document_title: Electrochemical gradient

question_text: what uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of atp

text: Electrochemical gradient

text: Overview[edit]

text: Electrochemical potential is important in electroanalytical chemistry and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells. It represents one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved.

text: In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, respectively.[2]

text: An electrochemical gradient has two components. First, the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membrane. Second, a chemical component is caused by a differential concentration of ions across the membrane. The combination of these two factors determines the thermodynamically favourable direction for an ion's movement across a membrane.[1][3]

text: An electrochemical gradient is analogous to the water pressure across a hydroelectric dam. Membrane transport proteins such as the sodium-potassium pump within the membrane are equivalent to turbines that convert the water's potential energy to other forms of physical or chemical energy, and the ions that pass through the membrane are equivalent to water that ends up at the bottom of the dam. Also, energy can be used to pump water up into the lake above the dam. In similar manner, chemical energy in cells can be used to create electrochemical gradients.[4][5]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: The term is typically applied in contexts wherein a chemical reaction is to take place, such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a battery electrode. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction (see also Electrode potential and Table of standard electrode potentials). In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes, the potential is often expressed in units of volts. See: Concentration cell.

text: Biological context[edit]

text: The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and sensory processes. By convention, a typical animal cell has a transmembrane electrical potential of -50 mV to -70 mV inside the cell relative to the outside.[6]

text: Electrochemical gradients also play a role in establishing proton gradients in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain. Four complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion make up the electron transport chain. However, only complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space (IMS). In total, there are ten protons translocated from the matrix to the IMS which generates an electrochemical potential of more than 200mV. This drives the flux of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase which produces ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP.[7] Thus, generation of a proton electrochemical gradient is crucial for energy production in mitochondria.[8] The total equation for the electron transport chain is:

text: Similar to the electron transport chain, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation. Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II (PSII), plastiquinone, and cytochrome b6f complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient. For each four photons absorbed by PSII, eight protons are pumped into the lumen.[10] The total equation for photophosphorylation is shown:

text: Several other transporters and ion channels play a role in generating a proton electrochemical gradient. One is TPK3, a potassium channel that is activated by Ca2+ and conducts K+ from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma which helps establish the pH gradient. On the other hand, the electro-neutral K+ efflux antiporter (KEA3) transports K+ into the thylakoid lumen and H+ into the stroma which helps establish the electric field.[12]

text: Ion gradients[edit]

text: Since the ions are charged, they cannot pass through the membrane via simple diffusion. Two different mechanisms can transport the ions across the membrane: active or passive transport. An example of active transport of ions is the Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA). NKA catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate and for every molecule of ATP hydrolized, three Na+ are transported outside and two K+ are transported inside the cell. This makes the inside of the cell more negative than the outside and more specifically generates a Vm of about -60mV.[5] An example of passive transport is ion fluxes through Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− channels. These ions tend to move down their concentration gradient. For example, since there is a high concentration of Na+ outside the cell, Na+ will flow through the Na+ channel into the cell. Since the electric potential inside the cell is negative, the influx of a positive ion depolarizes the membrane which brings the transmembrane electric potential closer to zero. However, Na+ will continue moving down its concentration gradient as long as the effect of the chemical gradient is greater than the effect of the electrical gradient. Once the effect of both gradients are equal (for Na+ this at a Vm of about +70mV), the influx of Na+ stops because the driving force (ΔG) is zero. The equation for the driving force is:[13][14]

text:
Δ
G
=
R
T
l
n
(

C

i
n

/

C

o
u
t

)
+
Z
F

V

m

{\displaystyle \Delta G=RTln(C_{in}/C_{out})+ZFV_{m}}

[6]

text: In this equation, R represents the gas constant, T represents absolute temperature, Z is the ionic charge, and F represents the Faraday constant.[15]

text: Proton gradients[edit]

text: Proton gradients in particular are important in many different types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase, flagellar rotation, or transport of metabolites.[16] This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells: bacteriorhodopsin and noncyclic photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

text: Bacteriorhodopsin[edit]

text: The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a proton gradient in Archaea is through a proton pump. The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H+ concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H+ concentration. In bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pump is activated by absorption of photons of 568 nm wavelength which leads to isomerization of the Schiff base (SB) in retinal forming the K state. This moves SB away from Asp85 and Asp212, causing H+ transfer from the SB to Asp85 forming the M1 state. The protein then shifts to the M2 state by separating Glu204 from Glu194 which releases a proton from Glu204 into the external medium. The SB is reprotonated by Asp96 which forms the N state. It is important that the second proton comes from Asp96 since its deprotonated state is unstable and rapidly reprotonated with a proton from the cytosol. The protonation of Asp85 and Asp96 causing re-isomerization of the SB forming the O state. Finally, bacteriorhodopsin returns to its resting state when Asp85 releases its proton to Glu204.[16][17]

text: Photophosphorylation[edit]

text: PSII also relies on light to drive the formation of proton gradients in chloroplasts, however PSII utilizes vectorial redox chemistry to achieve this goal. Rather than physically transporting protons through the protein, reactions requiring the binding of protons will occur on the extracellular side while reactions requiring the release of protons will occur on the intracellular side. Absorption of photons of 680 nm wavelength is used to excite two electrons in P680 to a higher energy level. These higher energy electrons are transferred to protein-bound plastoquinone (PQA) and then to unbound plastoquinone (PQB). This reduces plastoquinone (PQ) to plastoquinol (PQH2) which is released from PSII after gaining two protons from the stroma. The electrons in P680 are replenished by oxidizing water through the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). This results in release of O2 and H+ into the lumen.[16] The total reaction is shown:

text:
4

p
h
o
t
o
n
s
(
680
n
m
)

+

2

H

2

O

+

2
P
Q

+

4

H

+

(
s
t
r
o
m
a
)
⟶

O

2

+

2
P
Q

H

2

+

4

H

+

(
l
u
m
e
n
)

{\displaystyle 4\ photons(680nm)\ +\ 2H_{2}O\ +\ 2PQ\ +\ 4H^{+}(stroma)\longrightarrow O_{2}\ +\ 2PQH_{2}\ +\ 4H^{+}(lumen)}

