document_title: Gnomeo & Juliet

question_text: who plays the frog on gnomeo and juliet

question_tokens: who plays the frog on gnomeo and juliet

text: Gnomeo & Juliet

text: Plot[edit]

text: Miss. Montague (blue) and Mr. Capulet (red) (Julie Walters and Richard Wilson) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other. When they leave their respective gardens, their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive. The Montague garden is filled with blue-hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury (Maggie Smith), and the Capulet garden has red-hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick (Michael Caine). Like their human gardeners, the gnomes also despise each other.

text: The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race, with Lady Bluebury's son Gnomeo (James McAvoy) driving for the blues and Tybalt (Jason Statham) for the reds. Tybalt cheats to win the race, destroying Gnomeo's lawnmower. Gnomeo and his best friend, Benny (Matt Lucas), are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new "Kitty Clipper" lawnmower to replace it.

text: That night, Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise. Benny sprays Tybalt's well and accidentally triggers a security light. During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet (Emily Blunt), the daughter of Lord Redbrick. Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid, and the two romantically fight over it. They each discover the other's color before fleeing the garden. When they both go back to their own gardens, Juliet tells her frog-sprinkler friend Nanette (Ashley Jensen) about her newfound love. Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic.

text: Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden, where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone (Jim Cummings) who encourages their love. Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris (Stephen Merchant), but Juliet isn't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him.

text: Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo's late father. The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds, and he realizes that he cannot refuse unless he tells his secret. Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds, Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack.

text: When he and Juliet meet up again, they argue until Featherstone stops them, telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house, where the garden is, broke up and never saw each other again. Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway, where Tybalt is waiting with his lawnmower, attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat. Gnomeo intervenes, and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall. Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute, but Tybalt crashes into the wall, causing him to shatter himself. The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo, thinking that Tybalt died because of him. To the surprise of her clan, Juliet defends Gnomeo, saying that she loves him. Gnomeo ends up on a road, and everyone believes he was run over by a truck. Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother.

text: Gnomeo's mushroom friend, Shroom, finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that "ran him over", which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo. He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare (Patrick Stewart) and tells him his story. Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo's will have a sad ending as well.

text: Benny gets onto Miss. Montague's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit, intending to get revenge on the reds. However, the Terrafirminator goes out of control, destroys most of the two gardens, and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full-scale war. Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone. However, when he arrives, the Terrafirminator frees itself, sending it flying. Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet, but is unable to. She tells him to go, but he refuses. The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain, self-destructing in the process.

text: When everyone believes that both are dead, Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud. Miraculously, Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate. Miss. Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess.

text: The film ends happily with the red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace. Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together, Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online, and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower, which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James McAvoy as Gnomeo, Lady Bluebury's son, Juliet's love interest (later husband), and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague.
Emily Blunt as Juliet, Lord Redbrick's daughter, Gnomeo's love interest (later wife), and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet.
Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick, the leader of the red gnomes, Juliet's overprotective widower father this husband deceased of juliet´s mother lady bluebury´s new husband of gnomeo´s mother and Paris' boss; counterpart to Lord Capulet.
Jason Statham as Tybalt, Gnomeo and Benny's arch-nemesis and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt.
Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury, the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo's widowed mother this wife deceased of gnomeo´s father and lord redbrick´s new wife of juliet´s father; counterpart to Lady Montague.
Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet.
Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse.
Stephen Merchant as Paris, a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet and nanette´s love interest; counterpart to Count Paris.
Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn, a garden deer and Tybalt's best friend; counterpart to Peter.
Matt Lucas as Benny, Gnomeo's impulsive and tall-hatted best friend and call me doll´s love interest; counterpart to Benvolio.
Jim Cummings as Featherstone, a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent; counterpart to Friar Laurence.
Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer, an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV.
Julie Walters as Ms. Montague, the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen.
Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet, the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen.
Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes; counterparts to Gregory, Sampson, Anthony, and Potpan.
Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome, the lawnmower race announcer and mankini gnome´s love interest.
Julia Braams as Stone Fish, a stone fish that attached to the Fishing Gnome. In the end, it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet's purple lawnmower.
James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome, a red gnome.
Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left, a red gnome.
Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome, dolly gnome´s love interest and a red gnome.
Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right, a red gnome.
Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll, Benny's love interest.
John Todd as Dancer.

text: Silent characters include:

text:
Shroom, a silent mushroom and Gnomeo’s friend/pet; counterpart to Romeo's servant Balthasar.
The Bunnies, a group of small, cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues.

text: There is no counterpart for Mercutio, as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC, ”Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio. We don’t have that Mercutio character in this. We don’t have that leader of the pack, which Romeo isn’t but Gnomeo is a little bit."[9] Prince Escalus also doesn't have a counterpart.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith, who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures. Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film, under the Disney-owned Miramax Films.[10] Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010, but the latter studio retained the rights to the film.[1] Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner, when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film. Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film, but he rejected the offer due the film's incompatibility with his style, as well as his lack of experience with CGI.[11] Starz Animation Toronto (which also made 9) produced all of the animation for the film, including the stereoscopic version.

text: Asbury got on board in 2006, and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John. [12] Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film " sort of from scratch," [12] A particular challenge, according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to "keep daggers and poison and suicide out".[12] Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices, not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character. [12] Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt, the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet, respectively.[13]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Gnomeo & Juliet (Original Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Elton John

Released
February 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)

Recorded
2009-2010

Genre
Orchestral, pop, rock

Length
60:24

Label
Buena Vista

Producer
Elton John and David Furnish

Elton John chronology

The Union
(2010)The Union2010
Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack
(2011)
Good Morning to the Night
(2012)Good Morning to the Night2012

text: Gnomeo & Juliet: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8, 2011.[14] It features music by Elton John (who was also the film's executive producer), Nelly Furtado, Kiki Dee, and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard (who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects).

