document_title: List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes

question_text: what does the prefix re mean in medical terminology

text: Prefixes and suffixes[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meanings, origin, and English examples.

text: A[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

a-, an-
not, without
Ancient Greek ἀ-/ἀν- (a-/an-), not, without
analgesic, apathy

ab-
from; away from
Latin
abduction

abdomin-
Of or relating to the abdomen
Latin abdōmen, abdomen, fat around the belly
abdomen, abdominal

-ac
pertaining to
Greek -ακός (-akos)
cardiac, hydrophobiac

acanth-
thorn or spine
Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha), thorn
acanthion, acanthocyte, acanthoma, acanthulus

acou-[1]
Of or relating to hearing
Greek ἀκούειν (akoúein), ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing
acoumeter, acoustician, hyperacusis

acr-
extremity, topmost
Greek ἄκρον (akron), highest or farthest point
acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia

-acusis
hearing
Greek ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing
paracusis

-ad
toward, in the direction of

dorsad

ad-
at, increase, on, toward
Latin
adduction

aden-
Of or relating to a gland
Ancient Greek ἀδήν, ἀδέν- (adēn, aden-), an acorn; a gland
adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus

adip-
Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue
Latin (adeps, adip-), fat
Adipocyte

adren-
Of or relating to adrenal glands
Latin
adrenal artery

-emia (BrE)
blood condition
Greek ἀναιμία, without blood
Anemia

aer(o)-
air, gas
Greek ἀήρ, ἀέρος
Aerosinusitis

aesthesi- (BrE)
sensation
Greek αἴσθησις
Anesthesia

-al
pertaining to
Latin -alis
abdominal, femoral

alb-
Denoting a white or pale color
Latin albus, white
Albino

alge(si)-
pain
Greek ἄλγος
Analgesic

-algia, alg(i)o-
pain
Greek
Myalgia

all-
Denoting something as different, or as an addition
Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos), another, other
Alloantigen, allopathy

ambi-
Denoting something as positioned on both sides; describing both of two
Latin (ambi-, ambo), both, on both sides
Ambidextrous

amni-
Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion)
Greek ἄμνιον
Amniocentesis

amph(i)-,
on both sides
Greek ἀμφί (amphi)
Amphicrania, amphismela, amphomycin

amylo-
starchy, carbohydrate-related
Latin amylum (starch)
Amylase, amylophagia

an-
not, without
Greek
Analgesia

ana-
back, again, up
Greek
Anaplasia

an-
anus
Latin
anal

andr-
pertaining to a man
Greek ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ-
Android, andrology, androgen

angi-
blood vessel
Greek ἀγγεῖον
angiogram, angioplasty

aniso-
Describing something as unequal
Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος (anīsos), unequal
Anisocytosis, anisotropic

ankyl-, ancyl-
Denoting something as crooked or bent
Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankýlos), crooked, curved
Ankylosis

ante-
Describing something as positioned in front of another thing
Latin (āntē), before, in front of
antepartum

anti-
Describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another
Ancient Greek αντι (anti), against
Antibody, antipsychotic

apo-
away, separated from, derived from
Ancient Greek ἀπό
Apoptosis

arch-
first, primitive
Ancient Greek
archinephron

arsen(o)-
Of or pertaining to a male; masculine
Greek (arsein)
arsenoblast

arteri(o)-
Of or pertaining to an artery
Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία (artēría), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein)
Arteriole, artery

arthr-
Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs
Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron), a joint, limb
Arthritis

articul-
joint
Latin articulus
Articulation

-ary
pertaining to
Latin -arius
biliary tract, coronary

-ase
enzyme
Greek διάστασις, division
Lactase

-asthenia
weakness
Greek, ἀσθένεια
Myasthenia gravis

atel(o)-
imperfect or incomplete development

atelocardia

ather-
fatty deposit, soft gruel-like deposit
ἀθάρη (athárē)
Atherosclerosis

-ation
process
Latin
medication

atri-
an atrium (esp. heart atrium)
Latin
atrioventricular

aur-
Of or pertaining to the ear
Latin (auris), the ear
Aural

aut-
self
Greek αὐτο-
Autoimmune

aux(o)-
increase; growth

Auxocardia: enlargement of the heart, auxology

axill-
Of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix)
Latin (axilla), armpit
Axilla

azo(to)-
nitrogenous compound

azothermia: raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood

text: B[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

bacteri-
Pertaining to bacteria
Latin ("bacterium"); Greek βακτήριον ("baktḗrion"), “small staff”
bacteriophage, bactericide

balan-
Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis
Greek βάλανος (bálanos), acorn, glans
balanitis

bas-
Of or pertaining to base
Greek βάσις (básis), "foundation", "base"
basolateral

bi-
twice, double
Latin
Binary

bio-
life
Ancient Greek βίος (bíos)
Biology

blast-
germ or bud
Greek βλαστός (blastós)
Blastomere

blephar(o)-
Of or pertaining to the eyelid
Ancient Greek βλέφαρον (blépharon), eyelid
Blepharoplasty

brachi(o)-
Of or relating to the arm
Latin (bracchium), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brachiōn), arm
Brachium of inferior colliculus

brachy-
Indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little'
Ancient Greek βραχύς (brachys), short, little, shallow
brachycephalic

brady-
'slow'
Ancient Greek βραδύς (bradys), slow
Bradycardia

bronch(i)-
of or relating to the bronchus
Latin (bronchus); Ancient Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos), windpipe
Bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans

bucc(o)-
Of or pertaining to the cheek
Latin (bucca), cheek
Buccolabial

burs(o)-
bursa (fluid sac between the bones)
Latin (bursa), purse; Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa), hide, wine-skin
Bursa, bursitis

text: C[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

capill-
Of or pertaining to hair
Latin (capillus), hair
Capillus

capit-
Pertaining to the head (as a whole)
Latin (caput, capit-), the head
capitation

carcin-
cancer
Greek καρκίνος (karkinos), crab
carcinoma

cardi-
Of or pertaining to the heart
Ancient Greek καρδία (kardía), heart
cardiology

carp-
Of or pertaining to the wrist
Latin (carpus) < Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós), wrist; NOTE: This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit.
carpopedal spasm

cata-
down, under
Greek κατά (kata)
Cataract, catabolism

-cele
pouching, hernia
Ancient Greek κήλη (kēlē)
Hydrocele, Varicocele

-centesis
surgical puncture for aspiration
Ancient Greek κέντησις (kentēsis)
amniocentesis

cephal(o)-
Of or pertaining to the head (as a whole)
Ancient Greek κεφαλή (képhalē), the head
cephalalgy, hydrocephalus

cerat(o)-
Of or pertaining to the cornu; a horn
Ancient Greek κέρας, κερατ- (kéras, kerat-), a horn
Ceratoid

cerebell(o)-
Of or pertaining to the cerebellum
Latin (cerebellum), little brain
Cerebellum

cerebr-
Of or pertaining to the brain
Latin (cerebrum), brain
Cerebrology

cervic-
Of or pertaining to the neck, the cervix
Latin (cervix, cervīc-), neck, cervix
cervicodorsal

cheil-
Of or pertaining to the lips
Latin (cheilitis)
angular cheilitis

chem-
chemistry, drug
Greek χημεία
chemotherapy

chir-, cheir-
Of or pertaining to the hand
Ancient Greek χείρ, χειρο- (cheir, cheiro-), hand
chiropractor

chlor-
Denoting a green color
Ancient Greek χλωρός (chlōros), green, yellow-green
chlorophyll

chol(e)-
Of or pertaining to bile
Ancient Greek χολή (cholē), bile
Cholaemia (UK)/ Cholemia (US), Cholecystitis

cholecyst(o)-
Of or pertaining to the gallbladder
Ancient Greek χοληκύστις (cholēkýstis), gallbladder < χολή (cholē), bile, gall + κύστις (kýstis), bladder
Cholecystectomy

chondr(i)o-
cartilage, gristle, granule, granular
Ancient Greek χονδρός (chondros)
Chondrocalcinosis

chrom(ato)-
color
Ancient Greek χρῶμα (chrōma)
Hemochromatosis

-cidal, -cide
killing, destroying
Latin
bacteriocidal

cili-
Of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids
Latin (cilium), eyelash; eyelid
Ciliary

circum-
Denoting something as 'around' another
Latin (circum), around
circumcision

cis-
on this side
Latin cis
cisgender

clast
break
Greek κλαστός "broken"
osteoclast

clostr-
spindle
Greek κλωστήρ (klōstēr)
Clostridium

co-
with, together, in association
Latin
coenzymes

col-, colo-, colono-
colon
κόλον (kólon)
Colonoscopy

colp(o)-
Of or pertaining to the vagina
Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos), bosom, womb; hollow, depth
Colposcopy

com-
with, together
Latin cum

contra
against
Latin
Contraindicate

cor-
with, together
Latin
corrective

cor-
Of or pertaining to eye's pupil
Ancient Greek κόρη (kórē), girl, doll; pupil of the eye
Corectomy

cord-
Of or pertaining to the heart (uncommon as a prefix)
Latin (cor, cordi-), "heart"
Commotio cordis

cornu-
Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns
Latin cornū, "horn"
Greater cornu

coron(o)-
pertaining to heart
Latin corōna
coronary heart disease

cortic(o)
Cortex, or outer region
Latin cortex, "Bark of a tree"
Corticosteriod

cost-
Of or pertaining to the ribs
Latin (costa), "rib"
Costochondral

cox-
Of or relating to the hip, haunch, or hip-joint
Latin (coxa), hip
Coxopodite

crani(o)-
Belonging or relating to the cranium
Latin (cranium) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krānion), the cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain
Craniology

