document_title: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who plays the daughter in the series yellowstone

text: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John’s eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Daybreak"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)2.83[2]
2"Kill the Messenger"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)2.07[3]
3"No Good Horses"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)2.17[4]
4"The Long Black Train"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.89[5]
5"Coming Home"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.95[6]
6"The Remembering"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)2.10[7]
7"A Monster Is Among Us"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)2.08[8]
8"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)2.13[9]
9"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)2.37[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]

text: On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]

text: On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]

text: On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[28][29]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[31] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[32]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[33][34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[35] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[37] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[38] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[39]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Daybreak"

June 20, 2018
0.4
2.83[2]
0.5
2.48
0.9
5.31[40]

2

"Kill the Messenger"

June 27, 2018
0.3
2.07[3]
0.4
2.22
0.7
4.29[41][a]

3

"No Good Horses"

July 11, 2018
0.4
2.17[4]
0.5
3.05
0.9
5.22[42]

4

"The Long Black Train"

July 18, 2018
0.3
1.89[5]
0.5
2.75
0.8
4.64[43]

5

"Coming Home"

July 25, 2018
0.3
1.95[6]
0.6
3.03
0.9
4.98[44]

6

"The Remembering"

August 1, 2018
0.4
2.10[7]
0.4
2.20
0.8
4.31[45][a]

7

"A Monster Is Among Us"

August 8, 2018
0.4
2.08[8]
0.4
2.35
0.8
4.43[46][a]

8

"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"

August 15, 2018
0.4
2.13[9]
0.4
2.14
0.8
4.27[47][a]

9

"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"

August 22, 2018
0.4
2.37[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

tag: ol


document_title: List of largest houses in the United States

question_text: who owns the largest home in the us

question_tokens: who owns the largest home in the us

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The following is a list of the largest extant and historic houses in the United States, ordered by square footage of the main house. This list includes houses that have been demolished or are currently under construction.

tag: p

text: Largest houses[edit]

text:
Rank

Square footage
Name
Location
Built for
Owner

Year completed
Architectural style
Architect
Image

1
135,280[1]
Biltmore Estate
Asheville, North Carolina
George Washington Vanderbilt II
William A.V. Cecil Jr.
1895
Châteauesque
Richard Morris Hunt

2
109,000 [2]
Oheka Castle
Huntington, New York
Otto Hermann Kahn
Gary Melius
1919
Châteauesque
Delano and Aldrich

3

100,000
Whitemarsh Hall
Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
Edward T. Stotesbury
(demolished in 1980)
1917
Georgian
Horace Trumbauer

4
97,188[3]
Arden House
Harriman, New York
Edward Henry Harriman
Research Center on Natural Conservation
1909
Châteauesque
Carrère and Hastings

5
96,582
Winterthur
Winterthur, Delaware
Henry Francis du Pont
Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
1932
Georgian Revival
Henry Francis du Pont

6
91,000
Le Palais Royal
Hillsboro Beach, Florida
Unknown
Unknown
2017
Palais
Joseph Leone

7

90,000
Cornelius Vanderbilt II House
New York, New York
Cornelius Vanderbilt II
(demolished in 1926)
1882
Châteauesque
George B. Post

8
90,000
Shadow Lawn
West Long Branch, New Jersey
Hubert Templeton Parson
Monmouth University
1927
Beaux-Arts
Horace Trumbauer

9
85,000[4]
Versailles
Windermere, Florida
David A. Siegel
David A. Siegel
(under construction)
Châteauesque

10 (tie)
80,000
Florham
Florham Park, New Jersey
Hamilton and Florence Vanderbilt Twombly
Fairleigh Dickinson University
1897
Georgian Revival
McKim Mead & White

10 (tie)

80,000
Harbor Hill
Roslyn, New York
Clarence Hungerford Mackay
(demolished in 1947)
1899
Châteauesque
McKim Mead & White

12
75,000
Indian Neck Hall
Oakdale, New York
Frederick Gilbert Bourne
St. John's University
1908
Federal Style
Ernest Flagg

13

72,215 [5][6][7]
Pensmore
Highlandville, Missouri
Steven T. Huff
Steven T. Huff
2016
Châteauesque

14

72,000
Inisfada
North Hills, New York
Nicholas Frederic Brady
(demolished in 2013)
1919
Tudor Revival
John Torrey Windrim

15 (tie)
70,000
Idle Hour
Oakdale, New York
William K. Vanderbilt
Dowling College
1901
English Country Style
Richard Howland Hunt

15 (tie)
70,000[8]
Woodlea
Briarcliff Manor, New York
Elliott Fitch Shepard
Sleepy Hollow Country Club
1895
Italian Renaissance Revival
McKim, Mead & White

17
68,500[9]
Hearst Castle
San Simeon, California
William Randolph Hearst
California Department of Parks and Recreation
1947
Spanish Colonial Revival
Julia Morgan

18
66,341[10]
Grey Towers Castle
Glenside, Pennsylvania
William Welsh Harrison
Arcadia University
1896
Gothic Revival
Horace Trumbauer

19
64,000[11]
Fair Field
Sagaponack, New York
Ira Rennert
Ira Rennert
2003
Italian Renaissance
Mark Ferguson[12]

20
62,500 [13]
Mar-a-Lago
Palm Beach, Florida
Marjorie Merriweather Post
Donald Trump
1927
Spanish Colonial Revival
Marion Sims WyethJoseph Urban

21
62,482[14]
The Breakers
Newport, Rhode Island
Cornelius Vanderbilt II
Preservation Society of Newport County
1895
Italian Renaissance
Richard Morris Hunt

22
62,272[15]
Lynnewood Hall
Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
Peter A. B. Widener
Richard Yoon
1900
Neoclassical
Horace Trumbauer

23
62,220[16]
Gemini
Manalapan, Florida
Gerard Barnes Lambert, Sr
Dirk Edward Ziff
1940s
Mediterranean Revival
Marion Sims WyethEdson E. Dailey

24 (tie)
60,000[17]
Meadow Brook Hall
Rochester Hills, Michigan
Matilda Dodge Wilson
Oakland University
1929
Tudor Revival
Smith Hinchman & Grylls

25 (tie)
60,000
Whitehall
Palm Beach, Florida
Henry Morrison Flagler
Henry Morrison Flagler Museum
1902
Beaux-Arts
Carrère and Hastings

26 (tie)

60,000
Pembroke
Glen Cove, New York
Joseph De Lamar
(demolished in 1968)
1916
Neoclassical
C.P.H. Gilbert

26 (tie)

60,000
El Mirasol
Palm Beach, Florida
Edward T. Stotesbury
(demolished in 1958)
1920
Spanish Colonial Revival
Addison Mizner

28

58,000[18]
Duke Farms
Hillsborough Township, New Jersey
James Buchanan Duke
(demolished in 2016)
1903
Tudor Revival
Henry H. Kendall

29
57,000[19]
Eschman Meadows
Nashport, Ohio
Tami Longaberger

2001
Georgian
George Acock Phil White

30
56,881
Castle Hill
Ipswich, Massachusetts
Richard T. Crane Jr.
The Trustees of Reservations
1928
English Baroque
David Adler

31
56,368[20]
Andrew Carnegie Mansion
New York, New York
Andrew Carnegie
Smithsonian Institution
1901
Georgian Revival
Babb, Cook & Willard

32
56,000[21]
Blairsden
Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey
Clinton Ledyard Blair
T. Eric Galloway[22]
1903
Châteauesque
Carrère and Hastings

33
55,360
Ralston Hall
Belmont, California
William Chapman Ralston
Notre Dame de Namur University
1864
Italianate
Henry W. Cleaveland

34 (tie)
55,000
White House
Washington, D.C.
United States of America
National Park Service
1800
Neoclassical
James Hoban

34 (tie)

55,000
Belle Grove
White Castle, Louisiana
John Andrews
(demolished in 1952)
1857
Greek Revival Italianate
Henry Howard

