document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: who has conceded the least goals in the world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.

text: Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.[1]

text: 6 goals

text: Harry Kane

text: 4 goals

text:
Romelu Lukaku
 Antoine Griezmann
 Kylian Mbappé
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Denis Cheryshev

text: 3 goals

text:
Eden Hazard
 Yerry Mina
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Artem Dzyuba
 Diego Costa
 Edinson Cavani

text: 2 goals

text:
Sergio Agüero
 Mile Jedinak
 Philippe Coutinho
 Neymar
 Luka Modrić
 Mohamed Salah
 John Stones
 Takashi Inui
 Ahmed Musa
 Son Heung-min
 Andreas Granqvist
 Wahbi Khazri
 Luis Suárez

text: 1 goal

text:
Ángel Di María
 Gabriel Mercado
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Michy Batshuayi
 Nacer Chadli
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Adnan Januzaj
 Dries Mertens
 Thomas Meunier
 Jan Vertonghen
 Roberto Firmino
 Paulinho
 Renato Augusto
 Thiago Silva
 Juan Cuadrado
 Radamel Falcao
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 Kendall Waston
 Milan Badelj
 Andrej Kramarić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Ante Rebić
 Domagoj Vida
 Christian Eriksen
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Yussuf Poulsen
 Dele Alli
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Kieran Trippier
 Benjamin Pavard
 Paul Pogba
 Samuel Umtiti
 Raphaël Varane
 Toni Kroos
 Marco Reus
 Alfreð Finnbogason
 Gylfi Sigurðsson
 Karim Ansarifard
 Genki Haraguchi
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuya Osako
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Carlos Vela
 Khalid Boutaïb
 Youssef En-Nesyri
 Victor Moses
 Felipe Baloy
 André Carrillo
 Paolo Guerrero
 Jan Bednarek
 Grzegorz Krychowiak
 Pepe
 Ricardo Quaresma
 Mário Fernandes
 Yury Gazinsky
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Salem Al-Dawsari
 Salman Al-Faraj
 Sadio Mané
 M'Baye Niang
 Moussa Wagué
 Aleksandar Kolarov
 Aleksandar Mitrović
 Kim Young-gwon
 Iago Aspas
 Isco
 Nacho
 Ludwig Augustinsson
 Emil Forsberg
 Ola Toivonen
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 Dylan Bronn
 Ferjani Sassi
 Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 José Giménez

text: 1 own goal

text:
Aziz Behich (against France)
 Fernandinho (against Belgium)
 Mario Mandžukić (against France)
 Ahmed Fathy (against Russia)
 Edson Álvarez (against Sweden)
 Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran)
 Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia)
 Thiago Cionek (against Senegal)
 Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay)
 Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain)
 Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica)
 Yassine Meriah (against Panama)

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Assists[edit]

text: 2 assists

text:
Éver Banega
 Lionel Messi
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Thomas Meunier
 Youri Tielemans
 Philippe Coutinho
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 James Rodríguez
 Antoine Griezmann
 Lucas Hernández
 Artem Dzyuba
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Viktor Claesson
 Wahbi Khazri
 Carlos Sánchez

text: 1 assist

text:
Gabriel Mercado
 Marcos Rojo
 Toby Alderweireld
 Nacer Chadli
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Douglas Costa
 Gabriel Jesus
 Neymar
 Willian
 Juan Cuadrado
 Joel Campbell
 Milan Badelj
 Marcelo Brozović
 Mateo Kovačić
 Mario Mandžukić
 Luka Modrić
 Ivan Perišić
 Josip Pivarić
 Domagoj Vida
 Šime Vrsaljko
 Thomas Delaney
 Christian Eriksen
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Abdallah Said
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Raheem Sterling
 Kieran Trippier
 Ashley Young
 Olivier Giroud
 Corentin Tolisso
 Mario Gómez
 Marco Reus
 Keisuke Honda
 Takashi Inui
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Gaku Shibasaki
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Fayçal Fajr
 Victor Moses
 Kenneth Omeruo
 Ricardo Ávila
 Paolo Guerrero
 Kamil Grosicki
 Rafał Kurzawa
 Gonçalo Guedes
 Raphaël Guerreiro
 João Moutinho
 Adrien Silva
 Alan Dzagoev
 Mário Fernandes
 Ilya Kutepov
 Roman Zobnin
 Abdullah Otayf
 M'Baye Niang
 Dušan Tadić
 Lee Jae-sung
 Ju Se-jong
 Sergio Busquets
 Dani Carvajal
 Andrés Iniesta
 Ola Toivonen
 Breel Embolo
 Mario Gavranović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Oussama Haddadi
 Hamdi Nagguez
 Rodrigo Bentancur
 Luis Suárez

text: Source: FIFA

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 169
Average goals per match: 2.64
Total number of braces: 10  Edinson Cavani, Denis Cheryshev, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Harry Kane, Romelu Lukaku (2), Kylian Mbappé, Ahmed Musa, John Stones
Total number of hat-tricks: 2  Harry Kane, Cristiano Ronaldo
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 29
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 22  Salman Al-Faraj, Karim Ansarifard, Artem Dzyuba, Andreas Granqvist (2), Antoine Griezmann (3), Eden Hazard, Mile Jedinak (2), Shinji Kagawa, Harry Kane (3), Luka Modrić, Victor Moses, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mohamed Salah, Ferjani Sassi, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Carlos Vela
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 7  Fahad Al-Muwallad, Christian Cueva, Lionel Messi, Luka Modrić, Cristiano Ronaldo, Bryan Ruiz, Gylfi Sigurðsson
Penalty kick success rate: 7001758600000000000♠75.86%
Own goals scored: 12  Edson Álvarez, Aziz Behich, Aziz Bouhaddouz, Denis Cheryshev, Thiago Cionek, Oghenekaro Etebo, Ahmed Fathy, Fernandinho, Sergei Ignashevich, Mario Mandžukić, Yassine Meriah, Yann Sommer

text: Timing[edit]

text:
First goal of the tournament: Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First brace of the tournament: Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France
Last brace of the tournament: Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Harry Kane for England against Panama
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+7th minute
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 115th minute
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute  Aziz Bouhaddouz (own goal) for Iran against Morocco, Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden, Salem Al-Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 109th minute
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes  Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 16  Belgium
Fewest goals scored by a team: 2  Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia
Most goals conceded by a team: 11  Panama
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2  Denmark, Iran, Peru
Best goal difference: +10  Belgium
Worst goal difference: -9  Panama
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 7  Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6  England against Panama
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3  Argentina against France
Biggest margin of victory: 5 goals  Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4  France
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0  Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0  Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3  Brazil, Uruguay
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6  Harry Kane
Most assists provided by an individual: 2  Éver Banega, Nacer Chadli, Viktor Claesson, Philippe Coutinho, Kevin De Bruyne, Artem Dzyuba, Aleksandr Golovin, Antoine Griezmann, Eden Hazard, Lucas Hernández, Lionel Messi, Thomas Meunier, Juan Fernando Quintero, James Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Sánchez, Youri Tielemans, Wahbi Khazri
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6  Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists), Harry Kane (6 goals)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Thibaut Courtois, Hugo Lloris, Fernando Muslera, Robin Olsen
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Fernando Muslera
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3  Harry Kane for England against Panama, Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years, 120 days  Felipe Baloy for Panama against England
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years, 183 days  Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Belgium, France, Croatia
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Iceland, Morocco, Panama
Most losses: 3 – Egypt, England, Panama
Fewest losses: 0 – Denmark, France, Spain
Most draws: 3 – Denmark, Spain
Fewest draws: 0 – Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Belgium, Croatia, Uruguay
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Egypt, Panama

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Team

Opponent

Awards

1

Antoine Griezmann
 France

Australia (GS),[3] Uruguay (QF),[4] Croatia (F)[5]

3

Eden Hazard
 Belgium

Tunisia (GS),[6] Japan (R16),[7] England (TP)[8]

Harry Kane
 England

Tunisia (GS),[9] Panama (GS),[10] Colombia (R16)[11]

Luka Modrić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS),[12] Argentina (GS),[13] Russia (QF)[14]

5

Denis Cheryshev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS),[15] Egypt (GS)[16]

2

Philippe Coutinho
 Brazil

Switzerland (GS),[17] Costa Rica (GS)[18]

Kylian Mbappé
 France

Peru (GS),[19] Argentina (R16)[20]

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal

Spain (GS),[21] Morocco (GS)[22]

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay

Saudi Arabia (GS),[23] Russia (GS)[24]

10

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Spain (R16)[25]

1

Ludwig Augustinsson
 Sweden

Mexico (GS)[26]

Milan Badelj
 Croatia

Iceland (GS)[27]

Jan Bednarek
 Poland

Japan (GS)[28]

Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 Tunisia

Panama (GS)[29]

André Carrillo
 Peru

Australia (GS)[30]

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay

Portugal (R16)[31]

Cho Hyun-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)[32]

Diego Costa
 Spain

Iran (GS)[33]

Kevin De Bruyne
 Belgium

Brazil (QF)[34]

Blerim Džemaili
  Switzerland

Costa Rica (GS)[35]

Mohamed El-Shenawy
 Egypt

Uruguay (GS)[36]

Christian Eriksen
 Denmark

Australia (GS)[37]

Emil Forsberg
 Sweden

Switzerland (R16)[38]

Andreas Granqvist
 Sweden

South Korea (GS)[39]

Hannes Þór Halldórsson
 Iceland

Argentina (GS)[40]

Amine Harit
 Morocco

Iran (GS)[41]

Javier Hernández
 Mexico

South Korea (GS)[42]

 Isco
 Spain

Morocco (GS)[43]

Adnan Januzaj
 Belgium

England (GS)[44]

N'Golo Kanté
 France

Denmark (GS)[45]

Aleksandar Kolarov
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)[46]

Hirving Lozano
 Mexico

Germany (GS)[47]

Romelu Lukaku
 Belgium

Panama (GS)[48]

Sadio Mané
 Senegal

Japan (GS)[49]

Lionel Messi
 Argentina

Nigeria (GS)[50]

Yerry Mina
 Colombia

Senegal (GS)[51]

Ahmed Musa
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)[52]

 Neymar
 Brazil

Mexico (R16)[53]

M'Baye Niang
 Senegal

Poland (GS)[54]

Yuya Osako
 Japan

Colombia (GS)[55]

 Paulinho
 Brazil

Serbia (GS)[56]

Ivan Perišić
 Croatia

England (SF)[57]

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)[58]

Yussuf Poulsen
 Denmark

Peru (GS)[59]

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal

Iran (GS)[60]

Marco Reus
 Germany

Sweden (GS)[61]

James Rodríguez
 Colombia

Poland (GS)[62]

Mohamed Salah
 Egypt

Saudi Arabia (GS)[63]

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Croatia (R16)[64]

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland

Serbia (GS)[65]

Samuel Umtiti
 France

Belgium (SF)[66]

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Rank

Name
Team

Opponent

Awards

1

 Alisson
 Brazil

Costa Rica (GS), Serbia (GS), Mexico (R16)

3

Thibaut Courtois
 Belgium

Panama (GS), England (GS), England (TP)

Hugo Lloris
 France

Peru (GS), Uruguay (QF), Belgium (SF)

Fernando Muslera
 Uruguay

Egypt (GS), Saudi Arabia (GS), Russia (GS)

Robin Olsen
 Sweden

South Korea (GS), Mexico (GS), Switzerland (R16)

6

David Ospina
 Colombia

Poland (GS), Senegal (GS)

2

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Peru (GS), France (GS)

Danijel Subašić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS), Argentina (GS)

9

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS)

1

Alireza Beiranvand
 Iran

Morocco (GS)

David de Gea
 Spain

Iran (GS)

Łukasz Fabiański
 Poland

Japan (GS)

Pedro Gallese
 Peru

Australia (GS)

Jo Hyeon-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)

Steve Mandanda
 France

Denmark (GS)

Guillermo Ochoa
 Mexico

Germany (GS)

Rui Patrício
 Portugal

Morocco (GS)

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)

Vladimir Stojković
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)

Francis Uzoho
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)

text: Squads[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Oldest coach: Óscar Tabárez  Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt, after Otto Rehhagel (71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup), he is the second oldest World Cup coach.[67]
Youngest coach: Aliou Cissé  Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland.
Country with most coaches:  Argentina with four coaches, alongside Argentina, Egypt, Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines. This is followed by  Spain with three coaches (Belgium, Saudi Arabia and Spain), then Germany, France, Colombia (with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014) and Portugal with two coaches each.
Teams with foreign coaches: Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches, including two teams (Australia and Denmark) of coaches whose home countries (Netherlands and Norway) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup.
Longest serving coach: As in 2014, the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez, who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006. Tabárez, however, was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990, while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004. Besides them, Didier Deschamps  France, José Pékerman  Colombia and Carlos Queiroz  Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli  Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos  Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup.
Shortest serving coach: The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro  Spain, who became in charge only two days before his team's first game. In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić  Serbia, Bert van Marwijk  Australia, Akira Nishino  Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi  Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams. Of these, however, van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup, but then refused to renew his contract.
Coaches who were former players: Didier Deschamps (France / 1998) became world champion having previously contested as a player, equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Beside him, Aliou Cissé (Senegal / 2002), Gareth Southgate (England / 1998), Óscar Ramírez (Costa Rica / 1990), Adam Nawałka (Poland / 1978), Stanislav Cherchesov (Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002) and Mladen Krstajić (Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Appearance record: Rafael Márquez  Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time, equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus
Oldest player: At 45 years and five months, Essam El-Hadary  Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals. By his use in the last group match on June 25, he was 45 years and 161 days, thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player.[68]
Youngest player: Daniel Arzani  Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days. He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute.[69]
Sofyan Amrabat  Morocco, who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran, is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother.[67]
Aleksandr Yerokhin  Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain. This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted.[70]
30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league, but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league.[71] By contrast, Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues.
The most number of players (129) are active in clubs based in England, the majority of them in the Premier League, with some in the lower leagues. In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England.
One player each plays in the leagues of Finland, Guinea, Honduras, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia and South Africa.
From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup, the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players.

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

1
IRN

1
PRK

1
GHA

4
ESP (3), MAR

7

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Edinson Cavani

N/A

1
GER

1
CRC

3
RUS, POR (2)

5

 Javier Hernández

N/A

2
FRA, ARG

1
CRO

1
KOR

4

 Keisuke Honda

N/A

2
CMR, DEN

1
CIV

1
SEN

4

 Lionel Messi

1
SCG

0
N/A

4
BIH, IRN, NGA (2)

1
NGA

6

 Luis Suárez

N/A

3
MEX, KOR (2)

2
ENG (2)

2
KSA, RUS

7

text: Messi played in 2010 but did not score.

