document_title: Emergency contraception

question_text: when did plan b one step come out

question_tokens: when did plan b one step come out

text: Emergency contraception

text: Emergency contraceptive pills[edit]

text: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) (sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception, EHC) may contain higher doses of the same hormones (estrogens, progestins, or both) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring.[5]

text: Types[edit]

text: Three types of emergency contraceptive pills are available: combined estrogen and progestin pills, progestin-only (levonorgestrel, LNG) pills, and antiprogestin (ulipristal acetate or mifepristone) pills.[6] Progestin-only and antiprogestin pills are available as dedicated (specifically packaged for use as) emergency contraceptive pills.[6][7] Combined estrogen and progestin pills are no longer available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills, but certain regular combined oral contraceptive pills may be used as emergency contraceptive pills.[6]

text: Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills contain levonorgestrel, either as a single tablet or as a split dose of two tablets taken 12 hours apart, effective up to 72 hours after intercourse.[6] Progestin-only ECPs are sold under many different brand names.[8][9][10] Progestin-only ECPs are available over-the-counter (OTC) in several countries (e.g. Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, India, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, United States), from a pharmacist without a prescription, and available with a prescription in some other countries.[8][9][10]

text: The antiprogestin ulipristal acetate is available as a micronized emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse.[6][7] Ulipristal acetate ECPs developed by HRA Pharma are available by prescription in over 50 countries under the brand names ellaOne, ella (marketed by Watson Pharmaceuticals in the United States), Duprisal 30, Ulipristal 30, and UPRIS.[8][9][10][11]

text: The antiprogestin mifepristone (also known as RU-486) is available in five countries as a low-dose or mid-dose emergency contraceptive tablet, effective up to 120 hours after intercourse.[6][7] Low-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in Armenia, Russia, Ukraine, and Vietnam and from a pharmacist without a prescription in China.[8][9] Mid-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in China and Vietnam.[8][9]

text: Combined estrogen (ethinylestradiol) and progestin (levonorgestrel or norgestrel) pills used to be available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills under several brand names: Schering PC4, Tetragynon, Neoprimavlar, and Preven (in the United States) but were withdrawn after more effective dedicated progestin-only (levonorgestrel) emergency contraceptive pills with fewer side effects became available.[6] If other more effective dedicated emergency contraceptive pills (levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate, or mifepristone) are not available, specific combinations of regular combined oral contraceptive pills can be taken in split doses 12 hours apart (the Yuzpe regimen), effective up to 72 hours after intercourse.[6] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this off-label use of certain brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills in 1997.[5] As of 2014, there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available in the United States that can be used in the emergency contraceptive Yuzpe regimen.[6]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Ulipristal acetate, and mid-dose mifepristone is more effective than levonorgestrel, which is more effective than the Yupse method.[12]

text: The effectiveness of emergency contraception is expressed as a percentage reduction in pregnancy rate for a single use of EC. Using an example of "75% effective", the effectiveness calculation thus:

text: ... these numbers do not translate into a pregnancy rate of 25 percent. Rather, they mean that if 1,000 women have unprotected intercourse in the middle two weeks of their menstrual cycles, approximately 80 will become pregnant. Use of emergency contraceptive pills would reduce this number by 75 percent, to 20 women.[13]

text: The progestin-only regimen (using levonorgestrel) has an 89% effectiveness. As of 2006[update], the labeling on the U.S. brand Plan B explained this effectiveness rate by stating, "Seven out of every eight women who would have gotten pregnant will not become pregnant."[14]

text: In 1999, a meta-analysis of eight studies of the combined (Yuzpe) regimen concluded that the best point estimate of effectiveness was 74%.[15] A 2003 analysis of two of the largest combined (Yuzpe) regimen studies, using a different calculation method, found effectiveness estimates of 47% and 53%.[16]

text: For both the progestin-only and Yuzpe regimens, the effectiveness of emergency contraception is highest when taken within 12 hours of intercourse and declines over time.[17][18][19] The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that reasonable effectiveness may continue for up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse.[20]

text: For 10 mg of mifepristone taken up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse, the combined estimate from three trials was an effectiveness of 83%.[21] A review found that a moderate dose of mifepristone is better than LNG or Yuzpe.[22]

text: HRA Pharma changed its packaging information for Norlevo (which has dosage and chemical makeup identical to many other EHCs) in November 2013 warning that the drug loses effectiveness in women who weigh more than 165 pounds and is completely ineffective for women who weigh over 176 pounds.[23][24]

text: Safety[edit]

text: The most common side effect reported by users of emergency contraceptive pills was nausea (50.5% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 23.1% of 977 levonorgestrel-only users in the 1998 WHO trial; 14.3% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in the 2002 WHO trial); vomiting is much less common and unusual with levonorgestrel-only ECPs (18.8% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 5.6% of levonorgestrel-only users in the 1998 WHO trial; 1.4% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in the 2002 WHO trial).[17][20][25] Anti-emetics are not routinely recommended with levonorgestrel-only ECPs.[25][26] If a woman vomits within 2 hours of taking a levonorgestrel-only ECP, she should take a further dose as soon as possible.[25][27]

text: Other common side effects (each reported by less than 20% of levonorgestrel-only users in both the 1998 and 2002 WHO trials) were abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, and breast tenderness.[17][20][25] Side effects usually do not occur for more than a few days after treatment, and they generally resolve within 24 hours.[6]

text: Temporary disruption of the menstrual cycle is also commonly experienced. If taken before ovulation, the high doses of progestogen in levonorgestrel treatments may induce progestogen withdrawal bleeding a few days after the pills are taken. One study found that about half of women who used levonorgestrel ECPs experienced bleeding within 7 days of taking the pills.[28] If levonorgestrel is taken after ovulation, it may increase the length of the luteal phase, thus delaying menstruation by a few days.[29] Mifepristone, if taken before ovulation, may delay ovulation by 3–4 days[30] (delayed ovulation may result in a delayed menstruation). These disruptions only occur in the cycle in which ECPs were taken; subsequent cycle length is not significantly affected.[28] If a woman's menstrual period is delayed by two weeks or more, it is advised that she take a pregnancy test.[31] (Earlier testing may not give accurate results.)

text: Existing pregnancy is not a contraindication in terms of safety, as there is no known harm to the woman, the course of her pregnancy, or the fetus if progestin-only or combined emergency contraception pills are accidentally used, but EC is not indicated for a woman with a known or suspected pregnancy because it is not effective in women who are already pregnant.[6][32][33][31][34][35][36][37][38]

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) lists no medical condition for which the risks of emergency contraceptive pills outweigh the benefits.[35] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and experts on emergency contraception have concluded that progestin-only ECPs may be preferable to combined ECPs containing estrogen in women with a history of blood clots, stroke, or migraine.[6][32][33]

text: There are no medical conditions in which progestin-only ECPs are contraindicated.[6][32][33][31][34][35][36] Current venous thromboembolism, current or past history of breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and acute intermittent porphyria are conditions where the advantages of using emergency contraceptive pills generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.[36]

text: ECPs, like all other contraceptives, reduce the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy by preventing pregnancies and there is no increase in the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who become pregnant after using progestin-only ECPs.[6][39][40]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: The herbal preparation of St John's wort and some enzyme-inducing drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or rifampicin) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP, and a larger dose may be required.[25][41]

text: Intrauterine device[edit]

text: An alternative to emergency contraceptive pills is the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) which can be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Insertion of an IUD is more effective than use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills - pregnancy rates when used as emergency contraception are the same as with normal IUD use. IUDs may be left in place following the subsequent menstruation to provide ongoing contraception (3–10 years depending upon type).[42]

text: As regular contraception[edit]

text: One brand of levonorgestrel pills was marketed as an ongoing method of postcoital contraception.[43] However, there are serious drawbacks to such use of postcoital high-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive pills, especially if they are not used according to their package directions, but are instead used according to the package directions of emergency contraceptive pills:

text:
Due to the increasing severity of side effects with frequent use, Postinor is only recommended for women who have intercourse four or fewer times per month.[43][44]
If not used according to their package directions, but instead used according to the directions of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (up to 72 hours after intercourse), they would be estimated to have a "perfect-use" (when not used according to their package directions but used as directed on the package directions for levonorgestrel emergency contraception pills) pregnancy rate of 20% per year when used as the sole means of contraception (as compared to a 40% annual pregnancy rate for the Yuzpe regimen).[45] These failure rates would be higher than those of almost all other birth control methods, including the rhythm method and withdrawal.[46]
Like all hormonal methods, postcoital high-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive pills do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.[47]

text: ECPs are generally recommended for backup or "emergency" use, rather than as the primary means of contraception. They are intended for use when other means of contraception have failed—for example, if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a condom is torn during sex.[45]

text: Relationship to high risk sex and abortion[edit]

text: The current (December 2012) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Policy Statement on Emergency Contraception says: "Despite multiple studies showing no increased risk behavior and evidence that hormonal emergency contraception will not disrupt an established pregnancy, public and medical discourse reflects that personal values of physicians and pharmacists continue to affect emergency-contraception access, particularly for adolescents."[48]

text: The latest (December 2013) review by emergency contraception experts Trussell and Raymond says: "Published evidence would seem to demonstrate convincingly that making ECPs more widely available does not increase risk-taking or adversely affect regular contraceptive use". . . ."However, reanalysis of one of the randomized trials suggests that easier access to ECPs may have increased the frequency of coital acts with the potential to lead to pregnancy."[6] and notes that four randomized controlled trials have found that advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pills did not increase rates of sexually transmitted infections or sexual risk taking.[49][50][51][52] Trussell and Raymond noted that after one of the four studies had been reanalysed later, the data did show higher sexual risk-taking,[6] specifically substituting in some cases emergency contraceptives for contraceptives such as condoms that are more effective.