-crine, crin(o)
to secrete
εκκρίνει ecrine
Endocrine

cry(o)-
cold
Greek κρύος
Cryoablation

cutane-
skin
Latin cutis
Subcutaneous

cyan(o)-
Denotes a blue color
Ancient Greek κύανος, κυάνεος (kýanos, kyáneos), blue
Cyanopsia

cycl-
circle, cycle
Greek κύκλος (kuklos)
Cyclosis

cyph(o)-
Denotes something as bent (uncommon as a prefix)
Ancient Greek κυφός (kȳphós), bent, hunchback
Cyphosis

cyst(o)-, cyst(i)-
Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder
Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις (kýstis); bladder, cyst
Cystotomy

cyt(o)-, -cyte
cell
Greek κύτος
Cytokine, leukocyte

text: D[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

dacry(o)-
Of or pertaining to tears
Greek δάκρυ, tear
Dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis

-dactyl(o)-
Of or pertaining to a finger, toe
Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktylos), finger, toe
dactylology, polydactyly

de-
from, down, or away from
Latin de-
dehydrate

dent-
Of or pertaining to teeth
Latin (dens, dentis), tooth
Dentist

dermat(o)-, derm(o)-
Of or pertaining to the skin
Ancient Greek δέρμα, δέρματος (dérma, dérmat-), skin, human skin
Dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma

-desis
binding
Greek δέσις (désis)
arthrodesis

dextr(o)-
right, on the right side
Latin dexter
Dextrocardia

di-
two
Greek δι-
Diplopia

di-
apart, separation
Latin
dilation, distal

dia-
through, during, across
Ancient Greek διά (diá), through, during, across
dialysis

dif-
apart, separation
Latin
different

digit-
Of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root]
Latin (digitus), finger, toe
Digit

diplo-
twofold
Greek διπλόος (diplóos)
diploid, diplosis

-dipsia
suffix meaning "(condition of) thirst"'
Greek δίψα (dípsa)
dipsomania, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia, polydipsia

dis-
separation, taking apart
Latin dis-
Dissection

dors(o)-, dors(i)-
Of or pertaining to the back
Latin (dorsum), back
dorsal, dorsocephalad

dromo-
running, conduction, course
Greek δρόμος (drómos)
Dromotropic, syndrome

duodeno-
duodenum, twelve: upper part of the small intestine (twelve inches long on average), connects to the stomach
Latin duodeni
Duodenal atresia

dynam(o)-
force, energy, power
Greek δύναμις (dúnamis)
Hand strength dynamometer

-dynia
pain

Vulvodynia

dys-
bad, difficult, defective, abnormal
Greek δυσ- (dus-)
dysentery, dysphagia, dysphasia

text: E[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

-eal
pertaining to
Latin
adenohypophyseal, corneal, esophageal, perineal

ec-
out, away
Greek ἐκ- (ek-)
Ectopia, ectopic pregnancy

ect(o)-
outer, outside
Greek ἐκτός (ektós)
Ectoblast, ectoderm

-ectasia, -ectasis
expansion, dilation
Ancient Greek ἔκτασις (éktasis)
Bronchiectasis, telangiectasia

-ectomy
Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part. Resection, excision
Ancient Greek ἐκτομή (ektomḗ), excision
Mastectomy

-emesis
vomiting condition
Greek ἕμεσις (émesis)
Hematemesis

-emia
blood condition (Am Engl)
Ancient Greek αἷμα, blood
Anemia

encephal(o)-
Of or pertaining to the brain. Also see Cerebro.
Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos), the brain
Encephalogram

endo-
Denotes something as 'inside' or 'within'
ἐνδο- (endo-), inside, internal
Endocrinology, endospore

eosin(o)-
Red
Ancient Greek Eos, the Greek word for 'dawn' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn.
Eosinophil granulocyte

enter(o)-
Of or pertaining to the intestine
Ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron), intestine
Gastroenterology

epi-
on, upon
Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), before, upon, on, outside, outside of
Epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis

episi(o)-
Of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins
Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον- (epísion), the pubic area, loins; vulva
Episiotomy

erythr(o)-
Denotes a red color
Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (erythrós), red
Erythrocyte

-esophageal, -esophago-
gullet (AmE)
Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos)
Esophagus

esthesio-
sensation (AmE)
Greek αἴσθησις (aisthēsis)
Esthesioneuroblastoma, esthesia

eu-
true, good, well, new
εὖ (eû)
Eukaryote

ex-
out of, away from
Latin
Excision

exo-
Denotes something as 'outside' another
Ancient Greek ἐξω- (exo-), outside of, external
Exophthalmos, exoskeleton

extra-
outside
Latin
Extradural hematoma

text: F[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

faci-
Of or pertaining to the face
Latin faciēs, the face, countenance
Facioplegic

fibr-
fiber
Latin fibra, fiber, filament, entrails[2]
fibril, fibrin, fibrinous pericarditis, fibroblast

fil-
fine, hair-like
Latin (filum), thread
Filament, filum terminale

foramen
hole, opening, or aperature, particularly in bone
Latin
Foramen magnum

-form
Used to form adjectives indicating 'having the form of'
Latin (forma), form, shape
cruciform, cuneiform, falciform

fore-
before or ahead

foregut

fossa
A hollow or depressed area; trench or channel
Latin (fossa), ditch, pit
fossa ovalis

front-
Of or pertaining to the forehead
Latin (frōns, front-), the forehead
frontonasal

text: G[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

galact(o)-
milk
Greek γάλα, γαλακτ-
Galactorrhea
Galaxy

gastr(o)-
Of or pertaining to the stomach
Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastēr), γαστρ-, stomach, belly
Gastric bypass

-gen
(1) Denotes the sense 'born in, from' (2) Denotes the sense 'of a certain kind'
Ancient Greek -γενής (-genēs), from γεν-νάειν (gen-náein), to be born
(1) Endogen; (2) Heterogenous

-genic
Formative, pertaining to producing
Greek
Cardiogenic shock

genu-
Of or pertaining to the knee
Latin (genū), knee
Genu valgum

-geusia
Taste
Ancient Greek γεῦσις (geusis)
Ageusia, dysgeusia, hypergeusia, hypogeusia, parageusia

gingiv-
Of or pertaining to the gums
Latin gingīva, gum
Gingivitis

glauc(o)-
Denoting a grey or bluish-grey colour
Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukos), grey, bluish-grey
Glaucoma

gloss(o)-, glott(o)-
Of or pertaining to the tongue
Ancient Greek γλῶσσα, γλῶττα (glōssa, glōtta), tongue
Glossology

gluco-
sweet
Greek γλυκός, sweet
Glucocorticoid

glyc(o)-
sugar
Ancient Greek
Glycolysis

gnath(o)-
Of or pertaining to the jaw
Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos), jaw
Gnathodynamometer

-gnosis
knowledge
Greek
diagnosis, prognosis

gon(o)-
seed, semen; also, reproductive
Ancient Greek γόνος
Gonorrhea

-gram, -gramme
record or picture
Greek γράμμα (gramma)
Angiogram

-graph
instrument used to record data or picture
Ancient Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation
Electrocardiograph

-graphy
process of recording
Ancient Greek
Angiography

gyno-, gynaeco- (BrE), gyneco- (AmE)
woman
Greek γυνή, γυναικ-
Gynecomastia

text: H[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

halluc-
to wander in mind
Classical Latin to wander in mind
Hallucinosis

hemat-, haemato- (haem-, hem-)
Of or pertaining to blood
Latin (hæma) < Ancient Greek αἵμα, αἱματ- (haima, haimat-), blood
Hematology, older form Haematology

hema- or hemo-
blood (AmE)
Greek
Hemal, Hemoglobin

hemangi or hemangio-
blood vessels

Hemangioma

hemi-
one-half
Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-), "half"
Cerebral hemisphere

hepat- (hepatic-)
Of or pertaining to the liver
Ancient Greek ἥπαρ, ἡπατο- (hēpar, hēpato-), the liver
Hepatology, Hepatitis

heter(o)-
Denotes something as 'the other' (of two), as an addition, or different
Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros), the other (of two), another; different
Heterogeneous

hidr(o)-
sweat
Greek ἱδρωτ-
Hyperhidrosis

hist(o)-, histio-
tissue
Greek ἱστός
Histology

home(o)-
similar
Ancient Greek ὅμοιος (homoios)
Homeopathy

hom(o)-
Denotes something as 'the same' as another or common
Ancient Greek ὁμο- (homo-), the same, common
Homosexuality

humer(o)-
Of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm)
Latin (umerus), shoulder
Humerus

hydr(o)-
water
Greek ὕδωρ
Hydrophobe

hyper-
Denotes something as 'extreme' or 'beyond normal'
Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hyper), over, above; beyond, to the extreme
Hypertension

hyp(o)-
Denotes something as 'below normal'
Ancient Greek ὑπ(ο)- (hypo-), below, under
Hypovolemia,

hyster(o)-
Of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus
Ancient Greek ὑστέρα (hystéra), womb
Hysterectomy, Hysteria

text: I[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

-i-asis
condition, formation, or presence of
Greek -ίασις
Mydriasis

iatr(o)-
Of or pertaining to medicine, or a physician (uncommon as a prefix; common as a suffix, see -iatry)
Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός (iātrós), healer, physician
Iatrochemistry