text:
Name

 2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Rafael Márquez

4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA

4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG

4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

3
GER, KOR, BRA

19

text: Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Valon Behrami

1
KOR

1
CHI

4
ECU, FRA, HON, ARG

4
BRA, SRB, CRC, SWE

10

 Tim Cahill

4
JPN, BRA, CRO, ITA

2
GER, SRB

2
CHI, NED

1
PER

9

 Andrés Guardado

1
ARG

3
RSA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

4
GER, KOR, SWE, BRA

12

 Andrés Iniesta

1
KSA

6
SUI, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

14

 Javier Mascherano

5
CIV, SCG, NED, MEX, GER

4
NGA, KOR, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

20

 Lionel Messi

3
SCG, NED, MEX

5
NGA, KOR, GRE, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

19

 Sergio Ramos

3
UKR, TUN, FRA

7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

17

 Cristiano Ronaldo

6
ANG, IRN, NED, ENG, FRA, GER

4
CIV, PRK, BRA, ESP

3
GER, USA, GHA

4
ESP, MAR, IRN, URU

17

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

GF

AGF

GA

AGA

GD

AGD

CS

ACS

YC

AYC

RC

ARC

 Argentina

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

9
2.25

-3
-0.75

0

0.00

11

2.75

0

0.00

 Australia

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Belgium

7

6

0

1

18

2.57

16
2.29

6
0.86

+10
1.43

3

0.43

11

1.57

0

0.00

 Brazil

5

3

1

1

10

2.00

8
1.60

3
0.60

+5
1.00

3

0.60

7

1.40

0

0.00

 Colombia

4

2

1

1

7

1.75

6
1.50

3
0.75

+3
0.75

2

0.50

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Costa Rica

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Croatia

7

4

2

1

14

2.00

14
2.00

9
1.29

+5
0.71

2

0.29

15

2.14

0

0.00

 Denmark

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

3
0.75

2
0.50

+1
0.25

2

0.50

6

1.50

0

0.00

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

6
2.00

-4
-1.33

0

0.00

5

1.67

0

0.00

 England

7

3

1

3

10

1.43

12
1.71

8
1.14

+4
0.57

1

0.14

8

1.14

0

0.00

 France

7

6

1

0

19

2.71

14
2.00

6
0.86

+8
1.14

4

0.57

12

1.71

0

0.00

 Germany

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

2

0.67

1

0.33

 Iceland

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Iran

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Japan

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

7
1.75

-1
-0.25

0

0.00

5

1.25

0

0.00

 Mexico

4

2

0

2

6

1.50

3
0.75

6
1.50

-3
-0.75

1

0.25

9

2.25

0

0.00

 Morocco

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

8

2.67

0

0.00

 Nigeria

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

4
1.33

-1
-0.33

1

0.33

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Panama

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

11
3.67

-9
-3.00

0

0.00

11

3.67

0

0.00

 Peru

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

5

1.67

0

0.00

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

1

0.33

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Portugal

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

6
1.50

6
1.50

0
0.00

1

0.25

7

1.75

0

0.00

 Russia

5

2

2

1

8

1.60

11
2.20

7
1.40

+4
0.80

1

0.20

6

1.20

1

0.20

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

7
2.33

-5
-1.67

0

0.00

1

0.33

0

0.00

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

4
1.33

4
1.33

0
0.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

1

0.33

9

3.00

0

0.00

 South Korea

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

3
1.00

0
0.00

1

0.33

10

3.33

0

0.00

 Spain

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

7
1.75

6
1.50

+1
0.25

1

0.25

2

0.50

0

0.00

 Sweden

5

3

0

2

9

1.80

6
1.20

4
0.80

+2
0.40

3

0.60

8

1.60

0

0.00

  Switzerland

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

5
1.25

5
1.25

0
0.00

0

0.00

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

5
1.67

8
2.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Uruguay

5

4

0

1

12

2.40

7
1.40

3
0.60

+4
0.80

3

0.60

3

0.60

0

0.00

Total

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

169

1.32

169

1.32

0

0.00

33

0.26

219

1.71

4

0.03

text: Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation

T

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

Pts/T

AFC
5
16
4
3
9
15
0.94
3.00

CAF
5
15
3
2
10
11
0.73
2.20

CONCACAF
3
10
2
1
7
7
0.70
2.33

CONMEBOL
5
21
11
3
7
36
1.71
7.20

UEFA
14
66
31
17
18
110
1.67
7.86

Total

32

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

5.59

text: Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium

City

Capacity

Elevation

Matchesplayed

Overallattendance

Averageattendanceper match

Averageattendanceas % of capacity

Overallgoalsscored

Averagegoals scoredper match

Central Stadium

Yekaterinburg

33,061[72]

273 m[73]

4

125,437

31,359

94.85%

9

2.25

Cosmos Arena

Samara

41,970[74]

163 m[75]

6

248,060

41,343

98.51%

11

1.83

Fisht Olympic Stadium

Sochi

44,287[76]

1 m[77]

6

264,057

44,010

99.37%

21

3.50

Kaliningrad Stadium

Kaliningrad

33,973[78]

0 m

4

132,249

33,062

97.32%

10

2.50

Kazan Arena

Kazan

42,873[79]

51 m[80]

6

254,451

42,409

98.92%

19

3.17

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

64,468[81]

13 m[82]

7

448,686

64,098

99.43%

14

2.00

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

78,011[83]

151 m[84]

7

546,077

78,011

100.00%

18

2.57

Mordovia Arena

Saransk

41,685[85]

126 m[86]

4

160,237

40,059

96.10%

9

2.25

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Nizhny Novgorod

43,319[87]

73 m[88]

6

256,427

42,738

98.66%

19

3.17

Otkritie Arena

Moscow

44,190[89]

125 m[90]

5

220,950

44,190

100.00%

16

3.20

Rostov Arena

Rostov-on-Don

43,472[91]

0 m

5

214,197

42,839

98.54%

14

2.80

Volgograd Arena

Volgograd

43,713[92]

31 m[93]

4

160,980

40,245

92.07%

9

2.25

Total
3,080,085

64
3,031,768
47,371
98.43%
169
2.64

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: Top 10 highest attendances.

text:
Rank
Attendance
Match
Venue
City
Date
Ref

1

78,011

 Russia vs  Saudi Arabia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

14 June 2018

[94]

 Germany vs  Mexico

17 June 2018

[95]

 Portugal vs  Morocco

20 June 2018

[96]

 Denmark vs  France

26 June 2018

[97]

 Spain vs  Russia

1 July 2018

[98]

 Croatia vs  England

11 July 2018

[99]

 France vs  Croatia

15 July 2018

[100]

8

64,468

 Russia vs  Egypt

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

19 June 2018

[101]

 Brazil vs  Costa Rica

22 June 2018

[102]

 Nigeria vs  Argentina

26 June 2018

[103]

text: Lowest attendance: 27,015 –  Egypt vs  Uruguay, Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, 15 June 2018[104]


document_title: Into the Woods (film)

question_text: who played the wolf in into the woods

question_tokens: who played the wolf in into the woods

root

text: Into the Woods (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Baker (James Corden) and his Wife (Emily Blunt) wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker's family by a Witch (Meryl Streep) who found the Baker's father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant. The Baker's father also stole some beans which caused the Witch's mother to punish her with the curse of ugliness. The Witch offers to lift the curse, but only if the Baker and his Wife obtain four critical items for her: a cow as white as milk, a cape as red as blood, a hair as yellow as corn, and a slipper as pure as gold. The Witch later tells the Baker that she asked him to do this task for her because she is not allowed to touch any of the objects.

tag: p

text: The Witch's demands eventually bring the Baker and his Wife into contact with Jack (Daniel Huttlestone), who is selling his beloved cow, Milky-White, and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left him by his father (which were stolen from the Witch) which grow into a large beanstalk; with Red Riding Hood (Lilla Crawford), whose ruby cape the couple notices when she stops to buy sweets on her way to grandmother's house; with Rapunzel (MacKenzie Mauzy), whose tower the Baker's Wife passes in the woods; and with Cinderella (Anna Kendrick), who also runs into the Baker's Wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince (Chris Pine).

text: After a series of failed attempts and misadventures, the Baker and his Wife finally are able to gather the items necessary to break the spell. Meanwhile, each of the other characters receive their "happy endings": Cinderella marries the Prince; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky, and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk; Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf (Johnny Depp); and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion.

text: However, each of the characters learns their "happily ever after" is not very happy: the Baker is worried he is a poor father to his newborn baby; the Baker's Wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince; Cinderella is disenchanted by the cheating Prince; and the Witch learns that she has lost her powers with her restored youth and beauty. The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant's Wife to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband. The characters debate the morality of handing Jack over. In the process, Red Riding Hood's Mother and Grandmother, Jack's Mother, and the Baker's Wife are killed. The characters blame each other for their individual actions that lead to the tragedy, ultimately blaming the Witch for raising the beans in the first place. She curses them for their inability to accept their individual responsibilities. Casting all her remaining beans away, she begs her mother to punish her again and disappears into a large pit of boiling tar.

text: The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant's Wife, though Cinderella and the Baker try to explain to the distraught Red Riding Hood and Jack the complicated morality of retribution and revenge. The characters lure the Giant's Wife into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death. The Giant's Wife is killed, and the characters move forward with their ruined lives. The Baker, thinking of his Wife, is determined to be a good father. Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker, and Jack and Red Riding Hood, now orphans, are living with the Baker and Cinderella. The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling a story as the movie ends with the Witch's moral, meaning that children can change due to the parent's actions and behaviors.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as The Witch[8]
Emily Blunt as The Baker's Wife[9]
James Corden as The Baker[10]
Anna Kendrick as Cinderella[11]
Chris Pine as Cinderella's Prince[12]
Tracey Ullman as Jack's Mother[13]
Christine Baranski as Cinderella's Stepmother[14]
Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf[15]
Lilla Crawford as Little Red Riding Hood[16]
Daniel Huttlestone as Jack[17]
MacKenzie Mauzy as Rapunzel[18]
Billy Magnussen as Rapunzel's Prince[19]
Tammy Blanchard as Florinda[8]
Lucy Punch as Lucinda[8]
Frances de la Tour as the Giant's Wife[20]
Richard Glover as the Steward[20]
Joanna Riding as Cinderella's Mother[20]
Annette Crosbie as Little Red Riding Hood's Grandmother[20]
Simon Russell Beale as the Baker's Father[20]
Tug as Milky-White[21]

tag: ul

text: Stage-to-screen changes[edit]

text: While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version in order to make it more family-friendly,[22] Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine.[23][24]

text: Thus, the film does slightly differ from the stage production. The songs "I Guess This Is Goodbye",[25] "Maybe They're Magic",[26] "First Midnight" and "Second Midnight" interludes, "Ever After" (Act I finale of the original play),[25] "So Happy",[27] "Into the Woods" Reprise, "Agony" Reprise[25] and "No More" (performed by the Baker) were cut from the film,[28] although both "Ever After" and "No More" are used as instrumentals in the film. Meanwhile, many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of storylines.

text: Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the "Mysterious Man", who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker's father. Also, the character of the Narrator is deleted, and the film is instead narrated by the Baker.[29] The minor role of Cinderella's Father was cut, and he is instead mentioned as deceased. Due to the film's compressed storyline, Rapunzel's pregnancy is eliminated, as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty.[29] In the film, the Giant's Wife attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective Princes, no more than a few weeks after the events of act one, while in the stage show, nearly a year passes between the first and second acts. Rapunzel's ultimate fate is also changed: rather than being killed by the giant, she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince.[29]

text: Similarly, much of the violence and sexual content is slightly toned down from the original musical. The death of Jack's Mother is less violent in the film; on stage, the Steward clubs her to death with his staff, in the film, he simply shoves her to the ground and she hits her head on a log. The death of the Baker's Wife is not explicitly shown in the film, and the cause of her death is changed from being crushed by a tree in the Giant's Wife's wake to accidentally backing off the edge of a cliff while fleeing from the Giant's Wife.

