document_title: List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States

question_text: who sold more albums carrie underwood vs kelly clarkson

text: Artists with RIAA certified albums[edit]

text: This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. (Gold, Platinum, and/or Multi-platinum). Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first. The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here.

text:
Contestant
Total sales
First album
Second album
Third album
Fourth album
Fifth album
Sixth album
Seventh album
Eighth album

1.
Carrie Underwood
(season 4, winner)
16,389,000[1]
Some Hearts
(November 15, 2005)
Arista Nashville
7,450,000[2]
8x Platinum[3]
Peak: #2
Carnival Ride
(October 23, 2007)
Arista Nashville
3,400,000[4]
4x Platinum[5]
Peak: #1
Play On
(November 3, 2009)
Arista Nashville
2,300,000[4]
3x Platinum[6]
Peak: #1
Blown Away
(May 1, 2012)
Arista Nashville
1,794,800[7]
2x Platinum[8]
Peak: #1
Storyteller
(October 23, 2015)
Arista Nashville
752,100[9]
Platinum[10]
Peak: #2

2.
Kelly Clarkson
(season 1, winner)
14,214,000
Thankful
(April 15, 2003)
RCA
2,800,000[1]
2x Platinum[11]
Peak: #1
Breakaway
(November 30, 2004)
RCA
6,355,000[1]
6x Platinum[12]
Peak: #3
My December
(June 26, 2007)
RCA
858,000[1]
Platinum[13]
Peak: #2
All I Ever Wanted
(March 10, 2009)
RCA
1,004,000[1]
N/A
Peak: #1
Stronger
(October 24, 2011)
RCA
1,129,000[1]
Platinum[14]
Peak: #2
Wrapped in Red
(October 29, 2013)
RCA
942,000[1]
Platinum[15]
Peak: #3
Piece by Piece
(March 3, 2015)
RCA
284,000[1]
Gold
Peak: #1
Meaning of Life
(October 27, 2017)
Atlantic
64,000[16]
N/A
Peak: #2

3.
Chris Daughtry
(as Daughtry)
(season 5, 4th place)
7,352,000[17]
Daughtry
(November 21, 2006)
RCA
5,040,000[2]
4x Platinum[18]
Peak: #1
Leave This Town
(July 14, 2009)
RCA
1,357,000[19]
Platinum[18]
Peak: #1
Break the Spell
(November 21, 2011)
RCA
513,000[20]
Gold[21]
Peak: #8
Baptized
(November 19, 2013)
RCA
270,000[22]
N/A
Peak: #6
TBD
(2017)
RCA

4.
Clay Aiken
(season 2, runner-up)
5,069,000[17]
Measure of a Man
(October 14, 2003)
RCA
2,786,000[23]
2x Platinum[24]
Peak: #1
Merry Christmas with Love
(November 16, 2004)
RCA
1,416,000[25]
Platinum[24]
Peak: #4
A Thousand Different Ways
(September 19, 2006)
RCA
531,000[26]
Gold[24]
Peak: #2
On My Way Here
(May 6, 2008)
RCA
165,000[26]
N/A
Peak: #4
Tried and True / Steadfast
(June 1, 2010) / (March 26, 2012)
Decca / Universal
80,000 note 1[27]
N/A
Peak: #9 / #120

5.
Fantasia Barrino
(season 3, winner)
3,332,000[17]
Free Yourself
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
1,839,000[23]
Platinum[28]
Peak: #8
Fantasia
(December 12, 2006)
J Records
530,000[29]
Gold[28]
Peak: #19
Back to Me
(August 24, 2010)
J Records
490,000[30]
N/A
Peak: #2
Side Effects of You
(April 23, 2013)
RCA
300,000[31]
Peak: #2
The Definition Of...
(July 28, 2016)
RCA
32,000[32]
Peak: #6

6.
Ruben Studdard
(season 2, winner)
2,644,000[17]
Soulful
(December 9, 2003)
J Records
1,792,000[23]
Platinum[33]
Peak: #1
I Need an Angel
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
483,000[34]
Gold[33]
Peak: #20
The Return
(October 17, 2006)
J Records
238,000[34]
N/A
Peak: #8
Love Is
(May 19, 2009)
Hickory Records
50,000[35]
N/A
Peak: #36
Letters from Birmingham
(March 13, 2012)
Shanachie
17,000[36]
N/A
Peak: #150
Unconditional Love
(February 4, 2014)
The Verve Music Group
6,000[37]
N/A
Peak: #46

7.
Scotty McCreery
(season 10, winner)
2,165,000[17]
Clear as Day
(October 4, 2011)
Mercury Nashville
1,166,000[38]
Platinum[39]
Peak: #1
Christmas With Scotty McCreery
(October 16, 2012)
Mercury Nashville
382,000[40]
Gold[41]
Peak: #4
See You Tonight
(October 15, 2013)
Mercury Nashville
269,900[42]
N/A
Peak: #6

8.
Kellie Pickler
(season 5, 6th place)
1,557,000[17]
Small Town Girl
(October 31, 2006)
BNA
900,000[43]
Gold[44]
Peak: #9
Kellie Pickler
(September 30, 2008)
BNA
470,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #9
100 Proof
(January 24, 2012)
BNA
90,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #7
The Woman I Am
November 11, 2013
Black River Entertainment
47,000[45]
N/A
Peak: #19

9.
David Cook
(season 7, winner)
1,510,000[4]
David Cook
(November 18, 2008)
RCA
1,380,000[19]
Platinum[46]
Peak: #3
This Loud Morning
(June 28, 2011)
RCA
133,000[47]
N/A
Peak: #7
Digital Vein
(September 18, 2015)
InGrooves Music
11,000[48]
N/A
Peak: #35

10.
Phillip Phillips
(season 11, winner)
1,490,000[17]
The World from the Side of the Moon
(November 19, 2012)
Interscope
1,033,000[49]
Platinum[50]
Peak: #4
Behind the Light
(May 19, 2014)
Interscope
123,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #7

11.
Jennifer Hudson
(season 3, 7th place)
1,446,000[52]
Jennifer Hudson
(September 30, 2008)
Arista
839,000[53]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2
I Remember Me
(March 22, 2011)
Arista
459,000[55]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2
JHUD
(September 23, 2014)
RCA
61,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #10

12.
Jordin Sparks
(season 6, winner)
1,313,000[56]
Jordin Sparks
(November 20, 2007)
Jive
1,056,000[19]
Platinum[57]
Peak: #10
Battlefield
(July 21, 2009)
Jive
190,000[58]
N/A
Peak: #7
Right Here, Right Now
(August 21, 2015)
Louder Than Life
N/A
Peak: #161