[16]

text: After being released from PSII, PQH2 travels to the cytochrome b6f complex which then transfers two electrons from PQH2 to plastocyanin in two separate reactions. The process that occurs is similar to the Q-cycle in Complex III of the electron transport chain. In the first reaction, PQH2 binds to the complex on the lumen side and one electron is transferred to the iron-sulfur center which then transfers it to cytochrome f which then transfers it to plastocyanin. The second electron is transferred to heme bL which then transfers it to heme bH which then transfers it to PQ. In the second reaction, a second PQH2 gets oxidized, adding an electron to another plastocyanin and PQ. Both reactions together transfer four protons into the lumen.[18][19]

text: Oxidative Phosphorylation[edit]

text: In the electron transport chain, Complex I (CI) catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone (UQ) to ubiquinol (UQH2) by the transfer of two electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which translocates four protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS:[20]

text:
N
A
D
H
+

H

+

+
U
Q
+
4

H

+

(
m
a
t
r
i
x
)
⟶
N
A

D

+

+
U
Q

H

2

+
4

H

+

(
I
M
S
)

{\displaystyle NADH+H^{+}+UQ+4H^{+}(matrix)\longrightarrow NAD^{+}+UQH_{2}+4H^{+}(IMS)}

[20]

text: Complex III (CIII) catalyzes the Q-cycle. The first step involving the transfer of two electrons from the UQH2 reduced by CI to two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c at the Qo site. In the second step, two more electrons reduce UQ to UQH2 at the Qi site.[20] The total reaction is shown:

text:
2

c
y
t
o
c
h
r
o
m
e

c

(
o
x
i
d
i
z
e
d
)

+

U
Q

H

2

+

2

H

+

(
m
a
t
r
i
x
)
⟶
2

c
y
t
o
c
h
r
o
m
e

c

(
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
)

+

U
Q

+

4

H

+

(
I
M
S
)

{\displaystyle 2\ cytochrome\ c\ (oxidized)\ +\ UQH_{2}\ +\ 2H^{+}\ (matrix)\longrightarrow 2\ cytochrome\ c\ (reduced)\ +\ UQ\ +\ 4H^{+}\ (IMS)}

[20]

text: Complex IV (CIV) catalyzes the transfer of two electrons from the cytochrome c reduced by CIII to one half of a full oxygen. Utilizing one full oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation requires the transfer of four electrons. The oxygen will then consume four protons from the matrix to form water while another four protons are pumped into the IMS.[20] The total reaction is shown:

text:
2

c
y
t
o
c
h
r
o
m
e

c

(
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
)

+

4

H

+

(
m
a
t
r
i
x
)

+

1

/

2

O

2

⟶
2

c
y
t
o
c
h
r
o
m
e

c

(
o
x
i
d
i
z
e
d
)

+

2

H

+

(
I
M
S
)

+

H

2

O

{\displaystyle 2\ cytochrome\ c\ (reduced)\ +\ 4H^{+}\ (matrix)\ +\ 1/2\ O_{2}\longrightarrow 2\ cytochrome\ c\ (oxidized)\ +\ 2H^{+}\ (IMS)\ +\ H_{2}O}

[20]


document_title: Green Eggs and Ham

question_text: who are the characters in green eggs and ham

root

text: Green Eggs and Ham

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: A character named "Sam-I-am" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, "I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am." He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, "I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am."

tag: p

text: Background[edit]

text: Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss's "Beginner Books", written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers. The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 different words[3] and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf, Dr. Seuss's publisher.[3][4][5] that Seuss (after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words)[6] could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit. The 50 words are: a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you.[3]

text: Reception and cultural impact[edit]

text: Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12, 1960.[7][8] By 2001, it had become the fourth-best selling English-language children's hardcover book of all time.[9][10] As of 2014, the book has sold 8 million copies. In 1999 the National Education Association (NEA) conducted an online survey of children and teachers, seeking the 100 most popular children's books. The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third, just above another Dr. Seuss book, The Cat in the Hat.[11] The teachers ranked it fourth.[12] Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll.[13] Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it #7 among the "100 Greatest Books for Kids" in 2012.[14] That same year, it was ranked number 12 among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal – the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list.[15]

text: The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21, 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet. Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss.[16][17] Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare.[18] Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story.[19]

text: On September 29, 1991, following Dr. Seuss' death earlier that week, the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment.[20]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose, which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat, in 1973. (The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two.)
The song "Green Eggs and Ham" was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story.
The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC. Although similar there were differences to reflect the new media such as Sam-I-Am sings his opening lines.
An upcoming animated television series based on the book, Green Eggs and Ham, will premiere on Netflix in 2018, produced by Warner Bros. Animation, A Very Good Production, A Stern Talking To, Random House Children's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television.[21]
The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live-action in a stage-play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss.

tag: ul

text: Temporary ban[edit]

text: In 1965, the book was banned in the People's Republic of China for its "portrayal of early Marxism".[22] The ban was lifted in 1991, following Seuss' death.[23]

text: Selected translations[edit]

text:
לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב (Lo ra'ev ve-lo ohev, 1960, Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661)
Huevos verdes con jamón (1960, Spanish, ISBN 1880507013)
Groene eieren met ham (1960s, Dutch, ISBN 9024002966)
火腿加綠蛋 (Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn, 1992, Chinese, ISBN 9573211254)
Prosciutto e uova verdi (2002, Italian, ISBN 880902446X)
Virent ova! Viret perna! (2003, Latin, ISBN 0865165556)
Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone? (2004, Polish, ISBN 8372781249)
Les œufs verts au jambon (2009, French, ISBN 9781569756881)
Grünes Ei mit Speck (2011, German, ISBN 9783596854417)


document_title: Typhoon Haiyan

question_text: when did typhoon haiyan hit the philippines 2013

question_tokens: when did typhoon haiyan hit the philippines 2013

text: Typhoon Haiyan

text: Meteorological history[edit]

text: On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure area about 425 kilometers (265 miles) east-southeast of Pohnpei, one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia.[nb 1] As the system moved through a region favoring tropical cyclogenesis,[9] the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression early on November 3.[10][nb 2]

text: The system quickly intensified into a tropical storm, prompting the JMA to assign it the name Haiyan (Chinese: 海燕; literally: "petrel") at 0000 UTC on November 4.[10] Tracking generally westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge,[12] rapid intensification ensued by November 5 as a central dense overcast with an embedded eye developing; the JMA classified Haiyan as a typhoon later that day.[10] On November 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility.[13]

text: Intensification slowed somewhat during the day, though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC.[nb 3][15] Later, the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau.[16]

text: Around 1200 UTC on November 7, Haiyan attained ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg).[10] Six hours later, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph) and gusts up to 380 km/h (235 mph).[17] The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone, though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system.[17]

text: At 2040 UTC on November 7, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at peak intensity.[18] The JTWC's unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) would, by that measure, make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land.[19] Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm's structure, though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa, Leyte around 2300 UTC.[20] The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas:[21] Daanbantayan, Bantayan Island, Concepcion, and Busuanga Island.

