document_title: College Football Playoff

question_text: who won the cfp national championship last year

text: College Football Playoff

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Selection committee[edit]

text: The first College Football Playoff selection committee was announced on October 16, 2013. The group consists of 13 members who generally serve three-year terms, although some initial selections served terms both shorter and longer than three years "to achieve a rotation" of members.[12][13]

text: The current members of the selection committee are:[12][14]

text:
Member
Position
Conference affiliation[a]
Recusals[b]
Term expires

Hocutt, KirbyKirby Hocutt (chairman)[16]
Texas Tech athletic director; former Kansas State linebacker
Big 12
Texas Tech
February 2018

Howard, Christopher B.Christopher B. Howard
Robert Morris University President; former Air Force running back
N/A
None
February 2020

Bower, JeffJeff Bower
Former Southern Miss head coach
N/A
Southern Miss
February 2019

Deromedi, HerbHerb Deromedi
Former Central Michigan head coach
N/A
Central Michigan
February 2019

Jernstedt, TomTom Jernstedt
Former NCAA executive vice president; former Oregon quarterback
N/A
None
February 2018

Johnson, BobbyBobby Johnson
Former Vanderbilt head coach; former Clemson player
N/A
None
February 2018

Long, JeffJeff Long
Former Arkansas athletic director
SEC
Arkansas, Missouri[c]
February 2018

Mullens, RobRob Mullens
Oregon athletic director
Pac-12
Oregon
February 2019

Radakovich, DanDan Radakovich
Clemson athletic director, father of current Clemson player
ACC
Clemson
February 2018

Beamer, FrankFrank Beamer
Former Virginia Tech head coach
N/A
Georgia, Virginia Tech[d]
February 2020

Wieberg, SteveSteve Wieberg
Former USA Today reporter
N/A
None
February 2018

Willingham, TyroneTyrone Willingham
Former Stanford, Notre Dame and Washington head coach
N/A
Duke, Stanford[e]
February 2018

Smith, GeneGene Smith
Ohio State athletic director
Big Ten
Ohio State
February 2020

text:
Jump up ^ Current or former, athletic department administration only.
Jump up ^ Any programs for which members are required to recuse themselves from voting or discussions.[15]
Jump up ^ In addition to Arkansas, Long is recused from Missouri because his daughter attends the school and works in its athletic department.[15]
Jump up ^ In addition to Virginia Tech, Beamer is recused from Georgia because his son Shane is the Bulldogs' tight ends coach and special teams coordinator.[15]
Jump up ^ Willingham is recused from Stanford because his son is currently on the Cardinal coaching staff, and from Duke because his daughter is employed at the school.[15]

tag: ol

text: The committee members include one current athletic director from each of the five "major" conferences—ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, and SEC—also known as the Power Five conferences.[17][18] Other members are former coaches, players, athletic directors, and administrators, plus a retired member of the media. The goal was for the panel to consist proportionally of current "Power Five" athletic directors, former coaches, and a third group of other voters,[17] excluding current conference commissioners, coaches, and media members.[19] During the selection process, organizers said they wanted the committee to be geographically balanced.[20] Conference commissioners submitted lists totaling more than 100 names from which to select the final committee members.[21][22]

text: Past members[edit]

text:
Member
Position
Conference affiliation[a]
Season(s)
Replaced by

Gould, Michael C.Michael C. Gould
Former Air Force Academy superintendent
N/A
2014–15
Jeff Bower

Osborne, TomTom Osborne
Former Nebraska coach and athletic director
Big Ten/Big 12
2014–15
Lloyd Carr

Tranghese, MikeMike Tranghese
Former Big East commissioner
The American
2014–15
Herb Deromedi

Haden, PatPat Haden[b]
USC athletic director; former USC quarterback
Pac-12
2014
Rob Mullens

Luck, OliverOliver Luck[c]
Former West Virginia athletic director
Big 12
2014
Kirby Hocutt

Manning, ArchieArchie Manning[d]
Former NFL and Ole Miss quarterback
N/A
-
Bobby Johnson

Carr, LloydLloyd Carr[e]
Former Michigan coach
Big Ten
-
Chris Howard

Rice, CondoleezzaCondoleezza Rice
Former Secretary of state
N/A
2014–16
Frank Beamer

Alvarez, BarryBarry Alvarez
Former Wisconsin coach and athletic director
Big Ten
2014–16
Gene Smith

text: The selection of Condoleezza Rice, a former U.S. Secretary of State and Stanford University provost, was met with some backlash within the sport and the media. Critics questioned her qualifications, citing gender and lack of football experience.[28][29]

text:
Jump up ^ Current or former, athletic department administration only.
Jump up ^ Stepped down October 30, 2015, citing health reasons and instability at USC. Did not participate in 2015 season committee.[23]
Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2015, before his term expired, after resigning as West Virginia athletic director to work for the NCAA as executive vice president of regulatory affairs.[24]
Jump up ^ Took a leave of absence for health reasons in October 2014 and stepped down in March 2015. Never participated in any committee voting.[25][26]
Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2016 before the season started for health reasons. Committee stayed at 12 members rather than replacing him.[27]

text: Voting procedure[edit]

text: The committee releases its top 25 rankings weekly on Tuesdays in the second half of the regular season. The top four teams are seeded in that order for the playoff.[30] During the season, the committee meets and releases rankings six or seven times, depending on the length of the season (the number of games is consistent, but the number of weeks those games are played over can vary from year to year).[25] The group, which meets at the Gaylord Texan hotel in Grapevine, Texas,[31] reportedly meets in person up to 10 total times a year.[22]

text: A team's strength of schedule is one of the most pertinent considerations for the committee in making its selections.[32] Other factors that the committee weighs are conference championships, team records, and head-to-head results,[10] plus other points such as injuries and weather.[33] Unlike the BCS system, the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, and the Harris Poll, computer rankings are not used to make the selections.[5][17] Advanced statistics and metrics are expected to be submitted to the committee, though like other analytics, they have no formal role in the decision.[34] Committee members are not required to attend games.[31]

text: Long said the panel considered less frequent rankings, but ultimately decided on a weekly release. "That's what the fans have become accustomed to, and we felt it would leave a void in college football without a ranking for several weeks," he said. Long also noted: "Early on there was some talk that we would go into a room at the end of the season and come out with a top four, but that didn't last long."[35] In analyzing this change in thinking, Stewart Mandel of Sports Illustrated commented: "The whole point of the selection committee was to replace the simplistic horse-race nature of Top 25 polls – where teams only move up if someone above them loses – with a more deliberative evaluation method. Now the playoff folks are going to try to do both."[36] Addressing the "pecking order" nature of traditional polls, George Schrodeder of USA Today wrote that "if it actually works as intended, we could see volatile swings" from week to week, with lower-ranked teams moving ahead of higher-ranked teams without either team losing (a rarity in traditional polls). Both Long and Bill Hancock, the CFP executive director, say they expect that to happen.[37]

text: The committee's voting method uses multiple ballots, similar to the NCAA basketball tournament selection process and the entire process is facilitated through custom software developed by Code Authority in Frisco, Texas.[38] From a large initial pool of teams, the group takes numerous votes on successive tiers of teams, considering six at a time and coming to a consensus on how they should be ranked, then repeating the process with the next tier of teams. Discussion and debate happens at each voting step. All votes are by secret ballot, and committee members do not make their ballots public.[35] Each week's ranking process begins anew, with no weight given to the previous week's selections.[37] In this fashion, the committee selects the four teams to compete for the national championship.

text: Committee members who are currently employed or financially compensated by a school, or have family members who have a current financial relationship (which includes football players), are not allowed to vote for that school. During deliberations about a team's selection, members with such a conflict of interest cannot be present, but can answer factual questions about the institution.[35] All committee members have past ties to certain NCAA institutions,[31] but the committee decided to ignore those ties in the recusal requirements. "We just boiled it down to where we felt this group was fit to its high integrity and would differentiate from those past relationships," Long said.[35] Some football writers, like Dennis Dodd and Mark Schlabach, have said the recusal arrangement isn't transparent or objective, suggesting that members' alma maters and former coaching jobs should be considered disqualifying conflicts of interest.[39][40]

text: Impact on scheduling[edit]

text:
"Strength of schedule will become such an important factor ... that if you want to be under consideration, you need to have a more meaningful schedule than perhaps you've had in previous years."