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Early attempts of adapting Into the Woods to film occurred in the early 1990s, with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel. A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as The Baker, Goldie Hawn as The Baker's Wife, Cher as The Witch, Danny DeVito as The Giant, Steve Martin as The Wolf, and Roseanne Barr as Jack's Mother.[30] By 1991, Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director.[31][32] In 1997, Columbia put the film into turnaround, with Minkoff still attached as director, and Billy Crystal, Meg Ryan, and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star.[33] After the report by Variety, a film adaptation of Into the Woods remained inactive for 15 years.

text: Development at Disney[edit]

text: After the critical and commercial success of Chicago in 2002, director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim as he was interested in adapting one of his musicals such as Follies and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, although Sondheim suggested Into the Woods instead.[34] Marshall concurred, but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing Memoirs of a Geisha and Nine. In 2011, Marshall's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9/11 victims, which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical's most important song, "No One Is Alone".[35] Marshall firmly believed that Into the Woods was “a fairy tale for the post-9/11 generation".[36] In January 2012, Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures—for whom he had just directed Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides—and pitched the idea to the studio,[34] with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim "expected" to write new songs.[37] Academy Award-winner Dion Beebe, who previously collaborated with Marshall on Chicago, Memoirs of a Geisha, and Nine, served as cinematographer.[38] Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film.[39]

text: With Disney's backing, a three-day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall's direction, with Nina Arianda as the Baker's Wife, Victoria Clark as Cinderella's Mother/Granny/Giant, James Corden as the Baker, Donna Murphy as the Witch, Christine Baranski as Cinderella's Stepmother, Tammy Blanchard as Florinda, Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf, Megan Hilty as Lucinda, Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel's Prince, Allison Janney as Jack's Mother, Anna Kendrick as Cinderella, Michael McGrath as Steward/Mysterious Man, Laura Osnes as Rapunzel, Taylor Trensch as Jack, Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood, and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella's Prince.[40] It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green-light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical (which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall's original pitch).[34] However, Disney (which self-finances all its films)[41] provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million (relative to other feature-length fantasy films on its development slate), in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film.[34]

text: Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch.[42][43] Streep had instituted a personal "no witch" rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles, but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again.[34] (As a young Yale University student, she had participated in the original production of Sondheim's The Frogs.) During the same month, it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well.[44] Five months later, however, Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack's Mother instead.[13]

text: In April 2013, Johnny Depp was in final negotiations, along with Streep, to join the film.[9][15] The Hollywood Reporter reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget, Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall (whom he had just worked with in On Stranger Tides) to a "boarding" arrangement, in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million, instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role.[45] In May, James Corden, who took part in the reading of the screenplay, was in talks to play the role of the Baker.[46] On May 10, 2013, Disney confirmed the casting of Streep, Depp, and Corden as the Witch, the Big Bad Wolf, and the Baker, respectively.[10] That same month, Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast, respectively, as the Baker's Wife and Cinderella's Stepmother.[14][47][48] Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her "warm[th]" and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker's Wife: "[T]hat’s very important for that character because it’s the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she’s gone it should feel like a kick in the gut."[35] After she was cast, Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly.[34][49] However, her "overweight" appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker's Wife;[34] as she explained, "I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery."[49]

text: Also in May, Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes.[12] However, Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film, Nightcrawler, and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen.[19][50] One month later, Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film.[11] In June 2013, Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted, and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014.[6][51] In July, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast.[8][17][18] In early August, Sophia Grace Brownlee's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood.[52][53] The announcement of Brownlee's casting, which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney, was criticized as "a stunt" and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf.[54][55][56] Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part. However, director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel, after recognizing "the 'vulnerability' and 'emotion' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line", as he recalled.[57] The film's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep, Johnny Depp, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10, 2013.[58][59] On September 16, 2013, Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood, despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee.[16] Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype, who offered her the role within two hours; she was on a flight to London the next day.[34] Later on, Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie: "After careful consideration, we the parents of Sophia Grace, felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part. It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of Into the Woods to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film."[60] Apart from Crawford, the casting of Richard Glover, Frances de la Tour, Simon Russell Beale, Joanna Riding, and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16.[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In July 2013, before filming began, Marshall put the cast through six weeks[34] of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes.[2] In August, the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself.[2] Over 90% of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions, while the rest were recorded on location or on the set.[2] The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed, thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos.[61]

text: Principal photography took place at London's Shepperton Studios in September 2013, with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle, Hambleden, Waverley Abbey:[62][63][64] and Richmond Park.[65][66] A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods.[67] Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet "Agony" in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake, which turned out to be the perfect location for the song.[67] The production was shot digitally, using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two-camera setup.[61] Footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer.[61] The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella's home.[68]

text: The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel's hair being climbed upon.[57] Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair, and that the top of Rapunzel's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair; make-up artists only braided it into the extension.[57] This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King.[69] After testing loose, flowing hair which King found "uncontrollable", he decided to have twenty-seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30-foot braid, a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel.[69] In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension, King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England.[69] The hair-braiding process required three people, each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out.[69] King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy's champagne blonde hair color, and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights.[69] Between scenes, Mauzy had to "wrap [the hair] around her arm like huge rolls of wool", as recalled by King.[69] A stuntman was employed to shoot hair-climbing scenes.[57] Thin rope and metal rings were the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up.[69]

text: The film's final shot, which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot, actually transitions digitally between three shots: a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky, an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales, and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan, New York City.[70] Filming concluded on November 27, 2013.[71]

text: On July 14, 2014, Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July.[72] The following month, however, Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots.[73] Instead, they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie.[73] For his role as the Wolf, Depp worked closely with the film's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery-inspired costume, complete with zoot suit and fedora.[74]

text: Music[edit]

text: As noted above, the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast.[2] Music producer Mike Higham, who had previously worked with Sondheim on Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, recorded the film's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic.[21] Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing, including singing live to a camera on set, to prerecorded music in studio, and with a live studio orchestra. Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim's original music.[21] The key to the song, "Hello, Little Girl," was altered to better suit Johnny Depp's lower vocal range. In regards to the song's musical arrangement, Higham explained; "we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter, especially the flutes. And we just made it a little jazzier — played more on the walking bass line. Inherently, when it has a jazz feel, it just feels lighter."[75] The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2014.[76]

text: While it was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs: a duet for the Baker and his Wife, titled "Rainbows"—originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made—and a new song for the Witch, eventually titled "She'll Be Back".[77] In the end, neither song appears in the finished film: "Rainbows" was cut before shooting began and "She'll Be Back", though filmed, was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down. "She'll Be Back" was included as a bonus feature on the film's home media release.[78][79]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo.[80] The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31, 2014.[81][82] A featurette was released showing behind-the-scenes clips and the vocals of Streep, Kendrick, Blunt and others.[83] A second trailer was released on November 6, 2014.[84]

text: The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8, 2014.[85] It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2014.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on March 24, 2015.[86] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[87] The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's original song "She'll Be Back".[79]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Into the Woods grossed $128 million in North America, and $85.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $213.1 million, against a budget of $50 million.[3]

text: Into the Woods began playing across North American theaters on December 24, 2014, and earned $1.1 million from late-night Christmas Eve showings[88][89] and $15.08 million on its opening day (including previews) from 2,440 theaters.[90] Its opening day gross was the fourth-biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth-biggest Christmas Day gross ever.[91] The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25, 2014, the other three being Universal Pictures' Unbroken (3,131 theaters), Paramount Pictures' The Gambler (2,478 theaters), and TWC's Big Eyes (1,307 theaters).[92] It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three-day opening ($46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross) debuting at #2 at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical (previously held by Mamma Mia!).[93][94] The film's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st-century live-action musical film.[95]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Despite early screenings prior to the film's release, Disney issued an embargo on professional reviews of the film until two weeks before general theatrical release.[96] Into the Woods received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "On the whole, this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway—even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act." The cast—particularly the performances by Streep, Blunt and Pine—received wide acclaim as well as its production design, and costume design[97] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculates a score of 69 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[98] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Into the Woods an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[99]

text: Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch, with many critics and audiences believing she was the film's heart. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post called her and Blunt's portrayals as "two of the greatest female performances of the year". For her performance, Streep received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress.