text: The duet of John and Lady Gaga for "Hello, Hello" was featured in the film, released on February 11, 2011, but the soundtrack version only features John.[15] Additionally, on May 4, 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Hello Hello" (Album Version) – Elton John
"Crocodile Rock" – Nelly Furtado & Elton John
"Saturday Night's Alright For Fighting" – Elton John
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" – Elton John & Kiki Dee
"Love Builds a Garden" – Elton John
"Your Song" – Elton John
"Rocket Man" – Elton John
"Tiny Dancer" – Elton John
"Bennie and the Jets" – Elton John
"Gnomeo & Juliet (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Dandelions (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Bennie and the Bunnies (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Terrafirminator (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room" – Wally Boag, Thurl Ravenscroft, Fulton Burley & The Mellomen

text:
Track 1-9: Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin, all music by Elton John & band.
Track 10: Written by James Newton Howard, contains music by Elton John.
Track 11 & 13: Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon, contains music by Elton John.
Track 12: Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas, contains music by Elton John.
Track 14: Written by Robert & Richard Sherman.

text: Musicians[edit]

text: Elton John & band:

text:
Elton John: Piano, vocals
Davey Johnstone: Guitars, backing vocals
Bob Birch: Bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson: Drums, backing vocals
John Mahon: Percussion, backing vocals
James Newton Howard: Keyboards

text: Release[edit]

text: Gnomeo & Juliet's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23, 2011.[16] The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11, 2011.[1] The film was Touchstone's first animated film since 1993's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone's first and, so far, only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA, despite some mild language. The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films.[3] Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 24, 2011.[18][19] The film was produced as three different packages: a 1-disc DVD, a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, and a 3-disc Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD combo pack. The 3-disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film.[20] Both the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado's version of John's "Crocodile Rock", as well as the extras "Elton Builds a Garden" and "Frog Talk" with Ashley Jensen.[21] In addition, the Blu-ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes, as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called "The Fawn of Darkness".[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55% of professional critics gave positive reviews, based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While it has moments of inspiration, Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self-referential for its own good."[23] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale, meaning “mixed or average reviews”.[24]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $194,000,000.[5] Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney, outperforming the much higher-budgeted (and eventual box office bomb)[25] Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet. On its first weekend, the film had a worldwide opening of $30.7,000,000, finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ($35.8,000,000).[26][27] However, on its second weekend —Presidents' Day weekend— it topped the worldwide box office (although not being in first place either in North America[28] or overseas[29]) with $29.8,000,000, ahead of Unknown which ranked second ($26.4,000,000).

text: It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday, February 11, 2011, grossing $6.2,000,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber: Never Say Never and Just Go with It. It then finished the weekend with $25.4,000,000 in 3rd place.[30] However, it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period (both January and February). It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie (i.e., one with little status, expectations and/or built-in audience), according to Box Office Mojo.[31] With a $99.97,000,000 total it became the highest-grossing animated feature among those released in winter, until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014.[32]

text: In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta, it topped the weekend box office by earning £2.9,000,000 ($4.7,000,000) on its opening. In total it has grossed $25.3,000,000, making the UK the only market, except North America, where it grossed more than $10,000,000.[33]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result

Annie Awards[34]
Directing in a Feature Production
Kelly Asbury
Nominated

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Nelson Yokota

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Jim Cummings

Writing in a Feature Production
Andy Riley, Kevin Cecil, Mark Burton, Kathy Greenburg, Emily Cook, Rob Sprackling, John R. Smith, Kelly Asbury, Steve Hamilton Shaw

Critics' Choice Awards[35]
Best Song
Hello Hello, performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga/written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin

Golden Globe Awards[36]
Best Original Song
"Hello Hello"

Satellite Awards[37]
Original Song

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In March 2012, it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures. Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil, two of the nine writers on the first film, are writing the script for the sequel. Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film, and Elton John, an exec producer, is again composing new songs for the film. The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes, "the greatest ornamental detective" hired by the characters from the first film, who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes.[38] In September 2012, it was reported that John Stevenson, the director of Kung Fu Panda, has been set to direct the sequel.[39] In November 2015, it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12, 2018.[40] Paramount Animation and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer will produce the film, with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles.[41] On May 26, 2017, Paramount delayed the film's release date to March 23, 2018.[42]


document_title: Green Arrow and Black Canary

question_text: who does the green arrow marry in the comics

root

text: Green Arrow and Black Canary

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The first issue (December 2007) was written by Judd Winick with art by Cliff Chiang.[1] The series spun out of Green Arrow/Black Canary: Wedding Special (November 2007) by Winick and artist Amanda Conner.[2] With issue #7, Mike Norton replaced Chiang.[3] With issue #15, Andrew Kreisberg replaced Winick.[4]

tag: p

text: According to the announcements of upcoming titles at DCComics.com, the title will revert to Green Arrow beginning with issue 31;[5] After the events of Justice League: Cry For Justice, wherein Green Arrow killed the villain Prometheus for destroying Star City (which killed Roy Harper's daughter), Black Canary took Green Arrow's not telling her as a sign he wants to be alone and left him, supposedly ending the marriage.[6]

text: This series ended in 2011 when DC relaunched its entire universe. Green Arrow went to Star City in his own solo series while Black Canary currently stars in Birds of Prey.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Black Canary (Dinah Laurel Lance) - The daughter of the original Black Canary, trained against her mother's wishes to become one of the best fighters in the world, along with her trademarked "Canary Cry" sonic scream. The wife of Green Arrow.
Green Arrow (Oliver Queen) - Playboy billionaire turned contemporary Robin Hood, trained to be one of the greatest archers in the world. The husband of Black Canary, and the father of Connor Hawke.
Green Arrow (Connor Hawke) - Oliver Queen's biological son, he replaced his father after his death and they now share the name.
Speedy (Mia Dearden) - The newest sidekick to use the name, after living on the streets, she was taken in by Oliver and eventually trained.
Red Arrow (Roy Harper) - Green Arrow's original sidekick and first Speedy, grew up to be Arsenal and now has a new codename.

tag: ul

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text: Dead Again[edit]

text: After Black Canary murders "Green Arrow" on their wedding night, it is discovered that it was actually Everyman posing as him. Black Canary and Speedy, along with Connor Hawke venture to Themyscira on a hunch that Green Arrow may be a captive of the Amazons.

text: Family Business[edit]

text: Green Arrow, Black Canary and Speedy travel to Europe to hunt down who is responsible for wounding Connor Hawke. Along the way they join up with Batman, Plastic Man Dodger and encounter a new League of Assassins..

text: A League of their Own[edit]

text: The missing Connor Hawke is found and it is discovered that this League of Assassins is a fake, tricked by a disguised Shado to fight Green Arrow. Shado's son Robert, who is also Green Arrow's son was diagnosed with cancer, to cure him she employed Dr. Sivana to abduct and experiment on Connor. In the end Connor is rescued but possesses nothing of his former self, acting differently, abandoning archery and apparently gaining healing abilities. Speedy leaves to pursue a relationship with Dodger and Connor Hawke leaves to rediscover himself.