text: Haiyan, with its core disrupted by interaction with the Philippines, emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8.[22] Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable, as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation.[23] Continuing across the South China Sea, Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward.[24] Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam,[25] ultimately striking the country near Haiphong around 2100 UTC as a severe tropical storm.[10] Once onshore, the storm quickly diminished and was last noted as it dissipated over Guangxi Province, China, on November 11.[10]

text: Preparations[edit]

text: Micronesia and Palau[edit]

text: Upon JTWC's declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3, a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon, Losap, and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia. Further west, Faraulep, Satawal, and Woleai, were placed under a typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch.[26] The following day, the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai.[27] Much of Yap State and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch.[28] The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel, and although most residents ignored the warning, they all survived the storm.[16] As Haiyan progressed westward, the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued.[28] As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5, warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State.[29][30] Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau.[31] Despite mandatory evacuation orders, most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out the typhoon.[32]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Shortly before Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 6, PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) No.1, the lowest of four levels, for much of the Visayas and Mindanao.[33] As the storm continued to approach the country, warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas.[34] By the evening of November 7, PSWS No. 4, the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km/h (115 mph) are expected, was raised for Biliran Island, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Cebu, Metro Cebu, Samar, and Southern Leyte.[35][36] Through November 8, the coverage of PSWS No. 4 continued to expand, with areas in southern Luzon being included.[37]

text: Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm.[38] In the provinces of Samar and Leyte, classes were canceled, and residents in flood- and landslide-prone areas were required to evacuate.[39] Some of the storm-threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol.[40] Then-Philippine President Noynoy Aquino requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected.[41] As Haiyan was moving very fast, PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces, including the capital Metro Manila.[42] On November 8, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, providing widespread charitable satellite coverage to relief organizations.[43]

text: Southern China[edit]

text: The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi. All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on November 9.[44] The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19:10 HKT on November 9,[45] and it was still in place on November 13.[46]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: On November 8, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung activated the highest state of preparedness in the country.[47] Approximately 600,000 people across southern and central provinces were evacuated while a further 200,000 were evacuated in northern provinces. Alerts were sent to 85,328 seagoing vessels, with a collective crew of 385,372 people, to sail to safer waters away from the storm. Requests were sent to China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines to aid any fishermen who needed immediate shelter from the typhoon.[48] Threatening Vietnam after two other typhoons, Wutip and Nari, there were concerns that the storm would cause significant damage to homes with makeshift repairs.[49] Roughly 460,000 military personnel and other authorities were mobilized to assist in evacuation efforts.[48] Hundreds of flights were canceled across the country while schools were closed on November 11. On the small island of Cồn Cỏ, all residents were moved to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days.[50] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) branches in Vietnam prepared relief stockpiles, consisting of food, water, housing material, and ₫6.6 billion (US$310,000) in funds.[48] The local United Nations Resident Coordinator, Pratibha Mehta, praised the government's actions and credited them with saving numerous lives.[47] However, there were complaints from many residents that the warnings came too late.[50]

text: Impact[edit]

text:
Fatalities by country

Country
Deaths
Missing

Philippines
6,300
1,061

China
11
9

Vietnam
10
4

Taiwan
8
0

Total
6,329
1,074

tag: table

text: Micronesia and Palau[edit]

text: On Kayangel in Palau, a high storm surge damaged several houses,[31] while strong winds downed trees.[16] Despite residents' refusal to evacuate, no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island. Helicopters were flown to the island to survey damage and provide relief supplies. The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island.[32] Koror, Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power.[16] In Koror, winds reaching as high as 120 km/h (75 mph) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines. A causeway linking an offshore hospital to the main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water.[51] On the northern end of Babeldaob, Haiyan damaged schools and buildings.[31] Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon's passage, Kayangel was flooded in its entirety, and all homes were destroyed. Though no people were killed there, 69 others were displaced by the storm.[51]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: This article about a catastrophe contains content that is written like a promotional piece. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Effects of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in the Philippines

[hide]Casualties

Region
Dead
Injured
Missing

CALABARZON (IV-A)
3
4
0

MIMAROPA (IV-B)
19
61
24

Bicol Region (V)
6
21
0

Western Visayas (VI)
294
2,068
27

Central Visayas (VII)
74
348
5

Eastern Visayas (VIII)
5,877
26,186
1,005

Zamboanga Peninsula (IX)
1
1
0

Caraga (XIII)
1
0
0

Total
6,300
28,689
1,061

[hide]Damages

Amount

in PH₱
in US$

Productive
21,833,622,975.09
499,969,224.19

Infrastructure
9,584,596,305.69
219,478,150.03

Social
55,110,825,740.69
1,261,985,554.18

Cross-Sectoral
3,069,023,613.41
70,277,725.17

Total damages[nb 4]
89,598,068,634.88
2,051,710,653.57

SOURCE: Data gathered from the last update by National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) as of April 17, 2014.[3]

text:
[show]Costliest Philippine typhoons

Rank
Name
Year
PHP
USD

1
Haiyan (Yolanda)
2013
89.6 billion
2.02 billion

2
Bopha (Pablo)
2012
42.2 billion
1.04 billion

3
Rammasun (Glenda)
2014
38.6 billion
871 million

4
Parma (Pepeng)
2009
27.3 billion
608 million

5
Nesat (Pedring)
2011
15 billion
333 million

6
Fengshen (Frank)
2008
13.5 billion
301 million

7
Koppu (Lando)
2015
11 billion
236 million

8
Megi (Juan)
2010
11 billion
255 million

9
Ketsana (Ondoy)
2009
11 billion
244 million

10
Mike (Ruping)
1990
10.8 billion
241 million

Sources

Destructive Typhoons from 1970 until 2003 by NDRRMC.
Situation Report No. 50 of the Effects of TS Ondoy and TY Pepeng by NDRRMC.
Situation Report No. 27 of the Effects of TS Juan by NDRRMC.
Situation Report No. 38 of the Effects of TY Pablo by the NDRRMC.
NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA (HAIYAN)
NDRRMC FINAL REPORT re Effects of Typhoon "GLENDA" (RAMMASUN)
SitRep No.26 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon LANDO (KOPPU)

v
t
e

text:
[show]Deadliest Philippine typhoons

Rank
Typhoon
Year
Deaths

1
September 1881 Typhoon
1881
7004200000000000000♠20,000

2
Haiyan (Yolanda)
2013
7003630000000000000♠6,300

3
Thelma (Uring)
1991
7003510000000000000♠5,100

4
Bopha (Pablo)
2012
7003190100000000000♠1,901

5
"Angela Typhoon"
1867
7003180000000000000♠1,800

6
Winnie
2004
7003161900000000000♠1,619

7
October 1897 Typhoon
1897
7003150000000000000♠1,500

8
Ike (Nitang)
1984
7003136300000000000♠1,363

9
Washi (Sendong)
2011
7003126800000000000♠1,268

10
Trix
1952
7002995000000000000♠995

Sources

Philippine Storm Surge History by Project NOAH of PAGASA.
Deadliest typhoons in the Philippines article published by ABS-CBN News on November 8, 2013.
Worst Typhoons in the Philippines according to Typhoon 2000.
NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA (HAIYAN) by the NDRRMC on April 15, 2014.
Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera and Luis Gimeno (July 2008). "Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 63 (7): 196. doi:10.1002/wea.275.