text: The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film "benefits from respect for the source material, enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast".[100] Stephen Holden of The New York Times lauded the film, writing; "Into the Woods, the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim-James Lapine musical, infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for 'children of all ages'".[101] Leonard Maltin called the movie as "one of the year's best films". Similarly, Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as "the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall's own Chicago." and praised the performance of the cast, particularly Streep. Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film "this century's best musical" and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year. Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave a positive review declaring the film "Rob Marshall's best movie ever" and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances.[102] Richard Corliss of Time gave a positive review, stating that the film was a "smart, appealing, upside-down children’s story for adults of all ages".[103] Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tipped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category, and also praised the performance of Chris Pine.[104]

text: Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair,[105] Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News,[106] and Dana Stevens of Slate[107] all published critical reviews of the film. All three found much to like in the acting (especially Blunt and Pine's performances), but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes, the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical's second act.[105][106][107] Stevens characterized the result as a "generic dystopian bummer,"[107] while Lawson criticized the film as a "dutiful but perfunctory adaptation" which lacked "genuine heart".[105] Paul Katz of The Huffington Post felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt, and also criticized the film's faithfulness to the stage musical.[108] Conversely, Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post disliked the performances by Streep and Depp, while simultaneously calling the film's first two acts a "surprising delight".[109]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

Academy Awards[110]
February 22, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Production Design
Production Design: Dennis Gassner; Set Decoration: Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

AACTA International Awards[111]
January 31, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Art Directors Guild Awards[112]
January 31, 2015
Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film
Dennis Gassner
Nominated

American Cinema Editors[113]
January 30, 2015
Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical
Wyatt Smith
Nominated

American Film Institute[114]
December 9, 2014
Top Eleven Films of the Year
Into the Woods
Won

British Academy Film Awards[115]
February 8, 2015
Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair
Peter Swords King, J. Roy Helland
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association[116]
January 15, 2015
Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Acting Ensemble
The Cast of Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Dennis Gassner/Production Designer, Anna Pinnock/Set Decorator
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Hair & Makeup

Nominated

Casting Society of America[117]
January 22, 2015
Big Budget Comedy
Francine Maisler, Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 15, 2014
Best Art direction/Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild[118]
February 17, 2015
Excellence in Fantasy Film
Colleen Atwood
Won

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 15, 2014
Best Ensemble
The Cast of Into the Woods
Nominated

Empire Awards[119]
March 29, 2015
Best Male Newcomer
Daniel Huttlestone
Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 19, 2014
Best Art Direction/Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards[120]
January 11, 2015
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical
Emily Blunt
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards[121]
March 28, 2015
Best Villain
Meryl Streep
Nominated

MPSE Golden Reel Awards[122]
February 15, 2015
Feature Musical
Mike Higham, Jennifer Dunnington
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[123][124]
April 12, 2015
Best Villain
Meryl Streep
Won

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 15, 2014
Best Production Design
Dennis Gassner, Anna Pinnock
Nominated

Satellite Awards[125][126]
February 15, 2015
Best Ensemble – Motion Picture
Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Johnny Depp, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch, Billy Magnussen, and Frances de la Tour
Won

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Sound (Editing and Mixing)
Blake Leyh, John Casali, Michael Keller, Michael Prestwoood Smith, and Renee Tondelli
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Christian Irles, Matt Johnson, and Stefano Pepin
Nominated

Saturn Awards[127]
June 25, 2015
Best Fantasy Film
Into the Woods
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Production Design
Dennis Gassner
Nominated

Best Costume
Colleen Atwood
Nominated

Best Make-up
Peter King and Matthew Smith
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards[128]
January 25, 2015
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Meryl Streep
Nominated

St. Louis Film Critics
December 15, 2014
Best Music Soundtrack

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[129]
December 8, 2014
Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Art Direction
Dennis Gassner and Anna Pinnock
Nominated

tag: table


document_title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament

question_text: who won gold in womens curling 2018 olympics

question_tokens: who won gold in womens curling 2018 olympics

text: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament

text: Teams[edit]

text: The teams are listed as follows:[3]

text:
Canada
 China
 Denmark
 Great Britain
 Japan

Ottawa CC, Ottawa
Skip: Rachel Homan
Third: Emma Miskew
Second: Joanne Courtney
Lead: Lisa Weagle
Alternate: Cheryl Bernard

Harbin CC, Harbin
Skip: Wang Bingyu
Third: Zhou Yan
Second: Liu Jinli
Lead: Ma Jingyi
Alternate: Jiang Xindi

Hvidovre CC, Hvidovre
Skip: Madeleine Dupont
Third: Denise Dupont
Second: Julie Høgh
Lead: Mathilde Halse
Alternate: Lina Knudsen

Royal Caledonian CC, Stirling
Skip: Eve Muirhead
Third: Anna Sloan
Second: Vicki Adams
Lead: Lauren Gray
Alternate: Kelly Schafer

Loco Solare CC, Kitami
Skip: Satsuki Fujisawa
Third: Chinami Yoshida
Second: Yumi Suzuki
Lead: Yurika Yoshida
Alternate: Mari Motohashi

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
 South Korea
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 United States

CC Adamant, St. Petersburg
Skip: Victoria Moiseeva
Third: Uliana Vasilyeva
Second: Galina Arsenkina
Lead: Julia Guzieva
Alternate: Yulia Portunova

GyeongBuk Uiseong CC, Uiseong
Skip: Kim Eun-jung
Third: Kim Kyeong-ae
Second: Kim Seon-yeong
Lead: Kim Yeong-mi
Alternate: Kim Cho-hi

Sundbybergs CK, Sundbyberg
Skip: Anna Hasselborg
Third: Sara McManus
Second: Agnes Knochenhauer
Lead: Sofia Mabergs
Alternate: Jennie Wåhlin

CC Aarau, Aarau
Skip: Silvana Tirinzoni
Third: Esther Neuenschwander
Second: Manuela Siegrist
Lead: Marlene Albrecht
Alternate: Jenny Perret

Madison CC, Madison
Skip: Nina Roth
Third: Tabitha Peterson
Second: Aileen Geving
Lead: Rebecca Hamilton
Alternate: Cory Christensen

text: Round robin standings[edit]

text: Final round robin standings

text:
Key

Teams to playoffs

text:
Country

v
t
e

Skip
W
L
PF
PA
Ends
won
Ends
lost
Blank
ends
Stolen
ends
Shot %

 South Korea
Kim Eun-jung
8
1
75
44
41
34
5
15
79%

 Sweden
Anna Hasselborg
7
2
64
48
42
34
14
13
83%

 Great Britain
Eve Muirhead
6
3
61
56
39
38
12
6
79%

 Japan
Satsuki Fujisawa
5
4
59
55
38
36
10
13
75%

 China
Wang Bingyu
4
5
57
65
35
38
12
5
78%

 Canada
Rachel Homan
4
5
68
59
40
36
10
12
81%

 Switzerland
Silvana Tirinzoni
4
5
60
55
34
37
12
7
78%

 United States
Nina Roth
4
5
56
65
38
39
7
6
78%

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Victoria Moiseeva
2
7
45
76
34
40
8
6
76%

 Denmark
Madeleine Dupont
1
8
50
72
32
41
10
6
73%

text: Round robin results[edit]

text: All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9).[4]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team

v
t
e

Record

 Canada

5–7
8–9
5–6
8–3
9–8
6–8
6–7
10–8
11–3
4–5

 China
7–5

10–7
7–8
7–6
6–7
5–12
4–8
7–2
4–10
4–5

 Denmark
9–8
7–10

6–7
5–8
7–8
3–9
3–9
4–6
6–7
1–8

 Great Britain
6–5
8–7
7–6

8–6
10–3
4–7
6–8
8–7
4–7
6–3

 Japan
3–8
6–7
8–5
6–8

10–5
7–5
5–4
4–8
10–5
5–4

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
8–9
7–6
8–7
3–10
5–10

2–11
4–5
2–11
6–7
2–7

 South Korea
8–6
12–5
9–3
7–4
5–7
11–2

7–6
7–5
9–6
8–1

 Sweden
7–6
8–4
9–3
8–6
4–5
5–4
6–7

8–7
9–6
7–2

 Switzerland
8–10
2–7
6–4
7–8
8–4
11–2
5–7
7–8

6–5
4–5

 United States
3–11
10–4
7–6
7–4
5–10
7–6
6–9
6–9
5–6

4–5

text: Draw 1[edit]

text: Wednesday, 14 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
2
2
3
0
1
0
0
1
1
X
10