—Tom Jernstedt, selection committee member[41]

tag: div

text: Due to the increased emphasis on strength of schedule, teams have considered playing more challenging opponents during the non-conference portion of their schedules. Some teams have traditionally played three or four "weak" non-conference opponents, but wins against such low-level competition are unlikely to impress the committee. For teams on the cusp of making the playoff four, "I think one of the first things the committee will look at is strength of schedule," said selector Oliver Luck.[42]

text: Teams in the Big Ten, Big 12 and Pac-12 play nine conference games on their twelve-game schedules and thus only have flexibility in choosing their opponents for the three non-league games. Some programs are opting to increase their schedule strength by scheduling high-profile matchups at neutral sites and on weeknights, garnering primetime TV exclusivity.[43][44]

text: In response to the new playoff system, the Southeastern Conference considered increasing its conference schedule from eight to nine games, with Alabama coach Nick Saban a vocal proponent.[45] According to Jon Solomon of the Birmingham News, "The prevailing opinion among SEC athletics directors: The SEC is difficult enough that there's no need for a ninth game."[46] Some in the conference, like Mississippi State athletic director Scott Stricklin, opined that a nine-game SEC schedule would result in more teams with two losses. Commissioner Michael Slive and Vanderbilt AD David Williams, among others, supported a stronger out-of-league schedule, which would likely impress the committee.[46][47] In April 2014, the league voted to mandate that all SEC teams must play a Power Five foe (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, or independent Notre Dame) in its non-conference slate beginning in 2016. Slive noted this rule "gives us the added strength-of-schedule we were seeking".[45] In 2014, the first year of the College Football Playoff, one team played two opponents from the Power Five, nine of the 14 teams played one Power Five conference opponent and three lower-level opponents (including one FCS school), and four teams did not face a Power Five foe.[43] In the spring of 2015, the SEC decided to count games played against Independents BYU and Army toward its Power Five requirement.

text: The ACC, whose teams also play eight conference games (plus Notre Dame at least once every three years), also considered moving to a nine-game conference schedule. However, the league opted to stay with the eight-plus-Notre Dame model, stipulating instead that teams would have to play one Power Five school in their non-league slates beginning in 2017, which would include the Notre Dame game or other ACC schools,[48] as will games against another FBS independent, BYU.[49] Despite the push to increase schedule strength, some ACC coaches preferred the scheduling flexibility available with fewer permanent fixtures on a team's slate.[50] Opinion was split among league athletic directors on moving to a nine-game schedule prior to the vote.[51] An SEC expansion to a nine-game schedule would limit the ACC's opportunities to play Power Five non-conference opponents.[52]

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff uses a four-team knockout bracket to determine the national champion. Six of the most historic bowl games—the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Cotton Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Peach Bowl– rotate as hosts for the semifinals.[53] The rotation is set on a three-year cycle with the following pairings: Rose/Sugar, Orange/Cotton, and Fiesta/Peach. The two semifinal bowls and the other four top-tier bowls are marketed as the "New Year's Six".[54] Three of these bowls played per day, typically on consecutive days that include New Year's Day.[2] The selection committee seeds and pairs the top four teams, and additionally assigns teams to the at-large bowls (Cotton, Fiesta, and Peach) in years when they do not host semifinals.[55]

text: The four-team format pits the No. 1-ranked team against No. 4 and No. 2 vs. No. 3. The selection committee seeds the two semifinal games, placing the top-seeded team at the closest site to prevent it from playing in a "road" environment. There are no limits on the number of teams per conference, a change from previous BCS rules.[2] However, some non-semifinal bowl selections still maintain their conference tie-ins, similarly to the BCS's automatic qualifier berths.[56] A team from one of the "Group of Five" conferences is guaranteed a spot in one of the New Year's Six bowls.[57]

text:
Season
Semifinal
Winner
Loser
Score
Venue

2014–15
Rose Bowl
2 Oregon
3 Florida State
59–20
Rose Bowl Stadium, Pasadena, California

Sugar Bowl
4 Ohio State
1 Alabama
42–35
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2015–16
Orange Bowl
1 Clemson
4 Oklahoma
37–17
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

Cotton Bowl
2 Alabama
3 Michigan State
38–0
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2016–17
Fiesta Bowl
2 Clemson
3 Ohio State
31–0
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

Peach Bowl
1 Alabama
4 Washington
24–7
Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia

2017–18
Rose Bowl
3 Georgia
2 Oklahoma
54–48 (2OT)
Rose Bowl Stadium, Pasadena, California

Sugar Bowl
4 Alabama
1 Clemson
24–6
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2018–19
Orange Bowl

Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

Cotton Bowl

AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2019–20
Fiesta Bowl

University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

Peach Bowl

Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

text: Championship game[edit]

text: Cities around the country bid to host each year's championship game. The playoff group's leaders make a selection from those proposals, in a similar fashion to other large sporting events, such as the Super Bowl or NCAA Final Four. Officials say the championship game will be held in a different city each year, and that bids must propose host stadiums with a capacity of at least 65,000 spectators.[58] Under the system, cities cannot host both a semifinal game and the title game in the same year.

text:
Season
Champion
Runner-up
Score
Venue

2014–15
4 Ohio State
2 Oregon
42–20
AT&T Stadium, Arlington, Texas

2015–16
2 Alabama
1 Clemson
45–40
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona

2016–17
2 Clemson
1 Alabama
35–31
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida

2017–18
4 Alabama
3 Georgia
26-23 (OT)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta, Georgia

2018–19

Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California

2019–20

Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana

2020–21

Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

2021–22

Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, Indiana

2022–23

Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, Inglewood, California

2023–24

NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas

text: Appearances[edit]

text: College Football Playoff appearances by team[edit]

text:
Appearances
Team
W
L
Pct
Games

4
Alabama
5
2
.714
Lost 2015 Sugar Bowl

Won 2015 Cotton Bowl (Dec. 2015)
Won 2016 CFP National Championship

Won 2016 Peach Bowl
Lost 2017 CFP National Championship

Won 2018 Sugar Bowl
Won 2018 CFP National Championship

3
Clemson
3
2
.600
Won 2015 Orange Bowl
Lost 2016 CFP National Championship

Won 2016 Fiesta Bowl (Dec. 2016)
Won 2017 CFP National Championship

Lost 2018 Sugar Bowl

2
Ohio State
2
1
.667
Won 2015 Sugar Bowl
Won 2015 CFP National Championship

Lost 2016 Fiesta Bowl (Dec. 2016)

2
Oklahoma
0
2
.000
Lost 2015 Orange Bowl

Lost 2018 Rose Bowl

1
Georgia
1
1
.500
Won 2018 Rose Bowl
Lost 2018 CFP National Championship

1
Oregon
1
1
.500
Won 2015 Rose Bowl
Lost 2015 CFP National Championship

1
Florida State
0
1
.000
Lost 2015 Rose Bowl

1
Michigan State
0
1
.000
Lost 2015 Cotton Bowl (Dec. 2015)

1
Washington
0
1
.000
Lost 2016 Peach Bowl

text: College Football Playoff appearances by conference[edit]

text:
Conference
Appearances
W
L
Pct
Championships
# of teams
Teams(s)

SEC
5
6
3
.667
2
2
Alabama (4)
Georgia (1)

ACC
4
3
3
.500
1
2
Clemson (3)
Florida State (1)

