document_title: List of convention centers in the United States

question_text: what is the biggest convention center in the us

text: By state[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text:
Bessemer Civic Center
Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex
Celebration Arena (Decatur)
Daphne Civic Center
Ozark Civic Center
Mobile Convention Center
Pelham Civic Center
Von Braun Center (Huntsville)

tag: ul

text: Arizona[edit]

text:
Mojave Crossing (Fort Mohave)
Phoenix Convention Center
Tucson Convention Center
Walkup Skydome (Flagstaff)
WestWorld (Scottsdale)

text: Arkansas[edit]

text:
Pine Bluff Convention Center
Statehouse Convention Center (Little Rock)

text: California[edit]

text:
Alameda County Fairgrounds (Pleasanton)
Anaheim Convention Center
Bill Graham Civic Auditorium (San Francisco)
Bren Events Center (Irvine)
Business Expo Center (Anaheim)
Carson Community Center
Centennial Hall Convention Center (Hayward)
Cow Palace (Daly City)
Del Mar Fairgrounds (Del Mar)
El Dorado County Fair (Placerville)
Eureka Municipal Auditorium
Fresno Convention Center
Granlibakken (Tahoe City)
Kaiser Convention Center (Oakland)
Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center
Los Angeles Convention Center
Monterey Conference Center
Moscone Center (San Francisco)
Oakland Convention Center
Palm Springs Convention Center
Pasadena Civic Auditorium
Paso Robles Event Center
Rabobank Theater and Convention Center (Bakersfield)
Riverside Convention Center
Sacramento Convention Center
San Diego Convention Center
San Jose Convention Center
Santa Clara Convention Center
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
Shrine Auditorium (Los Angeles)
Visalia Convention Center
160th Regiment State Armory (Los Angeles)

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Colorado Convention Center (Denver)
Island Grove (Greeley)

text: Connecticut[edit]

text:
Connecticut Convention Center (Hartford)
XL Center (Hartford)

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text:
Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center
Walter E. Washington Convention Center

text: Florida[edit]

text:
Broward County Convention Center (Fort Lauderdale)
Clemente Center (Melbourne)
Donald L. Tucker Center (Tallahassee)
Emerald Coast Convention Center (Okaloosa Island/Destin)
Knight International Center (Miami)
Miami Airport Convention Center (Miami)
Miami Beach Convention Center
Ocean Center (Daytona Beach)
Orange County Convention Center (Orlando)
Palm Beach County Convention Center (West Palm Beach)
Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center (Jacksonville)
Tampa Convention Center
Volusia County Fair and Expo Center (DeLand)

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Atlanta Exposition Centers
Centennial Olympic Park (Atlanta)
Cobb Galleria Centre (Atlanta)
Georgia International Convention Center (College Park)
Georgia World Congress Center (Atlanta)
TEE Center (Augusta)

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: Hawai'i Convention Center (Honolulu)

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Boise Centre
Idaho Center (Nampa)

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
Bank of Springfield Center (Springfield)
Donald E. Stephens Convention Center (Rosemont)
i wireless Center (Moline)
McCormick Place (Chicago)
Oakley-Lindsay Center (Quincy)
Odeum Expo Center (Villa Park)
Peoria Civic Center
Progress City USA (Decatur)
Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center Hotel
Tinley Park Convention Center

text: Indiana[edit]

text:
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum and Exposition Center (Fort Wayne)
Old National Events Plaza (Evansville)
Century Center (South Bend)
Genesis Convention Center (Gary)
Grand Wayne Convention Center (Fort Wayne)
Honeywell Center (Wabash)
Indiana Convention Center (Indianapolis)

text: Iowa[edit]

text:
Grand River Event Center (Dubuque)
Iowa Events Center (Des Moines)
Mid-America Center (Council Bluffs)
Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center (Bettendorf)
RiverCenter/Adler Theatre (Davenport)

text: Kansas[edit]

text:
Century II Convention Hall (Wichita)
Overland Park Convention Center

text: Kentucky[edit]

text:
Eastern Kentucky Exposition Center (Pikeville)
Frankfort Convention Center
Kentucky Exposition Center (Louisville)
Kentucky International Convention Center (Louisville)
Lexington Center
The Center for Rural Development (Somerset)

text: Louisiana[edit]

text:
Alario Center (Westwego)
Blackham Coliseum (Lafayette)
Bossier Civic Center (Bossier City)
Burton Coliseum (Lake Charles)
Cajundome (Lafayette)
Houma Terrebonne Civic Center (Houma)
Ike Hamilton Expo Center (West Monroe)
Lake Charles Civic Center
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans)
Municipal Auditorium (New Orleans)
Natchitoches Events Center
New Orleans Morial Convention Center
Pontchartrain Center (Kenner)
Raising Cane's River Center (Baton Rouge)
Rapides Parish Coliseum (Alexandria)
Shreveport Convention Center
Smoothie King Center (New Orleans)
Thomas Assembly Center (Ruston)
University Center (Hammond)
Vidalia Convention Center (Vidalia)
Warren J. Harang Jr. Municipal Auditorium (Thibodaux)

text: Maine[edit]

text:
Cross Insurance Center (Bangor)
Portland Maine Convention Center

text: Maryland[edit]

text:
Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers (Queenstown)
Baltimore Convention Center
Belmont Estate (Belmont Conference Center) (Moore's Morning Choice) (Elkridge)
Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center (National Harbor)
Roland E. Powell Convention Center (Ocean City)
UMUC Inn & Conference Center (Adelphi)

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
Bayside Expo Center (Boston) - sold in 2010 to the University of Massachusetts Boston for future redevelopment[1][2]
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center (Boston)
DCU Center (Worcester)
Hynes Convention Center (Boston)
Massachusetts Convention Center Authority
MassMutual Center (Springfield)

text: Michigan[edit]

text:
Cobo Center (Detroit)
DeVos Place Convention Center (Grand Rapids)
Lansing Center (Lansing)
Suburban Collection Showplace (Novi)

text: Minnesota[edit]

text:
Duluth Entertainment Convention Center (DECC) (Duluth)
Mayo Civic Center (Rochester)
Minneapolis Convention Center (Minneapolis)
RiverCentre (Saint Paul)
River's Edge Convention Center (Saint Cloud)
Verizon Wireless Center (Mankato)

text: Mississippi[edit]

text:
Hattiesburg Lake Terrace Convention Center (Hattiesburg)
Jackson Convention Complex (Jackson)

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
America's Center (St. Louis)
Bartle Hall Convention Center (Kansas City)
Branson Convention Center (Branson)

text: Nevada[edit]

text:
Cashman Center (Las Vegas)
Las Vegas Convention Center (Las Vegas)
Mandalay Bay Convention Center (Las Vegas)
MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)
Sands Expo (Las Vegas)

text: New Jersey[edit]

text:
Atlantic City Convention Center (Atlantic City)
Garden State Exhibit Center (Somerset)
Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall (frequently called Boardwalk Hall) (Atlantic City)
New Jersey Convention and Exposition Center (Edison)
Meadowlands Exposition Center (Secaucus)
Wildwoods Convention Center (Wildwood)

text: New Mexico[edit]

text:
Albuquerque Convention Center (Albuquerque)
Las Cruces Convention Center (Las Cruces)

text: New York[edit]

text:
Albany Capital Center (opening March 2017) (Albany)[3]
Brooklyn Expo Center (Brooklyn, New York City)
Buffalo Niagara Convention Center (Buffalo)
The Dome Center (Henrietta)
Empire Expo Center (Syracuse)
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center (Manhattan, New York City)
Madison Square Garden (Manhattan, New York City)
Madison Square Garden (1890) (demolished) (Manhattan, New York City)
Madison Square Garden (1925) (demolished) (Manhattan, New York City)
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Uniondale)
New York Coliseum (demolished) (Manhattan, New York City)
Oncenter (Syracuse)
Rochester Riverside Convention Center (Rochester)
Westchester County Center (White Plains)