text: Tough Love[edit]

text: A new villainess named Cupid begins killing Green Arrow's enemies to gain his love and approval. She kills Brick and several other low level villains and attempts to kill Merlyn as well. Oliver's and Dinah's marriage is put to the test as Green Arrow becomes increasingly more violent and ignores Black Canary's warnings.

text: A music teacher is deafened by Black Canary's Canary Cry and becomes the hypersonic villain known as Discord.

text: Starting with July's issue, #22, the title gets divided into a Green Arrow and Black Canary double feature.

text: Repackaging as Green Arrow[edit]

text: During the events of the "Blackest Night" the series for issue 30 was retitled Black Lantern Green Arrow for a Blackest Night tie-in[7] before switching to simply Green Arrow as part of the Rise and Fall storyline which is aftermath of Justice League: Cry for Justice.[8][9][10] The series picked up loose ends of Green Arrow killing the villain Prometheus[11] and the destruction of Star City as well as Black Canary leaving Green Arrow for not telling her of his actions assuming he wants to be alone.[12] A new Green Arrow series is set to debut from J. T. Krul and artist Diogenes Neves.[13]

text: Collected editions[edit]

text: Also relevant is the lead-up to this series "Road to the Altar", see Green Arrow Collected Editions

text:
Title
Collects
Date
ISBN

Vol. 1: The Wedding Album
Wedding Special, #1-5
October 2008
ISBN 978-1-4012-1841-6

Vol. 2: Family Business
#6-10
January 2009
ISBN 978-1-4012-2016-7

Vol. 3: A League of Their Own
#11-14, Green Arrow Secret Files #1
May 2009
ISBN 978-1-4012-2250-5

Vol. 4: Enemies List
#15-20
December 16, 2009

Vol. 5: Big Game
#21-26
June 9, 2010
ISBN 978-1-4012-2709-8

Vol. 6: Five Stages
#27-30
November 2010
ISBN 978-1-4012-2898-9

Justice League: Rise and Fall
#31-32, Justice League: Rise and Fall Special,
the Rise of Arsenal #1-4

March 2011
ISBN 978-1-4012-3013-5

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: IGN gave the first issue a 5.7 out of 10. Issue #15, the first issue of Kreisberg's run, received a 7.5.[14]


document_title: The Twelve Spies

question_text: who took the israelites to the promised land

text: The Twelve Spies

text: About the spies[edit]

text: God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations. Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land. However, during their tour, the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants, which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised. Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report, emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them.[4]

text: They gave Moses this account, "We went into the land to which you sent us, and it does flow with milk and honey! Here is its fruit. But the people who live there are very powerful, and the cities are fortified and very large. We even saw descendants of Anak there."

text: Two of the spies — Joshua and Caleb — did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land:

text: Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said, "We should go up and take possession of the land, for we can certainly do it."

text: However, the Israelite community believed the majority's conclusions. All of the spies, except Joshua and Caleb, were struck down with a plague and died.[5]

text: Joshua was at first a fierce warrior. He was chosen as the representative from his tribe, Ephraim, to explore the land of Canaan, and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered. After the incident with the 12 spies, Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period, and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God. Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it. Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God.[6]

text: Caleb was from the tribe of Judah. He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan, and he was (along with Joshua) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites. God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants. Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land.[7]

text: The names of the twelve spies were:[8]

text:
Shammua son of Zaccur, from the tribe of Reuben
Shaphat son of Hori, from the tribe of Simeon
Caleb son of Jephunneh, from the tribe of Judah
Igal son of Joseph, from the tribe of Issachar
Hoshea (Joshua) son of Nun, from the tribe of Ephraim
Palti son of Raphu, from the tribe of Benjamin
Gaddiel son of Sodi, from the tribe of Zebulin
Gaddi son of Susi, from the tribe of Manasseh
Ammiel son of Gemalli, from the tribe of Dan
Sethur son of Michael, from the tribe of Asher
Nahbi son of Vophsi, from the tribe of Naphtali
Geuel son of Maki, from the tribe of Gad

tag: ol

text: Some people think the word "spies" is an incorrect translation. The Hebrew word that the Torah uses is מרגלים ("meraglim"), which can also mean "traitors" or "deserters". In Numbers 13:, the Hebrew word describing the group is also the word usually translated as "men" or the word usually translated as "princes". In addition, the twelve were clearly not trained as spies, nor did they conduct any covert activity, nor did they enlist any indigenous people for later help. Thus, the phrase "Twelve Scouts" or "Twelve Observers" might be an alternative way of describing the group. However, the final point remains that their "report" resulted in a great outcry and the Israelites despaired of entering the promised land and were punished by God accordingly, as outlined above.[citation needed]

text: Consequences[edit]

text: The Israelites' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara (lit." "evil tongue" / "slander" in Hebrew) against the Land of Israel.

text: But the men who had gone up with him said, "We can't attack those people; they are stronger than we are." And they spread a bad report about the land they had explored. They said, "The land we explored devours those living in it. All the people we saw there were of great size. We saw the Nephilim there (the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim). We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them."

text: This was considered a grave sin by God. Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land, God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land. Moreover, the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert, save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land.[2]

text: For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled.

text: Tisha B'Av[edit]

text: According to Rabbinic tradition (as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4:6), the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av. When the Israelites accepted the false report, they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat. The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av, which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time.[9]

text: Rashi, commenting on Numbers 13:25, notes that the journey was shortened by God, as God foresaw their downfall and subsequent proportionate punishment (1 day equaling 1 year).[10]


document_title: Reserve Bank of India

question_text: who appoints the governor and deputy governors of rbi

question_tokens: who appoints the governor and deputy governors of rbi

text: Reserve Bank of India

text: Preamble[edit]

text: The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as:

text: "to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth."

text: History[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934.[11] Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India (GoI).

text: The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War.[12] The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by  the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934.[13] RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by B. R. Ambedkar in his book titled “The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin and its solution” and presented to the Hilton Young Commission. The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, also known as the Hilton–Young Commission.[14] The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur, with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However, it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India.  The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes, keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country.[15] The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but was moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burma's (now Myanmar) central bank until April 1947 (except during the years of Japanese occupation (1942–45)), even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the Partition of India in August 1947, the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though set up as a shareholders’ bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949.[16] RBI has monopoly of note issue.