Big Ten
3
2
2
.500
1
2
Ohio State (2)
Michigan State (1)

Pac-12
2
1
2
.333
0
2
Oregon (1)
Washington (1)

Big 12
2
0
2
.000
0
1
Oklahoma (2)

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The television broadcast rights to all six CFP bowls and the National Championship are owned by ESPN through at least the 2025 season.[59] ESPN then reached 12-year agreements to retain rights to the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl following the dissolution of the Bowl Championship Series.[60] In November, ESPN reached a 12-year deal to broadcast the remaining three bowls, the championship game, as well as shoulder programming such as ranking shows; as a whole, the contract is valued at around $470 million per year, or nearly $5.7 billion for the life of the contract.[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The inaugural College Football Playoff games in January 2015 generated larger ratings than previous BCS games. The 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship had an 18.9 Nielsen rating[62] and was watched by approximately 33.4 million people, the largest broadcast audience of all time on American cable television (non-broadcast), according to AdWeek. That was a 31 percent audience increase over the previous year's championship game and a 22 percent increase over the BCS title game's best rating on cable (a 16.1 rating in 2011).[63] The semifinal games, the 2015 Rose Bowl and 2015 Sugar Bowl, saw 28.16 million and 28.27 million viewers, respectively.[64] According to ESPN, these games also set (and briefly held) all-time records for cable TV viewership.[65][66]

text: In 2015, the ratings for the two semifinal games were down from the prior season's equivalents, with the Orange Bowl reaching a 9.7 rating (in comparison to 15.5 for the 2015 Rose Bowl) and the Cotton Bowl reaching a 9.9 rating (in comparison to a 15.3 rating for the 2015 Sugar Bowl). On the online WatchESPN streaming service, excluding 2014 FIFA World Cup games, the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl drew the second and third-largest streaming audiences in the service's history, behind the 2015 national championship. The ratings drops were attributed to the New Year's Eve time slot, as fewer people were at home to watch the game.[67] The decline in ratings was a factor in changes for the scheduling of future CFP semi-final games.[9]

text: Revenue[edit]

text: In 2012, ESPN reportedly paid about $7.3 billion over 12 years for broadcasting rights to all seven games, an average of about $608 million per year. That includes $215 million per year which was already committed to the Rose, Sugar and Orange bowls,[68] plus $470–475 million annually for the rest of the package.[69] By comparison, the most recent contract with the BCS and the Rose Bowl had paid approximately $155 million per year for five games.[70]

text: The average revenue to the new system over 12 years is to be about $500 million per year. After $125–150 million in expenses, the Power Five conferences split about 71.5 percent of the remaining money, for an approximate average payout of $250 million a year ($50 million per league) over the life of the contract. The "Group of Five" conferences split 27 percent, about $90 million a year ($18 million per league). Notre Dame receives around one percent, about $3.5-4 million, and other FBS independents get about 0.5 percent of the deal.[71][72]

text: Extra revenue goes to conferences in contracts with the Rose, Sugar, and Orange bowls, which split revenue 50/50 between their participating leagues.[71] In non-semifinal years, the Rose Bowl's TV revenue would be divided between the Big Ten and Pac-12 conferences; likewise, the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl revenue to its participant conferences. When those bowls are semifinal games, the money is distributed by the playoff system to all FBS conferences.[68] ESPN has paid about $80 million a year each for the Rose and Sugar bowls over 12 years. The Orange Bowl deal is worth $55 million per year.[73] For example, in a non-semifinal year, the Big Ten could receive about $90 million (half of its $80 million Rose Bowl deal plus about $50 million from the playoff system).[71]

text: Conferences receive an additional $6 million each year for each team it places in the semifinals and $4 million for a team in one of the three at-large bowls; Notre Dame receives the same amount in either scenario. No additional money is awarded for reaching the championship game.[71]

text: The Power Five conferences and the "Group of Five" have not decided on their respective revenue-sharing formulas, though the SEC initially receives more revenue than the other four Power Five conferences due to its BCS success.[71][72] Reports say the money is to be divided based on several criteria such as "on-field success, teams' expenses, marketplace factors and academic performance of student-athletes."[74] The playoff system awards academic performance bonuses of $300,000 per school for meeting the NCAA's Academic Progress Rate standard of 930.[71] In a hypothetical 14-team conference, $4.2 million ($300,000 x 14) would be allocated to that league, and if only 12 of the 14 members meet the APR standard, then each of the 12 schools would receive $350,000 ($4.2 million / 12),[72] penalizing schools that fall below the threshold.[75]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: BCS Properties, LLC holds all properties related to the College Football Playoff.[76] Previous BCS commissioner Bill Hancock is the executive director of the playoff organization,[77] with former ACC Senior Associate Commissioner Michael Kelly as COO.[78] Like the BCS, the playoff system's management committee[79] consists of the conference commissioners from the 10 FBS conferences[80] and Notre Dame's athletic director.[21] The playoff system's headquarters is in Irving, Texas.[77]

text: Board of Managers[edit]

text: According to the CFP website, the system's operations are controlled by the Board of Managers, which consists of presidents and chancellors of the playoff group's member universities. The eleven members have sole authority to develop, review and approve annual budgets, policies and operating guidelines. The group also selects the company's officers.[81]

text:
Rodney Bennett – President, Southern Mississippi (C-USA)
Anthony Frank – President, Colorado State (Mountain West)
Burns Hargis – President, Oklahoma State (Big 12)
Jack Hawkins – Chancellor, Troy (Sun Belt)
Rev. John I. Jenkins – President, Notre Dame (Independent)
Mark Keenum – President, Mississippi State (SEC)
Roderick McDavis – President, Ohio (MAC)
Max Nikias – President, USC (Pac-12)
Harvey Perlman (chair) – Chancellor, Nebraska (Big Ten)
Donna Shalala – President, Miami (Fla.) (ACC)
Steadman Upham – President, Tulsa (The American)

text: Athletics Directors Advisory Group[edit]

text: According to the CFP website, the Athletics Directors Advisory Group is appointed by the management committee to "offer counsel" on the operations of the system. As an advisory board, it has no authority in the management of the CFP.[81]

text:
Gary Barta, Iowa (Big Ten)
Tom Bowen, Memphis (The American)
Tom Burman, Wyoming (Mountain West)
Joe Castiglione, Oklahoma (Big 12)
Jeremy Foley, Florida (SEC)
Dan Guerrero, UCLA (Pac-12)
Chris Massaro, Middle Tennessee State (C-USA)
Terry Mohajir, Arkansas State (Sun Belt)
Mike O'Brien, Toledo (MAC)
Stan Wilcox, Florida State (ACC)

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Although being generally well received,[7] the College Football Playoff has been criticized much like its predecessor, the Bowl Championship Series, which had several controversies.[82]

text: Team selection[edit]

text: Chief among the criticisms was the subjective element of the selection process such as basing rankings on metrics such as strength of schedule and conference as opposed to solely basing rankings on a team's win-loss record.[83][84]

text: One particular similarity between the old BCS[85] and the current Playoff system is both have been alleged to be biased toward schools, programs and conferences with large financial endowments[86] (being the perceived favoritism with the SEC the most outstanding argument),[87][88] hurting the chances of smaller schools with fewer athletic resources.[89] Undefeated teams from less wealthy conferences can be passed over for teams with losses from richer conferences.[90]

text: Because the tournament has four teams, at least one Power Five champion misses the playoffs every season. However, not all teams selected have been conference winners. In the 2016–17 season, one of the teams selected was Ohio State, who did not qualify to the Big Ten Championship Game. As a result, both the Big Ten and Big 12 champions were not selected for the playoffs. In the 2017–18 season, two of the four selected teams were from the SEC: conference champions Georgia, winners of the SEC Championship Game, and Alabama, who lost to SEC Championship Game finalist Auburn. Analysts have discussed whether the committee should selected conference champions only.[91][92]