text: In France, Sweden, and Britain—where Yuzpe-regimen EC had been available by prescription for more than a decade and progestin-only EC has been available without a prescription for 8, 6, and 2 years respectively—the abortion rate was stable or higher during that time period.[53] Another study concluded that distribution of free, advance supplies of EC to large numbers of women in Scotland did not reduce abortion rates.[54] A randomized controlled trial of 2000 women in China compared women with advance access to EC to women without access, and noted that the pregnancy rate was the same between the two groups. The study observed that "...providing EC in advance increases use, but there is no direct evidence that it reduces unintended pregnancy" and concluded that EC may not lower abortion rates.[55]

text: In September 2006, emergency contraception expert Anna Glasier wrote a BMJ editorial entitled "Emergency Contraception. Is it worth all the fuss?" that said in closing: "So is emergency contraception worth the fuss? If you are a woman who has had unprotected sex then of course it is, because emergency contraception will prevent pregnancy in some women some of the time—and if you don’t want to get pregnant anything is better than nothing. If you are the CMAJ’s editor or FDA commissioner then yes, because scientific freedom is worth the fight. If you are looking for an intervention that will reduce abortion rates, emergency contraception may not be the solution, and perhaps you should concentrate most on encouraging people to use contraception before or during sex, not after it."[56]

text: EC and sexual assault[edit]

text: Before EC was used in the general population or defined as "emergency contraception," it was used, beginning in the 1960s and 70s, specifically for women who had been sexually assaulted.[57][58] Pregnancy rates among rape victims of child-bearing age are around 5%; in the U.S., about half of rape victims who become pregnant have abortions.[59] Although EC is commonly used as an option for victims of sexual assault, some researchers believe such use is a public health measure that is not sufficiently widespread.[60]

text: Mechanism of action[edit]

text: The primary mechanism of action of progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pills is to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation.[3][25][39][61][62][63] The best available evidence is that they do not have any post-fertilization effects such as the prevention of implantation.[3][25][39][61][62][63] The U.S. FDA-approved labels and European EMA-approved labels (except for HRA Pharma's NorLevo) levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (based on labels for regular oral contraceptive pills) say they may cause endometrial changes that discourage implantation.[64][65][66] Daily use of regular oral contraceptive pills can alter the endometrium (although this has not been proven to interfere with implantation), but the isolated use of a levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill does not have time to alter the endometrium.[64] In March 2011, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) issued a statement that: "review of the evidence suggests that LNG [levonorgestreol] ECPs cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling."[64][67] In June 2012, a New York Times editorial called on the FDA to remove from the label the unsupported suggestion that levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills inhibit implantation.[68] In November 2013, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved a change to the label for HRA Pharma's NorLevo saying it cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.[69]

text: Progestogen-only emergency contraceptive does not appear to affect the function of the Fallopian tubes or increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies.[70]

text: The primary mechanism of action of progesterone receptor modulator emergency contraceptive pills like low-dose and mid-dose mifepristone and ulipristal acetate is to prevent fertilization by inhibition or delay of ovulation.[3][25][61][62][63][71] One clinical study found that post-ovulatory administration of ulipristal acetate altered the endometrium, but whether the changes would inhibit implantation is unknown.[3][72] The European EMA-approved labels for ulipristal acetate emergency contraceptive pills do not mention an effect on implantation, but the U.S. FDA-approved label says: "alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy."[64][73][74]

text: The primary mechanism of action of copper-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) as emergency contraceptives is to prevent fertilization because of copper toxicity to sperm and ova.[3][25] The very high effectiveness of copper-releasing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies that they must also prevent some pregnancies by post-fertilization effects such as prevention of implantation.[3][25][61]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1966, gynecologist John McLean Morris and biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen at the Yale School of Medicine reported the successful use of oral high-dose estrogen pills as post-coital contraceptives in women and rhesus macaque monkeys, respectively.[75][76] A few different drugs were studied, with a focus on high-dose estrogens, and it was originally hoped that postcoital contraception would prove viable as an ongoing contraceptive method.[77]

text: The first widely used methods were five-day treatments with high-dose estrogens, using diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the US and ethinylestradiol in the Netherlands by Dr. Haspels.[78][79]

text: In the early 1970s, the Yuzpe regimen was developed by A. Albert Yuzpe in 1974;[80] progestin-only postcoital contraception was investigated (1975);[81] and the copper IUD was first studied for use as emergency contraception (1975).[82] Danazol was tested in the early 1980s in the hopes that it would have fewer side effects than Yuzpe, but was found to be ineffective.[83]

text: The Yuzpe regimen became the standard course of treatment for postcoital contraception in many countries in the 1980s. The first prescription-only combined estrogen-progestin dedicated product, Schering PC4 (ethinylestradiol and norgestrel), was approved in the UK in January 1984 and first marketed in October 1984.[84] Schering introduced a second prescription-only combined product, Tetragynon (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) in Germany in 1985.[1] By 1997, Schering AG dedicated prescription-only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries: the UK (Schering PC4), New Zealand (Schering PC4), South Africa (E-Gen-C), Germany (Tetragynon), Switzerland (Tetragynon), Denmark (Tetragynon), Norway (Tetragynon), Sweden (Tetragynon) and Finland (Neoprimavlar); and had been withdrawn from marketing in New Zealand in 1997 to prevent it being sold over-the-counter.[2] [3][permanent dead link] [4] Regular combined oral contraceptive pills (which were less expensive and more widely available) were more commonly used for the Yuzpe regimen even in countries where dedicated products were available.[85]

text: Over time, interest in progestin-only treatments increased. The Special Program on Human Reproduction (HRP), an international organization whose members include the World Bank and World Health Organization, "played a pioneering role in emergency contraception" by "confirming the effectiveness of levonorgestrel."[86] After the WHO conducted a large trial comparing Yuzpe and levonorgestrel in 1998,[87][88] combined estrogen-progestin products were gradually withdrawn from some markets (Preven in the United States discontinued May 2004, Schering PC4 in the UK discontinued October 2001, and Tetragynon in France) in favor of progestin-only EC, although prescription-only dedicated Yuzpe regimen products are still available in some countries.

text: In 2002, China became the first country in which mifepristone was registered for use as EC.

text: Calculating effectiveness[edit]

text: Early studies of emergency contraceptives did not attempt to calculate a failure rate; they simply reported the number of women who became pregnant after using an emergency contraceptive. Since 1980, clinical trials of emergency contraception have first calculated probable pregnancies in the study group if no treatment were given. The effectiveness is calculated by dividing observed pregnancies by the estimated number of pregnancies without treatment.[89]

text: Placebo-controlled trials that could give a precise measure of the pregnancy rate without treatment would be unethical, so the effectiveness percentage is based on estimated pregnancy rates. These are currently estimated using variants of the calendar method.[90] Women with irregular cycles for any reason (including recent hormone use such as oral contraceptives and breastfeeding) must be excluded from such calculations. Even for women included in the calculation, the limitations of calendar methods of fertility determination have long been recognized. In their February 2014 emergency review article, Trussell and Raymond note:

text: Calculation of effectiveness, and particularly the denominator of the fraction, involves many assumptions that are difficult to validate...The risk of pregnancy for women requesting ECPs appears to be lower than assumed in the estimates of ECP efficacy, which are consequently likely to be overestimates. Yet, precise estimates of efficacy may not be highly relevant to many women who have had unprotected intercourse, since ECPs are often the only available treatment.[6]

text: In 1999, hormonal assay was suggested as a more accurate method of estimating fertility for EC studies.[91]

text: United States[edit]

text: DES[edit]

text:
In 1971, a New England Journal of Medicine editorial calling attention to previously published studies on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at Yale University, and a large study published in JAMA on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at the University of Michigan, led to off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive becoming prevalent at many university health services.[92][93]
In May 1973, in an attempt to restrict off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive to emergency situations such as rape, a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved, under restricted conditions, postcoital contraceptive use of DES.[94] (In February 1975, the FDA Commissioner testified that the only error in the May 1973 FDA Drug Bulletin was that the FDA had not approved postcoital contraceptive use of DES.)[95]
In September 1973, the FDA published a proposed rule specifying patient labeling and special packaging requirements for any manufacturer seeking FDA approval to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive, inviting manufacturers to submit abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) for that indication, and notifying manufacturers that the FDA intended to order the withdrawal of DES 25 mg tablets (which were being used off-label as postcoital contraceptives).[96][97][97][98]
In late 1973, Eli Lilly, the largest U.S. manufacturer of DES, discontinued its DES 25 mg tablets and in March 1974 sent a letter to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists telling them it did not recommend use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive.[95]
Only one pharmaceutical company, Tablicaps, Inc., a small manufacturer of generic drugs, ever submitted (in January 1974) an ANDA for use of DES as an emergency postcoital contraceptive, and the FDA never approved it.[95][99]
In February 1975, the FDA said it had not yet approved DES as a postcoital contraceptive, but would after March 8, 1975 permit marketing of DES for that indication in emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer obtained an approved ANDA that provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in February 1975.[100] To discourage off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive, in February 1975 the FDA ordered DES 25 mg (and higher) tablets removed from the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses (5 mg and lower) of DES still approved for other indications be changed to state: "THIS DRUG PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVE" in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton label.[97][101]
In March 1978, a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists which said: "FDA has not yet given approval for any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive. The Agency, however, will approve this indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provides patient labeling and special packaging. To discourage 'morning after' use of DES without patient labeling, FDA has removed from the market the 25 mg tablets of DES, formerly used for this purpose."[102]
In the 1980s, off-label use of the Yuzpe regimen superseded off-label use of DES for postcoital contraception.[99][103][104]

DES is no longer commercially available in the U.S.; Eli Lilly, the last U.S. manufacturer, ceased production in spring 1997.[105]

text: Preven[edit]

text:
On February 25, 1997, the FDA posted a notice in the Federal Register saying it had concluded that the Yuzpe regimen was safe and effective for off-label use as postcoital EC, was prepared to accept NDAs for COCPs labeled as ECPs, and listed 6 then available COCPs (there are now 22) that could be used as ECPs.[5]
On September 1, 1998, the FDA approved the prescription Yuzpe regimen Preven Emergency Contraception Kit (which contained a urine pregnancy test and 4 COCPs).[106] Preven was discontinued in May 2004.[107]

text: Plan B[edit]

text:
On July 28, 1999, the FDA approved the prescription progestin-only Plan B (two 750 µg levonorgestrel pills) emergency contraceptive.[108]
On August 24, 2006, the FDA approved nonprescription behind-the-counter access to Plan B from pharmacies staffed by a licensed pharmacist for women 18 or older; a prescription-only form of Plan B was made available for younger females aged 17 and younger.[109]
On November 6, 2006, Barr Pharmaceuticals announced that its subsidiary, Duramed Pharmaceuticals, had initiated shipment of dual-label Plan B OTC/Rx and it would be available in pharmacies across the U.S. by mid-November 2006.[110]
On March 23, 2009, a US judge ordered the FDA to allow 17-year-olds to acquire Plan B without a prescription.[111] This now changes the August 24, 2006 ruling and Plan B is now available "behind the counter" for men and women. There is a prescription method available for girls under 17.
On April 30, 2013, the FDA approved (with three-year marketing exclusivity) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Plan B One-Step for sale without a prescription to anyone age 15 or over who can show proof of age such as a driver's license, birth certificate, or passport to a drug store retail clerk.[112] Generic one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale from a pharmacist—without a prescription to anyone age 17 or over who can show proof of age.[112]
On June 10, 2013, the Obama administration ceased trying to block the over-the-counter availability the pill for all women and girls. With this reversal it means that any woman or girl will be able to purchase the Plan B One-Step without a prescription.[113]

text: Availability[edit]


document_title: Mercedes-AMG

question_text: what does the amg stand for in mercedes benz

question_tokens: what does the amg stand for in mercedes benz

root

text: Mercedes-AMG

text: History[edit]

text: AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (AMG Engine Production and Development, Ltd.), by former Mercedes-Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr, near Stuttgart. The letters "AMG" stand for Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach (Aufrecht's birth town). In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach, with the racing-engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall. At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner, but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location.

