document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by area

question_text: what is the largest state in america by size

root

text: Area by state/territory[edit]

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

State/territory
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

 Alaska
7000100000000000000♠1
665,384.04
1,723,337
7000100000000000000♠1
570,640.95
1,477,953
7001857600000000000♠85.76%
7000100000000000000♠1
94,743.10
245,384
7001142400000000000♠14.24%

 Texas
7000200000000000000♠2
268,596.46
695,662
7000200000000000000♠2
261,231.71
676,587
7001972600000000000♠97.26%
7000800000000000000♠8
7,364.75
19,075
7000274000000000000♠2.74%

 California
7000300000000000000♠3
163,696.32
423,972
7000300000000000000♠3
155,779.22
403,466
7001951600000000000♠95.16%
7000600000000000000♠6
7,915.52
20,501
7000484000000000000♠4.84%

 Montana
7000400000000000000♠4
147,039.71
380,831
7000400000000000000♠4
145,545.80
376,962
7001989800000000000♠98.98%
7001260000000000000♠26
1,493.91
3,869
7000102000000000000♠1.02%

 New Mexico
7000500000000000000♠5
121,590.30
314,917
7000500000000000000♠5
121,298.15
314,161
7001997600000000000♠99.76%
7001490000000000000♠49
292.15
757
6999240000000000000♠0.24%

 Arizona
7000600000000000000♠6
113,990.30
295,234
7000600000000000000♠6
113,594.08
294,207
7001996500000000000♠99.65%
7001480000000000000♠48
396.22
1,026
6999350000000000000♠0.35%

 Nevada
7000700000000000000♠7
110,571.82
286,380
7000700000000000000♠7
109,781.18
284,332
7001992800000000000♠99.28%
7001360000000000000♠36
790.65
2,048
6999720000000000000♠0.72%

 Colorado
7000800000000000000♠8
104,093.67
269,601
7000800000000000000♠8
103,641.89
268,431
7001995700000099999♠99.57%
7001440000000000000♠44
451.78
1,170
6999430000000000000♠0.43%

 Oregon
7000900000000000000♠9
98,378.54
254,799
7001100000000000000♠10
95,988.01
248,608
7001975700000099999♠97.57%
7001200000000000000♠20
2,390.53
6,191
7000243000000000000♠2.43%

 Wyoming
7001100000000000000♠10
97,813.01
253,335
7000900000000000000♠9
97,093.14
251,470
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001370000000000000♠37
719.87
1,864
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 Michigan
7001110000000000000♠11
96,713.51
250,487
7001220000000000000♠22
56,538.90
146,435
7001584600000000000♠58.46%
7000200000000000000♠2
40,174.61
104,052
7001415400000000000♠41.54%

 Minnesota
7001120000000000000♠12
86,935.83
225,163
7001140000000000000♠14
79,626.74
206,232
7001915900000000000♠91.59%
7000900000000000000♠9
7,309.09
18,930
7000841000000000000♠8.41%

 Utah
7001130000000000000♠13
84,896.88
219,882
7001120000000000000♠12
82,169.62
212,818
7001967900000000000♠96.79%
7001170000000000000♠17
2,727.26
7,064
7000321000000000000♠3.21%

 Idaho
7001140000000000000♠14
83,568.95
216,443
7001110000000000000♠11
82,643.12
214,045
7001988900000000000♠98.89%
7001330000000000000♠33
925.83
2,398
7000111000000000000♠1.11%

 Kansas
7001150000000000000♠15
82,278.36
213,100
7001130000000000000♠13
81,758.72
211,754
7001993700000000000♠99.37%
7001420000000000000♠42
519.64
1,346
6999630000000000000♠0.63%

 Nebraska
7001160000000000000♠16
77,347.81
200,330
7001150000000000000♠15
76,824.17
198,974
7001993200000099999♠99.32%
7001410000000000000♠41
523.64
1,356
6999680000000000000♠0.68%

 South Dakota
7001170000000000000♠17
77,115.68
199,729
7001160000000000000♠16
75,811.00
196,350
7001983100000000000♠98.31%
7001290000000000000♠29
1,304.68
3,379
7000169000000000000♠1.69%

 Washington
7001180000000000000♠18
71,297.95
184,661
7001200000000000000♠20
66,455.52
172,119
7001932100000099999♠93.21%
7001110000000000000♠11
4,842.43
12,542
7000679000000000000♠6.79%

  North Dakota
7001190000000000000♠19
70,698.32
183,108
7001170000000000000♠17
69,000.80
178,711
7001976000000000000♠97.60%
7001240000000000000♠24
1,697.52
4,397
7000240000000000000♠2.40%

 Oklahoma
7001200000000000000♠20
69,898.87
181,037
7001190000000000000♠19
68,594.92
177,660
7001981300000000000♠98.13%
7001300000000000000♠30
1,303.95
3,377
7000187000000000000♠1.87%

 Missouri
7001210000000000000♠21
69,706.99
180,540
7001180000000000000♠18
68,741.52
178,040
7001986100000000000♠98.61%
7001320000000000000♠32
965.47
2,501
7000138990000099999♠1.39%

 Florida
7001220000000000000♠22
65,757.70
170,312
7001260000000000000♠26
53,624.76
138,887
7001815500000000000♠81.55%
7000300000000000000♠3
12,132.94
31,424
7001184500000000000♠18.45%

 Wisconsin
7001230000000000000♠23
65,496.38
169,635
7001250000000000000♠25
54,157.80
140,268
7001826900000000000♠82.69%
7000400000000000000♠4
11,338.57
29,367
7001173109999900000♠17.31%

 Georgia
7001240000000000000♠24
59,425.15
153,910
7001210000000000000♠21
57,513.49
148,959
7001967800000000000♠96.78%
7001220000000000000♠22
1,911.66
4,951
7000322000000000000♠3.22%

 Illinois
7001250000000000000♠25
57,913.55
149,995
7001240000000000000♠24
55,518.93
143,793
7001958700000000000♠95.87%
7001190000000000000♠19
2,394.62
6,202
7000413000000000000♠4.13%

 Iowa
7001260000000000000♠26
56,272.81
145,746
7001230000000000000♠23
55,857.13
144,669
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001450000000000000♠45
415.68
1,077
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 New York
7001270000000000000♠27
54,554.98
141,297
7001300000000000000♠30
47,126.40
122,057
7001863800000000000♠86.38%
7000700000000000000♠7
7,428.58
19,240
7001136200000099999♠13.62%

 North Carolina
7001280000000000000♠28
53,819.16
139,391
7001290000000000000♠29
48,617.91
125,920
7001903400000000000♠90.34%
7001100000000000000♠10
5,201.25
13,471
7000966000000000000♠9.66%

 Arkansas
7001290000000000000♠29
53,178.55
137,732
7001270000000000000♠27
52,035.48
134,771
7001978500000000000♠97.85%
7001310000000000000♠31
1,143.07
2,961
7000215000000000000♠2.15%

 Alabama
7001300000000000000♠30
52,420.07
135,767
7001280000000000000♠28
50,645.33
131,171
7001966100000000000♠96.61%
7001230000000000000♠23
1,774.74
4,597
7000339000000000000♠3.39%

 Louisiana
7001310000000000000♠31
52,378.13
135,659
7001330000000000000♠33
43,203.90
111,898
7001824800000000000♠82.48%
7000500000000000000♠5
9,174.23
23,761
7001175200000000000♠17.52%

 Mississippi
7001320000000000000♠32
48,431.78
125,438
7001310000000000000♠31
46,923.27
121,531
7001968900000000000♠96.89%
7001250000000000000♠25
1,508.51
3,907
7000311000000000000♠3.11%

 Pennsylvania
7001330000000000000♠33
46,054.35
119,280
7001320000000000000♠32
44,742.70
115,883
7001971500000000000♠97.15%
7001280000000000000♠28
1,311.64
3,397
7000285000000000000♠2.85%

 Ohio
7001340000000000000♠34
44,825.58
116,098
7001350000000000000♠35
40,860.69
105,829
7001911500000000000♠91.15%
7001140000000000000♠14
3,964.89
10,269
7000885000000000000♠8.85%

 Virginia
7001350000000000000♠35
42,774.93
110,787
7001360000000000000♠36
39,490.09
102,279
7001923200000099999♠92.32%
7001150000000000000♠15
3,284.84
8,508
7000768000000000000♠7.68%

 Tennessee
7001360000000000000♠36
42,144.25
109,153
7001340000000000000♠34
41,234.90
106,798
7001978400000000000♠97.84%
7001350000000000000♠35
909.36
2,355
7000216000000000000♠2.16%

 Kentucky
7001370000000000000♠37
40,407.80
104,656
7001370000000000000♠37
39,486.34
102,269
7001977200000000000♠97.72%
7001340000000000000♠34
921.46
2,387
7000227990000099999♠2.28%

 Indiana
7001380000000000000♠38
36,419.55
94,326
7001380000000000000♠38
35,826.11
92,789
7001983700000000000♠98.37%
7001390000000000000♠39
593.44
1,537
7000162990000000000♠1.63%

 Maine
7001390000000000000♠39
35,379.74
91,633
7001390000000000000♠39
30,842.92
79,883
7001871800000000000♠87.18%
7001120000000000000♠12
4,536.82
11,750
7001128200000000000♠12.82%

 South Carolina
7001400000000000000♠40
32,020.49
82,933
7001400000000000000♠40
30,060.70
77,857
7001938800000000000♠93.88%
7001210000000000000♠21
1,959.79
5,076
7000612000000000000♠6.12%

 West Virginia
7001410000000000000♠41
24,230.04
62,756
7001410000000000000♠41
24,038.21
62,259
7001992100000099999♠99.21%
7001500000000000000♠50
191.83
497
6999790000000000000♠0.79%