34 (tie)
55,000
Elm Court
Lenox, Massachusetts
Emily Thorn Vanderbilt
Travaasa Experiential Resorts

1885
American Shingle Style
Peabody and Stearns

34 (tie)
~55,000
Rockwood Hall
Mount Pleasant, New York
William Rockefeller
(demolished in 1942)
1849
Castellated Elizabethan
Gervase Wheeler, Carrère and Hastings

38
54,838[23]
Dumbarton Oaks
Washington, D.C.
William Hammond Dorsey
Harvard University
1801
Colonial Revival

39
54,400[24]
Chateau Montagel
Shoal Creek, Alabama
Larry House
Real Estate Investment Trust
1997[25]
Châteauesque
Bill Shephard[26]

40
54,246[27]
Searles Castle
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Mary Hopkins Searles
John Dewey Academy
1883
Châteauesque
McKim Mead & White

41
53,000
Nottoway
White Castle, Louisiana
John Hampden Randolph
Paul Ramsay
1858
Greek Revival Italianate
Henry Howard

42
52,897[28]
Hala Ranch
Aspen, Colorado
Bandar bin Sultan
John Paulson
1991
Rustic
Hagman Yaw

43
52,503[29]
The Manor
Los Angeles, California
Aaron Spelling
Petra Stunt [30]
1988
Châteauesque
James Langenheim & Associates

44
52,300[31]
Felix M. Warburg House
New York, New York
Felix M. Warburg
Jewish Museum of New York
1906
Châteauesque
Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert

45
64,500[32]
Stan Hywet Hall
Akron, Ohio
Frank Seiberling
Stan Hywet Hall Foundation
1915
Tudor Revival
Charles Sumner Schneider

46
51,000[33]
Hacienda De La Paz
Rolling Hills, California
John Z. Blazevich
John Z. Blazevich
2008
Spanish Colonial Revival
Rafael Manzano Martos

47
50,853
Chase Mansion
West Hartford, Connecticut
Arnold Chase
Arnold Chase
2009
Georgian
Allan Greenberg

48
50,729[34]
Perry Belmont House
Washington, D.C.
Perry Belmont
Order of the Eastern Star
1909
Beaux-Arts
Ernest SansonHorace Trumbauer

49
50,316[35]
Otto H. Kahn House
New York, New York
Otto Hermann Kahn
Convent of the Sacred Heart
1914
Renaissance Revival
J. Armstrong StenhouseCharles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert

50 (tie)
50,000 [36]
1299 Via Tivoli
Henderson, Nevada
Pierre Omidyar
Pierre Omidyar
2010
Modern architecture

50 (tie)
50,000
Reid Hall
Purchase, New York
Whitelaw Reid
Manhattanville College
1892
Renaissance Revival
Stanford White

50 (tie)

50,000
Wingwood House
Bar Harbor, Maine
Alexander Cassatt
(demolished in 1953)
1903
Neoclassical
Louis Magaziner

50 (tie)

50,000
Riverside
New York, New York
Charles M. Schwab
(demolished in 1948)
1906
Châteauesque
Maurice Hébert

50 (tie)
50,000[37]
Hempstead House
Sands Point, New York
Howard Gould
Nassau County, New York
1912
Tudor Revival
Richard Howland Hunt

50 (tie)
50,000[38]
Seven Springs
 Bedford, New York
Eugene Meyer
Donald Trump
1919

56

49,951
Chateau Bray
Madisonville, Texas
James and Sonya Bray
James and Sonya Bray
(under construction)
French Baroque
James and Sonya Bray

57
49,568[39]
8271 E Left Hand Fork Hobble Creek
Springville, Utah
Tom Mower
Tom Mower
2010
Italian Renaissance

58
49,300[40]
The Pritzker Estate
Los Angeles, California
Anthony Pritzker
Anthony Pritzker
2010
Contemporary
Grant Camden Kirkpatrick

59
49,000[41]
Ziff Mansion
Pawling, New York
William Bernard Ziff, Jr.
Dirk Edward Ziff
2000

60
48,515[42]
50 Poplar Hill Drive
Farmington, Connecticut
Benjamin Sisti[43]
Curtis Jackson[44]
1985
Contemporary

61
48,160[45]
Xanadu 2.0
Medina, Washington
Bill Gates
Bill Gates
1995
Pacific Lodge
James Cutler

62
47,000
Nemours
Wilmington, Delaware
Alfred I. du Pont
Nemours Foundation
1909
Neoclassical
Carrère and Hastings

63
46,054[46]
Greystone Mansion
Beverly Hills, California
Edward L. Doheny
City of Beverly Hills
1928
Tudor Revival
Gordon Kaufmann

64
46,000[47]
Elstowe Manor
Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
William L. Elkins
Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de' Ricci
1898
Italian Renaissance
Horace Trumbauer

65
45,891[48]
457 Bel Air Road
Los Angeles, California
Beny Alagem
Beny Alagem
2006
French Normandy
Robert A.M. Stern[49]

66
45,854[50]
Villa Collina
Moorestown, New Jersey
Vernon Hill
Vernon Hill
2002
Italian Renaissance[50]

67
45,842[51]
Townsend House
Washington, D.C.
Richard T. Townsend
Cosmos Club
1901
Beaux-Arts
Carrère and Hastings

68
45,120[52]
Illinois Executive Mansion
Springfield, Illinois
State of Illinois
State of Illinois
1855
Georgian Revival
John M. Van Osdel

69 (tie)
45,000[53]

Yaddo
Saratoga Springs, New York
Spencer Trask
Corporation of Yaddo
1893
Tudor Revival
William Halsey Wood

69 (tie)
45,000[54]

Darlington
Mahwah, New Jersey
George Crocker
Ilija Pavlovic[55]
1907
Jacobean
James Brite

69 (tie)
45,000[56]

Henry Clay Frick House
New York, New York
Henry Clay Frick
Frick Collection
1914
Beaux-Arts
Carrère and Hastings

72
44,936[57]
Anderson House
Washington, D.C.
Larz Anderson
Society of the Cincinnati
1905
Beaux-Arts
Arthur Little  Herbert Browne

73
44,925
Le Palais
Beverly Hills, California
Mohamed Hadid
Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva[58]
2011
Châteauesque

74
44,309[59]
Glencairn
Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania
Raymond Pitcairn
The New Church
1929
Romanesque
Raymond Pitcairn

75
44,234[60]
Villa Vittoriosa
Fayetteville, Georgia
Evander Holyfield
Rick Ross[61]
1994
Neoclassical
Portman Fuchtman Vinson Sunderland

76
44,229[62]
Ochre Court
Newport, Rhode Island
Ogden Goelet
Salve Regina University
1892
Châteauesque
Richard Morris Hunt

77
44,000[63]
Hyde Park
Hyde Park, New York
Frederick Vanderbilt
National Park Service
1899
Beaux-Arts
Charles Follen McKim

78
43,793[64]
Boldt Castle
Alexandria Bay, New York
George Boldt
Thousand Islands Bridge Authority
1904
Chateauesque
G.W. & W.D. Hewitt

79
43,561[65]
Marland Mansion
Ponca City, Oklahoma
Ernest Whitworth Marland
City of Ponca City
1928
Mediterranean Revival
John Duncan Forsyth

80
43,557
901 Trophy Hills Drive
Las Vegas, Nevada
Sheldon Adelson
Sheldon Adelson
2013

81
43,517[66]
Asherwood
Carmel, Indiana
Melvin Simon
Bren Simon
1999
Chateauesque

82

43,040[67]
Primatara
Springfield, Missouri
Robert Low
Robert Low
(under construction)

Richard Drummond Davis

83
42,831[68]
Château des Fleurs
Los Angeles, California
James A. Kaplan
James A. Kaplan
2014
Chateauesque
William Hefner

84
42,014[69]
51 Winding Brook Drive
Saratoga Springs, New York
John Breyo
John Breyo
2006
Mediterranean Revival
Robert Flansburg[70]

