document_title: List of best-selling albums

question_text: who has the number one album of all time

text: List of best-selling albums

text: Legend

text:
Colors

Studio albums

Greatest hits and compilations

Soundtracks

Live albums

text: 40 million copies or more

text: *All sales figures are shown in millions

text:
Artist
Album
Released
Genre
Total certified copies
(from available markets)*
Claimed sales*
Ref(s)

Michael Jackson
Thriller
1982
Pop, Rock, R&B
7001463190000000000♠

47.3 [show]

US: 33 million[7]
JPN: 100,000[8]
UK: 4.2 million[9]
GER: 1.5 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 1.12 million[13]
MEX: 1.6 million[14]
NLD: 800,000[15]
ITA: 100,000[16]
SWE: 400,000[17]
ARG: 500,000[18]
SWI: 300,000[19]
AUT: 400,000[20]
FIN: 119,061[21]
NZ: 180,000[22][23]
HKG: 15,000[24]

66
[1][2][3][4]

AC/DC
Back in Black
1980
Hard rock
7001259000000000000♠

26.1 [show]

US: 22 million[7]
UK: 300,000[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 600,000[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 840,000[13]
ITA: 50,000[16]
ARG: 160,000[25]
SWI: 100,000[19]
AUT: 50,000[20]

50
[26]

Pink Floyd
The Dark Side of the Moon
1973
Progressive rock
7001242100000000000♠

24.2 [show]

US: 15 million[7]
UK: 4.2 million[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 400,000[11]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 980,000[13]
ITA: 100,000[16]
ARG: 120,000[25]
POL: 70,000[27]
AUT: 100,000[20]
NZ: 240,000[28]

45
[29][30]

Whitney Houston / Various artists
The Bodyguard
1992
R&B, Soul, Pop, Soundtrack
7001273460000000000♠

27.4 [show]

US: 17 million[7]
JPN: 2 million[31]
UK: 2.1 million[9]
GER: 1.5 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 350,000[13]
BRA: 750,000[32]
NLD: 100,000[15]
SWE 100,000[17]
SPA: 500,000[33]
ARG: 240,000[25]
SWI: 250,000[19]
AUT: 200,000[20]
NOR: 200,000[34]
FIN: 92,500[21]

44
[35]

Meat Loaf
Bat Out of Hell
1977
Hard rock, Progressive rock
7001215050000000000♠

21.5 [show]

US: 14 million[7]
UK: 3 million[9]
GER: 500,000[10]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 1.68 million[13]
NZ: 255,000[28]

43
[36]

Eagles
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)
1976
Rock, Soft rock, Folk rock
7001321800000000000♠

32.2 [show]

US: 29 million[7]
UK: 600,000[9]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 560,000[13]
IFPI HKG: 15,000[24]

42
[37][38]

Bee Gees / Various artists
Saturday Night Fever
1977
Disco
7001205700000000000♠

20.6 [show]

US: 15 million[7]
UK: 2.1 million[9]
GER: 1.5 million[10]
FRA: 200,000[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 770,000[39]
HKG: 15,000[24]

40
[40][41]

Fleetwood Mac
Rumours
1977
Soft rock
7001279300000000000♠

27.9 [show]

US: 20 million[7]
UK: 3.3 million[9]
GER: 1.25 million[10]
FRA: 300,000[42]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 910,000[13]
NZ: 150,000[43]
HKG: 15,000[24]

40
[44][45]

text: 30–39 million copies

text:
Artist
Album
Released
Genre
Total certified copies
(from available markets)*
Claimed sales*
Ref(s)

Shania Twain
Come On Over
1997
Country, Pop
7001295790000000000♠

29.6 [show]

US: 20 million[7]
JPN: 100,000 [8]
UK: 3.3 million[9]
GER: 750,000[10]
FRA: 300,000[42]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 1.05 million[13]
BRA: 100,000[32]
MEX: 100,000[14]
NLD: 400,000[15]
ITA: 50,000[16]
SWE 180,000[17]
SPA: 100,000[33]
BEL: 100,000[46][47]
ARG: 120,000[25]
SWI: 150,000[19]
AUT: 25,000[20]
NOR: 300,000[34]
DEN: 100,000[48]
FIN: 38,958[21]
NZ: 315,000[23]

39
[49][50]

Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin IV
1971
Hard rock, Heavy metal, Folk
7001290200000000000♠

29.0 [show]

US: 23 million[7]
UK: 1.8 million[9]
GER: 750,000[10]
FRA: 600,000[42]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 630,000[13]
BRA: 100,000[32]
NLD: 100,000[15]
ARG: 60,000[25]
SWI: 50,000[19]

37
[51]

Adele
21
2011
Pop, Soul
7001252610000000000♠

25.3 [show]

US: 14 million[7]
JPN: 100,000[52]
UK: 4.8 million[9]
GER: 1.6 million[10]
CAN: 800,000[12]
AUS: 980,000[13]
MEX: 300,000[14]
NLD: 450,000[53]
ITA: 480,000[16]
SWE: 120,000[54]
SPA: 300,000[33]
ARG: 80,000[55]
BEL: 180,000[47]
POL: 200,000[27]
SWI: 40,000[19]
NOR: 30,000[56]
AUT: 20,000[20]
RUS: 10,000[57]
DEN: 150,000[58]
POR: 40,000[59]
FIN: 83,234[21]
IRE: 270,000[60]
GRE: 6,000[61]
HUN: 12,000[62]
NZ: 180,000[63]
CHI: 20,000[64]
VEN: 10,000[65]

35
[66]

Michael Jackson
Bad
1987
Pop, Funk, Rock
7001183560000000000♠

23.6 [show]

US: 10 million[7]
JPN: 1,000,000[67]
UK: 4 million[9]
GER: 2 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
ITA: 1 million [68]
CAN: 700,000[12]
AUS: 420,000[13]
MEX: 350,000[14]
SWE 200,000[17]
SPA: 300,000[33]
AUT: 200,000[20]
FIN: 51,287[21]
NZ: 135,000[69]
IFPI HKG: 15,000[24]

35
[70]

Mariah Carey
Music Box
1993
Pop, R&B
7001183560000000000♠

19.3 [show]

US: 10 million[7]
JPN: 2,200,000[67]
UK: 1.5 million[9]
FRA: 1.4 million[11]
GER: 1 million[10]
AUS: 860,000[13]
CAN: 700,000[12]
NLD: 600,000[15]
SPA: 400,000[33]
SWI: 200,000[19]
AUT: 100,000[20]
BRA: 100,000[32]
SWE: 100,000[17]
NZ: 75,000[69]
NOR: 50,000[34]
FIN: 47,382[21]

32
[71][72][73]

Alanis Morissette
Jagged Little Pill
1995
Alternative rock
7001247559000000000♠

24.4 [show]

US: 16 million[7]
UK: 3 million[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 300,000[42]
CAN: 2 million[12]
AUS: 980,000[13]
NLD: 400,000[15]
SWE 200,000[17]
BRA: 100,000[32]
ARG: 60,000[25]
POL: 50,000[27]
SWI: 50,000[19]
NOR: 50,000[34]
AUT: 100,000[20]
FIN: 65,860[21]

33
[74]

Celine Dion
Falling into You
1996
Pop, Soft rock
7001201770000000000♠

20.2 [show]

US: 11 million[7]
JPN: 800,000[8]
UK: 2.1 million[9]
GER: 1.25 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 910,000[13]
BRA: 100,000[32]
NLD: 600,000[15]
SWE: 200,000[17]
SPA: 200,000[33]
BEL: 200,000[46]
ARG: 60,000[25]
POL: 100,000[27]
SWI: 150,000[19]
NOR: 150,000[34]
AUT: 100,000[20]
FIN: 51,952[21]
NZ: 180,000[22]
HUN: 25,000[75]

32
[76]

The Beatles
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
1967
Rock
7001130700000000000♠

13.1 [show]

US: 11 million[7]
GER: 500,000[10]
CAN: 800,000[12]
AUS: 280,000[13]
BRA: 100,000[32]
ARG: 300,000[25]
NZ: 90,000[23]

32
[77]

Eminem
The Marshall Mathers LP
2000
Rap, Hip Hop
7001150750000000000♠

15.1 [show]

US: 11,000,000 [7]
AUS: 280,000 [13]
UK: 2,400,000 [9]
GER: 400,000 [10]
SWI: 80,000[19]
CAN: 640,000[12]
NZ: 75,000[22]
FRA: 200,000 [42]

32
[78]

Eagles
Hotel California
1976
Rock, Soft rock, Folk rock
7001214810000000000♠

21.5 [show]

US: 16 million[7]
UK: 1.8 million[9]
GER: 500,000[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 560,000[13]
SPA: 400,000[33]
SWI: 100,000[19]
AUT: 25,000[20]
FIN: 30,933[21]
NZ: 135,000[22]
HKG: 15,000[24]

32
[79]

Michael Jackson
Dangerous
1991
Rock, Funk, Pop
7001163020000000000♠

19.4 [show]

US: 7 million[7]
JPN: 400,000[8]
UK: 2 million[80]
GER: 2 million[10]
FRA: 2 million[81]
CAN: 600,000[12]
AUS: 700,000[13]
BRA: 350,000[82]
MEX: 600,000[14]
NLD: 300,000[15]
SWE 300,000[17]
SPA: 600,000[33]
SWI: 250,000[19]
AUT: 200,000[20]
FIN: 61,896[21]
NZ: 90,000[23]
CHI: 125,000[83]
MAL: 175,000[84]

32
[85]

Various artists
Dirty Dancing
1987
Pop, Rock, R&B
7001178775000000000♠

17.9 [show]

US: 11 million[7]
UK: 1.5 million[9]
GER: 2 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 770,000[13]
BRA: 100,000[32]
NLD: 100,000[15]
SWE 100,000[17]
POL: 50,000[27]
SWI: 250,000[19]
HKG: 7,500[24]