-iatry
Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component
Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός (iātrós), healer, physician
Podiatry, psychiatry

-ic
pertaining to
Greek -ικός (-ikos)
Hepatic artery

-icle
small
Latin
Ovarian follicle

-ics
organized knowledge, treatment
Latin -ica < Greek < -ικά
Obstetrics

idio-
self, one's own
Greek ἴδιος, idios, "one's own"
Idiopathic

ileo-
ileum
Greek ἰλεός
Ileocecal valve

infra-
below
Latin
Infrahyoid muscles

inter-
between, among
Latin
Interarticular ligament

intra-
within
Latin
intramural

ipsi-
same
Latin
Ipsilateral

irid(o)-
iris
Greek ἴρις
Iridectomy

isch-
restriction
Greek ἴσχω
Ischemia

ischio-
Of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip-joint
Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν (ischión), hip-joint, ischium
Ischioanal fossa

-ism
condition, disease

Dwarfism

-ismus
spasm, contraction
Greek -ισμός
Hemiballismus

iso-
Denoting something as being 'equal'
Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos), equal
Isotonic

-ist
one who specializes in
Greek -ιστής (-istes)
Pathologist

-ite
the nature of, resembling
Greek -ίτης
Hermaphrodite

-itis
inflammation

Tonsillitis

-ium
structure, tissue

pericardium

text: J[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

juxta (iuxta)
Near to, alongside or next to
Latin
Juxtaglomerular apparatus

text: K[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

kal-
potassium

hyperkalemia

kary-[3]
nucleus
Greek κάρυον (káruon), "nut"
eukaryote

kerat-[4]
cornea (eye or skin)
Greek κέρας (kéras), "horn"
keratoscope

kine-[5]
movement
Greek κινέω
akinetopsia, kinesthesia

koil-[6]
hollow
Greek κοῖλος (koîlos)
koilocyte

kyph-[7]
humped
Greek κυφός (kuphós)
kyphoscoliosis

text: L[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

labi-
Of or pertaining to the lip
Latin (labium), lip
labiodental

lacrim(o)-
tear
Latin
Lacrimal canaliculi

lact(i)-, lact(o)
milk
Latin
Lactation

lapar(o)-
Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall, flank
Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ (lapárā), flank
Laparotomy

laryng(o)-
Of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is
Ancient Greek λάρυγξ, λαρυγγ- (lárynx, laryng-), throat, gullet
Larynx

latero-
lateral
Latin
Lateral pectoral nerve

lei(o)-
smooth
Greek λεῖος
Leiomyoma

-lepsis, -lepsy
attack, seizure
Greek λῆψις
Epilepsy, narcolepsy

lept(o)-
light, slender
Greek λεπτός (leptos)
Leptomeningeal

leuc(o)-, leuk(o)-
Denoting a white color
Ancient Greek λευκός (leukos), white, bright
Leukocyte

lingu(a)-, lingu(o)-
Of or pertaining to the tongue
Latin (lingua), tongue
Linguistics

lip(o)-
fat
Greek λίπος (lipos)
Liposuction

liss(os)-
smooth
Greek Λισσός (lissos)
Lissencephaly

lith(o)-
stone, calculus
Greek λίθος (lithos)
Lithotripsy

log(o)-
speech
Greek λόγος (logos)
dialog, catalog, logos

-logist
Denotes someone who studies a certain field (the field of _____-logy); a specialist; one who treats
Ancient Greek λογιστής (logistēs), studier, practitioner
Oncologist, pathologist

-logy
Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field; the study of
Ancient Greek λόγoς (logos) study
hematology, urology

lumb(o)-, lumb(a)-
Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis.
Latin (lumbus or lumbaris) loin
Lumbar vertebrae

lymph(o)-
lymph
Latin lympha - water
Lymphedema

lys(o)-, -lytic
dissolution
Greek
Lysosome

-lysis
Destruction, separation
Greek λύσις
Paralysis

text: M[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

macr(o)-
large, long
Greek μακρός
Macrophage

-malacia
softening
Greek μαλακία
Osteomalacia

mamm(o)-
Of or pertaining to the breast
Latin (mamma), breast; udder
Mammogram

mammill(o)-
Of or pertaining to the nipple
Latin mammilla, nipple
Mammillaplasty, Mammillitis

manu-
Of or pertaining to the hand
Latin (manus), hand
Manufacture

mast(o)-
Of or pertaining to the breast
Ancient Greek μαστός (mastós), breast, women's breast; man's pectoral muscle
Mastectomy

meg(a)-, megal(o)-, -megaly
enlargement, million
Greek μέγας
Splenomegaly, Megameter

melan(o)-
black color
Ancient Greek μέλας, μελανο- (melas, melano-), black; dark
Melanin

melos
extremity
Ancient Greek μέλος
Erythromelalgia

mening(o)-
membrane
Greek μῆνιγξ, μηνιγγ-
Meningitis

men-
month, menstrual cycle
Ancient Greek μήν (mḗn), month
Menopause, Menorrhagia

mer-
part
Greek μέρος (meros), part
Merocrine, Meroblastic

mes-
middle
Ancient Greek μέσος (mesos), "middle"
Mesoderm

met, meta-
after, beside, beyond or change
Greek μετά
Metacarpal, Metacarpus, Metacromion, Metanephros, Metatheria

-meter
instrument used to measure or count
Greek μέτρον
Sphygmomanometer

-metry
process of measuring
Greek -μετρία
Optometry

metr-
Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus
Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ (mētrā), womb, uterus
Metrorrhagia

micr-
denoting something as small, or relating to smallness, millionth
Ancient Greek μικρός (mikros), small
Microscope

milli-
thousandth
Latin mille, thousand
Milliliter

mon-
single
Greek μονός (monos)
Infectious Mononucleosis

morph-
form, shape
Greek μορφή (morphē)
Morphology

muscul(o)-
muscle
Latin
Musculoskeletal system

my(o)-
Of or relating to muscle
Ancient Greek μῦς, μυ- (mys, my-), muscle; mouse; mussel
Myoblast

myc(o)-
fungus
Greek μύκης, μυκητ-
Onychomycosis

myel(o)-
Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord
Ancient Greek μυελόν (myelon), marrow; bone-marrow
Myeloblast

myl(o)-
Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw
Greek (myle)
Mylohyoid nerve

myri-
ten thousand
Ancient Greek μύριοι (mýrioi), myriad
Myriad

myring(o)-
eardrum
Latin myringa
Myringotomy

myx(o)-
mucus
Greek μύξα
Myxoma

text: N[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

narc(o)-
numb, sleep
Greek νάρκη
narcolepsy

nas(o)-
Of or pertaining to the nose
Latin (nāsum), nose
nasal

necr(o)-
death
Greek νεκρός
Necrosis, necrotizing fasciitis

neo-
new
Greek νέος
Neoplasm

nephr(o)-
Of or pertaining to the kidney
Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós), kidney
Nephrology

nerv-
Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system [Uncommon as a root: neuro- mostly always used]
Latin (nervus), tendon; nerve; Cognate with the Greek νευρον (neuron) (see below)
Nerve, nervous system

neur(i)-, neur(o)-
Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system
Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neuron), tendon, sinew; nerve
Neurofibromatosis

noci-
pain, injury, hurt
Latin (noceo)
Nociception

normo-
normal
Latin
Normocapnia

text: O[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

ocul(o)-
Of or pertaining to the eye
Latin (oculus), the eye
Oculist

odont(o)-
Of or pertaining to teeth
Ancient Greek ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- (odoús, odont-), tooth
orthodontist

odyn(o)-
pain
Greek ὀδύνη
stomatodynia

-oesophageal, oesophago- (BrE)
gullet
Greek οἰσοφάγος
oesophagus

-oid
resemblance to
Greek -οειδής
Sarcoidosis

ole
small or little
Latin

olig(o)-
Denoting something as 'having little, having few'
Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (oligos), few
Oligotrophy

om(o)-
shoulder
Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmos), shoulder
Omoplate

