
54
33
1,779
55
31
1,723
59
25
1,444

26
66
52
41
2,127
53
40
2,093
55
37
2,013
56
35
1,960
57
34
1,924
58
32
1,864
61
26
1,562

27
69
54
43
2,294
55
41
2,258
57
38
2,171
58
36
2,114
59
35
2,075
60
34
2,010
63
27
1,684

28
71
56
44
2,467
57
43
2,428
59
39
2,334
60
38
2,273
61
37
2,231
62
35
2,161
66
28
1,811

29
74
58
46
2,647
59
44
2,604
61
41
2,504
62
39
2,439
63
38
2,394
64
36
2,318
68
29
1,943

30
76
60
48
2,832
61
46
2,787
63
42
2,680
65
40
2,610
65
39
2,562
66
37
2,481
70
30
2,079

31
79
61
49
3,024
63
47
2,976
66
44
2,862
67
42
2,787
68
41
2,735
69
39
2,649
73
31
2,220

32
81
63
51
3,223
65
49
3,171
68
45
3,049
69
43
2,969
70
42
2,915
71
40
2,823
75
32
2,366

34
86
67
54
3,638
69
52
3,580
72
48
3,442
73
46
3,352
74
44
3,290
75
42
3,187
80
34
2,671

39
99
77
62
4,787
79
59
4,710
82
55
4,529
84
53
4,410
85
51
4,329
86
49
4,193
91
39
3,514

42
107
83
67
5,552
85
64
5,463
89
59
5,253
90
57
5,115
91
55
5,021
93
52
4,863
98
41
4,076

46
117
91
73
6,659
93
70
6,553
97
65
6,301
99
62
6,136
100
60
6,023
102
57
5,833
108
45
4,889

48
122
95
76
7,251
98
73
7,135
101
68
6,861
103
65
6,681
105
63
6,558
106
60
6,352
112
47
5,323

50
127
99
79
7,868
102
76
7,742
106
70
7,444
108
67
7,249
109
65
7,116
111
62
6,892
117
49
5,776

55
140
109
87
9,520
112
84
9,368
116
77
9,007
118
74
8,771
120
72
8,610
122
68
8,339
129
54
6,989

58
147
115
92
10,587
118
88
10,418
123
82
10,017
125
78
9,754
126
76
9,575
128
72
9,274
136
57
7,773

60
152
119
95
11,330
122
91
11,148
127
85
10,720
129
81
10,439
131
78
10,247
133
75
9,924
140
59
8,318

64
163
127
102
12,891
130
98
12,684
135
90
12,197
138
86
11,877
139
84
11,658
142
80
11,292
150
63
9,464

70
178
139
111
15,421
142
107
15,174
148
99
14,591
151
94
14,208
152
91
13,947
155
87
13,508
164
69
11,322

80
203
159
127
20,142
163
122
19,819
169
113
19,057
172
108
18,557
174
105
18,216
177
100
17,643
187
79
14,787

84
213
167
133
22,206
171
128
21,851
178
118
21,010
181
113
20,460
183
110
20,083
186
105
19,452
197
83
16,303

99
251
196
157
30,845
201
151
30,351
209
139
29,184
213
133
28,419
216
129
27,897
219
123
27,019
232
98
22,646

102
259
202
162
32,743
207
155
32,219
216
144
30,980
220
137
30,167
222
133
29,613
226
127
28,681
239
101
24,039

108
274
214
171
36,708
219
165
36,121
228
152
34,731
233
145
33,821
235
141
33,199
239
134
32,155
253
107
26,950

111
282
220
176
38,776
226
169
38,155
235
156
36,688
239
149
35,726
242
145
35,069
246
138
33,966
260
110
28,468

152
386
301
241
72,711
309
232
71,548
321
214
68,796
327
205
66,992
331
199
65,761
336
189
63,692
356
150
53,383

text: History[edit]

text: The method of measuring screen size by its diagonal was inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being circular, the external diameter of the bulb was used to describe their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the visible rectangle was smaller than the diameter of the tube due to the thickness of the glass surrounding the phosphor screen (which was hidden from the viewer by the casing and bezel). This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3. In the US, when virtually all TV tubes were 4:3, the size of the screen was given as the true screen diagonal with a V following it (this was a requirement in the US market but not elsewhere). In virtually all other markets, the size of the outer diameter of the tube was given. What was a 27V in the US could be a 28" elsewhere. However the V terminology was frequently dropped in US advertising referring to a 27V as a 27". This was not misleading for the consumer as the seller had to give the actual screen size by law. Flat panel displays by contrast use the actual diagonal of their visible display size, thus the size is the actual size presented to the viewer in all markets. This means that a similarly specified size of display will be larger as a flat panel display compared with a cathode ray tube display.