v
t
e

text: Typhoon Haiyan, called Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, caused catastrophic damage throughout much of the islands of Leyte, where cities and towns were largely destroyed.[53] As of April 17, 2016, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) confirmed 6,300 fatalities across the country, 5,877 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas.[3] The true death toll remains unclear, being claimed to be at least 10,000 by some victims from Tacloban City, Leyte. As of November 13, 2015, the Philippine Red Cross estimated that 22,000 people were missing.

text: In Surigao City, 281.9 mm (11.10 in) of rainfall was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours.[54] Storm surges were also recorded in many places. In the island of Leyte and Samar, PAGASA measured 5–6 meter (15–19 ft) waves.[55] In Tacloban, Leyte, the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m (17 ft) storm surge up to the height of the second story.[56] Along the airport, a storm surge of 4 m (13 ft) was estimated.[57] Waves of 4.6 m (15 ft) were also estimated.[58] On the western coast of Samar, the storm surge was not as significant.[59]

text: Haiyan's first landfall was at Guiuan in Eastern Samar, where the typhoon touched down at 4:40am.[60][61] Nearly all structures in the township suffered at least partial damage, many of which were completely flattened.[62] For several days following Haiyan's first landfall, the damage situation in the fishing town remained unclear due to lack of communication in and out of the area.[63] The damage could finally be assessed after Philippine Air Force staff arrived in Guiuan on November 10.[64] Prior to this, a local priest was able to take his motorbike from Guiuan to the towns of Cabalogan and Calbayog (also in Samar) armed with photos of the devastation, shot on his mobile phone.[65]

text: There was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban City especially in San Jose, with many buildings being destroyed, trees knocked over or broken, and cars piled up.[58] The low-lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city were hardest hit, with some areas completely washed away. Flooding also extended for 1 km (0.62 mi) inland on the east coast of the province.[58] City administrator Tecson John Lim stated that roughly 90 percent of the city had been destroyed.[53] Journalists on the ground have described the devastation as, "off the scale, and apocalyptic".[66] Most families in Samar and Leyte lost some family members or relatives; families came in from outlying provinces looking for relatives, especially children, who may have been washed away.[67] The entire first floor of the Tacloban City Convention Center, which was serving as an evacuation shelter, was submerged by storm surge. Many residents in the building were caught off-guard by the fast rising waters and subsequently drowned or were injured in the building.[68]

text: Although wind speeds were extreme, the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been storm surge. The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte, with a particular focus on Tacloban, because of its location between Samar and Leyte, and the large population in low-lying areas.[59] Philippine Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming, with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris.[69]

text: Sebastian Rhodes Stampa, head of a UN disaster assessment co-ordination team, said there was "destruction on a massive scale" in Tacloban. "There are cars thrown like tumbleweed and the streets are strewn with debris. The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the [2004] Indian Ocean tsunami."[58] There is little communication in the city, and no mobile phone coverage. Up the east coast of the Leyte there are numerous towns and villages that are completely cut off without any assistance. Large parts of Leyte and Samar are without power and may have no power for a month.[66]

text: The storm crossed the Visayas region for almost a day, causing widespread flooding. In Cebu and Bohol, struck by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake two weeks before, cities were also severely devastated.[70] During the morning of November 8, media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan. However, before afternoon, all communications on the Visayas region failed. The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting DILG Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Tacloban City to plan relief.[71] Widespread power interruptions, landslides and flash floods were also reported. Major roads were blocked by trees, and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled. Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9. Ferries were affected. Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9, but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage.[72]

text: China and Taiwan[edit]

text: Typhoon Haiyan reached Hainan Province, where severe damage took place and six people were killed in various incidents.[73] The hardest hit area was Qionghai, where roughly 3,500 people across 20 villages were isolated due to extensive flooding.[74] Direct economic losses in Hainan amounted to ¥4.9 billion (US$803 million).[73] In Guangxi Province to the north, heavy rains up to 380 mm (15 in) fell and wind gusts reached 100 km/h (60 mph).[75] An estimated 1.21 million people were affected, of whom 26,300 were evacuated. Two people died while four others went missing after a car fell off a flooded road into a river near Beihai.[76] Losses throughout Guangxi amounted to ¥275 million (US$45 million).[73][75] Approximately 900 homes and 25,500 hectares of crops were destroyed, while 8,500 homes were damaged. Additionally, an estimated 3 million people were affected by the storm throughout Southern China.[77] A cargo ship broke moorings at Sanya on November 8;[78] three members of the crew drowned while four others went missing.[75] One person also went missing off the coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong.[79]

text: Along the coast of New Taipei, 16 people were swept out to sea by three 8 m (26 ft) waves. After several hours of search and rescue, eight were hospitalized while the other eight drowned. This was considered the largest loss of life from waves in Taiwan in several years.[80]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Haiyan made landfall as a severe tropical storm in Quảng Ninh Province on November 10 and produced high winds and widespread heavy rainfall which affected northern Vietnam.[81] Rainfall totals of up to 461 mm (18.1 in) and wind gusts of up to 147 km/h (91 mph) were recorded.[81] Ten people were killed while they were preparing for Haiyan's landfall, while no one was killed after the system made landfall; however, 4 people are missing in Quảng Ninh Province.[81]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Due to extensive damage and high death toll, PAGASA announced that the name Yolanda would be stricken off the typhoon naming lists.[82][83] PAGASA chose the name Yasmin to replace Yolanda for the 2017 season. During their 2014 annual session the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee announced that the name Haiyan would also be retired from its naming lists on January 1, 2015, and was therefore replaced by the name Bailu.[84]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: By November 11, the provinces of Aklan, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Leyte, Palawan, and Samar, were placed under a state of national calamity, allowing the government to use state funds for relief and rehabilitation and to control prices of basic goods.[85] Additionally, approximately ₱30.6 million (US$700,000) had been allocated in relief assistance by the NDRRMC. Local and national agencies deployed a collective 18,177 personnel, 844 vehicles, 44 seagoing vessels, and 31 aircraft for various operations.[3] CBCP also declared 8 days of mourning for victims of the typhoon on the same date.[86]