-oma (singular), -omata (plural)
tumor, mass, fluid collection
Greek -ωμα
Sarcoma, teratoma, Mesothelioma

omphal(o)-
Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus
Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós), navel, belly-button
Omphalotomy

onco-
tumor, bulk, volume
Greek ὄγκος
Oncology

-one

hormone

onych(o)-
Of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe)
Ancient Greek ὄνυξ, ὀνυχο- (ónyx, ónycho-), nail; claw; talon
Onychophagy

oo-
Of or pertaining to an (egg), a woman's egg, the ovum
Ancient Greek ᾠόν, ᾠο- (ōón, ōo-), egg, ovum
Oogenesis

oophor(o)-
Of or pertaining to the woman's (ovary)
Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον (ōophóron), ovary, egg-bearing
Oophorectomy

ophthalm(o)-
Of or pertaining to the (eye)
Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), the eye
Ophthalmology

opistho-
back, behind, rear[8]
Greek roots, ὄπισθεν, opisthen meaning "behind"[9][better source needed][10]
Opisthotonus

-opsy
Examination or inspection
Ancient Greek ὄψις (opsis), sight
Biopsy, autopsy

optic(o)-
Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye
Middle French (optique) < Greek ὀπτικός (optikós); ώψ (opsi), vision. Cognate with Latin oculus, relating to the eye
Opticochemical, biopsy

or(o)-
Of or pertaining to the mouth
Latin (ōs, or-), mouth
Oral

-or
one who

doctor

orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-, orch(o)-
testis
Greek ὀρχις (orkhis, orkhi-)
Orchiectomy, orchidectomy

orth(o)-
Denoting something as straight or correct
Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), straight, correct, normal
Orthodontist

-osis
a condition, disease or increase
Greek -ωσις
Harlequin type ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis

osse-
bony
Latin
Osseous

ossi-
bone
Latin
Peripheral ossifying fibroma

ost(e)-, oste(o)-
bone
Greek ὀστέον
Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis

ot(o)-
Of or pertaining to the ear
Ancient Greek οὖς, ὠτ- (ous, ōt-), the ear
Otology

-ous
pertaining to
Latin -osus
porous

ovari(o)-
Of or pertaining to the ovaries
Latin (ōvarium), ovary
Ovariectomy

ovo-, ovi-, ov-
Of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum
Latin (ōvum), egg, ovum
Ovogenesis

oxo-
addition of oxygen
Greek ὀξύς

oxy-
sharp, acid, acute, oxygen
Greek ὀξύς(oxus)
Oxytocin, oxygenated, oxycodone

text: P[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

pachy-
thick
Greek παχύς
pachyderma

palpebr-
Of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root)
Latin (palpebra), eyelid
palpebra

pan-, pant(o)-
Denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'; "all"
Ancient Greek πᾶς, παν- (pas, pan-), all, every
panophobia, panopticon, pancytopenia (deficiency in 'ALL' blood cell types - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)[11]

papill-
Of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast)
Latin (papilla), nipple; diminutive of papula (see below)
papillitis

papul(o)-
Indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling
Latin (papula), pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin
papulation

para-
alongside of
Ancient Greek παρά (para)
paracyesis

-paresis
slight paralysis
Greek πάρεσις
hemiparesis

parvo-
small
Latin parvus
Parvovirus

path(o)-
disease
Greek πάθος
Pathology

-pathy
Denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder
Ancient Greek πάθος (pathos), suffering, accident
sociopathy, neuropathy

pauci-
Few
Latin paucus
Pauci-immune

pector-
breast or chest
Latin pectus
pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony

ped-, -ped-, -pes
Of or pertaining to the foot; -footed
Latin pēs, pēd-, foot
Pedoscope

ped-, pedo-
Of or pertaining to the child
Ancient Greek παιδός, child
pediatrics. pedophilia

pelv(i)-, pelv(o)-
hip bone
Latin
Pelvis

-penia
deficiency
Greek πενία
osteopenia

peo-
Of or pertaining to the penis
Greek πέος (peos)
Peotomy

-pepsia
Denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract.
Ancient Greek πεπτός (peptós) cooked, digested < πέσσω (péssō) I boil, cook; digest
Dyspepsia

per-
through
Latin
percutaneous

peri-
Denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another
Ancient Greek περί (peri), around
Periodontal

-pexy
fixation
Greek πῆξις
Nephropexy

phaco-
lens-shaped
Greek φακός
phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma

-phage, -phagia
Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion
Ancient Greek φαγία (phagía) eating < φαγεῖν (phagein) to eat
Sarcophagia

-phago-
eating, devouring
Greek -φάγος
phagocyte

phagist-
Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word
Ancient Greek φαγιστής (phagistēs) eater; see -phagia
Lotophagi

-phagy
Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word
Ancient Greek φαγία (phagia) eating; see -phagia
hematophagy

phall-
phallus
Greek φαλλός (phallos)
Aphallia

pharmac-
drug, medication
Greek φάρμακον
pharmacology

pharyng-
Of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity
Ancient Greek φάρυγξ, φαρυγγ- (phárynx, pháryng-), throat, windpipe; chasm
pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy

-phil(ia)
attraction for
Greek φιλία
hemophilia

phleb-
Of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein
Ancient Greek φλέψ, φλεβ- (phleps, phlebo-), blood-vessel, vein
phlebography, phlebotomy

-phobia
exaggerated fear, sensitivity, aversion
Greek φόβος
arachnophobia

phon-
sound
Greek φωνή
phonograph, symphony

phos-
Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root phot- below.
Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτ- (phōs, phōt-), light
phosphene

phot-
Of or pertaining to light
Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτ- (phōs, phōt-), light
photopathy

phren-, phrenic-
the mind
Greek φρήν, φρεν-
phrenic nerve, schizophrenia

phyllo-
leaf-like

phyllodes tumour

phyt-
to grow

hydrophyte

pia-
soft

pia mater

piri-
Pear
Latin pirum, pear
Piriformis muscle

-plasia
formation, development
Greek πλάσις
Achondroplasia

-plasty
surgical repair, reconstruction
Greek πλαστός
rhinoplasty

-plegia
paralysis
Greek πληγή
paraplegia

pleio-
more, excessive, multiple
Greek pleion
pleiomorphism

pleur-
Of or pertaining to the ribs
Latin (pleura) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν (pleurón), rib, side of the body
Pleurogenous

-plexy
stroke or seizure
Greek πλῆξις
Cataplexy

pne-, pneum-
air, breath, lung
Ancient Greek πνεῖν (pneîn), πνεῦμα, πνεύματος (pneûma), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)
apnea, pneumatology, pneumonocyte, pneumonia

pod-, -pod-, -pus
Of or pertaining to the foot, -footed
Ancient Greek πούς, ποδ- (poús, pod-), foot
podiatry

-poiesis
production

hematopoiesis

polio-
Denoting a grey color
Ancient Greek πολιός (poliós), "grey"
poliomyelitis

poly-
Denotes a 'plurality' of something
Ancient Greek πολυς (polys), "much, many"
polymyositis

por-
pore, porous
πόρος (póros)
pore

porphyr-
Denotes a purple color
Ancient Greek πορπύρα (porphýra), "purple"
porphyroblast

post-
Denotes something as 'after' or 'behind' another
Latin (post), after, behind
postoperation, postmortem

pre-
Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
Medieval Latin (pre-) < (Classical) Latin (præ), before, in front of
premature birth

presby-
old age
Greek
presbyopia, presbycusis[12]

prim-
Denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'
Latin prīmus, first, most important
primary

pro-
Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
Ancient Greek προ (pro), before, in front of
procephalic

proct-
anus, rectum

proctology

prosop-
face
Greek (prosopon), face, mask
prosopagnosia

prot-
Denotes something as 'first' or 'most important'
Ancient Greek πρωτος (prōtos), first; principal, most important
protoneuron

pseud-
Denotes something false or fake
Ancient Greek
pseudoephedrine

psor-
Itching

psoriasis

psych-
Of or pertaining to the mind
Ancient Greek ψυχή (psyché), breath, life, soul
psychology, psychiatry

pterygo-
Pertaining to a wing
Greek
lateral pterygoid plate

-ptosis
falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse

apoptosis, nephroptosis

-ptysis
spitting
Greek
hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes

pulmon-, pulmo-
Of or relating to the lungs
Latin (pulmo, pulmōn-, usually used in plural), a lung
pulmonary

py-
pus
Greek πύον
pyometra

pyel-
pelvis
Ancient Greek (pyelos)
pyelonephritis

pykno-
to thicken (as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death)
Greek πυκνωνω, to thicken or condense
pyknosis

pylor-
gate
Greek
pyloric sphincter

pyr-
fever
Greek πῦρ, πυρετός
antipyretic

text: Q[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

quadr(i)-
four
Latin
quadriceps

text: R[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

radi-
radiation
Latin
radiowave

radic-
referring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein
Latin (radix) root
radiculopathy

re-
again, back
Latin
relapse

rect-
rectum
Latin
rectal, rectum

ren-
Of or pertaining to the kidney
Latin (rēnes), kidney
renal

reticul(o)-
net
Latin
reticulocyte

retro-
backward, behind
Latin
retroversion, retroverted

rhabd(o)-
rod shaped, striated
Greek ῥάβδος
rhabdomyolysis

rhachi(o)-
spine
Greek ῥάχις
rachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy

rhin(o)-
Of or pertaining to the nose
Ancient Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhīs, rhīno-), nose
rhinoceros, rhinoplasty

rhod(o)-
Denoting a rose-red color
Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), rose
rhodophyte