85 (tie)
42,000
Payne Mansion
Esopus, New York
Oliver Hazard Payne
Marist College
1911
Beaux-Arts
Carrère and Hastings

85 (tie)

42,000
Rose Terrace
Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan
Anna Thompson Dodge
(demolished in 1976)
1931
Neoclassical
Horace Trumbauer

87
41,774[71]
Le Palais Royal
Hillsboro Beach, Florida
Robert Pereira[72]
Robert Pereira
2014
Beaux-Arts
Denio Madera

88
41,050[73]
Carolands
Hillsborough, California
Harriet Pullman Carolan
Charles Bartlett Johnson
1914
Second Empire
Ernest Sanson Willis Polk

89 (tie)
41,000[74]
Hayes Mansion
San Jose, California
Mary Hayes Chynoweth
City of San Jose
1905
Mediterranean Revival
George Page

89 (tie)
41,000[75]
NYIT de Seversky Mansion
Old Westbury, New York
Alfred I. du Pont
New York Institute of Technology
1918
Georgian Revival
Carrère and Hastings

91
40,916[76]
Il Palmetto
Palm Beach, Florida
Joseph E. Widener
James H. Clark
1927
Mediterranean Revival
Maurice Fatio

92
40,280[77]
Walker McCune Mansion
Paradise Valley, Arizona
Walker McCune
George A. Hormel family
1962
Contemporary

93 (tie)
40,000
Mills Mansion
Hyde Park, New York
Ogden Mills
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
1896
Beaux-Arts
Stanford White

93 (tie)
40,000
The Braes
Glen Cove, New York
Herbert L. Pratt
Webb Institute
1912
Jacobean
James Brite

93 (tie)
40,000
Coe Hall
Oyster Bay, New York
William Robertson Coe
Planting Fields Foundation
1921
Tudor Revival
Guy Lowell

93 (tie)
40,000[78]
Rynwood
Old Brookville, New York
Samuel Agar Salvage
John Mariani Jr
1927
Tudor Revival
Roger Bullard

93 (tie)
40,000[79]
10697 Somma Way
Los Angeles, California
Ty Cueva
Ty Cueva
2017
Spanish Colonial Revival

98
39,648[80]
Seaview Terrace
Newport, Rhode Island
Edson Bradley
Martin Carey
1925
Chateauesque
Howard Greenley

99
39,576[81]
La Reverie
Palm Beach, Florida
Sydell Miller
Sydell Miller
2001
Neoclassical
Jeffrey W. Smith

100
39,257[82]
Serenity Ridge
Parker, Colorado
Cal Turner, Jr.
Cal Turner, Jr.
2001
Italianate

101
38,500[83]
North Wales
Warrenton, Virginia
William Allison[84]
David Ford
1776
Georgian

102
38,196[85]
144 Hopewell Road
Alton, New Hampshire
Bob Bahre
Bob Bahre
2003
Georgian

103 (tie)
38,000[86]
Government House
Annapolis, Maryland
State of Maryland
State of Maryland
1870
Georgian
Richard Snowden Andrews

103 (tie)
38,000[87]
Ardrossan
Villanova, Pennsylvania
Robert Leaming Montgomery
Robert Montgomery Scott
1912
Georgian
Horace Trumbauer

103 (tie)

38,000[88]

Charles Gates Mansion
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Charles Gates
(demolished 1933)
1913
Renaissance Revival

103 (tie)
38,000[89]
Billionaire
Los Angeles, California
Bruce Makowsky[90]
Bruce Makowsky
2016
Contemporary
Bruce Makowsky


document_title: Backboard shattering

question_text: who was the last person to break a backboard in the nba

text: Backboard shattering

text: A backboard shattering is an accident or stunt in basketball. It occurs when a player slam dunks the ball hard enough to break the 1/2" tempered safety glass of the backboard. The stunt has caused games to be canceled or delayed, serious injuries to occur and expensive costs of cleanup and replacement. Shattering a backboard is extremely dangerous, sending shards of glass flying over the players and fans. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), shattering a backboard during a game is penalized with a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul and a possible fine towards the player. The player may not be ejected, nor shall the foul count towards a player's total towards either ejection or suspension.[1]

text: Backboard shattering has altered the game in many different ways. In 1967, the dunk was banned in high school and college basketball. The rule-makers claimed the dunk was outlawed to prevent injury and equipment damage. After multiple issues with the new rule, nine years later they allowed the slam dunk to be legal again due to the invention of the breakaway rim.[2] The NBA began using them after Darryl Dawkins shattered two backboards with his slam dunks during the 1979–80 season.[3]

text: Throughout the history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim. However, the first NBA player to shatter a backboard, Chuck Connors (who would become far more famous as an actor), did not do so with a dunk. When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946, Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups, hitting the front of the rim. Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard, the backboard shattered.[4] All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous as a backboard breaker in the NBA, shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s.[5] In the ABA, Charlie Hentz shattered two backboards in the same game on November 6, 1970, resulting in the game being cancelled.

text: Darryl Dawkins became famous for shattering backboards, and is credited for being the one person to cause the NBA to introduce "breakaway rims". Shaquille O'Neal slam dunked so hard that he broke the supports holding two backboards during games against the New Jersey Nets and the Phoenix Suns during the 1992–93 NBA season.

text: Chris Morris, a former NBA star with the New Jersey Nets, shattered a backboard during a game in 1993;[6] Jerome Lane shattered a backboard during a game in 1988 while playing for the University of Pittsburgh;[7] Blue Edwards shattered a backboard during a Midnight Madness event while he was playing at East Carolina.[8] Bryant Reeves shattered a backboard during team practice/warm-ups prior to their 1995 NCAA tourney game against UCLA.[9] Following the 1992–93 season the NBA increased steel brace strength and increased stability of the backboard to prevent the hoop from falling down after Shaquille O'Neal broke two goal standards the previous season (although the glass remained intact, welds in the goal standard failed). The aforementioned technical foul was also introduced at the time.[10][1] During the NCAA tournament in 1996, Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech against North Carolina.[11] Robert Traylor, while playing for the Michigan Wolverines, shattered a backboard against the Ball State Cardinals in 1996.[12] In 2012, during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari, Italy, Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey ended up breaking the glass of a backboard against Dinamo Sassari.[13]


document_title: List of Shugo Chara! characters

question_text: shugo chara who does amu end up with

question_tokens: shugo chara who does amu end up with

text: List of Shugo Chara! characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Amu Hinamori[edit]

text: Amu Hinamori (日奈森 あむ, Hinamori Amu), the series' protagonist, is a student of Seiyo Elementary. Amu's classmates see her as "cool and spicy" Amu can be identified as a Tsundere (Mean and Cold to opening up to other people), but Amu's true character is shy and timid. Part of the reason for this misunderstanding is the trendy punk goth clothing her mother buys for her as well as the way she expresses her shyness. However, when Amu wishes for the courage to become her would-be self, three colorful eggs appear. When they hatch, they reveal Amu's Guardian Characters: Ran, Miki, and Su.

text: Amu becomes a member of the Guardians, the school's student council, and discovers that each member has a Guardian Character. Amu's position with the Guardians is the Joker. Her task as the Joker is to search for and purify X Eggs and X Characters (also, in the second season, she purifies Mystery Eggs, the corrupted forms of people's would-be selves). Ran, Miki, and Su help Amu with her task through a process called Character Transformation, which is enabled by the Humpty Lock and grants Amu special abilities depending on the Guardian Character. Later on, Amu also creates a fourth egg, known as Diamond. In the second season, when Amu shows her true potential, the Humpty Lock increases in power. Thus, new transformation scenes are used...