text: In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks[17] and established, based on the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (later called the Banking Regulation Act), a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans.[18]

text: As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system, it was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy, and used the slogan "Developing Banking". The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector.

text: In 1969, the Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks. Upon Indira Gandhi's return to power in 1980, a further six banks were nationalized.[14] The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.[19] The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[20] These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in selected sectors, like agricultural business and small trade companies.[21]

text: The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town.[22] The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.[23]

text:
A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression" (Mckinnon and Shaw).[24]
The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation.[25]

text: 1991–2000 the new century[edit]

text: The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued.[26] The currency lost 18% of its value relative to the US dollar, and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal.[27] The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets.[28] This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998.[29]

text: The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company—the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited—on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes.[30]

text: Since 2000[edit]

text: The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the item in 2004–2005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer).[31] The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.[32]

text: The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of 2008–2009[33] and the central bank promotes the economic development.[34]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[35] 2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank — under Raghuram Rajan's governorship — wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[36][37]

text: The bank is headed by the governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel. There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo,[38], N S Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya, Mahesh Kumar Jain.[39]

text: Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank's Executive Directors. One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist. An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao. Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor, Y C Deveshwar, Prof Damodar Acharya, Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal.

text: Uma Shankar, chief general manager (CGM) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director (ED) in the central bank.[citation needed]

text: Sudha Balakrishnan, a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited, assumed charge as the first chief financial officer (CFO) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018; she was given the rank of an executive director.[40]

text: Branches and support bodies[edit]

text: The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.[41] It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices throughout India. Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jammu, Kanpur, Kochi, Kolkata, Dewas, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna, Dehradun and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala, Aizawal, Dehradun, Gangtok, Imphal, Panaji, Raipur, Ranchi, Shillong, Shimla and Srinagar.[42]

text: The RBI has four regional representations: North in New Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board.[43]

text: It has two training colleges for its officers, viz. Reserve Bank Staff College, Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking, Pune. There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT).[44] There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi.

text: The Board of Financial Supervision (BFS), formed in November 1994, serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions. It has four members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring and internal controlling systems. The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S.Tarapore to "lay the road map" to capital account convertibility. The five-member committee recommended a three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999–2000.

text: On 8 December 2017, Surekha Marandi, Executive Director (ED) of Reserve Bank of India, said RBI will open an office in the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh[45]

text: Functions[edit]

text: The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy, issuing currency, managing foreign exchange, working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks. It also works for overall economic growth of the country. The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as:

text: ..to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.

text: Financial Supervision[edit]

text: The primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking finance companies.

text: The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor. The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members. One deputy governor, usually, the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision, is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board. The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments.

text: BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions. The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members. The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Financial Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues.

text: Regulator and supervisor of the financial system[edit]

text: The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins.[47]

text: Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems[edit]

text: Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency. The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act)[48] gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority, including regulation and supervision, for the payment and settlement systems in the country. In this role, the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms. Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) allow individuals, companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another. These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country.

text: NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis and settles transactions in batches. The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut-off time. It operates in hourly batches — there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays.[49] Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time. In RTGS, transactions are processed continuously, all through the business hours. RBI’s settlement time is 9 am to 4:30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2:00 pm on Saturdays.[50]

text: Banker and Debt Manager to Government[edit]

text: Just like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently, Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions. RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India (GoI). As a banker to the GoI, RBI maintains its accounts, receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts. RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities.

text: Managing foreign exchange[edit]

text: The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.

text: With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows, the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment. RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation.

text: On a given day, the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions. The RBI’s Financial Markets Department (FMD) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for/supply of foreign currency.

text: Issue of currency[edit]

text:
Reserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India. The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation. All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability, i.e., the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value,  to enhance public confidence in paper currency. The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves.
For printing of notes, the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a wholly owned company of the Government of India, has set up printing presses at Nashik, Maharashtra and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL), also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal. In all, there are four printing presses.[51]
And for the minting of coins, SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai, Noida (UP), Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production.[51]

text: While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India (GoI), the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins. RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency. For printing currency, RBI has four facilities at Dewas, Nasik, Mysore and Salboni. The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands. New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016. The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered  illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016. Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI.

text: Banker's bank[edit]

text: Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money. RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.[52] Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations. As banker's bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks. It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises. The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility.

text: Regulator of the Banking System[edit]

text: RBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation's financial system. As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system. RBI uses methods like On-site inspections, off-site surveillance, scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses, setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas. RBI is currently focused on implementing Basel III norms.

text: Detection of fake currency[edit]

text: In order to curb the fake currency problem, RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market. www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency.[53]

text: On 22 January 2014; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014, it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005. From 1 April 2014, the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes. Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication. The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender. This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers. From 1 July 2014, however, to exchange more than 15 pieces of `500 and `1000 notes, non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence  as well as show aadhar  to the bank branch in which she/he wants to exchange the notes.

text: This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash. As the new currency notes have added security features, they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency.[54]

text: Developmental role[edit]

text: The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries.[18] The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector.[55]

text: Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture, micro and small enterprises (MSE), housing and education. RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net.

text: Related functions[edit]

text:
The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. It also acts as their banker. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition.[56]
The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks, too.
RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought-like situation because of poor monsoon this year.[57]

text: Custodian to foreign exchange[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank has custody of the country’s reserves of international currency, and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position.