-rrhage
burst forth
Greek -ρραγία
Hemorrhage

-rrhagia
rapid flow of blood
Greek -ρραγία
menorrhagia

-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
Greek ῥαφή
neurorrhaphy

-rrhea (AmE)
flowing, discharge
Greek -ρροια
Galactorrhea, Diarrhea

-rrhexis
rupture
Greek ῥῆξις
Karyorrhexis

-rrhoea (BrE)
flowing, discharge
Greek -ρροια
diarrhoea

rubr(o)-
Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain
Latin (ruber), red
Rubrospinal

-rupt
Break or burst
Latin
Erupt, Interrupt

text: S[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

salping(o)-
Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes
Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ, σαλπιγγ-, (sálpinx, salpingo-) trumpet (literally)
Salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle

sangui-, sanguine-
Of or pertaining to blood
Latin (sanguis, sanguin-), blood
Sanguine

sarco-
muscular, fleshlike
Greek σάρξ, σαρκ-
sarcoma, sarcoidosis

schist(o)-
split, cleft
Greek σχιστός (schistos)
schistocyte

schiz(o)-
Denoting something 'split' or 'double-sided'
Ancient Greek σχιζω; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν (schizein), to cut, split
Schizophrenia

scler(o)-
hard
Greek σκληρός
Scleroderma

-sclerosis
hardening
Greek σκλήρωσις
Atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis

scoli(o)-
twisted
Greek σκολιός (skolios)
scoliosis

-scope
instrument for viewing
Greek -σκόπος
stethoscope

-scopy
use of instrument for viewing
Greek -σκοπία
endoscopy

scoto-
darkness
Greek σκότος (skotos)
scotopic vision

semi-
one-half, partly
Latin
semiconscious

sial(o)-
saliva, salivary gland
Greek σίαλος (sialos)
sialagogue

sigmoid(o)-
sigmoid, S-shaped curvature
Greek σιγμοειδής
sigmoid colon

sinistr(o)-
left, left side
Latin

sinus-
Of or pertaining to the sinus
Latin (sinus), a curve, bend, bay
Sinusitis

sito-
food, grain
Greek σῖτος (sitos)
Sitophobia

somat(o)-, somatico-
body, bodily
Greek σῶμα (sōma)
somatic

somn(o)
Sleep

insomniac[13]

-spadias
slit, fissure
Greek σπάδων
hypospadias, epispadias

spasmo-
spasm
Greek σπασμός
Spasmodic dysphonia

sperma-, spermo-, spermato-
semen, spermatozoa
Greek σπέρμα (sperma)
Spermatogenesis

splanchn(i)-, splanchn(o)-
viscera
Greek σπλάγχνον
splanchnology

splen(o)-
spleen
Greek σπλήν, σπλην-
Splenectomy

spondyl(o)-
Of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra
Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος, (spóndylos, sphóndylos), the spine
Spondylitis

squamos(o)-
Denoting something as 'full of scales' or 'scaly'
Latin sqāmōsus, full of scales; scaly
Squamous cell

-stalsis
contraction
Greek στάλσις
Peristalsis

-stasis
stopping, standing
Greek στάσις
Cytostasis, homeostasis

-staxis
dripping, trickling
Greek στάξις, στακτός

sten(o)-
Denoting something as 'narrow in shape' or pertaining to narrowness
Ancient Greek στενός (stenos); narrow, short
Stenography

-stenosis
abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure
Ancient Greek στένωσις (stenōsis)
restenosis, stenosis

steth-
Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest, the area above the breast and under the neck
Ancient Greek στῆθος (stēthos), chest, cuirass
stethoscope

stheno-
strength, force, power
Greek σθένος

stom-, stomat-
Of or pertaining to the mouth; an artificially created opening[14]
Ancient Greek στόμα, στοματ- (stóma, stomat-), "mouth"
stomatogastric, stomatognathic system

-stomy
creation of an opening
Greek -στομία
colostomy

sub-
beneath, under
Latin
subcutaneous tissue

super-
in excess, above, superior
Latin
superior vena cava

supra-
above, excessive
Latin
supraorbital vein

sy, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys-
Indicates similarity, likeness, or being together; assimilates before some consonants: before l to syl-, s to sys-, before a labial consonant to sym-.
Ancient Greek συν- (syn), with, together
symptom, synalgia, synesthesia, syssarcosis

text: T[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

tachy-
Denoting something as fast, irregularly fast
Ancient Greek ταχύς (tachys), fast, quickly
tachycardia

-tension, -tensive
pressure
Latin
Hypertension

terato-
Monster
Ancient Greek teras(s) terata(pl)
teratoma, teratogen

tetan-
rigid, tense
Ancient Greek tetanos
tetanus

thec-
case, sheath
Ancient Greek θήκη (thēkē)
Intrathecal

thel-
Of or pertaining to a nipple (uncommon as a prefix)
Ancient Greek θηλή (thēlē), a teat, nipple
Theleplasty, thelarche

thely-
Denoting something as 'relating to a woman, feminine'
Ancient Greek θῆλυς (thēlys), female, feminine
Thelygenous

therap-
treatment
Ancient Greek (therapeía)
hydrotherapy, therapeutic

therm(o)-
heat
Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós)
Hypothermia

thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-, thoracico-
Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck
Latin (thōrāx) < Ancient Greek θώραξ (thōrax), chest, cuirass
thoracic, thorax

thromb(o)-
Of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood
Ancient Greek θρόμβος (thrómbos), lump, piece, clot of blood
Thrombus, thrombocytopenia

thyr(o)-
thyroid
Greek θυρεο-ειδής

thym-
emotions
Greek: "thymos", spirit, soul; courage; breath, mind, emotions
dysthymia

-tic
pertaining to
Greek -τικός

toco-
childbirth
Greek τόκος

-tome
cutting instrument
Greek τομή (tomē)

-tomy
act of cutting; incising, incision
Greek -τομία
Gastrotomy

ton-
tone, tension, pressure
Greek τόνος (tonos)

-tony
tension
Greek -τονία

top(o)-
place, topical
Greek τόπος (topos)
Topical anesthetic

tort(i)-
twisted
Latin tortus
Torticollis

tox(i)-, tox(o)-, toxic(o)-
toxin, poison
Greek τοξικόν
Toxoplasmosis

trache(a)-
trachea
Greek τραχεία
Tracheotomy

trachel(o)-
Of or pertaining to the neck
Ancient Greek τράχηλος (tráchēlos), neck
tracheloplasty

trans-
Denoting something as moving or situated across or through
Latin trāns, "across, through"
Transfusion

tri-
three
Latin
triangle, triceps

trich(i)-, trichia, trich(o)-
Of or pertaining to hair, hair-like structure
Ancient Greek θρίξ, τριχ(ο)- (thríx, trich(o)-), hair
Trichocyst

-tripsy
crushing
Greek τρίψις
Lithotripsy

-trophy
nourishment, development
Greek -τροφία, τροφή
Pseudohypertrophy

tympan(o)-
eardrum
Greek τύμπανον
Tympanocentesis

text: U[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

-ula, -ule
small
Latin
Nodule

ultra-
beyond, excessive
Latin ultra
Ultrasound, ultraviolet

umbilic-
Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus
Latin umbilīcus, navel, belly-button
Umbilical

ungui-
Of or pertaining to the nail, a claw
Latin unguis, nail, claw
Unguiform, Ungual

un(i)-
one
Latin unus
Unilateral hearing loss

ur-
Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system
Greek οὐρεῖν (oureîn); οὖρον (oûron), urine; οὐρητήρ (ourētḗr); οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra)
antidiuretic, diuresis, diuretic, dysuria, enuresis, polyurea, polyuria, uraemia/uremia, uremic, ureter, urethra, urology

uric-
uric acid
Greek οὐρικός

urin-
Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system
Latin ūrīna, urine < Ancient Greek ουρον (ouron), see above.
Uriniferous

uter(o)-
Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb
Latin (uterus), womb, uterus
Uterus

text: V[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

vagin-
Of or pertaining to the vagina
Latin (vāgīna), sheath, scabbard
Vagina

varic(o)-
swollen or twisted vein
Latin varix
varicose

vas(o)-
duct, blood vessel
Latin
vasoconstriction

vasculo-
blood vessel
Latin vāsculum

ven-
Of or pertaining to the veins, venous blood, and the vascular system
Latin (vēna), blood-vessel, vein
Venule, Venospasm

ventr(o)-
Of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities
Latin (venter), the belly, the stomach; the womb
Ventrodorsal

ventricul(o)-
Of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ
Latin (venter), the ventricles of the heart, the ventricles of the brain
Cardiac ventriculography