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
Charlotte Convention Center (Charlotte)
Durham Convention Center (Durham)[4]
The Empire Room (Greensboro)[5]
Joseph S. Koury Convention Center (Greensboro)
M. C. Benton Convention Center (Winston-Salem)
Raleigh Convention Center (Raleigh)
Wilmington Convention Center (Wilmington)[6]

text: Ohio[edit]

text:
Dayton Convention Center (Dayton)
Duke Energy Convention Center (Cincinnati)
Greater Columbus Convention Center (Columbus)
Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland and Global Center for Health Innovation
International Exposition (I-X) Center (Cleveland)
John S. Knight Center (Akron)
SeaGate Centre (Toledo)
Sharonville Convention Center

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text:
Cox Business Center (formerly Tulsa Convention Center) (Tulsa)
Cox Convention Center (Oklahoma City)
QuikTrip Center (Tulsa)

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
Oregon Convention Center (Portland)
Seaside Civic and Convention Center (Seaside)

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text:
Bayfront Convention Center (Erie)
Blair County Convention Center (Altoona)
Carlisle Expo Center (Carlisle)
David L. Lawrence Convention Center (Pittsburgh)
Frank J. Pasquerilla Conference Center (Johnstown)
Greater Philadelphia Expo Center (Oaks)
Greater Reading Expo Center (closed) (Reading)
Hershey Lodge and Convention Center (Hershey)
Lancaster County Convention Center (Lancaster)
Pennsylvania Convention Center (Philadelphia)
Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center (Harrisburg)
York Expo Center (York)

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text: Rhode Island Convention Center (Providence)

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
TD Convention Center (Greenville)
Charleston Area Convention Center (Charleston)
Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center (Columbia)
Myrtle Beach Convention Center (Myrtle Beach)
Spartanburg Expo & Event Center (Spartanburg)

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center (Nashville)
Memphis Convention Center (Memphis)
Music City Center (Nashville)
Gatlinburg Convention Center (Gatlinburg)

text: Texas[edit]

text:
American Bank Center (Corpus Christi)
Fort Worth Convention Center
Austin Convention Center (Austin)
George R. Brown Convention Center (Houston)
Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center (San Antonio)
Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas (Irving)
Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center (Dallas)
Kay Yeager Colosseum (Wichita Falls)
NRG Center (Houston)
Pitser Garrison Convention Center (Lufkin)
South Padre Island Convention Centre (South Padre Island)
Waco Convention Center (Waco)

text: Utah[edit]

text:
David Eccles Conference Center (Ogden)
Davis Conference Center (Layton)
Dixie Center (St. George)
Golden Spike Arena (Ogden)
Salt Palace (Salt Lake City)[7]
South Towne Exposition Center (Sandy)
Utah Valley Convention Center (Provo)

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
Chesapeake Conference Center (Chesapeake)
Greater Richmond Convention Center (Richmond)
Hampton Roads Convention Center (Hampton)
The National Conference Center (Lansdowne)
Virginia Beach Convention Center (Virginia Beach)

text: Washington[edit]

text:
Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center (Tacoma)
Spokane Convention Center (Spokane)
Three Rivers Convention Center (Tri-Cities)
Washington State Convention Center (Seattle)

text: West Virginia[edit]

text:
Beckley-Raleigh County Convention Center (Beckley)
Big Sandy Superstore Arena (Huntington)
Charleston Civic Center (Charleston)
Morgantown Event Center (Morgantown)

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text:
Alliant Energy Center (Madison)
Fox Cities Exhibition Center (Appleton) Under construction
Kalahari Resorts (Wisconsin Dells)
Monona Terrace (Madison)
Shopko Hall (Ashwaubenon)
Wisconsin Center (Milwaukee)

text: By insular area[edit]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: By size[edit]

text:
Name
Location
Exhibition space[citation needed]
Total space[citation needed]

McCormick Place
Chicago, Illinois
2,670,000 sq ft (248,000 m2)[8]

Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Florida
2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2).
7,000,000 sq ft (650,000 m2)[9]

Georgia World Congress Center
Atlanta, Georgia
1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)
3,900,000 sq ft (360,000 m2)[10]

Las Vegas Convention Center
Las Vegas, Nevada
2,182,167 sq ft (202,729.9 m2)[11]
3,200,000 sq ft (300,000 m2)[12]

New Orleans Morial Convention Center
New Orleans, Louisiana
1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)
3,100,000 sq ft (290,000 m2)

San Diego Convention Center
San Diego, California
615,700 sq ft (57,200 m2)
2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2)[13]

Cobo Center
Detroit, Michigan
722,500 sq ft (67,120 m2)
2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2)

Walter E. Washington Convention Center
Washington, D.C.
703,000 sq ft (65,300 m2)
2,300,000 sq ft (210,000 m2)[14]

Sands Expo and Convention Center
Las Vegas, Nevada

2,250,000 sq ft (209,000 m2)[15]

International Exposition Center (I-X Center)
Cleveland, Ohio
1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)
2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)[16]

Colorado Convention Center
Denver, Colorado
584,000 sq ft (54,300 m2)
2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)

Dallas Convention Center
Dallas, Texas
1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)
2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2)

George R. Brown Convention Center
Houston, Texas
853,000 sq ft (79,200 m2)
1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)

Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
New York City, New York
840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)[17]
1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)[18]

Mandalay Bay Convention Center
Las Vegas, Nevada

1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)[19]

Greater Columbus Convention Center
Columbus, Ohio
426,000 sq ft (39,600 m2)
1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)

Anaheim Convention Center
Anaheim, California
815,000 sq ft (75,700 m2)[20]
1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2)

Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center
San Antonio, Texas
514,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)[21]
1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)

David L. Lawrence Convention Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2)
1,450,000 sq ft (135,000 m2)

NRG Center
Houston, Texas
706,000 sq ft (65,600 m2)
1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m2)

Indiana Convention Center
Indianapolis, Indiana
566,600 sq ft (52,640 m2)
1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2)

Baltimore Convention Center
Baltimore, Maryland
425,000 sq ft (39,500 m2)
1,225,000 sq ft (113,800 m2)

Music City Center
Nashville, Tennessee
350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2)
2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)

Kentucky Exposition Center
Louisville, Kentucky

1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2)

Hawaii Convention Center
Honolulu, Hawaii

1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)

Cleveland Convention Center and Global Center for Health Innovation
Cleveland, Ohio
767,000 sq ft (71,300 m2)
1,002,000 sq ft (93,100 m2)[22]

Oregon Convention Center
Portland, Oregon
255,000 sq ft (23,700 m2)
1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)

Pennsylvania Convention Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)
1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)

Miami Beach Convention Center
Miami Beach, Florida
502,000 sq ft (46,600 m2)
1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)

Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
Boston, Massachusetts
516,000 sq ft (47,900 m2)
976,000 sq ft (90,700 m2)

Phoenix Convention Center
Phoenix, Arizona
312,000 sq ft (29,000 m2)
900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2)

Austin Convention Center
Austin, Texas
246,092 sq ft (22,862.7 m2)
881,400 sq ft (81,880 m2)

Donald E. Stephens Convention Center
Rosemont, Illinois
840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)

Los Angeles Convention Center
Los Angeles, California
720,000 sq ft (67,000 m2)
867,000 sq ft (80,500 m2)

Moscone Convention Center
San Francisco, California
700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2)

Tampa Convention Center
Tampa, Florida

600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2)

America's Center
St. Louis, Missouri
523,000 sq ft (48,600 m2)

Salt Palace Convention Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
515,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)
679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)

Atlantic City Convention Center
Atlantic City, New Jersey
500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)

Raleigh Convention Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2)
500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)

Bartle Hall Convention Center
Kansas City, Missouri
388,000 sq ft (36,000 m2)

Reno-Sparks Convention Center
Reno, Nevada
381,000 sq ft (35,400 m2)

Charlotte Convention Center
Charlotte, North Carolina
280,000 sq ft (26,000 m2)
850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2)[23]

Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center
Jacksonville, Florida

265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2)

Wisconsin Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

226,201 sq ft (21,014.8 m2)

Washington State Convention Center
Seattle, Washington
205,700 sq ft (19,110 m2)[24]

Hynes Convention Center
Boston, Massachusetts

193,000 sq ft (17,900 m2)

Roland E. Powell Convention Center
Ocean City, Maryland

182,200 sq ft (16,930 m2)

Connecticut Convention Center
Hartford, Connecticut
140,000 sq ft (13,000 m2)
191,500 sq ft (17,790 m2)