text: 2016 Demonetisation[edit]

text: On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 (US$7.00) and ₹1,000 (US$14) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).[58] The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[59][60]

text: The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series. Following are the key points:

text:
Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.
Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.[61][62]
For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof. It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016.
Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.[61][62]
The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November 2016.[63]
All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.[64]
Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.[65] From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.[61][62]

text: However, exceptions were given to petrol, CNG and gas stations, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.[66][67] International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.[68]

text: Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan.[63][69]

text: Cash crunch and effects[edit]

text: The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes since 9 November.[70][71][72][73] ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.[71] Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi, but there were no reports of any grievous injury,[74] people attacked bank premises and ATMs,[75][76][77][78][79][80] and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹500 banknotes.[81][82][83][84]

text: Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios[edit]

text:
Rates as of October 2018 monetary policy meet

Policy rates

Policy Repo Rate
6.50%

Reverse Repo Rate
6.25%

Marginal Standing Facility Rate
6.75%

Bank Rate
6.75%

Reserve ratios

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
4%

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
19.5%

Lending and deposit rates

Base Rate
8.65%–9.45%

MCLR (overnight)
7.70%–7.95%

Savings Deposit Rate
3.50%–4.00%

Term Deposit Rate for > 1year
6.25%–6.75%

text: Repo Rate[edit]

text: Repo (Repurchase) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short-term (max. 90 days). When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money, it increases the repo rate similarly, if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate. If the repo rate is increased, banks can't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down. Generally, repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy. Currently, the new RBI governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6% for facilitation of India's economy.

text: In its fifth bi-monthly Monetary policy review on 6 December 2017, RBI unchanged Repo Rate and kept at 6%.

text: If banks want to borrow money (for short term, usually overnight) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate. currently, Repo rate is set to 6% w.e.f 9 August 2017. Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral. This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement. If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores, it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore (could be more because of margin requirement which is 5%-10% of loan amount) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period. So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest. This is the reason it is called repo rate. The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota (otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5% of NDTL and attract penalty). Banks have to provide these securities additionally.

text: To curb inflation, RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks. Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy. Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced. This will result in inflation coming down. RBI does the opposite to fight deflation. Although when RBI reduce Repo rate, banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate.

text: Reverse Repo Rate (RRR)[edit]

text: As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI. As a result, banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others (people, companies etc.) which is always risky.

text: Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI, whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks. Currently, Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25% below Repo Rate.

text: Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)[edit]

text: Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an anti-inflationary impact. A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities. In well-developed economies, central banks use open market operations—buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market—to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government securities are traded at market-related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years. Generally, RBI uses

text:
Minimum margins for lending against specific securities.
Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes.
The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances.

text: Direct credit controls in India are of three types:

text:
Part of the interest rate structure, i.e., on small savings and provident funds, are administratively set.
Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50% of their NDTL (Net Demand and Time Liabilities) in the form of liquid assets.
Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their advances.

text: The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash and gold. The present SLR is 19.5%.[85]

text: Bank Rate[edit]

text: It is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ‘standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase'. When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI, it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them. It is currently set to 6.75%[86](Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2018–19). The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days. Although penal rates are linked to bank rate. If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate.

text: Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)[edit]

text: Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000. LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities. RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs.5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter. LAF enables liquidity management on a day-to-day basis. The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos.

text: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)[edit]

text: CRR refers to the ratio of bank’s cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank’s net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks. The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI. The RBI has set CRR at 4%. 1% change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 96000 crores. An increase sucks this amount from the economy, while a decrease injects this  amount into the economy.So if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI. RBI pays no interest on CRR.

text: Let's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR. If RBI increases SLR to 50% and CRR to 20% then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations. Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital. Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly. This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually.

text: Open Market Operation (OMO)[edit]

text: Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system. When there is excess supply of money, central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity. Similarly, when liquidity is tight, RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy.

text: Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)[edit]

text: This scheme was introduced in May, 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme. Banks can borrow up to 2.5%[87] percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities. RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs. One crore and in multiples of Rs. One crore thereafter. The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota (up to one percent). So even if SLR goes below 20.5%(RBI/2014-15/445 DBR.Ret.BC.70/12.02.001/2014-15, dt. 16.10.2016) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF, bank will not have to pay any penalty. The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50% as of 1.6.17.[88][better source needed]

text: Qualitative Tools[edit]

text: Margin Requirements or LTV[edit]

text: Loan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased. RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers. For example, if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac, he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70%. RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively.

text: Selective credit control[edit]

text: Under this measure, RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar, edible oil etc. This prevents speculations/ hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks.

text: Moral Suasion[edit]

text: Under this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings, conferences, media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends. For example, when RBI reduces repo rate, it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well. Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets (NPAs).

text: Limitations of Monetary Policy[edit]

text: In developing countries like India, Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors:

text:
People do not employ alternative investment options. A large section of society still depends on saving accounts, fixed deposits, Public Provident Fund for investment. Commercial banks have large deposits. RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks. So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy.
Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities.
Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation. Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation.

text: Publications[edit]

text: A report titled "Trend and Progress of Banking In India" is published annually, as required by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector.[89] Starting in April 2014, the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates.[90]

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
S. L. N. Simha. History of the Reserve Bank of India, Volume 1: 1935–1951. RBI. 1970. ISBN 81-7596-247-X. (2005 reprint PDF)
Reserve Bank of India: Functions and Working. RBI. 2005.(2005 reprint PDF )
G. Balachandran. The Reserve Bank of India, 1951–1967. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-564468-9. (PDF)
A. Vasudevan et al. The Reserve Bank of India, Volume 3: 1967–1981. RBI. 2005. ISBN 81-7596-299-2. (PDF)
Cecil Kisch: Review "The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India" by K. N. Raj. In: The Economic Journal. Vol. 59, No. 235 (Sep., 1949), pp. 436–438.
Findlay G. Shirras: The Reserve Bank of India. In The Economic Journal. Vol. 44, No. 174 (Jun., 1934), pp. 258–274.
Narenda Jadhav, Partha Ray, Dhritidyuti Bose, Indranil Sen Gupta: The Reserve Bank of India’s Balance Sheet: Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution, November 2004.


document_title: When pigs fly

question_text: where did the phrase when pigs fly come from

text: When pigs fly

text: Meaning[edit]

text: "When pigs fly" is an adynaton, a way of saying that something will never happen. The phrase is often used for humorous effect, to scoff at over-ambition. There are numerous variations on the theme; when an individual with a reputation for failure finally succeeds, onlookers may sarcastically claim to see a flying pig. ("Hey look! A flying pig!") [1] Other variations on the phrase include "And pigs will fly", this one in retort to an outlandish statement.

text: An example occurs in the film The Eagle Has Landed: an Irish secret agent working for the Nazis replies to a German general speaking of Germany's shortly winning World War II, "Pigs may fly, General, but I doubt it!" Later, when the Irishman sees German soldiers parachuting before an attack, he says to himself, "Mother of God! Flying pigs!"