 Maryland
7001420000000000000♠42
12,405.93
32,131
7001420000000000000♠42
9,707.24
25,142
7001782500000000000♠78.25%
7001180000000000000♠18
2,698.69
6,990
7001217500000000000♠21.75%

 Hawaii
7001430000000000000♠43
10,931.72
28,313
7001470000000000000♠47
6,422.63
16,635
7001587500000000000♠58.75%
7001130000000000000♠13
4,509.09
11,678
7001412500000000000♠41.25%

 Massachusetts
7001440000000000000♠44
10,554.39
27,336
7001450000000000000♠45
7,800.06
20,202
7001739000000000000♠73.90%
7001160000000000000♠16
2,754.33
7,134
7001261000000000000♠26.10%

 Vermont
7001450000000000000♠45
9,616.36
24,906
7001430000000000000♠43
9,216.66
23,871
7001958400000000000♠95.84%
7001460000000000000♠46
399.71
1,035
7000416000000000000♠4.16%

 New Hampshire
7001460000000000000♠46
9,349.16
24,214
7001440000000000000♠44
8,952.65
23,187
7001957600000000000♠95.76%
7001470000000000000♠47
396.51
1,027
7000424000000000000♠4.24%

 New Jersey
7001470000000000000♠47
8,722.58
22,591
7001460000000000000♠46
7,354.22
19,047
7001843100000000000♠84.31%
7001270000000000000♠27
1,368.36
3,544
7001156900000000000♠15.69%

 Connecticut
7001480000000000000♠48
5,543.41
14,357
7001480000000000000♠48
4,842.36
12,542
7001873500000000000♠87.35%
7001380000000000000♠38
701.06
1,816
7001126500000000000♠12.65%

 Delaware
7001490000000000000♠49
2,488.72
6,446
7001490000000000000♠49
1,948.54
5,047
7001782900000000000♠78.29%
7001400000000000000♠40
540.18
1,399
7001217100000000000♠21.71%

 Rhode Island
7001500000000000000♠50
1,544.89
4,001
7001500000000000000♠50
1,033.81
2,678
7001669200000000000♠66.92%
7001430000000000000♠43
511.07
1,324
7001330800000000000♠33.08%

 District of Columbia
7002100000000000000♠
68.34
177
7002100000000000000♠
61.05
158
7001893300000000000♠89.33%
7002100000000000000♠
7.29
19
7001106700000000000♠10.67%

 Puerto Rico
7002100000000000000♠
5,324.84
13,791
7002100000000000000♠
3,423.78
8,868
7001643000000000000♠64.30%
7002100000000000000♠
1,901.07
4,924
7001357000000000000♠35.70%

 Northern Mariana Islands
7002100000000000000♠
1,975.57
5,117
7002100000000000000♠
182.33
472
7000923000000000000♠9.23%
7002100000000000000♠
1,793.24
4,644
7001907700000000000♠90.77%

 United States Virgin Islands
7002100000000000000♠
732.93
1,898
7002100000000000000♠
134.32
348
7001183309999999999♠18.33%
7002100000000000000♠
598.61
1,550
7001816700000000000♠81.67%

 American Samoa
7002100000000000000♠
581.05
1,505
7002100000000000000♠
76.46
198
7001131600000000000♠13.16%
7002100000000000000♠
504.60
1,307
7001868400000000000♠86.84%

 Guam
7002100000000000000♠
570.62
1,478
7002100000000000000♠
209.80
543
7001367700000000000♠36.77%
7002100000000000000♠
360.82
935
7001632300000000000♠63.23%

 Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
—
7002100000000000000♠
—
—
—

 Contiguous United States
Total
3,120,426.47
8,081,867
7002100000000000000♠
2,954,841.42
7,653,004
7001946900000000000♠94.69%
7002100000000000000♠
165,584.6
428,862
7000530990000099999♠5.31%

 50 states and D.C.
Total
3,796,742.23
9,833,517
7002100000000000000♠
3,531,905.43
9,147,593
7001930200000000000♠93.02%
7002100000000000000♠
264,836.79
685,924
7000698000000000000♠6.98%

 All U.S. territory
Total
3,805,943.26
9,857,348
7002100000000000000♠
3,535,948.12
9,158,064
7001929100000000000♠92.91%
7002100000000000000♠
269,995.13
699,284
7000709000000000000♠7.09%

tag: table

text: Area by division[edit]

text: All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

tag: p

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Division
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

East North Central
7000500000000000000♠5
301,368.57
780,541
7000600000000000000♠6
242,902.44
629,114

7000200000000000000♠2
58,466.13
151,427

East South Central
7000700000000000000♠7
183,403.89
475,014
7000700000000000000♠7
178,289.83
461,769

7000900000000000000♠9
5,114.60
13,247

Middle Atlantic
7000800000000000000♠8
109,331.89
283,168
7000800000000000000♠8
99,223.32
256,987

7000600000000000000♠6
10,108.57
26,181

Mountain
7000200000000000000♠2
863,564.63
2,236,622
7000200000000000000♠2
855,766.98
2,216,426

7000800000000000000♠8
7,797.65
20,196

New England
7000900000000000000♠9
71,987.96
186,448
7000900000000000000♠9
62,668.46
162,311

7000700000000000000♠7
9,299.50
24,086

Pacific
7000100000000000000♠1
1,009,687.00
2,615,077
7000100000000000000♠1
895,286.33
2,318,781

7000100000000000000♠1
114,400.67
296,296

South Atlantic
7000600000000000000♠6
292,990.46
758,842
7000500000000000000♠5
265,061.97
686,507

7000300000000000000♠3
27,928.49
72,334

West North Central
7000300000000000000♠3
520,355.80
1,347,715
7000300000000000000♠3
507,620.08
1,314,730

7000500000000000000♠5
12,735.72
32,985

West South Central
7000400000000000000♠4
444,052.01
1,150,089
7000400000000000000♠4
425,066.01
1,100,916

7000400000000000000♠4
18,986.00
49,174

text: Area by region[edit]

text: All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Region
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water

Midwest
7000300000000000000♠3
821,724.38
2,128,256
7000300000000000000♠3
750,522.52
1,943,844

7000200000000000000♠2
71,201.86
184,412

Northeast
7000400000000000000♠4
181,319.85
469,616
7000400000000000000♠4
161,911.78
419,350

7000400000000000000♠4
19,408.07
50,267

South
7000200000000000000♠2
920,446.37
2,383,945
7000200000000000000♠2
868,417.82
2,249,192

7000300000000000000♠3
52,028.55
134,753

West
7000100000000000000♠1
1,873,251.63
4,851,699
7000100000000000000♠1
1,751,053.31
4,535,207

7000100000000000000♠1
122,198.32
316,492

text:
U.S. states by total area

U.S. states by land area

U.S. states by water area

U.S. states by water percentage

Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]

The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States

The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000♠40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska

Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area

San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined.

Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage

Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage

tag: ul


document_title: Mercutio

question_text: who was the first person to die in romeo and juliet

text: Mercutio

text: Role in the play[edit]

text: One of Romeo's closest friends, Mercutio, entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet's estate, through use of his Queen Mab speech. There, Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party, but Romeo steals away to Juliet, Capulet's daughter, with whom he has fallen in love, and he falls out of love with Rosaline. When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day, he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again, and he encourages Romeo, all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet's Nurse.

text: After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet's cousin Tybalt, Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel. However, Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt, because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet. Mercutio is incensed at his friend's "calm, dishonorable, vile submission", and decides to fight Tybalt himself, right before which, Mercutio refers to his sword as his "fiddlestick." Romeo, not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt, attempts to intervene. He fails, however, as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo's arm and dies. Before he dies, Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets, crying several times, "A plague o' both your houses!" (Act III, Sc. 1, often quoted as "A pox on both your houses"). He makes one final pun before he dies: "Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man." A grief-stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt, resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play.

text: Name origins[edit]

text: The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare's sources for Romeo and Juliet, though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet.[2] The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto's 1530 "Giulietta e Romeo". Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio, a noble youth "with very cold hands, in July as in January", who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi.[3][4]

text: Mercutio's death[edit]

text: Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt's death, omitting Mercutio completely. Arthur Brooke's The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet and William Painter's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt. In both stories, Tybaltio attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself. He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked. In 1672, English poet John Dryden wrote, "Shakespeare show'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forced to murder him in the third Act, to being killed by him."[5]

text: The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension, and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions, as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo, when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them. Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt, and draws the sword first, in reaction to Tybalt's insults, which are directed to Romeo.

text: Mercutio's death in Act III, scene I is the pivotal point of the play, which up to this point is relatively light-hearted.[6] Mercutio's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters, causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax.

text: Performers[edit]

text: A number of famous actors have played the role of Mercutio. A small sampling follows.