32
[86]

Celine Dion
Let's Talk About Love
1997
Pop, Soft rock
7001192560000000000♠

19.3 [show]

US: 10 million[7]
JPN: 1 million[8]
UK: 1.8 million[9]
GER: 1.5 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 420,000[13]
NLD: 500,000[15]
SWE: 240,000[17]
SPA: 400,000[33]
BEL: 200,000[46]
ARG: 120,000[25]
POL: 200,000[27]
SWI: 300,000[19]
NOR: 200,000[34]
AUT: 100,000[20]
FIN: 97,744[21]
NZ: 135,000[87]
HKG: 40,000[24]
URY: 3,000[88]

31
[89]

The Beatles
1
2000
Rock
7001226020000000000♠

22.6 [show]

US: 12 million[7]
JPN: 2 million[8]
UK: 2.4 million[9]
GER: 1.65 million[10]
FRA: 600,000[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 700,000[13]
BRA: 250,000[32]
ITA: 50,000[16]
SWE 160,000[17]
SPA: 500,000[33]
ARG: 120,000[25]
POL: 100,000[27]
SWI: 150,000[19]
NOR: 150,000[34]
AUT: 150,000[20]
DEN: 200,000[90]
POR: 120,000[91]
FIN: 77,466[21]
NZ: 225,000[22]

31
[92]

Madonna
The Immaculate Collection
1990
Pop, Dance
7001203000000000000♠

19.4 [show]

US: 10 million[7]
JPN: 800,000[8]
UK: 3.6 million[9]
GER: 750,000[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 700,000[12]
AUS: 840,000[93]
BRA: 500,000[32]
NLD: 300,000[15]
SWE 50,000[17]
SPA: 300,000[33]
ARG: 180,000[25]
SWI: 50,000[19]
AUT: 50,000[20]
DEN: 50,000[94]
FIN: 92,500[21]
NZ: 105,000[22]

30
[95]

The Beatles
Abbey Road
1969
Rock
7001144350000000000♠

14.4 [show]

US: 12 million[7]
GER: 500,000[10]
FRA: 150,000[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 210,000[13]
ARG: 500,000[18]
NZ: 75,000[23]

30
[96]

Bruce Springsteen
Born in the U.S.A.
1984
Rock
7001195580000000000♠

19.6 [show]

US: 15 million[7]
UK: 900,000[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 400,000[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 910,000[13]
FIN: 108,913[21]
NZ: 240,000[22]

30
[97]

Dire Straits
Brothers in Arms
1985
Rock, Pop
7001176610000000000♠

17.7 [show]

US: 9 million[7]
UK: 4.1 million[9]
GER: 500,000[10]
FRA: 1 million[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 1.19 million[13]
ARG: 30,000[25]
SWI: 350,000[19]
FIN: 116,784[21]
NZ: 360,000[28]
HKG: 15,000[24]

30
[98][99]

James Horner
Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture
1997
Soundtrack
7001181385000000000♠

18.1 [show]

US: 11 million[7]
JPN: 1 million[100]
UK: 900,000[9]
GER: 1.25 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 350,000[13]
NLD: 175,000[15]
SWE 160,000[17]
SPA: 400,000[33]
BEL: 150,000[46]
POL: 140,000[27]
ARG: 60,000[25]
SWI: 200,000[19]
AUT: 100,000[20]
NOR: 100,000[34]
FIN: 73,509[21]
NZ: 60,000[101]
HKG: 20,000[24]

30
[102]

Metallica
Metallica
1991
Thrash metal, Heavy metal
7001204800000000000♠

21.2 [show]

US: 16 million[7]
UK: 600,000[9]
GER: 500,000[10]
FRA: 300,000[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 840,000[13]
MEX: 600,000[14]
NLD: 200,000[15]
ITA: 100,000[16]
SWE 100,000[17]
ARG: 300,000[25]
POL: 100,000[27]
SWI: 100,000[19]
NOR: 50,000[34]
AUT: 100,000[20]
FIN: 112,856[21]
NZ: 150,000[23]

30
[103]

Nirvana
Nevermind
1991
Grunge, Alternative rock
7001167020000000000♠

16.7 [show]

US: 10 million[7]
JPN: 600,000[104]
UK: 1.2 million[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 350,000[13]
BRA: 250,000[32]
MEX: 200,000[14]
ITA: 100,000[16]
SWE 200,000[17]
ARG: 300,000[25]
BEL: 150,000[47]
POL: 100,000[27]
SWI: 50,000[19]
AUT: 50,000[20]
FIN: 46,830[21]
NZ: 105,000[22]

30
[105]

Pink Floyd
The Wall
1979
Progressive rock
7001175650000000000♠

17.6 [show]

US: 11.5 million[7]
UK: 600,000[9]
GER: 2 million[10]
FRA: 1 million[11]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 770,000[13]
ITA: 100,000[16]
ARG: 200,000[106]
POL: 70,000[27]
SWI: 100,000[19]
NZ: 210,000[22]
HKG: 15,000[24]

30
[107]

Santana
Supernatural
1999
Rock
7001205400000000000♠

20.5 [show]

US: 15 million[7]
JPN: 200,000 [8]
UK: 600,000[9]
GER: 1 million[10]
FRA: 600,000[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
AUS: 280,000[13]
BRA: 250,000[32]
MEX: 300,000[14]
NLD: 200,000[15]
SWE 80,000[17]
SPA: 300,000[33]
BEL: 100,000[46]
ARG: 120,000[25]
POL: 100,000[27]
SWI: 200,000[19]
AUT: 100,000[20]
FIN: 50,291[21]
NZ: 60,000[22]

30
[108]

Guns N' Roses
Appetite for Destruction
1987
Hard rock
7001215550000000000♠

21.6 [show]

US: 18 million[7]
JPN: 200,000[8]
UK: 900,000[9]
GER: 500,000[10]
FRA: 200,000[42]
CAN: 1 million[12]
BRA: 250,000[32]
MEX: 100,000[14]
ITA: 50,000[16]
SWE 50,000[17]
ARG: 180,000[25]
SWI: 50,000[19]
AUT: 50,000[20]
FIN: 25,000[21]

30
[109][110]

text: 20–29 million copies

text:
Artist
Album
Released
Genre
Claimed sales*
Ref(s)

ABBA
Gold: Greatest Hits
1992
Pop
29
[111]

Bon Jovi
Slippery When Wet
1986
Hard rock, Glam metal
28
[112]

Various artists
Grease: The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture
1978
Soundtrack
28
[113]

Linkin Park
Hybrid Theory
2000
Nu metal, Rap metal, Alternative metal
27
[114]

Eminem
The Eminem Show
2002
Rap, Hip Hop
27
[115]

Norah Jones
Come Away with Me
2002
Jazz
27
[116]

Madonna
True Blue
1986
Pop
25
[117]

Bob Marley & The Wailers
Legend: The Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers
1984
Reggae
25
[118]

Carole King
Tapestry
1971
Pop
25
[119]

Phil Collins
No Jacket Required
1985
Pop, Rock
25
[120]

Queen
Greatest Hits
1981
Rock
25
[121]

Simon & Garfunkel
Bridge over Troubled Water
1970
Folk rock
25
[122]

U2
The Joshua Tree
1987
Rock
25
[123]

Mariah Carey
Daydream
1995
Pop, R&B, Rock
25
[124][125]

Britney Spears
...Baby One More Time
1999
Pop
25
[126]

Whitney Houston
Whitney Houston
1985
Pop, R&B
25
[127]

Backstreet Boys
Backstreet's Back / Backstreet Boys
1997
Pop
24
[128]

Backstreet Boys
Millennium
1999
Pop
24
[128]

Spice Girls
Spice
1996
Pop
23
[129][130]

Ace of Base
Happy Nation/The Sign
1993
Pop
23
[131]

Oasis
(What's the Story) Morning Glory?
1995
Britpop, Rock
22
[132]

Madonna
Like a Virgin
1984
Pop, Dance
21
[133]

Eminem
Encore
2004
Rap, Hip Hop
21
[134]

Bon Jovi
Cross Road
1994
Hard rock, Glam metal
21
[135]

Adele
25
2015
Soul, Pop, R&B
20
[136]

Boston
Boston
1976
Hard rock
20
[137]

Britney Spears
Oops!... I Did It Again
2000
Pop
20
[138]

Eric Clapton
Unplugged
1992
Acoustic blues, Folk rock
20
[139]

Def Leppard
Hysteria
1987
Pop, Hard rock
20
[140]

George Michael
Faith
1987
Pop, R&B, Funk, Soul
20
[141]

Green Day
Dookie
1994
Pop punk, Punk rock, Alternative rock
20
[142]

Lionel Richie
Can't Slow Down
1983
Pop, R&B, Soul
20
[143]

Michael Jackson
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
Pop, Rock, R&B
20
[144]

Michael Jackson
Off the Wall
1979
Soul, Disco, R&B
20
[145]

Prince & the Revolution
Purple Rain
1984
Pop, Rock, R&B, Soundtrack
20
[146]

Shania Twain
The Woman in Me
1995
Country, Pop
20
[147]

Supertramp
Breakfast in America
1979
Progressive rock, Art rock
20
[148]

Tracy Chapman
Tracy Chapman
1988
Folk rock
20
[149]

Various artists
Flashdance: Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture
1983
Soundtrack
20
[150]

Whitney Houston
Whitney
1987
Pop, R&B
20
[151]

text: Timeline of the highest selling albums

text: The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list, or length of this list, is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page. (July 2013)

text:
Timeline of the highest-selling album record

Year record set
Artist
Album
Record setting sales (millions)
Total sales (millions)
References

1945
Various Artists
Oklahoma! (78 rpm album)
0.5
1.0
[152][153]

1956
Various Artists
Oklahoma! (LP album)
1.75
2.5
[154]

1956/1957
Various Artists
My Fair Lady
2
5
[155][156][157]