text: Another critique centered around a perceived bias against smaller conferences such as the Big 12 which used to not stage a conference championship game, but was reintroduced for the 2017 season. The American addressed this issue by adding Navy to its ranks for 2015, bringing its membership to 12 teams, which allowed it to stage a conference championship game under then-current NCAA rules.[93] Starting with the 2016 season, FBS conferences will be allowed to stage football championship games even if they do not have 12 members.[94]

text: There are opinions labeling the CFP system "just as" or "even more polarizing" than the BCS or the old wire-service poll system.[95][96][97][98]

text: Selection committee[edit]

text: The qualifications of selection committee members has also been scrutinized. As an outsider to the sports world, Condoleezza Rice was the focus of some criticism. Former Clemson head coach Tommy Bowden opined that the committee's members should be "people who played the game and preferably coached the game".[99] Former Auburn head coach Pat Dye said that "All she knows about football is what somebody told her ... or what she read in a book, or what she saw on television. To understand football, you've got to play with your hand in the dirt". Former Big East commissioner Mike Tranghese also gained membership on the selection committee despite having never played football in college.[100] Former sportswriter Steve Weiberg and retired U.S. Air Force General Michael Gould are other committee members without significant football playing, coaching or administrative experience.

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: The semifinal games for the 2015 season were scheduled for December 31; they were expected to have lower television viewership because the date is not a federal holiday, and because the second game faced heavy competition for television viewers in primetime from New Year's Eve specials (such as New Year's Rockin' Eve, which is aired by ESPN's sister broadcast network ABC). Under television contracts with ESPN that predate the College Football Playoff, both the Rose and Sugar Bowl games are guaranteed exclusive TV time slots on January 1 (or January 2 if New Year's Day falls on a Sunday), regardless of whether they are hosting a semifinal game.[101] In an interview with CBS Sports, CFP commissioner Bill Hancock suggested this scheduling issue would "change the paradigm of what New Year's Eve is all about," opining that "if you're hosting a New Year's Eve party, you better have a bunch of televisions around."[102] Although ESPN proposed moving the Thursday, December 31, 2015 semifinal games to Saturday, January 2, 2016, the idea was rejected.[103] The semifinal games' ratings were ultimately down significantly from those of the previous season.[67]

text: In an effort to reduce the impact of their New Year's Eve scheduling, the 2016 semifinal games, which fell on a Saturday, had earlier kickoff times, at 3:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. ET respectively. The 2016 Orange Bowl was played in primetime on December 30, 2016, rather than in an early afternoon window on New Year's Eve. Hancock considered the earlier start times to be a compromise to reduce the games' intrusion into New Year's Eve festivities, but reiterated that there were no plans to move the semi-final games from New Year's Eve outside of years where they are hosted by the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl.[104][105]

text: On July 28, 2016, however, Hancock reversed this stance and announced revisions to the scheduling for future College Football Playoff semi-final games. The games were rescheduled so that they will not necessarily be played on New Year's Eve yearly: outside of years when they are hosted by the Rose and Sugar Bowls (where they retain their traditional New Year's Day scheduling), they will now be scheduled primarily on the last Saturday or federally observed holiday of the year. In some years, this date will land on New Year's Eve. In 2021, the games will be played on Friday, December 31, because the day will be observed as a holiday.[9][106]


document_title: 1982 Milwaukee Brewers season

question_text: who led the brewers in home runs in 1982

root

text: 1982 Milwaukee Brewers season

text: Offseason[edit]

text:
October 23, 1981: Rickey Keeton was traded by the Brewers to the Houston Astros for Pete Ladd.[2]
January 12, 1982: Tom Pagnozzi was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 24th round of the 1982 amateur draft, but did not sign.[3]
February 26, 1982: John Flinn was released by the Brewers.[4]

tag: ul

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
August 27, 1982: Against the Brewers, Rickey Henderson broke Lou Brock's record for most stolen bases in one season. Doc Medich was on the mound when Henderson broke the record.[5]
September 24, 1982: Robin Yount had 6 RBIs in a game against the Baltimore Orioles.
Paul Molitor's 136 runs not only led the American League, but they were the most scored in the league since 1949.
Robin Yount became the first shortstop in American League history to lead the league in slugging percentage. He would go on to lead the league in hits, doubles, and total bases as he was voted the American League Most Valuable Player.

text: Season standings[edit]

text:
v
t
e

AL East
W
L
Pct.
GB
Home
Road

Milwaukee Brewers
95
67
0.586
—
48–34
47–33

Baltimore Orioles
94
68
0.580
1
53–28
41–40

Boston Red Sox
89
73
0.549
6
49–32
40–41

Detroit Tigers
83
79
0.512
12
47–34
36–45

New York Yankees
79
83
0.488
16
42–39
37–44

Cleveland Indians
78
84
0.481
17
41–40
37–44

Toronto Blue Jays
78
84
0.481
17
44–37
34–47

tag: table

tag: p

text: Record vs. opponents[edit]

text:
1982 American League Records

v
t
e

Sources:
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Team
BAL
BOS
CAL
CWS
CLE
DET
KC
MIL
MIN
NYY
OAK
SEA
TEX
TOR

Baltimore
—
4–9
7–5
5–7
6–7
7–6
4–8
9–4–1
8–4
11–2
7–5
7–5
9–3
10–3

Boston
9–4
—
7–5
4–8
6–7
8–5
6–6
4–9
6–6
7–6
8–4
7–5
10–2
7–6

California
5–7
5–7
—
8–5
8–4
5–7
7–6
6–6
7–6
7–5
9–4
10–3
8–5
8–4

Chicago
7–5
8–4
5–8
—
6–6
9–3
3–10
3–9
7–6
8–4
9–4
6–7
8–5
8–4

Cleveland
7–6
7–6
4–8
6–6
—
6–7
2–10
7–6
8–4
4–9
4–8
9–3
7–5
7–6

Detroit
6–7
5–8
7–5
3–9
7–6
—
6–6
3–10
9–3
8–5
9–3
6–6
8–4
6–7

Kansas City
8–4
6–6
6–7
10–3
10–2
6–6
—
7–5
7–6
5–7
7–6
7–6
7–6
4–8

Milwaukee
4–9–1
9–4
6–6
9–3
6–7
10–3
5–7
—
7–5
8–5
7–5
8–4
7–5
9–4

Minnesota
4–8
6–6
6–7
6–7
4–8
3–9
6–7
5–7
—
2–10
3–10
5–8
5–8
5–7

New York
2–11
6–7
5–7
4–8
9–4
5–8
7–5
5–8
10–2
—
7–5
6–6
7–5
6–7

Oakland
5–7
4–8
4–9
4–9
8–4
3–9
6–7
5–7
10–3
5–7
—
6–7
5–8
3–9

Seattle
5–7
5–7
3–10
7–6
3–9
6–6
6–7
4–8
8–5
6–6
7–6
—
9–4
7–5

Texas
3–9
2–10
5–8
5–8
5–7
4–8
6–7
5–7
8–5
5–7
8–5
4–9
—
4–8

Toronto
3–10
6–7
4–8
4–8
6–7
7–6
8–4
4–9
7–5
7–6
9–3
5–7
8–4
—

text: Notable transactions[edit]

text:
May 14, 1982: Rob Picciolo was traded by the Oakland Athletics to the Milwaukee Brewers for Mike Warren and John Evans (minors).[6]
June 7, 1982: Dale Sveum was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 1st round (25th pick) of the 1982 amateur draft. Player signed June 14, 1982.[7]
August 30, 1982: The Brewers traded players to be named later and cash to the Houston Astros for Don Sutton. The Brewers completed the trade by sending Kevin Bass, Frank DiPino, and Mike Madden to the Astros on September 3.[8]

text: Roster[edit]

text:
1982 Milwaukee Brewers

Roster

Pitchers

46 Jerry Augustine
47 Dwight Bernard
48 Mike Caldwell
28 Jamie Easterly
34 Rollie Fingers
30 Moose Haas
45,54 Doug Jones
27 Pete Ladd
35 Randy Lerch
10 Bob McClure
33 Doc Medich
43 Chuck Porter
41 Jim Slaton
21 Don Sutton
50 Pete Vuckovich