13.
Adam Lambert
(season 8, runner-up)
1,291,000[59]
For Your Entertainment
(November 23, 2009)
RCA
863,000[60]
Gold[61]
Peak: #3
Trespassing
(May 15, 2012)
RCA
197,000[62]
N/A
Peak: #1
The Original High
(June 16, 2015)
Warner Bros Records
52,000[63]
N/A
Peak: #3

14.
David Archuleta
(season 7, runner-up)
1,156,000[52]
David Archuleta
(November 11, 2008)
Jive
765,000[64]
Gold[65]
Peak: #2
Christmas from the Heart
(October 13, 2009)
Jive
246,000[66]
N/A
Peak: #30
The Other Side of Down
(October 5, 2010)
Jive
67,000[64]
N/A
Peak: #13
Begin.
(August 7, 2012)
Highway Records
14,000[67]
N/A
Peak: #28
No Matter How Far
(2013)
E1 Music
5,000[68]
N/A
Peak: #110

15.
Josh Gracin
(season 2, 4th place)
804,000[56]
Josh Gracin
(June 15, 2004)
Lyric Street
703,000[69]
Gold[70]
Peak: #11
We Weren't Crazy
(April 1, 2008)
Lyric Street
86,000[71]
N/A
Peak: #33
Redemption
(November 8, 2011)
Average Joe's
4,000[72]
N/A
Peak: N/A

16.
Taylor Hicks
(season 5, winner)
768,000[52]
Taylor Hicks
(December 12, 2006)
Arista
705,000[53]
Platinum[73]
Peak: #2
The Distance
(March 10, 2009)
Modern Whomp
52,000[69]
N/A
Peak: #58

17.
Bo Bice
(season 4, runner-up)
757,000[52]
The Real Thing
(December 13, 2005)
RCA
673,000[53]
Gold[74]
Peak: #4
See the Light
(October 23, 2007)
StratArt
62,000[75]
N/A
Peak: #150
3
(May 18, 2010)
Saguaro Road
11,000[76]
N/A
Peak: #154

18.
Elliott Yamin
(season 5, 3rd place)
696,000[56]
Elliott Yamin
(March 20, 2007)
Hickory Records
RED Distribution
527,000[77]
Gold[78]
Peak: #3
Sounds of the Season
(October 14, 2007)
Hickory Records
81,000[79]
N/A
Peak: #32
My Kind of Holiday
(October 7, 2008)
TRP Records,
Fontana Distribution
27,000[80]
N/A
Peak: #162
Fight For Love
(May 5, 2009)
Hickory Records
49,000[77]
N/A
Peak: #26
Let's Get to What's Real
(March 27, 2012)
E1/Purpose Music Group
2,000[81]
N/A
Peak: N/A

text: ^Note 1 Aiken's album, Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name, Steadfast, concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012

text: Artists without RIAA certified albums[edit]

text: The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion, although the degree of success varies considerably. This list only includes contestants who have numbers available, and again does not include EPs, American Idol compilations, or pre-Idol recordings, numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases:

text:
Rank
Former Contestant
Total Sales
Albums

19.
Mandisa
(season 5, 9th place)
928,000[82]

True Beauty (2007) #43 — 226,000[83]
It's Christmas (2008) #85 — 64,000[84]
Freedom (2009) #83 — 152,000[85]
What If We Were Real (2011) #66 — 270,000[86]
Overcomer (2013) #29 - 140,000[87]

20.
Katharine McPhee
(season 5, runner-up)
475,000[52]

Katharine McPhee (2007) #2 — 381,000[26]
Unbroken (2010) #27 — 45,000[26]
Christmas Is the Time…To Say I Love You (2010) did not chart — 23,000[26]
Hysteria (2015) did not chart

21.
Lauren Alaina
(season 10, runner-up)
454,000[52]

Wildflower (2011) #5 — 303,000[88]
Road Less Traveled (2016) #31 — 29,100[89]

22.
Bucky Covington
(season 5, 8th place)
did not chart
436,000

Bucky Covington (2007) #4 — 433,000[56]
Good Guys (2012) #178 — 3,000[90]

23.
Blake Lewis
(season 6, runner-up)
413,000[56]

A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream) (2007) #10 — 350,000[91]
Heartbreak on Vinyl (2009) #135 — 10,000[92]
Portrait of a Chameleon (2013) did not chart — 2,000[93]

24.
Kris Allen
(season 8, winner)
401,600

Kris Allen (2009) #11 — 346,000[94]
Thank You Camellia (2012) #26 — 35,000[95]
Horizons (2014) #80 — 4,000[96]
Letting You In (2016)

25.
William Hung
(Season 3, Auditioner)
242,000

Inspiration (2004) #34 — 200,000[97]
Hung for the Holidays (2004) did not chart — 35,000[98]
Miracle: Happy Summer from William Hung (2005) did not chart — 7,000[98]

26.
Kimberley Locke
(season 2, 3rd place)
241,000[56]

One Love (2004) #16 — 212,000[99]
Based on a True Story (2007) #160 — 22,000[100]
Christmas (2008) did not chart — 3,000[75]

27.
Crystal Bowersox
(season 9, runner-up)
230,000[56]

Farmer's Daughter (2010) #28 — 205,000 [101]
All That For This (2013) #71 — 8,000[68]

28.
Danny Gokey
(season 8, 3rd place)
204,000

My Best Days (2010) #4 — 204,000[102]
Hope in Front of Me (2014) #40

29.
James Durbin
(season 10, 4th place)
194,000

Memories of a Beautiful Disaster (2011) #36 — 123,000[103]
Celebrate (2014) #83

30.
Lee DeWyze
(season 9, winner)
178,000

Live It Up (2010) #19 — 153,000[104]
Frames (2013) #116 — 3,000[105]
Oil & Water (2016)

31.
Diana DeGarmo
(Season 3, Runner-Up)
168,000[106]

Blue Skies (2004) #52

32.
Justin Guarini
(season 1, runner-up)
146,000

Justin Guarini (2003) #20 — 146,000[53]
Stranger Things Have Happened (2005) did not chart

33.
Haley Reinhart
(season 10, 3rd place)
143,500

Listen Up! (2012) #17 —77,000[107]
Better (2016) did not chart — 7,500[108]

34.
Colton Dixon
(season 11, 7th place)
128,000

A Messenger (2013) #15 — 100,000[109]
Anchor (2014) #23 — 28,000[47]
The Calm Before the Storm (2015) did not chart

35.
Tamyra Gray
(season 1, 4th place)
123,000[99]

The Dreamer (2004) #23

36.
Jason Castro
(Season 7, 4th Place)
105,000

Jason Castro (2010) #18 — 54,000[110]
Who I Am (2010) #198 — 18,000[111]
Only a Mountain (2013) did not chart — 20,000[112]