text: An identical phrase, used to express impossibilities, exists in Romanian, Când o zbura porcul, literally meaning "When the pig shall fly"; an equivalent also implying an animal is La Paștele cailor, literally: "on horses' Easter". Similar phrases in English include "when hell freezes over", the Latin expression "to the Greek calends", and "and monkeys might fly out of my butt", popularized in Wayne's World skits and movies. They are examples of adynata.[2] In Finnish, the expression "kun lehmät lentävät" (when cows fly) is used because of its alliteration. In French, the most common expression is "quand les poules auront des dents" (when hens will have teeth).

text: In Polish, a similar expression is "See a tank rolling in here?", while simultaneously lowering a lower eyelid with a finger. Sometimes, when in return to this a slightly more limited, but still improbable answer is given, the speaker repeats the gesture, stating: "Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out?":

text:
"I'm sure that the cows will make a permanent colony on the Moon by the end of 2012."
"Yeah, sure. See a tank rolling in here?" (lowering the eyelid)
"Well, maybe not 2012, but 2013, surely."
"Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out?" (repeating the gesture.)

text: The idiom is apparently derived from a centuries-old Scottish proverb, though some other references to pigs flying or pigs with wings are more famous. At least one appears in the works of Lewis Carroll:

text:
"Thinking again?" the Duchess asked, with another dig of her sharp little chin.
"I've a right to think," said Alice sharply, for she was beginning to feel a little worried.
"Just about as much right," said the Duchess, "as pigs have to fly...." — Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Chapter 9.

text: American literature author John Steinbeck was told by his professor that he would be an author when pigs flew. When he eventually became a novelist, he started to print every book he wrote with the insignia "Ad astra per alas porci" (to the stars on the wings of a pig).[3] He sometimes added an image of a flying pig, called "Pigasus".

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
In Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (1872), the poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter" poses the question of "whether pigs have wings".
Pigasus was a flying pig character in the Oz books written by Ruth Plumly Thompson in the 1930s.[4]
Because of the historical importance of the pig industry to the city, prominent in the local iconography of Cincinnati[5] (nicknamed 'Porkopolis') are such events as the Big Pig Gig and the Flying Pig Marathon. Public art around town features flying pigs.
In Grand Prairie, TX, the semi-pro baseball team is the (Grand Prairie AirHogs). In advertising, they have used the slogan "Where Hogs fly".
In the 1968 movie The Lion in Winter, King Henry II tells his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine "When pigs have wings!". She replies "There'll be pork in the trees come morning!"
Pink Floyd had a flying pig on the cover of the Animals album. This clearly ties in with the album's songs "Pigs On The Wing". Since then the group has used a flying pig as a prop for concerts. See Pink Floyd pigs.

This album cover is one of the many cultural references in the game Jet Set Willy; the Emergency Power Generator is a miniature indoor version of Battersea Power Station with a pig flying over it. That flying-pig sprite is also used in several other rooms.

In Alice, a popular TV series based on the 1974 movie Alice Doesn't Live Here Any More. Alice (Linda Lavin) worked at Mel's Diner along with a spunky waitress named Flo (Polly Holliday). Flo spoke with a southern twang, and one of her favorite sayings was, "When Pigs Fly!"
In The Simpsons episode, "Lisa the Vegetarian", Lisa pushes Homer's prize pig down a hill into a river, where it ends up getting shot through the air by a dam's spillway suction. In his office Mr. Burns says to Smithers he would like to do something charitable with his wealth, donating a million dollars to the orphanage. Smithers becomes confused at this, and Burns answers "when pigs fly". The pig then passes his window in flight, much to their surprise, at which point he admits he would still like to keep his money.
In the Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game subspace highway screens, players may be rewarded with money by destroying flying Piggy Banks.
In Hexen the player can be turned into a pig and use wings of wrath, this results in a flying pig.
Arjen Anthony Lucassen's second solo album, Lost in the New Real features a track titled "Where pigs fly".
In the UK BBC One series called ShakespeaRe-Told adaptation of Macbeth, the character Joe Macbeth's monologue "Is that a [police] helicopter? Is it landing on this building? Pigs will fly! Pigs will fly!" It is the film's translation of "The Birnam Wood" reference to the warning given to Macbeth in the Shakespeare play of the same name, in which he is warned that "Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him."
After the New Orleans Saints, long known for their lack of success, won the 2009 NFC Championship Game by making a field goal in sudden death overtime, longtime Saints radio announcer Jim Henderson exclaimed, "Pigs have flown! Hell has frozen over! The Saints are on their way to the Super Bowl!"[6]
Flying pigs were seen in the film Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and were a large part of the promotion related to it, including its major promotional posters. The original Nanny McPhee film had featured the phrase "snow in August" as a similar reference to something that was supposed to be impossible.
The cover of Stephen Colbert's adult-targeted picture book I Am a Pole (And So Can You!) features an emblem stating that it is a "Caldecott Eligible Book" and a picture of Colbert riding a flying pig, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the book's actual likelihood of being nominated for this award.
In the third season of the Canadian sketch comedy series The Kids in the Hall, a flying pig (portrayed by Bruce McCulloch) appeared in several sketches to entertain people who had been waiting in long lines.[7]
In Eminem's 2013 song "Legacy", a variant phrase of this is said: "The day you beat me, pigs will fly out my ass into a flying saucer full of Italian sausage!"
In The 7D episode "When Pigs Fly", Hildy and Grim Gloom use a spell to give the pigs owned by the farmer Zoinky McZoinks wings and control them as part of their plan to eat all the food in Jollywood in order to cause its citizens to head to Hildegard Estates to become their minions. The 7D managed to thwart the plan by coating the Glooms' house in chocolate. By the end of the episode, the flying pigs were returned to Zoinky McZoinks who managed to make some money off the flying pigs.
In Star vs. the Forces of Evil episode "Brittney's Party", Brittney Wong told Star that she will be invited to her birthday party "when pigs fly". Star took it literally and used her wand to create an actual flying pig in order to get invited.
On the wall of a building along Biscayne Blvd. near 81st St. in Miami, Florida (see illustration).
In a self-effacing reference to their less-than-stellar record, the log canoe Edmee S. has adopted a flying pig as their mascot.