Catchers

23 Ted Simmons
 5 Ned Yost

Infielders

15 Cecil Cooper
17 Jim Gantner
 4 Paul Molitor
 8 Rob Picciolo
11 Ed Romero
19 Robin Yount

Outfielders

26 Kevin Bass
29 Mark Brouhard
16 Marshall Edwards
22 Charlie Moore
24 Ben Oglivie
26 Bob Skube
20 Gorman Thomas

Other batters

 9 Larry Hisle
13 Roy Howell
 7 Don Money

Manager

32 Harvey Kuenn (6/2 – )
37 Buck Rodgers (4/9 – 6/1)

Coaches

-- Pat Dobson (Pitching)
12 Larry Haney (Bullpen)
18 Ron Hansen (First Base)
32 Harvey Kuenn (Hitting 4/9 – 6/2)
38 Cal McLish (Pitching)
36 Harry Warner (Third Base)

text: Player stats[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text: Starters by position[edit]

text: Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Pos
Player
G
AB
H
Avg.
HR
RBI

C
Simmons, TedTed Simmons
137
539
145
.269
23
97

1B
Cooper, CecilCecil Cooper
155
654
205
.313
32
121

2B
Gantner, JimJim Gantner
132
447
132
.295
4
43

3B
Molitor, PaulPaul Molitor
160
666
201
.302
19
71

SS
Yount, RobinRobin Yount
156
635
210
.331
29
114

LF
Oglivie, BenBen Oglivie
159
602
147
.244
34
102

CF
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
158
567
139
.245
39
112

RF
Moore, CharlieCharlie Moore
133
456
116
.254
6
45

text: Other batters[edit]

text: Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

text:
Player
G
AB
H
Avg.
HR
RBI

Howell, RoyRoy Howell
98
300
78
.260
4
38

Money, DonDon Money
96
275
78
.284
16
55

Edwards, MarshallMarshall Edwards
69
178
44
.247
2
14

Romero, EdEd Romero
52
144
36
.250
1
7

Brouhard, MarkMark Brouhard
40
108
29
.269
4
10

Yost, NedNed Yost
40
98
27
.276
1
8

Picciolo, RobRob Picciolo
22
21
6
.286
0
1

Bass, KevinKevin Bass
18
9
0
.000
0
0

Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
9
31
4
.129
2
5

Skube, BobBob Skube
4
3
2
.667
0
0

text: Pitching[edit]

text: Starting pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
SO

Caldwell, MikeMike Caldwell
35
258
17
13
3.91
75

Vuckovich, PetePete Vuckovich
30
223 2/3
18
6
3.34
105

Haas, MooseMoose Haas
32
193 1/3
11
8
4.47
104

McClure, BobBob McClure
34
172 2/3
12
7
4.22
99

Lerch, RandyRandy Lerch
21
108 2/3
8
7
4.97
33

Sutton, DonDon Sutton
7
54 2/3
4
1
3.29
36

text: Other pitchers[edit]

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
SO

Slaton, JimJim Slaton
39
117 2/3
10
6
3.29
59

Augustine, JerryJerry Augustine
20
62
1
3
5.08
22

Medich, DocDoc Medich
10
63
5
4
5.00
36

text: Relief pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
W
L
SV
ERA
SO

Fingers, RollieRollie Fingers
50
5
6
29
2.60
71

Bernard, DwightDwight Bernard
47
3
1
6
3.76
45

Easterly, JamieJamie Easterly
28
0
2
2
4.70
16

Ladd, PetePete Ladd
16
1
3
3
4.00
12

Jones, DougDoug Jones
4
0
0
0
10.13
1

Porter, ChuckChuck Porter
3
0
0
0
4.91
3

text: Postseason[edit]

text: ALCS[edit]

text: Game 1, October 5[edit]

text: Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim, California

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
7
2

California
1
0
4
2
1
0
0
0
X
8
10
0

W: Tommy John (1-0)   L: Mike Caldwell (0-1)   S: None

HR: MIL – Gorman Thomas (1)  CAL – Fred Lynn (1)

Pitchers: MIL – Caldwell, Slaton (4), Ladd (7), Bernard (8)  CAL – John

Attendance: 64,406

text: Game 2, October 6[edit]

text: Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim, California

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
5
0

California
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
x
4
6
0

W: Bruce Kison (1-0)   L: Pete Vuckovich (0-1)   S: None

HR: MIL – Paul Molitor (1)  CAL – Reggie Jackson (1)

Pitchers: MIL – Vuckovich  CAL – Kison

Attendance: 64,179

text: Game 3, October 8[edit]

text: Milwaukee County Stadium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

California
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
8
0

Milwaukee
0
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
5
6
0

W: Don Sutton (1-0)   L: Geoff Zahn (0-1)   S: Pete Ladd (1)

HR: CAL – Bob Boone (1)  MIL – Paul Molitor (2)

Pitchers: CAL – Zahn, Witt (4), Hassler (7)  MIL – Sutton, Ladd (8)

Attendance: 50,135

text: Game 4, October 9[edit]

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

California
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
5
5
3

Milwaukee
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
9
9
2

W: Moose Haas (1-0)   L: Tommy John (0-1)   S: Jim Slaton (1)

HR: CAL – Don Baylor (1)  MIL – Mark Brouhard (1)

Pitchers: CAL – John, Goltz (4), Sanchez (8)  MIL – Haas, Slaton (8)

Attendance: 51,003

text: Game 5, October 10[edit]

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

California
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
11
1

Milwaukee
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
x
4
6
4

W: Bob McClure (1-0)   L: Luis Sánchez (0-1)   S: Pete Ladd (1)

HR: CAL – None  MIL – Ben Oglivie (1)

Pitchers: CAL – Kison, Sanchez (6), Hassler (7)  MIL – Vuckovich, McClure (7), Ladd (9)

Attendance: 54,968

text: Game 5 proved to be the most dramatic of the series. The Angels got a quick 1-0 lead in the first on a double by Brian Downing and a single by Fred Lynn. But Milwaukee tied the game in the bottom of the inning when Paul Molitor doubled and eventually came home on a sacrifice fly by Ted Simmons. The Angels made it 2-1 in the third on an RBI single from Fred Lynn, and stretched the lead to 3-1 in the fourth on a run-scoring single from Bob Boone. Milwaukee cut the lead to 3-2 in the bottom of the fourth on Ben Oglivie's homer. The score remained unchanged until the bottom of the seventh, when disaster struck the Angels. Milwaukee loaded the bases on two singles and a walk. Cecil Cooper then cracked the series-winning hit, a two-run single that put the Brewers ahead 4-3. The Milwaukee bullpen kept the Angels off the board in the final two innings, and the Brewers took home the franchise's first American League pennant.

text: 1982 World Series[edit]

text: Though the teams had never met, the cities had an existing commercial rivalry in the beer market, as St. Louis is the home of Anheuser Busch while Milwaukee is the home of Miller Brewing. This led to the Series being nicknamed the "Suds Series".

text: Paul Molitor set a World Series record with his fifth hit in the 9th inning of Game 1. Robin Yount would set another record in the 7th inning of Game 5 by becoming the first player in Series history to have two four-hit games in one Series.

text: Cardinals catcher Darrell Porter was given the Series MVP award. Brewers pitcher Mike Caldwell, who won two games, would have been a strong candidate, as well as Molitor. Paul Molitor would eventually win the Series MVP Award 11 years later as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays. As it was, the winning team won the MVP. The only player on the losing team to win the MVP was Bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees.