tag: p

text: In 1993, with AMG having become a high-profile purveyor of modified Mercedes-Benz cars, Daimler-Benz AG and AMG signed a contract of cooperation, allowing AMG to leverage Daimler-Benz's extensive dealer network and leading to commonly developed vehicles (the first one being the Mercedes-Benz C36 AMG, in 1993). On 1 January 1999 DaimlerChrysler, as it was called between 1998 and 2007, acquired 51 percent of AMG shares, and AMG was renamed to Mercedes-AMG GmbH.[4] Racing engine development was divested and continues to exist in Burgstall under the name HWA (Aufrecht's initials). On 1 January 2005 Aufrecht sold his remaining shares to DaimlerChrysler, and since then Mercedes-AMG GmbH has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG.[1]

text: Development of the product range[edit]

text: AMG started off by designing and testing racing engines. It expanded its business into building custom road cars based upon standard Mercedes cars. AMG initially produced a range of unofficial upgrade and accessories packages mainly for the Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107 (1971-1989 SL roadster),[5] Mercedes-Benz W116 (1972-1980 S-class), Mercedes-Benz W123 (1976-1985 E-class), Mercedes-Benz W124 (1984-1997 E-class), Mercedes-Benz W126 (1979-1992 S-class), Mercedes-Benz R129 (1989-2001 SL roadster), and Mercedes-Benz W201 (1982-1993 C-class) models.

text: During the early 1980s and up until 1990, AMG offered a variety of engine performance packages, alloy wheels and styling products as an entirely independent company from Daimler-Benz. In 1990, AMG signed a co-operation agreement with Daimler-Benz, and AMG options and cars were then offered in Mercedes-Benz showrooms; in 1999 Daimler AG, then known as DaimlerChrysler AG, bought the controlling share of AMG and made them part of the official Mercedes-Benz line-up.[6]

text: Typical AMG performance enhancements, which the buyer could custom order, included increased engine displacements (5.2 litre, 5.4 litre), performance top ends with port and polished heads and intake, lightened valve train, and more aggressive cams. The DOHC 32V engine had also just been developed and was the pinnacle of AMG performance. A Getrag five-speed manual transmission could be ordered from AMG, and Mercedes had not offered a manual transmission V8 since the early 1970s.

text: The performance wheels offered during the same period were 15-inch or 16-inch ATS AMG Five Spoke Road Wheels, commonly referred to as Pentas. Penta was actually a UK-based company that supplemented the high demand for the AMG wheel at the time with a replica and only a very slight styling difference, but they were not made or endorsed by AMG. The genuine AMG wheels were often coupled with an AMG performance suspension package that included uprated and lowered springs, and re-valved shock absorbers.

text: Another popular cosmetic upgrade were the AMG body kits. These ranged from subtle front spoilers, to an aggressive Wide Body kits for the W126 coupes. Other options included Recaro seats, smaller diameter steering wheels, instrument clusters, chrome delete option (all brightworks colour-coded or painted satin black), refrigerators, shift knobs, hi-fi stereo systems, custom upholstery and enhanced interior wood packages.

text: The release of the AMG Hammer sedan in 1986, based on the W124 E-Class, took AMG's performance modifications for a fast midsized sedan to a new level. AMG made the world's fastest passenger sedan at the time, nicknamed the Hammer,[7] by squeezing Mercedes 5.6-litre V8 tuned by AMG to 360 hp into a midsized sedan. It was very aggressive for the era, with 32-valve cylinder heads and twin camshafts, and said to be faster than the Lamborghini Countach from 60 to 120 mph.[8] Later models were even more powerful and introduced the 17-inch AMG Aero 1 Hammer wheels. 1986 was also the year Mercedes introduced the 560 M117 engine. This provided yet another opportunity for customers to order the largest AMG displacement available at the time, the 6L 100 mm bore SOHC or DOHC engines available for both the W126 coupe and sedans.

text: Through the early 2000s, AMG focused principally on supercharged V8 and V6 engines, but the company officially abandoned this technology in 2006 with the introduction of the naturally aspirated 6.2 L M156 V8. On 16 January 2006, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Volker Mornhinweg told AutoWeek that the company would use turbocharging for higher output rather than supercharging. For 2011, AMG released the M157 5.5L biturbo V8, which has supplanted the M156 in its full-sized cars such as the S-Class and CL-Class (and is trickling down to the CLS, E-Class and ML-class). In 2012, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Olla Kallenius said that Mercedes-AMG will not produce diesel engines to compete with BMW's tri-turbo diesels (BMW M Performance range).[9]

text: Although there were some AMG models in the 1980s with manual transmissions, almost all recent models have used automatics (5G-Tronic and later 7G-Tronic with Speedshift), in contrast to BMW M, which used manuals and recently semi-automatic transmissions (the current type being a dual clutch transmission). Starting in 2009, however, AMG began adopting the seven-speed AMG SpeedShift MCT automatic transmission.

text: Although these are considered the most well known in-house tuning divisions, Mercedes-AMG has a considerably different philosophy than BMW M. Mercedes-AMG has created high-performance versions of many of its nameplates, including flagship sedans and SUVs, while BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with "Lateral agility" (which has long been only their 3 Series, 5 Series, and roadsters).[10] Compared to BMW M, Mercedes-AMG is "less narrow in its sporting focus, yet still combining sledgehammer performance with relaxed handling, cultured comfort, and practicality".[11]

text: While founders Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher had emphasized proper racing cars, Mercedes-AMG had diverged considerably from this philosophy in recent years, with their offerings being well known for straight-line acceleration but poor handling dynamics. However, current Mercedes-AMG chairman Volker Mornhinweg has urged the division to return to its roots of building sports cars.[12]

text: Motor racing[edit]

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, AMG entered the big Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3 V8 saloon, affectionately named the "Red Sow", in the 1971 Spa 24 Hours, and the European Touring Car Championship. AMG and Mercedes worked together on Mercedes-Benz W201 cars for the 1988 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM, German Touring Car Championship). AMG was made the official partner.

text: When DaimlerChrysler acquired a majority share of AMG in 1999, the motor racing department was divested into HWA AG. Their first car was the ill-fated Mercedes-Benz CLR. Since 2000, HWA builds and runs the cars for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM), as well as the M271 engine tuned for use in Formula 3.

text: Six successive lightly modified Mercedes-Benz AMG models (including, most recently, an SL 63 AMG) have acted as the safety cars for the FIA Formula One World Championship.

text: Since 2010, the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3s has been competing in GT competitions around the world, such as the FIA GT3 European Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series, Blancpain Sprint Series, VLN, 24 Hours of Nurburgring, British GT Championship, Super GT, Australian GT Championship, Bathurst 12 Hour, Dubai 24 Hour, Macau GT Cup and Pirelli World Challenge.

text: In late 2011, after the end of the Formula One season, Mercedes GP Petronas announced that it would be using the AMG branding for its F1 efforts, changing its name to Mercedes AMG Petronas for the 2012 season onwards.[13]

text: Three AMG E Class V8 Supercars began competing Australian V8 Supercars Championship from 2013, with the newly formed partnership of Erebus Motorsport and Stone Brothers Racing Teams operating under a Customer Sports Program of AMG.[14]

text: Relationship with Pagani[edit]

text: AMG also provides engines for the Zonda and Huayra cars. The engines used are variants of the M120 7,291 cc displacement V12 engine originally used in the 1995 SL73 AMG. The M120 is the largest displacement naturally aspirated engine provided by AMG and is now exclusively used by Pagani.

text: Relationship with Aston Martin[edit]

text: On July 25, 2013, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd and Daimler AG announced moves towards a technical partnership with Mercedes-AMG GmbH. The deal will see Aston Martin access significant Mercedes-AMG GmbH and Mercedes-Benz Cars' resources, allowing the development of bespoke V8 powertrains and the use of certain components of electric/electronic architecture. Daimler AG now owns a stake of 5% of non-voting shares in Aston Martin, joining existing shareholders Investment DAR, Adeem Investment and Investindustrial. The technical partnership will support Aston Martin’s launch of a new generation of models and newly developed bespoke V8 powertrains.[15][16][17]

text: Current AMG models[edit]

text: All AMG engines - with the exception of the "43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo engine - are hand built using a "one man, one engine" philosophy at the current AMG plant in Affalterbach, Germany. To signify this, each AMG engine builder stamps the engines they produce with an engraved plaque depicting their signature. According to Mercedes-Benz, there are only about 50 AMG engine builders.[18]

text: As part of the official Mercedes product line, the AMG models are sold side-by-side with regular production models, unlike those offered by other Mercedes tuning firms such as Brabus.

text: "45" M133 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo[edit]

text:
Mercedes-AMG A 45
Mercedes-AMG CLA 45
Mercedes-AMG GLA 45

tag: ul

text: The 2.0 L Turbo I4 was created for use in the smaller, 45 AMG models, such as the A-Class, CLA-Class, and GLA-Class, which all share the same platform. The M133 produces 360 PS and 332 ft-lb,[19] making it the most powerful turbo 4-cylinder in production, and with a 190.5-horsepower per liter, one of the most power dense engines in production.[20] Models with the M133 Turbo 4 are paired with a 7-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT Dual-Clutch Transmission. The CLA45 AMG can accelerate from 0-60 in 4.2 seconds, according to Motor Trend's first test of the vehicle.[21]

text: "43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo[edit]

text:
Mercedes-AMG SLC 43
Mercedes-AMG C 43
Mercedes-AMG GLC 43
Mercedes-AMG E 43
Mercedes-AMG GLE 43

text: "63" M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo[edit]

text:
M157 L 5.5 V8 models (Twin-turbo)

Mercedes-AMG CLS 63
Mercedes-AMG E 63
Mercedes-AMG G 63
Mercedes-AMG GLE 63
Mercedes-AMG GLS 63
Mercedes-AMG S 63
Mercedes-AMG SL 63

text: Rumoured in 2009 and confirmed in 2010, AMG developed the M157, a 5.5-litre V8 with direct fuel injection and twin turbochargers. Power is rated at up to 577 bhp (430 kW; 585 PS) at 5,250-5,750rpm with a peak torque of 664 lb·ft (900 N·m) made between 2,000rpm and 4,500rpm (the amount of power and torque depends on model, but these are the maximum ratings).[22][23] Both engines are mated to Mercedes-Benz's 7-speed MCT transmission.[24][25][26]

text: Unlike the M156 naturally aspirated 6.2 L V8, which was developed entirely within AMG, the M157 is based upon the M278 used in the regular Mercedes-Benz S-Class and CL-Class.[27] The M157 boasts 25% better fuel economy (10.5 litres per 100 kilometres versus 14.4 L/100 km in the European driving cycle) over the M156, meaning it avoids the US Gas Guzzler Tax for the first time ever, despite having up to 47 horsepower more. The M157's increased torque from both the regular version and performance package means the engine can be shifted into a taller gear sooner, keeping engine revs and fuel consumption to a minimum. The new M157 has an engine start/stop mode and is lightweight at 204 kg.[24][25][26] The M157 is said to be ideal for powering full-size sedans such as the S-Class, but the older M156 remains in production, as its more precise throttle response is still well suited to smaller sportier models (the C-Class), until the 2015 model arrives, which is powered by a 4.0 liter V8.[28]

text: 5.5 L V8 BiTurbo models carry the "63" model designation, shared with the 6.2L V8 models.[29] Visually, the 2011 S63 AMG is differentiated from the 2010 model (itself face-lifted over the 2009 S63) by the more angular design of the chromed dual exhaust tips, which also sport embossed AMG logos, as well as new forged wheels.[30] For the CL63 AMG, the new M157 engine coincides with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year.