 United States (Roth)
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
X
5

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
X
X
X
3

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
3
0
2
1
0
0
4
X
X
X
10

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
X
X
3

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
X
X
9

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
X
X
2

 China (Wang)
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
3
X
X
7

text: Draw 2[edit]

text: Thursday, 15 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
6

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
8

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
X
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
2
0
X
8

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 China (Wang)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
6

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
7

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
4

 United States (Roth)
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
7

text: Draw 3[edit]

text: Thursday, 15 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
7

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
8

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
6

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
5

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
7

text: Draw 4[edit]

text: Friday, 16 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
3
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
9

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
8

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
7

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
5

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
5

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
4

text: Draw 5[edit]

text: Saturday, 17 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
7

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
2
0
0
8

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
6

 United States (Roth)
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
6

 China (Wang)
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
1
7

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
6

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
7

text: Draw 6[edit]

text: Saturday, 17 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
X
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
0
2
0
1
3
0
2
X
10

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
4
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
4
X
10

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
1
0
X
7

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
7

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
4

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
X
X
X
3

 Canada (Homan)
3
0
1
0
3
0
4
X
X
X
11

text: Draw 7[edit]

text: Sunday, 18 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
6

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
2
8

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
1
10

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
0
8

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
X
X
5

 South Korea (Kim)
3
0
3
0
4
0
0
2
X
X
12

text: Draw 8[edit]

text: Monday, 19 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
7

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
X
X
X
3

 Canada (Homan)
1
0
0
1
4
0
2
X
X
X
8

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
6

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
7

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
X
X
X
2

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
X
X
X
11

text: Draw 9[edit]

text: Monday, 19 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
8

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
7

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
3
0
7

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
1
8

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
X
X
4

 United States (Roth)
3
0
4
0
2
0
1
0
X
X
10

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
5

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
4

text: Draw 10[edit]

text: Tuesday, 20 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
5

 China (Wang)
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
X
6

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
1
4
0
1
0
2
X
9

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
6

text: Draw 11[edit]

text: Wednesday, 21 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
3
3
3
0
2
0
X
X
X
X
11

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
0
0
1
0
1
X
X
X
X
2

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
X
8

 China (Wang)
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
X
4

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
X
6

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
X
4

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
5

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
6

text: Draw 12[edit]

text: Wednesday, 21 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
9

 United States (Roth)
0
2
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
X
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
X
4

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
8

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
0
2
1
1
0
0
2
1
9

text:
Sheet D

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
3
2
0
3
X
X
X
9

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
X
X
X
3

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Gold medal game

1
 South Korea
8

4
 Japan
7

1
 South Korea
3

2
 Sweden
8

2
 Sweden
10

3
 Great Britain
5

Bronze medal game

3
 Great Britain
3

4
 Japan
5

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: Friday, 23 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
7

text:
Player percentages

 South Korea
 Japan

Kim Yeong-mi
88%
Yurika Yoshida
91%

Kim Seon-yeong
95%
Yumi Suzuki
65%

Kim Kyeong-ae
86%
Chinami Yoshida
82%

Kim Eun-jung
82%
Satsuki Fujisawa
86%

Total
88%
Total
81%

text:
Sheet C

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
0
1
0
2
3
0
2
X
10

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
X
5

text:
Player percentages

 Sweden
 Great Britain

Sofia Mabergs
99%
Lauren Gray
88%

Agnes Knochenhauer
82%
Vicki Adams
81%

Sara McManus
81%
Anna Sloan
74%

Anna Hasselborg
83%
Eve Muirhead
69%

Total
86%
Total
78%

text: Bronze medal game[edit]

text: Saturday, 24 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
5

text:
Player percentages

 Great Britain
 Japan

Lauren Gray
89%
Yurika Yoshida
85%

Vicki Adams
73%
Yumi Suzuki
69%

Anna Sloan
81%
Chinami Yoshida
85%

Eve Muirhead
65%
Satsuki Fujisawa
83%

Total
77%
Total
80%

text: Gold medal game[edit]

text: Sunday, 25 February, 9:05

text:
Sheet B

v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
X
3

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
0
1
X
8

text:
Player percentages

 South Korea
 Sweden

Kim Yeong-mi
82%
Sofia Mabergs
100%

Kim Seon-yeong
86%
Agnes Knochenhauer
83%

Kim Kyeong-ae
82%
Sara McManus
90%

Kim Eun-jung
72%
Anna Hasselborg
94%

Total
81%
Total
92%

text: Final standings[edit]

text: The final standings are:[5]

text:
Place
Team

01 !
 Sweden

02 !
 South Korea

03 !
 Japan

4
 Great Britain

5
 China

6
 Canada

7
 Switzerland

8
 United States

9
 Olympic Athletes from Russia

10
 Denmark

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Player percentages[edit]

text: Player percentages during round robin play are as follows:[6]

text: Lead[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Lisa Weagle (CAN)
91
85
76
86
84
100
93
83
81
86

2
 Becca Hamilton (USA)
89
91
85
82
71
84
94
83
85
85

3
 Ma Jingyi (CHN)
86
91
89
83
84
88
75
70
94
84

4
 Kim Yeong-mi (KOR)
83
79
76
89
—
79
—
96
—
83

4
 Julia Guzieva (OAR)
82
76
78
89
85
80
93
77
84
83

4
 Sofia Mabergs (SWE)
80
92
83
82
80
79
78
93
83
83

7
 Lauren Gray (GBR)
82
86
68
81
83
83
79
85
86
81

8
 Marlene Albrecht (SUI)
80
90
81
74
76
88
69
86
75
80

9
 Yurika Yoshida (JPN)
74
80
79
72
71
86
74
88
82
78

10
 Mathilde Halse (DEN)
81
78
81
69
84
66
68
—
—
74

text: Second[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Agnes Knochenhauer (SWE)
83
83
81
79
86
83
80
94
90
84

2
 Galina Arsenkina (OAR)
82
90
80
77
76
79
80
85
88
82

3
 Joanne Courtney (CAN)
84
74
80
93
58
82
83
91
78
80

4
 Vicki Adams (GBR)
80
75
76
78
91
73
69
76
94
79

5
 Manuela Siegrist (SUI)
59
85
79
65
90
80
75
83
83
78

6
 Kim Seon-yeong (KOR)
84
64
79
81
86
75
73
85
71
77

6
 Aileen Geving (USA)
67
79
79
77
79
75
91
78
71
77

8
 Liu Jinli (CHN)
84
75
74
75
75
70
69
80
85
76

9
 Julie Høgh (DEN)
83
63
74
78
81
64
76
—
—
74

9
 Yumi Suzuki (JPN)
74
71
74
80
78
64
74
80
72
74

text: Third[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Sara McManus (SWE)
88
77
82
78
98
75
91
88
80
84

2
 Emma Miskew (CAN)
90
73
77
98
85
84
76
84
76
82

3
 Esther Neuenschwander (SUI)
77
93
78
68
85
82
65
89
89
80

4
 Tabitha Peterson (USA)
51
80
89
84
68
83
86
69
81
77

5
 Kim Kyeong-ae (KOR)
66
64
79
88
80
71
68
90
88
76

5
 Anna Sloan (GBR)
79
73
70
84
66
74
80
84
75
76

5
 Chinami Yoshida (JPN)
86
65
88
75
86
55
80
75
72
76

5
 Zhou Yan (CHN)
78
86
73
77
70
63
61
89
83
76

9
 Denise Dupont (DEN)
73
68
69
74
89
74
78
78
66
75

10
 Uliana Vasileva (OAR)
68
72
69
83
68
52
—
—
—
70

text: Fourth[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Anna Hasselborg (SWE)
92
81
76
83
89
66
71
95
84
82

2
 Kim Eun-jung (KOR)
76
60
80
85
86
63
85
98
80
78

2
 Eve Muirhead (GBR)
79
76
74
85
72
81
88
69
83
78

4
 Rachel Homan (CAN)
72
77
66
96
83
77
73
79
78
77

5
 Nina Roth (USA)
49
88
71
81
71
75
86
79
70
75

6
 Satsuki Fujisawa (JPN)
68
76
76
80
92
71
61
55
74
73

6
 Silvana Tirinzoni (SUI)
56
79
54
78
73
82
81
84
68
73

6
 Wang Bingyu (CHN)
80
81
72
70
75
67
58
72
78
73

9
 Victoria Moiseeva (OAR)
50
82
78
74
76
43
80
58
69
70

10
 Madeleine Dupont (DEN)
55
57
67
73
61
76
66
82
71
68


document_title: Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing

question_text: who sang baby did a bad bad thing

question_tokens: who sang baby did a bad bad thing

text: Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing

text:
"Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing"