text: Both participants are currently in the NL Central, due to the transfer of the Brewers from the American League to the National League in 1998. This raises the possibility of the Brewers eventually playing a World Series in two different leagues.

text: Game 1[edit]

text: October 12, 1982, at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee Brewers
2
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
4
10
17
0

St. Louis Cardinals
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1

W: Mike Caldwell (1-0)   L: Bob Forsch (0-1)

HR: MIL Ted Simmons (1)

text: Game 2[edit]

text: October 13, 1982, at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee Brewers
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
10
1

St. Louis Cardinals
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
X
5
8
0

W: Bruce Sutter (1-0)   L: Bob McClure (0-1)

HR: MIL Ted Simmons (2)

text: Game 3[edit]

text: October 15, 1982, at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis Cardinals
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
1
6
6
1

Milwaukee Brewers
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
5
3

W: Joaquín Andújar (1-0)   S: Bruce Sutter (1)   L: Pete Vuckovich (0-1)

HR: STL Willie McGee 2, (2)    MIL Cecil Cooper (1)

text: The Brewers bats were initially stymied by Cardinals starter Joaquín Andújar, while rookie Willie McGee shocked everyone with two home runs off Brewers ace Pete Vuckovich, helping give the Cardinals a 5-0 lead. In a scary moment, Andújar was knocked out of the game when Cecil Cooper hit a line drive that hit Andújar in the leg, though the injury turned out to not be very serious. With bullpen ace Bruce Sutter pitching in relief, the Brewers attempted a comeback in the 8th inning. With two out, Cecil Cooper hit a 2-run homer to put Milwaukee on the board. The Brewers then got two base-runners, with Gorman Thomas representing the tying run. Thomas hit a deep fly ball to right-center field, but McGee, becoming the star of the game, made a leaping grab to rob Thomas of a potential game-tying home run. The Cardinals scored an insurance run in the 9th, and Sutter closed out the Brewers for the 6-2 Cardinals win and giving St. Louis a 2-1 Series lead.

text: Game 4[edit]

text: October 16, 1982, at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis Cardinals
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
8
1

Milwaukee Brewers
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
0
X
7
10
2

W: Jim Slaton (1-0)   S: Bob McClure (1)   L: Doug Bair (0-1)

text: The Cardinals pounced early on Brewers starter Moose Haas, scoring 3 runs in the second and had a 5-1 lead going into the seventh inning. From there, the Brewers bats suddenly came alive. Jim Gantner started the scoring with an RBI double. After a Paul Moliter walk, Robin Yount followed with a bases-loaded 2-run single to put the Brewers within 1 run. Cecil Cooper then scored Moliter with an infield hit to tie the game. 3 batters later, with two outs, Gorman Thomas hit a 2-run double to give the Brewers the lead. Bob McClure then finished the Cardinals off for the save, giving the Brewers a crucial Game 4 win, tying the Series 2-2.

text: Game 5[edit]

text: October 17, 1982, at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis Cardinals
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
4
15
2

Milwaukee Brewers
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
X
6
11
1

W: Mike Caldwell (2-0)   S: Bob McClure (2)   L: Bob Forsch (0-2)

HR: MIL Robin Yount (1)

text: Game 6[edit]

text: October 19, 1982, at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee Brewers
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
4

St. Louis Cardinals
0
2
0
3
2
6
0
0
X
13
12
1

W: John Stuper (1-0)   L: Don Sutton (0-1)

HR: STL Darrell Porter (1)    Keith Hernandez (1)

text: Game 7[edit]

text: October 20, 1982, at Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Milwaukee Brewers
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
3
7
0

St. Louis Cardinals
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
2
X
6
15
1

W: Joaquín Andújar (2-0)   S: Bruce Sutter (2)  L: Bob McClure (0-2)

HR: MIL Ben Oglivie (1)

text: Joaquín Andújar and Pete Vuckovich opposed each other once again. The game was scoreless until the bottom of the fourth when the Cardinals scored first on a Lonnie Smith RBI single. Ben Oglivie tied it for the Brew Crew in the fifth with a solo homer, and they took a 3-1 lead in the sixth when Jim Gantner scored on an error and Cecil Cooper hit a sacrifice fly.

text: But, in the bottom of the sixth, Vuckovich began to run into trouble. With one out, Ozzie Smith singled and Lonnie Smith doubled him to third. Brewers manager Harvey Kuenn then pulled Vuckovich in favor of Bob McClure, who intentionally walked pinch-hitter Gene Tenace to load the bases. Keith Hernandez then tied the game with a two-run single. George Hendrick then gave the Cardinals the lead with an RBI single.

text: The Cardinals punctuated the scoring with two runs in the eighth on RBI singles by Series MVP Darrell Porter and Steve Braun. Andújar pitched seven strong innings and Bruce Sutter pitched the eighth and ninth for his second save.

text: Composite box[edit]

text: 1982 World Series (4-3): St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.) over Milwaukee Brewers (A.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

St. Louis Cardinals
1
5
3
4
5
12
3
3
3
39
67
7

Milwaukee Brewers
3
1
3
1
5
4
7
4
5
33
64
11

Total Attendance: 384,570   Average Attendance: 54,939

Winning Player's Share: – $43,280,   Losing Player's Share – $31,935 * Includes Playoffs and World Series

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Robin Yount, American League Most Valuable Player
Cecil Cooper, Silver Slugger Award
Pete Vuckovich, American League Cy Young Award
Harvey Kuenn, Associated Press AL Manager of the Year

text: League leaders[edit]

text:
Paul Molitor – American League leader, At bats (666)
Paul Molitor – American League leader. Runs (136)
Robin Yount – American League leader, Hits (210)
Robin Yount – American League leader, Doubles (46)
Robin Yount – American League leader, Slugging Percentage (.578)
Robin Yount – American League leader, Total Bases (367)
Gorman Thomas – American League leader, Home Runs (39)*

text: *= Tied with Reggie Jackson

text: All-Stars[edit]

text: All-Star Game

text: Starters

text:
Robin Yount, SS
Cecil Cooper, 1B

text: Reserves

text:
Ben Oglivie, OF
Rollie Fingers, P

text: Farm system[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Manager

AAA
Vancouver Canadians
Pacific Coast League
Dick Phillips

AA
El Paso Diablos
Texas League
Tony Muser

A
Stockton Ports
California League
Duane Espy

A
Beloit Brewers
Midwest League
Terry Bevington

Rookie
Pikeville Brewers
Appalachian League
Tim Nordbrook

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Sortable Player Stats". MLB.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pete Ladd at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/p/pagnoto01.shtml
Jump up ^ John Flinn at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records, p. 52, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, ISBN 978-1-55365-507-7
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/p/picciro01.shtml
Jump up ^ Dale Sveum at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Don Sutton at Baseball Reference


document_title: Lela Rochon

question_text: who played sunshine in the movie harlem nights

text: Lela Rochon

text: Early life[edit]

text: Rochon was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Zelma, a nurse practitioner, and Samuel Staples, a business owner and graphic artist, who are both of Haitian descent.[2][3] She graduated Cerritos High School in Cerritos, California. She attended California State University, Dominguez Hills where she earned a BA in Broadcast Journalism, with minors in Sociology and Theatre.[4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Early works[edit]

text: From 1986 to 1988, while attending college, Rochon was one of the "Spudettes" featured in over 30 national spots for the Spuds Mckenzie Budweiser/Bud Light TV commercials. She also appeared in the 1985 made-for-television film A Bunny's Tale starring Kirstie Alley and Delta Burke, based on Gloria Steinem's experiences as a Playboy Bunny. She appeared as the love interest of Gerald Levert in the video for "My Forever Love" by Levert,[5] and in Luther Vandross's "It's Over Now" video. She also appeared in the music video for Lionel Richie's single "All Night Long (All Night)", in Al B. Sure's video for the song "Natalie".,[6] and in Tupac Shakur's video "I Get Around as one of the female dancers. She had many guest starring roles in a number of sitcoms, include The Cosby Show, Amen, 227, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Hangin' with Mr. Cooper.