1960
Various Artists
South Pacific
2.25
3
[158]

1963
Vaughn Meader
The First Family
4
7.5
[159][160]

1968
Various Artists
The Sound of Music
8WW

[161]

1973
Carole King
Tapestry
10+

[162]

1975/1976
Various Artists
The Sound of Music
10–15SM-T

[163][164]

1976
Carole King
Tapestry
13.5SM-T
25
[165]

1979
Bee Gees/Various Artists
Saturday Night Fever
25–27
40
[166][167]

1984
Michael Jackson
Thriller
35
51–65
[168][169]

text:
WWIt is unclear whether this sales figure refers to worldwide sales or US sales.
SM-TThe exact year in which Tapestry regained the title of "best-selling album of all-time", if it ever regained it at all, is unclear. The album's 1976 sales claim is therefore only listed to be inclusive, as it is plausible that Tapestry had overtaken The Sound of Music in sales during this time period.

text: Best-selling album by year worldwide

text: The charts of the best-selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001. These charts are published in their two annual reports, the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers.

text: Units sold include physical copies and digital downloads.

text:
Year
Album
Artist(s)
Sales
(millions)
Ref(s)

2001
Hybrid Theory
Linkin Park
8.5
[170]

2002
The Eminem Show
Eminem
13.9
[171]

2003
Come Away with Me
Norah Jones
18.0
[172][173]

2004
Confessions
Usher
12.0
[174]

2005
X&Y
Coldplay
8.3
[175]

2006
High School Musical
Various Artists
7.0
[176]

2007
High School Musical 2
6.0
[177]

2008
Viva la Vida
Coldplay
6.8
[178]

2009
I Dreamed a Dream
Susan Boyle
8.3
[179]

2010
Recovery
Eminem
5.7
[180]

2011
21
Adele
18.1
[171]

2012
8.3
[181]

2013
Midnight Memories
One Direction
4.0
[182]

2014
Frozen
Various Artists
10.0
[183]

2015
25
Adele
17.4
[184]

2016
Lemonade
Beyoncé
2.5
[185]


document_title: The Danny Thomas Show

question_text: what happened to the mother on make room for daddy

root

text: The Danny Thomas Show

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Thomas played the role of Danny Williams, a successful comedian and nightclub entertainer at the Copa Club, based on the iconic New York City nightclub the Copacabana. Jean Hagen played his serious and loving wife Margaret. Their daughter Terry was played by Sherry Jackson, and their son Rusty by Rusty Hamer. The show's premise involved Danny rarely having time to spend with his family and Margaret having to deal with the children virtually on her own. She often felt neglected by Danny, and on several occasions felt like leaving him. Margaret was a society woman and strict with the children, but loved her family. Louise Beavers made several appearances during this era as the Williams' maid, Louise Evans, and often was at odds with Danny and sided with Margaret in most of the couple's arguments. Nana Bryant often appeared as Margaret's kind mother, of whom Danny and the children were fond, but Margaret, who had been raised by her aunt and uncle because of her mother often being away on stage tours, was not as warm to her mother. (Bryant died in late 1955, and rather than the character being recast, it simply disappeared. When Louise Beavers became ill in 1955, Amanda Randolph assumed the role of Louise.)

tag: p

text: Series changes[edit]

text: For its first three years, Make Room For Daddy garnered decent ratings, but failed to make the list of the top 30 programs. Shortly after the third season finished filming, Jean Hagen left the show over dissatisfaction with her role and frequent clashes with Danny Thomas. Thomas was upset with her for leaving, and felt the show would not last without her. However, he decided to push on. At the start of the fourth season, the series title was changed to The Danny Thomas Show. Both Thomas and producer Sheldon Leonard were faced with a serious dilemma—how to explain Hagen's absence. To have "Danny" and "Margaret" divorce in that era would have been unacceptable to television audiences, so it was explained that Margaret suddenly had died off-screen. It was a risky move because until this time, no character on a TV situation comedy had died.

text: Danny now was a widower juggling a performing career while raising two children on his own. He had Louise and his friends often looking after the children while he was touring. He decided to move them to a boarding school, but later relented and the family moved into a new apartment. During the fourth season, the Danny character dated a few other women and nearly got engaged to a widowed singer until he found out she did not like children. By season's end, the ratings had suffered and it was decided that a wife and mother was needed to complete the family unit.

text: In a four-part story arc that began airing in April 1957, son Rusty fell ill with the measles and Danny hired Kathy O'Hara (Marjorie Lord), a young Irish nurse, to look after him. Kathy was a widow with a little girl (played by Lelani Sorenson). Danny and Kathy became fast friends and, not surprisingly, Danny quickly fell in love with her, as did the kids. In the season finale, the two became engaged. In a curious twist, ABC at this point canceled the series, which proved to be fortunate. In the spring of 1957, I Love Lucy, which had reigned as the top-rated show for almost all of its six-year run on CBS, was ending production. When CBS heard that ABC was cancelling The Danny Thomas Show, it picked it up as part of its 1957-58 schedule.

text: The Danny Thomas Show made its debut on CBS on Monday, October 7, 1957 at 9:00 p.m., inheriting the time slot vacated by I Love Lucy. The fifth-season premiere episode, "Lose Me In Las Vegas," had Danny and Kathy already married and on their honeymoon. The Williams family moved into a larger brand-new apartment and, with the change of network, the producers also changed Kathy's daughter. Lelani Sorenson was dropped from the cast and replaced by Angela Cartwright as Linda. Linda then was adopted by Danny, and the show's ratings dramatically increased.[3] In fact, at the end of its fifth season, The Danny Thomas Show posted its highest rating, ranking at No. 2. During this season, Amanda Randolph was sick and rarely appeared as Louise, who was said to be recovering from the flu, with Kathy doing most of the housework.

text: In the early part of the sixth season, Sherry Jackson left the show and the character of Terry was said to have gone to a girls school in Paris. Jackson commented on her close friendship with Jean Hagen and why she left the series, saying, "The major perk was Jean Hagen. I adored her. We had a great time. She and I were best buddies; she was my only friend from the Make Room for Daddy cast. What made me specifically want to leave the show? I had a five-year contract, Jean had a three-year contract. Jean was thoroughly fed up with the series and made it clear that she didn't want to come back. When she left, I was devastated. I didn't want to continue, either. I wanted to break my contract. They wouldn't let me leave, but gave me less to do; that's why I'm in fewer shows from ages 14–16."[4]

text: In Season 7, the character of Terry was brought back, but recast with Penney Parker. Terry was featured in a seven-episode story arc that had her engaged and eventually married to Pat Hannigan (Pat Harrington, Jr.), a nightclub friend of Danny's. After the wedding, the Hannigans moved to California and Terry was rarely mentioned, never to be seen on the show again.

text: In the last two seasons, with Thomas and Lord tired of their roles, Danny and Kathy both regularly traveled, and for much of the tenth season they toured Europe (with a handful of episodes featuring location footage). Rusty and Linda were looked after by Danny's manager, Charlie Halper (Sid Melton) and his wife Bunny (Pat Carroll). During the 11th and final season, Thomas decided to retire from the show and the program ended in the spring of 1964, finishing as still one of the most popular television programs and ranking at number nine.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Danny Thomas as Danny Williams
Jean Hagen as Margaret Williams (1953–1956)
Marjorie Lord as Kathy "Clancey" O'Hara Williams (1957–1964)
Rusty Hamer as Rusty Williams
Angela Cartwright as Linda Williams (1957–1964)
Sherry Jackson as Terry Williams (1953–1958)
Penney Parker as Terry Williams (1959–1960)
Louise Beavers as Louise (1953–1955)
Amanda Randolph as Louise (1955–1964)

tag: ul

text: Supporting[edit]

text: The supporting cast included:

text:
Sid Melton as Charlie Halper
Pat Carroll as Bunny Halper (1961–1964)
Sheldon Leonard as Phil Brokaw (1957–1961)
Ben Lessy as Benny (1953–1959)
Mary Wickes as Liz O'Neal (1955–1957)
Pat Harrington, Jr. as Pat Hannigan (1959–1960)
Jesse White as Jesse Leeds (1953–1957)

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Hans Conried had frequent guest appearances as Danny's eccentric Lebanese "Uncle Tonoose". (In real life, Thomas was Lebanese, Conried was not.) Other frequent guests included Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez, Annette Funicello as an Italian exchange student named Gina Manelli, and Thomas' protégée Italian teenaged singer Piccola Pupa. Other notable guest stars included band leader and musician Harry James, who appeared in the episode "The Trumpet Player", and the legendary Jimmy Durante, who appeared as himself in the episode "Danny and Durante".