37.
Allison Iraheta
(Season 8, 4th Place)
103,000[113]

Just Like You (2009) #35

38.
Melinda Doolittle
(season 6, 3rd place)
091,000[114]

Coming Back to You (2009) #58

39.
Casey James
(season 9, 3rd place)
077,000[38]

Casey James (2012) #23

40.
Chris Sligh
(season 6, 10th place)
064,000

Running Back to You (2008) #190 — 54,000[115]
The Anatomy of Broken (2010) did not chart — 10,000[116]

41.
LaToya London
(Season 3, 4th Place)
058,000[99]

Love & Life (2005) #82

42.
Phil Stacey
(season 6, 6th place)
058,000

Phil Stacey (2008) #43 — 40,000 [80]
Into the Light (2009) did not chart — 18,000[76]

43.
Mario Vazquez
(season 4, Top 12)
056,000[117]

Mario Vazquez (2006) #80

44.
George Huff
(season 3, 5th place)
52,000

Miracles (2005) did not chart — 29,000 [99]
George Huff (2009) did not chart — 4,000 [114]

45.
Brooke White
(season 7, 5th place)
048,000[118]

High Hopes & Heartbreak (2009) #50 — 29,000[114]
Gemini (2011) did not chart — 2,000[119]

46.
Carly Smithson
(as a part of We Are the Fallen)
(Season 7, 6th Place)
041,000[120]

Tear the World Down (2010) #33

47.
Jessica Sanchez
(Season 11, Runnerup)
38,000

Me, You & the Music (2013) #26 — 17,000[109]

48.
Kristy Lee Cook
(season 7, 7th place)
032,000[121]

Why Wait (2008) #49

49.
Candice Glover
(Season 12, Winner)
027,000[122]

Music Speaks (2014) #14

50.
Casey Abrams
(season 10, 6th place)
27,000[123]

Casey Abrams (2012) #101

51.
Constantine Maroulis
(season 4, 6th place)
25,000[124]

Constantine (2007) #75

52.
Caleb Johnson
(season 13, winner)
024,000[125]

Testify (2014) #24

53.
Paris Bennett
(season 5, 5th place)
22,300

Princess P (2007) #133 — 22,000 [126]
A Royal Christmas (2008) did not chart — 300 [75]

54.
R. J. Helton
(season 1, 5th place)
022,000[99]

Real Life (2004) did not chart

55.
John Stevens
(Season 3, 6th Place)
021,000[99]

Red (2005) did not chart

56.
Michael Johns
(season 7, 8th place)
020,000[114]

Hold Back My Heart (2009) #97

57.
Jasmine Trias
(season 3, 3rd place)
014,000[99]

Jasmine Trias (2005) did not chart

58.
Ace Young
(season 5, 7th place)
010,000[75]

Ace Young (2008) #160

59.
LaKisha Jones
(season 6, 4th place)
007,000[114]

So Glad I'm Me (2009) did not chart

60.
Nick Fradiani
(season 14, winner)
005,000[127]

Hurricane (2016) #121

61.
Danny Noriega
(season 7, semi)
005,000[128]

Till Death Do Us Party (2014) #59

62.
Jim Verraros
(season 1, 9th place)
004,300[99]

Rollercoaster (2005) did not chart
Do Not Disturb (2011) did not chart

63.
Carmen Rasmusen
(season 2, 6th place)
003,100[99]

Nothin' Like the Summer (2007) did not chart

64.
Kimberly Caldwell
(season 2, 7th place)
003,000[85]

Without Regret (2011) did not chart

65.
Ayla Brown
(season 5, Top 16)
003,000[129]

Forward (2006) did not chart

66.
Corey Clark
(season 2, 9th place)
002,600[99]

Corey Clark (2005) did not chart

67.
Tim Halperin
(Season 10, Semifinal)
002,000[130]

Rise and Fall (2011) did not chart

68.
Jon Peter Lewis
(Season 3, 8th Place)
001,600

Stories from Hollywood (2006) did not chart — 1,100[99]
Break the Silence (2008) did not chart — 500[131]

69.
Michael Sarver
(season 8, 10th place)
001,000[132]

Michael Sarver (2010) did not chart

70.
Josiah Leming
(season 7, Hollywood round)
001,000[76]

Come On Kid (2010) did not chart

71.
Kree Harrison
(season 12, 2nd place)
000900[133]

This Old Thing (2016) did not chart


document_title: Queen Sugar

question_text: who is the oldest child in queen sugar

question_tokens: who is the oldest child in queen sugar

root

text: Queen Sugar

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon, the eldest Bordelon child, a journalist, activist and herbal healer
Dawn-Lyen Gardner as Charlotte "Charley" Bordelon West, the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel, a sports manager, mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis
Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon, the youngest Bordelon child, the face-forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison
Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon, Ernest's younger sister, aunt to the Bordelon children, and Hollywood's girlfriend
Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth "Hollywood" Desonier, Violet's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and friend of the Bordelon family
Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell, an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest's children and soon becomes Charley's love interest
Bianca Lawson as Darla, Ralph Angel's ex-girlfriend and Blue's mother, seeking to reconnect with them both as she is in recovery from a drug addiction
Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West, Charley's and Davis's teenage son
Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon, Ralph Angel and Darla's 6-year-old son
Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton, a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer (Season 3; Recurring Seasons 1-2)
Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West, Charley's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband, client, and Micah's father whose involvement in a sex scandal leads to the dissolution of their marriage (Seasons 1-3)
Greg Vaughan as Calvin, a married police officer and Nova's longtime secret lover (Season 1; Guest Season 2)
Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez, Blue's elementary school teacher (Season 1)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet (season 1)
True O'Brien as Stella, Micah's girlfriend before he leaves Los Angeles (season 1)[8]
Reagan Gomez-Preston as Chantal Williams, Nova's friend
Issac White as Devonte "Too Sweet" Bonclair, a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African-Americans (season 1; guest, season 3)
Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond, a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook-out[9]
Deja Dee as Sierra, Nova's college roommate
Sharon Lawrence as Lorna Prescott, Charley's mother
Michael Michele as Darlene, Darla's mother
Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy, Darla's father
Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois, an activist, who becomes Nova's love interest briefly in the second season
Lea Coco as Jacob Boudreaux, a member of the Landry family who takes a special interest in Charley
David Jensen as Samuel Landry, the owner of the most popular mill, the Landry mills, in the county who Charley and Ralph-Angel go up against
Walter Perez as Romero, a doctor and love interest to Charley (season 3)
Vivien Ngô as Trinh Phan, a young woman who returns to help her parents with their seafood plant who becomes Ralph Angel's love interest. (season 3) [10][11]
Tony Aidan Vo as Khanh Phan, the younger brother to Trinh and son of Mrs. Phan (season 3) [10]
Elyse Dinh McCrillis as Mrs. Phan, a Vietnamese American refugee and the mother to Khanh and Trinh; also Ralph Angel's boss at the seafood plant (season 3) [10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 2, 2015, it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network had ordered a straight-to-series TV drama based on Queen Sugar, the novel by Natalie Baszile.[1][2][12][13] Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who worked on the 2014 film Selma, co-created the series, while DuVernay was set to write and direct the initial episodes. The first season began filming in February 2016[14] and contained 13 episodes. DuVernay announced on January 27, 2016 that the series would feature an all-women directorial team.[15] On February 15, 2016, Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer.[16] Award-winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes, and Anthony Sparks,[17] an award-winning TV writer and professor, is a co-executive producer for the series.[18] It was later announced that singer-songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series.[19]