text: World Health Organization Representative in the Philippines Dr Julie Hall noted that while many survivors requiring medical attention in the first week suffer from trauma and fractures, the concern shifts toward chronic conditions as the weeks pass. The WHO coordinated the massive international response to help the Philippine government meet the acute need for healthcare services in the affected areas.[87]

text: Extreme damage to infrastructure throughout the region posed logistical problems that greatly slowed relief efforts. Though aid was flown into local airports, most of it remained there as roads remained closed.[88] According to estimates on November 13, only 20 percent of the affected population in Tacloban City was receiving aid. With lack of access to clean water, some residents dug up water pipes and boiled water from there in order to survive. Thousands of people sought to evacuate the city via C-130 cargo planes, however, the slow process fueled further aggravation. Reports of escaped prisoners raping women in the city prompted a further urgency to evacuate. One resident was quoted as saying "Tacloban is a dead city."[53] Due to the lack of electricity, planes could only operate during the daylight, further slowing the evacuations. At dawn on November 12, thousands of people broke through fences and rushed planes only to be forced back by police and military personnel. A similar incident occurred later that day as a U.S. cargo plane was landing.[89]

text: On November 14, a correspondent from the BBC reported Tacloban to be a "war zone," although the situation soon stabilized when the presence of government law enforcement was increased. Safety concerns prompted several relief agencies to back out of the operation, and some United Nations staff were pulled out for safety reasons. A message circulating among the agencies urged them to not go into Tacloban for this reason.[90] On the west coast of Leyte Island, residents in Ormoc were fearing that the focus on Tacloban City would leave them without aid. Though not as hard hit, roughly 90 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed and supplies were running low. Hospitals in the city were either shut down or working at partial capacity, leaving many of the nearly 2,000 injured in the city without medical assistance. In nearby Baybay, lack of assistance fueled anger and incited looting for survival.[91]

text: In the coastal community Guiuan, which took the full brunt of the typhoon, Mayor Christopher Gonzalez is credited with saving countless lives after he incessantly urged residents to evacuate. He referred to the storm as "delubyo (deluge)," which roughly translates to Armageddon. Of the town's 45,000 residents, 87 died, 931 were injured, and 23 others were listed as missing. U.S. Navy Capt. Russell Hays, a medical officer, estimated that a storm of Haiyan's caliber could have killed as many as 4,500 in Guiuan alone had it not been for the mayor's efforts.[92]

text: On November 18, the government of the Philippines launched an online portal, called the Foreign Aid Transparency Hub (FaiTH), that provides the public a transparency view of the funds and other aids received by the government from the international community.[93][94]

text: To lead the management and rehabilitation efforts of the central provinces in the Philippines affected by Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines President Benigno Aquino III appointed Panfilo Lacson as Typhoon Haiyan Rehabilation Czar.[95]

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Typhoon Haiyan knocked over Power Barge 103 of NAPOCOR in Estancia, Iloilo causing an oil spill.[96][97][98][99] As a result of the typhoon, the government is planning to replant mangroves in coastal areas while preserving the remaining ones.[100] Affected residents were allowed to return to their homes by the Department of Health on December 7, 2013 after an air quality test found out that benzene levels in affected areas reached near-zero parts per million. Earlier, residents were asked to evacuate affected areas as the benzene levels had reached unhealthy amounts.[101]

text: Looting and violence[edit]

text: Throughout Tacloban City, widespread looting took place in the days following Haiyan's passage. In some instances, relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city. Two of the city's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting. A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist.[102] Security checkpoints had since been set up all over Tacloban and a curfew was imposed on residents to prevent more attacks.[103] Philippine military forces also prevented members of the New People's Army from ambushing a relief convoy bound for Samar in Matnog, Sorsogon, killing two.[104] President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order in affected areas.[105][106]

text: Looting intensified as slow recovery efforts forced residents to seek any means necessary to survive. Tacloban city administrator Tecson John Lim stated, "The looting is not criminality. It is self-preservation." The Chicago Tribune reported that some areas were on the brink of anarchy, though Interior Secretary Mar Roxas denied such claims.[53] Further complicating efforts to retain order was the lack of officers reporting for work. In Tacloban, only 100 of the city's 1,300 police personnel reported for duty.[89] In Alangalang, just west of Tacloban, eight people were crushed to death after the walls of a warehouse collapsed during a raid on a government rice stockpile. Approximately 33,000 bags of rice, each weighing 50 kg (110 lb), were stolen. Warehouses were also raided in Jaro and Palo. Throughout the city of Tacloban itself, people began looting from homes as stores had been completely emptied.[53]

text: Criticism of government response[edit]

text: Condemnations of slow government action in the relief effort in response to the typhoon mounted days after the storm had passed. Media reports criticized the Aquino administration for apparent lack of preparation and coordination among government agencies in the aid operation.[107][108] Up until November 12, five days after the typhoon struck, survivors continued to struggle with basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter while remote towns in Leyte and Samar were yet to be reached by aid.[109] The Philippine government responded by saying that they have dealt with the tragedy "quite well" but the response had been slow due to the breakdown of the local governance in affected areas where officials and employees, who were usually the first to respond in these events, were victims of the typhoon themselves.[110] Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras said that the national government had to take over despite logistical challenges and assured it is working toward providing aid the quickest way possible to the survivors.[111] The national Government was also criticized for putting the responsibility of handling the dead to the Bureau of Fire instead to the Department of Health. Dr. Racquel Fortun, one of the forensic experts to go to the area three days after the typhoon insisted that handling of the bodies is a health matter and therefore a responsibility of DOH.[112]

text: One of the biggest controversies of Typhoon Haiyan is probably the number of the victims or the body count. According to the Philippine government sources, the number of those killed during the typhoon ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 individuals while some sources claim that the body count reaches up to 15,000.[113][114][115]

text: Humanitarian crisis and population displacement[edit]

text: The Philippines faced a humanitarian crisis days after the typhoon hit much of the Visayas with 1.9 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced.[116] In Tacloban alone, ninety percent of the structures are either destroyed or damaged while other cities, such as Ormoc, are reporting similar damage.[117] The United Nations fear that the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food, water, shelter, and medication. Casualties have been reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas and the number of dead is likely to rise.[118]

text: As a result of the damage in Tacloban and much of Leyte, thousands of people who once lived in the area left and made their way into less affected areas such as Cebu and Manila.[119] Catbalogan reported that their population more than doubled after the typhoon with the influx of refugees into the city.[120] Around 20,000 people have fled to Manila as a result of the storm.[121]

text: International response[edit]

text:
Summary of international relief efforts in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan

Country
Cash donation
(in US dollars)
Humanitarian aid and supplies
Other aid
Source

 Australia
7007700000000000000♠$70 million
Emergency and humanitarian supplies.
Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy deployed with Australian Medical Assistance Team and supplies.
[122][123]
[124]

 Bahrain

90 tons of relief supplies.