San Jose Convention Center
San Jose, California

143,000 sq ft (13,300 m2)

tag: table


document_title: List of Major League Baseball perfect games

question_text: what mlb team has the most perfect games

root

text: Major League Baseball perfect games[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text:
Pitcher
Date
Game

Lee Richmond (Wor)
   LHP, 23
   5 K
June 12, 1880

Cleveland Blues, 0 at Worcester Worcesters, 1
Venue: Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds

Time: 1:26
Caught by: Charlie Bennett
Umpired by: Foghorn Bradley
Box score

John Montgomery Ward (Prov)
   RHP, 20
   5 K
June 17, 1880

Providence Grays, 5 vs. Buffalo Bisons, 0
Venue: Messer Street Grounds
Attendance: n.a.
Time: n.a.
Caught by: Emil Gross
Umpired by: Charles F. Daniels
Box score

text: Lee Richmond[edit]

text: Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879. He was apparently considered a good hitter, as he batted second in the lineup. His perfect game featured an unusual 9–3 putout, with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland's Bill Phillips at first.[6] The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield.[7] Three outs were recorded on "foul bounds": balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory (the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later). In the seventh inning, the game was delayed for seven minutes due to rain; Richmond dried the ball off with sawdust when he returned to the mound.[8] A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place, now part of the campus of Becker College.[9] The feat was recognized as unusual: a newspaper report described it as "the most wonderful game on record".[10][11]

tag: p

text: John Montgomery Ward[edit]

text: Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays' park in Providence, but Buffalo, by virtue of a coin toss, which was the custom under the rules at that time, was officially the "home" team, batting in the bottom of each inning. At the age of 20 years, 105 days, Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game. He batted sixth in the lineup. Beginning in 1881, the year after his perfect game, Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher; in 1885, following an arm injury, he became a full-time infielder.[12] The five days between Ward's game and Richmond's is the shortest amount of time between major-league perfect games.

text: Modern era[edit]

text:
Pitcher
Date
Game

Cy Young (BOS)
   RHP, 37
   8 K
May 5, 1904

Philadelphia A's, 0 at Boston Americans, 3
Venue: Huntington Avenue Grounds, day game
Attendance: 10,267
Time: 1:25
Caught by: Lou Criger
Umpired by: Frank Dwyer
Box score

Addie Joss (CLE)
   RHP, 28
   74 pitches, 3 K
October 2, 1908

Chicago White Sox, 0 at Cleveland Naps, 1
Venue: League Park, day game
Attendance: 10,598
Time: 1:40[13]
Caught by: Nig Clarke
Umpired by: Tommy Connolly
Box score

Charlie Robertson (CHW)
   RHP, 26
   90 pitches, 6 K
April 30, 1922

Chicago White Sox, 2 at Detroit Tigers, 0
Venue: Navin Field, day game
Attendance: 25,000[14]
Time: 1:55
Caught by: Ray Schalk
Umpires:

HP: Dick Nallin
1B: Billy Evans

Box score

Don Larsen (NYY)
   RHP, 27
   97 pitches, 7 K
October 8, 1956

Brooklyn Dodgers, 0 at New York Yankees, 2
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game (Game 5 of the World Series)
Attendance: 64,519
Time: 2:06
Caught by: Yogi Berra
Umpires:

HP: Babe Pinelli
1B: Hank Soar
2B: Dusty Boggess
3B: Larry Napp
LF: Tom Gorman
RF: Ed Runge

Box score and play-by-play

Jim Bunning (PHI)
   RHP, 32
   90 pitches, 10 K
June 21, 1964

Philadelphia Phillies, 6 at New York Mets, 0
Venue: Shea Stadium, day game (first game of doubleheader)
Attendance: 32,026
Time: 2:19
Caught by: Gus Triandos
Umpires:

HP: Ed Sudol
1B: Paul Pryor
2B: Frank Secory
3B: Ken Burkhart

Box score and play-by-play

Sandy Koufax (LAD)
   LHP, 29
   113 pitches, 14 K
September 9, 1965

Chicago Cubs, 0 at Los Angeles Dodgers, 1
Venue: Dodger Stadium, night game
Attendance: 29,139
Time: 1:43
Caught by: Jeff Torborg
Umpires:

HP: Ed Vargo
1B: Chris Pelekoudas
2B: Bill Jackowski
3B: Paul Pryor

Box score and play-by-play

Catfish Hunter (OAK)
   RHP, 22
   107 pitches, 11 K
May 8, 1968

Minnesota Twins, 0 at Oakland A's, 4
Venue: Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, night game
Attendance: 6,298
Time: 2:28
Caught by: Jim Pagliaroni
Umpires:

HP: Jerry Neudecker
1B: Larry Napp
2B: Al Salerno
3B: Bill Haller

Box score and play-by-play

Len Barker (CLE)
   RHP, 25
   103 pitches, 11 K
May 15, 1981

Toronto Blue Jays, 0 at Cleveland Indians, 3
Venue: Cleveland Stadium, night game
Attendance: 7,290
Time: 2:09
Caught by: Ron Hassey (1)
Umpires:

HP: Rich Garcia
1B: Greg Kosc
2B: Don Denkinger
3B: Jim McKean

Box score and play-by-play

Mike Witt (CAL)
   RHP, 24
   94 pitches, 10 K
September 30, 1984

California Angels, 1 at Texas Rangers, 0
Venue: Arlington Stadium, day game
Attendance: 8,375
Time: 1:49
Caught by: Bob Boone
Umpires:

HP: Greg Kosc
1B: Ted Hendry
2B: Drew Coble
3B: Jim Evans

Box score and play-by-play

Tom Browning (CIN)
   LHP, 28
   100 pitches, 7 K
September 16, 1988

Los Angeles Dodgers, 0 at Cincinnati Reds, 1
Venue: Riverfront Stadium, night game
Attendance: 16,591
Time: 1:51
Caught by: Jeff Reed
Umpires:

HP: Jim Quick
1B: Mark Hirschbeck
2B: John Kibler
3B: Eric Gregg

Box score and play-by-play

Dennis Martínez (MON)
   RHP, 36
   95 pitches, 5 K
July 28, 1991

Montreal Expos, 2 at Los Angeles Dodgers, 0
Venue: Dodger Stadium, day game
Attendance: 45,560
Time: 2:14
Caught by: Ron Hassey (2)
Umpires:

HP: Larry Poncino
1B: Bruce Froemming
2B: Dana DeMuth
3B: Greg Bonin

Box score and play-by-play

Kenny Rogers (TEX)
   LHP, 29
   98 pitches, 8 K
July 28, 1994

California Angels, 0 at Texas Rangers, 4
Venue: The Ballpark in Arlington, night game
Attendance: 46,581
Time: 2:08
Caught by: Iván Rodríguez
Umpires:

HP: Ed Bean
1B: Don Denkinger
2B: John Shulock
3B: Tim Tschida

Box score and play-by-play

David Wells (NYY)
   LHP, 34
   120 pitches, 11 K
May 17, 1998

Minnesota Twins, 0 at New York Yankees, 4
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game
Attendance: 49,820
Time: 2:40
Caught by: Jorge Posada
Umpires:

HP: Tim McClelland
1B: John Hirschbeck
2B: Rich Garcia
3B: Mike Reilly

Box score and play-by-play

David Cone (NYY)
   RHP, 36
   88 pitches, 10 K
July 18, 1999

Montreal Expos, 0 at New York Yankees, 6
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game
Attendance: 41,930
Time: 2:16 (with a 33-minute rain delay)
Caught by: Joe Girardi
Umpires:

HP: Ted Barrett (1)
1B: Larry McCoy
2B: Jim Evans
3B: Chuck Meriwether

Box score and play-by-play

Randy Johnson (ARI)
   LHP, 40
   117 pitches, 13 K
May 18, 2004

Arizona Diamondbacks, 2 at Atlanta Braves, 0
Venue: Turner Field, night game
Attendance: 23,381
Time: 2:13
Caught by: Robby Hammock
Umpires:

HP: Greg Gibson
1B: Bruce Dreckman
2B: Gerry Davis
3B: Larry Poncino

Box score and play-by-play

Mark Buehrle (CHW)
   LHP, 30
   116 pitches, 6 K
July 23, 2009

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Chicago White Sox, 5
Venue: U.S. Cellular Field, day game
Attendance: 28,036
Time: 2:03
Caught by: Ramón Castro
Umpires:

HP: Eric Cooper
1B: Mike Reilly
2B: Chuck Meriwether
3B: Laz Díaz

Box score and play-by-play

Dallas Braden (OAK)
   LHP, 26
   109 pitches, 6 K
May 9, 2010

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Oakland Athletics, 4
Venue: Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, day game
Attendance: 12,288
Time: 2:07
Caught by: Landon Powell
Umpires:

HP: Jim Wolf
1B: Derryl Cousins
2B: Jim Joyce
3B: Todd Tichenor

Box score and play-by-play

Roy Halladay (PHI)
   RHP, 34
   115 pitches, 11 K
May 29, 2010

Philadelphia Phillies, 1 at Florida Marlins, 0
Venue: Sun Life Stadium, night game
Attendance: 25,086
Time: 2:13
Caught by: Carlos Ruiz
Umpires:

HP: Mike DiMuro
1B: Tim Welke
2B: Jim Reynolds
3B: Bill Welke

Box score and play-by-play

Philip Humber (CHW)
   RHP, 29
   96 pitches, 9 K
April 21, 2012

Chicago White Sox, 4 at Seattle Mariners, 0
Venue: Safeco Field, day game
Attendance: 22,472
Time: 2:17
Caught by: A. J. Pierzynski
Umpires:

HP: Brian Runge
1B: Marvin Hudson
2B: Tim McClelland
3B: Ted Barrett

Box score and play-by-play

Matt Cain (SF)
   RHP, 27
   125 pitches, 14 K
June 13, 2012

Houston Astros, 0 at San Francisco Giants, 10
Venue: AT&T Park, night game
Attendance: 42,298
Time: 2:36
Caught by: Buster Posey
Umpires:

HP: Ted Barrett (2)
1B: Mike Muchlinski
2B: Angel Campos
3B: Brian Runge

Box score and play-by-play

Félix Hernández (SEA)
   RHP, 26
   113 pitches, 12 K
August 15, 2012

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Seattle Mariners, 1
Venue: Safeco Field, day game
Attendance: 21,889
Time: 2:22
Caught by: John Jaso
Umpires:

HP: Rob Drake
1B: Joe West
2B: Sam Holbrook
3B: Andy Fletcher

Box score and play-by-play

text: Cy Young[edit]

text: Young's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 25⅓ straight innings—depending on whether partial innings at either end of the streak are included. In either calculation, the streak remains a record. It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run, which was then a record.[15]

text: Addie Joss[edit]

text: Joss's was the most pressure-packed of any regular-season perfect game. With just four games left on their schedule, the Cleveland Naps were involved in a three-way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox, that day's opponents. Joss's counterpart, the great Ed Walsh, struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles. The lone, unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch.[17] The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first, with the White Sox two games back; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps. Joss would throw a second no-hitter against the White Sox in 1910, making him and Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants the only major league pitchers ever to throw two no-hitters against the same team.

text: Charlie Robertson[edit]

text: Robertson's perfect game was only his fifth appearance, and fourth start, in the big leagues. He finished his career with the fewest wins and lowest winning percentage (49–80, .380) of any perfect-game pitcher until Philip Humber, who pitched his perfect game in 2012. The Tigers, led by player-manager Ty Cobb, accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease.[18] In terms of the opposing team's ability to get on base, this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos: the 1922 Tigers had an on-base percentage (OBP) of .373.[19]

text: Don Larsen[edit]

text: Larsen did not know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime.[20] This was his second start of the Series; he'd lasted less than two innings in Game 2. In his perfect game, Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season, working without a windup. Just one Dodgers batter—Pee Wee Reese, in the first inning—worked a three-ball count.[21] The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game: .604. The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history.[22] The 34 years between Robertson's feat and Larsen's is the longest gap between perfect games.

text: Jim Bunning[edit]

text: Bunning's perfect game, pitched on Father's Day, was the first in the National League since Ward's 84 years before. Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no-hitter in progress, Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure.[23]

text: Sandy Koufax[edit]

text: Koufax's perfect game was the first one pitched at night. It was nearly a double no-hitter, as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit, a bloop double to left-fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring. The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning: Lou Johnson reached first on a walk, advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt, stole third, and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play. The game also set records for the fewest number of hits by both teams, one, and the fewest number of base runners by both teams, two (both Johnson). Koufax's 14 strikeouts are tied with Matt Cain for the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher.

text: Catfish Hunter[edit]

text: Hunter, a talented batter, was also the hitting star of his perfect game. He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs, including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning—easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher. This was the first no-hitter of the Athletics' Oakland tenure, which was only 25 games old. He was also the youngest pitcher ever to pitch a modern-era perfect game, at 22 years and 30 days old.[24]

text: Len Barker[edit]

text: Barker's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used. He didn't reach a three-ball count in the entire game.[25] Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin, who played for the losing team in this game, went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez. Also on the losing end of this game was Danny Ainge, who would play 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association. All 11 of Barker's strikeouts were swinging.[26]

text: Mike Witt[edit]

text: Witt's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season. Reggie Jackson, who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh-inning fielder's choice ground ball, was also on the winning team in Witt's perfect game. On April 11, 1990, Witt, pitching out of the bullpen, combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no-hitter for the California Angels.

text: Tom Browning[edit]

text: Browning's perfect game, for the Cincinnati Reds against the Los Angeles Dodgers in September 1988, came against the team that eventually won that year's World Series, the only time that has happened. A two-hour, twenty-seven-minute rain delay[27] caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM. Right fielder Paul O'Neill, who played for the winning side in this game, also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone. The following July 4, Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games, retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth.[28]

text: Dennis Martínez[edit]

text: Martínez, born in Granada, Nicaragua, was the first major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game. He achieved the feat for the Montreal Expos against the Los Angeles Dodgers in July 1991. Martínez reached only one three-ball count.[29] Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings, the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect. Two days earlier, Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no-hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no-hitter in the tenth, meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no-hitter and a perfect game in the same series. Martínez's catcher, Ron Hassey, had also caught Len Barker's perfect game. This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, joining those of Larsen and Browning; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins (Hunter and Wells) and the Rays (Buehrle, Hernandez and Braden).

text: Kenny Rogers[edit]

text: Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler, leading off the ninth inning.[30] Rogers' performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt's perfect game against the Rangers. The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other.

text: The home plate umpire was a minor league fill-in, Ed Bean, who was working his 29th Major League game and seventh behind the plate. Bean, who was substituting for 17-year veteran Ken Kaiser, worked only seven more MLB games following Rogers' performance.

text: David Wells[edit]

text: Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen: Point Loma High School, San Diego, California. They also both enjoyed the night life. Casey Stengel once said of Larsen, "The only thing he fears is sleep." Wells has claimed to have been "half-drunk" and suffering from a "raging, skull-rattling hangover" during his perfect game.[31] Wells' perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters (May 12–23, 1998), an American League record he held until 2007.

text: David Cone[edit]

text: Cone's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day. Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra, who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game. As the game wore on, television cameras showed Larsen, the only perfect game pitcher to attend another perfect game. No Expo worked even a three-ball count.[32] Cone's perfect game took only 88 pitches [33] even though it was interrupted by a 33-minute rain delay and is the only one to date in regular-season interleague play. Following teammate Wells' perfect game the previous season, this also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team. This was the third perfect game in Yankee history; the Indians (Joss and Barker), White Sox (Robertson, Buehrle, and Humber), A's (Hunter and Braden), and Phillies (Bunning and Halladay) are the other teams to have more than one perfect game.