tag: p

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 13, 2016, it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon.[20][21][22] Further casting was announced January 27, 2016. Dawn-Lyen Gardner, Kofi Siriboe, and Omar Dorsey, who co-starred in Selma, were all announced in leading roles.[23][24] On February 1, 2016, it was announced that Emmy Award-winner Glynn Turman will guest-star as Ernest Bordelon, the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode.[25] On February 16, 2016, it was announced that Tina Lifford, Dondre Whitfield, Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars.[26] On February 23, 2016, Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars, while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role. Meanwhile, Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey, who earlier was announced as a recurring character, would not have an onscreen role.[27] On March 11, 2016, it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular.[28]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: On August 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere which aired in a two-night premiere on June 20 and June 21, 2017.[29][30] The second season premiered on OWN in a two episode special on June 20 and 21, 2017. The show was renewed for a third season on July 26, 2017.[31] The third season premiered in a two-night special on May 29 and May 30, 2018. On August 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season. Following the renewal co-executive producer Anthony Sparks was revealed to be the new showrunner, replacing the current showrunner Kat Candler.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)216June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)313May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)August 22, 2018

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"First Things First"Ava DuVernayAva DuVernaySeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)2.69[32]
The estranged  Bordelon siblings Nova (Rutina Wesley), Charley (Dawn-Lyen Gardner), and Ralph Angel (Kofi Siriboe) must come together to save their family's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana. Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband.
22"Evergreen"Ava DuVernayTina MabrySeptember 7, 2016 (2016-09-07)2.14[33]
The siblings plan the funeral, but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service. In other events, Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they don't know about their father's farm.
33"Thy Will Be Done"Neema BarnetteJason WilbornSeptember 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)2.00[34]
Charley, Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father's will and contemplate running the farm together; someone attempts to repossess one of the father's possessions; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer.
44"The Darker Sooner"So Yong KimKay OyegunSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)1.52[35]
The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives: Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm; Charley resumes managing her husband's basketball career; and Nova seeks justice for a friend's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned.
55"By Any Chance"Victoria MahoneyAnthony SparksSeptember 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)1.59[36]
Nova's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice; Charley confronts her husband's accuser; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past.
66"As Promised"Tanya HamiltonMelissa CarterOctober 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)1.44[37]
Nova and Charley clash over Nova's comments regarding Charley's marriage; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question.
77"In No Uncertain Terms"Neema BarnetteDenise HarkavyOctober 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)1.68[38]
Charley faces up to the state of her marriage; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship.
88"Where With All"Kat CandlerTina MabryOctober 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)1.71[39]
The family prepares for a hurricane; Remy questions Charley's treatment of her staff; Aunt Violet worries about Nova's safety; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla.
99"Next to Nothing"Kat CandlerJason WilbornNovember 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)1.69[40]
The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm. In other events, Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue.
1010"So Far"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldAnthony SparksNovember 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)1.50[41]
Charlie searches for a new mill; and realizes that there's more to the story of the land than originally thought. In other events, Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet.
1111"All Good"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldKay OyegunNovember 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)1.64[42]
The siblings search for a new mill; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner.
1212"Far Too Long"Tina MabryMelissa Carter & Ali Gordon-GoldsteinNovember 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)1.50[43]
Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings' quest for a new mill; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley; Hollywood and Aunt Violet's relationship hits a roadblock; and Nova's ex, Calvin, returns.
1313"Give Us This Day"Tina MabryAva DuVernayNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)1.91[44]
In the Season 1 finale, Charley goes all out to secure an investor; Nova and Calvin reunite, but not everyone is pleased; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)141"After the Winter"Kat CandlerMonica MacerJune 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)2.31[45]
Charley and Davis remain entangled; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer. In other events, Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser.
152"To Usward"Cheryl DunyeJason WilbornJune 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)1.69[46]
Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis; Nova holds a community fundraiser; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life-threatening accident.
163"What Do I Care For Morning"Aurora GuerreroAnthony SparksJune 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)1.55[47]
Micah finds solace at Nova's place; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement; Aunt Violet's time with Hollywood might be short-lived; Nova meets someone at a symposium; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property.
174"My Soul's High Song"Maryam KeshavarzAva DuVernayJuly 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)1.46[48]
Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences.
185"Caroling Dusk"Amanda MarsalisDavita ScarlettJuly 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)1.52[49]
Charley's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois; Davis meets an intriguing singer; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high-pressured situation; and Darla finds an unexpected job.
196"Line of Our Elders"DeMane DavisMimi Won TechentinJuly 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)1.56[50]
Charley's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback; Nova learns something surprising about her late father; and Ralph Angel has a run-in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters.
207"I Know My Soul"Kat CandlerMaria Elena RodriguezJuly 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)1.57[51]
Ralph Angel's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley's wishes. Plus, Nova learns something surprising about Violet.
218"Freedom's Plow"Amanda MarsalisAnthony SparksAugust 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)1.59[52]
In the mid-season finale, Darla celebrates her two-year sober anniversary; Violet has a health issue; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois' reunion hits a roadblock; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy; and Ralph Angel makes a life-changing confession to Darla.
229"Yet Do I Marvel"Julie DashJason WilbornOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)1.74[53]
In the mid-season premiere, Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news; Violet's condition worsens; Nova's Zika story causes concern in the community; Micah tells his family about the police incident; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother, and the two have an honest conversation about Charley's upbringing.
2310"Drums at Dusk"Julie DashValerie ChuOctober 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)1.20[54]
An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla. Meanwhile, the presence of Charley's mother, Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms.
2411"Fruit of the Flower"Cheryl DunyeDana GreenblattOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)1.31[55]
Nova and Robert's relationship begins to shift; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood's new friend; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel's father.
2512"Live in the All Along"Garrett BradleyMimi Won TechentinOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)1.14[56]
Nova and Robert's relationship hits a major setback; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships; Davis attempts to make amends.
2613"Heritage"Liesl TommyMonica Macer & Davita ScarlettOctober 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)1.34[57]
Charley and Remy discuss their future; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis; Nova and Calvin come face-to-face for the first time in months; Darla reunites with her parents, and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel.
2714"On These I Stand"Christina VorosJason Wilborn & Anthony SparksNovember 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)1.28[58]
Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla's news; Charley's business is threatened; Micah has an issue with his school; Nova receives a new opportunity; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood.
2815"Copper Sun"DeMane DavisMonica Macer & Dana GreenblattNovember 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)1.22[59]
Charley fires Darla after learning that she's lied to her family; Micah gets suspended from school; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet's wish list; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership.
2916"Dream Variations"Kat CandlerAva DuVernayNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)1.33[60]
In the Season 2 finale, Charley's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy; Hollywood proposes to Violet; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla.