document_title: MatPat

question_text: where did clap and a half come from

question_tokens: where did clap and a half come from

text: MatPat

text: Early life[edit]

text: Matthew Patrick was born on November 15, 1986 in Medina County, Ohio. Growing up, Patrick was very involved in the arts, especially musical theatre. He valued education and spent most of his school career studying or taking classes. His enthusiasm led him to skip his lunch periods to take classes and to spend his summer vacations taking courses at college campuses. He eventually became the valedictorian of his graduating class, and earned a perfect score on his SAT. His strong academic record earned him a full academic scholarship into Duke University.[6]

text: Immediately after graduating Summa Cum Laude from Duke University with a double major in neuroscience and theater, Patrick moved to New York City in order to pursue an acting career, which he eventually quit because he could not make a lot of money. After two years of mostly unemployment, he uploaded the promotional trailer for Game Theory, and four days later, he uploaded the first episode, explaining the scientific accuracy of the time travel of the SNES game Chrono Trigger.

text: He currently resides in Los Angeles, California with his wife Stephanie Cordato.[7]

text: Career[edit]

text: The Game Theorists[edit]

text: Patrick first created a YouTube account under the name "MatthewPatrick13" in 2009. He uploaded numerous videos of his performances and auditions for musical theatre, including one where he sang "It Takes Two" from the musical Hairspray. The first video he put a lot of time to edit was a video he used to propose to his now wife, Stephanie.

text: On April 18, 2011, he uploaded the first episode of his new show, Game Theory, where he discusses the relationship between reality and gaming in terms of science, math and culture. Inspired by the YouTube series Extra Credits episode Tangential Learning (March 23, 2011) he created Game Theory with the goal of creating "gaming's tangential learning experience" to show his abilities to companies that might watch his channel.[8] He frequently uploads episodes covering Nintendo characters, as well as popular games such as Minecraft, Five Nights at Freddy's, Call of Duty and Pokémon, as well as numerous other games.[9][10] Early on in the show's history, MatPat was interviewed by Ronnie Edwards, host of his Internet show Random Encounters. After this meeting, Ronnie accepted MatPat's offer to be Game Theory's main editor. Before this, MatPat was the sole editor of the show. The first episode of Game Theory that Ronnie edited was How Much is Minecraft Diamond Armor Worth?[11] He occasionally uploads videos commenting on the gaming market, as well as on other matters that he deems noteworthy.[12] He gained subscribers and his videos were being posted on the front pages of sites such as ScrewAttack and GameTrailers.[8] Game Theory has become known for Patrick's educational, consistent and in-depth approach to game analysis.

text: During the course of its life, The Game Theorists has hosted numerous spin-offs and separate shows. Some of the shows are only partly on The Game Theorists and consist of more episodes on the creators' channels.

text:
Game Exchange (July 5, 2012 – June 7, 2014 on The Game Theorists, still on Gaijin Goombah) is a show by Michael Sundman[13] where he talks in a high-pitched voice as a Goomba character named Gaijin Goombah about gaming in relation to various international cultures. The version on The Game Theorists has since been replaced permanently with Culture Shock which started on April 10, 2014 as a show very similar in style and content. Starting in 2016, his real voice was used in The Game Theorists version.
Digressing and Sidequesting (December 26, 2011 – ) is a show hosted by Ronnie Edwards which focuses on game design. It started on the YouTube channel DigressingNSQ and moved to The Game Theorists on August 30, 2012.
Crossover (December 28, 2013 – September 9, 2014) was a show hosted by Drake McWhorter and Ken Landefeld which proved that two gaming characters or series exist within the same universe. In February 2016, the script for a relaunch was finalised.[14] In August 2016, McWhorter tweeted that the first episode of the second season has already been done and they were waiting for the official approval.[15] In June 2016, they announced that they hadn't received any response and that the project was in limbo.[16] In August 2017, Landefeld tweeted that "MatPat didn't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so [they] ended it there".[17]
Smash History (August 26, 2014 – July 23, 2016) was a show by Drake McWhorter that focused on the development and content of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. According to McWhorter, the show was cancelled because "it's not as high quality, the Smash hype is dead, and it's not an educational show."[18] In early November 2016 all episodes were made private and McWhorter himself did not know the reason for this.[19] Because of this, he started to upload the series on his channel Trailer Drake on November 9, 2016.
A Brief History (February 4, 2013 – August 24, 2017 on The Game Theorists, still on FootofaFerret) is a show hosted by Ryder Burgin that covers the entire development of a game series in a very fast-spoken manner. It started on the YouTube channel FootofaFerret and partly moved to The Game Theorists on April 20, 2015. In the episode of August 24, 2017, Burgin announced that that episode would be the last episode on The Game Theorists and the series would fully move back to FootofaFerret.
DeadLock (February 17, 2015 – ) is a show by Matthew Patrick that pits two video game concepts against each other to show their flaws and strengths. Each episode usually features Patrick and another member of The Game Theorists debating these concepts. Two special episodes feature Patrick debating against Nintendo of America's own Reggie Fils-Aimé. The first one was released on June 25, 2016 with them debating on the grounds of motion controls versus traditional controls in The Legend of Zelda series and the second one was released on January 28, 2017 with them debating if Nintendo should continue making consoles. As of July 29, 2017, there are nine episodes of the show.
Break Down (December 25, 2015 – ) is a show by Forrest Lee (tehFurst) which similarly to A Brief History talks about the development of a video game series.
The SCIENCE! (January 29, 2016 – ) is a show by Austin Hourigan which picks video games apart with science and logic. It started on the YouTube channel ShoddyCast, the first video on The Game Theorists was uploaded on December 21, 2016.

text: The Game Theorists reached one million subscribers on December 17, 2013.