text: Stage[edit]

text:
In 1933–34, Orson Welles played the role of Mercutio in the Katharine Cornell company's seven-month nationwide tour
In 1935, Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio in a London stage production directed by Gielgud.
In 1945, Ralph Richardson made his Broadway debut as Mercutio opposite the Romeo of Maurice Evans and the Juliet of Katharine Cornell.
In 1947, Paul Scofield played Mercutio in a production directed by Peter Brook.
In 1958, Alec McCowen enjoyed a major success as Mercutio in London.
In 2006, Benjamin Walker portrayed Mercutio during the Williamstown Theater Festival with Emmy Rossum as Juliet and Greg Hildreth as Benvolio.
Mickey Calin portrayed Riff Lorton, the Mercutio and Lord Montague character, in the stage musical of West Side Story.
In 2013, Luca Giacomelli Ferrarini played Mercutio in the stage musical of the Italian production "Romeo e Giulietta - Ama e cambia il mondo", directed by Giuliano Peparini.
In 2017, Eli Wilcox played Mercutio in the hit play, Romeo and Juliet, directed by Robert McDunnough & starring Christopher Ely as Romeo and Zachary Pringel as Juliet.[7]

text: Film[edit]

text:
In 1936, John Barrymore portrayed Mercutio in George Cukor's film Romeo and Juliet opposite Leslie Howard as Romeo.
In 1961, Russ Tamblyn played the Mercutio character, Riff Lorton, in the film adaptation of West Side Story, the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet.
In 1968, John McEnery portrayed Mercutio in Franco Zeffirelli's film Romeo and Juliet.
In 1976, Robin Nedwell played Mercutio in the Thames Television production directed by Joan Kemp-Welch, with Christopher Neame as Romeo and Ann Hasson as Juliet.
In 1996, Harold Perrineau Jr. portrayed Mercutio in Baz Luhrmann's modernised version, William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet.
In 1998, Ben Affleck portrayed actor Edward Alleyn in the romantic comedy Shakespeare in Love. In the film, Alleyn serves as history's first Mercutio.
In 2007, Tetsuya Kakihara and Christopher Bevins voice Mercutio in the anime series Romeo x Juliet.
In 2011, Hale Appleman portrayed Mercutio in Alan Brown's Private Romeo, a modern-day adaptation set at an all-male military academy.
In 2013, Christian Cooke played Mercutio in the film adaption directed by Carlo Carlei, starring Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet.
In 2013, Ricky McLennan played Mercutio in the film adaption "Romeo and Juliet: A Love Song", directed by Tim Van Dammen, starring Christopher Landon as Romeo and Derya Parlak as Juliet.


document_title: South African Institute of Tax Practitioners

question_text: the south african institute of tax practitioners was constituted as

text:
South African Institute of Tax Professionals (SAIT)
Abbreviation
SAITFormation
2007Founder
Stiaan KlueType
Professional association and regulating controlling body of tax professionalsHeadquarters
Pretoria, GautengMembership
12 142CE
Keith EngelAffiliations
International Tax Directors' Forum and African Association of Tax InstitutesWebsite
http://www.thesait.org.za

text: The South African Institute of Tax Professionals (SAIT) is a recognised professional body focusing solely on taxation. It is a registered professional body under the National Qualifications Framework Act, 2008. The Institute is a professional association of tax professionals regulating tax practitioners in South Africa. SAIT promotes and focuses on the public interest, professional standards, ethics and integrity, albeit promoting the tax industry and its members.[1]

text: Formation and activities[edit]

text: SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators. The SAIT is governed by a Constitution, with a Board elected by members.

text: When SAIT was formed in 2007 by its main founder Stiaan Klue, the Institute announced that one member of the Board may be nominated by the South African Revenue Service (SARS). SARS said they agreed in principle with the general objectives of SAIT.[2]

text: In 2014 SAICA joined SAIT and other SARS recognised controlling bodies to host the Tax Indaba - SAIT is the founder of the Tax Indaba in South Africa.[3]

text: Other organisations representing tax professionals in the country are the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) and the South African Institute of Professional Accountants (SAIPA).[4]

text:
In March 2011 the CEO of the Institute, Stiaan Klue, joined with Nicolaas van Wyk of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants in calling for simplification of South African tax laws, pointing out that many businesses remained in the informal sector due to the cost and difficulty of registration.[5]
SAIT publishes TaxTalk every two months to 10,200 recipients. The magazine deals with tax issues for the South African market.[6]

text: In 2014, in comparison to the global average top rate of 32%, South Africa’s top personal income tax rate of 40% was high, and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24%, South Africa's was 28%. According to SAIT, that suggested that South Africa’s tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions. Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive, in order to encourage economic growth, SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment, infrastructure development and growth.[7]

text: Membership[edit]

text:
SAIT members in good standing have reciprocal benefits of several other international tax institutes, including the Canadian Tax Foundation, Chartered Institute of Taxation (UK), Taxation Institute of Australia, Irish Tax Institute, Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria, Chamber of Tax Advisers of the Czech Republic and the Dutch Association of Tax Advisors (NOB).[8]
SAIT is a member of the International Tax Directors Forum (ITDF).[1]

text:
SAIT has been collaborating and exchanging information with African Tax professional bodiesChartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria since 2007.[9]
During 2010 the SAIT Chief Executive, Stiaan Klue, initiated the establishment of a Pan-African body for tax associations. In June 2011 SAIT participated in a meeting in Lagos, Nigeria in which it was agreed to establish the Association of African Tax Institutes (AATI). The SAIT CE is a vice president of AATI.[10]


document_title: List of Presidents of Columbia University

question_text: which president was the president of columbia university

text:
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text: This is a list of Presidents of Columbia University in the state of New York.

text:
#
Image
President
Birth Year–Death Year
Years as President
Name of Institution
Notes

1

Samuel Johnson
(1696–1772)
(1754–1763)
King's College

2

Myles Cooper
(1735–1785)
(1763–1775)
King's College

–

Benjamin Moore, A.B. 1768
(1748–1816)
(1775–1784)
King's College
acting

–

George Clinton
(1739–1812)
(1784–1787)
Columbia College "in the State of New York"
Chancellor (Regents government)

3

William Samuel Johnson
(1727–1819)
(1787–1800)
Columbia College "in the City of New York"
Trustees government

4

Charles Henry Wharton
(1748–1833)
(1801–1801)
Columbia College

5

Benjamin Moore
(1748–1816)
(1801–1810)
Columbia College

6

William Harris
(1765–1829)
(1811–1829)
Columbia College
shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816

7

William Alexander Duer
(1780–1858)
(1829–1842)
Columbia College

8

Nathaniel Fish Moore
(1782–1872)
(1842–1849)
Columbia College

9

Charles King
(1789–1867)
(1849–1863)
Columbia College
presides over move to Madison Avenue campus

10

Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard
(1809–1889)
(1864–1889)
Columbia College

11

Seth Low, A.B., 1870
(1850–1916)
(1890–1901)
Columbia College
presides over move to Morningside Heights campus; name changes to "Columbia University in the City of New York"

12

Nicholas Murray Butler, A.B. 1882, M.A. 1883, Ph.D. 1884
(1862–1947)
(1902–1945)
Columbia University

–

Frank D. Fackenthal, A.B. 1906
(1883–1968)
(1945–1948)
Columbia University
(acting)

13

Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
(1948–1953)
Columbia University
on leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, later 34th President of the United States

14

Grayson L. Kirk
(1903–1997)
(1953–1968)
Columbia University
resigned after 1968 protests

15
Andrew W. Cordier
(1901–1975)
(1969–1970)
Columbia University

16
William J. McGill
(1922–1997)
(1970–1980)
Columbia University

17
Michael I. Sovern, B.A. 1953, J.D. 1955
(1931– )
(1980–1993)
Columbia University

18
George Erik Rupp
(1942– )
(1993–2002)
Columbia University

19

Lee C. Bollinger, J.D. 1971
(1947– )
(2002– )
Columbia University


document_title: Xanthophyll

question_text: where is xanthophyll found in a plant's cell

question_tokens: where is xanthophyll found in a plant 's cell

text: Xanthophyll

text: Molecular structure[edit]

text: The molecular structure of xanthophylls is similar to that of carotenes, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms, while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen. Xanthophylls contain their oxygen either as hydroxyl groups and/or as pairs of hydrogen atoms that are substituted by oxygen atoms acting as a bridge (epoxide). For this reason, they are more polar than the purely hydrocarbon carotenes, and it is this difference that allows their separations from carotenes in many types of chromatography. Typically, carotenes are more orange in color than xanthophylls.

text: Occurrence[edit]

text: Like other carotenoids, xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants, where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll)[citation needed], which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis. The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals, and in dietary animal products, are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls (primarily lutein, which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose).

text: The yellow color of the human macula lutea (literally, yellow spot) in the retina of the eye results from the lutein and zeaxanthin it contains, both xanthophylls again requiring a source in the human diet to be present in the eye. These xanthophylls protect the eye from ionizing blue and ultraviolet light, which they absorb. These two specific xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight, since they cannot be converted to retinal (also called retinaldehyde or vitamin A aldehyde). Their arrangement is believed to be the cause of Haidinger's brush, an entoptic phenomenon that allows the perception of the polarization of light.

text: Example compounds[edit]

text: The group of xanthophylls includes (among many other compounds) lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, flavoxanthin, and α- and β-cryptoxanthin. The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta-ionone ring, and thus β-cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals. Even then, it is a vitamin only for plant-eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta-ionone (some carnivores lack this enzyme). In species other than mammals, certain xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal-analogues that function directly in vision. For example, with the exception of certain flies, most insects use the xanthophyll derived R-isomer of 3-hydroxyretinal for visual activities, which means that β-cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) may function as forms of visual "vitamin A" for them, while carotenes (such as beta carotene) do not.

text: Xanthophyll cycle[edit]

text: The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls (e.g. violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, diadinoxanthin) to create so-called de-epoxidised xanthophylls (e.g. diatoxanthin, zeaxanthin). These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light-harvesting antenna proteins by non-photochemical quenching- a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers. Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against photoinhibition.[3] In higher plants, there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. During light stress, violaxanthin is converted to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin, which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid-protective anti-oxidant and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light-harvesting proteins. This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase, while the reverse reaction is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase.[4]

text: In diatoms and dinoflagellates, the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment diadinoxanthin, which is transformed into diatoxanthin (diatoms) or dinoxanthin (dinoflagellates) under high-light conditions.[5]

text: Wright et al. (Feb 2011) found that, "The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach" and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by "a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta-carotene", however they noted further study is required to explore this hypothesis.[6]

text: Food sources[edit]

text: Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in etiolated leaves. Examples of other rich sources include papaya, peaches, prunes, and squash, which contain lutein diesters.[7][8][9]


document_title: Central Secretariat Service

question_text: pay scale of section officer in central secretariat

text: Central Secretariat Service

text: History[edit]

text: In the year 1919, the Imperial Secretariat Service came into being as one of the offshoots of the Lewllyn-Smith Committee which had been set up on the eve of the introduction of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms.[8] The posts of Assistant and Assistant Secretary/Under Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the British Raj.[9]

text: In 1946, after India gained independence from Britain, the Imperial Secretariat Service was replaced by Central Secretariat Service in India. However, in Pakistan, a  Central Secretariat Service was formed in Central Superior Services of Pakistan,[10] which was later replaced and renamed to Office Management Group (OMG).[10]

text: Thus, the CSS became one of the earliest organized services[8] in India.