text: Randy Johnson[edit]

text: Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years, 256 days, becoming by more than three and a half years the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat. The former holder of the mark, Cy Young, threw his at the age of 37 years, 37 days. Johnson is also the tallest perfect game pitcher at 6' 10", surpassing Mike Witt by three inches. Of the 20 teams to have a perfect game thrown against them, the 2004 Braves have the second-highest OBP (.343) and are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593).[34] In contrast, the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (.315) of any team to benefit from a perfect game.[35]

text: Mark Buehrle[edit]

text: Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth-inning wall-climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run; Wise had just entered the game as a defensive replacement before Kapler's at-bat. This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery-mates for the first time; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before.[36] This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam, by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning. Umpire Eric Cooper, who called the game, had been behind the plate for Buehrle's previous no-hitter.[37] On July 28, Buehrle followed up with another 5 2/3 perfect innings to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 (this includes the final batter he faced in his appearance before the perfect game).[38] That record was broken by Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants in 2014[39]

text: Dallas Braden[edit]

text: Braden's perfect game, pitched on Mother's Day, was the first complete game of his career. His grandmother attended the game and celebrated on the field with him. It was the first time a perfect game had been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time; coming into the contest, the Rays were 22–8.[40] The 2010 Rays are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game.[41] MLB's previous perfect game had also been thrown against the Rays, making them the second team to have successive perfect games against them (the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991).[42] This game came 290 days after Buehrle's, the shortest period between modern-day perfect games—a record which would last just three weeks until Halladay's.

text: Roy Halladay[edit]

text: Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden's, the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era.[43] Mark Buehrle's perfect game had been 10 months earlier, marking the first time that three perfect games occurred within a one-year span. Seven batters reached three-ball counts against Halladay.[44] Halladay nearly pitched a second perfect game in the 2010 NL Division Series against the Reds but gave up a walk to Jay Bruce. The hurler had to settle for a no-hitter and became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no-hitter in the same season, and the fifth with two no-hitters. Halladay is the second pitcher to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season; Sandy Koufax did so in 1965.[45]

text: Philip Humber[edit]

text: On April 21, 2012, Philip Humber of the Chicago White Sox pitched the third perfect game in White Sox history. The final out of Humber's perfect game came after a full-count check-swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball that catcher A. J. Pierzynski dropped. As Ryan disputed umpire Brian Runge's decision that he had swung, Pierzynski threw the ball to first base for the final out.[46] As with Braden, Humber's perfect game was the first complete game of his career.[47] Humber, who last pitched in Major League Baseball in 2013, has a lifetime record of 16-23, thus having the fewest career wins and lowest career winning percentage of any pitcher who has thrown a perfect game in the Major Leagues. The White Sox became the second franchise with three perfect games, joining the Yankees.

text: Matt Cain[edit]

text: On June 13, 2012, Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants pitched the first perfect game in Giants franchise history, the second of 3 in 2012, and the 22nd in MLB history. Third baseman Joaquín Árias threw out Jason Castro for the final out on a deep 1-2 ground ball. Buster Posey was the catcher. Cain tallied 14 strikeouts, tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game. Cain's 125 pitches are the most ever thrown in a perfect game. Cain was aided by a running catch at the wall by Melky Cabrera in the 6th and a diving catch by Gregor Blanco in the 7th. The winning Giants scored 10 runs, making this the highest scoring perfect game.

text: Félix Hernández[edit]

text: On August 15, 2012, Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history (and the first in August) against the Tampa Bay Rays. This was the first perfect game in Mariners history, and the franchise's fourth no-hitter.[48] Hernandez's performance was highlighted by 12 strikeouts and a career-high 26 swinging-strikes. In an on-field interview immediately following the last out, Hernandez said he had started thinking about the possibility of a perfect game in the second inning. It was the third time in the last four seasons that Tampa Bay was the losing side of a perfect game. Four Rays—Evan Longoria, Carlos Peña, B.J. Upton and Ben Zobrist—joined Alfredo Griffin in having played in three perfect games for the losing team; all four players participated in Buehrle's and Braden's.

text: General notes[edit]

text: Three perfect-game pitchers had RBIs in their games: Hunter (3), Bunning (2), and Young (1). Hunter had three hits; Richmond, Ward, Bunning, Martínez, and Cain each had one. Cain is the only pitcher to score a run during a perfect game (Gregor Blanco followed him in the order and hit a home run). Barker, Witt, Rogers, Wells, Cone, Buehrle, Braden, Humber, and Hernández did not bat in their perfect games, as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973. The latest the winning runs have been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning—this occurred in the games of Hunter (bottom), Witt (top), and Martínez (top).

text: Seven perfect-game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no-hitter: Young, Joss, Bunning, Koufax, Johnson, Buehrle, and Halladay. Witt participated in a combined no-hitter. Koufax has the most total no-hitters of any perfect-game pitcher, with four. Richmond and Robertson were rookies, though each had made a single appearance in a previous season. Although by the latter part of the twentieth century, major league games were being played predominantly at night, six of the last ten perfect games, and four of the last six, have taken place in the daytime. Since 1973, nine perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect (including one interleague game held at an American League park) and only five without it.

text: Perfect games by team[edit]

text: Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball, seven have never as of the end of the 2016 season been involved in a perfect game (win or lose), including three of the “Original 16” franchises (the Cardinals, Pirates and Orioles) and four of the fourteen teams that joined MLB in the expansion era (the Royals, Brewers, Padres and Rockies). The number of perfect games won and lost by the remaining twenty-three extant franchises is as follows.

text:
Franchise
Perfect games won
Perfect games won against

Angels
1
1

Astros
0
1

Athletics/A’s
2
1

Blue Jays
0
1

Braves
0
1

Cubs
0
1

Diamondbacks
1
0

Dodgers
1
3

Giants
1
0

Indians
2
0

Mariners
1
1

Marlins
0
1

Mets
0
1

Expos/Nationals
1
1

Phillies
2
0

Senators/Rangers
1
1

Devil Rays/Rays
0
3

Reds
1
0

Americans/Red Sox
1
0

Tigers
0
1

Senators/Twins
0
2

White Sox
3
1

Yankees
3
0

text: Unofficial perfect games[edit]

text: There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner, but, by the current definition, is not credited with a perfect game, either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound, or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base:

text:
On June 23, 1917, Babe Ruth, then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox, walked the Washington Senators' first batter, Ray Morgan, on four straight pitches. Ruth, who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls, became even angrier and, in short order, was ejected. Enraged, Ruth charged Owens, swung at him, and had to be led off the field by a policeman. Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth, while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas. Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore, who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters. All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound. Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball, this still counts as a combined no-hitter.[49][50]
On May 26, 1959, Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history.[51] Haddix carried a perfect game through 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves, only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Félix Mantilla, the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning, to reach base. A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed; the next batter, Joe Adcock, hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases. Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1–0; despite their 12 hits in the game, they could not bring a run home. The 12 perfect innings–36 consecutive batters retired in a single game—remains a record.[52]
On June 3, 1995, Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres. The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning, but in the bottom, Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts, and was relieved by Mel Rojas, who retired the next three batters. Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1–0 Expos victory.[53]

text: Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played:[54]

text:
On August 11, 1907, Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement.[54][55]
On October 5, 1907, Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness. Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season. He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15-inning first game.[55] His back-to-back victories were his only wins of the year.[56]
On August 6, 1967, Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox; game called on account of rain.[55]
On April 21, 1984, David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain.[57]

text: On March 14, 2000, in a spring training game—by definition unofficial—the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5–0 victory. The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez (see above).[58]

text: Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter[edit]

text: On thirteen occasions in Major League Baseball history, a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base. Unless otherwise noted, the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners:[59]

text:
On July 4, 1908, Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2–2 count in a scoreless game—the only time a 0–0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter. Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3. Wiltse pitched on, winning 1–0; his ten-inning no-hitter set a record for longest complete game no-hitter that has been tied twice but never broken.[60]
On August 5, 1932, Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch-hit single to the Washington Senators' Dave Harris.[61]
On June 27, 1958, Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double, which landed just inches in fair territory, on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald.[62]
On September 2, 1972, Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3–2 pitch. Pappas finished with a no-hitter. The umpire, Bruce Froemming, was in his second year; he went on to a 37-year career in which he umpired a record 11 no-hitters. Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl, and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming.[63]
On April 15, 1983, Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch-hit single to the White Sox' Jerry Hairston, Sr.[64]
On May 2, 1988, Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a two-strike single to the Montreal Expos' Wallace Johnson. Robinson then allowed a two-run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game. The final score was 3–2, with Robinson the winner.[65] (Robinson's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season.)
On August 4, 1989, Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees' Roberto Kelly, followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax. Stieb finished with a 2–1 victory.[66] This was the third time Stieb had a no-hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning.[67]
On April 20, 1990, Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics.[68][69]
On September 2, 2001, Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two-strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett. The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone, who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee.[70]
On June 2, 2010, Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first-base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder. After the game, Joyce acknowledged his mistake: "I just cost that kid a perfect game. I thought he beat the throw. I was convinced he beat the throw, until I saw the replay."[71] Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been "so important and so horribly botched" since the 1985 World Series.[72] Galarraga retired the next batter as Donald advanced to third base via defensive indifference.[73] Having taken place just four days after Halladay's feat, the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25-day span. Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga's 83rd pitch, which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record.