text: Rochon made her film debut in 1985, when she starred opposite Fred Williamson in Fox Trap. In 1987, she played the role of Debby in the film The Wild Pair, starring Beau Bridges and Bubba Smith. In 1989, Rochon acted opposite Eddie Murphy in 1989's Harlem Nights, as the memorable "Sunshine" character. She again worked with Murphy in the successful 1992 romantic comedy, Boomerang. In 1995, she was regular cast member during the first season of The WB sitcom, The Wayans Bros.[7]

text: Breakthrough[edit]

text: Rochon' biggest break came in 1995, when she landed one of the lead roles opposite Whitney Houston, Angela Bassett and Loretta Devine in the adaptation of the Terry McMillan novel and highly successful drama film Waiting to Exhale. She played the character Robin Stokes, for which she was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture. Rochon was chosen by People magazine as one of the "50 most beautiful people in the world" in 1996.[8]

text: In 1996, Rochon starred opposite Timothy Hutton in the Showtime cable network film Mr. and Mrs. Loving, receiving a Cable Ace Award nomination for Best Actress. Later that year, she played the female lead in the crime thriller film The Chamber. The following year, she starred alongside Jim Belushi and Tupac Shakur in the crime thriller Gang Related. In 1998, Rochon had the leading role alongside Halle Berry and Vivica A. Fox in the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love, and well starred in Knock Off with Jean-Claude Van Damme, and The Big Hit, as love interest to Mark Wahlberg's leading character. In 1999, she appeared in Any Given Sunday directed by Oliver Stone. In 2001, Rochon made her return to television with one of leading roles alongside Bonnie Bedelia, Nancy McKeon, Tracey Needham, and Lisa Vidal in the Lifetime crime drama series, The Division. She left the series after single season.[9]

text: In 2004, Rochon co-starred opposite Katie Holmes in the romantic comedy film First Daughter.[9] In 2009, she had cameo in crime drama Brooklyn's Finest directed by her husband, Antoine Fuqua.[9] In 2013, she played one of leading roles in Regina King's directorial debut Let The Church Say Amen, the film adaptation of ReShonda Tate Billingsley's 2005 novel for BET.[10] She later had roles in films Supremacy (2014) with Danny Glover and Derek Luke, and Reversion (2015), playing Aja Naomi King's character's mother.[11][12][13]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Rochon was married to actor Shabba-Doo from 1982 to 1987. In 1999, she married film director Antoine Fuqua. Together, they have two children, Asia and Brando.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984
Breakin'
Extra
Uncredited

1984
Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo
Dancer

1985
A Bunny's Tale
Charlotte
Television film

1986
Foxtrap
Lindy

1986
Stewardess School
School Instructor

1987
The Wild Pair
Debby

1987
Into the Homeland
Exquisite Woman

1989
Harlem Nights
Sunshine

1991
Extralarge: Black and White
Wendy

1992
Boomerang
Christie

1993
The Meteor Man
Vanessa

1995
Waiting to Exhale
Robin Stokes
Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture

1996
Mr. and Mrs. Loving
Mildred Loving
Television film
Nominated — CableACE Award for Outstanding Actress in a Movie or Miniseries

1996
The Chamber
Nora Stark

1997
Gang Related
Cynthia Webb

1997
Legal Deceit
Sydney Banks

1998
Ruby Bridges
Lucielle 'Lucy' Bridges
Television film

1998
The Big Hit
Chantel

1998
Knock Off
Karen Lee

1998
Why Do Fools Fall in Love
Emira Eagle

1999
Any Given Sunday
Vanessa Struthers

1999
The Charlotte Austin Story
Charlotte Austin
Also executive producer

2000
Labor Pains
Lulu Brown

2004
First Daughter
Liz Pappas

2006
Running Out of Time in Hollywood

2009
Balancing the Books
Sharlene
Also executive producer

2009
Brooklyn's Finest
Investigator
Cameo

2010
Blood Done Sign My Name
Roseanna Allen

2013
Let the Church Say Amen
Loretta Jackson
Television film

2014
Supremacy
Odessa

2015
Reversion
Maya

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1987
The Facts of Life
Diana
Episode: "The Greek Connection"

1987
The Cosby Show
Veronica
Episode: "The Shower"

1988
Amen
Young Bride
Episode: "Wedding Bell Blues"

1990
21 Jump Street
Denise Price
Episode: "Change of Heart"

1990
227
Leslie
Episode: "Gone Fishing"

1990
1st & Ten
Joy Brock
Episode: "Don't Powerburst My Bubble"

1991
Generations
Brandy Alexander
Recurring role

1991
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Cindy
Episode: "Will Gets a Job"

1992
Homefront
Mary Louise
Episode: "At Your Age"

1992
Roc
Carol
Episode: "Roc Throws Joey Out"

1992
Tales from the Crypt
Mercedes
Episode: "Werewolf Concerto"

1993
Out All Night
Victoria
Episode: "Mall in the Family"

1993
The Sinbad Show
Denise
Episode: "Pilot"

1994
Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
Denise
Episode: "The Courtship of Mark Cooper"

1995
The Wayans Bros.
Lisa
Series regular, 13 episodes

1997
The Outer Limits
Beth Carter
Episode: "The Awakening"

2001
The Division
Inspector Angela Reide
Series regular, 22 episodes

2011
Reed Between the Lines
Sherri
Episode: "Let's Talk About Affairs"


document_title: Haugen

question_text: where does the last name haugen come from

text: Haugen

text: Haugen is a Norwegian surname and place name frequently used for farm homesteads. Haugen derives from the old Norse word haugr meaning tiny hill, small grassy knoll, or mound. Derivatives also include the Norwegian surnames Haugan and Hauge. Haugen can refer to:

text: People[edit]

text: Haugen (surname)

text: Places[edit]

text:
Haugen Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota
Haugen, Wisconsin

text: Other[edit]

text:
Båthaugen - Site of the Tune ship in Rolvsøy in Tune, Østfold, Norway
Borrehaugene - Norwegian national park in Horten, Vestfold, Norway
Flagghaugen - Avaldsnes burial site on Karmøy in Rogaland, Norway
Gamlehaugen - Mansion in Bergen, Norway and residence of the Norwegian Royal Family in the city
Gokstadhaugen - Burial mound in Sandefjord, Vestfold, Norway
Haraldshaugen - Norwegian national monument in Haugesund, Norway
Karnilshaugen - Site of Karnils burial mound in Gloppen, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
Maihaugen - Large open-air museum located in Lillehammer, Norway
Oseberghaugen - Viking era grave site located in Tønsberg, Norway
St. Hanshaugen Park - Public park in Oslo, Norway
Tinghaugen - Site of an early Norwegian court in Frosta, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway
Troldhaugen - Residence of Edvard Grieg in Bergen, Norway
Trollhaugen - a ski resort in Dresser, Wis.