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[5]

First aired
Last aired
Network
Rank
Rating
Tied with

1
Make Room for Daddy
30
September 29, 1953 (1953-09-29)
April 20, 1954 (1954-04-20)
ABC
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
30
September 28, 1954 (1954-09-28)
April 26, 1955 (1955-04-26)
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
30
September 13, 1955 (1955-09-13)
April 17, 1956 (1956-04-17)
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
The Danny Thomas Show
30
October 1, 1956 (1956-10-01)
April 25, 1957 (1957-04-25)
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
33
October 7, 1957 (1957-10-07)
May 26, 1958 (1958-05-26)
CBS
2
35.3
N/A

6
33
October 6, 1958 (1958-10-06)
May 25, 1959 (1959-05-25)
5
32.8
N/A

7
33
October 5, 1959 (1959-10-05)
May 23, 1960 (1960-05-23)
4
31.1
N/A

8
32
October 3, 1960 (1960-10-03)
May 22, 1961 (1961-05-22)
12
25.9
N/A

9
31
October 2, 1961 (1961-10-02)
May 7, 1962 (1962-05-07)
8
26.1
N/A

10
32
October 1, 1962 (1962-10-01)
May 6, 1963 (1963-05-06)
7
28.7
Ben Casey

11
30
September 30, 1963 (1963-09-30)
April 27, 1964 (1964-04-27)
9
26.7
N/A

tag: table

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The theme music was various versions (changing over the years) of the traditional Irish song, "Danny Boy".

text: Spin-off and crossovers[edit]

text: The series was responsible for the creation of another long-running sitcom, The Andy Griffith Show. In the seventh season, Danny Thomas is arrested by Sheriff Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith) and detained in the small town of Mayberry in an episode entitled "Danny Meets Andy Griffith". The episode aired on February 15, 1960, and The Andy Griffith Show premiered later that year on October 3.[6]

text: The series also crossed over to several other series, including The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour[7] and The Joey Bishop Show.[8]

text: Morey Amsterdam guest-starred as Buddy Sorrell of The Dick Van Dyke Show in the episode "The Women Behind the Jokes".

text: Some episodes featured Bill Dana as Jose Jimenez, which led to the spinoff series The Bill Dana Show. Danny Thomas played himself in one episode.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The show ended in 1964, but Danny Thomas, Marjorie Lord, Angela Cartwright, Rusty Hamer, Sherry Jackson, Amanda Randolph and Hans Conried returned in 1965 for a two-hour-long "reunion" special on NBC, The Danny Thomas TV Family Reunion, considered the first TV reunion show, and Make More Room for Daddy, which aired as an episode of The Danny Thomas Hour in November 1967. Shortly after filming the second special in 1967, Randolph died suddenly of a stroke at the age of 70. A CBS reunion special, Make Room for Granddaddy, was aired in 1969. The special did so well that it was picked up as a series by CBS, but Thomas considered its assigned time slot to be too quiet and pulled the show.

text: ABC brought it back on a weekly basis in 1970, in Make Room for Granddaddy. For the series premiere, Sherry Jackson reprised her role of oldest daughter Terry. No mention was made of her husband Pat Hannigan. Instead, for this new version of the series, Terry's husband was named Bill, who was a soldier. In this episode, Terry left her son, six-year-old Michael (played by Michael Hughes), in the care of grandparents Danny and Kathy so she could join Bill, who was stationed overseas. In addition to Lord, Hamer and Cartwright, the only other returning regulars were Sid Melton as Charley Halper and Hans Conried as Uncle Tonoose. During that season, new characters were played by Stanley Myron Handelman and former football player Roosevelt Grier. The show lasted only one year, producing 24 episodes; its cancellation came at a time when the networks were purging content favoring older, rural and other less affluent viewers after to the loss of a half-hour of daily program time in 1971. According to Lord, the series faced many obstacles, including the unprofessionalism and inexperience of the child actor Michael Hughes, the absence of Sheldon Leonard as producer/director to control Thomas and improve the quality of the scripts, and the fact that ABC switched the time slot of the show from Wednesday nights at 8:00 pm to Thursday nights at 9:00 pm. As a result, the ratings went from mediocre to poor.[9]

text: Reruns[edit]

text: Reruns of the ABC episodes were aired weekdays on NBC from October 4, 1960 to March 26, 1965. CBS aired primetime repeats April 19 through September 6, 1965, on Monday nights at 9:30 p.m (Eastern time). Subsequently, most of the CBS episodes were then syndicated and offered to local stations. The first four seasons from ABC were not put into syndication.

text: From February 1, 1987 to 1991, the show's fifth through ninth seasons were shown on Nick at Nite. TV Land has also shown several of the Marjorie Lord episodes. GoodLife Television aired the majority of the episodes from the fourth season through the seventh season (and select episodes from seasons eight and nine).

text: Me-TV aired the show from Labor Day of 2012 to December 31, 2014.

text: In 2014, the series joined the weekday line up of Cozi TV, where it currently airs all 1957-1964 episodes featuring Marjorie Lord.

text: Episodes of the show can be seen on TVS Nostalgia Network.Com.

text: George Carlin referred to the reruns as "Daddy has had room made for".

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On September 28, 2004, Questar released the complete fifth season on Region 1 DVD. The set includes two special episodes: the fourth-season finale, "Danny's Proposal", and the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show.[10]

text: The complete sixth season on DVD was released on January 22. 2008.[11] It was released by a different company than the one that had handled the fifth-season package, and contained uncut episodes with vintage second-run opening titles from the early 1960s NBC network daytime reruns.

text: Several of the early episodes with Jean Hagen can be purchased on discount DVDs, as these episodes have entered public domain because of lapsed copyright.[12][13]


document_title: List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress

question_text: who was the first president of i n c

question_tokens: who was the first president of i n c

text: History[edit]

text: During 1885–1933, the presidency had a term of 1 year only. Traditionally, the post rotated between prominent members of the party, successive terms for the same person being frowned upon. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Legislative Party.

text: Indira Gandhi however, institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969. Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice.

text: Narasimha Rao too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister's posts. Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out. But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership, he didn't hold the two posts together.

text: During 2000–09, INC did not host a conference for the first time in history. In 2004, when the INC was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister, not to be the president of the party. Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party, having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017.[1] Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President.

text: Presidents[edit]

text:
No.

Name of President

Picture

Life span

Year of Presidency

Place of Conference

1

W. C. Bonnerjee

29 December 1844 – 1906

1885

Bombay

2

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1886

Calcutta

3

Badruddin Tyabji

10 October 1844 – 1906

1887

Madras

4

George Yule

1829–1892

1888

Allahabad

5

William Wedderburn

1838–1918

1889

Bombay

6

Pherozeshah Mehta

4 August 1845 – 1915

1890

Calcutta

7

Anandacharlu

August 1843 – 1908

1891

Nagpur

8

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

29 December 1844 – 1906

1892

Allahabad

9

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1893

Lahore

10

Alfred Webb

1834–1908

1894

Madras

11

Surendranath Banerjee

10 November 1848 – 1925

1895

Poona

12

Rahimtulla M. Sayani

5 April 1847 – 1902

1896

Calcutta

13

C. Sankaran Nair

11 July 1857 – 1934

1897

Amravati

14

Anandamohan Bose

23 September 1847 – 1906

1898

Madras

15

Romesh Chunder Dutt

13 August 1848 – 1909

1899

Lucknow

16

N. G. Chandavarkar

2 December 1855 – 1923

1900

Lahore

17

Dinshaw Edulji Wacha

2 August 1844 – 1936

1901

Calcutta

18

Surendranath Banerjee

10 November 1825 – 1917

1902

Ahmedabad

19

Lalmohan Ghosh

1848–1909

1903

Madras

20

Henry Cotton

1845–1915

1904

Bombay

21

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

9 May 1866 – 1915

1905

Benares

22

Dadabhai Naoroji

4 September 1825 – 1917

1906

Calcutta

23

Rashbihari Ghosh

23 December 1845 – 1921

1907

Surat

24

Rashbihari Ghosh

23 December 1845 – 1921

1908

Madras

25

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1909

Lahore

26

William Wedderburn

1838–1918

1910

Allahabad

27

Bishan Narayan Dar

1864–1916

1911

Calcutta

28

Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar

1857–1921

1912

Bankipore

29

Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur

?–1919

1913

Karachi

30

Bhupendra Nath Bose

1859–1924

1914

Madras

31

Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha

March 1863 – 1928

1915

Bombay

32

Ambica Charan Mazumdar

1850–1922

1916

Lucknow

33

Annie Besant

1 October 1847 – 1933

1917

Calcutta

34

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1918

Delhi

35

Syed Hasan Imam

31 August 1871 – 1933

1918

Bombay (Special Session)

36

Motilal Nehru

6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931

1919

Amritsar

37

Lala Lajpat Rai

28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928

1920

Calcutta (Special Session)

38

C. Vijayaraghavachariar

1852 – 19 April 1944

1920

Nagpur

39

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das  (President)
Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)

1863 – 29 December 1927

1921

Ahmedabad

40

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das

5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925

1922

Gaya

41

Mohammad Ali Jouhar

10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931

1923

Kakinada

42

Abul Kalam Azad

1888 – 22 February 1958

1923

Delhi (Special Session)

43

Mohandas Gandhi

2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948

1924

Belgaum

44

Sarojini Naidu

13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949

1925

Kanpur

45

S. Srinivasa Iyengar

September 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941

1926

Gauhati

46

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari

25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936

1927

Madras

47

Motilal Nehru

6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931

1928

Calcutta

48

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1929 & 30

Lahore

49

Vallabhbhai Patel

31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950

1931

Karachi

50

Madan Mohan Malaviya

25 December 1861 – 1946

1932

Delhi

51

Nellie Sengupta

1886–1973

1933

Calcutta

52

Rajendra Prasad

3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963

1934 & 35

Bombay

53

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1936

Lucknow

54

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1936

Faizpur

55

Subhas Chandra Bose

23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945

1938

Haripura

56

Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session.