text: Amu's main love interests are Tadase Hotori and Tsukiyomi Ikuto. Throughout the first half of the series, Amu had a crush on Tadase and blushed every time she was in his presence. She initially regarded Ikuto as a jerk and pervert, but she grew close to him as he aided her countless times. When Ikuto first confesses his love to her, she thinks he is teasing her and dismisses it. When Tadase asks Amu if it is okay for him to fall in love with her, she is thrilled at the progress in their relationship but soon finds herself drawn to Ikuto. She was saddened when Ikuto decided to leave in search of his father. Because of this, she realizes that she truly loves Ikuto. After he confesses to her and kisses her close to the lips, she refuses to admit her feelings for him, which prompts Ikuto to make a deal with her that he will get her to fall in love with him. In chapter 48, Amu confesses to Tadase's older self that she had liked Tadase for his outer character. Although they have a much better relationship than before, Amu remains stubborn about her feelings for Ikuto. In the final chapter of Shugo Chara Encore, she is happy to reunite with him and is seen holding hands with him at Sanjou and Nikaidou's wedding. Amu's primary rival is Utau Hoshina, Ikuto's younger sister, who is jealous that Ikuto shows an interest in Amu instead of her. They soon become good friends after Utau leaves Easter. In the end, she chooses Ikuto in the manga. However, it is heavily implied that she ends up with Tadase in the anime.

text: Amu gains the Dumpty Key from Yoru and uses it to unlock the Humpty Lock. In some of the later chapters, when Amu opens the Humpty Lock with the Dumpty Key, she and Tadase see more of Ikuto's past. Their journey ends when Amu Character transforms with Diamond, and she and Ikuto fight briefly. Ran, Miki, Su, and Diamond all combine their powers, making Amu Character Transform into Amulet Fortune and Ikuto Character Transforms into Seven Seas Treasure.

text: Amu ventures to the Eggs' Cradle, a place where unborn and "lost" Shugo Chara reside, in order to search for four coloured shards representing each of her Shugo Chara in an attempt to bring Ran, Miki and Su back. In chapter 44, Diamond tells Amu that Ran, Miki and Su have "disappeared" and that she will help Amu find them as her "navigator". Diamond becomes Amu's guide in the Eggs' Cradle in Amu's search for the four coloured shards. She finally comes to terms with the loss of her Guardian Characters at the end of the journey, however as she returns she realizes that she has Ran, Miki, Su and Diamond back in Egg form much to her relief and later joy as they are born again later in Shugo Chara Encore. In the anime television series, Amu is voiced by Kanae Itō. She is portrayed by Yuuka Maeda in the musical.

text: Tadase Hotori[edit]

text: Tadase Hotori (辺里 唯世, Hotori Tadase) is a boy in the same year as Amu and serves as King's Chair of the Guardians. Like Amu, he is actually a shy person and is not good at public speaking; instead, he Character Changes with his Guardian Character, Kiseki. Although he is popular with the girls, when a girl confesses their love to Tadase, he will have Kiseki reject her. However, whenever he hears the word "ouji" ("prince"), or anything resembling the word "ouji", he Character Changes into an egotistical king who seeks world domination. Amu develops a crush on Tadase soon after she transfers into the school. His love interest is Amulet Heart, Amu's Character Transformation with Ran, but it later becomes Amu herself. In episode 39, Kiseki's egg turns into an X Egg because Tadase lost his self-esteem by not being able to find the Embryo. With the help of Amulet Heart, Tadase turns back to normal. Tadase has known Ikuto and Utau since childhood, but he does not talk about it in detail until the Guardians are about to face Utau in their final battle. Amu and Tadase reconcile soon after, though. Later on, he agrees to help Amu save Ikuto from Easter. Tadase confesses his love for Amu in chapter 28 (episode 74 in the anime) behind Amu's house while Ikuto was hiding in Amu's closet. Ikuto overheard and made fun of Tadase, only to protect him, which he knew nothing about. When Tadase was facing against Ikuto in chapter 35, his staff becomes a sword called Royal Sword in episode 99. Tadase ventures into the Eggs' Cradle with Amu, but subsequently gets separated from Amu due to a meteor shower. The future Tadase, who looks like Tsukasa helps Amu and reveals himself to be Tadase. In episode 127 of the anime, he kisses Amu on the cheek and tells her that he'll always be by her side. In the anime television series, Tadase is voiced by Reiko Takagi. He is portrayed by Hidemi Hikita in the musical.

text: Ikuto Tsukiyomi[edit]

text: Ikuto Tsukiyomi (月詠 イクト, Tsukiyomi Ikuto) is a teenage boy in high school, contracted by Easter to find the Embryo. He often helps Amu even though he works for Easter. Ikuto actually despises Easter and tries to wrench himself free from them by trying to find the Embryo to grant that wish. He possesses the Dumpty Key which pairs with Amu's Humpty Lock which at first did not fit in the keyhole. Like his father, Ikuto is a skilled violinist. He is the current owner of the Dumpty Key, which originally belonged to Aruto, his father, although Tadase's father had it for a little while. His father is presumed to be dead, but Ikuto refuses to believe it and has set out on finding him. As her status as the only daughter of the past president of the Easter Company, his mother was forced to marry the company's director after her husband's violin was found in a foreign country. From her second marriage, she bound her children into working for Easter. Ikuto's personality is aloof, mysterious, and a little naughty. He likes teasing people, especially Amu and Tadase. He is also the older brother of Utau Hoshina. As the series goes on, he grows very strong feelings for Amu — he confessed that he loves her in the same chapter Tadase did, although she believes that he is teasing her. He later surrendered himself to Easter, not wanting to get anyone else involved in the mess he made. In the manga timeline, it is shown he Character Transformed with a new black Guardian Egg to become Death Rebel, shocking Amu. In chapter 38, he Character Transforms with Yoru and the black egg into Seven Seas Treasure. In chapter 39, it's said that Ikuto may have two eggs, one is possibly still inside him. In one of the later chapters, Ikuto calls Amu 'princess' and she replies by asking him to thank her for making him get back to normal. Ikuto swears that this time he will be the one to protect her. In chapter 43, Ikuto confesses to Amu he will never see her again as he is going to search for his father. Ikuto returns for Yukari Sanjo and Yuu Nikaidou's wedding. Amu is very happy and relieved to see him. He promises that he would show Amu sides of him that she has not seen, but only when he returns for her when she is older, he then later kisses her on the nose. At the wedding Ikuto and Amu are seen holding hands and Amu says she knows she can reach the future without letting go of his hand.In the anime television series, Ikuto is voiced by Yūichi Nakamura. He is portrayed by KENN in the musical.

text: Utau Hoshina/Tsukiyomi[edit]

text: Utau Hoshina (ほしな 歌唄, Hoshina Utau) is a junior high student model turned singing idol. She is actually Ikuto's younger sister, Utau Tsukiyomi (月詠 歌唄, Tsukiyomi Utau). Utau had tried to find the Embryo to release her brother from Easter, but she never succeeded. Utau is very attracted to Ikuto and becomes extremely jealous of Amu because Ikuto shows an interest in her. However, she eventually accepts Amu and they become friends. She becomes good friends with Kukai in the anime and manga, and soon starts a relationship with him.

text: She was the vocalist of the indie band "Black Diamond" which is produced by her manager, Yukari Sanjo, as a method of using the CDs of their music to draw the eggs out of children and make them into X Eggs. She only sang in Black Diamond whilst in a chara change with x-Diamond. X-Diamond was found during one of her x-egg withdrawal sessions. Utau mainly uses X-Diamond to extract the heart's egg of other people since X-Diamond can withdraw more x-eggs than Il can and El refuses to do anything. X-Diamond can Character Transform with Utau, and become Dark Jewel, however, the transformation lasts only a short period of time. When the plan fell apart, Utau quit Easter with her manager and became a singer on her own, without Easter contracting her. In the anime television series, Utau is voiced by Nana Mizuki. She is portrayed by Misaki Yonemura in the musical.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text: Minor characters[edit]


document_title: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

question_text: 8. in 1936 which state became the first to be formed on linguistic basis

question_tokens: 8 . in 1936 which state became the first to be formed on linguistic basis

text: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

text: Political integration after independence and the Constitution of 1950[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor-General of India; and the Indian States, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of federalism, which was carried forward into the governance of independent India.