text: Despite common belief, 63 AMG models are typically faster than their 65 AMG counterparts. An S63 AMG accelerates faster and handles better than an S65 AMG (due to 4-wheel drive and decreased weight), and an SL63 AMG accelerates faster than an SL65 AMG due to decreased torque, lower weight, and better balance by use of the V8.[31][32]

text: Since 2013, AMG models with the S-Model package feature all-wheel drive, which allows for better handling and better acceleration. The Mercedes-Benz CLS63 AMG S has been tested to accelerate to 60 mph in just 3.2 seconds, with a quarter mile time of 11.6 seconds.[33] This made it the quickest production sedan at the time. MotorTrend tested the 2014 E63 AMG S with the M157 engine to produce an estimated 676 bhp (504 kW; 685 PS) and 631 lb·ft (856 N·m).[34]

text: "65" M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo[edit]

text: The models listed below are powered by a variant of the Mercedes-Benz M275 engine.

text:
AMG G 65
AMG S 65
AMG SL 65

text: The AMG power-plant has an all-new design of the bi-turbo system, which features larger turbochargers and a new, more powerful charge-air cooling system, and the increase in the engine displacement (to 5980 cc) as well as many other engine design measures.[35] This allows it to produce a claimed 621 horsepower and 738 lb-ft of torque.

text: "65" models used a 5-speed automatic transmission for a long time, as the newer 7G-Tronic wasn't able to handle the torque from the V12 engines. This was changed with the introduction of 2012 SL65 AMG, which uses the same AMG SpeedShift MCT transmission as the rest of the AMG line-up.[36]

text: Coinciding with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year, the 2011 CL65 AMG had an enhanced engine. AMG redesigned the exhaust gas turbochargers and added new engine electronics. It produced 621 horsepower, pushing the car from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds (0.2 seconds faster than the 2011 CL63), with an electronically limited top speed of 186 mph. The update also improved fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions by 3.5% over the outgoing model.[37][38]

text: M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo[edit]

text:
AMG C 63
AMG E 63
AMG GT
AMG S63
AMG GLC 63
AMG GLC 63 Coupe

text: Launched to the UK market in April 2015,[39] the 4-liter M178 V8 uses an unusual configuration where the position of the intake and exhaust are reversed, to create a more compact engine and hence vehicle design. This "hot inside v" configuration, as AMG calls it, has the exhaust gasses exiting into the central v area of the engine block where the engine's twin turbochargers are also mounted.

text: Previous AMG models[edit]

text: In addition to the models listed below, there were also predecessors to the current AMG models.

text: "55" M152 5.5 L V8[edit]

text: AMG SLK 55

text: The M152 is a naturally aspirated, detuned version of the M157 Biturbo V8. This V8 will be used for the 2012 SLK55 AMG, and it produces 415 hp and 398 lb-ft. This engine was discontinued in 2016 with the introduction of the SLC43 AMG[40]

text: "63" M156 6.2 L V8[edit]

text:
M156 L 6.2 V8 models currently in production

2008 C63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon) (facelifted for the 2012 model year)
2010 SLS AMG (M159)

text: AMG developed its own V8 engine (dubbed M156 in development) for the DTM series. The M156 produces 451 horsepower and 443 ft-lbs of torque. The M156, in various states of tune, was used in models such as the SL63, E63, CLS63, and S63 until it was replaced by the M157 5.5 L Biturbo V8.

text: In 2009, AMG developed the M159 engine, which is based on the M156 engine, to use in SLS AMG. The M159 produces 583 horsepower and 489 lb-ft of torque in the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT, and 622 horsepower and 468 lb-ft in the SLS AMG Black Series.[41][42] There are also other AMG nameplates no longer in production:

text:
1988–1993 190E AMG 3.2
1988–1993 300E AMG 3.4E, AMG 3.4CE, AMG 3.4TE
1992 "The Hammer" AMG Widebody Coupe
1993–1994 E60 AMG
1994–1995 E36 AMG
1995, 1997 S70 AMG
1995, 1998–2001 SL73 AMG
1996–1998 SL60 AMG
1995–1997 C36 AMG
1997–2000 C43 AMG
1996–1998 E36 AMG
1996–1997 E50 AMG
1999–2002 E55 AMG
1998–2002 CLK-GTR AMG
2001–2004 SLK32 AMG
2002-2004 C32 AMG
2005–2006 C55 AMG
2005–2006 CLK DTM AMG
2007 R63 AMG
2009 CLK63 AMG and CLK63 AMG Black Series

text: "30" 3.0 L I5 diesel[edit]

text:
OM612 3.0 L "30" I5 Diesel models

C30 CDI AMG (sedan, wagon, and Sportcoupé)

text: "32" 3.2 L V6 KOMPRESSOR[edit]

text: Powertrain consists of AMG Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2-litre V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW/349 hp and 332 lb·ft (450 N·m) @ 4,400 rpm. The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L (3199 cc) M112 E32, fitted with a helical twin-screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi (1 bar). Compared to the standard M112 engine, the AMG version also has a new crankshaft, new connecting rods and pistons, an oil pump with a 70-percent increased capacity, lightweight camshafts, and harder valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm, an increase of 200 rpm.[43]

text: While rival BMW M developed the SMG II semi-automatic for the BMW M3, the C32 and SLK32 have a 5-speed automatic transmission’s “Speedshift” system, which now has quicker response (up to 35 percent) to accelerator and shift selector movements.[44]

text: Interestingly, the C32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors, the C36 AMG with the M104 3.6L I6 engine, and the C43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3L V8 engine. The C32 AMG can do 0–60 mph in 5.2sec 0–100 in 12.6 with a 1/4 mile of 13.6@106 mph (C&D comparison test May 2003)[45][46]

text:
3.2 L Supercharged M112 V6 AMG

2002–2004 C32 AMG (sedan, wagon (S203), and Sportcoupé)
2001–2004 SLK32 AMG
2005–2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6

text: "55" 5.4 L V8 KOMPRESSOR[edit]

text: This model was nicknamed the "Hammer" after the original 1986 AMG Hammer (a W124 E-Class sedan with an AMG-tuned 360 hp 5.6-litre V8). The 2003 E55 AMG could do 0–60 mph in 4.4 seconds.

text: The main engine is a 5.4 L V8 engine This engine comes in two configurations.

text:
The first configuration is a naturally aspirated V8 with 354.12 PS (260.45 kW; 349.28 hp) that is used in the C55 AMG, CLK55 AMG, SLK55 AMG, and ML55 AMG. The C43 AMG (model years 1998–2000) was powered by a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the M113 family, but at a reduced displacement of 4.3L, hence the '43' designation.
The other configuration is a similar unit but with a highly efficient Lysholm type twin screw supercharger. manufactured by Eaton, is in the rest of the AMG 55 models, which are typically midsized or larger vehicles. The published output according to Mercedes varies from 476 PS (350 kW; 469 hp) to 517 PS (380 kW; 510 hp) and 700 N·m (520 lb·ft) to 720 N·m (530 lb·ft), depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming for national legislations. For instance, the E55 AMG's engine was at the low end, nonetheless it was still Mercedes-Benz's fastest sedan at the time,[47] while the SL55 AMG's engine had the top output.[48][49] Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E55 AMG, however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E55 by incorporating some parts from the SL55.[50]

text: The supercharged 5.4 L 32 valve V8 engine was mated to the Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission, which has a torque capacity of 796 lb·ft (1,079 N·m), as the newer 7G-Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to 542 lb·ft (735 N·m), not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8.[36][51]

text: The V8 S55 AMG had comparable output to the V12-powered S600 throughout their production. The S55 AMG (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.4 L 354 hp (264 kW) V8 motor while the later versions (2003–06) sported the same motor, but supercharged to a rated 493 hp (368 kW). The S600 (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.8L 362 hp (270 kW) V12 engine while the later versions (2003–06) sported a twin-turbocharged (or Bi-Turbo) 493 hp (368 kW) 5.5L V12. The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S55 AMG is sportier and more responsive, while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride.

text: AMG phased out both the naturally aspirated and supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006, which was paired with 7G-Tronic. However, some enthusiasts were disappointed because the M156 produces less torque than the M113K (which is supercharged).

text: For the Model Year 2009:

text:
M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (naturally aspirated)

SLK55 AMG

M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (supercharged)

G55 AMG

text: Previous 55 AMG models[edit]

text:
1999–2002 E55 AMG
2003–2006 E55 AMG
2000–2003 ML55 AMG
2003–2005 C55 AMG
2001–2002 CLK55 AMG
2003–2006 CLK55 AMG
2004–2007 CLS55 AMG
2001–2008 SL55 AMG
2001–2006 S55 AMG
2001–2006 CL55 AMG
2005–2006 C55 AMG
2001–2009 G55 AMG

text: "63" M137 6.3 L V12[edit]

text: The "63" badging was used on the short-lived 2001 S63 AMG, 2001 CL63 AMG and 2002 G63 AMG. These were produced in limited quantities for one month and only offered through AMG to select customers in Europe and Asia, purportedly state leaders. The CL63 AMG was the rarest W215 CL of all, and just 26 examples were built in November 2001 (51 plate), with some UK being registered in March 2002. These had a base price of £110,000 (~US$200,000).[52][53][54] The G63 AMG was the rarest W463 of all with just 5 examples built in September 2002 and sold in Germany at over EURO 250,000 each.

text: These are powered by a naturally aspirated 6.3L V12 producing 444 PS (438 hp/327 kW). This engine is based on the M137 5.8L V12 used in the S600 and CL600, but the AMG variants have a larger displacement, a new management system, a new crank case and cooling system, weight-optimized pistons, and a new camshaft with greater valve lift and modified valves. 390 lb·ft (530 N·m) of torque are available between 2500–5800rpm with a peak of 457 at 4400 rpm while horsepower grows by almost 80 over the 5.8L V12. It is mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. The 2001 S63 AMG V12 had 100 hp more than the 2001 S55 AMG, and was a few tenths faster.[52][53]

text: "60", "73", "70", "55"[edit]

text: The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R129) had several AMG variants during its production run from 1989 to 2001.