text: Recruitment[edit]

text: From 1946 until 2003, 50 percent of direct recruitment into CSS[11] was through the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission,[12] the next 25 percent recruitment was through Annual Departmental Examination and next 25 percent by promotion.

text: However, after the cadre restructuring in 2003, the direct recruitment into CSS through the Civil Services Examination has been stopped.

text:
The mode of recruitment was changed to the grade of Section Officer by way of 50% through Limited Departmental Competitive Examination by Union Public Service Commission[13]
and 50% by seniority.

text: Allocation and placement[edit]

text: After appointment by the President, the officers (Entry grade/Probationers) are allocated to different Ministries/Departments under Government of India. The Group B officers work in the levels of Assistant Section Officer and Section Officer/Assistant Director (For Directorate). The Group A officers work in the levels of Under Secretary/Deputy Director (For Directorate), Deputy Secretary/Joint Director (For Directorate), Director, Joint Secretary[14][15] and Additional Secretary[14][16] under Central Staffing Scheme of Government of India. The officers are generally posted in various Ministries and Departments, intelligence agencies,[17] Apex /Autonomous organizations of Government of India located at different places in the Secretariat in New Delhi. They are also appointed in personal staff of Union Council of Ministers of India.[18][19]

text: Deputations[edit]

text: The officers are also posted outside Delhi, or at various places of the country in other offices upon deputation. They can also be deputed for service under an international organization, an autonomous body not controlled by the Government, or a private body as same as under Rule 6 (2)(ii) of IAS (Cadre) Rules.[20]

text: In 2016, Government of India has approved officers to be posted on non-cadre posts in the secretariat of Northeastern states of India.[21][22]

text: Designations and Pay grade[edit]

text:
Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India

Level and Rank in the Central Government

Order of Precedence (As per Presidential order)

Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government(s)

1

Entry Grade

Assistant Section Officer / Entry-level (Probationer) OR Promoted from the post of UDC[23]

-

Review Officer in State Secretariat

2

Junior Time Scale

Assistant Secretary / Section Officer

-

Section Officer

3

Junior Time Scale (NFSG)

Assistant Secretary / Assistant Director (to the Directorate)

-

Under Secretary/Sub-Divisional Magistrate

4

Senior Time Scale

Under Secretary or Deputy Director (to the Directorate)

-

Deputy Secretary/Additional District Magistrate

5

Junior Administrative Grade (JAG)

Deputy Secretary or Joint Director (to the Directorate)

-

Joint Secretary/District Magistrate

6

Selection Grade

Director

-

Additional Secretary /Deputy Commissioner/Special Secretary

7

Super Time Scale

Joint Secretary to Government of India

26

Secretary/Divisional Commissioner

text: Reforms[edit]

text: 1st Cadre Restructure of 2003[edit]

text: In 2003, a committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary (GOI). The direct induction of CSS officer through Civil Services Examination was permanently stopped. Also a new level G training program was organised for those in line of promotion in the rank of Joint Secretary (GOI) in the SAG level.[13]

text: 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010[edit]

text: The Government had set up a Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service (CSS) in June 2008. The Committee submitted its report in November 2008 for further reforms in the service. The report was finally accepted in 2010 and the number of posts at various levels including Deputy Secretaries and Directors were increased following the review [24]

text: 3rd Cadre Restructure of 2013[edit]

text: A committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary (GOI) in 2013 for further reforms in the service.[25] The report is currently pending with Prime Minister's Office and is expected to improve the service conditions by increasing the number of posts at the level of Deputy Secretaries.[citation needed]

text: Mandatory Training Program for CSS Officers[edit]

text: In addition to these, the Government has also introduced mandatory training programs at every level of promotion.[26] The CSS officers are trained both in India and abroad[27] in various institutions starting at Level E onwards.[28][29]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Recently, some CSS officers have been in the list of corrupt bureaucrats and have come under the CBI scanner for alleged involvement in a few corruption cases.[30]

text: Notable members[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

text: Since its inception, CSS has produced few outstanding civil servants in India.[31] Influential members include - M.P. Singh[32] who was appointed as Vice-Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal at Jabalpur Bench,[32] P.G. Lele  who served as Additional Secretary to Government of India[33] in the Ministry of Finance and M.V. Ayyar who was empanelled as Secretary to Government of India.

text: Reportedly, in the 1960s, there have been Labour Secretary and Education Secretary in Government of India also from CSS.

text: List[edit]

text:
Arun Kumar
D.B. Singh
Gautam Sanyal
U. Sagayam (1989)
Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode

text: Influence[edit]

text: The Railway Board Secretariat Service, the general administration staff in the Ministry of Railways, is modelled after the Central Secretariat Service.[34]


document_title: 300 win club

question_text: who is the yankees all-time leader in pitching wins

text: 300 win club

text: Members[edit]

text:
Key

Pitcher
Name of the pitcher

Wins
Career wins

Date
Date of the player's 300th win

Team
The pitcher's team for his 300th win

Seasons
The seasons this player played in the major leagues

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

text:
Members of the 300 win club

Pitcher
Wins
Date
Team
Seasons
Ref

Young, CyCy Young
511
000000001901-07-12-0000July 12, 1901
Boston Americans
1890–1911
[22]

Johnson, WalterWalter Johnson
417
000000001920-05-14-0000May 14, 1920
Washington Senators
1907–1927
[23]

Alexander, Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Alexander
373
000000001924-09-20-0000September 20, 1924
Chicago Cubs
1911–1930
[24]

Mathewson, ChristyChristy Mathewson
373
000000001912-07-05-0000July 5, 1912
New York Giants
1900–1916
[25]

Galvin, PudPud Galvin
365
000000001888-09-04-0000September 4, 1888
Pittsburgh Alleghenys
1875–1892
[26]

Spahn, WarrenWarren Spahn
363
000000001961-08-11-0000August 11, 1961
Milwaukee Braves
1942, 1946–1965
[27]

Nichols, KidKid Nichols
361
000000001900-07-07-0000July 7, 1900
Boston Beaneaters
1890–1906
[28]

Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
355
000000002004-08-07-0000August 7, 2004
Chicago Cubs
1986–2008
[29]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
354
000000002003-06-13-0000June 13, 2003
New York Yankees
1984–2007
[30]

Keefe, TimTim Keefe
342
000000001890-06-04-0000June 4, 1890
New York Giants (PL)
1880–1893
[31]

Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
329
000000001983-09-23-0000September 23, 1983
Philadelphia Phillies
1965–1988
[32]

Clarkson, JohnJohn Clarkson
328
000000001892-09-21-0000September 21, 1892
Cleveland Spiders
1882–1894
[33]

Plank, EddieEddie Plank
326
000000001915-09-11-0000September 11, 1915
St. Louis Terriers
1901–1917
[34]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
324
000000001990-07-31-0000July 31, 1990
Texas Rangers
1966, 1968–1993
[35]

Sutton, DonDon Sutton
324
000000001986-06-18-0000June 18, 1986
California Angels
1966–1988
[36]

Niekro, PhilPhil Niekro
318
000000001985-10-06-0000October 6, 1985
New York Yankees
1964–1987
[37]

Perry, GaylordGaylord Perry
314
000000001982-05-06-0000May 6, 1982
Seattle Mariners
1962–1983
[38]

Seaver, TomTom Seaver
311
000000001985-08-04-0000August 4, 1985
Chicago White Sox
1967–1986
[39]

Radbourn, CharlesCharles Radbourn
309
000000001891-06-02-0000June 2, 1891
Cincinnati Reds
1880–1891
[40]

Welch, MickeyMickey Welch
307
000000001890-07-28-0000July 28, 1890
New York Giants
1880–1892
[41]

Glavine, TomTom Glavine
305
000000002007-08-05-0000August 5, 2007
New York Mets
1987–2008
[42]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
303
000000002009-06-04-0000June 4, 2009
San Francisco Giants
1988–2009
[43]

Wynn, EarlyEarly Wynn
300
000000001963-07-13-0000July 13, 1963
Cleveland Indians
1939–1963
[44]

Grove, LeftyLefty Grove
300
000000001941-07-25-0000July 25, 1941
Boston Red Sox
1925–1941
[45]


document_title: Roger Dean Stadium

question_text: where do the st louis cardinals do spring training

text: Roger Dean Stadium

text:
Roger Dean Stadium

Full name
Roger Dean Stadium

Location
4751 Main Street
Jupiter, Florida 33458
(561) 775-1818

Coordinates
26°53′28″N 80°06′59″W / 26.89111°N 80.11639°W / 26.89111; -80.11639

Owner
Palm Beach County

Operator
Jupiter Stadium Limited[1]

Capacity
6,871[2]

Field size
Left Field: 335 ft
Left-Center: 380 ft
Center Field: 400 ft
Right-Center: 375 ft
Right Field: 325 ft

Surface
Grass

Construction

Broke ground
March 6, 1997[1]

Opened
February 28, 1998

Construction cost
US$28 million
($41.1 million in 2016 dollars[3])

Architect
Populous

Structural engineer
Bliss & Nyitray, Inc.