text: On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and  Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.

text: Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution.

text: The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[3] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories:

text:
Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by a governor appointed by the president and an elected state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.
Part B states, which were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The eight Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.
The sole Part D territory[4] was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

tag: ul

text: Movement for linguistic states[edit]

text: The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. A first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in 1895, in what is now Odisha. The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province.[5][6] Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Oriya nationalism, the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936, when Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) to be organised on the basis of common languages.

text: The post-independence period saw the ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines. The movement to create a Telugu-speaking state out of the northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years after independence, and in 1953, the sixteen northern Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of Andhra.

text: During the 1950–1956 period, other small changes were made to state boundaries: the small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954; and Chandernagore, a former enclave of French India, was incorporated into West Bengal in 1955. However, post-independence, the first state to be created on a linguistic basis was Andhra in 1953, created out of the Telugu-speaking northern parts of Madras State.

text: States Reorganisation Commission[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dhar Commission), which was set up in June 1948. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission in December 1953, with the remit to reorganise the Indian states. The new commission was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Fazal Ali; its other two members were H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar. The efforts of the commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as the Home Minister from December 1954.

text: The States Reorganisation Commission submitted a report on September 30, 1955, with recommendations for the reorganisation of India's states, which was then debated by the Indian parliament. Subsequently, bills were passed to make changes to the constitution and to administer the reorganisation of the states.[7]

text: not only thus

text: Related changes by other legislation[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956. Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment was made to the Constitution of India. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction among Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the Union Territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state.

text: A further Act also came into effect on 1 November, transferring certain territories from Bihar to West Bengal.[8]

text: Effect of the changes[edit]

text: The following list sets out the states and union territories of India as reorganised on 1 November 1956:

text: States[edit]

text:
Andhra Pradesh: formed by the merger of Andhra State (1953-56) with the Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (1948–56).
Assam: No change of boundary in 1956.
Bihar: reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal.
Bombay State: the state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. The southernmost districts of the Bombay Presidency were transferred to Mysore State.
Jammu and Kashmir: No change of boundary in 1956.
Kerala: formed by the merger of Travancore-Cochin state with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk of South Canara district of the Madras Presidency. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was transferred to Madras State.
Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal State were merged into Madhya Pradesh; the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division were transferred to Bombay State.
Madras State: Malabar District was transferred to the new state of Kerala, and a new union territory, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, was created. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was added to the state.
Mysore State: enlarged by the addition of Coorg State and the Kannada speaking districts from western Madras Presidency, southern Bombay Presidency and western Hyderabad State.
Orissa: No change of boundary in 1956.
Punjab: enlarged by addition of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union.
Rajasthan: enlarged by the addition of Ajmer state and parts of Bombay and Madhya Bharat states.
Uttar Pradesh: No change of boundary in 1956.
West Bengal: enlarged by addition of minor territory previously forming part of Bihar.

text: Union territories[edit]

text:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal Pradesh
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands


document_title: United States Secretary of Education

question_text: who is the united states secretary of education

text: United States Secretary of Education

text: Function[edit]

text: The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the President's Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession.[2] This Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the U.S. Department of Education.[3]

text: The Secretary is advised by the National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity, an advisory committee, on "matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education."[4]

text: List of Secretaries[edit]

text: Prior to the creation of the Department of Education in 1979, Education was part of the ambit of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

text: Democratic   Republican

text: List of Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare[edit]

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
State of residence
Took office
Left office
President

1

Oveta Culp Hobby
Texas
April 11, 1953
July 31, 1955

Dwight D. Eisenhower

2

Marion B. Folsom
New York
August 2, 1955
July 31, 1958

3

Arthur S. Flemming
Ohio
August 1, 1958
January 19, 1961

4

Abraham A. Ribicoff
Connecticut
January 21, 1961
July 13, 1962

John F. Kennedy

5

Anthony J. Celebrezze
Ohio
July 31, 1962
August 17, 1965

Lyndon B. Johnson

6

John W. Gardner
California
August 18, 1965
March 1, 1968

7

Wilbur J. Cohen
Michigan
May 16, 1968
January 20, 1969

8

Robert H. Finch
California
January 21, 1969
June 23, 1970

Richard Nixon

9

Elliot L. Richardson
Massachusetts
June 24, 1970
January 29, 1973

10

Caspar W. Weinberger
California
February 12, 1973
August 8, 1975

Gerald Ford

11

F. David Mathews
Alabama
August 8, 1975
January 20, 1977

12

Joseph A. Califano Jr.
District of Columbia
January 25, 1977
August 3, 1979

Jimmy Carter

13

Patricia Roberts Harris
District of Columbia
August 3, 1979
May 4, 1980[5]

text: List of Secretaries of Education[edit]

text:
No.
Portrait
name
State of Residence
Took Office
Left Office
President

1

Shirley Hufstedler
California
November 30, 1979
January 20, 1981

Jimmy Carter

2

Terrel Bell
Utah
January 22, 1981
January 20, 1985

Ronald Reagan

William Bennett
New York
February 6, 1985
September 20, 1988

3

4

Lauro Cavazos
Texas
September 20, 1988
December 12, 1990

George H. W. Bush

–

Ted Sanders
Acting
Illinois
December 12, 1990
March 22, 1991

5

Lamar Alexander
Tennessee
March 22, 1991
January 20, 1993

6

Richard Riley
South Carolina
January 21, 1993
January 20, 2001

Bill Clinton

7

Rod Paige
Texas
January 20, 2001
January 20, 2005

George W. Bush

8

Margaret Spellings
Texas
January 20, 2005
January 20, 2009

9

Arne Duncan[6]
Illinois
January 21, 2009
January 1, 2016

Barack Obama

10

John King Jr.[6]
New York
January 1, 2016
March 14, 2016

March 14, 2016
January 20, 2017

–

Phil Rosenfelt
Acting
Virginia
January 20, 2017
February 7, 2017

Donald Trump

11

Betsy DeVos
Michigan
February 7, 2017
Incumbent

text: Living former Secretaries[edit]

text: As of November 2017, there are eight living former Secretaries of Education, the oldest being Lauro Cavazos (served 1988–1990, born 1927).[citation needed] The most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler (served 1979–1981, born 1925) on March 30, 2016.[citation needed] The most recently serving Secretary to die was Terrel Bell (served 1981–1985, born 1921) on June 22, 1996.

text:
Name
Term
Date of birth (and age)

William Bennett
1985–1988
(1943-07-31) July 31, 1943 (age 74)

Lauro Cavazos
1988–1990
(1927-01-04) January 4, 1927 (age 90)

Lamar Alexander
1990-1993
(1940-07-06) July 6, 1940 (age 77)

Richard Riley
1993–2001
(1933-01-02) January 2, 1933 (age 84)

Rod Paige
2001–2005
(1933-06-17) June 17, 1933 (age 84)

Margaret Spellings
2005–2009
(1957-11-30) November 30, 1957 (age 59)

Arne Duncan[6]
2009–2015
(1964-11-06) November 6, 1964 (age 53)

John King Jr.
2016–2017
1975 (age 41–42)


document_title: Ode to My Family

question_text: what is ode to my family by the cranberries about

text: Ode to My Family

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Ode to My Family" is written in the key of D major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute. The entire piece follows the chord progression 4/4 |: D | Bm | F♯m | Gsus2 D/A :| ostinato.[2]

text: Content[edit]

text: The song is about Dolores's yearning for her simple life as a child after having achieved success,[3] and includes a string arrangement composed by O'Riordan.[4]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The single's music video, shot on black-and-white, was directed by Samuel Bayer. Bayer had also directed the band's video for their preceding single, "Zombie".