-version
turning
Latin versiō
anteversion, retroversion

vesic(o)-
Of or pertaining to the bladder
Latin (vēsīca), bladder; blister
vesical arteries

viscer(o)-
Of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera
Latin (viscus, pl. viscera), internal organ(s)
Viscera

text: X[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

xanth(o)-
Denoting a yellow color, an abnormally yellow color
Greek ξανθός (xanthós), yellow
Xanthopathy

xen(o)-
Foreign, different
Greek ξένος (xénos), stranger
Xenograft

xer(o)-
dry, desert-like
Greek ξηρός (xērós), dry
Xerostomia, xeroderma

xiph-
sword
Greek ξίφος (xíphos), sword
xiphisternum, xiphoid, xiphoidalgia

text: Y[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

-y
condition or process of
Latin -ia < Greek -ία
Surgery

text: Z[edit]

text:
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)

zo(o)-
animal, animal life
Greek ζῷον
zoology

zym(o)-
fermentation
Greek ζύμη
enzyme, lysozyme

text: English meanings[edit]

text: This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.

text: Roots of the body[edit]

text: Roots of bodily concepts[edit]

text:
Bodily concept
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root in English

Digestion
-pepsia
-
-

Disease
-pathy
-
-

Eating
-phagia
-vory
-

text: Roots of body parts and components[edit]

text: (Internal anatomy, external anatomy, body fluids, body substances)

text:
Body part or component
Greek root
Latin root
Other root

abdomen
lapar-
abdomin-
-

aorta
aort(o)-
aort(o)-
-

arm
brachi-
arm-
-

armpit
maschal-
axill-
-

artery
arteri-
–
-

back
not-
dors-
-

big toe
–
allic-, hallic-
-

bladder
cyst-
vesic-
-

blood
haemat-, hemat- (haem-, hem-)
sangui-, sanguin-
-

blood clot
thromb-
–
-

blood vessel
angi-
vas-, vascul-
-

body
somat-, som-
corpor-
-

bone
oste-
ossi-
-

bone marrow, marrow
myel-
medull-
-

brain
encephal(o)-
cerebr-
-

breast
mast-
mamm(o)-
-

chest
steth-
pector-
-

cheek
parei-
bucc-
-

ear
ot(o)-
aur(i)-
-

eggs, ova
oo-
ov-
-

eye
ophthalm(o)-
ocul(o)-
optic(o)- (French)

eyelid
blephar(o)-
cili-, palpebr-
-

face
prosop(o)-
faci(o)-
-

fallopian tubes
salping(o)-
–
-

fat, fatty tissue
lip(o)-
adip-
-

finger
dactyl(o)-
digit-
-

forehead
-
front(o)-
-

gallbladder
cholecyst(o)-
fell-
-

genitals, sexually undifferentiated
gon(o)-, phall(o)-
-
-

gland
aden(o)-
-
-

glans penis or clitoridis
balan(o)-
-
-

gums
-
gingiv-
-

hair
trich(o)-
capill-
-

hand
cheir(o)-, chir(o)-
manu-
-

head
cephal(o)-
capit(o)-
-

heart
cardi(o)-
cordi-
-

hip, hip-joint
-
cox-
-

horn
cerat(o)-
cornu-
-

intestine
enter(o)-
-
-

jaw
gnath(o)-
-
-

kidney
nephr(o)-
ren-
-

knee
gon-
genu-
-

lip
cheil(o)-, chil(o)-
labi(o)-
-

liver
hepat(o)-, (hepatic-)
jecor-
-

loins, pubic region
episi(o)-
pudend-
-

lungs
pneumon-
pulmon(i)-, (pulmo-)
-

marrow, bone marrow
myel(o)-
medull-
-

mind
psych-
ment-
-

mouth
stomat(o)-
or-
-

muscle
my(o)-
-
-

nail
onych(o)-
ungui-
-

navel
omphal(o)-
umbilic-
-

neck
trachel(o)-
cervic-
-

nerve; the nervous system
neur(o)-
nerv-
-

nipple, teat
thele-
papill-, mammill-
-

nose
rhin(o)-
nas-
-

ovary
oophor(o)-
ovari(o)-
-

pelvis
pyel(o)-
pelv(i)-
-

penis
pe(o)-
-
-

pupil (of the eye)
cor-, core-, coro-
-
-

rib
pleur(o)-
cost(o)-
-

rib cage
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-
-
-

shoulder
om(o)-
humer(o)-
-

sinus
-
sinus-
-

skin
dermat(o)-, (derm-)
cut-, cuticul-
-

skull
crani(o)-
-
-

stomach
gastr(o)-
ventr(o)-
–

testis
orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-
-
–

throat (upper throat cavity)
pharyng(o)-
-
–

throat (lower throat cavity/voice box])
laryng(o)-
-
–

thumb
-
pollic-
–

tooth
odont(o)-
dent(i)-
–

tongue
gloss-, glott-
lingu(a)-
–

toe
dactyl(o)-
digit-
–

tumour
cel-, onc(o)-
tum-
–

ureter
ureter(o)-
ureter(o)-
–

urethra
urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-
urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-
–

urine, urinary system
ur(o)-
urin(o)-
–

uterine tubes
salping(o)-
salping(o)-
–

uterus
hyster(o)-, metr(o)-
uter(o)-
–

vagina
colp(o)-
vagin-
–

vein
phleb(o)-
ven-
–

vulva
episi(o)-
vulv-
–

womb
hyster(o)-, metr(o)-
uter(o)-
–

wrist
carp(o)-
carp(o)-
–

text: Roots of color[edit]

text:
Color
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root

black
melan-
atr-, nigr-
–

blue
cyan-
cerule-
–

gold
chrys-
aur-
–

gray, grey
poli-
can-
–

green
chlor-
vir-
–

purple
porphyr-
purpur-, purpureo-
–

red
erythr-, rhod-
rub-, rubr-, ruf-
–

red-orange
cirrh-
–
–

silver
–
argent-
–

white
leuc-, leuk-
alb-, cand-
–

yellow
xanth-
flav-
jaun- (French)

text: Roots of description[edit]

text: (Size, shape, strength, etc.)

text:
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root

bad, incorrect
cac-, dys-
mal-
mis-

bent, crooked
ankyl-
prav-
–

big
mega-, megal(o)-
magn(i)-
–

biggest
megist-
maxim-
–

broad, wide
eury-
lat(i)-
–

cold
cry(o)-
frig(i)-
–

dead
necr(o)-
mort-
–

equal
is(o)-
equ(i)-
–

false
pseud(o)-
fals(i)-
–

female, feminine
thely-
-
–

flat
platy-
plan(i)-
–

good, well
eu-
ben(e)-, bon(i)-
–

great
mega-, megal(o)-
magn(i)-
–

hard
scler(o)-
dur(i)-
–

heavy
bar(o)-
grav(i)-
–

hollow
coel(o)-
cav(i)-
–

huge
megal(o)-
magn(i)-
–

incorrect, bad
cac(o)-, dys-
mal(e)-
mis-

irregular
poikil(o)
–
–

large; extremely large
mega-
magn(i)-
–

largest
megist-
maxim-
–

long
macr(o)-
long(i)-
–

male, masculine
arseno-
vir-
–

narrow
sten(o)-
angust(i)-
–

new
ne(o)-
nov(i)-
–

normal, correct
orth(o)-
rect(i)-
–

old
paleo-
veter-
–

sharp
oxy-
ac-
–

short
brachy-
brev(i)-
–

small
micr(o)-
parv(i)- (rare)
–

smallest
-
minim-
–

slow
brady-
tard(i)-
–

fast
tachy-
celer-
–

soft
malac(o)-
moll(i)-
–

straight
orth(o)-
rect(i)-
–

thick
pachy-
crass(i)-
–

varied, various
poikilo-
vari-
–

well, good
eu-
ben(e)-
–

wide, broad
eury-
lat(i)-
–

text: Roots of position[edit]

text:
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root

around, surrounding
peri-
circum-
–

left
levo-
laev-, sinistr-
–

middle
mes-
medi-
–

right
dexi-
dextr-
–

text: Prefixes of quantity or amount[edit]

text:
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root

double
diplo-
dupli-
–

equal
iso-
equi-
–

few
oligo-
pauci-
–

half
hemi-
semi-
demi- (French)

many, much
poly-
multi-
–

twice
dis-
bis-
–


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who plays roy in season 4 of grace and frankie

root

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main and Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Jane Fonda
Grace Hanson
Lead

Lily Tomlin
Frances 'Frankie' Bergstein
Lead

Sam Waterston
Sol Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Martin Sheen
Robert Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Brooklyn Decker
Mallory Hanson
Main

June Diane Raphael
Brianna Hanson
Main

Ethan Embry
Coyote Bergstein
Main

Baron Vaughn
Nwabudike 'Bud' Bergstein
Main

tag: table

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Ernie Hudson
Jacob
Recurring

Brittany Ishibashi
Erica
Guest
Recurring

Guest

Geoff Stults
Mitch
Recurring

Guest

Tim Bagley
Peter
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Peter Cambor
Barry
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Craig T. Nelson
Guy
Recurring

Michael Charles Roman
Adam
Guest
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Marsha Mason
Arlene

Guest
Recurring

Swoosie Kurtz
Janet

Guest

Guest

Lindsey Kraft
Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz

Recurring

Megan Ferguson
Nadia

Guest
Recurring

Peter Gallagher
Nick Skolka

Recurring

Jack Plotnick
Paul

Recurring

Lisa Kudrow
Sheree

Recurring

Talia Shire
Teddie

Recurring

Sam Elliott
Phil Milstein

Recurring

Mark Deklin
Roy

Recurring

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]

text: On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]

text: On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[24]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[25]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[26]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[27]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[28]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[29]
[30]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[32]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[33]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[34]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[35]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[36]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