23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945

1939

Tripuri near Jabalpur

57

Abul Kalam Azad

1888 – 22 February 1958

1940–46

Ramgarh

58

J. B. Kripalani

1888 – 19 March 1982

1947

Meerut

59

Pattabhi Sitaraimayya

24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959

1948 & 49

Jaipur

60

Purushottam Das Tandon

1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961

1950

Nasik

61

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1951 & 52

Delhi

62

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1953

Hyderabad

63

Jawaharlal Nehru

14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964

1954

Calcutta

64

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1955

Avadi

65

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1956

Amritsar

66

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1957

Indore

67

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1958

Gauhati

68

U. N. Dhebar

21 September 1905 – 1977

1959

Nagpur

69

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1959

Delhi (Special Session)

70

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1960

Bangalore

71

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1961

Bhavnagar

72

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996

1962 & 63

Patna

73

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1964

Bhubaneswar

74

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1965

Durgapur

75

K. Kamaraj

15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975

1966 & 67

Jaipur

76

S. Nijalingappa

10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000

1968

Hyderabad

77

S. Nijalingappa

10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000

1969

Faridabad

78

Jagjivan Ram

5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986

1970 & 71

Bombay

79

Shankar Dayal Sharma

19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999

1972–74

Calcutta

80

Devakanta Barua

22 February 1914 – 1996

1975–77

Chandigarh

81

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1978–83

Delhi

82

Indira Gandhi

19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984

1983 & 84

Calcutta

83

Rajiv Gandhi

20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991

1985–91

Bombay

84

P. V. Narasimha Rao

28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004

1992–96

Tirupati

85

Sitaram Kesri

November 1919 – 24 October 2000

1996–98

Calcutta

86

Sonia Gandhi

9 December 1946

1998–2017

Calcutta

87

Rahul Gandhi

19 June 1970

2017 -Present

Delhi


document_title: Red Sails in the Sunset (song)

question_text: who wrote the song red sails in the sunset

text: Red Sails in the Sunset (song)

text: "Red Sails in the Sunset" is a popular song. Published in 1935, its music was written by Hugh Williams (pseudonym for Wilhelm Grosz) with lyrics by prolific songwriter Jimmy Kennedy.[1] The song was inspired by the "red sails" of Kitty of Coleraine, a yacht Kennedy often saw off the northern coast of Ireland and by his adopted town Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.[2]

text: The title of the song provides the inspiration for the Red Sails Festival held annually in Portstewart, Northern Ireland. Kennedy wrote the song while staying in Portstewart.

text: The song was used in the Broadway production of Provincetown Follies which ran from November 3 until December 19, 1935 at the Provincetown Playhouse.[3]

text: Popular versions in 1935 were by Bing Crosby, Guy Lombardo, Mantovani and Jack Jackson.[4] Another early version was recorded by Al Bowlly with Ray Noble and his Orchestra on September 18, 1935. Louis Armstrong also had a hit with the song in 1936.[5]

text: The song was revived by Nat King Cole in 1951. This version was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1468. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on July 13, 1951 and lasted 2 weeks on the chart, peaking at #24.[6] Another version was released in 1954 on MGM 11977 by Sam "The Man" Taylor and His Orchestra, with Sam on tenor saxophone.

text: An instrumental version of the song became the signature tune of the Philippine radio drama series Dear Kuya Cesar, broadcast on DZMM radio (ABS-CBN) in the sixties and hosted by Cesar Lacbu Nucum, a.k.a. Kuya Cesar. The song was also the signature tune of Suzette Tarri, a British actress and comedian popular on stage and radio in the 1930s and 1940s.

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
Bing Crosby recorded November 12, 1935 for Decca Records with Victor Young and His Orchestra.[7]
Jack Jackson (1935)
Guy Lombardo (recorded October 11, 1935 for Decca Records 585)
Leslie (Hutch) Hutchinson (Parlophone R 233 September 1935)
Anona Winn (featured with enormous success per sheet music 1935)
Henry "Red" Allen 11/8/1935 Vocalion 3097
Al Bowlly acc. by orchestra directed by Ray Noble 1935
Vera Lynn (1935)[8]
Mantovani (1935)
Tony Martin (EP ABC-Paramount 90842 / 25 cm 10" ABC-Paramount 1501)
Louis Armstrong (1936)
Albert Ammons (1946)
Nat King Cole (1951)
Patti Page (1955 in "The Patti Page Show")
Vaughn Monroe (1957)
Rou Yun (柔雲)[9] (1956 in Mandarin Chinese under title name of 夕陽紅帆 & Chinese lyrics by Szeto Ming 司徒明)
Tab Hunter (1957)
Big Joe Turner (1957)[10]
Paul Anka (1958)
Emile Ford (1960)
The Platters (1960) - top 40 hit - reaching No. 36.
The Jarmels (1961)
The Beatles (Star-Club, Hamburg c. 1962)
Dinah Washington (1962)
The Three Sounds (1962)
Earl Grant (1962)
Fats Domino (1963); Domino's rendition would be the last top 40 hit of his career, reaching No. 35
Connie Francis (1963)
The Searchers (1964, Swedish Radio Sessions 1964-1967)
Stevie Wonder (instrumental) on his 1964 album Stevie at the Beach
Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys (instrumental) on their 1967 album The World Is Waiting For Terry
Dean Martin c. 1968
Perry Como (1969)
The Five Keys
Jimmy McGriff (1971)
Johnny Lee (No. 22 country hit in 1976)
Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers (1979)
Frank Patterson
Dave Brubeck (1999)
Engelbert Humperdinck (2000)


document_title: List of Vice-Presidents of India

question_text: who is the only second vice president of india to have worked under three different president

text: List of Vice-Presidents of India

text: List[edit]

text:
The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India, following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.
Some of whom later became presidents.[4]

text:
№

Name(birth–death)

Portrait

Elected(% votes)

Took office

Left office

Term (in years)

Notes

President(s)

Candidate of

1

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)

1952(Unopposed)

1957(Unopposed)

13 May 1952

12 May 1962

10

Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.

Rajendra Prasad

Independent

2

Zakir Husain (1897–1969)

1962(97.59)

13 May 1962

12 May 1967

5

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Independent

3

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)

1967(71.45)

13 May 1967

3 May 1969

2

Zakir Husain

Independent

4

Gopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)

1969—

31 August 1969

30 August 1974

5

Varahagiri Venkata Giri  (1969–1974)

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed  (1974)

Independent

5

Basappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)

1974(78.70)

31 August 1974

30 August 1979

5

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed  (1974–1977)
 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  (1977–1979)

Indian National Congress

6

Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)

1979(Unopposed)

31 August 1979

30 August 1984

5

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  (1979–1982)
 Giani Zail Singh  (1982–1984)

Independent

7

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)

1984(71.05)

31 August 1984

24 July 1987

3

Giani Zail Singh

Indian National Congress

8

Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)

1987(Unopposed)

3 September 1987

24 July 1992

5

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

Indian National Congress

9

Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)

1992(99.86)

21 August 1992

24 July 1997

5

Shankar Dayal Sharma

Indian National Congress

10

Krishan Kant(1927–2002)

1997(61.76)

21 August 1997

27 July 2002

4

Kocheril Raman Narayanan  (1997–2002)
 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam  (2002)

Janata Dal

11

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)

2002(59.82)

19 August 2002

21 July 2007

5

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Bharatiya Janata Party

12

Mohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)

2007(60.51)
2012(67.31)

11 August 2007

11 August 2017

10

Pratibha Patil  (2007–2012)
 Pranab Mukherjee  (2012–2017)
 Ram Nath Kovind   (2017)

Indian National Congress

13

Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)

2017(67.89)

11 August 2017

Incumbent

—

Ram Nath Kovind

Bharatiya Janata Party

text: † Died in office


document_title: Bull riding

question_text: where does the flank strap go on a bull

question_tokens: where does the flank strap go on a bull

text: Bull riding

text: History[edit]

text: The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture.[3] Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada.[3] During the 16th century, a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed. Originally considered a variant of bull fighting, in which riders literally rode a bull to death, the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking.[3] By the mid-19th century, charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo and Hispanic ranch hands often worked together.[3]

text: Many early Texas rangers, who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers, learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States. Many also enjoyed traditional Mexican celebrations, and H. L. Kinney, a rancher, promoter and former Texas Ranger staged what is thought to be the first Anglo-American organized bullfight in the southwest in 1852. This event also included a jaripeo competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta.[3] However, popular sentiment shifted away from various blood sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891.[3] In the same time period, however, Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions, choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle and transport than bulls.[3] Additionally, informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West. The location of the first formal Rodeo is debated. Deer Trail, Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne, WY in 1872.[4]

text: Although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s, the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice.[3] The first-known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia, Mississippi, produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and Waldo Ross. This rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights. A pivotal moment for modern bull riding, and rodeo in general, came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association (RCA) in 1936, which later became the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA). Through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year. Since that time, the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen. In addition to the PRCA, which has PRCA ProRodeo with bull riding and the Xtreme Bulls events for bull riding only, there are two separate organizations that promote and produce shows for stand-alone professional bull riding in the United States: Championship Bull Riding (CBR) and Professional Bull Riders (PBR). CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour, the Road to Cheyenne Tour, is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks. The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days. The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) stages a large number of events in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia. For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. However, starting in 2016, the Finals are now held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas.[5] The PBR's major league tour, the Built Ford Tough Series, is broadcast on CBS Sports Network, with the primary broadcast network televising selected bonus rounds (known as 15/15 bucking battles). From these roots, bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide.

text: Rules and regulations[edit]

text: Each bull has a unique name and number used to help identify it. A sufficient number of bulls, each judged to be of good strength, health, agility, and age, are selected to perform. The rider and bull are matched randomly before the competition, although starting in 2008, some ranked riders are allowed to choose their own bulls from a bull draft for selected rounds in PBR events.

text: A rider mounts a bull and grips a flat braided rope. After they secure a good grip on the rope, the rider nods to signal they are ready. The bucking chute (a small enclosure which opens from the side) is opened and the bull storms out into the arena. The rider must attempt to stay on the bull for at least eight seconds, while only touching the bull with their riding hand. The other hand must remain free for the duration of the ride. Originally, the rules required a 10-second ride, but that was changed to the current eight seconds.

text: The bull bucks, rears, kicks, spins, and twists in an effort to throw the rider off. This continues for a number of seconds until the rider bucks off or dismounts after completing the ride. A loud buzzer or whistle announces the completion of an eight-second ride.

text: Throughout the ride, bullfighters, also popularly known as rodeo clowns, stay near the bull to aid the rider if necessary. When the ride ends, either intentionally or not, the bullfighters distract the bull to protect the rider from harm.

text: Many competitions have a format that involves multiple rounds, sometimes called "go-rounds". Generally, events span two to three nights. The rider is given a chance to ride one bull per night. The total points scored by the end of the event are recorded, and after the first or first two go rounds, the top 20 riders are given a chance to ride one more bull. This final round is called the "short go". After the end of the short go, the rider with the most total points wins the event.