[125]

 Bangladesh
7006100000000000000♠$1 million

[126]

 Belgium
7005677000000000000♠$677 thousand
Humanitarian aid.
Field hospital, water purification system, 5 medical doctors, 13 nurses, and 10 logistic personnel.
[127]

 Brunei

Humanitarian aid and relief supplies.
Emergency team deployed. Aircraft from the Royal Brunei Air Force deployed with supplies.
[128]

 Canada
7007400000000000000♠$40 million
Humanitarian aid;
water purification units;
infrastructure repair teams;
medical units
Three hundred members of the Canadian military Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and their equipment are sent, along with three additional Griffon helicopters. Canadian Medical Assistance Team deployed several mobile primary medical teams, to assist under-serviced rural and remote communities in northern Cebu, and western and central Leyte. GlobalMedic, a Toronto-based NGO has three teams of rescuers and medics dispatched to the disaster zone along with large quantities of water purification supplies and equipment.
[129][130]
[131][132]
[133][134]

 Chile

Humanitarian aid.

[135]

 China
7006140000000000000♠$1.4 million

Deployed the naval hospital ship, Peace Ark.
[136][137]

 Denmark
7006780000000000000♠$7.8 million
Humanitarian aid.
Provided UN with the emergency response base camp and infrastructure to facilitate the rapid humanitarian relief efforts.
[138][139]

 France
7006140000000000000♠$1.4 million

Sent 70 tons of relief supplies and a team of 61 persons from the Sécurité Civile, to restore electricity and water supplies, and others.
[140]

 Germany

23 tons of aid.
Rescue teams sent.
[141]

 Holy See
7005150000000000000♠$150 thousand

[142]

 Hong Kong

Call to postpone economic sanctions. 7006515900000000000♠$5.16 million given to international charities.
[143][144]
[145]

 Iceland
7005100000000000000♠$100 thousand

[146]

 India

15 tonnes of relief supplies.

[147]

 Indonesia
7006100000000000000♠$1 million
Humanitarian aid of goods and logistics worth 7006100000000000000♠$1 million. Indonesian Red Cross sent 688,862 tonnes emergency supplies.
Three Indonesian Air Force Hercules aircraft deployed with supplies to affected areas. Logistical aid including aircraft, food, generators and medicine. The Indonesian Red Cross deployed KM Emir cargo ship loaded with emergency supplies and also 30 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers.
[148][149]
[150][151]

 Ireland
7006135500000000000♠$1.36 million
100 tonnes of emergency supplies.

[152]

 Israel

Sent members of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Israeli Defense Forces' Home Command.
[153]

 Italy
7006135700000000000♠$1.36 million

[154]

 Japan
7007520000000000000♠$52 million
Humanitarian aid.
Deployed the JDS Ise (DDH-182) and JDS Ōsumi (LST-4001) and Boeing KC-767 along with 1,180 members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces.The Japan Disaster Relief team was also deployed.
[155][156]
[157][158]
[159]

 Kuwait
7007100000000000000♠$10 million

[160]

 Malaysia
7006100000000000000♠$1 million
Essential relief supplies and humanitarian aid. Malaysian Filipino community collected supplies to be sent.
Aircraft from the Royal Malaysian Air Force deployed with supplies. The Malaysian disaster relief team was also deployed.
[161][162]
[163][164]
[165]

 Mexico
7006100000000000000♠$1 million

[166]

 Netherlands
7007490000000000000♠$49 million

 New Zealand
7006122000000000000♠$1.22 million
30 tonnes of food and medical supplies.

[167][168]

 Norway
7007416000000000000♠$41.6 million
100 tonnes of food and 70 tonnes of communication equipment.
In addition to the aid provided by the Norwegian government, Norwegians supported various aid agencies, such as the Norwegian Red Cross and the Norwegian branch of Save the Children, with donations through texting reaching 30 million NOK (US$4.9 million). On October 24, a relief concert with various Norwegian artists was held in Norway for the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. During the 70 min. TV sendt broadcast, Norwegians donated another 24.7 million NOK (4 million USD).
[169][170]
[171][172]
[173][174]
[175][176]

 Panama

200,000 worth of humanitarian aid.

[177]

 Qatar

80 tonnes of relief supplies.

[178]

 Russia

Over 200 personnel from the Ministry of Emergency Situations deployed for medical and relief efforts.
[179][180]

 Saudi Arabia
7007100000000000000♠$10 million
Relief supplies.
Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz pledged $100,000 in behalf of the Arab Gulf Program for Development (AGFUND).
[181][182]
[183]

 Singapore
7005276000000000000♠$276 thousand
Humanitarian aid.
Aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed with supplies.
[184][185]

 South Africa

Rescue South Africa Disaster Response Team sent.
The 50 man trauma/rescue team treated patients and repaired the Abuyog District Hospital.
[186]

 South Korea
7007250000000000000♠$25 million
Humanitarian aid including Humanitarian teams and Relief goods(family tents, water purifiers, beef fried rice, blankets, and sanitation kits) turned over to DSWD.
Deployed Emergency relief team (two batches of medical and rescue personnel, 17-man survey team). Pledged USD 5M worth of assistance and USD 20M ODA for construction and rehabilitation from 2014-2016. Deployed 2 C-130 planes, Bi Ro Bong LST and Sung In Bong LST for humanitarian transport along with 520 members of the Korean Army.
[187]
[188][189][190] [191]

 Spain
7006180000000000000♠$1.8 million

The Spanish government also chartered two flights that brought 35 tons of humanitarian aid to the disaster area.
[192]

  Switzerland
7006540000000000000♠$5.4 million
21 tons of Emergency Assistance.
Members of Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit sent.
[193]

 Taiwan
7005200000000000000♠$200 thousand
680 tons of relief supplies. Estimated total amount of donated relief materials and money reached US$12.3 million as of mid-December. Taiwan, by Navy and Air Force, is the first country delivering relief supplies to Philippines.[194]
A 35-person team organized by the Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps arrived in the affected areas to provide free medical assistance.
Aircraft from the Republic of China Air Force and Republic of China Navy vessel deployed with supplies.