text: The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars. Sold from 1993 to 1998, it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing 381 PS (280 kW; 376 hp) at 5500 rpm.[55] AMG claimed a 0–62 mph (100 km/h) speed of 5.6 seconds. Its top speed was limited to 250 km/h (155 mph), but with the limiter removed, it was capable of approximately 185 mph (298 km/h). AMG later unofficially conceded that 0–60 mph was more like 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405–410 bhp.

text: Extremely rare was the SL 73 AMG, sold through Mercedes-AMG in 1995, and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time. After a brief hiatus, the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001. The same 7.3 L V12 was later used by Pagani in the Zonda.

text: Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG (7.0 L (7055 cc) V12 engine).

text: The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers (5.4L V8, 354 PS (260 kW; 349 hp) at 5500 rpm). It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold later, albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor.

text: "63" M156 6.2 L V8[edit]

text: The "63" M156 is currently in production in the C63 AMG, and tuned as the M159 in the SLS AMG, although there were many models that were previously in production.

text: This naturally aspirated V8 will also be used to replace most of the "55" models. The published output according to Mercedes varies from 457 PS (336 kW; 451 hp) on the C63 AMG, to 525 PS (386 kW; 518 hp) on the C/CLK/R/ML/GL/S/SL/CL/E 63 AMG.

text: The 2008 S63/CL63/SL63s that used the M156 engine at 518 horsepower edged out that of the S600/CL600/SL600, the latter powered by the 510 horsepower 5.5-liter twin-turbo V12, while also having a higher redline. However, the S600/CL600/SL600 are more expensive and have more torque at 612 pound-feet (830 N·m).[56] The S63/CL63/SL63 however do have quicker acceleration times than their S600/CL600/SL600 counterparts and are the fastest in the lineup in 2014, due to the added weight and torque of the 65s, thus decreasing the 0-60 times and the handling limits.

text: Compared to the "55" supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine—which was restricted to the Speedshift 5G-Tronic five-speed automatic transmission, as it had a torque capacity of 796 lb·ft (1,079 N·m)—the reduced torque of the "63" M156 6.2L V8 means it can be mated with the more efficient 7G-Tronic, which can withstand a limit of 542 lb·ft (735 N·m). Despite the reduction in torque, the increased horsepower and more efficient transmission enables the "63" models to match or surpass the acceleration of the "55" models.[36] Most of the M156-engined models used the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission, however the more recent 2009 SL63, 2010 E63, and 2012 C63 use the 7-speed MCT transmission.

text:
Previous M156 Models

2007-2010 S63 AMG
2007-2010 CL63 AMG
2007-2011 ML63 AMG
2007 R63 AMG
2007-2009 CLK63 AMG (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show) (used as Safety Car for the 2006 and 2007 F1 World Championship)
2007-2011 CLS63 AMG (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show)
2007-2009 E63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon)
2009-2012 SL63 AMG
2010-2012 E63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon)

text: Black Series[edit]

text:
SLK55 AMG Black Series
CLK63 AMG Black Series
SL65 AMG Black Series
C63 AMG Black Series
SLS AMG Black Series

text: The AMG Performance Studio in Affalterbach is responsible for the upgrades that make an AMG into an AMG Black Series model. The Black Series treatment is only available on 2 door vehicles, which includes weight reduction, bucket seats, exterior alterations, interior alterations, higher power, greater traction, handling, and significantly greater overall performance. Black Series models are known as street legal race cars.

text: The SLS AMG Black Series was tested by Motor Trend to have a 0-60 time of 3.2 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 11.1 seconds at 129.8 mph. The SLS AMG Black Series "demolished" the Motor Trend figure eight in just 23.1 seconds, beating the McLaren MP4-12C, Ferrari 458 Italia, Audi R8 V10 Plus, and the SRT Viper.[57] The SLS AMG Black Series is currently the 22nd fastest car to lap the Nürburgring.[58] The SLS AMG Black Series had the same 1:19 time as the Lamborghini Murciélago LP670-4 SuperVeloce, the Ferrari Enzo, and beat the Ferrari 458 Italia, Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4, Porsche 997 GT2, and Nissan GT-R around the Top Gear test track.[59]

text: Electric Drive[edit]

text: In 2013, Mercedes-AMG announced the SLS AMG Coupe Electric Drive, which was to be the first zero emissions vehicle from AMG. The vehicle used technology derived from Formula 1, and was the fastest electric car.[18] The SLS AMG Electric Drive has 740 horsepower and 738 lb-ft of torque, and Mercedes-AMG claims a 0-60 time of 3.9 seconds.[41]


document_title: List of superhero debuts

question_text: who was the first dc superhero ever created

text: List of superhero debuts

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Spring Heeled Jack
1878
George Augustus Sala or Alfred Burrage as "Charlton Lea"
Spring-Heeled Jack, the Terror of London

tag: table

text: The folkloric Spring-heeled Jack came to be featured in a series of Penny Dreadfuls as a villain. However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, he was reinvented as a crime-fighter with a disguise, secret lair, and gadgets, hallmarks of superheroes.[3]

text: Newspaper comics[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Hugo Hercules
1902
Wilhelm Heinrich Detlev Körner
Chicago Tribune

text: Despite its short run, it's widely seen as the earliest superhero fiction comic.

text: Play[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

The Scarlet Pimpernel
1903
Baroness Emmuska Orczy
The Scarlet Pimpernel

text: Often cited as perhaps the earliest superhero akin to those to become popularized through American comic books.[4][5][6][7]

text: Magazine[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

John Carter of Mars
1911
Edgar Rice Burroughs
A Princess of Mars

Tarzan the Apeman
1912
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Tarzan of the Apes

The Night Wind
1913
Varick Vanardy[8] (Frederick Van Rensselaer Dey)
Alias the Night Wind

The Gray Seal
1914
Frank L. Packard
"The Adventures of Jimmie Dale" 1917 book version of 1914 and 1915 stories in People's Magazine

The Scarecrow
1915
Russell Thorndike
Doctor Syn: A Tale of the Romney Marsh

Zorro
1919
Johnston McCulley
"The Curse of Capistrano" All Weekly Story

text: Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Creator/s
Media
First appearance

The Red Shadow
1926
Oscar Hammerstein II, Otto Harbach, and Frank Mandel
Play
The Desert Song

Buck Rogers
January 7, 1929
Philip Francis Nowlan
Newspaper Comic
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D adapted from the story "Armageddon 2419 A.D." (Amazing Stories, August, 1928).

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

The Shadow (as announcer voice)
1930 (July 31)
Maxwell Grant (Walter B. Gibson)
Detective Stories

The Lone Ranger
1933 (January 30)
George W. Trendle
The Lone Ranger

Tonto
1933 (February 25)
Fran Striker
The Lone Ranger

The Green Hornet and Kato
1936 (January 31)
George W. Trendle and Fran Striker
The Green Hornet

text: Pulp fiction[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

The Shadow (as character)
1931 (April)
Maxwell Grant (Walter B. Gibson)
"The Living Shadow" The Shadow Magazine #1

Conan the Barbarian
1932 (December)
Robert E. Howard
"The Phoenix on the Sword" Weird Tales

Doc Savage
1933 (March)
Kenneth Robeson (Lester Dent)
The Man of Bronze

The Avenger
1939 (September)
Kenneth Robeson (Paul Ernst)
"Justice, Inc."The Avenger Magazine #1

text: Newspaper comics[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
Series

Mandrake the Magician
1934 (June 11)
Lee Falk
Mandrake the Magician

The Phantom Magician[9]
1935 (April 15)
Mel Graff (fr)
The Adventures of Patsy[10]

The Phantom
1936 (February 17)
Lee Falk
The Phantom

text: Other media[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Creator/s
Media

Ôgon Batto (the Golden Bat)
1930
Takeo Nagamatsu
Kamishibai
(Japanese scroll show)

Hugo Danner
1930
Philip Wylie
Gladiator (novel)

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Creator/s
Media

Dan Dunn
1933
Norman Marsh
Original Comic Book Character

Dick Tracy
1931 (October 4)
Chester Gould
Newspaper Comic

Flash Gordon
1934 (January 7)
Alex Raymond
Newspaper Comic

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Doctor Occult (Doctor Mystic)
1935 (October)
DC
Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster
New Fun Comics #6

The Clock
1936 (November)
Comics Magazine Co
George Brenner
Funny Pages #6 or Funny Picture Stories #1

Sheena, Queen of the Jungle
1937
Fiction House
Will Eisner and S.M. "Jerry" Iger
Wags #1

Superman (Clark Kent)
1938 (June)
DC
Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster
Action Comics #1

Zatara
1938 (June)
DC
Fred Guardineer
Action Comics #1

Americommando (Harold Thompson)
1938 (June)
DC
Ken Fitch, Bernard Baily
Action Comics #1

Fatman (Bob Daley)
1938 (July)
DC
Ken Fitch, Bernard Baily
Action Comics #2

Arrow
1938 (September)
Centaur Publications
Paul Gustavson
Funny Pages vol. 2 #10 (or #21)

Crimson Avenger (Lee Travis)
1938 (October)
DC
Jim Chambers
Detective Comics #20

Batman (Bruce Wayne)
1939 (March)
DC
Bob Kane, Bill Finger
Detective Comics #27

Namor the Sub-Mariner
1939 (April)
Marvel/Timely
Bill Everett
Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1

Wonder Man (Fox)
1939 (May)
Fox Publications
Will Eisner
Wonder Comics #1

The Flame (Gary Preston)
1939 (June)
Fox Publications
Will Eisner
Wonderworld Comics #3

The Sandman (Wesley Dodds)
1939 (July)
DC
Gardner Fox, Bert Christman
World's Fair Comics #1

Blue Beetle (Dan Garret)
1939 (August)
Fox Publications
Charles Nicholas
Mystery Men Comics #1

Bozo the Iron Man
1939 (August)
Quality Comics
George Brenner
Smash Comics #1

Amazing Man (Centaur Publications)
1939 (September)
Centaur Publications
Bill Everett
Amazing-Man Comics #5

The Human Torch (Jim Hammond, original)
1939 (October)
Marvel/Timely
Carl Burgos
Marvel Comics #1

The Angel (Thomas Halloway)
1939 (October)
Marvel/Timely
Paul Gustavson
Marvel Comics #1

Shock Gibson
1939 (October)
Brookwood Publications
Maurice Scott
Speed Comics #1

The Ultra-Man (Gary Concord, Jr.)
1939 (November)
DC
Jon L. Blummer
All-American Comics #8

Doll Man
1939 (December)
Quality Comics
Will Eisner
Feature Comics #27

text: Newspaper comics[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
Series

The Spirit
1940 (June 2)
Will Eisner
The Spirit

Invisible Scarlet O'Neil
1940 (June 3)
Russell Stamm
Invisible Scarlet O'Neil

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Flash (comics) (Jay Garrick, original)
1940 (January)
DC
Gardner Fox, Harry Lampert
Flash Comics #1