text:
On April 2, 2013, Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers gave up a first pitch single to Marwin González of the Astros on a ground ball between Darvish's legs and through the middle infield. Darvish was removed from the game without facing another batter, having thrown 111 pitches. With 14 strikeouts through the first 26 batters, Darvish had a chance to tie (or exceed, had he struck out González) a record for a perfect game. The Rangers would go on to win the game 7-0.
On September 6, 2013, Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants retired the first 26 Arizona Diamondbacks batters before giving up a single to pinch hitter Eric Chávez on a 3-2 pitch. Giants right fielder Hunter Pence dove for the ball but came up just a couple of inches short. Petit retired the next batter to finish the one-hit shutout.
On June 20, 2015, Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals retired the first 26 Pittsburgh Pirates batters before hitting pinch-hitter José Tábata with a pitch in a 2-2 count. It has been contested that Tábata intentionally leaned into the pitch, which, if called as such, would not have resulted in him being awarded first base, preserving the perfect game. Scherzer retired the following batter to achieve the no-hitter.[74]

text: Other notable near-perfect games[edit]

text: Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection[edit]

text: There have been fifteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher—or, in one case, multiple pitchers—recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base. In four instances, the game went into extra innings and the pitcher(s) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs:

text:
On May 11, 1919, Walter Johnson, pitching for the Senators against the Yankees, retired 28 batters in row: After surrendering a one-out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning, he was perfect in the second through the ninth. He recorded two outs in the tenth, before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker. The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York, it was ended after the 12th inning, still scoreless, because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM.[75]
On September 24, 1919, Waite Hoyt, pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader, gave up a run in the second inning. The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth, his then record-breaking 28th of the season. The game report in the New York Times states, "Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill, and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base. In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form". The Yankees eventually won 2–1 when, in the 13th, Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly. (The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with "two out"—evidently a typographical or counting error, as the subsequent sacrifice fly, which is described in detail, would not then have been possible.)[76] Play-by-play records are not currently available for the game, but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs—the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th.[77]
On September 18, 1971, Rick Wise, pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs, gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning, Frank Fernández. He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th. Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning, making him the winner, 4–3. Wise had been perfect for 10 2/3, retiring 32 consecutive batters—the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher. At the plate, Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6, with a double and the game-winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th. The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas, who would have his near-perfect game one year later.[78]
On July 6, 2005, A. J. Burnett, then pitching for the Florida Marlins, surrendered a two-out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4–1 lead. It was the fourth hit he had given up, on top of five walks. He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4–2. In his six innings, he struck out 14. Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings. Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th, for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning.[79]

text: In the eleven other instances, the leadoff batter (or batters) reached base in the first inning, followed by 27 consecutive batters (or batters and baserunners) being retired through the end of a nine-inning game.[80] In one case, the leadoff baserunner was retired, meaning the pitcher faced the minimum:

text: On June 30, 1908, Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders' leadoff batter, Harry Niles, who was caught stealing. No one else reached base against Young, who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston's 8–0 win. It was the third no-hitter of Young's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game.[81] He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions.

text: The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game, noting how the opponent's leadoff batter (or batters) reached base:

text:
May 24, 1884, Al Atkinson/Philadelphia Athletics (Pittsburgh Alleghenys' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch, stole second, reached third on a groundout, and scored on a passed ball)[82]
On June 23, 1917, Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore pitched their combined no-hitter in which the leadoff hitter walked and was thrown out stealing second (see "Unofficial perfect games" above).
May 16, 1953, Curt Simmons/Philadelphia Phillies (single by Milwaukee Braves' Bill Bruton)[83]
May 13, 1954, Robin Roberts/Phillies (home run by Reds' Bobby Adams)[84]
July 1, 1966, Woodie Fryman/Pittsburgh Pirates (single by New York Mets' Ron Hunt)[85]
May 19, 1981, Jim Bibby/Pirates (single by Atlanta Braves' Terry Harper)[86]
June 11, 1982, Jerry Reuss/Los Angeles Dodgers (double by Reds' Eddie Milner, who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder's choice)[87]
April 22, 1993, Chris Bosio/Seattle Mariners (walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana, the latter of whom was retired on a double play)[88]
July 7, 2006, John Lackey/Los Angeles Angels (double by Oakland Athletics' Mark Kotsay)[89]
May 10, 2013, Shelby Miller/St. Louis Cardinals (single by Colorado Rockies' Eric Young, Jr.)[90]

text: No-hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch[edit]

text: On eleven occasions in Major League Baseball history, a pitcher recorded 27 outs without surrendering a hit, walk, or having a batter reach on a hit-by-pitch, but lost a perfect game because a baserunner reached through a fielding error:

text: Perfect games ruined by errors committed by the pitcher:

text: July 19, 1974 – Dick Bosman, Cleveland Indians vs. Oakland Athletics (throwing error by Bosman with two outs in the 4th inning)[91]

text: Perfect games ruined by errors committed by other players:

text:
June 13, 1905 – Christy Mathewson, New York Giants vs. Chicago Cubs (fielding error by Bill Dahlen with one out in the 4th inning, and fielding error by Billy Gilbert with one out in the 6th inning)[92]
September 5, 1908 – Nap Rucker, Brooklyn Superbas vs. Boston Doves (three errors)[93]
July 1, 1920 – Walter Johnson, Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox (fielding error by Bucky Harris with no outs in the 7th inning)[94]
September 3, 1947 – Bill McCahan, Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics (throwing error by Ferris Fain with one out in the 2nd inning)[95]
June 27, 1980 – Jerry Reuss, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants (throwing error by Bill Russell with two outs in the 1st inning)[96]
August 15, 1990 – Terry Mulholland, Philadelphia Phillies vs. San Francisco Giants (throwing error by Charlie Hayes with no outs in the 7th inning)[97]
July 10, 2009 – Jonathan Sánchez, San Francisco Giants vs. San Diego Padres (fielding error by Juan Uribe with one out in the 8th inning)[98]
June 18, 2014 – Clayton Kershaw, Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Colorado Rockies (throwing error by Hanley Ramírez with no outs in the 7th inning)[99]
October 3, 2015 – Max Scherzer, Washington Nationals vs. New York Mets (throwing error by Yunel Escobar with no outs in the 6th inning)[100]
August 23, 2017 – Rich Hill, Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Pittsburgh Pirates (fielding error by Logan Forsythe with no outs in the 9th inning)[101]

text: There has never been an occasion in which a perfect game was solely ruined through an uncaught third strike. The closest instance of this happening was during Philip Humber's perfect game. His 27th out was recorded on a dropped third strike; however, catcher A. J. Pierzynski was able to retrieve the ball in time to throw to first base.


document_title: My Old Kentucky Home

question_text: who plays my old kentucky home at the derby

text: My Old Kentucky Home

text: Original lyric synopsis[edit]

text: In its entirety, the song contains three verses and one chorus repeated after each verse. The first verse of "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" describes an enslaved servant's description of the natural beauty and his feelings associated with the Kentucky landscape. The line that begins "By'n by Hard Times, comes a knocking at the door, Then my old Kentucky home, good-night!" acknowledges that the farm on which the subject is enslaved is experiencing financial hardship, and the verse suggests that the narrator knows he will leave the Kentucky farm as a result of being sold to settle the debt. The chorus of the song describes a presumptive longing by the narrator, and probably his wife or other love interest, to return to the beauty of the Kentucky landscape: "Weep no-more my lady, O weep no more today. For we'll sing one song for my old Kentucky home, for my old Kentucky home far-away."

text: In the second verse, the enslaved servant describes an environment on the Kentucky farm absent of his peers. The narrator recalls a variety of remembrances of his peers and the places they formerly occupied, "They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon, On the bench by the old cabin door."