[195][196]

 Thailand

Humanitarian aid.

[197]

 Turkey

Humanitarian supplies.

[198]

 United Arab Emirates
7007100000000000000♠$10 million

[199]

 United Kingdom
7008131092123000000♠$131 million

Deployed HMS Daring and HMS Illustrious and Royal Air Force C-130J - stationed in Cebu delivering over 235,000 of aid - and Royal Air Force Boeing C-17 Globemaster III for Humanitarian Aid and Relief (HADR) efforts.
[200][201]
[202]

 United States
7007867000000000000♠$86.7 million
Deployed the USS George Washington (CVN-73) and her embarked carrier strike group, along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, embarked aboard the USS Ashland (LSD 48) and USS Germantown (LSD 42), of Amphibious Squadron 11. At its peak, the U.S. military efforts included more than 13,400 military personnel from the US Marine Corps, US Navy and US Air Force. 66 aircraft were involved in the mission including the fixed-wing C17 Globemaster, C-130 Hercules, and MV-22 Osprey, as well as HH-60 helicopters. 12 U.S. Navy vessels responded in all. The US also deployed the United States Agency for International Development and Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance crisis response teams to oversee military operations, and coordinate the US government response with the government of the Philippines.

[203][204]
[205][206][207][208][209]

 Vietnam
7005100000000000000♠$100 thousand

[210][211]

text: Supranational bodies[edit]

text: The United Nations said it was going to increase critical relief operations as a result of the devastation caused by the typhoon. Its Manila office issued a statement that read, "Access remains a key challenge as some areas are still cut off from relief operations. Unknown numbers of survivors do not have basic necessities such as food, water and medicines and remain inaccessible for relief operations, as roads, airports and bridges were destroyed or covered in wreckage."[212] The United Nations also began relief operations by this time; however, the severe damage to infrastructure hampered efforts to distribute supplies.[102] The UN activated the Cluster System, in which groups of humanitarian organizations (UN and non-UN) work to restore health, shelter, nutrition and economic activity.[213]

text: The World Health Organization, which leads the Health Cluster, the largest one, has developed guidance on donations of medicine and healthcare equipment, so that the Philippines receives supplies appropriate for this emergency. According to WHO, many people suffered cuts, wounds, and broken bones during the disaster and others were injured in flooding that followed the typhoon.[214] Interpol announced that they would send in Interpol officers from Lyon to help local law enforcement identify any of the corpses that are unidentified.[215]

text: The World Health Organization has spearheaded initiatives among help workers, especially from the Department of Health (Philippines), in extending Psychological First Aid to people in typhoon-affected areas. WHO Representative in the country Dr Julie Hall foresees long-lasting effects from the typhoon. She calls for increased preparedness to give support to families and communities for the long-term, citing the need for more trained field workers.[216]

text: Celebrities, companies, and NGOs[edit]

text: American band Journey donated $350,000 to help relief efforts in the Philippines, and its lead singer had a message for his homeland: "Don't Stop Believin'". Arnel Pineda (the band's Filipino vocalist) and the rest of the band announced the donation on November 15, 2013. It will go to the United Nations World Food Programme, which is providing Filipinos with food assistance. The donation should provide 1.4 million meals.[217] IKEA, Walmart, Samsung, and HSBC are among those taking advantage of the event to donate to those in need.[218][219] Northwestern Mutual announced they will donate $100,000 to the American Red Cross.[220] The Coca-Cola Company says they have donated $2.5 million of their advertising budget to the relief efforts as of November 25.[221] By mid-December FIFA donated $1 million.[222] DHL deployed its Asia Pacific Disaster Response Team to the disaster areas to provide on-the-ground logistics support to assist with the relief effort in the aftermath of the devastating Typhoon Haiyan. Three rotating teams made up of volunteer employees from the Asia Pacific region were based at the Mactan Cebu Airport on Cebu island, providing support and assistance to the country's most affected areas west of Leyte Island, including Guiuan, Roxas, and Tacloban city.[223] Many smaller initiatives were founded as well - e.g. to prepare by donating to children a typhoon-ready backpack as floating device.[224]

text: Sixteen-time NBA Champions Los Angeles Lakers donated $150,000 [225] to the Philippine Red Cross to aid the typhoon affected victims. During their home game against the Memphis Grizzlies, Kobe Bryant handed the check to the Junior NBA players representing the Philippines. His teammate, Pau Gasol, pledged to donate $1,000 per point to UNICEF[226] with the directive to help victims of Super Typhoon Haiyan in the country as well. He scored 24 points in a won game against the Golden State Warriors. Major League Baseball donated $200,000 to UNICEF and the American Red Cross, with Commissioner Bud Selig encouraging fans to donate to the organizations.[227] UNICEF delivered portable toilets and hygiene supplies to the region and also appealed for $34 million to help the four million children affected.[228] The American Red Cross announced that they collected $11 million in donations for the Philippines Relief Fund.[229] Mercy Corps dispatched a "emergency response" team to help with humanitarian efforts.[230] MAP International launched medical relief efforts providing over $10 million in medicines and supplies to the Philippines.

text: Among the NGO responses, among the most comprehensive disaster response came from the Taiwan-based "Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation". , which organized a large-scale cash-for-work program in Tacloban from Nov 20 to Dec 8 with up to 31,000 participants per day, totaling nearly 300,000 day shifts. This operation not only helped clean out the thousands of tons of debris covering the city, but also kick-started the local economy. Tzu Chi also contributed emergency cash aid of 8000, 12000 or 15000 pesos depending on family size for over 60,000 families in the affected areas of Tacloban, Ormoc, Palo, Tanauan and Tunga, and has been providing free clinics, hot meals, and temporary class rooms for over 15 schools in the area. Doctors Without Borders is sending 200 tons of aid.[210][231] The International Society for Krishna Consciousness's Food For Life Global, the world's largest vegan food relief organisation, raised money and provided vegan meals in the Philippines to Typhoon Haiyan survivors.[232][233] Other NGOs run by faith-based organisations that raised money and/or aided in the disaster relief efforts of Typhoon Haiyan included Catholic Relief Services,[234] Catholic Medical Mission Board (CMMB),[234] Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA),[234] LDS Philanthropies,[235] American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC),[234] Samaritan's Purse,[234] Salvation Army,[234] Christian Children's Fund of Canada,[234] MAP International and World Vision.[234]