text: When the common aspect ratio went from 4:3 to 16:9, the new widescreens were labeled with a W in the US. A screen that is approximately the same height as a 27V would be a 32W. Vizio and other US TV manufacturers have introduced even wider screens with a 21:9 aspect ratio in order to match aspect ratios used in cinemas. In order to gauge the relative sizes of these new screens, the screen aspect must be considered. In a commercial market where multiple aspect ratios are being sold, it will always take two numbers to describe the screen size, some combination of diagonal, aspect ratio, height or width.

text: Set sizes are frequently given as a "class" as screens from different manufacturers will have slight differences in size. However the "class" should be within 1/2" of the actual size. The reasons for the different sizes within a class stem from differences in the manufacturers' equipment. As manufacturers move from one size to another, newer larger sizes must fit on the same size glass, though with fewer displays being cut from it. Some sizes fit well and maximize glass utilization, other sizes fit more poorly and waste glass. As an example, in some cases, increasing the screen size by even 0.1" can cause an LCD manufacturer to go from 12 screens fitting on their glass sheet to 9. This would make them uncompetitive with other screen makers.


document_title: The Walking Dead (season 7)

question_text: where was the walking dead season 7 filmed

text: The Walking Dead (season 7)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall. For the season premiere, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status, with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under "Also starring". After the first episode aired, the cast faced numerous changes: Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits, respectively, after previously being credited as "Also starring", in the second episode onwards. Tom Payne and Xander Berkeley were also promoted to series regulars in the second episode and beyond.

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist and leader of Alexandria, who is forced to adapt under the rule of Negan.[5]
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, the group's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria.[5]
Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee, Maggie's resourceful husband, who stands as the group's moral compass.[5]1
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, Glenn's strong-willed and pregnant wife.[5]
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick's teenage son, who struggles to maintain his renewed morality that he achieved from residing in Alexandria.[5]
Danai Gurira as Michonne, a katana-wielding warrior, who has opened up from her previous solitary life and has recently begun a relationship with Rick.[5]
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, an empowered member of the group, whose several tragedies force her to question her ruthless methods.[5]
Michael Cudlitz as Sgt. Abraham Ford, a former military sergeant, whose reevaluation of his life led him to break up with Rosita and pursue Sasha.[5]1
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who is questioning the pacifist philosophy he had adopted.[5]
Sonequa Martin-Green as Sasha Williams, a former firefighter, Abraham's girlfriend and a guard of Alexandria, who has overcome various traumas.[5]
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring member of the group, who found a community named Oceanside and struggles to keep it a secret.[5]
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a survivor, who struggles to prove his worth to the group after lying to them about knowing a possible cure to the walker virus.[5]
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, a pragmatic and protective member of the group, and ex-girlfriend of Abraham.[5]
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the manipulative and totalitarian leader of the Saviors who served as the primary antagonist of the season.[5]

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest, who has managed to earn the group's trust after previously betraying them.[5]
Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter, who brought Rick's group to Alexandria and serves as a bridge between the two factions.[5]
Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe, a guard of Alexandria and the only surviving member of his family.[5]
Austin Amelio as Dwight, a ruthless, reluctant member of the Saviors and one of Negan's top lieutenants, who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl.[5]
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop Colony, who introduced Rick's group to their compound.[5]
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony.[5]

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text: Alexandria Safe-Zone[edit]

text:
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, an isolated teenager residing in Alexandria, who forms a special bond with Maggie and is starting to show feelings for Carl[5]
Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria's construction crew, who had a brief relationship with Carol.[1]
Corey Hawkins as Heath, a supply runner for Alexandria who went missing.[6]
Ann Mahoney as Olivia, an Alexandria resident, who is in charge of the community's food and armory.[6]
Jordan Woods-Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner.
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria.
Ted Huckabee as Bruce, a member of Alexandria's construction crew.
Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria's construction crew.

text: The Hilltop Colony[edit]

text:
R. Keith Harris as Dr. Harlan Carson, the doctor of the Hilltop Colony.
James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop Colony.
Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop Colony.
Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop Colony.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony.
Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony.
Ilan Srulovicz as Wesley, a resident of the Hilltop Colony.