Note: This episode is 90 minutes.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [61]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)301"A Rock, a River, a Tree"DeMane DavisKat CandlerMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.48[62]
312"Of Their Sojourn Here"Patricia CardosoAnthony SparksMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)1.04[63]
323"Your Distant Destiny"Lauren WolksteinErika L. JohnsonJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)0.92[64]
334"No Haven in My Shadow"Maria GovanMike FlynnJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)1.13[65]
345"A Little Lower Than Angels"Shaz BennettChloé HungJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)1.14[66]
356"Delicate and Strangely Made"Christina ChoeChanning Godfrey PeoplesJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)1.17[67]
367"Study War No More"DeMane DavisAnthony SparksJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)1.20[68]
378"Come, Clad in Peace"DeMane DavisErika L. JohnsonJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.01[69]
389"The Tree and Stone Were One"Nijla MuminAnthony SparksJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.05[70]
3910"Here Beside the River"TBATBAAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)1.02[71]
4011"Your Passages Have Been Paid"TBATBAAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)1.05[72]
4112"The Horizon Leans Forward"TBATBAAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)1.05[73]
4213"From on the Pulse of Morning"TBATBAAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)1.01[74]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of  7.4/10 based on 41 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "With an authenticity of culture and place and strong performances throughout, Queen Sugar rises above melodrama in this alluring, unhurried and powerful portrait of a fractious black American family."[75] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 25 critics for the season, indicating what the website considers to be "generally favorable reviews".[76] A 100% approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 8.03/10 based on 7 reviews.[77]

text: Novel[edit]

text: UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile started writing Queen Sugar, the novel, in the early 1990s, but the text was only completed ten years later. She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success. After revising the book for another two years, she resubmitted the text, with one agent agreeing to represent her.

text: Baszile took part in a women writer's retreat in Hedgebrook. A friend of hers who was also at the retreat, the novelist Sarah Manyika, suggested that she read part of Queen Sugar to fellow residents. Leigh Haber, O, The Oprah Magazine's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Oprah's Harpo Productions. A few months after that, Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project.[78]

text: The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as Baszile's debut novel and, a few months later, OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2017

48th NAACP Image Awards[79]

Outstanding Drama Series

Queen Sugar

Won

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Kofi Siriboe

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series

Rutina Wesley

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series

Ava DuVernay (for "First Things First")

Won

Anthony Sparks (for "By Any Chance")

Nominated

2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards[80]

Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series

Meshell Ndegeocello

Nominated

2018

49th NAACP Image Awards[81]

Outstanding Drama Series

Queen Sugar

Nominated

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series

Kofi Siriboe

Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series

Rutina Wesley

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Dondre Whitfield

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Tina Lifford

Nominated


document_title: Steatoda nobilis

question_text: a spider with a skull on its back

question_tokens: a spider with a skull on its back

text: Steatoda nobilis

text: Description[edit]

text: Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull.[7] The legs are reddish-orange.[8] Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size, while males are 7 to 11 mm.[1] Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship[citation needed], by scraping 10-12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace.

text: Distribution, habitat and ecology[edit]

text: The spider is an introduced species across Europe, plus parts of North Africa, and likely spreading. It was found for the first time in 2011 in Cologne, Germany.[9] It is originally from the Canary Islands and Madeira.[10] In England it has been reported mostly in southern counties,[11][12] but its range appears to be expanding northwards.[13] In 2011, the spider was reported as an established invasive species in the USA, in Ventura County, California.[14] In January 2016, it was reported that Steatoda nobilis had been found in Chile, the first time that the species had been recorded in the southern hemisphere.[15][16]

text: As with other members of the family Theridiidae, Steatoda nobilis constructs a cobweb which is an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibres. Its 'scaffold web' differs from others of the genus in the exceptional strength of the silk, and in the tubular retreat that is at least partly concealed in a deep crack or hole.[12] They have poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them.

text: Population expansion in UK and Ireland[edit]

text: The distribution of Steatoda nobilis is expected to increase northwards in the UK, due to, at least partly, mild winters in recent years. This prediction was reported by Stuart Hine of the Natural History Museum,[17] and is substantiated by the National Recording Scheme.[12]

text: The spider is reported to be an established species in Ireland.[18]

text: Medical significance[edit]

text: Like almost all spiders, Steatoda nobilis is venomous, but its bite is almost exclusively of mild effect on humans, without the severe consequences that can occur with black widow spiders. It is often alleged to be one of the spiders whose bite involves venom medically significant for humans, even though the few recorded bites do not typically present long-lasting effects. The symptoms of a bite are typically similar to a bee or wasp sting.[8] The bite of this spider, along with others in the genus Steatoda, can produce a set of symptoms known as steatodism. Symptoms of bites include intense pain radiating from the bite site, along with feverishness or general malaise.[19] Male bites are less severe than those of females.[16]

text: Media reaction[edit]

text: Sensationalised stories about the bite of Steatoda nobilis have featured in UK newspaper articles.[20][21] Stuart Hine from the Natural History Museum, London responded on the naturenet blog, stating, "Of course I also explain the great value of spiders and how rare the event of spider bite in the UK actually is. I also always explain that up to 12 people die from wasp/bee stings in the UK each year and we do not panic so much about wasps and bees – but this never makes it past editing." [17] Steven Falk, an entomologist, cautioned that without "hard evidence", it is difficult to know how many of the bites reported in the media have been caused by false widow spiders.[22] The arrival of Steatoda nobilis in Chile in 2016 led to a similar media reaction.[23]

text: Alleged incidents[edit]

text:
In 2006 a Dorchester man spent three days in Dorset County Hospital with symptoms of heart seizure, after suffering a spider bite believed to be caused by Steatoda nobilis.[5]
In 2013 a man in Sidcup, Kent was allegedly bitten in his sleep, reporting that his hand had turned black and yellow. His hand remained swollen for five weeks until doctors gave him a course of antibiotics.[24]
In October 2013, it was reported that a man from Romford in Essex had been allegedly bitten by a false widow. He was treated for bacterial infection with antibiotics and needed to have his leg drained of pus.[25]
In October 2013, a British school in the Forest of Dean was closed for a day for fumigation as a result of a dense population of Steatoda nobilis on the site.[26]
In 2014, a woman from County Durham had her left index finger amputated after contracting the flesh-eating bug necrotising fasciitis following a claimed bite from a false widow spider.[27][28]
In October 2014, an Irish man went into cardiac arrest and spent a day in intensive care after being bitten three times by what was claimed as a false widow, on the hip, side and shoulder.[29]

text: Notes[edit]

text: a. ^ The correct and full English name for Steatoda nobilis is "Noble false widow". Media coverage usually abbreviates this to "false widow", although Steatoda nobilis is strictly speaking one of the false widows. Steatoda grossa[30] and Steatoda paykulliana[31] are other examples of false widow spiders.