text: The Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), the largest indigenous Christian church based in the Philippines held series of massive relief distributions and medical and dental missions to affected population of the storm to different parts of Visayas.[236] The humanitarian mission was done under the "Lingap sa Mamamayan" (Aid for Humanity) project in cooperation with the Felix Y. Manalo (FYM) Foundation Inc., the INC’s charitable arm.[237][238] The church conducted the largest walk for a cause in the world (walkathon) on February 15, 2014, dubbed as 'Iglesia Ni Cristo World Wide Walk for Those Affected by Typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan'.[239][240] The walk for a cause raised millions of money to help the victims of the super typhoon for the construction of their houses and shelters. The aim of the activity is to make the world understand that Haiyan survivors are still in dare need of help and financial assistance. Indeed, the worldwide walk caught the attention of the world when it breaks two Guinness world records as the largest charity walk in a single venue (Manila, Philippines) with 175,000 participants, and largest charity walk in 24 hours for multiple venues (from Christchurch, New Zealand to Hawaii, USA) in 13 time zones, 54 countries, 24 hours with 519, 521 participants.[241][242]

text: Celebrities such as David and Victoria Beckham,[243] Stephen Colbert,[244] Kim Kardashian,[245] David Guetta,[246] and The X Factor contributed to the fundraising.[247] On November 26, iTunes released a compilation album entitled Songs for the Philippines featuring different artists, including Katy Perry, Madonna, Bob Dylan, and The Beatles.[248] All proceeds will go to the Philippine Red Cross.[248] OneRepublic donated $100,000 on November 30, 2013.[249] Other celebrities that offered their support included Linkin Park, The Offspring,[250] Alicia Keys,[251] and Justin Bieber.[252]

text: On the day of his death, actor Paul Walker attended a charity event for his organization, Reach Out Worldwide, for the victims of the typhoon that was held right before his accident.[253]

text: On March 11, 2014, a benefit concert called The Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert was held at Madison Square Garden in New York, City. Jennifer Hudson, Pentatonix, A Great Big World, Plain White T's, Jessica Sanchez, Charice and REO Brothers performed. Special guests also included Dr. Oz, Dante Basco, Bobby Lopez, Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Apl.de.ap. 100% of proceeds raised directly went to the Typhoon Haiyan survivors.[254] Pinoy Relief was created to help survivors and focus on three specific areas: restoring livelihoods, building classrooms and providing shelter in partnership with local NGOs, Habitat for Humanity Philippines and Operation Blessing Philippines.[255]

text: On March 13, 2016, former United States of America vice president Al Gore, visited Tacloban and delivered his speech in front of the survivors of Haiyan. He also dropped by at the MV Eva Jocelyn, a cargo ship that washed out inland during the typhoon and now converted into a memorial park.[256]

text: Politics involving aid relief[edit]

text: The aid contributions of China and the United States were given focus with regards to their involvement in the politics of the Philippines.[257] Apart from having the two largest economies in the world, both countries are involved in a complex relationship with the island country. China is currently disputing the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea with the Philippines while the United States used to be an occupying power and currently has a mutual defense treaty with the islands.[258]

text: China was initially criticized for its meager contribution of US $100,000 cash each from the government and the Chinese Red Cross to the typhoon victims, which led to commentary about its disputes with the Philippines.[259] Earlier in 2013, the Philippines sued China over the nine-dotted line. Commentators attribute this low amount to China's intentions to isolate the Philippines while strengthening its ties with the rest of Southeast Asia.[260] The move had mixed reactions from the public of China with some commending its decision while others, such as The Global Times, insisted that China should be a responsible power. China later increased its contributions by US$1.64 million in supplies [136][261] and sent its naval hospital ship Peace Ark for disaster relief."[137]

text: The contributions of the United States was in contrast to that of China. It gave the Philippines an amount of US$51.9 million worth of aid apart and deployed the United States Marines, United States Navy and United States Air Force in order to assist with the humanitarian operations.[262] This was seen by observers as part of the Asia pivot that the United States government had previously announced.[263] The Philippine government had been discussing with the U.S. plans regarding the deployment of U.S. military troops within the country. Aid contributions of the U.S. was seen as a sign of goodwill in order to further strengthen relations.[264]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Following Typhoon Haiyan's landfall in Vietnam, widespread search and rescue missions took place in the affected provinces. Damage assessments were also conducted in 13 provinces to determine what aid was needed. The IFRC began distribution of relief supplies and assisted residents in returning home by November 12. Operations regarding the aftermath of Typhoon Wutip were temporarily suspended due to Haiyan.[48]

text: Climate change[edit]

text: Political leaders and climate scientists connected the typhoon to climate change, both at the time and subsequently[265] and led to calls for climate justice.[266] The 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference was coincidentally in progress when the typhoon struck and Yeb Saño, the lead negotiator of the Philippines delegation, received a standing ovation at the conference when he declared a hunger strike.

text: In solidarity with my countrymen who are struggling to find food back home, I will now commence a voluntary fasting for the climate; this means I will voluntarily refrain from eating food during this COP, until a meaningful outcome is in sight.

text: Several delegates, including American delegate Collin Reese, joined him in fasting. Sixty people from Climate Action Network, an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations, also joined the hunger strike.[268]

text: The correlation between the increasing intensity of storms and the progression of climate change was discussed by climate scientists. "Typhoons, hurricanes and all tropical storms draw their vast energy from the warmth of the sea. We know sea-surface temperatures are warming pretty much around the planet, so that's a pretty direct influence of climate change on the nature of the storm," said Will Steffen, director of the Australian National University climate change institute.[269] Myles Allen, head of the climate dynamics group at the University of Oxford, said that "The current consensus is that climate change is not making the risk of hurricanes any greater, but there are physical arguments and evidence that there is a risk of more intense hurricanes."[269] The Huffington Post made the point that the 70% deforestation of the Philippines since 1900, as reported by the national Forest Management Bureau, made far more lethal flooding from cyclones like Haiyan more likely.[270] The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report had stated in September of the same year that "Time series of cyclone indices such as power dissipation, an aggregate compound of tropical cyclone frequency, duration, and intensity that measures total wind energy by tropical cyclones, show upward trends in the North Atlantic and weaker upward trends in the western North Pacific since the late 1970s."[269]

text: In popular media[edit]

text: A detailed analysis of Typhoon Haiyan and its destruction in the Philippines was featured in a documentary called Megastorm: World's Biggest Typhoon. It aired on December 30, 2013 on Discovery Channel.[271]