Hawkman (Carter Hall, original)
1940 (January)
DC
Gardner Fox
Flash Comics #1

Johnny Thunder
1940 (January)
DC
John W. Wentworth, Stan Asch
Flash Comics #1

Whip (Rodney Gaynor)
1940 (January)
DC
John B. Wentworth, George Storm
Flash Comics #1

The Shield (Archie)
1940 (January)
MLJ/Archie
Harry Shorten, Irv Novick
Pep Comics #1

Captain Marvel (DC Comics)
1940 (February)
Fawcett Comics/DC
C. C. Beck, Bill Parker (comics)
Whiz Comics #2

Electro (comics)
1940 (February)
Marvel/Timely
Steve Dahlman
Marvel Mystery #4

Spectre (comics) (Jim Corrigan)
1940 (February)
DC
Jerry Siegel
More Fun Comics #52

Doc Strange
1940 (February)
Nedor Comics
Richard E. Hughes, Alexander Kostuk
Thrilling Comics #1

Hourman (Rex Tyler)
1940 (March)
DC
Ken Fitch, Bernard Bailey
Adventure Comics #48

Black Marvel (Daniel Lyons)
1940 (March)
Marvel/Timely
Al Gabriele and unknown writer
Mystic Comics #5

Blazing Skull (Mark Todd)
1940 (March)
Marvel/Timely

Mystic Comics #5

Robin (comics) (Dick Grayson, original)
1940 (April)
DC
Bob Kane, Bill Finger, Jerry Robinson
Detective Comics #38

Catwoman (Selina Kyle)
1940 (April)
DC
Bob Kane, Bill Finger
Batman #1

Bulletman and Bulletgirl
1940 (May)
Fawcett Comics/DC
Bill Parker (comics)
Nickel Comics #1

Doctor Fate (Kent Nelson & Nabu)
1940 (May)
DC
Gardner Fox, Howard Sherman
More Fun Comics #55

Scarlet Avenger
1940 (June)

Harry Shorten, Irv Novick
Zip Comics #1

Uncle Sam (comics)
1940 (July)
Quality Comics/DC
Will Eisner
National Comics #1

Green Lantern (Alan Scott, original)
1940 (July)
DC
Martin Nodell, Bill Finger
All-American Comics #16

The Red Bee
1940 (July)
Quality Comics/DC
Toni Blum, Charles Nicholas
Hit Comics #1

Daredevil (Gleason Publications)
1940 (September)
Gleason Publications
Jack Binder (comics)
Silver Streak #6

Atom (Al Pratt)
1940 (October)
DC
Ben Flinton, Bill O'Conner
All-American Comics #19

Vision (Timely Comics)
1940 (November)
Marvel/Timely
Joe Simon, Jack Kirby
Marvel Mystery Comics #13

Red Tornado (Ma Hunkel)
1940 (November)
DC
Sheldon Mayer
All-American Comics #20

Quicksilver (Max Mercury)
1940 (November)
Quality Comics/DC
Jack Cole (artist), Chuck Mazoujian
National Comics #5

Justice Society of America
1940 (Winter)
DC
Gardner Fox
All Star Comics #3

Black Terror
1941 (January)
Nedor Comics
Richard E. Hughes, Don Gabrielson
Exciting Comics #9

Professor Supermind and Son
1941 (February)
Dell Comics

Popular Comics #60

Captain America (Steve Rogers)
1941 (March)
Marvel/Timely
Joe Simon, Jack Kirby
Captain America Comics #1

Starman (Ted Knight) (Ted Knight)
1941 (April)
DC
Gardner Fox, Jack Burnley
Adventure Comics #61

Doctor Mid-Nite (Charles McNider)
1941 (April)
DC
Charles Reizenstein, Stanley Aschmeier
All-American Comics #25

Sargon the Sorcerer
1941 (May)
DC
John B. Wentworth, Howard Purcell
All American Comics #26

Hawkgirl (Shiera Sanders Hall)
1941 (July)
DC
Gardner Fox
Evelyn Gaines

All-Star Comics #5

Whizzer (Robert Frank)
1941 (August)
Marvel/Timely
Al Avison, Al Gabriele
USA Comics #1

American Crusader
1941 (August)
Nedor Comics
Writer and artist unknown
Thrilling Comics #19

Blackhawk (DC Comics)
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC
Will Eisner, Chuck Cuidera
Military Comics #1

Miss America (DC Comics)
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC

Military Comics #1

711 (Quality Comics)
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC
George Brenner
Police Comics #1

Human Bomb
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC
Paul Gustavson
Police Comics #1

Plastic Man
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC
Jack Cole (artist)
Police Comics #1

Phantom Lady
1941 (August)
Quality Comics/DC
Arthur Peddy
Police Comics #1

Nelvana of the Northern Lights
1941 (August)
Hillborough Studios (Canada)
Adrian Dingle
Triumph Comics #1

Johnny Quick (Johnny Chambers)
1941 (September)
DC
Mort Weisinger, Chad Grothkopf
More Fun Comics #71

Captain Flag
1941 (September)
MLJ/Archie
Joe Blair, Lin Streeter
Blue Ribbon Comics #16

Fighting Yank
1941 (September)
Nedor Comics
Richard Hughes, Jon Blummer
Startling Comics #10

Aquaman
1941 (November)
DC
Mort Weisinger, Paul Norris
More Fun Comics #73

Green Arrow (Oliver Queen) and Speedy (comics)
1941 (November)
DC
Mort Weisinger, Greg Papp
More Fun Comics #73

Sandy the Golden Boy
1941 (December)
DC
Joe Simon and Jack Kirby
Adventure Comics #69

Seven Soldiers of Victory
1941 (December)
DC
Mort Weisinger
Leading Comics #1

Wonder Woman (Diana Prince)
1941 (December)
DC
William Moulton Marston, H. G. Peter
All Star Comics #8 / Sensation Comics #1

Liberator (Nedor)
1941 (December)
Nedor Comics
Writer and artist unknown
Exciting Comics #15

Captain Marvel, Jr.
1941 (December)
Fawcett Comics/DC
Ed Herron, Mac Raboy
Whiz Comics #25

Wildcat (comics)
1942 (January)
DC
Bill Finger, Irwin Hasen
Sensation Comics #1

Mister Terrific (comics)(Terry Sloane)
1942 (January)
DC
Chuck Reizenstein, Hal Sharp
Sensation Comics #1

Air Wave
1942 (February)
DC
Murray Boltinoff or Mort Weisinger, and Lee Harris (illustrator)
Detective Comics #60

Johnny Canuck (as superhero)
1942 (February)
[Canada]
Leo Bachle
Dime Comics #1

Manhunter (comics) (Paul Kirk)
1942 (April)
DC
Jack Kirby, Joe Simon
Adventure Comics #73

Manhunter (comics) (Dan Richards)
1942 (March)
Quality Comics/DC

Police Comics #8

Robotman (Robert Crane)
1942 (April)
DC
Jerry Siegel, Leo Nowak
Star-Spangled Comics #7

Commando Yank
1942 (July)
Fawcett Comics/DC

Wow Comics #6

Captain Commando
1942 (August)

S.M. "Jerry" Iger, Alex Blum
Pep Comics #30

Kid Eternity
1942 (December)
Quality Comics/DC
Otto Binder, Sheldon Moldoff
Hit Comics #25

Mary Marvel
1942 (December)
Fawcett Comics/DC
Otto Binder, Marc Swayze
Captain Marvel Adventures #18

Canada Jack
1943 (March)

George Menendez Rae
Canadian Heroes Vol. 1, #5

Miss America (Marvel Comics)
1943 (November)
Marvel/Timely
Otto Binder, Al Gabriele
Marvel Mystery Comics #49

Grim Reaper (Nedor)
1944 (May)
Nedor Comics
Author unknown, artist Al Camy
Fighting Yank #7

Superboy (Clark Kent)
1945 (January)
DC
Don Cameron, Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster
More Fun Comics #101

All-Winners Squad
1946 (Fall)
Marvel/Timely
Martin Goodman (publisher), Bill Finger
All Winners Comics #19

Black Canary
1947 (August)
DC
Robert Kanigher, Carmine Infantino
Flash Comics #86

Moon Girl
1947 (Fall)

Gardner Fox, Sheldon Moldoff
The Happy Houligans #1

Golden Girl (Betsy Ross)
1947 (December)
Marvel/Timely

Captain America #1 (As Betsy Ross); Captain America #66 (As Golden Girl)

text: Other media[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Maximo
1940
Russell Winterbotham
Maximo, the Amazing Superman(Big Little Book)

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Captain Comet
1951 (June)
DC
John Broome, Carmine Infantino
Strange Adventures #9

Phantom Stranger
1952 (August)
DC
John Broome, Carmine Infantino, Sy Barry
Phantom Stranger #1

Marvelman (later Miracleman)
1954 (February)
[U.K.]
Mick Anglo
Marvelman #25

Captain Flash
1954 (November)

Mike Sekowsky (artist, writer unknown)
Captain Flash #1

Martian Manhunter
1955 (November)
DC
Joseph Samachson, Joe Certa
Detective Comics #225

Batwoman (Kathy Kane, 1st ver)
1956 (July)
DC
Edmond Hamilton, Sheldon Moldoff
Detective Comics #233

Flash (Barry Allen, 2nd ver)
1956 (October)
DC
Robert Kanigher, Carmine Infantino
Showcase #4

Challengers of the Unknown
1957 (February)
DC
Jack Kirby
Showcase #6

Legion of Super-Heroes
1958 (April)
DC
Mort Weisinger, Otto Binder
Adventure Comics #247

Super Girl (tryout version)
1958 (August)
DC
Otto Binder, Al Plastino
Superman #123

Adam Strange
1958 (November)
DC
Gardner Fox, Mike Sekowsky
Showcase Comics #17

Herbie Popnecker
1958 (December)

Richard E. Hughes, Ogden Whitney
Forbidden Worlds #73

Lady Blackhawk
1959 (February)
DC
Jack Schiff and Dick Dillin
Blackhawks #133

Supergirl (Kara Zor-El)
1959 (May)
DC
Otto Binder, Al Plastino
Action Comics #252

The Fly (Archie Comics)
1959 (June)
Archie Comics
Joe Simon, Jack Kirby
The Double Life of Private Strong #1

Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) (Hal Jordan, 2nd ver)
1959 (October)
DC
Julius Schwartz, John Broome, Gil Kane
Showcase #22

Kid Flash
1959 (December)
DC
John Broome, Carmine Infantino
The Flash #110

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Captain Video
1955 (April 1)

Captain Video

Gekko Kamen (Moonlight Mask)
1958
Kōhan Kawauchi
Moonlight Mask

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Justice League
1960 (February)
DC
Gardner Fox
The Brave and the Bold #28

Captain Atom
1960 (March)
Charlton Comics/DC
Joe Gill, Steve Ditko
Space Adventures #33