Services engineer
Bredson & Associates, Inc.[4]

General contractor
Case Contracting Company

Tenants

GCL Cardinals (GCL) (1998–present)
Jupiter Hammerheads (FSL) (1998–present)
Montreal Expos (MLB) (spring training) (1998–2002)
St. Louis Cardinals (MLB) (spring training) (1998–present)
Palm Beach Cardinals (FSL) (2003–present)
GCL Marlins (GCL) (2003–present)
Miami Marlins (MLB) (spring training) (2003–present)

text: Roger Dean Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter, Florida. The stadium was built in 1998, holds 6,871 people,[2] and features luxury sky-box seating, two levels of permanent seating, parking and concessions. The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams: the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League, and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League.

text: Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.

text: History[edit]

text: Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals, until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria. The Expos, now known as the Washington Nationals, then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida.

text: Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne.[5]

text: Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium's history in spring training, 1998.[6]

text: In September 2012, the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Spain, France, Israel, and South Africa took part in the qualifier.[7]


document_title: List of Dallas Mavericks seasons

question_text: when was the last time the mavericks made the playoffs

text: List of Dallas Mavericks seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
COY
Coach of the Year

Finish
Final position in league or division standings

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

Italics
Season in progress

Losses
Number of regular season losses

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

MVP
Most Valuable Player

ROY
Rookie of the Year

SMOY
Sixth Man of the Year

SPOR
Sportmanship Award

Wins
Number of regular season wins

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2017–18 season.

text:
NBA Champions

Conference Champions

Division Champions

Playoff berth

text:
Season

League

Conference

Finish

Division

Finish

Wins

Losses

Win%

GB

Playoffs

Awards

Ref.

1980–81

NBA

Western

12th

Midwest

6th

15

67

.183

37

—

—

[2]

1981–82

NBA

Western

10th

Midwest

5th

28

54

.341

20

—

—

[3]

1982–83

NBA

Western

8th

Midwest

4th

38

44

.463

15

—

—

[4]

1983–84

NBA

Western

4th

Midwest

2nd

43

39

.524

2

Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2 Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–1

—

[5]

1984–85

NBA

Western

4th

Midwest

3rd

44

38

.537

8

Lost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1

—

[6]

1985–86

NBA

Western

4th

Midwest

3rd

44

38

.537

7

Won First Round (Jazz) 3–1  Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–2

—

[7]

1986–87

NBA

Western

2nd

Midwest

1st

55

27

.671

—

Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 3–1

—

[8]

1987–88

NBA

Western

3rd

Midwest

2nd

53

29

.646

1

Won First Round (Rockets) 3–1 Won Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–2  Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–3

Roy Tarpley (SIX)

[9]

1988–89

NBA

Western

9th

Midwest

4th

38

44

.463

13

—

—

[10]

1989–90

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd

47

35

.573

9

Lost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–0

—

[11]

1990–91

NBA

Western

12th

Midwest

6th

28

54

.341

27

—

—

[12]

1991–92

NBA

Western

12th

Midwest

5th

22

60

.268

33

—

—

[13]

1992–93

NBA

Western

13th

Midwest

6th

11

71

.134

44

—

—

[14]

1993–94

NBA

Western

13th

Midwest

6th

13

69

.159

45

—

—

[15]

1994–95

NBA

Western

10th

Midwest

5th

36

46

.439

26

—

Jason Kidd (ROY)[b]

[17]

1995–96

NBA

Western

T-12th

Midwest

5th

26

56

.317

33

—

—

[18]

1996–97

NBA

Western

11th

Midwest

4th

24

58

.293

40

—

—

[19]

1997–98

NBA

Western

10th

Midwest

5th

20

62

.244

42

—

—

[20]

1998–99[c]

NBA

Western

11th

Midwest

5th

19

31

.380

18

—

—

[22]

1999–00

NBA

Western

9th

Midwest

4th

40

42

.488

15

—

—

[23]

2000–01

NBA

Western

5th

Midwest

3rd

53

29

.646

5

Won First Round (Jazz) 3–2  Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1

—

[24]

2001–02

NBA

Western

4th

Midwest

2nd

57

25

.695

1

Won First Round (Timberwolves) 3–0  Lost Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–1

—

[25]

2002–03

NBA

Western

3rd

Midwest

2nd

60

22

.732

—

Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–3 Won Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–3  Lost Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–2

—

[26]

2003–04

NBA

Western

5th

Midwest

3rd

52

30

.634

6

Lost First Round (Kings) 4–1

Antawn Jamison (SIX)

[27]

2004–05

NBA

Western

4th

Southwest

2nd

58

24

.707

1

Won First Round (Rockets) 4–3  Lost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–2

—

[28]

2005–06

NBA

Western

4th

Southwest

2nd

60

22

.732

3

Won First Round (Grizzlies) 4–0 Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3 Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–2  Lost NBA Finals (Heat) 4–2

Avery Johnson (COY)

[29]

2006–07

NBA

Western

1st

Southwest

1st

67

15

.817

—

Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–2

Dirk Nowitzki (MVP)

[30]

2007–08

NBA

Western

7th

Southwest

4th

51

31

.622

5

Lost First Round (Hornets) 4–1

—

[31]

2008–09

NBA

Western

6th

Southwest

3rd

50

32

.610

4

Won First Round (Spurs) 4–1 Lost Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–1

Jason Terry (SIX)

[32]

2009–10

NBA

Western

2nd

Southwest

1st

55

27

.671

—

Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–2

—

[33]

2010–11

NBA

Western

3rd

Southwest

2nd

57

25

.695

4

Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2 Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–0 Won Conference Finals (Thunder) 4–1 Won NBA Finals (Heat) 4–2

Dirk Nowitzki (FMVP)

[34]

2011–12[d]

NBA

Western

7th

Southwest

3rd

36

30

.545

14

Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–0

—

[37]

2012–13

NBA

Western

10th

Southwest

4th

41

41

.500

19

—

—

[38]

2013–14

NBA

Western

8th

Southwest

4th

49

33

.598

13

Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–3

—

2014–15

NBA

Western

7th

Southwest

4th

50

32

.610

6

Lost First Round (Rockets) 4–1

—

2015–16

NBA

Western

6th

Southwest

2nd

42

40

.512

25

Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–1

—

2016–17

NBA

Western

11th

Southwest

5th

33

49

.402

28

—

—

2017–18

NBA

Western

13th

Southwest

4th

24

58

.293

28

—

—

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Statistic

Wins

Losses

Win%

Regular season record (1980–present)

1,539

1,529

.502

Postseason record (1980–present)

91

105

.464

All-time regular and post-season record (1980–present)

1,630

1,634

.515

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as followed:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
n
d

=

(

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
n
s

)
+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
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e
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e
a
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2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

Jump up ^ Kidd shared Rookie of the Year honors with Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons.[16]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[21]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[35][36]

tag: ol


document_title: Batting order (baseball)

question_text: what is the clean up hitter in baseball

question_tokens: what is the clean up hitter in baseball

text: Batting order (baseball)

text: History[edit]

text: Development of the Set Batting Order[edit]

text: Early forms of baseball or rounders from the mid 19th-Century did not require a fixed batting order, any player who was not on base could be called upon to bat.[6] The concept of a set batting order is said to have been invented by Alexander Cartwright, who also instituted rules such as the foul ball and tagging the runner (as opposed to pegging him with the ball), and devised the shortstop position.[6] In the early days of baseball, the rules did not require that the batting order be announced before game time. This permitted strategic decisions regarding batting order to occur while the game was in progress. For example, Cap Anson was known to wait to see if the first two men got on base in the first inning. If they did not, he would wait and hit in the next inning.[7] However, in the 1880s, organized baseball began mandating that the batting order be disclosed before the first pitch.[7]

text: For example, Rule 36 ("The Batsman's Position--Order of Batting") in The Playing Rules of Professional Base Ball Clubs of 1896 stated the following: "The Batsmen must take their positions within the batsmen's lines ... in the order in which they are named in the batting order, which batting order must be submitted by the Captains of the opposing teams to the Umpire before the game, and this batting order must be followed except in the case of a substitute player, in which case the substitute must take the place of the original player in the batting order. After the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his turn ... in the preceding inning."[8]

text: Contrast with Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, the batting order is generally fixed so that players are sure of their role within the team, but there is no obligation to submit a definitive batting order and stick to it. A batsman can be "promoted" to a higher spot (or conversely, demoted to a lower one) in the batting order according to the team's wishes.[9]

text: The idea of a "revolving" batting order is unique to baseball, in which the on-deck batter at the time the final out is made in one inning becomes the lead-off batter (unless the current batter had not been struck-out or put a ball in play, in which case he returns as the lead-off batter with a 0-0 reset pitch count) in the next inning (unless his spot is taken by a pinch-hitter).

text: In the shorter form of cricket, there is only one inning per side, while in the longer form each side bats a maximum of two times. In a typical innings of this latter form, all eleven players on the team will have a chance to bat, and the innings finishes when 10 players are out. In the team's second innings, the batting order is usually maintained, but the team can make any changes it desires.