document_title: Waltz

question_text: when did the waltz become popular in england

text: Waltz

text: History[edit]

text:
Typical waltz rhythm

Melody sung in an approximation of Koine Greek pronunciation and in modern popular vocal style.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe, including the representations of the printmaker Hans Sebald Beham. The French philosopher Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg, where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched. Kunz Haas (of approximately the same period) wrote, "Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner".[1] "The vigorous peasant dancer, following an instinctive knowledge of the weight of fall, utilises his surplus energy to press all his strength into the proper beat of the bar, thus intensifying his personal enjoyment in dancing".[2]

text:
The peasants of Bavaria, Tyrol, and Styria began dancing a dance called Walzer, a dance for couples, around 1750. The Ländler, also known as the Schleifer, a country dance in 3
4 time, was popular in Bohemia, Austria, and Bavaria, and spread from the countryside to the suburbs of the city. While the eighteenth century upper classes continued to dance the minuet, bored noblemen slipped away to the balls of their servants.[3]

text: In the 1771 German novel Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim by Sophie von La Roche, a high-minded character complains about the newly introduced waltz among aristocrats thus: "But when he put his arm around her, pressed her to his breast, cavorted with her in the shameless, indecent whirling-dance of the Germans and engaged in a familiarity that broke all the bounds of good breeding—then my silent misery turned into burning rage."[4]

text: Describing life in Vienna (dated at either 1776 or 1786[5]), Don Curzio wrote, "The people were dancing mad ... The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire." There is a waltz in the second act finale of the opera "Una Cosa Rara" written by Martin y Soler in 1786. Soler's waltz was marked Andante con moto, or "at a walking pace with motion", but the flow of the dance was sped-up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer, and the Galloppwalzer.[6][7]

text: In the transition from country to town, the hopping of the Ländler, a dance known as Langaus, became a sliding step, and gliding rotation replaced stamping rotation.[5]

text: In the 19th century, the word primarily indicated that the dance was a turning one; one would "waltz" in the polka to indicate rotating rather than going straight forward without turning.

text:
The Viennese custom is to slightly anticipate the second beat of each bar, making it sound as if the third is late and creating a certain buoyancy. The younger Strauss (Johann Strauss II) would sometimes break up the one-two-three of the melody with a one-two pattern in the accompaniment along with other rhythms, maintaining the 3
4 time while causing the dancers to dance a two-step waltz. The metronome speed for a full bar varies between 60 and 70, with the waltzes of the first Strauss (Johann Strauss I) often played faster than those of his sons.[8]

text: Shocking many when it was first introduced,[9] the waltz became fashionable in Vienna around the 1780s, spreading to many other countries in the years to follow. According to contemporary singer Michael Kelly, it reached England in 1791,.[10] During the Napoleonic Wars, infantry soldiers of the King's German Legion introduced the dance to the people of Bexhill, Sussex from 1804.[11]

text: It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period, having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven, wife of the Russian ambassador.[12] Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that "No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813".[13] In the same year, a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published (written the previous autumn).[14][15] Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals, Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816.[16] Almack's, the most exclusive club in London, permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered "riotous and indecent" as late as 1825. Ann Bronte in 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for, declaring "No, no, I don't allow that! Come, it's time to be going home".[17]

text: The waltz, and especially its closed position, became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances. Subsequently, new types of waltz have developed, including many folk and several ballroom dances.

text: Variants[edit]

text:
In the 19th and early 20th century, numerous different waltz forms existed, including versions performed in 3
4, 3
8 or 6
8 (sauteuse), and 5
4 time (5
4 waltz, half and half).

text: In the 1910s, a form called the "Hesitation Waltz" was introduced by Vernon and Irene Castle.[19] It incorporated "hesitations" and was danced to fast music. A hesitation is basically a halt on the standing foot during the full waltz bar, with the moving foot suspended in the air or slowly dragged. Similar figures (Hesitation Change, Drag Hesitation, and Cross Hesitation) are incorporated in the International Standard Waltz Syllabus.

text: The Country Western Waltz is mostly progressive, moving counter clock wise around the dance floor. Both the posture and frame are relaxed, with posture bordering on a slouch. The exaggerated hand and arm gestures of some ballroom styles are not part of this style. Couples may frequently dance in the promenade position, depending on local preferences. Within Country Western waltz, there is the Spanish Waltz and the more modern (for the late 1930s- early 1950s) Pursuit Waltz. At one time it was considered ill treatment for a man to make the woman walk backwards in some locations.[20]

text: In California the waltz was banned by Mission priests until after 1834 because of the "closed" dance position.[21] Thereafter a Spanish Waltz was danced. This Spanish Waltz was a combination of dancing around the room in closed position, and a "formation" dance of two couples facing each other and performing a sequence of steps.[21] "Valse a Trois Temps" was the "earliest" waltz step, and the Rye Waltz was favoured as a couple dance.[22]

text:
In contemporary ballroom dance, the fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese Waltz as opposed to the Slow waltz.[23]
In traditional Irish music, the waltz was taught by travelling dancing masters to those who could afford their lessons during the 19th century. By the end of that century, the dance spread to the middle and lower classes of Irish society and traditional triple-tune tunes and songs were altered to fit the waltz rhythm. During the 20th century, the waltz found a distinctively Irish playing style in the hands of Céilidh musicians at dances.[24][25]