Elongated Man
1960 (May)
DC
John Broome, Carmine Infantino
The Flash vol. 1 #112

Groot
1960 (November)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Tales to Astonish #13

Hawkman (Katar Hol, 2nd ver)
1961 (February)
DC
Gardner Fox, Joe Kubert
The Brave and the Bold #34

Flygirl
1961 (July)
Archie Comics
Robert Bernstein, John Rosenberger
Adventures of the Fly #13

The Jaguar
1961 (September)
Archie Comics
Robert Bernstein
The Adventures of the Jaguar #1

The Atom (Ray Palmer, 2nd ver)
1961 (October)
DC
Julius Schwartz, Gardner Fox, Gil Kane
Showcase #34

Fantastic Four (Mister Fantastic, Invisible Girl, Human Torch (Johnny Storm), The Thing)
1961 (November)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
The Fantastic Four #1

Ant-Man (Henry Pym)
1962 (January)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Tales to Astonish #27

The Hulk (Bruce Banner)
1962 (May)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
The Incredible Hulk #1

Spider-Man (Peter Parker)
1962 (August)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Steve Ditko
Amazing Fantasy #15

Thor (Thor Odinson)
1962 (August)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Journey into Mystery #83

Doctor Solar
1962 (October)
Gold Key Comics
Paul S. Newman, Matt Murphy
Doctor Solar, Man of the Atom #1

Wonder Wart-Hog
1962
Underground
Gilbert Shelton
Bacchanal

Magnus, Robot Fighter
1963 (February)
Gold Key Comics
Chase Craig, Russ Manning
Magnus Robot Fighter 4000 A.D. #1

Iron Man (Tony Stark)
1963 (March)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Don Heck
Tales of Suspense #39

Doom Patrol (The Chief, Robotman (Cliff Steele), Elasti-Girl (Rita Farr), Negative Man)
1963 (June)
DC
Bob Haney, Arnold Drake, Bruno Premiani
My Greatest Adventure #80

Wasp
1963 (June)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Tales to Astonish #44

Doctor Strange (Stephen Strange)
1963 (July)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Steve Ditko
Strange Tales #110

X-Men (Professor X, Cyclops, Angel (Warren Worthington), Beast, Iceman, Marvel Girl)
1963 (September)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
X-Men #1

The Avengers
1963 (September)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Dick Ayers
Avengers #1

Quicksilver
1964 (March)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
X-Men #4

Scarlet Witch
1964 (March)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
X-Men #4

Black Widow
1964 (April)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Don Rico, Don Heck
Tales of Suspense #52

Daredevil (Matt Murdock)
1964 (April)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Bill Everett
Daredevil #1

Hawkeye (Clint Barton)
1964 (July)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Don Heck
Tales of Suspense #57

Teen Titans
1964 (July)
DC
Robert Haney, Bruno Premiani
The Brave and the Bold #54

Wonder Man
1964 (October)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Avengers #9

Zatanna
1964 (November)
DC
Gardner Fox, Murphy Anderson
Hawkman #4

Metamorpho
1965 (January)
DC
Bob Haney, Ramona Fradon
The Brave and the Bold #57

Hercules
1965 (June)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Journey into Mystery Annual #1

Animal Man
1965 (September)
DC
Dave Wood, Carmine Infantino
Strange Adventures #180

Mighty Crusaders
1965
Archie Comics
Jerry Siegel, Paul Reinman
Fly-Man #31

Silver Surfer
1966 (March)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Fantastic Four #48

Black Panther
1966 (July)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Jack Kirby
Fantastic Four #52

Nightshade
1966 (September)
Charlton Comics/DC
Joe Gill, Steve Ditko
Captain Atom #82

Blue Beetle (Ted Kord, 2nd ver)
1966 (November)
Charlton Comics/DC
Steve Ditko
Captain Atom #83

Batgirl (Barbara Gordon)
1967 (January)
DC
Gardner Fox, Carmine Infantino
Detective Comics #359

Banshee
1967 (January)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Werner Roth
X-Men #28

Question
1967 (June)
Charlton Comics/DC
Steve Ditko
Blue Beetle #1

Black Knight
1967 (December)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, John Buscema
Avengers #47

Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)
1967 (December)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Gene Colan
Marvel Super Heroes #12

Carol Danvers (a.k.a. Ms. Marvel, Binary, Warbird)
1968 (March)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Gene Colan
Marvel Super Heroes #13

The Creeper
1968 (March)
DC
Steve Ditko
Showcase #73

Vision
1968 (October)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, John Buscema
Avengers #57

Polaris
1968 (October)
Marvel
Arnold Drake, Don Heck, Werner Roth, Jim Steranko
X-Men #49

Guardians of the Galaxy (1st version)
1969 (January)
Marvel
Arnold Drake, Gene Colan
Marvel Super-Heroes #18

Havok
1969 (March)
Marvel
Arnold Drake, Don Heck, Neal Adams
X-Men #54

Falcon (Sam Wilson)
1969 (September)
Marvel
Stan Lee, Gene Colan
Captain America #117

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Ultraman
1966
Eiji Tsuburaya
Ultraman

Captain Nice
1967 (January)
Buck Henry
Captain Nice

Mister Terrific (Stanley Beamish)
1967 (January)

Mr. Terrific

The Mighty Heroes
(Strong Man, Cuckoo Man, Tornado Man, Rope Man, Diaper Man)

1966
Ralph Bakshi
Mighty Mouse Playhouse

Space Ghost
1966
Alex Toth
William Hanna & Joseph Barbera

Space Ghost and Dino Boy

Birdman
1967
Alex Toth
William Hanna & Joseph Barbera

Birdman and the Galaxy Trio

Ultra Seven
1967
Eiji Tsuburaya
Ultra Seven

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Sunfire
1970 (January)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Don Heck
X-Men #64

Valkyrie
1970 (December)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, John Buscema
The Avengers #83

Squadron Supreme
1971 (February)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Sal Buscema
The Avengers #85-86

The Forever People
1971 (February)
DC
Jack Kirby
The Forever People #1

New Gods
1971 (February)
DC
Jack Kirby
New Gods #1

Mister Miracle
1971 (March)
DC
Jack Kirby
Mister Miracle #1

Big Barda
1971 (March)
DC
Jack Kirby
Mister Miracle #1

Man-Thing
1971 (May)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Gerry Conway, Gray Morrow
Savage Tales #1

Swamp Thing
1971 (July)
DC
Len Wein, Bernie Wrightson
House of Secrets #92

The Defenders
1971 (December)
Marvel
Roy Thomas
Marvel Feature #1

Luke Cage a.k.a. Power Man
1972 (June)
Marvel
Archie Goodwin, George Tuska
Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1

Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)
1972 (August)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Gary Friedrich, Mike Ploog
Marvel Spotlight #5

Drax The Destroyer
1973 (February)
Marvel
Mike Friedrich, Jim Starlin
Iron Man #55

Brother Voodoo
1973 (September)
Marvel
Len Wein, Gene Colan
Strange Tales #169

Shang-Chi
1973 (December)
Marvel
Steve Englehart, Jim Starlin
Special Marvel Edition #15

Punisher (Frank Castle)
1974 (February)
Marvel
Gerry Conway, Ross Andru
The Amazing Spider-Man #129

Iron Fist
1974 (May)
Marvel
Roy Thomas, Gil Kane
Marvel Premiere #15

Deathlok
1974 (August)
Marvel
Rich Buckler, Doug Moench
Astonishing Tales #25

Wolverine
1974 (October)
Marvel
Len Wein, Herb Trimpe
Incredible Hulk #180 (cameo last panel), #181 first full appearance

Captain Canuck
1975

Richard Comely, Ron Leishman
Captain Canuck #1

All-New, All-Different X-Men (Storm, Nightcrawler, Colossus, Thunderbird)
1975 (May)
Marvel
Len Wein, Dave Cockrum
Giant-Size X-Men #1

Gamora
1975 (June)
Marvel
Jim Starlin
Strange Tales #180

Moon Knight
1975 (August)
Marvel
Doug Moench, Don Perlin
Werewolf by Night #32

Power Girl
1976 (January)
DC
Gerry Conway
All-Star Comics #58

Star-Lord
1976 (January)
Marvel
Steve Englehart, Steve Gan
Marvel Preview #4

Captain Britain
1976
Marvel
Chris Claremont, Herb Trimpe
Captain Britain Weekly #1

Spider-Woman
1977 (February)
Marvel
Archie Goodwin, Jim Mooney
Marvel Spotlight #32

Black Lightning
1977 (April)
DC
Tony Isabella,
Trevor Von Eeden
Black Lightning #1

3-D Man
1977 (April)
Marvel
Roy Thomas
Marvel Premiere #35

Firestorm
1978 (March)
DC
Gerry Conway, Allen Milgrom
Firestorm, The Nuclear Man #1

Alpha Flight
1979 (April)
Marvel
Chris Claremont, John Byrne
Uncanny X-Men #120

Black Cat
1979 (July)
Marvel
Marv Wolfman, Keith Pollard
The Amazing Spider-Man #194

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

El Chapulín Colorado
1970
Roberto Gomez Bolaños
Chespirito (segment: El Chapulín Colorado)

Kamen Rider
1971
Shotaro Ishinomori
Kamen Rider

G-Force
1972

Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman (Battle of the Planets)

Six Million Dollar Man
1973 (March 7)
Martin Caiden
The Six Million Dollar Man movie (based on 1972 novel Cyborg)

The Bionic Woman
1975 (March 16)
Kenneth Johnson
The Six Million Dollar Man (episode: "The Bionic Woman")

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Kitty Pryde
1980 (January)
Marvel
Chris Claremont, John Byrne
Uncanny X-Men #129

Emma Frost
1980 (January)
Marvel
Chris Claremont, John Byrne
Uncanny X-Men #129

Dazzler
1980 (February)
Marvel
Tom DeFalco, Louise Simonson, Roger Stern
Uncanny X-Men #130

She-Hulk
1980 (February)
Marvel
Stan Lee, John Buscema
Savage She-Hulk #1

Elektra
1981 (January)
Marvel
Frank Miller
Daredevil #168

Omega Men
1981 (January)
DC
Marv Wolfman, Joe Staton
Green Lantern #136

Rogue
1981 (August)
Marvel
Chris Claremont, Michael Golden
Avengers Annual #10

Rocket Raccoon
1982 (May)
Marvel
Bill Mantlo, Keith Giffen
Incredible Hulk #271

Monica Rambeau (a.k.a. Captain Marvel, Photon, Pulsar)
1982 (December)
Marvel
Roger Stern, John Romita, Jr.
The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #16

New Mutants
1982 (December)
Marvel
Chris Claremont
The New Mutants, Marvel Graphic Novel #4

The Maxx
1982
Comico
Sam Kieth
Primer #5 (as Max the Hare), The Maxx #1 (as The Maxx)