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Haugen.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pagesPlace name disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: List of North Korean missile tests

question_text: when was the last time north korea fired a missile

text: List of North Korean missile tests

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Year
Information

1976-81
North Korea commences its missile development program using Scud-B from the Soviet Union and a launchpad from Egypt.[5]

1984
First Scud-B missile test firing.[5]

1988
Operational deployment of Scud-B and Scud-C missiles.[5]

1990
First Rodong missile test.[5]

1993
1993 North Korean missile test - (May 29/30, 1993) - Nodong

1998
North Korea fires off its first ballistic missile, the Unha-1 rocket, also known as the Taepodong-1 missile, from the launch site of Musudan-ri in North Hamgyong Province.[6]

1999
North Korea agrees to a moratorium on long-range missile tests.[7]

2002
North Korea pledges to extend moratorium on missile tests beyond 2003.

2004
North Korea reaffirms moratorium.[8]

2005
North Korea fires short-range missile into Sea of Japan.[9]

2006
2006 North Korean missile test - (July 5, 2006) - Taepodong-2 failed [6]

2009
Failed orbit of the Kwangmyongsong-2 satellite aboard an Unha-2 carrier rocket (April 5, 2009)

2009
2009 North Korean missile test (July 4, 2009)

2012
Failed launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 satellite aboard an Unha-3 carrier rocket (April 13, 2012)

2012
Successful launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 satellite aboard a three stage rocket (December 12, 2012)[6]

2013
2013 North Korean missile tests (May 18–20, 2013 - part of 2013 Korean crisis)

2014
2014 North Korean missile tests (March 2014) including Nodong, success[10]

2015
North Korea claims to launch a missile from a submarine (May 2015)[11][6]

2016
Successful launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 satellite (February 7, 2016)

2016
Test of engine designed for an intercontinental ballistic missile (April 2016)[12]

2016
North Korea claims to launch a Pukkuksong-1[13] missile capable of striking the United States (August 2016).[14] The missile is a Submarine-launched ballistic missile.[14]

2016
Failed North Korean ballistic missile launch (October 15, 2016)- [15]

2016
Failed launch of an intermediate-range missile (October 19, 2016)[16]

2017
North Korea test-fired a Pukguksong-2 missile over the Sea of Japan. This was the first launch of the new medium-range ballistic missile (February 11, 2017).[17][18][6]

2017
North Korea launches four ballistic missiles from the Tongchang-ri launch site in the northwest.[19] Some flew 620 mi (1,000 km) before falling into the Sea of Japan. (March 6, 2017)[20][6]

2017
North Korea test-fired a medium-range ballistic missile from its eastern port of Sinpo into the Sea of Japan (April 4, 2017)[21][22][6]

2017
North Korea test-fired an unidentified land-based missile from the naval base in Sinpo but it exploded almost immediately after the takeoff (April 15, 2017).[23][24][25][26]

2017
North Korea test-fired an unidentified missile from Pukchang airfield (April 28, 2017).[27][28] Missile, believed to be a medium-range[29] KN-17 ballistic missile,[27] falters and breaks apart minutes after liftoff.[29][30]

2017
North Korea test-fired a Hwasong-12[31] missile from a test site in the area of Kusong (May 13, 2017).[32] The missile, later revealed to be an intermediate range ballistic missile,[33] traveled 30 minutes,[34] reached an altitude of more than 2,111.5 km, and flew a horizontal distance of 789 km (489 miles), before falling into the Sea of Japan.[33] Such a missile would have a range of at least 4,000, reaching Guam, to 6,000 km.[32][31]

2017
North Korea test-fired another Pukguksong-2 medium-range ballistic missile from Pukchang airfield (May 21, 2017),[35][36] which traveled approximately 300 miles before falling into the Sea of Japan.[37] The missile landed about 217 miles from North Korea's east coast.[37]

2017
North Korea fired a Short Range Ballistic Missile into the Sea of Japan (May 29, 2017). It traveled 450 km.[38]

2017
North Korea fired several missiles into the Sea of Japan (June 8, 2017). They are believed to be anti-ship missiles.[39] The South Korean military said the launches show the reclusive regime's "precise targeting capability."

2017
North Korea tested a new rocket engine that could possibly be fitted to an intercontinental ballistic missile (June 23, 2017).[40]

2017
North Korea tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) named Hwasong-14 on July 4.[41][42] It launched from the Panghyon Aircraft Factory 8 km southeast of Panghyon Airport.[43] It was aimed straight up at a lofted trajectory and reached more than 2,500 km into space.[44] It landed 37 minutes later,[45] more than 930 km from its launch site,[46] into Japan's exclusive economic zone.[47] Aiming long, the missile would have traveled 7,000-8,000 km or more, reaching Alaska, Hawaii, and maybe Seattle.[45][48][49][50][51] Its operational range would be farther, bringing a 500 kg payload to targets in most of the contiguous United States 9,700 km away.[52][53][54]

2017
The 14th missile test carried out by North Korea in 2017 was another ICBM launched at 23:41 North Korea time (15:41 GMT) from Chagang Province in the north of the country on July 28, 2017. Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago, Boston, and New York appear to be within range.[55] The missile's reentry vehicle (RV) was seen by people in Japan as it entered the atmosphere and landed near the northernmost Japanese island, Hokkaido.[56][57] Analysis later revealed that the RV broke up on re-entry; further testing would be required.[58] The CIA made an assessment expecting adequate performance of the RV under the different stresses of a shallower trajectory towards the continental US.[59]

2017
North Korea test fires three short range ballistic missiles from the Kangwon province on August 26. Two travel approximately 250 kilometers in a northeastern direction and one explodes immediately after launch.[60]

2017
On August 29, 2017, at 6 AM local time, North Korea launched a ballistic missile over Northern Japan.[61] The missile's short and low trajectory and its breakup into three pieces is consistent with the failure of a heavy post-boost vehicle.[62]

2017
North Korea launched a ballistic missile on September 15 from Sunan airfield. It reached a height of 770 km and flew a distance of 3,700 km for 17 minutes over Hokkaido before landing in the Pacific.[63]

text:
North Korean rockets flown over the Japanese archipelago

No.
Date
Model
Area flown over
Advance notice
North Korean claim
Satellite name

1
August 31, 1998
Taepodong-1
Akita
No
Satellite launch
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1

2
April 5, 2009
Unha-2
Akita, Iwate
Yes
Satellite launch
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2

3
December 12, 2012
Unha-3
Okinawa
Yes
Satellite launch
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3

4
February 7, 2016
Kwangmyŏngsŏng (Unha-3)
Okinawa
Yes
Satellite launch
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4

5
August 29, 2017
Hwasong-12
Hokkaido
No
Missile launch
N/A

6
September 15, 2017
Hwasong-12
Hokkaido
No
Missile launch
N/A

text: Events related to Missile Tests[edit]

text: On February 7, 2016, roughly a month after an alleged hydrogen bomb test, North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into low Earth orbit. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket, and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory, it would be shot down. Nevertheless, North Korea launched the rocket anyway, claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful, scientific purposes. Several nations, including the United States, Japan, and South Korea, have criticized the launch, and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes, it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the guise of a peaceful satellite launch. China also criticized the launch, however urged "the relevant parties" to "refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula".[64]

text: While some North Korean pronouncements have been treated with skepticism and ridicule, analysts treated the unusual pace of North Korean rocket and nuclear testing in early 2016 quite seriously. Admiral Bill Gortney, head of the North American Aerospace Defense Command, told Congress in March 2016, "It's the prudent decision on my part to assume that [Kim Jong Un] has the capability to miniaturize a nuclear weapon and put it on an ICBM," suggesting a major shift from a few years earlier.[65]

text: North Korea appeared to launch a missile test from a submarine on April 23, 2016; while the missile only traveled 30 km, one U.S. analyst noted that "North Korea's sub launch capability has gone from a joke to something very serious".[66] North Korea conducted multiple missile tests in 2016.[67]

text: On August 29, 2017 United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has condemned the latest North Korea Ballistic Missile Launch and termed it as violation of relevant UN Security Council resolutions, as According to press reports, early Tuesday morning, the North Korea Ballistic Missile travelled some 2,700 kilometers, flying over Japan before crashing into the Pacific Ocean.[68]

text: On September 3, 2017, North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a thermonuclear bomb, also known as a hydrogen bomb. Corresponding seismic activity similar to an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 was reported by the USGS making the blast around 10 times more powerful than previous detonations by the country.[69] Later the bomb yield was estimated to be 250 kilotons, based on further study of the seismic data.[70] The test was reported to be "a perfect success".[71]