text: The Saviors[edit]

text:
Christine Evangelista as Sherry, Dwight's ex-wife and now one of Negan's harem.[7]
Steven Ogg as Simon, Negan's right-hand man.[8]
Joshua Hoover as Fat Joey, a member of the Saviors.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Tim Parati as Dr. Emmett Carson, the doctor of the Sanctuary.
Aerli Austen as Isabelle, a member of the Saviors.
Lindsley Register as Laura, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Martinez as David, a sexually deviant member of the Saviors.
Mike Seal as Gary, a member of the Saviors.
Brian Stapf as Roy, a member of the Saviors.
Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan's top lieutenants, who extorts the Kingdom.
Joshua Mikel as Jared, a hostile member of the Saviors who works with Gavin and forms a hostile rivalry with Richard.
Autumn Dial as Amber, one of Negan's harem.
Elyse Nicole DuFour as Frankie, one of Negan's harem.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan's harem.
Griffin Freeman as Mark, a member of the Saviors and Amber's ex-boyfriend.

text: The Kingdom[edit]

text:
Khary Payton as King Ezekiel, a former zookeeper and the flamboyant leader of the Kingdom.[9]
Logan Miller as Benjamin, a young resident of the Kingdom, who forms a bond with Morgan.
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel's bodyguard.
Karl Makinen as Richard, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin's younger brother.
Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom.
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident of the Kingdom.

text: Oceanside[edit]

text:
Deborah May as Natania, the vigilant leader of Oceanside.
Sydney Park as Cyndie, a member of Oceanside and Natania's maternal granddaughter.
Mimi Kirkland as Rachel, an aggressive young member of Oceanside.
Briana Venskus as Beatrice, a top member of Oceanside.
Nicole Barré as Kathy, a top member of Oceanside.

text: The Scavengers[edit]

text:
Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis, the impassive leader of the Scavengers.
Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a superior member of the Scavengers.
Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a superior member of the Scavengers and the right-hand of Jadis.
Anja Akstin as Farron, a member of the Scavengers.
Gino Crognale as Winslow, a zombie with swords and spikes shoved through it that fights Rick in a garbage pit.

text: * ^1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere. Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest.

text: Production[edit]

text: The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode seventh season on October 30, 2015.[10] Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2, 2016 and concluded on November 18, 2016.[11][12] Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Xander Berkeley, Tom Payne, and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season, after having recurring roles in the sixth season.[5] The seventh season has featured several extended episodes, running longer than its usual 43-minute running time (without commercials). Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length.[13][14]

text: The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson, who died on March 18, 2017.[15]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

84
1
"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
17.03[16]

Negan's victim is revealed to be Abraham, who is beaten to death in front of Rick's group. Daryl punches Negan out of anger, prompting Negan to also murder Glenn. After several tests, Negan ultimately breaks Rick's resolve by nearly forcing him to hack off Carl's arm. Negan and his crew then leave with Daryl as hostage, while Sasha volunteers to take Maggie to Hilltop to recover, along with the bodies of Glenn and Abraham.

85
2
"The Well"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete
October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
12.46[17]

Carol and Morgan arrive at the Kingdom, a well-established community run by flamboyant former zookeeper "King" Ezekiel. The Kingdom, like Hilltop, has been producing for the Saviors under the threat of violence, although Ezekiel has kept this arrangement secret from most residents of the Kingdom. Carol recuperates and eagerly prepares to abandon the community, but opts to stay in an isolated house nearby after bonding with Ezekiel.

86
3
"The Cell"
Alrick Riley
Angela Kang
November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
11.72[18]

Daryl is locked in a cell at the Sanctuary, where Negan and Dwight constantly torture him in an effort to break him down to obedience. Negan sends Dwight on a mission to retrieve an escaped Savior, who says he would rather die than return to the Sanctuary. Dwight, therefore, ultimately mercy-kills the man. Daryl is given the opportunity to become a Savior but adamantly refuses.

87
4
"Service"
David Boyd
Corey Reed
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
11.40[19]

As the grieving survivors struggle to come to terms with life under Negan's rule, Negan and the Saviors arrive at Alexandria days ahead of schedule for their first offering and take most of Alexandria's furniture and medicine, and all their firearms. Feeling powerless, Rick informs the survivors that he is no longer in charge and they must learn to live by Negan's terms. Rosita finds an empty cartridge case and brings it to Eugene, tasking him to craft a loaded cartridge for a gun she found in the woods.