text: On October 1, 2013, a re-mastered version of the first episode of the Newgrounds show TOME: Terrain of Magical Expertise by Chris Niosi (Kirbopher) was uploaded to the channel to generate more attention for the series and give it more exposure.[20][21][22] On October 31, 2013, the second episode featuring JonTron was uploaded.[23][24] According to Niosi, the episodes were uploaded to the channel and he was given a cut of the revenue each month because he wasn't able to earn money from Google AdSense on his YouTube channel. Within two months, the show was pulled from the channel and the episodes were removed. Niosi stated that the reason behind this was because it didn't perform as well as projected within the first two episodes.[25][26] In February 2017, Patrick stated in a GTLive episode that "YouTube wouldn't let [the video] be monetized because [...] 'someone else owns this video'. [...] It also deviated far too much from what we did because it [...] had nothing to do with education and gaming."[27]

text: Viewer demographics[edit]

text: In the GTLive episode of August 29, 2017, responding to allegations of The Game Theorists being watched mainly by younger viewers, The Game Theorists revealed their viewership at that time to mainly consist of people between the age of 18 and 34.[28] According to the data, 78 percent of his viewers are male, while 22 percent are female. Shown data from a one-month period leading up to the livestream is as follows:

text:
Age class
Male
Female
Total

13–17 years
9.9%
3.7%
13.6%

18–24 years
27%
8.2%
35.2%

25–34 years
25%
5.1%
30.1%

35–44 years
9.4%
3.1%
12.5%

45–54 years
4.5%
1.6%
6.1%

55–64 years
0.8%
0.3%
1.1%

65+ years
1.3%
0.3%
1.4%

All
~78%
~22%
100%

text: The Film Theorists[edit]

text: On May 12, 2014, Patrick created a second channel called The Film Theorists where he debuted his second show, Film Theory. The first video was uploaded on June 2, 2015, focusing on the science of the TV series Doctor Who.[29] Film Theory follows the same formula as Game Theory, but in relation to films and series as well as the film industry instead of gaming. Within a month following the first episode, The Film Theorists reached one million subscribers.[30]

text: Like The Game Theorists, The Film Theorists is a host of spin-off shows.

text:
Did You Know Movies? (June 2, 2015 – ) is a spin-off of the popular video game-based blog Did You Know Gaming?.
Frame by Frame (June 9, 2015 – 2017) by Kyle Adams of YouTube channel PwnageShow is a show analyzing film techniques. As of August 26, 2017, only one episode is still available on the channel. The latest episode called “How Spielberg Makes the Cut!... A Guide to Scene Transitions” was uploaded on July 25, 2017.
Film Legends (February 18, 2017 – ) by the creators of the YouTube channel Wisecrack is a show hosted by Jacob Salamon evaluating a movie in different categories in order to rank it and thus finding the best movie of all time.

text: Film Theory has covered episodes on franchises like Star Wars, Marvel Studios, Harry Potter, Doctor Who, and even the 2016 United States presidential election.[31][32]

text: MatPat's Game Lab[edit]

text: On June 8, 2016, Patrick posted via his YouTube channel his new show, MatPat's Game Lab, on Google's paid subscription service, YouTube Red. The show mainly focuses on placing video game players in real life scenarios mimicking scenarios that occur in video games, such as bomb defusing, parkour, and military training.[33][34][35]

text: GTLive[edit]

text: Patrick started a Let's Play series called GTLive on August 26, 2015[36] where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14, 2015. Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST. Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason, the producer of GTLive, the co-producer Chris, who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding, the Patricks' cat Skip, also known as “CatPat,” Peepachu, a cushion in the form of a yellow, rabbit-shaped Peep and a llama plushie, referred to as "Drama Llama". Repeated themes of this livestream include "Mario Maker Wednesday" (abbr. “MMW”), "Motion-Control Thursday" and "Scary Games Friday" (abbr. “TGISGF” for “Thank Goodness It's Scary Games Friday”), also occasionally known as "Spoopy Games Friday". A common feature is the 'clap-and-a-half' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher. On one live stream, they used Verizon's in-game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking "the worlds largest [in-game] selfie".[37]

text: Starting on October 3, 2016, the Monday streams became part of YouTube Gaming Primetime and are therefore scheduled for 3 pm to 5 pm PST. It also includes a voting mechanism, which can be used by Patrick to conduct quick polls.[38]

text: As of 2016, GTLive streams five days per week on average, garnering roughly 80,000 to 110,000 total viewers for each stream.

text: On April 3, 2017, Patrick announced that the show would go on a brief hiatus until April 25, 2017, due to VidCon Europe and scouting different filming locations.[39] Due to VidCon Australia, the show was again paused on September 4, 2017 and is scheduled to return on September 25, 2017.[40]

text: Theorist Media[edit]

text: Patrick is the Founder and President of Theorist Media, a digital media production and consulting company. He co-owns Theorist Media with his spouse, Stephanie.

text: Collaborations[edit]

text: Patrick has collaborated with numerous channels, featuring them as guests on his own shows, or being featured himself. He has done numerous voice-over work for video game-based blog Did You Know Gaming?, covering episodes on Portal, Super Mario, and Five Nights at Freddy's. He often shouts out the Wisecrack channel at the end of videos of Film Theory. Patrick has also played in Random Encounters' FNAF: The Musical, and voiced Bendy in Bendy and the Ink Musical from the same channel. He also has collaborated with Petcentric by Purina in the Pet-U-Cation videos.

text: Patrick has also worked with plenty of clients, including Samsung, Warner Bros., Ubisoft, Defy Media, and YouTube.

text: Numerous internet personalities have done voice-over work for Patrick's numerous shows, such as Austin Hargrave (PeanutButterGamer) and Jonathan Jafari, as well as Arin Hanson (Egoraptor) and Dan Avidan (Ninja Sex Party) of the web series Game Grumps.

text: In the popular web series Death Battle by ScrewAttack, Patrick voiced Keith Kogane from the Voltron franchise in the "Power Rangers vs Voltron" episode.

text: Patrick will voice Computron in the Transformers: Titans Return animated series.[41]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Patrick is married to Stephanie Cordato, whom he met while at Duke University. The two became close after creating a Legend of Zelda parody called The Epic of Stew. The couple married on May 19, 2012 in North Carolina.[42] The couple owns a cat named Skip, who occasionally makes appearances in livestreams and is also known as 'CatPat'

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Nominated
Work
Award
Result

2015
Streamy Awards
The Game Theorists
Gaming
Nominated

The Game Theorists, Ronnie Edwards, Forrest Lee Black, and Ryder Burgin
Editing
Nominated

2016
Streamy Awards
The Game Theorists
Show of the Year
Nominated

Gaming
Won

MatPat’s Game Lab
Non-Fiction
Nominated

Virtual Reality and 360
Won

Shorty Awards
The Game Theorists
Tech and Innovation: Gaming
Nominated

2017
Shorty Awards
MatPat
Tech and Innovation: Gaming
Nominated