text: As in baseball, many batting order configurations are possible, but a standard order might be:

text:
Two opening batsmen - able players who can negotiate a typically difficult period of play.
Four middle order batsmen - specialist batsmen who may be more attacking.
A wicket-keeper - the equivalent of the catcher, who is also expected to contribute with the bat.
Four bowlers - the equivalent of pitchers; players who may or may not have any ability with the bat. [10]

text: It has been noted that the concept of a batting order in baseball is "profoundly democratic; no matter how good a hitter you are, you have to wait your turn."[11] In that respect, although baseball, like cricket, "may have begun as a gentlemen's game," Americans gravitated toward baseball as a better embodiment of the country's egalitarian ideal, and as a symbol of cultural as well as political independence from the British colonial legacy.[11]

text: However, it should also be remembered that in cricket a single innings lasts hours or even days, and there are periods in which batting can be markedly easier or more difficult. A related factor is that a single ball is used in an innings for around 80 overs (approximately 5 hours of play). At the beginning of an innings, therefore, when bowlers are fresh and the ball is hard, it would be appreciably more challenging for the non-specialist batsmen to make an impact. Conversely, if such a player bats when the ball is old and the bowlers are tired, he can thrive, and this can often be a great source of pleasure to spectators, as insult is added to injury for the other side.[12]

text: Finally, in cricket, there is no such thing as a designated hitter, so even if a bowler has no batting ability, he will still be required to bat, usually as the last man in the order.

text: Positions in the lineup[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first player in the batting order is known as the leadoff hitter. The leadoff batter is traditionally an individual with a high on-base percentage, plate discipline, bat control, good speed, and the ability to steal bases.[13] His goal is to ensure the team has baserunners when the later, more powerful hitters come to bat. Once on base, his main goal is to get into scoring position (that is, 2nd or 3rd base) as quickly as possible, either through steals, hit and run plays or intelligent baserunning decisions, and then on to score.

text: His need for a high on-base percentage (OBP) exceeds that of the other lineup spots. Because leadoff hitters are selected primarily for their speed and ability to reach base, they are typically not power hitters, but contact hitters. Leadoff hitters typically hit mostly singles and doubles and draw walks to get on base. However, speed is not essential, as was shown by Wade Boggs, but it is highly desired among leadoff hitters.

text: However, today's model for a leadoff hitter developed only gradually. An early "job description" for a leadoff hitter by baseball pioneer Henry Chadwick in 1867 advised only, "Let your first striker always be the coolest hand of the nine."[14] By 1898, though, a Sporting Life article noted, "It is customary to have a small, active fellow who can hit, run and steal bases, and also worry a pitcher into a preliminary base on balls, as a leader in the list."[14]

text: Examples of classic leadoff hitters are Phil Rizzuto, Richie Ashburn, Maury Wills, Lou Brock, Pete Rose, Rod Carew, Tim Raines, and Ichiro Suzuki, with some having somewhat more power (Lou Whitaker, Rickey Henderson, Paul Molitor, Derek Jeter, Carlos Gómez, Gerardo Parra, Johnny Damon).

text: It should be noted that the term “leadoff hitter” can be used interchangeably to describe not only the first batter on the lineup card, but also the first batter up in any particular inning. For example, if, in the second inning, the fifth batter in the lineup card is the first batter up, it will be said that he is leading off or that he is the leadoff batter for that particular inning.[1]

text: The second batter is usually a contact hitter with the ability to bunt or sacrifice a baserunner over or get a hit.[14] His main goal is to move the leadoff man into scoring position and to avoid grounding into double plays. Managers often like to have a left-handed hitter bat second because of the potential gap in the infield defense caused by the first baseman holding the leadoff batter. As early as 1892, it was recognized that a left-handed hitter in the second spot would make it easier for a man on base to steal second.[14] On a very good team this batter can have characteristics of both a leadoff hitter and a power hitter (Manny Machado, Curt Flood, Joe Morgan, Robin Yount, Alan Trammell), in some such cases abandoning the advantage of having a left-hand hitter in favor of a good right-handed hitter.

text: The third batter, in the three-hole, is generally the best all-around hitter on the team, often hitting for a high batting average but not necessarily very fast. Part of his job is to reach base for the cleanup hitter, and part of it is to help drive in baserunners himself. Third-place hitters are best known for "keeping the inning alive". However, in recent years, some managers have tended to put their best slugger in this position.

text: Typically the greatest hitters for a combination of power and OBP on their teams bat third, as is shown by the use of such hitters as Babe Ruth, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Willie Mays, Chipper Jones, Barry Bonds, Mickey Mantle, Carl Yastrzemski, Albert Pujols, Joey Votto, Andrew McCutchen, Miguel Cabrera, Ken Griffey Jr., Josh Hamilton, Evan Longoria, José Bautista, Edwin Encarnación, Mike Trout, and Hank Aaron in this position in the lineup. Even without the combination of extreme power (Yogi Berra, Al Kaline, George Brett) or high batting average (Ernie Banks, Harmon Killebrew, Johnny Bench, Mike Schmidt, Reggie Jackson) this batting position contains an inordinate number of hitters who eventually become members of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

text: The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter, also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team, often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits (double, triple, or home run).[13] Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean-up man, so that the fourth batter can "clean" the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs. His main goal is to drive in runs, although he is expected to score runs as well. Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent, and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations (such as the bases loaded with two out). Examples of #4 hitters include Lou Gehrig, Eddie Mathews, Willie McCovey, Billy Williams, Tony Pérez, Eddie Murray, Daniel Murphy, Alex Rodriguez, Prince Fielder, David Ortiz, Edgar Martínez, and Ryan Howard.

text: The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that, at the beginning of the game, if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a single-base hit or walk, a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one (a "solo" home run). If all three players reach base, thereby loading the bases, the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a grand slam, scoring four runs. But even without the grand slam, this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks.

text: However, since home runs were a rarity before 1920, the concept of slotting a home run hitter fourth was slow to develop. However, the need for a good run producer in that position was recognized from the early days in baseball history, as demonstrated by Cap Anson generally penciling his name there.[14] As power came to play a larger role in the game, the tendency to bat home run hitters fourth developed accordingly. In 1904, sportswriter Tim Murnane stated unequivocally that "The heavy hitter of the team is located at the fourth place."[14]

text: The #3 and #4 hitters can often be switched in roles. For example, the 2011 Detroit Tigers had Miguel Cabrera as their #4 hitter but moved him to the #3 hitter after acquiring Prince Fielder as a free agent before the 2012 season.

text: #5, #6[edit]

text: The fifth and sixth (and sometimes seventh) batters have traditionally been RBI men, with the main goal of driving runners home, especially with sacrifice flies. The 3rd, 4th and 5th hitters in the lineup are called the "heart of the order", signifying their collective ability to get on base, hit for power and drive in runs. Modern sabermetric baseball theories suggests that even the 5th and 6th batters should have high on-base percentages, though this approach has not been universally adopted. The fifth batter is usually a team's second-best power hitter, and his purpose is often to "protect" the clean-up hitter in the batting order. He is expected to pose enough of a threat that the opposing team refrains from intentionally walking the clean-up hitter in potential scoring situations. The sixth hitter serves as a backup to the fifth hitter in case he fails to score runs or to drive more in himself if another scoring opportunity presents itself.

text: #7, #8[edit]

text: The seventh and eighth batters are often not as powerful as the earlier batters, and do not have as high a batting average. They are often players who are in the lineup more because of their defensive ability (typically catcher, second baseman or shortstop) than their ability as hitters. They are still expected to produce (as is the case for any regular starter), but they have less pressure in those spots. The main pressure on the eighth hitter comes when there are two outs: in this case, he must battle the pitcher to get on base so that the ninth hitter can come up. That way, even if the ninth hitter gets out, the top of the order comes up next. Very often the #7 hitter is a catcher, commonly the slowest baserunner on a team whose lack of speed would contribute to a large number of double plays higher in the order even if he is a good hitter (Bill Freehan). The eighth batter is often a good contact hitter, and can be used as a back-up #2 hitter. In leagues without designated hitters (DHs), the catcher often bats eighth, as they are often employed for their defensive skills and handling of the pitching staff, and tend to have a relatively low batting average. However, this is by no means always the case. In a situation where the pitcher is batting in the #9 slot, #8 hitters are sometimes intentionally walked to get to the pitcher's spot in the #9 hole; however, with two outs the opposing pitcher is expected to battle the #8 hitter, so in the event of an out the pitcher leads off the following inning.

text: In the presence of the designated hitter, the ninth batter is often like the second leadoff. Ninth-hitters tend to be fast, and have a decent on-base percentage like the leadoff hitter.

text: In leagues where the DH rule is not in effect, the starting pitcher almost always fills the ninth spot, although relief pitchers may occupy a different spot due to a double switch. If there is a man on first or second base with fewer than two outs when the ninth hitter is up, he almost always bunts. However, a notable alternative exists to this, in which the pitcher or weakest hitter actually bats in the 8th slot, and another player with decent OBP and speed bats in the 9th slot, thus creating a kind of second leadoff hitter, at the bottom of the lineup, that loops to the top of the order afterwards. This has been used sparingly in the major leagues, but was notably employed by St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa in the second half of the 1998 baseball season, and again in August 2007 and in 2008, and by Milwaukee Brewers manager Ned Yost in 2008.[15][16] Joe Maddon is currently placing the pitcher in the #8 spot during the beginning of the 2017 Cubs season.

text: Bragan's Brainstorm[edit]

text: In 1957 major league manager Bobby Bragan placed his best hitter in the leadoff position and the remainder of his lineup in descending batting average order. Earnshaw Cook in his 1966 book, Percentage Baseball, claimed that, using a computer, Bragan's lineup would result in 1 to 2 more wins per season. A recent computer simulation demonstrates the superiority of Bragan's lineup.