88
5
"Go Getters"
Darnell Martin
Channing Powell
November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
11.00[20]

Carl accompanies Enid to Hilltop to visit Maggie, who is recovering there with Sasha. Gregory is furious with Maggie and Sasha for not fulfilling their deal to kill the Saviors, and demands they leave. However, after they help defend Hilltop from a walker attack, Jesus convinces Gregory to let them stay. While the Saviors raid Hilltop's supplies, Sasha asks Jesus if he can find where Negan lives, which he agrees to do. Jesus then sneaks onto one of the Saviors' trucks, where he finds Carl hiding.

89
6
"Swear"
Michael E. Satrazemis
David Leslie Johnson
November 27, 2016 (2016-11-27)
10.40[21]

Two weeks after the attack at the Saviors' satellite station outpost, Tara is separated from Heath when she falls off a bridge during a walker attack. She washes up on a beach, where she is revived by a girl named Cyndie. Tara follows Cyndie to her community, Oceanside, a secluded group consisting of heavily-armed women and children; any men in the group had been slaughtered by the Saviors. Cyndie helps Tara find her way back to Alexandria and makes her swear to never mention Oceanside to anyone.

90
7
"Sing Me a Song"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)
10.48[22]

Upon nearing the Sanctuary, Jesus jumps off the Saviors' truck to recon the area, but Carl stays behind to kill Negan on his own. Dwight subdues Carl, but Negan is impressed by Carl's bravery and tours him around Sanctuary. Rosita and Eugene manage to craft a live cartridge, while Spencer scavenges for supplies in the woods. Upon returning to Alexandria, the trio finds Negan and the Saviors are there.

91
8
"Hearts Still Beating"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
10.58[23]

With help from Jesus and an anonymous source, Daryl finally escapes from the Sanctuary. During a discussion about Rick's leadership, Negan guts and kills Spencer, enraging Rosita, who shoots at Negan but hits Lucille instead. As punishment, Arat kills Olivia. Negan and the Saviors then leave with Eugene as hostage. After a talk with Michonne, Rick is finally motivated to fight the Saviors. Rick's group travels to Hilltop to reunite with Maggie, Sasha, and Enid; Daryl and Jesus emerge, and the group embraces.

92
9
"Rock in the Road"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
February 12, 2017 (2017-02-12)
12.00[24]

After Hilltop rallies behind Rick's group in the fight against the Saviors, Jesus introduces the group to the Kingdom, where they meet "King" Ezekiel and reunite with Morgan. Although Ezekiel hesitates to join the proposed alliance, he offers Daryl asylum at the Kingdom. In Alexandria, a group of Saviors raids the community in search of Daryl but leaves after they are unable to find him. Rick's group pursues Father Gabriel, who had taken the group's supplies and left clues leading to a dilapidated yard. Upon their arrival, the group is surrounded by the Scavengers.

93
10
"New Best Friends"
Jeffrey F. January
Channing Powell
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
11.08[25]

Rick manages to convince the Scavengers to join Alexandria in the fight against the Saviors, but their leader, Jadis, demands Rick's group deliver them guns in exchange for their assistance. Richard plans to have Carol killed by the Saviors, believing that her death would motivate Ezekiel to fight. When Daryl learns of Richard's plans, he threatens to kill him should Carol be harmed in any way. After reuniting with Carol and lying to her about Glenn and Abraham's fates, Daryl travels to Hilltop to prepare for battle against the Saviors.

94
11
"Hostiles and Calamities"
Kari Skogland
David Leslie Johnson
February 26, 2017 (2017-02-26)
10.42[26]

Eugene settles in quickly at the Sanctuary, as he's rewarded for his intelligence and willingness to submit to Negan's demands. Eugene bonds with two of Negan's wives. At their request, he makes poison capsules; however, he refuses to give them the capsules after learning of their intentions to kill Negan. Dwight discovers a note from Sherry that reveals she helped Daryl escape from the Sanctuary and then fled to parts unknown. Dwight frames Dr. Emmett Carson for Daryl and Sherry's disappearances, leading Negan to murder Carson by hurling him into a furnace.