text:
International Standard Waltz has only closed figures; that is, the couple never breaks the embrace.
The American Style Waltz, part of the American Smooth ballroom dance syllabus, in contrast to the International Standard Waltz, involves breaking contact almost entirely in some figures. For example, the Syncopated Side-by-Side with Spin includes a free spin for both partners. Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure, in which the follower alternates between the lead's left and right sides, with the lead's left or right arm (alone) providing the lead. Waltzes were the staple of many American musicals and films, including "Waltz in Swing Time" sung by Fred Astaire.
The Scandinavian Waltz, performed as a part of Scandinavian folk dance, can be fast or slow, but the dancers are always rotating.
The Peruvian Waltz is called and recognised in Peru as vals criollo.
The Mexican Waltz (vals mexicano) follows the same basic rhythmic pattern as the standard waltz, but the melodies reflect a strong Spanish influence. Mexico's Juventino Rosas wrote "Sobre las Olas" or "Over the Waves", commonly known in the U.S. as a circus song played during a trapeze show.
The Cajun Waltz is danced progressively around the floor, and is characterised by the subtle swaying of the hips and step very close to ordinary walking. It is danced entirely in the closed position.
The Cuban (or Tropical) Waltz follows the pattern of the standard waltz throughout the song.
The Venezuelan waltz provided a basis for distinctive regional musical composition.
The Contra Waltz (Freeform Waltz), included in most contra dance evenings, uses both open and closed positions, and incorporates moves from other dances such as swing, modern jive and salsa. Basically the dancers progress around the dance floor with a waltz step, but with no constraints on what moves they can use.
The Valse Musette, a form of waltz popular in France, started in the late 19th century.
The cross-step waltz (French Valse Boston) developed in France in the early 20th century and is popular in social waltz groups today.
In folk dance from the Alsace region, waltzes in odd metres such as 5
4, 8
4 and 11
4 are found. In modern bal folk, waltzes in even higher metres are played and danced.
Estonian folk dance Labajalavalss (flat of the foot waltz) performed in 3
4 time.

text: Today both the faster Viennese Waltz, made forever popular by the Strauss family, and the slower American and International style waltzes are extremely popular with dancers of all ages.

text:
Sama'i (also known as usul semai) is a vocal piece of Ottoman Turkish music composed in 6/8 metres. This form and metre (usul in Turkish) is often confused with the completely different Saz Semaisi, an instrumental form consisting of three to four sections, in 10/8 metre, or usul aksak semai (broken semai in Turkish). Semai is one of the most important forms in Ottoman Turkish Sufi music.[26][27]
The Tsamikos (Greek: Τσάμικος, Tsamikos) or Kleftikos (Greek: Κλέφτικος) is a popular traditional folk dance of Greece, done to music of 3/4 metre.[28]


document_title: Template:Chief guests in republic day parade

question_text: who was the chief guest of the official ceremony in the republic day

text:
Year
Guest name
Country
Note

1950
President Sukarno[1]
 Indonesia

1951
King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[2]
   Nepal

1952

1953

1954
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[3]
 Bhutan

1955
Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[4]
 Pakistan
First guest for parade at Rajpath [5]

1956
Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler
 United Kingdom

Two guests[6]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka
 Japan

1957
Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [7]
 Soviet Union

1958
Marshall Ye Jianying[8]
 China

1959
Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [9][10][11]
 United Kingdom
2nd invitation

1960
Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[12]
 Soviet Union
2nd invitation

1961
Queen Elizabeth II[13]
 United Kingdom
3rd invitation

1962
Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[14]
 Denmark
Note[1]

1963
King Norodom Sihanouk[15]
 Cambodia

1964
Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [16]
 United Kingdom
4th invitation

1965
Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid
 Pakistan
2nd invitation

1966

1967
King Mohammed Zahir Shah [17]
 Afghanistan
Note[2]

1968
Chairman Alexei Kosygin
 Soviet Union
3rd invitation
Two guests[18]

President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia

1969
Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[19]
 Bulgaria

1970
King of the Belgians Baudouin[20][21]
 Belgium
Attended only the Beating Retreat

1971
President Julius Nyerere[22]
 Tanzania

1972
Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [23]
 Mauritius

1973
President Mobutu Sese Seko[24]
 Zaire

1974
President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
2nd invitation
Two guests [25]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
 Sri Lanka

1975
President Kenneth Kaunda[26]
 Zambia

1976
Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[27]
 France

1977
First Secretary Edward Gierek[28]
 Poland

1978
President Patrick Hillery[29]
 Ireland

1979
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[30]
 Australia

1980
President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
2nd invitation

1981
President Jose Lopez Portillo[31]
 Mexico

1982
King Juan Carlos I[32]
 Spain

1983
President Shehu Shagari[33]
 Nigeria

1984
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[34]
 Bhutan
2nd invitation

1985
President Raúl Alfonsín[35]
 Argentina

1986
Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[36]
 Greece

1987
President Alan Garcia[37]
 Peru

1988
President J. R. Jayewardene[38]
 Sri Lanka
2nd invitation

1989
General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[39]
 Vietnam

1990
Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[40]
 Mauritius
2nd invitation

1991
President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[41]
 Maldives

1992
President Mário Soares[41]
 Portugal

1993
Prime Minister John Major[41]
 United Kingdom
5th invitation

1994
Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[41]
 Singapore

1995
President Nelson Mandela[42]
 South Africa

1996
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[41]
 Brazil

1997
Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[41]
 Trinidad and Tobago

1998
President Jacques Chirac[41]
 France
3rd invitation

1999
King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[41]
   Nepal
2nd invitation

2000
President Olusegun Obasanjo[41]
 Nigeria
2nd invitation

2001
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[41]
 Algeria

2002
President Cassam Uteem[41]
 Mauritius
3rd invitation

2003
President Mohammed Khatami[41]
 Iran

2004
President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [41]
 Brazil
2nd invitation

2005
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[41]
 Bhutan
3rd invitation

2006
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[41]
 Saudi Arabia

2007
President Vladimir Putin[41]
 Russia
4th invitation

2008
President Nicolas Sarkozy[41]
 France
4th invitation

2009
President Nursultan Nazarbayev[41]
 Kazakhstan

2010
President Lee Myung Bak[43]
 South Korea

2011
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[44][45]
 Indonesia
2nd invitation

2012
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[46]
 Thailand

2013
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[47]
 Bhutan
4th invitation

2014
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[48]
 Japan
2nd invitation

2015
President Barack Obama[49]
 United States

2016
President François Hollande
 France
5th invitation[50]

2017
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[51]
 United Arab Emirates

2018
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[52]

Prime Minister Hun Sen
 Cambodia
2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo
 Indonesia
3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak
 Malaysia

President Htin Kyaw
 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
 Singapore
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha
 Thailand
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
 Vietnam
2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: United States Capitol

question_text: what cities have been capital of the united states

text: United States Capitol

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia (Independence Hall and Congress Hall), New York City (Federal Hall), and a number of other locations (York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; and Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey).[2] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.

text: After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,[3] and met in Annapolis, Maryland, and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.