text: Points and scoring[edit]

text: The ride is scored from 0–100 points. Both the rider and the bull are awarded points. There are usually two judges, each judge scoring the bull from 0–50 points, and the rider from 0–50 points. The combined point totals from both judges make up the final score for the ride. This system was spearheaded by former PRCA president Dale Smith.[6] Scores of zero are quite common as many riders lose control of the animal almost immediately after the bull leaves the bucking chute. Many experienced professionals are able to earn scores of 75 or more. Scores above 80 are considered excellent, and a score in the 90s exceptional.

text: Judges award points based on several key aspects of the ride. Judges look for constant control and rhythm in the rider in matching their movements with the bull. Points are usually deducted if a rider is constantly off balance. For points actually to be awarded the rider must stay mounted for a minimum of 8 seconds, and they are scored only for actions during those 8 seconds. The ability to control the bull well allows riders to gain extra style points. These are often gained by spurring the animal. A rider is disqualified for touching the bull, the rope, or themselves with their free arm.[7]

text: Bulls have more raw power and a different style of movement from bucking horses. One move particular to bulls is a belly roll or sunfishing, in which the bull is completely off the ground and kicks either his hind feet or all four feet to the side in a twisting, rolling motion. Bulls also are more likely than horses to spin in tight, quick circles, while they are less likely to run or to jump extremely high and "break in two".

text: For the bull, judges look at the animal's overall agility, power and speed; its back end kicks; and its front end drops. In general, if a bull gives a rider a very hard time, more points will be awarded. If a rider fails to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds the bull is still awarded a score.[7] The PBR, CBR, PRCA, IPRA and PRS record bulls' past scores so that the best bulls can be brought to the finals, ensuring that riders will be given a chance to score highly. All five organizations also award one bull the "Bucking Bull of the Year" award, decided by scores and the number of riders it has bucked off. The award brings prestige to the ranch at which the bull was raised.

text: If a rider scores sufficiently low due to poor bull performance, the judges may offer the rider the option of a re-ride. By taking the option, the rider gives up the score received, waits until all other riders have ridden, and rides again. This can be risky because the rider loses their score and risks being bucked off and receiving no score. A re-ride may also be given if a bull stumbles or runs into the fence or gate.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Rider equipment[edit]

text: Bull riders use many pieces of equipment both functionally and to ensure maximum safety, both to themselves and to the animals involved.

text: The primary piece of equipment used is the bull rope. The bull rope is a braided rope made of polypropylene, grass, or some combination. A handle is braided into the center of the rope and is usually stiffened with leather. One side of the rope is tied in an adjustable knot that can be changed for the size of bull. The other side of the rope (the tail) is a flat braid and is usually coated with rosin to keep it from sliding through the rider's hand. A metallic bell is strapped to the knot and hangs directly under the bull throughout the ride. In addition to the sound the bell produces, it also gives the rope some weight, allowing it to fall off the bull once a rider has dismounted.

text: Chaps are probably the most noticeable piece of bull rider clothing, as their distinctive coloring and patterns add flair to the sport. Usually made of leather, chaps also provide protection for the rider's legs and thighs.

text: Bull riders are required to wear a protective vest, most usually wear one made of high impact foam that allows the shock to disperse over a wide area, thereby reducing pain and injury.

text: To prevent a rope burn, riders must wear a protective glove, usually of leather. This glove must be fastened to the rider's hand since the force the animal is able to exert could tear the glove away. The rider often applies rosin to the glove, which allows for additional grip.

text: Cowboy boots are also worn. The dull and loosely locked spurs help keep the rider balanced and is crucial piece of equipment to the sport as a whole. The bulls are unharmed by the rowels, as their hide is roughly seven times thicker than a human being's skin. Truly skilled riders will often spur the bull in the hope of achieving extra style points from the judges.

text: Cowboy hats remain the primary headwear used. While the professional organizations permit protective helmets and masks, some riders continue to believe that this equipment can detrimentally affect balance, and many professionals still avoid wearing them. However, the trend is changing, as more champion riders begin to wear helmets for added safety.

text: Public health researchers found evidence suggesting that bull riding helmets are protective, when riders wearing one particular type of helmet suffered approximately 50% fewer head and facial injuries.[8][9] In 2004, at the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, a group of top rodeo medicine researchers and clinical care providers came to a consensus on the use of helmets declaring that all youth rodeo participants should wear helmets, and that helmets should be recommended for adult bull riders.[10]

text: For competitors under the age of 18, protective headgear incorporating a helmet and ice hockey style face mask are worn. While optional at the upper levels of the sport, it has become mandatory at younger levels, and riders who use helmets and face masks as youths tend to continue to wearing them as they reach adulthood and turn professional.[11]

text: Bull equipment[edit]

text: The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5/8” in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene. It is tied around the bull's flank.[12] Contrary to popular belief, the flank strap is not tied around the bull's testicles. This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion, as this is a true test of a rider's skill in maintaining the ride. If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again, as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight. The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate.

text: The arena[edit]

text: The arenas used in professional bull riding vary. Some are rodeo arenas that are used only for bull riding and other rodeo events. Others are event centers that play host to many different sports. Common to all arenas is a large, open area that gives the bulls, bull riders, and bull fighters plenty of room to maneuver. The area is fenced, usually 6 to 7 feet high, to protect the audience from escaped bulls. There are generally exits on each corner of the arena for riders to get out of the way quickly. Riders can also hop onto the fence to avoid danger. One end of the arena contains the bucking chutes from which the bulls are released. There is also an exit chute where the bulls can exit the arena.

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, most professional bull riders start out riding in high school rodeo or other junior associations. From there, riders may go on the college rodeo circuit or to one of several semi-pro associations including the Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association (SEBRA), the Southern States Bull Riders Association (SSBR), the International Bull Riders Association (IBR), the Professional Championship Bull Riders Tour (PCB), Bull Riders Canada (BRC), the American Bull Riders Tour (ABT), the International Professional Rodeo Association (IPRA), the United Professional Rodeo Association (UPRA), the Southern Rodeo Association (SRA), the Professional Western Rodeo Association (PWRA), the Canadian Cowboys Association (CCA), among others. Bull riders compete in these organizations as they are climbing the ladder to the professional ranks and to supplement their income.

text: The top bull riders in the world compete on the Professional Bull Riders (PBR), Championship Bull Riding (CBR) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuits. Most of the riders who compete in the CBR tour also compete in the PRCA's rodeos and 'Xtreme Bulls' tour (a small series of one day bull riding events sanctioned by the PRCA), while only a handful of PBR riders also compete in the PRCA. Professional bull riders can win in excess of $100,000 a year while competing in any of these three organizations.

text: In Mexico, there are several local American-style bull riding organizations.

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: There are approximately 200 rodeos and bushmen's carnivals held annually across Australia. At most of these events bull riding is one of the featured competitions.

text: Initially bullocks and steers were used for roughriding events and these were owned by local graziers that lent them for these events. Nowadays bulls are used for the open events and stock contractors supply the various roughriding associations. Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which is also quieter to handle. The competitions are run and scored in a similar style to that used in the United States.[13]

text: In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia (NRCA) was formed to promote and further the sport of rodeo and has represented the following associations, which also control bull riding:

text:
Australian Bushmen’s Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA)
Australian Professional Bull Riders Association (APBA)
Central Rodeo Cowboys Association (CRCA)
Indigenous Rodeo Riders Australia (IRRA)
National Student Rodeo Association (NSRA)
National Rodeo Association (NRA)
Northern Cowboys Association (NCA)
Queensland Rodeo Association (QRA)
Rodeo Services Association (RSA)
West Coast Rodeo Circuit (WCRC)[14]

text: There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications.[15]

text: Chainsaw was one of Australia's most famous bucking bulls. Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994.[16]

text: Some of Australia’s best bull riders travel and compete internationally in Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Some of Australia's leading bull riders conduct bull riding clinics to assist learners and novice riders.[17]

text: A World Challenge of Professional Bull Riders (PBR) was held on 29 May 2010 at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre (BEC). The 2010 PBR Finals were held over two nights at the Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre (AELEC), with five top-ranked professional bull riders from the United States and 25 of Australia’s best bull riders contesting the event.[18]

text: Rodeo is also popular in country regions of New Zealand where approximately 32 rodeos, which include bull riding contests, are held each summer.[19]

text: Animal welfare[edit]

text: There is debate between animal rights/welfare organizations and bull riding enthusiasts over many aspects of the sport. One source of controversy is the flank strap. The flank strap is placed around a bull's flank, just in front of the hind legs, to encourage bucking. Critics say that the flank strap encircles or otherwise binds the genitals of the bull. However, the flank strap is anatomically impossible to place over the testicles. Many point out that the bull's genes are valuable and that there is a strong economic incentive to keep the animal in good reproductive health. Further, particularly in the case of bulls, an animal that is sick and in pain usually will not want to move at all, will not buck as well, and may even lie down in the chute or ring rather than buck.[20]

text: Critics also claim that electric cattle prods ("hot shots") are used to injure and torture bulls, while supporters of bull riding claim that the cattle prod simply gets the bull out of the chute quickly and is only a moderate irritation due to the thickness of the animal's hide. Cattle prods have not been used in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour for several years. However, in smaller associations, a cattle prod is still sometimes used to ensure that the animal leaves the chute as soon as the rider nods their head. Cattle prods are not allowed by any major association.

text: Spurs are also a source of controversy, though modern rodeo rules place strict regulations on the type and use of spurs and participants point out that they are a tool commonly used in other non-rodeo equestrian disciplines. Spurs used in bull riding do not have a fixed rowel, nor can they be sharpened. The PBR currently allows only two types of rowels to ensure the safety of the animals.