95
12
"Say Yes"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
10.16[27]

Rick and Michonne embark on a hunt for guns to bring to the Scavengers and find an abandoned school carnival, where they acquire dozens of guns. They bring the guns back to the Scavengers, but Jadis is unsatisfied and demands more. Tara contemplates whether or not to tell Rick about Oceanside, knowing Rick's group's need for weapons and reinforcements. Frustrated with the delay, Rosita travels to Hilltop and meets with Sasha; they make a pact to kill Negan together.

96
13
"Bury Me Here"
Alrick Riley
Scott M. Gimple
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
10.68[28]

Ezekiel and his group meet the Saviors for the Kingdom's weekly tribute. After the Saviors notice a single cantaloupe is missing, Jared shoots Benjamin, who bleeds to death. Morgan, who finds the missing cantaloupe hidden in the street and learns that Richard sabotaged the drop-off in an effort to get himself killed and become a martyr for war, strangles Richard to death for causing Benjamin's murder. Morgan reveals the truth about Glenn, Abraham, Spencer, and Olivia to Carol, leading her to return to the Kingdom prepared to fight the Saviors alongside Ezekiel.

97
14
"The Other Side"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Angela Kang
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
10.32[29]

The Saviors raid Hilltop unexpectedly, forcing Daryl and Maggie into hiding; the Saviors leave with Dr. Harlan Carson in tow to replace his now-deceased brother as their doctor. While sneaking into the Sanctuary on a secret mission, Sasha and Rosita encounter Eugene and urge him to escape, but he refuses. Sasha then locks Rosita out, telling her to go back to Alexandria because the group needs her. As Sasha breaks into the Sanctuary to kill Negan herself, Rosita flees and notices someone watching her.

98
15
"Something They Need"
Michael Slovis
Corey Reed
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
10.54[30]

Tara leads the group to Oceanside in hopes of convincing that community to join the fight against the Saviors. Natania refuses to have her people fight but ultimately capitulates to Rick's group's demands to take their guns. After imprisoning Sasha, Negan reveals he is aware of Rick's plans to fight him and encourages Sasha to join him. She confides in Eugene and asks him for a weapon, then a way to kill herself; in response, he gives her one of the poison capsules he had made. Upon their return to Alexandria, Rick's group is greeted by Rosita, who after running into Dwight while fleeing the Sanctuary, reveals Dwight's intentions of helping take down Negan.

99
16
"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
11.31[31]

Negan and the Saviors travel to Alexandria with Sasha in a coffin as a gimmick to confront Rick. On the way, Sasha commits suicide with the poison capsule Eugene had given her. At Alexandria, the Scavengers double-cross Rick's group, revealing they've been dealing with Negan all along. After a standoff, a gun fight ensues, with the unexpected arrival of Kingdom and Hilltop fighters forcing Negan and the Saviors and the Scavengers to retreat. Alexandria, the Kingdom, and Hilltop are hit badly, but are prepared for all-out war against their enemies, while the undead Sasha is put down by Maggie and Jesus.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The seventh season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 61% with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10, based on 10 reviews, and an average episode score of 77%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Increased character depth and effective world-building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive, gratuitous violence."[32]

text: The first episode of the season, "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be", received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode, with one writer calling it the equivalent of "torture porn".[33] Subsequently, the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show's lowest critical ratings. The show's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback, they tamed some of the more gruesome scenes that were in episodes being filmed for the second half of the season. Hurd said that "this is not a show that's torture porn...Let's make sure we don't cross that line".[34] However, this claim was countered by executive producers Scott M. Gimple and Greg Nicotero. Gimple said that the violence used in the episode was "pronounced for a reason", specifically that "there was a purpose of traumatizing these characters to a point where maybe they would have been docile for the rest of their lives", but noted that he felt that this episode shouldn't represent "the base level of violence that necessarily should be on the show".[35] On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 69% with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10, based on 48 reviews. The site's consensus reads: The flashback-laden "The Day Will Come When You Won't Be" is slow to deliver the payoff from last season's finale -- but ultimately delivers with sadistic acts of gut-wrenching violence that will push Walking Dead fans to their limit.[36]

text:
The Walking Dead (season 7): Critical reception by episode

Season 7 (2016–17): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[32]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: For the 43rd Saturn Awards, the seventh season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations and three wins. The wins were for Best Horror Television Series, Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln), and Best Guest Starring Role on Television (Jeffrey Dean Morgan).[3] The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television (Norman Reedus), Best Supporting Actress on Television (Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride), and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series (Chandler Riggs).[37]