Robin (Jason Todd)
1983 (March)
DC Comics
Jim Starlin, Max Collins
"Batman" #357

Lobo (DC Comics)
1983 (June)
DC
Roger Slifer, Keith Giffen
Omega Men #3

Outsiders
1983 (July)
DC
Mike Barr, Jim Aparo
The Brave and the Bold #200

American Flagg
1983 (October)
First Comics
Howard Chaykin
American Flagg #1

Atari Force
1984 (January)
DC
Gerry Conway, Roy Thomas, Ross Andru
Atari Force #1

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1984 (May)
Mirage
Kevin Eastman, Peter Laird
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1

Power Pack
1984 (August)
Marvel
Louise Simonson, June Brigman
Power Pack (Vol. 1) #1

West Coast Avengers
1984 (September)
Marvel
Roger Stern, Bob Hall
West Coast Avengers (Vol. 1) #1

Femforce
1984 (September)
AC Comics
Bill Black, Stephanie Sanderson, Mark Heike
Femforce Special

Julia Carpenter (a.k.a. Spider-Woman, Arachne)
1984 (October)
Marvel
Jim Shooter, Mike Zeck
Secret Wars #6-7

Northguard
1984
[Canada]
Mark Shainblum, Gabriel Morrissette
New Triumph featuring Northguard #1

Zot
1984
Eclipse Comics
Scott McCloud
Zot! #1

Mr. Monster
1984

Michael T. Gilbert
Vanguard Illustrated #7

Fleur de Lys
1985
[Canada]
Mark Shainblum, Gabriel Morrissette
New Triumph featuring Northguard #5

X-Factor
1986 (February)
Marvel
Bob Layton, Jackson Guice, Josef Rubinstein
X-Factor #1

Booster Gold
1986 (February)
DC
Dan Jurgens
Booster Gold #1

Savage Dragon
1986 (February)

Erik Larsen
Megaton #3

Watchmen
1986 (September)
DC
Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons
Watchmen #1

Excalibur
1987
Marvel
Chris Claremont, Alan Davis
Excalibur: The Sword is Drawn

The Crow
1989 (January)
Caliber
James O'Barr
Caliber Presents #1

Robin (Tim Drake)
1989 (August)
DC Comics
Marv Wolfman
Batman #436

New Warriors
1989 (December)
Marvel
Tom DeFalco, Ron Frenz
Thor #411

Dawn
1989 (December)
Sirius Entertainment
Joseph Michael Linsner
Cry for Dawn #1

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Ralph Hinkley
1981 (March)

The Greatest American Hero

Thundercats
1985
Tobin "Ted" Wolf & Rankin/Bass Productions

Silverhawks
1986
Rankin/Bass Productions

Tigersharks
1987
Rankin/Bass Productions

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Cable (comics)
1990 (March)
Marvel
Louise Simonson, Rob Liefeld
The New Mutants #87 X-Men #201 (January 1986, as Nathan Summers)

Gambit (comics)
1990 (August)
Marvel
Chris Claremont, Jim Lee
X-Men #266

Darkhawk
1991 (February)
Marvel
Tom Defalco, Mike Manley
Marvel Age #97

Deadpool
1991 (February)
Marvel
Rob Liefeld, Fabian Nicieza
The New Mutants #98

X-Force
1991 (April)
Marvel
Rob Liefeld
The New Mutants #100

Jesse Quick (daughter of Johnny Quick and Liberty Belle)
1991 (April)
DC
Len Strazewski, Mike Parobeck
Justice Society of America (vol. 2) #1

Next Men
1991 (September)
Dark Horse
John Byrne
Dark Horse Presents #54

Bishop (comics)
1991 (November)
Marvel
Whilce Portacio Jim Lee
X-Men #282

Spawn
1992 (May)
Image
Todd McFarlane
Spawn #1

War Machine
1992 (June)
Marvel
Len Kaminski, Kev Hopgood
Iron Man #281

Eternal Warrior
1992 (June)
Valiant Comics

Solar: Man of the Atom #10

Supreme
1992 (August)
Image
Rob Liefeld
Youngblood #3

Stormwatch
1993 (March)
Image
Jim Lee
Stormwatch #1

Gen¹³
1993 (September)
Image
Jim Lee, Brandon Choi
Deathmate #Black

Hellboy
1993 (December)
Dark Horse
Mike Mignola
Next Men #21

Prime
1993
Malibu Comics
Gerard Jones, Len Strazewski, Norm Breyfogle
Prime #1

Static
1993
DC
Dwayne McDuffie, John Paul Leon
Static #1

Purgatori
1994
Chaos! Comics
Brian Pulido, Steven Hughes
Lady Death #3

Generation X
1994
Marvel
Scott Lobdell, Chris Bachalo
X-Men #318

Starman (Jack Knight)
1994
DC
James Robinson, Tony Harris
Starman #0

Astro City
1995
Image
Kurt Busiek, Brent Anderson
Astro City #1

Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man
1995

Neil Gaiman, James Vance, Ted Slampyak
Neil Gaiman's Mr. Hero, The Newmatic Man #1

X-Man
1995
Marvel
Jeph Loeb, Steve Skroce
X-Man #1

The Thunderbolts
1997
Marvel
Kurt Busiek, Mark Bagley
The Incredible Hulk #449

The Authority
1999

Warren Ellis, Bryan Hitch
The Authority vol. 1 #1

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

The Rocketeer
1991
Dave Stevens

Meteor Man
1993

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

The Adventures of T-Rex
1992
Lee Gunther & Michael Wehl

Power Rangers
1993
Haim Saban
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers

VR Troopers
1994
Haim Saban
VR Troopers

Masked Rider
1995
Haim Saban
Masked Rider

Beetleborgs
1996
Haim Saban
Big Bad Beetleborgs

Astralborgs
1997
Haim Saban
Beetleborgs Metallix

Shaktimaan
1997
Mukesh Khanna
Shaktimaan

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Black Fox (Dr. Robert William Paine)
2000

Roger Stern, John Byrne
Marvel: The Lost Generation #12

Buzz
2000
Marvel
Tom DeFalco, Ron Frenz
Spider-Girl #18

Night Eagle
2000
DC
J.M. DeMatteis, Mike Miller
The Adventures of Superman #586

Sentry
2000
Marvel
Paul Jenkins, Jae Lee, Rick Veitch
The Sentry #1

Typeface
2000
Marvel
Paul Jenkins, Mark Buckingham
Peter Parker: Spider-Man v2 #23

Orpheus
2001
DC
Alex Simmons, Dwayne Turner
Batman: Orpheus Rising #1

Spike
2001
Marvel
Peter Milligan, Mike Allred
X-Force #121

Ultimate Marvel characters
2001
Marvel
various
Ultimate Spider-Man #1

X-Statix
2001
Marvel
Peter Milligan, Mike Allred
X-Force #116

X-Treme X-Men
2001
Marvel
Chris Claremont
X-Treme X-Men #1

Runaways
2002
Marvel
Brian K. Vaughan, Adrian Alphona
Runaways vol. 1 #1

Invincible
2002

Robert Kirkman, Cory Walker
Noble Causes: Family Secrets #3

Super Buddies
2003
DC
Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, Kevin Maguire, Joe Rubinstein
Formerly Known as the Justice League #1

X-23
2003
Marvel
Craig Kyle
NYX #3

Anya Corazon
2004
Marvel
Fiona Avery, Mark Brooks
Amazing Fantasy vol. 2 #1

Doc Frankenstein
2004

Geof Darrow, Steve Skroce, Wachowski Brothers
Doc Frankenstein #1

Freakshow
2004

Chris Claremont
Excalibur vol. 3 #1

Young Avengers
2005
Marvel
Allan Heinberg, Jim Cheung
Young Avengers #1

Blue Beetle (Jamie Reyes, 3rd ver)
2006
DC
Keith Giffen, John Rogers, Cully Hamner
Infinite Crisis #5

Crimson Chin
2006

Butch Hartman
The Fairly OddParents #1

Miss Martian
2006
DC
Geoff Johns, Tony Daniel
Teen Titans vol. 3, #37

Atomic Robo
2007

Brian Clevinger, Scott Wegener
Atomic Robo #46

Bob, Agent of HYDRA
2007
Marvel
Fabian Nicieza
Cable & Deadpool #38

Forerunner
2007

Jimmy Palmiotti, Justin Gray, Jesus Saiz.
Countdown #46

Anna Mercury
2008

Warren Ellis
Anna Mercury #1

Blue Marvel
2008

Kevin Grevioux
Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel #1

Kick-Ass
2008

Mark Millar
Kick-Ass #1

She-Hulk (Lyra)
2008
Marvel
Jeff Parker, Mitch Breitweiser
Hulk: Raging Thunder #1

Guardians of the Galaxy 2nd version
2008 (April)
Marvel
Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning
Annhiliation Conquest #6

Achilles Warkiller
2009

Gail Simone, Aaron Lopresti
Wonder Woman (vol. 3) #30

Haunt
2009

Robert Kirkman, Todd McFarlane
Haunt #1

King Chimera
2009
DC
Matthew Sturges, Fernando Pasarin
Justice Society of America (vol. 3) #24

Mot
2009

Nick Simmons
Incarnate #1

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

David Dunn
2000
M. Night Shyamalan
Unbreakable (film)

The Incredibles, Frozone
2004
Brad Bird
The Incredibles

Catwoman (Patience Phillips, 2nd ver)
2004

Catwoman

Sky High students and graduates
2005
Paul Hernandez, Robert Schooley, Mark McCorkle
Sky High

Krrish
2006
Rakesh Roshan
Krrish

Zenith Team (Captain Zoom, Concussion, Mega-Boy, Wonder, Houdini, Princess, Marsha Holloway)
2006
Adam Rifkin
Zoom

John Hancock
2008
Vincent Ngo
Hancock

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team / Series
Year Debuted
Creator/s
First Appearance

Danny Phantom
2004
Butch Hartman
Danny Phantom

Ben Tennyson
2005
Man of Action (Duncan Rouleau, Joe Casey, Joe Kelly, and Steven T. Seagle)
Ben 10

Heroes
2006
Tim Kring
Heroes

Kamen Rider Dragon Knight
2009
Steve Wang
Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight

text: Comic book[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Soundman
2012

Brian Bondurant
"Power Couple!" (part of Kumate Works anthology)

Spider-Gwen
2014
Marvel
Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez
Edge of Spider-Verse #2

Gwenpool
2016
Marvel
Chris Bachalo
Howard the Duck Vol 6 #1

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Cutthroat, Charge, Shadow, The Wall
2011

Jason Trost
Vs

Andrew Detmer, Matt Garetty, Steve Montgomery
2012

Max Landis, Josh Trank
Chronicle

text: Television[edit]

text:
Character / Team
Year Debuted
Company
Creator/s
First Appearance

Powell family
2010

Greg Berlanti, Jon Harmon Feldman
No Ordinary Family

The Cape
2011

Tom Wheeler
The Cape

Alphas
2011

Zak Penn, Michael Karnow
Alphas