Single by Chris Isaak

from the album Forever Blue

Released
1996 (original single)
1999 (remix)

Genre
Rock'n'roll, rockabilly

Length
2:55

Label
Warner Bros. Records

Songwriter(s)
Chris Isaak

Producer(s)
Erik Jacobsen

Chris Isaak singles chronology

"Go Walking Down There"
(1995)
"Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing"
(1996)
"Think of Tomorrow"
(1996)

"Go Walking Down There"
(1995)
"Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing"
(1996)
"Think of Tomorrow"
(1996)

text: "Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing" is a song by American rock and roll artist Chris Isaak, released as the first track to the 1995 album Forever Blue. Filled with sensuality and erotic imagery, the song was described by Isaak as a declaration to "somebody who is so evil and twisted and bad, and yet, you still want them”. The title evokes how "That’s a bad bad thing" is used by both parents scolding misbehaving children and adults during sexual intercourse.[1]

text: Similar to how Isaak's "Wicked Game" only became a success following its inclusion in Wild at Heart (1990), the song got most of its mainstream recognition after being featured in the 1999 Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut, starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. Kubrick heard the song as Kidman listened to Isaak's music to liven up during rehearsals.[2] Isaak was asked for his approval as he prepared to perform on The Tonight Show, and immediately agreed once he was told it was for Kubrick,[1] who Isaak declared "hasn't done a film I didn't like". The singer said he always considered "Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing" ripe for soundtracks due to being "kind of a strange piece of work, with a really driving beat and a manic energy that I thought would probably work well for some visuals".[3] David Kahne remixed the track for the Eyes Wide Shut trailers and television spots, and the redone version was released as a radio single on June 22, 1999.[4] Isaak has approved of the remix, feeling it was "more rocking and everything sounds louder".[3]

text: It peaked at #9 in September 1999 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, although it was only #27 when it was originally released in 1996.[5] In the United States, the 1999 reissue reached 29 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart.[6]

text: The song was also used at the beginning of the Cold Case episode "Dog Day Afternoons", as well as the end of the CSI: Miami episode "Curse Of The Coffin". It was also used in the trailer for the film Sorority Row.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video of the song was commissioned after its inclusion on Eyes Wide Shut, and directed by Herb Ritts, who also did the video for Isaak's "Wicked Game". It features French model Laetitia Casta videotaped in a motel room gyrating sexually being watched by Isaak. Casta was dressed in lingerie and wore a black wig throughout the video. In July 1999, VH1 aired two versions of the music video, the censored version was played before 9 p.m. and the uncensored version was played after 9 p.m. The video was initially regarded as too steamy by the network.[7] The video was ranked #28 on VH1's 50 Sexiest Video Moments.


document_title: History of the ambulance

question_text: when were ambulances first used in the us

text: History of the ambulance

text: Early patient transport[edit]

text: There is evidence of forced transport of those with psychiatric problems or leprosy in ancient times. The earliest record of such an ambulance was probably a hammock-based cart constructed around 900 AD by the Anglo-Saxons.[1]

text: During the Crusades of the 11th century, the Knights Hospitaller set up hospitals to treat pilgrims wounded in their battles in the 'holy land', although there is no clear evidence to suggest how the wounded made their way to these hospitals.

text: The Normans used a litter suspended between horses on two poles.[1] Variations on the horse litter and horse-drawn wagons were used until the 20th century.

text: Early battlefield treatment[edit]

text: The first record of ambulances being used for emergency purposes was the use by Isabella I of Castile, in 1487. The Spanish army of the time was well treated and attracted volunteers from across the continent; and among their benefits were the first military hospitals or 'ambulancias', although injured soldiers were not picked up for treatment until after the cessation of the battle, resulting in many dying on the field.

text: A major change in usage of ambulances in battle came about with the ambulance volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), Napoleon Bonaparte’s chief physician.[2][3] Larrey was present at the battle of Spires, between the French and Prussians, and was distressed that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances (which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle) until after hostilities had ceased, so he set about developing a new ambulance system.[1][2] Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters, he settled on two- or four-wheeled horse-drawn wagons to transport fallen soldiers from the (active) battlefield after they had received early treatment in the field. Larrey adapted the axle assembly from the French's horse-drawn artillery ("flying artillery") that made their gun carriages especially maneuverable on uneven terrain, and so christened his ambulances "flying ambulances" (ambulance volantes). The flying ambulances were first used by Napoleon's Army of the Rhine in 1793. Larrey subsequently developed similar services for Napoleon's other armies, and adapted his ambulances to the conditions; including developing a litter which could be carried by a camel for a campaign in Egypt.[3]

text: Development of civilian services[edit]

text: In civilian ambulances, a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London in 1832. The Times newspaper said, "The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other".[1]

text: Advances during the American Civil War[edit]

text: More advances in medical care for the military were made during the United States’ Civil War. Union military physicians Joseph Barnes and Jonathan Letterman built upon Larrey’s work and designed a prehospital care system for soldiers, which used new techniques and methods of transport. They ensured that every regiment possessed at least one ambulance cart, with a two-wheeled design that accommodated two or three patients. These ambulances unfortunately proved to be too lightweight for the task, and were phased out to be replaced by the "Rucker" ambulance, named for Major General Rucker,[1] which was a four-wheeled design, and was a common sight on battlefield of that war. Other vehicles were pressed into service during the civil war, including a number of Steamboats, which served as mobile hospitals for the troops. It was in this period that the practice of transporting wounded soldiers to treatment facilities by railroad was introduced.[4]

text: Hospital-based services begin[edit]

text: The first known hospital-based ambulance service was based out of Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, (now the Cincinnati General) by 1865.[1] This was soon followed by other services, notably the New York service provided out of Bellevue Hospital. Edward Dalton, a former surgeon in the Union Army, was charged with creating a hospital in lower New York; he started an ambulance service to bring the patients to the hospital faster and in more comfort, a service which started in 1869. These ambulances carried medical equipment, such as splints, a stomach pump, morphine, and brandy, reflecting contemporary medicine. Dalton believed that speed was of the essence, and at first the horses were kept in harness while awaiting a call: within a few months this practice had been replaced with a 'drop,' or 'snap,' harness arrangement, whereby the tack was lowered by pulley from the ceiling straight onto the horse: under either scheme, ambulances were ready to go within 30 seconds of being called.[5] The service was very popular and grew rapidly, with the year 1870 seeing the ambulances attend 1401 emergency calls, but twenty-one years later, this had more than tripled to 4392.[1] For the first week of their operation, the ambulances were crewed by the hospital's house-staff, after which the hospital hired Drs. Duncan Lee and Robert Taylor as full-time ambulance surgeons; going forward, the plan was to crew the ambulances with fresh graduates of Bellevue's surgical training program, who would serve for six-month terms and be replaced by new hires from successive graduating classes.[5] This scheme foundered immediately, however, when graduates balked at the schedule and the salary offered: $50 a month, twelve-hour shifts, and one day off every four weeks. Instead, by the end of 1869, the system of staffing the ambulance with residents in training (who could simply be assigned, rather than having to be recruited) was firmly established. As late as 1935, these interns were earning the same $50 a month their grandfathers had received.[5]

text: In 1867, the city of London's Metropolitan Asylums Board, in the United Kingdom, received six horse-drawn ambulances for the purpose of conveying smallpox and fever patients from their homes to a hospital. These ambulances were designed to resemble private carriages, but were equipped with rollers in their floors and large rear doors to allow for a patient, lying on a specially designed bed, to be easily loaded. Space was provided for an attendant to ride with the patient, and the entire patient compartment was designed to be easily cleaned and decontaminated. Anyone willing to pay the cost of horse hire could summon the ambulance by telegram or in person.[6]

text: Dedicated services begin[edit]

text: In 1880, the President of the Liverpool Medical Institution, Reginald Harrison, suggested a horse-drawn ambulance for the city.[7][8] In 1884, this ambulance service was created based at the Liverpool Northern Hospital: it was the first in Britain.[9]

text: In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in London.[10] It was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. The St John Ambulance Association had already been teaching first aid to the public for 10 years prior to that.[10] National or state based branches of St John Ambulance now provides ambulance and first aid services in many countries around the world.[11]

text: In Ireland the St John Ambulance was set up in 1903 in the Guinness Brewery in St. James Gate in Dublin by Doctor, later Sir, John Lumsden for workers. In 1910 the Brigade began its first public duty at the Royal Dublin Society. During the 1916 rising and (after becoming the independent St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland) the 'Emergency' (World War II) the brigade acted as an ambulance service and remained so until the set up of Regional Ambulance Services.