text: The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards.[38] Additionally, for his portrayal of Negan, Jeffrey Dean Morgan earned himself a nomination and win for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series at the 7th Critics' Choice Television Awards for the first half of the season, in addition to his guest appearance in the season six finale, "Last Day on Earth".[39][40] Morgan was also nominated at the 26th MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Actor in a TV Show and Best Villain, winning the latter.[41][42]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The Walking Dead's seventh-season premiere ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be") received 17.03 million viewers in its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States. The viewership steadily declined every week after the premiere, until the seventh episode ("Sing Me a Song"), with the sixth episode ("Swear") of the season dropping to 10.40 million viewers, the lowest rating the show has had since season three. Viewing increased to 12 million viewers in the ninth episode ("Rock in the Road"), following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ("Say Yes") reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers.[43]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
October 23, 2016
8.4
17.03[16]
2.3
4.50
10.7
21.53[44]

2
"The Well"
October 30, 2016
6.1
12.46[17]
2.9
5.49
9.0
17.95[45]

3
"The Cell"
November 6, 2016
5.7
11.72[18]
2.9
5.49
8.6
17.21[46]

4
"Service"
November 13, 2016
5.4
11.40[19]
2.3
4.32
7.7
15.72[47]1

5
"Go Getters"
November 20, 2016
5.2
11.00[20]
2.7
5.31
7.9
16.31[48]

6
"Swear"
November 27, 2016
4.9
10.40[21]
2.5
4.69
7.4
15.10[49]

7
"Sing Me a Song"
December 4, 2016
5.0
10.48[22]
2.7
5.29
7.7
15.78[50]

8
"Hearts Still Beating"
December 11, 2016
5.1
10.58[23]
2.8
5.42
7.9
16.02[51]

9
"Rock in the Road"
February 12, 2017
5.7
12.00[24]
2.5
4.82
8.2
16.84[52]

10
"New Best Friends"
February 19, 2017
5.3
11.08[25]
2.6
5.08
7.9
16.17[53]

11
"Hostiles and Calamities"
February 26, 2017
5.0
10.43[26]
2.7
5.32
7.7
15.76[54]

12
"Say Yes"
March 5, 2017
4.7
10.16[27]
1.9
3.50
6.6
13.67[55]1

13
"Bury Me Here"
March 12, 2017
4.9
10.68[28]
2.0
3.74
6.9
14.43[56]

14
"The Other Side"
March 19, 2017
4.7
10.32[29]
2.3
4.45
7.0
14.78[57]

15
"Something They Need"
March 26, 2017
4.9
10.54[30]
2.1
4.22
7.0
14.77[58]

16
"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life"
April 2, 2017
5.4
11.31[31]
2.6
5.09
8.0
16.42[59]

text: ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22, 2017,[60] in region 2 on September 25, 2017,[61] and in region 4 on September 27, 2017.[62] The "Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue" set, which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24, 2017, and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the "New Best Friends" episode in season 7.[63]


document_title: History of Las Vegas

question_text: who owned the first casino in las vegas

question_tokens: who owned the first casino in las vegas

text: History of Las Vegas

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation. The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground, and the marsh receded. The valley then evolved into a parched, arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants.

text: At some point in the valley's early geologic history, the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River. This created a luxurious plant life, forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape.

text: Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993, when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth. Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago.

text: Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs.[5]

text: 1829–1905: origins[edit]

text: A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles.[6][7] Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party.[8] By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area "Las Vegas" which is Spanish for "The Meadows".[9]

text: John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3, 1844, while it was still part of Mexico. He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists, scouts, and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico. Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs, establishing a clandestine fort there. A war with Mexico did occur, resulting in the region becoming United States territory. The fort was used in later years by travellers, mountain men, hunters, and traders seeking shelter, but was never permanently inhabited.

text: In 1855, William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley. The missionaries built a 150-square-foot (14 m2) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops, a process still used at the park. However, because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community, the summer heat and difficulty growing crops, the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857, abandoning the fort.

text: For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders. Then the U.S. Army, in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864, falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker, briefly recalling the area to national attention. After the end of the war in 1865, Octavius Gass, with a commission from the federal government, re-occupied the fort. The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States, ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment. Consequently, Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area 'Las Vegas Rancho.' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail. In 1881, because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate, Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property.[citation needed] In 1884, Archibald's wife, Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster.