text: Samuel Bayer stated on his Facebook that the music video "Ode to My Family" was cut by Robert Duffy (video editor), and the "Zombie" video was cut by Eric Zumbrennen.

text: Track listings[edit]

text:
"Ode to My Family"
"So Cold in Ireland"

text:
"Ode to My Family"
"So Cold in Ireland"
"No Need to Argue" (live on the "Later with Jools Holland" BBC TV Programme)
"Dreaming My Dreams" (live on the "Later with Jools Holland" BBC TV Programme)

text:
"Ode to My Family" (live at Feile, Tipperary, 30 July 1994)
"Dreams" (live at Feile, Tipperary, 30 July 1994)
"Ridiculous Thoughts" (live at Feile, Tipperary, 30 July 1994)
"Zombie" (live at Feile, Tipperary, 30 July 1994)

text:
"Ode to My Family" (album version) - 4:32
"So Cold in Ireland" - 4:43
"Dreaming My Dreams" (live on the "Later with Jools Holland" BBC TV Programme) - 3:52
"Zombie" (live at Feile, Tipperary, 30 July 1994) - 5:17

text: Charts and Sales[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1995)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[5]
5

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[6]
18

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[7]
25

France (SNEP)[8]
4

Germany (Official German Charts)[9]
29

Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[10]
1

Ireland (IRMA)[11]
16

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12]
19

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13]
8

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[14]
18

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]
26

US Radio Songs (Billboard)[16]
38

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[17]
35

US Hot Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard)[18]
11

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot Rock Songs[19]
17

US Billboard Rock Digital Song Sales[20]
16

Ireland (IRMA)[21]
46

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1995)
Position

Australian Singles Chart[22]
93

French Singles Chart[23]
28

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification

Australia (ARIA)[22]
Gold


document_title: Cell signaling

question_text: chemical signals that act from cell to cell are called

text: Cell signaling

text: Signaling between cells of one organism and multiple organisms[edit]

text: Cell signaling has been most extensively studied in the context of human diseases and signaling between cells of a single organism. However, cell signaling may also occur between the cells of two different organisms. In many mammals, early embryo cells exchange signals with cells of the uterus.[7] In the human gastrointestinal tract, bacteria exchange signals with each other and with human epithelial and immune system cells.[8] For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mating, some cells send a peptide signal (mating factor pheromones) into their environment. The mating factor peptide may bind to a cell surface receptor on other yeast cells and induce them to prepare for mating.[9]

text: Classification[edit]

text: Cell signaling can be classified to be mechanical and biochemical based on the type of the signal. Mechanical signals are the forces exerted on the cell and the forces produced by the cell. These forces can both be sensed and responded by the cells.[10] Biochemical signals are the biochemical molecules such as proteins, lipids, ions and gases. These signals can be categorized based on the distance between signaling and responder cells. Signaling within, between, and amongst cells is subdivided into the following classifications:

text:
Intracrine signals are produced by the target cell that stay within the target cell.
Autocrine signals are produced by the target cell, are secreted, and affect the target cell itself via receptors. Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell. An example of this are immune cells.
Juxtacrine signals target adjacent (touching) cells. These signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.
Paracrine signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent an example.
Endocrine signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.

text: Cells communicate with each other via direct contact (juxtacrine signaling), over short distances (paracrine signaling), or over large distances and/or scales (endocrine signaling).

text: Some cell–cell communication requires direct cell–cell contact. Some cells can form gap junctions that connect their cytoplasm to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. In cardiac muscle, gap junctions between adjacent cells allows for action potential propagation from the cardiac pacemaker region of the heart to spread and coordinately cause contraction of the heart.

text: The notch signaling mechanism is an example of juxtacrine signaling (also known as contact-dependent signaling) in which two adjacent cells must make physical contact in order to communicate. This requirement for direct contact allows for very precise control of cell differentiation during embryonic development. In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, two cells of the developing gonad each have an equal chance of terminally differentiating or becoming a uterine precursor cell that continues to divide. The choice of which cell continues to divide is controlled by competition of cell surface signals. One cell will happen to produce more of a cell surface protein that activates the Notch receptor on the adjacent cell. This activates a feedback loop or system that reduces Notch expression in the cell that will differentiate and that increases Notch on the surface of the cell that continues as a stem cell.[11]

text: Many cell signals are carried by molecules that are released by one cell and move to make contact with another cell. Endocrine signals are called hormones. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and they travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only some cells can respond to a particular hormone. Paracrine signals such as retinoic acid target only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.[12] Neurotransmitters represent another example of a paracrine signal. Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine can function as hormones when released from the adrenal gland and are transported to the heart by way of the blood stream. Norepinephrine can also be produced by neurons to function as a neurotransmitter within the brain.[13] Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act locally via paracrine or autocrine signaling.[14] Active species of oxygen and nitric oxide can also act as cellular messengers. This process is dubbed redox signaling.

text: Cell signaling in multicellular organisms[edit]

text: In a multicellular organism, signaling between cells occurs either through release into the extracellular space, divided in paracrine signaling (over short distances) and endocrine signaling (over long distances), or by direct contact, known as juxtacrine signaling.[15] Autocrine signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling where the secreting cell has the ability to respond to the secreted signaling molecule.[16] Synaptic signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling (for chemical synapses) or juxtacrine signaling (for electrical synapses) between neurons and target cells. Signaling molecules interact with a target cell as a ligand to cell surface receptors, and/or by entering into the cell through its membrane or endocytosis for intracrine signaling. This generally results in the activation of second messengers, leading to various physiological effects.

text: A particular molecule is generally used in diverse modes of signaling, and therefore a classification by mode of signaling is not possible. At least three important classes of signaling molecules are widely recognized, although non-exhaustive and with imprecise boundaries, as such membership is non-exclusive and depends on the context:

text:
Hormones are the major signaling molecules of the endocrine system, though they often regulate each other's secretion via local signaling (e.g. islet of Langerhans cells), and most are also expressed in tissues for local purposes (e.g. angiotensin) or failing that, structurally related molecules are (e.g. PTHrP).
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules of the nervous system, also including neuropeptides and neuromodulators. Neurotransmitters like the catecholamines are also secreted by the endocrine system into the systemic circulation.
Cytokines are signaling molecules of the immune system, with a primary paracrine or juxtacrine role, though they can during significant immune responses have a strong presence in the circulation, with systemic effect (altering iron metabolism or body temperature). Growth factors can be considered as cytokines or a different class.

text: Signaling molecules can belong to several chemical classes: lipids, phospholipids, amino acids, monoamines, proteins, glycoproteins, or gases. Signaling molecules binding surface receptors are generally large and hydrophilic (e.g. TRH, Vasopressin, Acetylcholine), while those entering the cell are generally small and hydrophobic (e.g. glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, cholecalciferol, retinoic acid), but important exceptions to both are numerous, and a same molecule can act both via surface receptor or in an intracrine manner to different effects.[16] In intracrine signaling, once inside the cell, a signaling molecule can bind to intracellular receptors, other elements, or stimulate enzyme activity (e.g. gasses). The intracrine action of peptide hormones remains a subject of debate.[17]

text: Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the human body and has a number of biological signaling functions. Only two other such gases are currently known to act as signaling molecules in the human body: nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.[18]

text: Receptors for cell motility and differentiation[edit]

text: Cells receive information from their neighbors through a class of proteins known as receptors. Notch is a cell surface protein that functions as a receptor. Animals have a small set of genes that code for signaling proteins that interact specifically with Notch receptors and stimulate a response in cells that express Notch on their surface. Molecules that activate (or, in some cases, inhibit) receptors can be classified as hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors, in general called receptor ligands. Ligand receptor interactions such as that of the Notch receptor interaction, are known to be the main interactions responsible for cell signaling mechanisms and communication.[19]

text: As shown in Figure 2 (above; left), notch acts as a receptor for ligands that are expressed on adjacent cells. While some receptors are cell surface proteins, others are found inside cells. For example, estrogen is a hydrophobic molecule that can pass through the lipid bilayer of the membranes. As part of the endocrine system, intracellular estrogen receptors from a variety of cell types can be activated by estrogen produced in the ovaries.