document_title: Automotive industry in Russia

question_text: what is the most popular car in russia

question_tokens: what is the most popular car in russia

text: Automotive industry in Russia

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery. As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two-cylinder steam engine in the world,[2] while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human-powered vehicle that had a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox, and roller bearings.[3] One of the world's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877.[4] In 1896, the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage-manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol-engine automobile, the Yakovlev & Freze.[5]

text: The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar, nicknamed the “Cuckoo”, which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899. Romanov also constructed a battery-electric omnibus.[6] In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution, Russia produced a growing number of Russo-Balt, Puzyryov, Lessner, and other vehicles, held its first motor show in 1907[7] and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing. A Russo-Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912, despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg,[8] 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913. The driver of the car, Andrei P. Nagel, was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand.[9]

text: By 1915, about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia.[10] Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production, with the latter accounting for less than 10% of total stock by 1914.[10]

text: In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants: AMO in Moscow, Russo-Balt in the village of Fili, the State Plant of Military Self-Propelled Vehicles (KZVS) in Mytishchi, Russian Renault in Rybinsk, Aksai in Nakhichevan-on-Don, and Lebedev in Yaroslavl. None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution.[11]

text: Soviet era[edit]

text: After the 1917 October Revolution, Russo-Balt was nationalised on August 15, 1918, and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership. It continued the production of Russo-Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8, 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the AMO-F-15. About 6,000–6,500 F-15s were built in the years 1924–1931.[12][13]

text: In 1927, engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931.[14] In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the Ford Motor Company, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ.[15][16] A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow, which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch.

text: The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408, intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population.[17] Other manufacturers such as MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market. The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport.[18] For reasons of cost-efficiency, it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern foreign model. After considering several options, the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair.

text: The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky, which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti.[18][19] At the same time, the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence[20] and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch-based kombi hatchbacks. KaMAZ, Europe's largest heavy truck plant, was built in Naberezhnye Chelny, while GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KrAZ, MAZ, BelAZ, and plants continued to produce other types of trucks.

text: By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. In late 1987, the industry produced 2 million cars, satisfying 45% of the domestic demand.[21]

text: Post-Soviet adjustments[edit]

text: In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically, largely due to a drastic cut on import duties, so that by 1993 foreign-made imported cars made up 49% of all sales.[22] At the same time, Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activities[23][24][25] and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s.

text: The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ, AZLK, IzhAvto, GAZ and UAZ.[26] Some of them, like AvtoVAZ, turned to cooperation with other companies (such as GM-AvtoVAZ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis.[27]

text: By 1993, total output was down 14% compared to 1990 levels. Lada's declining sales during the 1990s, and toughening European Union emissions requirements, saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade. Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain, peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s, but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years.

text: 850,000 cars were sold in 1996.[28] As demand kept rising, local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality. In was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1-2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety.[28]

text: The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry, as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices. Nevertheless, the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years.[29]

text: In 1997, car production increased by 13.2% in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000. AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively, whereas KamAZ doubled it. The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent, reaching 148,000 in 1997[30] and 184,000 in 2000.[31] The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000,[32] or 965,000[33] (969,235 according to OICA[34]) excluding commercial vehicles.

text: Throughout the 1990s, the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash.[22]

text: 2000 to 2008[edit]

text: In the early 2000s, the Russian economy recovered. Russian metal companies, having achieved significant profits on foreign markets, sought to invest in Russia's automotive sector.[35] Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ. At the same time, Severstal gained control of UAZ.[35]

text: In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia, investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory, manufacturing the Ford Focus, which briefly became the best-selling foreign-branded car in Russia.[36]

text: In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90% of car production in Russia, either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company. The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ, SOK Group, Kamaz, RusPromAvto, SeverstalAvto and AZLK.[37] Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002.[38]

text: Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand, and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming. In 2005, 1,446,525 new cars were sold, including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones.

text: During the first quarter of 2005, foreign-branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history (including used imports).[36] Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia: the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007.[39] To keep up with the competition, local brands launched more modern-looking models, such as Lada Kalina.[36]

text: The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace: 14% in 2005, 36% in 2006 and 67% in 2007—making it the world's fastest growing automotive market by 2008.[40] Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s, seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse. Russia's labour, material and energy costs were only 1/6 compared to those in Western Europe.[41][42]

text: To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles, the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country. In late 2005, the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones (SEZ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies. The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances, exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime. Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors (over $100 million.) These include Saint Petersburg/Leningrad Oblast (Toyota, GM, Nissan) and Kaluga Oblast (VW). Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies, as has been Kaliningrad Oblast.[40]

text: Global financial crisis[edit]

text: Russia's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession. Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009. Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period.[43]

text: In late 2008, the Russian government introduced protectionist measures, worth $5 billion, to improve the situation in the industry. This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars.[44] Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs.[45] The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50% and go up to 100%. The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle. The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities, most notably in Vladivostok, where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city's economy.[46] To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses, Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.[47]

text: The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010. Under the scheme, buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles (20,000 USD).[48] Sales of Russia's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result, and the company returned to profit.[49][50]

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: By the end of 2010, automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels.[51][52] Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced, with Avtovaz's Lada models topping the list.[51] In the first 7 months of 2010, sales of Lada cars increased by 60%, the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101%, and Chevrolet's sales rose by 15%.[53]

text: In 2010, Russia was the world's 15th largest producer of cars. The Russian automotive industry currently (as of 2010) accounts for about 2% of worldwide car production.[54]

text: The market share of Russian-branded vehicles fell to 34% in 2010 and to 21% in 2012. At the same time, the market share of foreign-branded cars made in Russia kept rising, reaching 45% in 2012.[55] Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market: in 2014 they made up 27% of cars and 46% of trucks.[56]

text: The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels, and reduced forecasts for future growth.[57]

text: The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total,[58] down from 41.6% five years earlier.[59] Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva.[58]

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies: local brand producers, foreign OEMs, joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands.[60] In 2008, there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia. The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles.[43]

text: Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia, accounting for just 7.6% of all sales as of 2015, compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe.[61] There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016, or 0.3% of all vehicles in the country.[62] The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003.[63]

text: Domestic car brands[edit]

text: The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models. The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units. Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia, and the classic Lada 2105/2107 was third with sales of 57,499. Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010. The higher-end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009, selling 52,499 units that year.[64]

text: In the light commercial vehicle sector, the GAZelle van, manufactured by GAZ has been very popular, occupying a market share of 49% in 2009 and selling 42,400 units. The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market.[65]

text: The largest company of Russia's automotive industry is Avtovaz, located in the city of Tolyatti. It currently employs more than 130,000 people, and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market. Avtovaz models account for about 50% of Russia's total car production.[48]

text: Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations, ASM-Holding (АСМ-холдинг) and the Association of Russian Automakers (Объединением автопроизводителей России).[66]

text: Foreign car brands[edit]

text: Russia's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor, located in Kaliningrad Oblast. Avtotor performs SKD, CKD or full-cycle assembly of foreign models, such as BMW, Kia, and General Motors' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles. In 2009, Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10% of Russian car production.[48]

text: Avtoframos, the third largest car manufacturer, produced 49,500 cars in 2009. Its plant is located in the south-east part of the city of Moscow. Avtoframos is a joint venture between France's Renault and the Moscow city administration, but is majority owned by Renault.[48] The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models. The ratio of Russian-made parts is 54%. The figure was expected to rise to 74% by 2012.[67]

text: The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford, respectively. In total, the five largest companies of the industry account for 80% of all cars made in Russia.[48] In 2016, Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign-branded car to be the best-selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970.[68]

text: Commercial and heavy vehicles[edit]

text: In the heavy vehicle sector, the largest company is the truckmaker KaMAZ. It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry. In 2010, KaMAZ sold a total of 32,293 trucks; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries.[69]

text: Another very important company is GAZ, which makes vans, trucks and busses, among other products. Its most popular product is the GAZelle van, which has a market share of 49% in the light commercial vehicle market. In 2009, the company launched an improved version, called GAZelle Business.

text: In the bus sector, the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77%. In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small-class, 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class.[65]

text: Russia's largest tractor maker, and one of the largest machine building companies in the world, is Concern Tractor Plants, located in Cheboksary. The company employs around 45,000 people.

text: Short-lived projects[edit]

text: The Marussia brand, produced by Marussia Motors, became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia. The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow. On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow.[70] Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko, a notable Russian showman, singer, actor and racer. His company acquired a 'significant stake' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team, which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011.[71] This team is to become the first ever Russian-owned team in Formula One. Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team[72] and overall trading in 2014.

text: Another short-lived project was the Yo-mobile, a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors. The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow, a product of a joint venture between Yarovit, a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg, Russia and the Onexim investment group, headed by Mikhail Prokhorov, who was the leader and financier of the project.[73][74] In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum, thus signalling the abandonment of the idea.[75] No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced.

text: Economic and political significance[edit]

text: Russia's automotive industry is a significant economic sector. It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2–3 million people in related industries.[52] It is politically a very important part of the country's economy: firstly, due to the large number of employed people and secondly, because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies. For example, the well-being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast.[76] Tolyatti is a typical monotown, a city whose economy is dependent on a single company. The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city's population of 700,000 in 2009.[77]

text: In 2009, former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme, which aims to diversify Russia's raw materials and energy-dominated economy, turning it into a modern high-tech economy based on innovation. Following this, Russia's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation.

text: Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry. In a symbolic gesture of support, Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010, driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport.[78] Putin described the car as "excellent, even beyond my expectations", and praised it as "comfortable" and "almost noise-free."[79] The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ, which was recovering from the serious economic crisis.[80]

text: Sales statistics[edit]

text: Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016:[81]

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text:
Rank
Brand
Sales
Market share