text: The property (increased to 1,800 acres (730 ha)), stayed with the family (despite Archibald Stewart's murder in July 1884) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad, then being built across southern Nevada. The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark. Clark enlisted Utah's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line's completion through Utah to Las Vegas. The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare). Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas. Not until 1895 did the first large-scale migration of Mormons begin in the area, at long last fulfilling Brigham Young's early dream. Through wells and arid irrigation, agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development, the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator.

text: 1905–1929: birth, growth and crisis[edit]

text: By the early 20th century, water from wells was piped into the town, providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth. The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop, first for wagon trains and later railroads, on the trail between Los Angeles, California, and points east such as Albuquerque, New Mexico.

text: The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905, linking Salt Lake City to southern California. U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad, which was a corporation based in Utah. Among its original incorporators were Utah's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith. Kearns, one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah, and Keith were the owners of Utah's Silver King Coalition Mine, several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper. Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California. Curiously, for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas. The east-side of Las Vegas (which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard) was owned by Clark, and the west-side Las Vegas (which encompassed the area north of modern-day Bonanza Road) was owned by J.T. McWilliams, who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch. It was from their property that Las Vegas took form.

text: Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there, the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing. On May 15, 1905, Las Vegas officially was founded as a city, when 110 acres (45 ha), in what would later become downtown, were auctioned to ready buyers. Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County, Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county. The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911-1913.

text: Shortly after the city's incorporation, the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming. This occurred at midnight, October 1, 1910, when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada. It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink. Nonetheless, Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community, and therefore continued to grow until 1917. In that year, a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy. Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad, a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state.

text: 1930–1941: Hoover Dam and the first casinos[edit]

text: On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers.[11]

text: Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath (this was during the time of Prohibition) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal-controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers.

text: Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well-established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas[12] and received the city's first traffic light in 1931.

text: In reply, the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas. Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed. In 1934, to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry, the city's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam. This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas. A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days.[13]

text: Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn, the city was recharged — both literally and figuratively — when the dam was completed in 1935. In 1937, Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam, and Las Vegas was its first customer. Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam. Meanwhile, although the dam worker population disappeared, Hoover Dam and its reservoir, Lake Mead, turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear.

text: In 1940, U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas, giving the city two major access roads. Also in 1940 Las Vegas's first permanent radio station, KENO, began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters.

text: 1941–1945 war years[edit]

text: On January 25, 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas. Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development. The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base. The U.S Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice, putting Block 16, the local red light district permanently out of business.

text: On April 3, 1941, hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas. It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip. The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered.

text: On October 30, 1942, R. E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair-O-Dice,[14] that first opened in 1930, and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier. A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street but the next hotel on the Strip publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas. Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels, the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard-bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back. This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel, with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky, poured money through Mormon-owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946.

text: 1946–1955: postwar boom[edit]

text: The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills, California in the summer of 1947. Additionally, local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy-handed tactics toward mobsters who "grew too big for their pants." However, many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas. From 1952 to 1957, through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara, the Sands, the New Frontier, the Royal Nevada, the Showboat, The Riviera, The Fremont, Binion's Horseshoe (which was the Apache Hotel), and finally The Tropicana.[citation needed]

text: Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle, such as Meyer Lansky, these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment.[citation needed] Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds, by 1954, over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos. Gambling was no longer the only attraction; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, Liberace, Bing Crosby, Carol Channing, and others performed in intimate settings. After coming to see these stars, the tourists would resume gambling, and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry.

text: However, the confluence of various marginal and/or suspected groups such as Jews, Sicilians, and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two-year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950–51.[citation needed] The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country. This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control. Only through the power and influence of Nevada's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee.

text: Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City, these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston, Texas; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation.[15] Nevada's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable.

text: Atomic testing[edit]

text: While the Strip was booming, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27, 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site. These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground. The last test explosion was in 1992. Despite the dangers and risks, greatly underestimated at the time, of radiation exposure from the fallout, Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds.

text: The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon-controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos. But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos. In 1948, McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic. In 1957 the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was first established, initially as a branch of the University of Nevada, Reno and becoming independent in 1969. In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center, which would become a vital part of the area's economy. A new utility company, Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954.

text: 1956–1969: the beginning of modern Las Vegas[edit]

text: Howard Hughes[edit]

text: In 1966, Howard Hughes, the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry, and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country, moved to Las Vegas. Initially staying in the Desert Inn, he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city.