text: A number of transmembrane receptors[20][21] for small molecules and peptide hormones[22], as well as intracellular receptors for steroid hormones exist, giving cells the ability to respond to a great number of hormonal and pharmacological stimuli. In diseases, often, proteins that interact with receptors are aberrantly activated, resulting in constitutively activated downstream signals.[23]

text: For several types of intercellular signaling molecules that are unable to permeate the hydrophobic cell membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, the target receptor is expressed on the membrane. When such a signaling molecule activates its receptor, the signal is carried into the cell usually by means of a second messenger such as cAMP.[24][25]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2007)

text: Signaling pathways[edit]

text: In some cases, receptor activation caused by ligand binding to a receptor is directly coupled to the cell's response to the ligand. For example, the neurotransmitter GABA can activate a cell surface receptor that is part of an ion channel. GABA binding to a GABAA receptor on a neuron opens a chloride-selective ion channel that is part of the receptor. GABAA receptor activation allows negatively charged chloride ions to move into the neuron, which inhibits the ability of the neuron to produce action potentials. However, for many cell surface receptors, ligand-receptor interactions are not directly linked to the cell's response. The activated receptor must first interact with other proteins inside the cell before the ultimate physiological effect of the ligand on the cell's behavior is produced. Often, the behavior of a chain of several interacting cell proteins is altered following receptor activation. The entire set of cell changes induced by receptor activation is called a signal transduction mechanism or pathway.[26]

text: In the case of Notch-mediated signaling, the signal transduction mechanism can be relatively simple. As shown in Figure 2, activation of Notch can cause the Notch protein to be altered by a protease. Part of the Notch protein is released from the cell surface membrane and takes part in gene regulation. Cell signaling research involves studying the spatial and temporal dynamics of both receptors and the components of signaling pathways that are activated by receptors in various cell types.[citation needed]

text: A more complex signal transduction pathway is shown in Figure 3. This pathway involves changes of protein–protein interactions inside the cell, induced by an external signal. Many growth factors bind to receptors at the cell surface and stimulate cells to progress through the cell cycle and divide. Several of these receptors are kinases that start to phosphorylate themselves and other proteins when binding to a ligand. This phosphorylation can generate a binding site for a different protein and thus induce protein–protein interaction. In Figure 3, the ligand (called epidermal growth factor (EGF)) binds to the receptor (called EGFR). This activates the receptor to phosphorylate itself. The phosphorylated receptor binds to an adaptor protein (GRB2), which couples the signal to further downstream signaling processes. For example, one of the signal transduction pathways that are activated is called the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The signal transduction component labeled as "MAPK" in the pathway was originally called "ERK," so the pathway is called the MAPK/ERK pathway. The MAPK protein is an enzyme, a protein kinase that can attach phosphate to target proteins such as the transcription factor MYC and, thus, alter gene transcription and, ultimately, cell cycle progression. Many cellular proteins are activated downstream of the growth factor receptors (such as EGFR) that initiate this signal transduction pathway.[citation needed]

text: Some signaling transduction pathways respond differently, depending on the amount of signaling received by the cell. For instance, the hedgehog protein activates different genes, depending on the amount of hedgehog protein present.[citation needed]

text: Complex multi-component signal transduction pathways provide opportunities for feedback, signal amplification, and interactions inside one cell between multiple signals and signaling pathways.[citation needed]

text: Intraspecies and interspecies signaling[edit]

text: Molecular signaling can occur between different organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular. The emitting organism produces the signaling molecule, secretes it into the environment, where it diffuses, and it is sensed or internalized by the receiving organism. In some cases of interspecies signaling, the emitting organism can actually be a host of the receiving organism, or vice versa.

text: Intraspecies signaling occurs especially in bacteria, yeast, social insects, but also many vertebrates. The signaling molecules used by multicellular organisms are often called pheromones. They can have such purposes as alerting against danger, indicating food supply, or assisting in reproduction.[27] In unicellular organisms such as bacteria, signaling can be used to 'activate' peers from a dormant state, enhance virulence, defend against bacteriophages, etc.[28] In quorum sensing, which is also found in social insects, the multiplicity of individual signals has the potentiality to create a positive feedback loop, generating coordinated response. In this context, the signaling molecules are called autoinducers.[29][30][31] This signaling mechanism may have been involved in evolution from unicellular to multicellular organisms.[29][32] Bacteria also use contact-dependent signaling, notably to limit their growth.[33]

text: Molecular signaling can also occur between individuals of different species. This has been particularly studied in bacteria.[34][35][36] Different bacterial species can coordinate to colonize a host and participate in common quorum sensing.[37] Therapeutic strategies to disrupt this phenomenon are being investigated.[38][39] Interactions mediated through signaling molecules are also thought to occur between the gut flora and their host, as part of their commensal or symbiotic relationship.[39][40] Gram negative microbes deploy bacterial outer membrane vesicles for intra- and inter-species signaling in natural environments and at the host-pathogen interface.

text: Additionally, interspecies signaling occurs between multicellular organisms. In Vespa mandarinia, individuals release a scent that directs the colony to a food source.[41]


document_title: Middle East

question_text: what is the most common language spoken in the middle east

text: Middle East

text: Terminology

text: The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office.[6] However, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902[7] to "designate the area between Arabia and India".[8][9] During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf.[10][11] He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East, and said that after Egypt's Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India.[12] Mahan first used the term in his article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal.

text: The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf.[13]

text: Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question," written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include "those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India."[14] After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.[15]

text: Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the "Near East", while the "Far East" centered on China,[16] and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma, namely the area between the Near East and the Far East.[citation needed] In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term "Middle East" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States, with the Middle East Institute founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946, among other usage.[17]

text: Criticism and usage

text: The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, "Near East" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while "Middle East" referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. In contrast, "Far East" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, Korea, etc.)

text: With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, "Near East" largely fell out of common use in English, while "Middle East" came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage "Near East" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East).

text: The first official use of the term "Middle East" by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, which pertained to the Suez Crisis. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as "the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia."[16] In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms "Near East" and "Middle East" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.[18]

text: The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. It instructs:

text: Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story. Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred.[19]

text: The term Middle East has also been criticised as Eurocentric ("based on a British Western perception") by Hanafi (1998).[20]

text: Translations

text: There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages, but since it is a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally. In German the term Naher Osten (Near East) is still in common use (nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources, albeit having a distinct meaning) and in Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok, Bulgarian Близкия Изток, Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok (meaning Near East in all the four Slavic languages) remains as the only appropriate term for the region. However, some languages do have "Middle East" equivalents, such as the French Moyen-Orient, Swedish Mellanöstern, Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente, and the Italian Medio Oriente.[note 2]

text: Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ), has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press, comprehending the same meaning as the term "Middle East" in North American and Western European usage. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part).[21] Even though the term originated in the West, apart from Arabic, other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it. The Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه (Khāvar-e miyāneh), the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון (hamizrach hatikhon) and the Turkish is Orta Doğu.

text: Territories and regions

text: Territories and regions usually within the Middle East

text: Traditionally included within the Middle East are Iran (Persia), Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt. In modern-day-country terms they are these:

text:
Country, with flag
Area
(km²)
Population
(2012)
Density
(per km²)
Capital
Nominal GDP[22]
(2012)
Per capita[23]
(2012)
Currency
Government
Official
languages
Coat of arms

 Bahrain
665
1,234,596
1,646.1
Manama
$30.355 billion
$26,368
Bahraini dinar
Absolute monarchy
Arabic

 Cyprus
9,250
1,088,503
117
Nicosia
$22.995 billion
$26,377
Euro
Presidential republic
Greek,
Turkish

 Egypt
1,010,407
72,798,000
90
Cairo
$262.26 billion
$3,179
Egyptian pound
Presidential republic
Egyptian Arabic