1
Renault-Nissan
(includes AvtoVAZ)
477,279
33.5%

2
VW Group
156,712
11.0%

3
Kia
149,567
10.5%

4
Hyundai Group
145,300
10.2%

5
Toyota Group
118,685
8.3%

6
GAZ
55,803
3.9%

7
UAZ
48,848
3.4%

8
Mercedes-Benz
43,912
3.1%

9
Ford
42,528
3.0%

10
General Motors
31,737
2.2%

Total

1,425,791
100%

text: Car models[edit]

text:
Rank
Model
Sales
Group

1
Hyundai Solaris
90,380
Hyundai Motor Group

2
Lada Granta
87,726
Renault

3
Kia Rio
87,662
Hyundai Motor Group

4
Lada Vesta
55,174
Renault

5
Volkswagen Polo
47,702
Volkswagen Group

6
Renault Duster
44,001
Renault

7
Toyota RAV4
30,603
Toyota

8
Chevrolet Niva
29,844
General Motors

9
Renault Logan
29,565
Renault

10
Lada Largus
29,341
Renault

text: Best-selling model by year[edit]

text:
2008: Lada 2105/2107
2009: Lada Priora[82]
2010: Lada 2105/2107

2011: Lada Kalina
2012: Lada Priora
2013: Lada Granta
2014: Lada Granta[82]

2015: Lada Granta
2016: Hyundai Solaris[82]

text: Factories[edit]

text: Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast[edit]

text:
Hyundai:[83] established in 2010, produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016.[84] As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia, and employs 2,200 workers.[85]
Nissan:[83] started production in June 2009,[86] produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Toyota:[83] manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016.[88] Toyota Motors Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), 224-ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on December 21, 2007. In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4L and 3.5L Toyota Camry vehicles per year.[89]
General Motors:[83] opened in July 2008, closed in 2015.[90]
Scania AB, truck plant Scania-Piter, established in 2002. Produces Scania P, R, G.
MAN Truck & Bus truck plant, established in 2013.
Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk:[83] opened in 2002.[91] It was the first foreign-owned car plant to be established in Russia.[92]
Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno, established in 2000, produces rigid dump trucks.

text: Kaluga[edit]

text:
Volkswagen:[83] started production in November 2007, produced 110,000 cars in 2016.[93] A 200 m² facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles, reached during 2010, with employees rising to 3,000. All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs (SKD), with full production planned to start 2010. Served by Grabtsevo Airport, part of Volkswagen Group Russia (OOO Volkswagen Rus).[94][95]
Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive:[83] opened in April 2010,[96] produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga, established in 2009. Produces Volvo FH, Volvo FMX, Volvo FM, Renault Premium, Renault Kerax.

text: Volga Federal District[edit]

text:
Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ,[83] produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015.[87] The plant also Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group.[97]
Tolyatti

AvtoVAZ,[83] produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015.[87]
GM-AvtoVAZ, produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015.[87]

Izhevsk: IzhAvto (Nissan),[83] produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Naberezhnye Chelny: Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny,[83] produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Yelabuga: Ford Sollers,[83] produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Naberezhnye Chelny: Kamaz truck plant, also produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010.[98] Produces Mercedes-Benz Axor, Mercedes-Benz Actros, Mercedes-Benz Unimog.
Syzran: JBC truck plant, established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant.[99] Produces JBC SY1041, JBC SY1060.

text: Rest of Russia[edit]

text:
Kaliningrad: Avtotor (Kia, Hyundai, BMW),[83] produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015.[100]
Moscow: Renault Russia,[83] produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Vladivostok: Sollers (Toyota, Mazda),[83] produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015.[87]
Cherkessk - Derways (Lifan, Geely, Great Wall Hover, Chery),[83] produced 24,800 cars in 2014.[101]
Argun: ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016.[102]
Yaroslavl, Komatsu Limited established in 2010, produces rigid dump trucks.
Miass, Iveco truck plant (Iveco AMT, former joint venture Iveco-UralAZ) established in 1994. Produces Iveco Trakker, Iveco Stralis.
Uzlovaya: Great Wall Motors plant under construction.[103]
Esipovo, Moscow Oblast: Mercedes-Benz plant under construction.[104]
Lipetsk: Lifan plant under construction.[105]

text: Manufacturers of automobile engines[edit]

text:
AvtoVAZ, based in Togliatti and established in 1966. Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand.
Cummins Kama, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand.
Ford Sollers, engine plant established in 2015.[106]
Kamaz, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy-duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ, NefAZ, and also for the BTR-80.
Tutaev Motor Plant (TMZ), based in Tutaev and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT (MZKT-742910), BAZ.
Ulyanovsk Motor Plant (UMZ), based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944, part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures gasoline and gasoline-gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ (GAZ Gazelle, GAZ Sobol), UAZ (UAZ-3151 military performance).
Volkswagen Group Rus, plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines.[107]
Yaroslavl Motor Plant (YaMZ), based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 (as Autoworks), 1958 (conversion to the production of engines), part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks, small buses, large buses, armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers under the brands UralAZ, PAZ (PAZ-3205, PAZ-4234), LiAZ (LiAZ-5256), BTR-80, GAZ Tigr (AMZ Tigr), BAZ, MAZ, KrAZ, MZKT, BelAZ (younger models with BelAZ-7540-7547 to BelAZ-7547), MoAZ (MoAZ-7505).
Zavolzhye Motor Plant (ZMZ), based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958, owned by UAZ. Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off-road vehicles, light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ, PAZ (PAZ-3203, PAZ-3204, PAZ-3205).
ZiL, based in Moscow and established in 1916. Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL (ZiL-4331).


document_title: Lovey Howell

question_text: what was mrs howell's first name on gilligan's island

question_tokens: what was mrs howell 's first name on gilligan 's island

text: Lovey Howell

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Lovey" Howell

Gilligan's Island character

First appearance
"Marooned"
Gilligan's Island (pilot, 1963)

Last appearance
"Gilligan's Army"
Gilligan's Planet (1982)

Created by
Sherwood Schwartz

Portrayed by
Natalie Schafer

Information

Gender
Female

Occupation
Socialite

Spouse(s)
Thurston Howell III

text: "Lovey" Howell (née Wentworth), referred to as "Mrs. Howell" by characters other than her husband, is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan's Island. Played by Natalie Schafer, the character was a rich, spoiled socialite, married to Thurston Howell III.

text: Character summary[edit]

text: While Mr. Howell always called her "Lovey", the other castaways always called her "Mrs. Howell". There are only two times someone besides Thurston calls her Lovey: in the pilot, when the radio is announcing the missing people, the announcer says "Thurston Howell III and his wife, international hostess Lovey Howell"; and in the episode in which Gilligan thinks he wins the lottery and invites all the people into the Howells' club, The Professor greets Mr. and Mrs. Howell as Thurston and Lovey.

text: In episode 31 of season 2, "Mr. and Mrs. ???", in which the Howells were having marital problems, she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth. Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode.

text: Not much information was revealed about her life before being marooned with her fellow castaways, but she introduced herself in episode 6 of season 2 ("Quick Before It Sinks") as "Mrs. Thurston Howell III, from New York, Palm Beach and of course, Paris, mon cher." She also mentions in episode 17 of season 2:"You've Been Disconnected" that she spoke fluent French and Italian, hinting at a classical education. In episode 9 of season 3 ("Ring Around Gilligan"), Mr. Howell mentions her having studied at Vassar, saying "Mommy warned me about you Vassar girls and your long gym classes".

text: During episode 4 of season 2:"Smile, You're on Mars Camera" Thurston Howell indicates that Lovey, or at least her family, had money of their own; Mr. Howell describes her as being an heiress who is "loaded". It is also revealed that Mrs. Howell's father gave them an oil company (apparently dry) in "Dustbowl, Oklahoma" as a wedding gift, which she claims he thought was a football stadium (episode 13 of season 1:"Three Million Dollars More or Less").

text: Lovey claimed she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) (episode 30 of season 2, "'V' for Vitamins"), to have been presented at the Court of St. James and to have been selected the "Queen of the Prune-Bowl Parade" (episode 30 of season 3, "Gilligan, the Goddess").

text: Although spoiled and preoccupied with social status, Mrs. Howell was also kind and genuinely cared about the well-being of her fellow castaways. She frequently served as something of a mother figure to the two younger female castaways, Ginger Grant and Mary Ann Summers, offering advice (though she sometimes also displays jealousy toward the two younger women). One of the Island "Visitors" she can't stand is socialite Erika-Tiffany Smith {played by Zsa Zsa Gabor} because her name appears before the Howells in the "Social Register". She also claims to be close friends with "Grace and Prince Rainier" on several episodes.

text: Several times she acted as a motherly figure to Gilligan, such as psychoanalyzing him, adopting him, and praising him for his accomplishments when no one else did. She often plotted with her husband several times to steal/access/manipulate things from the other survivors. She once tried to get Gilligan and Mary Ann to wed, kept a gold mine secret from the rest of the group, divulged secrets about stolen jewelry from a parrot, schemed to convince a burnt out artist to leave the island and got through to an uncivilized jungle boy played by Kurt Russell.

text: It was once quoted by Thurston Howell himself that their brilliance together was exceeded only by their greed. They had also proven to have a house in each state and several staffs of servants, including an upstairs maid, a downstairs maid and a butler who served him breakfast in bed. Thurston once quoted that the neighborhood of one million dollars apiece was considered a slum area where they resided.

text: Although the Howells were portrayed as childless in the original series, their son Thurston Howell IV (portrayed by David Ruprecht)was introduced in the reunion movie The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Gilligan's Island

Episodes

Season 1
Season 2
Season 3

Characters

Gilligan
The Skipper
The Professor
Ginger Grant
Mary Ann Summers
Thurston Howell III
Lovey Howell

Spin-offs

The New Adventures of Gilligan
Rescue from Gilligan's Island
The Castaways on Gilligan's Island
The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island
Gilligan's Planet
Surviving Gilligan's Island

Related

Episodes
S. S. Minnow
The Adventures of Gilligan's Island
Gilligan's Island pinball machine
The Real Gilligan's Island
Gilligan's Wake

text: Fictional socialitesGilligan's Island charactersFictional characters from Rhode IslandFictional characters introduced in 1964Female characters in television

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