text: In Queensland, Australia, military medic Seymour Warrian called a public meeting in Brisbane and established an ambulance service after witnessing an event at the Brisbane showgrounds during Show Week in 1892.[12] A fallen rider, suffering a broken leg was walked off the field by well-meaning but misguided bystanders, worsening his injury. As a result of the meeting, the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade was formed on the 12 September.[12] The first ambulance station in Queensland operated out of the Brisbane Newspaper Company and officers on night duty slept on rolls of newspaper on the floor. They had a stretcher, but no vehicle and transported patients on foot, although in time, they gained horse-drawn stretchers and eventually vehicles. A year after the establishment of the Brisbane centre, another was established in Charters Towers in north Queensland, growing to over 90 community controlled ambulance centres. In 1991 the independent QATB centres amalgamated to form the Queensland Ambulance Service which is now the fourth largest ambulance service in the world.[12]

text: Mass transit use for emergency medical provision[edit]

text: In the late 19th century cities, including Bahia, Brazil and St Louis, Missouri, United States started using trolley cars on their tram network which were designed to act as ambulances, transporting the sick and injured. The trolley cars in Bahia included a fumigating compartment and a two bed nurses work area. The design of the tram network in St Louis was such that the ambulance streetcar, introduced in 1894 was able to reach all 16 infirmaries in the city.[1]

text: In Germany, in 1902, a civilian ambulance train was introduced (building on the use of trains during military conflict) for use during railway accidents. It housed a mobile operating room and eight stretchers. Railroad employed surgeons lived near the railway station where the ambulance train was stationed, and were summoned to urgently attend in the event of an emergency. This train had priority over the tracks, with all other trains obliged to give way.[1]

text: Introduction of motor units[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, the automobile was being developed, and started to be introduced alongside horse-drawn models; early 20th-century ambulances were powered by steam, gasoline, and electricity, reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence. However, the first motor-powered ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century, with the Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance, donated in February 1899 by 500 prominent local businessmen.[1] This was followed in 1900, by New York City, which extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 horsepower (1.5 kW) motors on the rear axle.[1]

text: The first gasoline-powered ambulance was the Palliser Ambulance, introduced in 1905, and named for Capt. John Palliser of the Canadian Militia. This three-wheeled vehicle (one at the front, two at the rear) was designed for use on the battlefield, under enemy fire. It was a heavy tractor unit, cased in bulletproof steel sheets. These steel shields opened outwards to provide a small area of cover from fire (nine feet wide by 7 feet (2.1 m) high) for the ambulance staff when the vehicle was stationary.[1]

text: The British Army followed quickly behind the Canadians in introducing a limited number of automobile ambulances. In 1905, the Royal Army Medical Corps commissioned a number of Straker-Squire motor ambulance vans. They were based on a double-decker bus manufactured by the same company, although on a shorter wheelbase.[13] A number of them were based in Oxfordshire, serving several major encampments in the area.[1]

text: The first mass-production automobile-based ambulance (rather than one-off models) was produced in the United States in 1909 by the James Cunningham, Son & Company of Rochester, New York, a manufacturer of carriages and hearses. This ambulance, named the Model 774 Automobile Ambulance, featured a proprietary 32 horsepower (24 kW), 4-cylinder internal combustion engine. The chassis rode on pneumatic tires, while the body featured electric lights, a suspended cot with two attendant seats, and a side-mounted gong.[14]

text: World War I[edit]

text: During World War One, the Red Cross brought in the first widespread battlefield motor ambulances to replace horse-drawn vehicles, a change which was such a success, the horse-drawn variants were quickly phased out. In civilian emergency care, dedicated ambulance services were frequently managed or dispatched by individual hospitals, though in some areas, telegraph and telephone services enabled police departments to handle dispatch duties.[4]

text: The equipment carried by the ambulance was changing fast at this time. Traction splints were introduced during World War I, and were found to have a positive effect on the morbidity and mortality of patients with leg fractures. Two-way radios became available shortly after World War I, providing more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances. Shortly before World War II, then, a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician, and was dispatched by radio. It was frequently found that ambulances were hearses – the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient – and were thus frequently run by funeral homes. These vehicles which could serve for either purpose were known as combination cars.[4][15]

text: Air ambulances[edit]

text: During World War One, aviation moved from experimentation to a powerful military force, and following the war, with a surplus of aircraft in circulation, new uses were found for the aircraft. This included the conversion of planes throughout the world into ambulance planes. Although in 1917, Lieutenant Clifford Peel, a medical student, outlined a system of fixed-wing aircraft and ground facilities designed to provide medical services to the Australian Outback; the first custom-built air ambulances did not come into existence until the late 1920s. These ideas became reality under the guidance of the Very Reverend John Flynn in 1928 when the Australian Inland Mission service established the Aerial Medical Service, a one-year experimental program. Physicians in this program had several responsibilities, one of which was to fly out to a patient, treat the patient, and fly the patient to a hospital if the physician could not deliver adequate care on scene. Eventually, this experiment became the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia.[16]

text: World War II[edit]

text: In much of the world, ambulance quality fell sharply during the Second World War, as physicians, needed by the armed services, were pulled off ambulances. In the United Kingdom, during the Battle of Britain, the need for ambulances was so great that vans were commandeered and pressed into service, often carrying several victims at once. Following the war, physicians would continue to ride ambulances in some countries, but not in others. Other vehicles, including civilian and police cars were pressed into service to transport patients due to a lack of a dedicated resource.[4][17] Military ambulances such as the Austin K2/Y were used both in the combat areas and on the Home Front. The American Dodge 3/4-ton WC-54 became the standard allied ambulance in front-line units.[citation needed] The Dodge 1/2 ton 9 18 27 became standard around bases overseas and in the States. They also saw combat in Africa and through parts of Europe and the Pacific.

text: The Korean War[edit]

text: During the Korean War, the newly created United States Air Force produced a number of air-ambulance units for use in forward operating medical units, using helicopters for rapid evacuation of patients. The H-13 Sioux helicopter, made famous by the film and television versions of M*A*S*H, transported 18,000 wounded soldiers during the conflict.[18] The work of the Medical Air Evacuation Squadrons was a success and was repeated by U.S. forces in Vietnam. The use of helicopters for emergency medical evacuations extended to civilian practice by groups such as the Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society.

text: Move to on-scene care[edit]

text: After the Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash in 1952, ambulances in Britain were restructured to be a "mobile hospital", rather than just transporting patients, thus leading to modern ambulances. CPR was developed and accepted as the standard of care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; defibrillation, based in part on an increased understanding of heart arrhythmias, was introduced, as were new pharmaceuticals to be used in cardiac arrest situations; in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies;[1] and well-developed studies demonstrated the need for overhauling ambulance services. These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general, including the care provided by ambulance services. Part of the result was the creation of standards in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area (to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport), and in the equipment (and thus weight) that an ambulance had to carry.

text: Few, or perhaps none of the then-available ambulances could meet these standards.[4][19] Ambulance design therefore underwent major changes in the 1970s. High-topped car-based ambulances were developed, but car chassis proved unable to accept the weight and other demands of the new standards; van (and later, light truck) chassis would have to be used instead.[4][19] The early van-based ambulances looked very similar to their civilian counterparts, having been given a limited amount of emergency vehicle equipment such as audible and visual warnings, and the internal fittings for carrying medical equipment, most notably a stretcher. As time went on, ambulances matured in parallel to the newly developed EMS, gaining the capacity to carry additional equipment (both portable and permanently installed) as EMTs and paramedics added this equipment to their arsenal. Ambulance design also evolved to reflect the ergonomics and other human factors of emergency medical care (for instance, raising the roof higher than typical for a van). Advances in the technology and understanding of emergency vehicle equipment also continued to influence ambulance design, just as it did for police and fire-suppression vehicles.

text: Modern vehicles[edit]

text: Modern ambulances are now often custom built, and as well as the specialist medical equipment now built into the ambulances, industry wide improvements in vehicle design have had an impact, including improvements in audible and visual warning equipment to help protect crews in vulnerable situations (such as at a Road Traffic Collision), and general improvements such as ABS, which are particularly valuable for ambulances, due to the speeds reached and the weight carried. There have also been improvements to help safeguard the health and welfare of ambulance crews, such as the addition of patient tail lifts, ramps and winches,[20] to cut down on the amount of manual handling a crew must perform.

text: Ambulance design is still evolving, largely due to the growing skills and role of Paramedics and other ambulance crew, which require specialist equipment. Other factors driving improvement include the need to help protect ambulance crews from common accidents, such as traffic collisions and rarer, but potentially catastrophic incidents such as terrorist activities.