text: In the third verse, the narrator outlines that the work of an enslaved servant is unavoidable and exhausting regardless of location, "The head must bow and the back will have to bend, Wherever the darkies may go". The narrator acknowledges in the third line of the third verse that they have been sold to a sugar plantation and that they will likely perish as a result. In the fifth line of the third verse, the narrator observes that their departure from the Kentucky farm will occur in a matter of days and again refrains that an enslaved servant's work is highly strenuous, "A few more days for to tote the weary load, no matter, 'twill never be light".

text: The song ends with the chorus which contextually applies to all three verses. Foster's composition, both in each verse and in its entirety, focuses on the unfair treatment of slaves and serves to bring awareness to its listeners of the hardships endured by slaves. The composition also embodies a common theme in Foster's work of his own childhood experiences of losing his home as a result of financial hardships.[8]

text: Creation and career impact[edit]

text: The creation of the song "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" established a decisive moment within Stephen Foster's career in regard to his personal beliefs on the institution of slavery and is an example of the common theme of the loss of home, which is prevalent throughout Foster's work. In March 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin appeared in bookstores in Foster's hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  The novel, written about the plight of an enslaved servant in Kentucky, had a profound effect on Foster's future song-writing by altering the tone of his music to sympathize the position of the enslaved servant. In his notebook, Foster penned the lyrics inspired by Stowe's novel, initially named "Poor Old Uncle Tom, Good-Night!" Foster ultimately removed references to Stowe's book, renaming the work, "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" Foster's song includes distinct Kentucky imagery. Foster's brother Morrison indicated in correspondence that Foster was an "occasional visitor" to Federal Hill, owned by Foster's relations, the Rowan family of Bardstown, Kentucky. The Foster and Rowan family's close relationship appears to have been initiated through Stephen's sister Charlotte who stayed with the Rowans at Federal Hill in 1828. While Charlotte lived with the Rowan family, Atkinson Hill Rowan made a proposal of marriage to her, which she ultimately declined.[9] Charlotte died in the home of George Washing Barclay, a cousin of both families, with Atkinson Hill Rowan at her bedside.[10]

text: The song "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" is one of many examples of the loss of home in Foster's work. Biographers believe that this common theme originated from the loss of Foster's childhood home, known as the "White Cottage", an estate his mother referred to as an Eden, in reference to the Garden of Eden. The family was financially supported by the family patriarch William Foster, who owned vast holdings, which were lost through bad business dealings that left the family destitute and unable to keep possession of the White Cottage; the family was forced to leave the estate when Stephen Foster was three years old. After years of financial instability and the sharing of memories of the White Cottage with Stephen by his parents and siblings, the impact of longing for a permanent home that was no longer available to him greatly influenced his writing.[8]

text: Public sentiment[edit]

text: Upon its release in 1853 by Firth, Pond & Company,[11] "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night" grew quickly in popularity, selling thousands of copies. The song's popular and nostalgic theme of the loss of home resonated with the public and further resolved to stimulate strong feelings in support of the abolitionist movement in the United States. Famous African-American abolitionist Frederick Douglass promoted the song, among other similar songs of the time period, in his autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom as evoking a sentimental theme towards the enslaved servant that promotes and popularizes the cause of abolishing slavery in the United States. Douglass commented, "They [My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!, etc.] are heart songs, and the finest feelings of human nature are expressed in them. [They] can make the heart sad as well as merry, and can call forth a tear as well as a smile. They awaken the sympathies for the slave", he stated, "in which anti-slavery principles take root and flourish".[12]

text: The song held popularity for over a decade and throughout the American Civil War. The song's reach throughout the United States and popularity has been attributed to soldiers of the war, who passed the tune from location to location during the war's tenure. Soldiers of the war, both Union and Confederate, visited Federal Hill by the thousands to see the landmark that lent visual inspiration for Foster's song both during the war[dubious  – discuss] and after. Following the war, Federal Hill continued to be frequented by tourists throughout the remainder of the 19th century.[13]

text: After the American Civil War had ended and the institution of slavery was abolished, the song, "My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night!", which encouraged and inspired abolitionist views in the United States thereafter continued to be held in high esteem by the public. The typical reduction of the song's title from "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" to "My Old Kentucky Home" occurred after the turn of the century.[14]

text: The song's first verse and chorus are recited annually at the Kentucky Derby. Colonel Matt Winn introduced the song as a derby tradition.[15] As early as 1930, it was played to accompany the Post Parade; the University of Louisville Marching Band has played the song for all but a few years since 1936. In 1982, Churchill Downs honored Foster by establishing the Stephen Foster Handicap.[16] The University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, Murray State University, Eastern Kentucky University, and Western Kentucky University bands play the song at their schools' football and basketball games.[17]

text: Kentucky state song[edit]

text:
WHEREAS, the song, "My Old Kentucky Home," by Stephen Collins Foster, has immortalized Kentucky throughout the civilized world, and is known and sung in every State and Nation; ...
— Preamble to a 1928 Act of the Kentucky legislature[18]

tag: div

text: In 1928, "My Old Kentucky Home" was "selected and adopted" by the Kentucky state legislature as the state's official song.[19]  It has remained so, subject to one change that was made in 1986.  In that year, a Japanese youth group visiting the Kentucky General Assembly sang the song to the legislators, using the original lyrics that included the word "darkies".  Legislator Carl Hines was offended by this and subsequently introduced a resolution that would substitute the word "people" in place of "darkies" whenever the song was used by the House of Representatives.  A similar resolution was introduced by Georgia Davis Powers in the Kentucky State Senate.  The resolution was adopted by both chambers.[20]

text: Modern impact[edit]

text: Today, the song My Old Kentucky Home remains an important composition due to its role in the evolution of American songwriting and as one of the most influential songs in American culture. According to popular-song analysts, the appeal of the theme of 'returning home' is one in which listeners of "My Old Kentucky Home" are able to personally relate within their own lives.[citation needed] Many revisions and updates of the song have occurred throughout the past century has further ingrained the song in American culture.[8]

text: Recording history[edit]

text: "My Old Kentucky Home" was recorded many times during the early era of cylinder recordings.  The Cylinder Audio Archive at the University of California (Santa Barbara) Library contains nineteen commercial recordings of the song (in addition to several home recordings).[21]  In most cases, even those of the commercial recordings, the Archive is unable to determine the precise dates (or even years) of either their recording or their release, with some cylinders being dated only to a forty-year range from the 1890s to the 1920s.  The earliest recording of "My Old Kentucky Home" for which the Archive was able to determine a precise year of release is from 1898 and features an unidentified cornet duo.[22]  However, the song is known to have been recorded earlier than that (in February 1894) by the Standard Quartette, a vocal group that was appearing in a musical that featured the song (making their recording perhaps the earliest example of a cast recording).  No copy of that cylinder is known to have survived.[23]  And although cylinder recordings were more popular during the 1800s than were disc records, some of the latter were being sold, mostly by Berliner Gramophone.  A version sung by A.C. Weaver was recorded in September 1894 and released with catalog number 175.[24]

text: The popularity of "My Old Kentucky Home" as recording material continued into the 20th century, despite the fact that the song was then more than fifty years old.  In the first two decades of the century, newly established Victor Records released thirteen versions of the song (plus five more recordings that included it as part of a medley).[25] During that same period, Columbia Records issued a similar number, including one by Margaret Wilson (daughter of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson).[26]  One of the major vocal groups of the day, the Peerless Quartet, recorded it twice,[27] as did internationally-known operatic soprano Alma Gluck.[28]  It was also recorded by various marching and concert bands, including three recordings by one of the most well-known, Sousa's Band,[29]  as well as three by the house concert band at Edison Records.[30]

text: Although the frequency of its recording dropped off as the century progressed, "My Old Kentucky Home" continued to be used as material by some of the major popular singers of the day.  Versions were recorded by Kate Smith,[31] Bing Crosby,[32] and Al Jolson.[33]  A version by operatic contralto Marian Anderson was released in Japan[34] and Paul Robeson recorded his version for an English company while living in London in the late 1920s.[35]  The song continued to find expression in non-traditional forms, including a New Orleans jazz version by Louis Armstrong[36] and a swing version by Gene Krupa.[37]  For a listing of some other recorded versions of the song, see External links.

text: In 2001, the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America promulgated a list of the 365 "Songs of the Century" that best displayed "historical significance of not only the song but also of the record and artist".[38]  "My Old Kentucky Home" appeared on that list (the only song written by Foster to do so), represented by the 1908 recording of operatic soprano Geraldine Farrar (Victor Records 88238).