 Iran
1,648,195
78,868,711
45
Tehran
$548.59 billion
$7,207
Iranian rial
Islamic republic
Persian

 Iraq
438,317
33,635,000
73.5
Baghdad
$216.04 billion
$6,410
Iraqi dinar
Parliamentary republic
Arabic,
Kurdish

 Israel
20,770
7,653,600
365.3
Jerusalem1
$257.62 billion
$33,451
Israeli shekel
Parliamentary republic
Hebrew,
Arabic

 Jordan
92,300
6,318,677
68.4
Amman
$30.98 billion
$4,843
Jordanian dinar
Constitutional monarchy
Arabic

 Kuwait
17,820
3,566,437
167.5
Kuwait City
$184.54 billion
$48,761
Kuwaiti dinar
Constitutional monarchy
Arabic

 Lebanon
10,452
4,228,000
404
Beirut
$42.519 billion
$10,425
Lebanese pound
Parliamentary republic
Arabic

 Oman
212,460
2,694,094
9.2
Muscat
$78.290 billion
$25,356
Omani rial
Absolute monarchy
Arabic

 Palestine
6,220
4,260,636
667
Ramallah1
$6.6 billion
$1,600
Israeli shekel,
Jordanian dinar
Semi-presidential republic
Arabic

 Qatar
11,437
1,696,563
123.2
Doha
$192.40 billion
$104,756
Qatari riyal
Absolute monarchy
Arabic

 Saudi Arabia
2,149,690
27,136,977
12
Riyadh
$733.95 billion
$25,139
Saudi riyal
Absolute monarchy
Arabic

 Syria
185,180
23,695,000
118.3
Damascus
n/a
n/a
Syrian pound
Presidential republic
Arabic

 Turkey
783,562
73,722,988
94.1
Ankara
$788.04 billion
$10,523
Turkish lira
Parliamentary republic
Turkish

 United Arab Emirates
82,880
8,264,070
97
Abu Dhabi
$383.79 billion
$43,774
UAE dirham
Federal Absolute monarchy
Arabic

 Yemen
527,970
23,580,000
44.7
Sana'a2
Aden (temporary)
$35.05 billion
$1,354
Yemeni rial
Provisional presidential republic
Arabic

Notes: 1 Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel and the actual location of the Knesset, Israeli Supreme Court, and other governmental institutions of Israel. Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem, which is disputed.
2 Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing war. Seat of government moved to Aden.

text: Other definitions of the Middle East

text: Various concepts are often being paralleled to Middle East, most notably Near East, Fertile Crescent and the Levant. Near East, Levant and Fertile Crescent are geographic concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern defined Middle East, with Near East being the closest to Middle East in its geographic meaning.

text: The countries of the South Caucasus—Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia—are occasionally included in definitions of the Middle East.[24]

text: The Greater Middle East was a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century,[25] to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan.[26] Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.[27]

text: History

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Middle East lies at the juncture of Eurasia and Africa and of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Bahá'í Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area.

text: The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia) and ancient Egypt, originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor, Elam in pre-Iranian Persia, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Phoenicia and Israel), Persian and Median civilizations in Iran, North Africa (Carthage/Phoenicia) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires), the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. However, it would be the later Arab Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Arab conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. The Mongols, the Kingdom of Armenia, the Seljuks, the Safavids, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire also dominated the region.

text: The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards.

text: In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. Mass production of oil began around 1945, with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil.[28] Estimated oil reserves, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, are some of the highest in the world, and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries.

text: During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies: NATO and the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other, as they competed to influence regional allies. Of course, besides the political reasons there was also the "ideological conflict" between the two systems. Moreover, as Louise Fawcett argues, among many important areas of contention, or perhaps more accurately of anxiety, were, first, the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region, second, the fact that the region contained some two thirds of the world's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world [...][29] Within this contextual framework, the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites.

text: Demographics

text: Ethnic groups

text: Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by Turkic people. Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Jews, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas.

text: Migration

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East. For the period between the 1970s and 1990s, the Arab states of the PersianGulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt, Yemen and the countries of the Levant, while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between Franceand the majority of North African states." [30] According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13 million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of 35.1 billion USD in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries.[31] In Somalia, the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for Europe, North America and other Middle Eastern countries.

text: Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Israel and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics.

text: A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing racial and or religious persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks.[citation needed] Large numbers of Kurds, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks and Armenians as well as many Mandeans have left nations such as Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Baha'is and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.[citation needed]

text: Religions

text: The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity, are also well represented. Christians represent 40.5% of Lebanon, where the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites. There are also important minority religions like the Bahá'í Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism, and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions, Canaanite religions, Manichaeism, Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects.

text: Languages

text: The five top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, and Hebrew. Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro-Asiatic language family. Persian and Kurdish belong to the Indo-European language family. Turkish belongs to Turkic language family. About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East.

text: Arabic, with all its dialects, are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken Yemen and Oman. Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans. There is also a Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic language.

text: Persian is the second most spoken language. While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others.

text: The third-most widely spoken language, Turkish, is largely confined to Turkey, which is also one of the region's largest and most populous countries, but it is present in areas in neighboring countries. It is a member of the Turkic languages, which have their origins in Central Asia. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran.

text: Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel, the other being Arabic. Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80% of Israel's population, the other 20% using Arabic.

text: English is commonly taught and used as a second language, especially among the middle and upper classes, in countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Kurdistan, Iraq, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.[32][33] It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

text: French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. Maltese, a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is also used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt.

text: Armenian and Greek speakers are also to be found in the region. Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora. Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population, because of emigration in the late 1990s. Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well. The largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel, where as of 1995[update] Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.[note 3][34][35]

text: Bengali, Hindi and Urdu is widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries, such as Saudi Arabia (where 20–25% of the population is South Asian), the United Arab Emirates (where 50–55% of the population is South Asian), and Qatar, which have large numbers of Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian immigrants.

text: Economy

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)

text: Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Overall, as of 2007[update], according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.

text: According to the World Bank's World Development Indicators database published on July 1, 2009, the three largest Middle Eastern economies in 2008 were Turkey ($794,228,000,000), Saudi Arabia ($467,601,000,000) and Iran ($385,143,000,000) in terms of Nominal GDP.[36] Regarding nominal GDP per capita, the highest ranking countries are Qatar ($93,204), the UAE ($55,028), Kuwait ($45,920) and Cyprus ($32,745).[37] Turkey ($1,028,897,000,000), Iran ($839,438,000,000) and Saudi Arabia ($589,531,000,000) had the largest economies in terms of GDP-PPP.[38] When it comes to per capita (PPP)-based income, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($86,008), Kuwait ($39,915), the UAE ($38,894), Bahrain ($34,662) and Cyprus ($29,853). The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of per capita income (PPP), is the autonomous Palestinian Authority of Gaza and the West Bank ($1,100).

text: The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt). Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain.

text: With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East. In recent years, however, countries such as the UAE, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater number of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies.

text: Unemployment is notably high in the Middle East and North Africa region, particularly among young people aged 15–29, a demographic representing 30% of the region's total population. The total regional unemployment rate in 2005, according to the International Labour Organization, was 13.2%,[39] and among youth is as high as 25%,[40] up to 37% in Morocco and 73% in Syria.[41]

text: Gallery

text:
Abu Dhabi - UAE

Amman - Jordan

Ankara - Turkey

Baghdad - Iraq

Beirut - Lebanon

Cairo - Egypt

Damascus - Syria

Doha - Qatar

Dubai - UAE

Istanbul - Turkey

Jerusalem - Israel

Kuwait City - Kuwait

Manama - Bahrain

Mecca - Saudi Arabia

Muscat, Oman

Ramallah - Palestine

Riyadh - Saudi Arabia

Sana'a - Yemen

Tabriz - Iran

Tehran - Iran

Tel Aviv - Israel