text: The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,[4] when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready.[5]

text: Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city.[6] L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the "Congress House", with a "grand avenue" (now Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting it with the President's House, and a public space containing a broader "grand avenue" (now the National Mall) stretching westward to the Potomac River (see: L'Enfant Plan).[7][8]

text: Name[edit]

text: In reviewing L'Enfant's plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the "Capitol" rather than "Congress House".[7] The word "Capitol" comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.[9][10] The connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear.[11] In addition to coming up with a city plan, L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President's House; however, he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners, and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol.[12]

text: Design competition[edit]

text: In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the "President's House", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time.[13] The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect.[14] However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.[15]

text: A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31, 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design.[16][17] Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol (and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office).[18] In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic.[19] In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along with James Hoban (winning architect of the "President's Palace") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.[20][21] The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan.[22]

text: The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British-American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sr., and then Charles Bulfinch.[23] The current cast-iron dome and the House's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,[24] and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.[25]

text: Construction[edit]

text: L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.[26] Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.[20] On September 18, 1793, President George Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia, laid the cornerstone, which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley.[27][28]

text: Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the "President's House" (also later known as the "Executive Mansion"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.[29] George Hadfield was hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far.[30]

text: The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until the House of Representatives (south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams, in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President.[31]

text: Early religious use[edit]

text: For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the "hall" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the "Oven", which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now called Statuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic:

text: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) and of James Madison (1809–1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House—a practice that continued until after the Civil War—were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist, Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson, Vice President Aaron Burr, and a "crowded audience".[32]

text: War of 1812[edit]

text: Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda, rising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor, Bulfinch, also played a major role, such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper.

text: The House and Senate Wings[edit]

text: By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added – a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north.[33]

text: When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves "who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks".[34] The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe; however, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts, and African Americans, some free and some enslaved, composed the majority of the work force.[35]

text: Capitol dome[edit]

text: The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol, dwarfing the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the "wedding-cake style" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed by Thomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. Like Mansart's dome at "Les Invalides" (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome, through which is seen "The Apotheosis of Washington" painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The "Statue of Freedom", a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid. The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).[36]

text: Later expansion[edit]

text: When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico, built in 1828. The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904, following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings, who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings.

text: The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958, with a 33.5 feet (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.[citation needed] During this project, in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration.[37] A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. (In 1962, a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall.) In the process, the Corinthian columns were removed. It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns, where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis, in Persia. Besides the columns, hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park.[38][39]

text: On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.[40] The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects' "America's Favorite Architecture" list.[41] The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.[42] On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony.

text: On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.[43] From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel.

text: A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.[44] As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,[37] but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014.[45] Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014, enclosing and obscuring the dome.[44] All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016.[46]

text: With the increased use of technologies such as the internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2001/2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center. The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated.[47][48]

text: Interior[edit]

text: The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure (which also includes, the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north) and inner south) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style.

text: Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol.

text: Art[edit]

text: The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning in 1856 with Italian/Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors,[49] reflect great moments and people in United States history. Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin, John Fitch, Robert Fulton, and events such as the Cession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis, the Moon landing, and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew.

text: Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome, and also the famous Frieze of American History.[50] The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring. The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers's flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi, Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, and Allyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History.

text: Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman, The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir, The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell, and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull: Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.

text: First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing.[51]

text: The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall.

text: Crypt[edit]

text: On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington, with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his last will, Washington was buried at Mount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE, NW, SE, or SW). However, due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District, the geographic center of the city lies near the White House.

text: Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block of marble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908, and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer, Jr., and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library, in the same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.[52] Borglum was a patriot; believing that the "monuments we have built are not our own," he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement", according to a 1908 interview article. Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate, that Robert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as "the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen."[52] Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing a left ear) to symbolize Lincoln's unfinished life.

text: Features[edit]

text: At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue.

text: Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing, most recently Gerald Ford. The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use.

text: The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were a spa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and a massage parlor.

text: A steep, metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.[53] The number of steps represents each day of the year.[54] Also in the basement, the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers.[55]

text: Height[edit]

text: Contrary to a popular myth, D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).[56] Indeed, the Capitol is only the fifth-tallest structure in Washington.

text: House Chamber[edit]

text: The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike Senators, Representatives do not have assigned seats.[57] The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events. It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history. The United States national motto "In God We Trust" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits.

text: In order clockwise around the chamber:

text:
George Mason
Robert Joseph Pothier
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Edward I of England
Alfonso X of Castile
Pope Gregory IX
Louis IX of France
Justinian I
Tribonian
Lycurgus of Sparta
Hammurabi
Moses
Solon
Aemilius Papinianus
Gaius
Maimonides
Suleiman the Magnificent
Pope Innocent III
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Hugo Grotius
William Blackstone
Napoleon[58]
Thomas Jefferson

text: There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber, as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster: "Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered."[59]

text: Old Supreme Court Chamber[edit]

text: From 1800 to 1806, this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860, the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. Since 1935, the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building.

text: Senate Chamber[edit]

text: The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859[60] and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate (Vice Presidents).[61]

text: Floor plans[edit]

text: Exterior[edit]

text: Grounds[edit]

text: The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km²), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north, west, and south sides of the building that exist today.

text: Olmsted also designed the Summer House, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Three arches open into the hexagonal structure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation.

text: Flags[edit]

text: Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.[citation needed] Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member.

text: Major events[edit]

text: The Capitol, as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill, have played host to major events, including presidential inaugurations held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations, and the National Memorial Day Concert.

text: The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson, the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks, an icon of the civil rights movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda.[62]

text: On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so.[63]

text: Security[edit]

text: On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring.[64] Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.

text: On July 2, 1915, prior to the United States' entry into World War I, Eric Muenter (aka Frank Holt), a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I, exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate. The next morning he tried to assassinate J. P. Morgan, Jr., son of the financier, at his home on Long Island, New York. In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion, Muenter, writing under an assumed name, said he hoped that the detonation would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war." J.P. Morgan's company served as Great Britain's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies.

text: In 1954, Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors' gallery, injuring five representatives. On March 1, 1971, a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol, placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group, the Weather Underground. They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos. On November 7, 1983, a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd.[65] Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing.[66] In 1990, three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing, which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada.[67] On July 24, 1998, Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire, killing two Capitol Police officers. The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001, before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers.[68][69]

text: Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,[70][71] and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.[71] The level of screening employed varies. On the main east-west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues, barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent "emergency" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency.[citation needed] Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways.[72]

text:
In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district.
A shooting incident occurred in March 2016. One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested, in critical but stable condition.[73] The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as "isolated".[74]

text: Capitol Visitor Center[edit]

text: The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion space[clarification needed] for the US Congress.[75][76] The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,[77] and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.[78] It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $621 million.[79]