text: Bull riding has the highest rate of injury to humans of any rodeo sport. It accounts for approximately 50% of all traumatic injuries to rodeo contestants, and the bullfighters have the highest injury rate of any non-contestant group.[21]


document_title: Conductor (rail)

question_text: where does the conductor sit on a train

question_tokens: where does the conductor sit on a train

text: Conductor (rail)

text: Conductors in North America[edit]

text: In North America, the conductor manages a freight, passenger, or other types of train, and directly supervises the train crew, which can include a brakeman, flagman, ticket collector, assistant conductor, and on board service personnel. All crew members work under the conductor. The conductor, engineer, and additional engine crew members (fireman, pilot engineer) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures. On some railroads, union contracts specify that conductors must progress to engineer.

text: Other conductors duties include:

text:
Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train's movement authority, and verifying this authority is not exceeded
Communicate and coordinating with other parties—yardmasters, trainmasters, dispatchers, on board service personnel, etc.
Be alert to wayside signals, switch position, and other conditions that affect safe train movement
Mechanically inspect rolling stock
Assist the engineer in testing the train's air brakes
Signal the engineer when to start or stop moving
Keep a log of the journey
Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains
Attend to passenger needs
Keep records of consignment notes and waybills
Direct, coordinate, and usually manually perform, shunting or switching

text: Passenger trains may employ one or more assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train, to share the workload, and accept delegated responsibility. If a train crew's route, or tour of duty, exceeds a single shift, or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours, more than one crew may be assigned, each with its own conductor. Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including assigned meal and sleep breaks.

text: Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew under the conductor—head and rear brakemen, flagmen, and others.

text: Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two: one conductor and one engineer. Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate conductors. Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor, he can easily assume the duties of a conductor. In fact, on most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen/assistant conductors, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the Montana Rail Link, and operate with an engineer, and an assistant engineer. However, most railroads are contractually obligated to employ at least one conductor in addition to the engineer, via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions, primarily the United Transportation Union (UTU). Therefore, eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers. Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available. Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs. The primary union for engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement, claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe. The conductors' union, the United Transportation Union, also opposes this initiative, despite historical differences with the engineers' union.

text: Remote control locomotives[edit]

text: By the late 1990s, remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards. This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive(s) via a wireless remote unit, as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab. Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors, while others do not, depending on the size and type of Yard. Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands-on instruction, culminating with on-the-job training and certification as a RCO operator. Currently, Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively (when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching). This ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment.

text: Train hosts[edit]

text: As there is no explicit Federal requirement for a two-person train crew in the United States, the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their FrontRunner service to be operated by an operator only, with revenue collected by a proof-of-payment system. Before operation began, the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation, disabled access, and other safety-sensitive situations. FrontRunner classified this job as a train host, with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations. Some other services, such as Amtrak's Downeaster, also use train hosts (paid or volunteer) to assist the conductor with non-revenue-related customer service duties.

text: Train guard (United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand)[edit]

text: In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train is usually called the guard, a term that derives from stagecoach days.

text: Until the latter part of the 20th century, guards on passenger trains in these countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale. Their jobs focused more on safe operation of their trains, timekeeping, handling parcels, and other consignments. A dedicated 'travelling ticket inspector' handled fare duties. In recent years, passenger train guards have been assigned more responsibility for on-train revenue collection and ticket inspection.

text: As well as ticketing and customer care, guards must be trained in "emergency protection" duties, should an emergency arise, along with other operational roles. This involves using emergency kit such as detonators, track circuit clips and flags to prevent other trains colliding with, for example a derailed train. If in a crash the driver became incapacitated, the guard is the only person left who can protect the train. Other day-to-day duties include operating the public address system and train doors.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Under British Railways, there were several grades of guard, depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains—and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact. When the guard has significant customer contact, the position is usually classified as conductor-guard or conductor. Since British Rail, there have been a number of titles for a guard's grade but, with a few exceptions, all now perform some sort of customer-facing role.

text: On long-distance expresses, the conductor's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor, in line with the implied prestige of operating these trains. Historically, under British Rail, long distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot, hence the name senior conductor. Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have further renamed the senior conductor's passenger facing title to "train manager".

text: In the UK, technological improvements and economic pressure have made some trains lose their guards and become driver-only operated (DOO). British Rail first brought this in on some commuter services in London and Glasgow, as well as on almost all non-passenger trains. In 2003, a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard's safety and operational role to the driver. With rail service privatisation, train operating companies (TOC) attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas—c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of this. Pressure after several fatal train crashes[citation needed] reversed this trend to the point that some TOCs have restored guards to services previously stripped of them, First Great Western did this to certain services it acquired when it took over operation of Thames Trains.[citation needed] Currently, several titles describe a guard: train manager, train host, conductor, and South West Trains and Merseyrail still use the term guard. The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, there is today a mixture of driver-only operated trains and trains with a guard depending largely on state-based railway legislation.

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard. Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s, but these still operate with a two-man locomotive crew.

text: Greater Sydney area[edit]

text: Sydney Trains—which operates all metropolitan trains—and NSW TrainLink intercity trains have a train guard. The guard is ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train. They control the operation of doors and Public Address, perform platform duties, provide basic customer service, operate the train to timetable and accept and deliver internal mail. On Sydney Trains, the guard is normally located in the middle of the train, but on the newer Waratah trains, and on NSW TrainLink intercity services they normally work from the rear. The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets - this role is performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police.

text: Regional trains[edit]

text: On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor (PSS). While still responsible for the safety of passengers, the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value-add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants. On Xplorer trains, the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart. On XPT trains, the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver.

text: Queensland[edit]

text: Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail, and all operate with both driver and guard for suburban passenger services, or Passenger Services Supervisor for long distance passenger services.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver-only since the early 1990s. When the city's rail franchise was offered to the current operator, Metro Trains Melbourne, a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services, however this option was spurned in favour of hiring additional platform staff.

text: Regional trains operated by V/Line are operated by a driver and conductor. The conductor performs platform duties and—on locomotive-hauled trains—operates the train doors. They are responsible for passenger safety and also perform ticket inspection duties.

text: South Australia[edit]

text: Adelaide Metro's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operate with Passenger Service Assistants (PSA). This is safety role, but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSAs are also able to.

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: TransPerth trains are all driver-only operated.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, inner-city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager (guard) as a minimum.

text: In Wellington, where ticketing is still paper-based, each train has between one and three passenger operators (ticket collectors). The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train. In Auckland, off-board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only. Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains, as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles.

text: Conductors/guards in Europe[edit]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In general, conductors in Switzerland collect or punch tickets, fine people the first charge of 100 CHF for not having a valid fare, and make announcements on the public address system. They also may fine passengers if they take a longer trip than normal. For example, if one takes a train to Bern via Biel, having departed from Geneva, which is a longer trip than taking the InterCity via Lausanne, the conductor can fine the passenger a supplementary fare. They sound a warning when the train's doors are going to close. Many conductors, especially those on night shift and on isolated regional lines, are being trained in self-defence against would-be assailants.

text: Netherlands/Belgium[edit]

text: In Belgium and The Netherlands, train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services. Belgian/Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. Therefore, train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close (and in some scenarios also open) the doors. They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident, such as fire, evacuation, etc. Because of these tasks, there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train; a train without a conductor is uncommon, but still appears on some regional Dutch trains. The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor-in-chief. He is responsible for the entire train, the on-board crew and the passengers. Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor-in-chief. Besides the safety tasks, conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train's air brakes, and sometimes they have to lead the shunting, mostly when the trains are switching lines. Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. During the day they use a disc (which is white and has a green border) to give the ready signal to the train driver.

text: After sunset they give signals with flashlights. Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal. Conductors, along with train drivers, are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule. There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary. No passenger trains may depart without one, as only they have the right to give the departure signal.

text: Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief. If there is more than one conductor on a train, then the signal procedure is as follows:

text: After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived, the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal. If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver.

text: As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers. They also sell tickets on the trains; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine. However, if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they didn't have an option to buy a ticket, they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine.

text: Railway guards in Asia[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: In India guards are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger-carrying train is allowed to move without a guard. The passenger train guard, generally called a mail guard, is completely responsible for the train, its schedule, and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot. These guards wear a specific uniform (generally white).

text: During the day, the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart, and the red flag to stop, assisted by two-way radios. After sunset, the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags. A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot, the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train. After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel, the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van. In an emergency, the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop, and may directly apply brakes to stop the train. The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard, as the guard is in charge of the train.

text: Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers cannot carry in coaches. Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the guard's supervision, and he is responsible for their proper loading and unloading.

text: Keeping the passenger train on schedule is an important guard function. Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings, along with other important items, all in a medium-sized duty box (generally painted red). The name, designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box. A designated passenger train, halting at all stations, carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard's brake van, where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager (earlier called the station master). Since the late 1990s, all guards are provided with two-way radios so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot, and other trains if required. The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags.

text: Tram (streetcar) conductor[edit]

text: Many antique or heritage trams (streetcars), which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century, were designed for operation by a crew of two or more. The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places. The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary, changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers' needs.

text: Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and Light Rail systems. In recent years a number of modern tram or Light Rail systems have introduced (or re-introduced) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care, supervision and security functions, even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed.

text: In Britain, The Midland Metro and Sheffield Supertram modern Light Rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability. Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors. Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops.

text: Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor:

text:
takes place while entering, the vehicle cannot leave until this is (almost) finished
takes place after entering an entrance lobby, while the vehicle already moves, after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car
the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them

text: Modern mass transit systems which operate with conductors on trams include:-

text:
System
Location

Glenelg Tram
Adelaide, Australia

GVB Amsterdam
Amsterdam, Netherlands

Midland Metro
Birmingham/Wolverhampton, United Kingdom

Blackpool tramway
Blackpool, United Kingdom - on pre-World War II vehicles

Nottingham Express Transit
Nottingham, United Kingdom

RET
Rotterdam, Netherlands

Sheffield Supertram
Sheffield, United Kingdom

Sydney Light Rail
Sydney, Australia


document_title: I Am Number Four

question_text: what is the main character's name in i am number four

question_tokens: what is the main character 's name in i am number four

text: I Am Number Four

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text: A prelude of the killing of one of the Garde children—No. 3—by Mogadorians. This story is about a 15-year-old boy named John Smith. He has been on the run from the age of 4, and he is from a planet called Lorien.