2018

24th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]


document_title: Mass number

question_text: what does the mass number of an isotope represent

text: Mass number

text: The mass number (symbol A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: N=A−Z.[1]

text:
The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or 12C, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number: 12
6C.[2] This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.

text: Mass number changes in radioactive decay[edit]

text:
Different types of radioactive decay are characterized by their changes in mass number as well as atomic number, according to the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy. For example, uranium-238 usually decays by alpha decay, where the nucleus loses two neutrons and two protons in the form of an alpha particle. Thus the atomic number and the number of neutrons each decrease by 2 (Z: 92→90, N: 146→144), so that the mass number decreases by 4 (A = 238→234); the result is an atom of thorium-234 and an alpha particle (4
2He2+):[3]

text:
238
92U
→
234
90Th
+
4
2He2+

text: On the other hand, carbon-14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay, whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino. Thus the atomic number increases by 1 (Z: 6→7) and the mass number remains the same (A = 14), while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 (N: 8→7).[4] The resulting atom is nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons:

text:
14
6C
→
14
7N
+
e−
+
ν
e

text: Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus. Since all the protons and neutrons remain in the nucleus unchanged in this process, the mass number is also unchanged.

text: Mass number and isotopic mass[edit]

text: The mass number gives an estimate of the isotopic mass measured in atomic mass units (u). For 12C the isotopic mass is exactly 12, since the atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of 12C. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. The difference between mass number of an atom and its isotopic mass is known as the mass excess. Mass excess should not be confused with mass defect which is the difference between the mass of an atom and its constituent particles (namely protons, neutrons and electrons).

text: There are two reasons for mass defect/excess:

text:
The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 35Cl the isotopic mass is less than 35 so this must be the dominant factor.

tag: ol

text: Relative atomic mass of an element[edit]

text: The mass number should also not be confused with the standard atomic weight (also called atomic weight) of an element, which is the ratio of the average atomic mass of the different isotopes of that element (weighted by abundance) to the unified atomic mass unit.[5] This weighted average can be quite different from the near-integer values for individual isotopic masses.

text: For instance, there are two main isotopes of chlorine: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subjected to mass separation there will be roughly 75% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-35 and only 25% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-37. This gives chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.5 (actually 35.4527 g/mol).

text: Moreover, the weighted average mass can be near-integer, but at the same time not corresponding to the mass of any natural isotope. For example, bromine has only two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, naturally present in approximately equal fractions, which leads to the standard atomic mass of bromine close to 80 (79.904 g/mol),[6] even though the isotope 80Br with such mass is unstable.


document_title: United States twenty-dollar bill

question_text: when are the new 20 dollar bills coming out

text: United States twenty-dollar bill

text: Pre-Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.
1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.
1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.
1865: A national bank note with "The Battle of Lexington" and of Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.
1869: A new United States note design with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.
1875: As above, except with a different reverse.
1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.
1882: A new gold certificate with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.
1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.
1886: A new silver certificate $20 note with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.
1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist: both with abstract designs.
1902: A new national bank note. The front design features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.
1905: A new gold certificate $20 note with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.

tag: ul

text: Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928. Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson's election as president, it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson. (Cleveland's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year). According to the U.S. Treasury, "Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence."[3]

text: The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony; as president, he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank.[4][5] In his farewell address to the nation, he cautioned the public about paper money.[6]

text:
1914: Began as a large-sized note, a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face, and, on the back, a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left, and a steamship approaching from the right.
1918: A federal reserve bank note with Grover Cleveland on the front, and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note.
1928: Switched to a small-sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse. The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver (at the bearer's discretion) at any Federal Reserve Bank.
1933: With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard, the bill is no longer redeemable in gold, but rather in "lawful money", meaning silver.
1942: A special emergency series, with brown serial numbers and "HAWAII" overprinted on both the front and the back, is issued. These notes are designed to circulate on the islands, and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion.
1948: The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself, including the addition of the Truman Balcony, as well as the passage of time. Most notably, the trees are larger.
1950: Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly, presumably for aesthetic reasons.
1963: "Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand" is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait, and the legal tender designation is shortened to "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" (eliminating "and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank.") Also, "In God We Trust" is added above the White House on the reverse. These two acts (one taking U.S. currency off silver backing, and the other authorizing the national motto) are coincidental, even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign. Also, several design elements are rearranged, less perceptibly than the change in 1950, mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations.
1969: The new treasury seal appears on all denominations, including the $20.
1977: A new type of serial-number press results in a slightly different font. The old presses are gradually retired, and old-style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination.
1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992.[7]
September 24, 1998: Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view. A larger, off-center portrait of Jackson was used on front, and several anti-counterfeiting features were added, including color-shifting ink, microprinting, and a watermark. The plastic strip now reads "USA 20" and glows green under a black light.[8] The bills were first printed in June 1998.[9]
October 9, 2003:[10] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint "20"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a "EURion constellation" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[11]

text: Proposal for a woman's portrait[edit]

text: In a campaign called "Women on 20s", selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill. The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020, the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote.[12] Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, and Wilma Mankiller, the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation.[13][14][15]

text: On May 12, 2015, Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that "grassroots" poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman, followed by Roosevelt, Parks and Mankiller.[16]

text: On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[17] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[18]

text: On April 20, 2016, Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill, while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill, with Jackson appearing on the reverse.[19][20][21] Lew simultaneously announced that the five- and ten-dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade.[19][21] Steven Mnuchin, the current U.S. Treasury Secretary, said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill, explaining "People have been on the bills for a long period of time. This is something we’ll consider; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on."[22]


document_title: Abdominal examination

question_text: when should you examine the areas of pain when physically assessing the patients abdomen

text: Abdominal examination

text: Purpose[edit]

text: According to Mosby's, "The abdominal exam is performed as part of the comprehensive physical examination or when a patient presents with signs of symptoms of an abdominal disease process." In other words, your doctor will often perform an abdominal exam as part of a routine examination. However, your doctor might perform additional tests if your doctor feels that you might have an abdominal disease.

text: Positioning and environment[edit]

text: A suggested position is for the patient to be supine (on their back), with their arms to their sides. The patient should be placed in an environment with good lighting, and should be draped with towels or sheets to preserve privacy and warmth

text: Although physicians have had concern that giving patients pain medications during acute abdominal pain may hinder diagnosis and treatment, separate systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration[2] and the Rational Clinical Examination[3] refute this.

text: Inspection[edit]

text: The abdominal exam typically begins a visual examination of the abdomen. Some common things an examiner might look for are:

text:
masses
scars
lesions
abdominal distension

text: In addition, a doctor might look/check for specific signs of disease, such as:

text:
spider angiomata
caput medusae
ascites

text: Auscultation[edit]

text: Auscultation refers to the use of a stethoscope by the examiner to listen to sounds from the abdomen. This is a very subjective procedure.

text: Unlike other physical exams, auscultation is performed prior to percussion or palpation, as both of these could alter the regularity of bowel sounds.[4]

text: Some controversy exists as to the length of time required to confirm or exclude bowel sounds, with suggested durations up to seven minutes. Bowel obstruction may present with grumbling bowel sounds or high-pitched noises. Healthy persons can have no bowel sounds for several minutes [5] and intestinal contractions can be silent.[6] Absence of sounds may be caused by peritonitis, paralytic ileus, bowel obstruction, intestinal ischemia or other causes.[7] Some authors suggest that listening at a single location is enough as sounds can be transmitted throughout the abdomen.[8]

text: A prospective study published in 2014 where 41 physicians listened to the bowel sounds of 177 volunteers (19 of which had bowel obstructions and 15 with an ileus) found that "Auscultation of bowel sounds is not a useful clinical practice when differentiating patients with normal versus pathologic bowel sounds. The listener frequently arrives at an incorrect diagnosis. Agreement between raters was also low (54%).".[9] This article suggests focusing on other indicators (flatus, pain, nausea) instead. There is no research evidence that reliably corroborates the assumed association between bowel sounds and gastro-intestinal motility status.[10]

text: The examiner also typically listens to the two renal arteries for bruits by listening in each upper quadrant, adjacent to and above the umbilicus. Bruits heard in the epigastrium that are confined to systole are considered normal.[4]

text: Palpation[edit]

text: The examiner typically palpates all nine areas of the patient's abdomen. This is typically performed twice, lightly and then deeply.

text: On light palpation, the examiner tests for any palpable mass, rigidity, or pain.

text: On deep palpation, the examiner is testing for and organomegaly, including enlargement of the liver and spleen.

text: Reactions that may indicate pathology include:

text:
guarding, describing muscle contraction as pressure is applied.
rigidity, indicating peritoneal inflammation.
rebound, pain on release
hernial orifices if positive cough impulses.