text: Hank Greenspun[edit]

text: The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties, activities, and government corruption in Las Vegas. His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state's national committeeman for the Democratic Party. Before his death in 1989, Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family's assets, and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas, with media holdings in print, television and the Internet; substantial real estate holdings; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos.

text: Local government[edit]

text: One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this, the city lost tax revenue. There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas, but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise. Under Nevada Law, an incorporated town, Las Vegas, cannot annex an unincorporated township. To this day, virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas.

text: Desegregation[edit]

text: Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States, entertainment venues were segregated between black- and white-owned businesses. With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites, Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused, regardless of their legitimacy or criminality, on entertaining a white-only clientele. As a result of property deeds, businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the "west side" of the tracks. This also was enforced in many of the work positions. Thus, African Americans (except those who provided the labor for low-paying menial positions or entertainment) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white-owned clubs. However, because of employment deals with black worker groups, many clubs favored black workers, and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s.

text: Organized crime-owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and, despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities, made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share. An attempt was made at forming an all-integrated night-club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, like those owned by German-Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz. On May 24, 1955, Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz, along with other investors, opened the Moulin Rouge. It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip, especially the non-white owned strips on the west side. By the end of the year, the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out, but the seeds for racial integration were sown.

text: Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos.[16] One famous story tells of Sinatra's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room.[17] The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues, forcing owners to amend their policies over time.[18]

text: However, it took political action, most often supported by Jewish crime groups, for racial desegregation to occur. In 1960, the NAACP threatened a protest of the city's casinos for their policies. A meeting between the NAACP, the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation, starting with the employees. Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions. Along with the rest of the country, Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights. Activists like James B. McMillan, Grant Sawyer, Bob Bailey, and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration.

text: Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs, the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities (Jewish and Italian) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks. This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin.

text: Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson. Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store, he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas, backed the NAACP in its actions, and promoted black workers for jobs. He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas. Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them. His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas.

text: Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established. The only real violence came as a result of school integration, with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites. Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971.that school was then later destroyed.

text: 1970-1988: Explosive growth[edit]

text: On a percentage basis, Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession. During that period, the population of the city more than doubled in most decades. The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate, but never dropped below 60% (1980–1990), and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration. By 2000, Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century,[19] and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US, with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County. The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area. Also urban sprawl development of single-family homes continued across the valley, building the areas of Henderson, North Las Vegas, Centennial Hills, and Summerlin. The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession.[20][21]

text: During this period of time, American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city.

text: On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, suffered a devastating fire. A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history. The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally's Las Vegas, while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue.

text: Since 1989: the megaresort era[edit]

text: The "Mafia/Rat Pack" Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation, the decline of organized crime elements, and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city's history, the so-called megaresort era. Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized, family-oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels, casinos, and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses. The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage. Built by developer Steve Wynn, it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street, selling $630 million in junk bonds. Its 3,044 rooms, each with gold tinted windows, set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves, leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip. Numerous landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever-larger and more opulent resorts including:

text:
1990: Rio and Excalibur
1993: MGM Grand, Treasure Island, and Luxor,
1996: Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo
1997: New York-New York
1998: Bellagio
1999: Mandalay Bay, Venetian, and Paris
2000: Planet Hollywood (Formerly Aladdin)
2001: Palms
2005: Wynn (opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship, the constructed at a cost of US$2.7 billion.)
2007: Palazzo
2008: Encore
2009: CityCenter
2010: The Cosmopolitan

text: Helldorado Days was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas' centennial celebration.[13]

text: Downturn and recovery[edit]

text: Despite the success, the home mortgage crisis and the late 2000s recession affected the economic success. Soon after, new home construction was stalled, and construction projects were either canceled, postponed, or continued with financial troubles. Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter, Fontainebleau, Echelon, and The Plaza. The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue, causing many of the companies to report net loss. However starting in 2013, the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction. The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza. Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed. Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016.

text: Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events, such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards, & the Consumer Electronics Show.

text: Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering, with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013.[22][23] Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market, with many new custom homes being built. January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year.[24] In addition, Las Vegas was named America's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia.[25]

text: In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded, with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit.[26]

text: During the late evening of October 1, 2017, Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the United States, when a gunman opened fire on country-music festival goers, killing 59 and injuring more than 500.[27]