text: Most of the book is told in the first person by Number Four, who takes the name John Smith. As the story begins, he and his guardian or Cepân, Henri, learn of the death of Number Three and move to Paradise, Ohio, assuming new identities aka John Smith. There, John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and "adopts" a dog identified by its name tag as "Bernie Kosar". He also meets and is attracted to a fellow student, Sarah Hart, who is working as a photographer. Sarah's ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James, is a bully who torments both John and Sam.

text: During the Halloween festival Sam mentions that he knows about Mogadorians from a magazine, They Walk Among Us, a revelation that alarms both John and Henri.[4] Mark and his friends organize a nasty surprise during the haunted hayride: Sarah, John and Sam are left stranded in the woods, where Mark plans to beat John up. John uses his "legacies", which are akin to superpowers, to fend off his attackers and rescues Sarah. In the darkness Sarah does not see John use his legacies, and he emphatically warns Mark not to talk (or to let his friends talk) about what happened and that he will punish Mark severely if Mark or any of his friends talk.

text: Sarah and John's relationship develops. Henri continues training John to use his legacies, now with an increasing sense of urgency. Henri is unsettled, and tells John that it is not safe to stay. He is also concerned as John is late in developing his telekinesis, a power that he will need to fight the Mogadorians. Later, it is revealed that Sam has seen enough to arouse his suspicions, but John allays them by bluffingly 'admitting' to being an alien. He finds out more about the magazine Sam reads by borrowing a copy. Sam speaks of his belief that his father has been abducted by aliens.

text: Henri discovers where the magazine is printed, and drives the two-hour car trip to Athens, Ohio, to find out more. John attends a Thanksgiving dinner with Sarah's family, but worries about Henri, who does not answer text messages. In his agitated state, John's telekinetic power manifests, though uncontrolled, and he leaves. He calls Sam for help, and they take Sam's father's long-unused truck and head for Athens, where they succeed in rescuing Henri. During the rescue, Sam is made fully aware of John's and Henri's alien secret, and John's legacies develop significantly. On their return, Henri insists they leave Paradise. John refuses, using his new found powers to express his adamance, and Henri relents.

text: A few months pass, during which John trains in the use of his legacies. Henri gradually relaxes as John becomes more adept. At a party at Mark's house, a major fire breaks out, trapping Sarah, so John uses his powers to rescue her. He then reveals his secret to Sarah, and they lie to the police and a reporter about what happened. Later on, John also lies to Henri, in order not to reveal how much he has told Sarah.

text: But John's lies are revealed when a video is released on YouTube. Henri is furious, and demands they leave immediately. John again uses his powers to stop him, and desperately races to the school, knowing that Sarah is in danger. He finds Sarah, but the Mogadorians have already arrived. The Mogadorians have brought an enormous beast called Piken, and smaller, but still deadly, creatures called Krauls. These creatures are sent to track and kill the Loric. John and Sarah are joined by Number Six (who has been looking for them since Three's death) and later by Henri, Mark, and Bernie Kosar ("the dog"). John sends Mark off, exhorting him to protect Sarah. A furious battle ensues, during which Six exhibits powers of invisibility and control of the weather, and Bernie Kosar is revealed to be a Chimæra. Sam arrives partway through the battle.

text: John kills a soldier, Bernie Kosar battles a Piken, and at key moments John is helped by his human friends, but in the end they are depleted and weakened by numbers and power. Six is wounded and taken to relative safety. John uses an ability he was barely aware of to communicate with a beast brought by the Mogadorians and to turn it against them. Henri is killed, but before dying exhorts John to read a letter he left for him. John survives, though he is very weak, and the Mogadorians are defeated.

text: Promising to return for Sarah, John leaves Paradise, along with Number Six, Sam, and Bernie Kosar.

text: Reception[edit]

text: I Am Number Four has received mixed reviews. Kirkus Reviews wrote, "If it were a Golden Age comic, this tale of ridiculous science, space dogs and humanoid aliens with flashlights in their hands might not be bad."[5] The Chicago Tribune said, “There’s genuine suspense…it’s easy to get lost in the world of the sweet teen from another planet.” Booklist reviewed it as, “Terrifically propulsive.”[6] Publishers Weekly wrote, "For those looking for an undemanding, popcorn-ready read, this "guy—okay, alien—gets the girl and saves the world" adventure should do the trick."[7] School Library Journal wrote, "With its interesting premises and a fast-pace telling, the story will grab readers who are willing to suspend quite a bit of disbelief. Others, who like their science fiction with a bit more science and internal logic, will have to search elsewhere." The Horn Book reviewed it as, "Riveting."[6] It was on the number one spot of the New York Times Best Sellers List for 7 weeks and was on it for a total of 17 weeks.


document_title: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

question_text: what is the world cup anthem for 2018

question_tokens: what is the world cup anthem for 2018

text: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

text: Anthems and Songs[edit]

text:
World Cup

Country

Title

Language

Performer(s)

Writer(s) & Producer(s)

Official Audio(s)&Video(s)

Live Performance

 1962
 Chile
"El Rock del Mundial"
Spanish
Los Ramblers
Jorge Rojas Astorga
Audio

 1966
 England
"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)"
English
Lonnie Donegan

Audio

 1970
 Mexico
"Fútbol México 70"
Spanish
Los Hermanos Zavala
Roberto do Nascimento
Audio

 1974
 Germany
"Futbol"
Polish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish
Maryla Rodowicz
Jonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz
Audio

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

 1978
 Argentina
"El Mundial"

Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony
Ennio Morricone
Audio

 1982
 Spain
"Mundial '82"
Spanish

Plácido Domingo
Audio

 1986
 Mexico
"A Special Kind of Hero"[3]
English
Stephanie Lawrence
Rick Wakeman
1986 World Cup Official Film

"Hot Hot Hot"[4]
English
Arrow
Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]
Music Video

"El mundo unido por un balón" (Official Song)
Spanish
Juan Carlos Abara
Spanish
Audio

 1990
 Italy
"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)"
Italian, English
Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)
Edoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock
Official Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (English)

 1994
 United States
"Gloryland"
English
Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness
Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey
Official Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"We Are the Champions"
English
Queen

Official Music Video
Official Lyric Video

 1998
 France
"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)" (Official Anthem)
French, English
Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red

Official Music Video

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Ricky Martin
Desmond Child and Robi Rosa
Official Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)

"Carnaval de Paris"

Dario G
Dario G
Official Music Video

"Together Now"
English, Spanish
Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro
Jean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin

Official Music Video

 2002
 South Korea   Japan(Jointly Hosted)
"Anthem" (Official Anthem)

Vangelis
Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino
Music VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)

"Boom" (Official Song)
English
Anastacia
Anastacia, Glen Ballard
Official Music Video

"Let's Get Together Now" (Official Local Song)
Japanese, Korean
Voices of KOREA/JAPAN

Live Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Vamos Al Mundial" (Univision Version)
Spanish
Jennifer Peña
Claudia Garcia
Official Music Video

 2006
 Germany
"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)" (Official Anthem)
German, French, BambaraEnglish
Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam
Herbert Grönemeyer
Official Music Video

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"The Time of Our Lives" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton
Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac
Official Music Video

"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)"
English, Spanish
Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean
Jerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker
Official Music Video

Love Generation (song)

English

Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine

Duane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak

Official Music Video

"Arriba, Arriba"
Spanish
Ana Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero

Music Video

 2010
 South Africa
"Sign of a Victory" (Official Anthem)
English
R. Kelly featuring  Soweto Spiritual Singers
R. Kelly
Official Music Video

"Waka Waka" (Official Song)
English, Spanish, Fang
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
Shakira, Freshlyground
Official Music Video

Live Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Wavin' Flag" (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)
English
K'Naan
K'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Spanish Celebration Mix)

English, Spanish

K'Naan, David Bisbal

Official Music Video

 2014
 Brazil
"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)" (Official Anthem)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Carlos Santana featuring  Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires
Alexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean
Official Music Video

"We Are One (Ole Ola)" (Official Song)[6]
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte
Jennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat
Official Music Video

"Tatu Bom de Bola" (Official Mascot Song)
Portuguese
Arlindo Cruz
Arlindo Cruz
Official Music Video

"La La La (Brasil 2014)"
English , Portuguese, Spanish
Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown
Shakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.
Official Music Video

"Magic in the Air"
French
Magic System and Chawki
Magic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki
Official Music Video

"Adrenalina" (Univision version)
Spanish
Wisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO
Juan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz
Official Music Video

"Time of Our Lives" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)
Arabic, French, English
Ahmed Chawki
RedOne
Official Music Video

"The World Is Ours"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)

English

David Correy, Monobloco

Official Music Video

"La Copa de Todos" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)

Spanish, English

David Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco

Official Music Video

 2018
 Russia
"Live It Up" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi
Nicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi
Diplo

Official Audio
Official Music Video

"Komanda 2018" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]

Russian
Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash

DJ Smash

Official Music Video

"Colors" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)
English,
Spanish, Urdu

Jason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch
Jason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz
Sermstyle, ISM

Official Music Video
Official Spanish Music Video
Official Pakistani Music Video
Official Swahili Music Video

"Positivo" (Telemundo Version)
Spanish
J Balvin and Michael Brun
J Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo

Official PromoOfficial Music Video

"United by Love"[9][10][11][12][13][14]
English, Russian, Spanish
Natalia Oreiro
Ettore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba
Official Lyrics Video
Official Music Video

text: Official albums[edit]

text:
1994 – Gloryland World Cup USA 94
1998 – Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Ole!
2002 – The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup
2006 – Voices from the FIFA World Cup
2010 – Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album
2014 – One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album