text: Percussion[edit]

text: The examiner, mindful of areas of discomfort, begins by palpating areas of no pain. Percussion is performed by knocking the middle finger against the phalanx of the middle finger of the opposing hand, which rests against the surface of the abdomen in each of the nine areas tested. Percussion can elicit a painful response in the patient, and may also reveal whether there is abnormal levels of fluid in the abdomen. Organomegaly may also be noted, including gross splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver), and urinary retention.

text: The examiner, when percussing for organomegaly, percusses in a particular manner:

text:
percuss the liver from the right iliac region to right hypochondrium
percuss for the spleen from the right iliac region to the right hypochondrium and the left iliac to the left hypochondrium.

text: Examination of the spleen

text: Castell's sign or alternatively Traube's space

text: Other and special maneuvers[edit]

text:
Examination of pelvic lymph nodes
Digital rectal exam – Abdominal examination is not complete without a digital rectal exam.
Pelvic examination only if clinically indicated.

text: Special manevures may also be performed, to elicit signs of specific diseases. These include

text:
Gallbladder: Murphy's sign
Appendicitis or peritonitis:
Psoas sign – pain when tensing the psoas muscle
Obturator sign – pain when tensing the obturator muscle
Rovsing's sign – pain in the right iliac fossa on palpation of the left side of the abdomen
Carnett's sign – pain when tensing the abdominal wall muscles
Patafio's sign – pain when the patient is asked to cough whilst tensing the psoas muscle
Cough test – pain when the patient is asked to cough
Suspected Pyelonephritis: Murphy's punch sign
Hepatomegaly: Liver scratch test
Ascites: bulging flanks, fluid wave test, shifting dullness


document_title: Social Security number

question_text: when did they start issuing social security numbers

text: Social Security number

text: History[edit]

text: Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.[4]

text: On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated "typing centers" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York.[5][6]

text: Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14,[7] since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income.[8] The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction.[9] Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.[10] In 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old.[11] Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child's age to receive an exemption.[citation needed] Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.[12]

text: Purpose and use[edit]

text: The original purpose of this number was to track individuals' accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) Post Offices.

text: Employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number.

text: The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1, 1972, and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1, 1974.[13] Previously, the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service.

text: Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards. It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly known as the EDIPI.[14]

text: Non-universal status[edit]

text: Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system.[15] Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes,[12] and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license.[16]

text: Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification.[17] Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed.[18]

text: Since then, Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers.[2] Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one.[19] While the government cannot require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN.[20][21] The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name. Instead, a driver's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults.

text: Use required for federal tax purposes[edit]

text: Internal Revenue Code section 6109(d) provides: "The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act [codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2)(A)] shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code]."[22]

text: The Internal Revenue Code also provides, when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate]:

text:
Inclusion in returns: Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return, statement, or other document shall include in such return, statement, or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person.
Furnishing number to other persons: Any person with respect to whom a return, statement, or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification.[23]

text: According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for "an account number" using "Form SS-5."[24]

text: A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number.

text: Types of Social Security cards[edit]

text: Three different types of Social Security cards are issued. The most common type contains the cardholder's name and number. Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards:

text:
One reads "not valid for employment." Such cards cannot be used as proof of work authorization, and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I-9 form.
The other reads "valid for work only with DHS authorization", or the older, "valid for work only with INS authorization." These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I-9 requirement, if they are accompanied by a work authorization card.

text: In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number (SSN) Card to prevent forgery. From April 2006 through August 2007, Social Security Administration (SSA) and Government Printing Office (GPO) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security.

text: The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams.

text: Identity theft[edit]

text: Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers. Furthermore, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN.[25]

text: The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft, since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification, and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator. Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts, credit cards, and loans—partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it.

text: Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort, making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation (which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN). Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes—e.g., rental applications.[26]

text: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential. Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) to include on their client's tax returns (as part of signature requirements). Day care services have tax benefits, and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN (employer identification number) to use on their tax return.

text: The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide his or her Social Security number, a citizen should ask which law requires its use.[27] In accordance with §7213 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103(e)(2), the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime.[27]

text: Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine.[28]

text: Replacement numbers[edit]

text: A person can request a new Social Security number, but only under certain conditions;[29]

text:
Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing problems.
In the event of duplicates having been issued.
In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment, and there is a clear need to change their number for their personal safety.[30]
When a person has been a victim of identity theft, and their Social Security number continues to be problematic.
Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number (such as certain Christians being averse to the number 666).

text: For all of these conditions, credible third-party evidence such as a restraining order or police report, is required.

text: Structure[edit]

text: The Social Security number is a nine-digit number in the format "AAA-GG-SSSS".[31] The number is divided into three parts.

text: On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to "SSN randomization".[32] SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways:

text:
It eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN, previously referred to as the Area Number, by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states.
It eliminates the significance of the highest group number and, as a result, the High Group List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date (see section “Valid SSNs”).
Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment excluding area numbers 000, 666 and 900–999.

Note: Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), so they are not affected by this SSA change.

text: Historical structure[edit]

text: Prior to 2011, the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since 1973, when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card. The applicant's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence. Thus, the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or after, 1973. Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state.

text: Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward, so that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers. As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted, new areas from the pool are assigned, so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers.

text: The middle two digits are the group number. The group numbers range from 01 to 99. However, they are not assigned in consecutive order. For administrative reasons, group numbers are issued in the following order:[33]

text:
odd numbers from 01 through 09.
even numbers from 10 through 98.
even numbers from 02 through 08.
odd numbers from 11 through 99.

text: As an example, group number 98 is issued before 11.

text: The last four digits are serial numbers. They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group.

text: Exhaustion and re-use[edit]

text: The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers. It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program, and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits.[34] However, there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number.[35]

text: Valid SSNs[edit]

text: Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or above 772, the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s.[36] This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers (TINs), which include additional area numbers.[37]

text: Some special numbers are never allocated:

text:
Numbers with all zeros in any digit group (000-##-####, ###-00-####, ###-##-0000).[38][39]
Numbers with 666 or 900-999 (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) in the first digit group.[38]

text: Until 2011, the SSA published the last group number used for each area number.[40] Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern, it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number. Now numbers are assigned randomly, and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information. Many online services, however, provide SSN validation.

text: Unlike many similar numbers, no check digit is included.

text: SSNs used in advertising[edit]

text: Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid. One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E. H. Ferree Company in Lockport, New York, decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets. A sample card, used for display purposes, was placed in each wallet, which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country; the wallet manufacturer's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary, Hilda Schrader Whitcher.

text: Even though the card was printed in red (the real card is printed in blue) and had "Specimen" printed across the front, many people used Whitcher's SSN as their own. The Social Security Administration's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card, despite a miniature card's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph. Over time, the number that appeared (078-05-1120) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own.[41] The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number. (Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN.) However, the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977.[41]

text: More recently, Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company's LifeLock identity theft protection service, which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times.[42][43]


document_title: Moon over Parador

question_text: where was the movie moon over parador filmed

text: Moon over Parador

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows the exploits of film actor Jack Noah (Dreyfuss), who is filming in the small, fictional South American country of Parador when Paradorian President Alfonse Simms, a Pinochet-style dictator, suddenly dies of a heart attack. Not wanting to lose his position in power, the president's right-hand man, Roberto Strausmann (Juliá) forces Jack to take the 'role of a lifetime' - that of the dead president, as the two men look so much alike. Jack accepts, eventually winning over the people and even the dead president's mistress, Madonna (Braga). However, when Paradise proves to be too boring, Jack needs to find a way to get out while keeping Roberto out of the loop.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Dreyfuss - Jack Noah/President Alphonse Simms
Lorin Dreyfuss - the real Alphonse Simms
Raúl Juliá - Roberto Strausmann
Sonia Braga - Madonna Mendez
Dana Delany - Jenny
Jonathan Winters - Ralph
Fernando Rey - Alejandro
Michael Greene - Clint
Polly Holliday - Midge
Milton Gonçalves - Carlo
Charo - Madame Lupe
Marianne Sägebrecht - Magda Feldmarck
Sammy Davis, Jr. - Himself
Ike Pappas - Himself
Edward Asner - Himself
Reinhard Kolldehoff - Gunther Feldmarck

text: Production[edit]

text: In the beginning, while both the President and Jack are in the scene, the President is played by Dreyfuss' older brother Lorin.

text: During a scene where Jack has to address the crowd as the Paradorian President, he ad-libs his lines and uses the text for the song "The Impossible Dream" from Man of La Mancha. Sammy Davis Jr.'s rendition of Parador's national anthem is sung against the music for "Bésame Mucho". The previous Paradorian National Anthem ("O Parador") is sung to the tune of "O Christmas Tree".

text: Director Paul Mazursky appears uncredited in drag, playing Simms' mother. Mazursky's wife Betsy appears at a buffet table and asks, "Por favor, is it safe to eat this lettuce here?" His daughter, Jill, plays the assistant director of the second film crew to shoot in Parador.

text: Locations[edit]

text:
New York City, New York, USA
Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro City, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews and has a 42% rating from Rotten Tomatoes. Despite opening at #1 in the box office, the film was unable to cover its production costs, making it a flop.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Golden Globe Award

text:
Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture" - Raúl Juliá
Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture" - Sônia Braga