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: By the time that commercial music began to be recorded, the verse melody of "My Old Kentucky Home" had become so widely known that recording artists sometimes quoted it in material that was otherwise unrelated to Foster's song.  Henry Burr's 1921 recording of "Kentucky Home" quotes the melody in an interlude midway through the record.[39]  And vaudeville singer Billy Murray's 1923 recording of  "Happy and Go-Lucky in My Old Kentucky Home" adds the melody in the record's finale.[40]  An earlier recording by Murray, 1915's "We'll Have a Jubilee in My Old Kentucky Home", takes the further step of incorporating a portion of Foster's melody (but not his lyrics) into each chorus.[41]  And a  few decades earlier than that, a young Charles Ives, while still a student at Yale University in the 1890s, used Foster's melody (both the verse and the chorus) as a strain in one of his marches.  Ives often quoted from Foster and musicologist Clayton Henderson has detected material from "My Old Kentucky Home" in eight of his works.[42]

text: In the mid-1960s, songwriter Randy Newman used the verse of "My Old Kentucky Home" (with modified lyrics) as the chorus to his "Turpentine and Dandelion Wine".  Newman recorded this adaptation for his 12 Songs album (1970, Reprise RS 6373) under the title "Old Kentucky Home".  However, the adaptation had been recorded earlier at least twice.  The first was by the Beau Brummels, who recorded it for their Triangle album (1967, Warner Brothers WS 1692).  The second was by the Alan Price Set, who included it as the B-side to their "Love Story" single (1968, Decca F 12808).  Since Newman's recording, the adaptation was covered several times more.  The only version that charted was by Johnny Cash, who released it as a single from his John R. Cash album (1975, Columbia KC 33370).  The single reached No. 42 on Billboard's country-music chart.[43]  Note that the various cover versions generally use slightly different titles, some adding "My" to Newman's title, others omitting "Old".  Also, some use Newman's original title of "Turpentine and Dandelion Wine" as a subtitle.  A more complete listing of these cover versions can be found in External links.

text: Appearance in media[edit]

text: "My Old Kentucky Home" has appeared in many films, live action and animated, and in television episodes, in the 20th and 21st centuries.[citation needed]

text: In 1926, the song first appeared in film in the first animated cartoon to have ever featured synchronized dialogue.[44][not in citation given]

text: The original title for the first draft of Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind was "Tote The Weary Load", a lyric from  "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!"[45] The lyric "a few more days for to tote the weary load" appears in the text of the novel as Scarlett O'Hara is returning to Tara.[46]

text: Judy Garland sang "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" live on December 14, 1938, on the radio show, America Calling. She later covered it again on The All Time Flop Parade with Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters. On April 29, 1953, Garland headlined a Kentucky Derby week appearance in Lexington, Kentucky named "The Bluegrass Festival" where she sang the song "My Old Kentucky Home", accompanied by a single violin.[47]

text: In 1939, "My Old Kentucky Home" was featured in the film version of Gone With The Wind both instrumentally and with lyrics. In the movie, Prissy, played by Butterfly McQueen, sings the line, "a few more days for to tote the weary load".[48]

text: In 1940, Bing Crosby sung "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!" via radio broadcast with Leopold Stokowski conducting a symphony for the dedication of the Stephen Foster postage stamp release held in Bardstown, Kentucky at My Old Kentucky Home.[49]

text: Kate Smith performed the song on March 20, 1969, on The Dean Martin Show with Mickey Rooney and Barbara Eden.[50][51]

text: The song was covered in The Simpsons, Season 21, Episode 13, "The Color Yellow." Marge and Lisa read from the footnotes of a cookbook written by Mabel Simpson in which she describes the escape of an enslaved servant, Virgil, who is assisted by Eliza Simpson. Virgil and Eliza find safe harbor in a circus operated by Krusty the Clown, who hides them from slave patrollers by disguising them as circus acts. Krusty asks what talents Virgil possesses, to which he replies that he has music talent and then performs the song, "My Old Kentucky Home" while playing violin.[52]

text: The song was covered in Mad Men, Season 3, Episode 3, "My Old Kentucky Home." Roger Sterling (played by John Slattery) performs the song in blackface for a company Kentucky Derby party.[53]

text: Johnny Depp, Lyle Lovett, David Amram and Warren Zevon covered the song "My Old Kentucky Home" at the tribute memorial of journalist Hunter Thompson in December 1996. One of Thompson's most notable pieces, "The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved", in addition to Thompson being a native of Louisville, Kentucky, inspired the performers to cover the song for his tribute. The performance was recreated 9 years later in 2005 at midnight after Thompson's ashes were blasted from a cannon.[54]

text: Lyrics by Stephen Foster[edit]

text: The original Stephen Foster lyrics of the song, were:

text:
The sun shines bright in the old Kentucky home.
'Tis summer, the darkies are gay,
The corn top's ripe and the meadow's in the bloom
While the birds make music all the day.
The young folks roll on the little cabin floor,
All merry, all happy, and bright.
By 'n by hard times comes a-knocking at the door,
Then my old Kentucky home, good night.

Weep no more my lady, oh! weep no more today!
We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home,
For the old Kentucky home far away.

They hunt no more for the 'possum and the coon,
On the meadow, the hill and the shore,
They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon,
On the bench by the old cabin door.
The day goes by like a shadow o'er the heart,
With sorrow where all was delight.
The time has come when the darkies have to part,
Then my old Kentucky home, good night!

Weep no more my lady, oh! weep no more today!
We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home,
For the old Kentucky home far away.

The head must bow and the back will have to bend,
Wherever the darkies may go.
A few more days and the trouble all will end,
In the field where the sugar-canes grow.
A few more days for to tote the weary load,
No matter 'twill never be light.
A few more days till we totter on the road,
Then my old Kentucky home, good-night!

Weep no more my lady, oh! weep no more today!
We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home,
For the old Kentucky home far away.[55][56]

text: Modern renditions (with Kentucky officially adopting this change in 1986) of the song change the word darkies to people.


document_title: Cigarette pack

question_text: how many cigarettes in a pack in the us

question_tokens: how many cigarettes in a pack in the us

text: Cigarette pack

text: Package size[edit]

text: Pack[edit]

text: The size of a pack is often regulated. Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size.

text: In Australia, the most common quantity per pack is 25, although some brands have changed them to 26, second to 20 which by law, is the minimum. 30, 40 and even 50 packs are also sold.

text: In Canada, most packs sold have 25 cigarettes, but packs of 20 are also popular.

text: In many European countries, increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change, in order to achieve the same end price.

text: In Malaysia, the selling of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited.

text: In the United States of America, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20. Certain brands, such as Export As, come in a pack of 25. For many years, half-packs of 10 (or even 14) cigarettes were commonly available.

text: In the United Kingdom brands are only sold in packets of 20, following a May, 2017 law prohibiting the sale of 10-stick packs. The legislation also outlawed branded packaging, introducing boxes which are a plain, green color. The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface, with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings. Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes, although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet containing 20.[1]

text: Carton[edit]

text: A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs, totaling 200 cigarettes.[1] Some cartons contain twenty packs, totaling 400 cigarettes.[1]

text: Hard pack and soft pack[edit]

text: A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes, which consists of a relatively stable box. This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a person's pocket or handbag. The flip-top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris.[2][3]

text: A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper, usually containing 20 cigarettes. Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and cannot be resealed. They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette. They require less physical 'pocket space' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack. With American brands, cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard-boxed counterparts.

text: Collectible pack[edit]

text: To encourage cigarette pack collectors, some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors. There are cigarette packs labeled "collectible".

text: Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws. An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape, purpose, and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers. They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare.

text: Features[edit]

text: Most cigarette packs have no features at all and are just made up of a single container filled with cigarettes. However, some cigarette packs have been proposed that also contain an empty container for disposing the cigarette butts into. This could reduce cigarette butts of being discarded unto the street, where they contaminate the environment.[4][5]

text: Plain tobacco packaging[edit]