document_title: Grand juries in the United States

question_text: when can a person be held for a capital crime without benefit of presentment

text: Grand juries in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: In the early decades of the United States grand juries played a major role in public matters. During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors, (e.g., for a twenty-three-person grand jury, twelve people would constitute a bare majority). Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly, from a public work that needed repair, to the delinquent conduct of a public official, to a complaint of a crime, and grand juries could conduct their own investigations. In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties, either a law enforcement officer, a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family, or even by laymen. A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant. The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general, that is, one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case. The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions.[10] The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions.[11]

text: The federal constitutional right to have federal criminal charges screened by a grand jury is one of just a handful of provisions of the federal Bill of Rights that does not also apply to state and local governments.

text: Federal law[edit]

text: Grand Jury Clause[edit]

text: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger . . . ."[12]

text: Misdemeanors are not presented to a grand jury, and are instead charged by prosecutor's "information." In the United States armed forces, an Article 32 hearing is used for a similar purpose.

text: The grand jury right may be waived, including by plea agreement. A valid waiver must be made in open court and after the defendant has been advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant's rights.[13]

text: Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6[edit]

text: Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs grand juries. It requires grand juries to be composed of 16 to 23 members and that 12 members must concur in an indictment.[14] A grand jury is instructed to return an indictment if the probable cause standard has been met. The grand jury's decision is either a "true bill" (formerly billa vera, resulting in an "indictment"), or "no true bill".

text: Secrecy[edit]

text: Grand jury proceedings are secret. No judge is present; the proceedings are led by a prosecutor;[15] and the defendant has no right to present his case or (in many instances) to be informed of the proceedings at all. While court reporters usually transcribe the proceedings, the records are sealed. The case for such secrecy was unanimously upheld by the Burger Court in Douglas Oil Co. of Cal. v. Petrol Stops Northwest, 441 US 211 (1979).[16][17] The dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Burger and Stewart but concurred with the Court's opinion as to the importance and rationale of grand jury secrecy. Writing for the Court, Justice Powell found that "if preindictment proceedings were made public, many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily"; "witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly"; and "there also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee, or would try to influence individual grand jurors". Further, "persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury [should] not be held up to public ridicule".[16]

text: United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 US 677 (1958), permitted the disclosure of grand jury transcripts under certain restrictions: "a private party seeking to obtain grand jury transcripts must demonstrate that 'without the transcript a defense would be greatly prejudiced or that without reference to it an injustice would be done'" and must make its requests "with particularity".[16] Further, First Amendment protections generally permit the witnesses summoned by a grand jury to discuss their testimony, although Dennis v. United States, 384 US 855 (1966), found that such public discussion permits release of the transcripts of their actual testimony.[16]

text: The Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500, requires the government to disclose to the defense any statements made by the accused to the grand jury, and, with respect to non-party witnesses, that after a witness has testified on direct examination at trial, any statement made to the grand jury by such witness be disclosed to the defense.

text: Investigatory role[edit]

text: The grand jury can compel a witness to testify. The target of a grand jury investigation has no right to testify or put on a defense before the grand jury.[18][19] The U.S. Attorney's Manual anticipates the possibility of allowing investigatory targets to testify.[20]

text: The U.S. Attorneys' Manual states that prosecutors "must recognize that the grand jury is an independent body, whose functions include not only the investigation of crime and the initiation of criminal prosecution but also the protection of the citizenry from unfounded criminal charges" and that targets of investigations have the right to, and can, "request or demand the opportunity to tell the grand jury their side of the story."[21]

text: Special grand jury[edit]

text: United States law also provides for the formation of special grand juries. While a regular grand jury primarily decides whether to bring charges, a special grand jury is called into existence to investigate whether organized crime is occurring in the community in which it sits. This could include, for instance, organized drug activity or organized corruption in government. As provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3331(a), the U.S. District Court in every judicial district having more than four million inhabitants must impanel a special grand jury when requested by a designated official of the Justice Department.[22]

text: State law[edit]

text: The grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated against the U.S. states.[23] As a matter of state law, the states of Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan (convened by the Court of Appeals), Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi,[24] Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah (convened by a panel of judges), Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming, as well as the District of Columbia, employ some form of grand jury.[25]

text: California[edit]

text: The California constitution requires each county to have at least one grand jury impaneled at all times. Grand juries are governed by Title 4 and Title 5 of the California Penal Code,[26] as well as Government Code 3060[27] and other more general provisions. In addition, grand juries are not subject to the Brown Act.

text: Most county grand juries in California do not consider criminal matters. A decision to present criminal cases to the grand jury may be made by the county District Attorney, but it is neither a constitutional nor a statutory requirement.

text: These county-level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level or lower. This is why California's grand juries are often called civil grand juries. Almost any entity that receives public money can be examined by the grand jury, including county governments, cities, and special districts.

text: Each panel selects the topics that it wishes to examine each year. A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel. If a jury wishes to look at a subject that a prior jury was examining, it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information. It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury. Upon completing its investigation, the jury may, but is not required to, issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations.

text: Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle, i.e. July through June. Most counties have panels consisting of nineteen jurors, some have as few as eleven jurors, others have as many as twenty-three.[28] Due to the length of service, grand jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis.

text: The grand jury is required to publish a minimum of one report containing a minimum of one finding and one recommendation. The published reports are the only public record of the grand jury's work; there is no minority report. Each published report includes a list of those public entities that are required or requested to respond. The format of these responses is dictated by California Penal Code Section 933.05,[29] as is the time span in which they must respond.

text: County grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues: juror interests and public complaints. Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential. The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury's work.

text: Grand juries may charge public officials of "willful or corrupt misconduct in office."[30] The accusation is tried as if it were an indictment, and may not be dismissed for political or extra-legal motives.[30] The definition of "willful misconduct in office" is reserved for serious misconduct, that is, criminal behavior or "purposeful failure to carry out mandatory duties of office."[30][31]

text: In addition to the county grand juries in California, at least twice a year, the state impanels several Federal Grand Juries. The summons arrive in the mail just like regular jury summons. Jurors are requested to come on a certain date to be impaneled on the jury. There are over 500 people that attend this impanelment and multiple grand juries are chosen at this time. When the juries are chosen there are at least 50 alternates chosen as well. Each Grand Jury has 23 members and are expected to attend jury service one day per week for the time impaneled.

text: The California Federal Grand Jury has two sections - the Accusatory and the Investigatory. Accusatory Grand Juries hear shorter less complicated criminal cases and often hear several cases each day in attendance. Accusatory Grand Juries are impaneled for four to six months. Accusatory grand jurors meet one day each week, always on the same day of the week. Each day met, the number of cases varies and jurors are expected to be available from 9:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. for these cases. Often accusatory jurors have a shortened day, but this is never predictable. A typical Accusatory Grand Juror's day begins at 9:00 a.m. A Federal Attorney, the prosecutor, presents an indictment to the members of the jury. Then he brings in a witness, usually a Federal agent involved with the case, and questions him. When there are no more questions, the attorney, court reporter, and witness exit the room and the jurors are asked to deliberate the case. Grand jurors do not choose guilt but only decide if the case has probable cause to go to trial.

text: Investigatory Grand Jurors are impaneled for at least one year of service. They meet one day a week, the same day of the week each week, to discuss and hear more involved Federal criminal cases that took place in California and in the county of the grand jury, some extending from week to week. Investigatory Grand Jurors are expected to be available from 9:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. for their cases. They are expected to return each week when called in to continue cases or start new ones.

text: Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses. The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government. Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause.

text: Kentucky[edit]

text: In Kentucky, grand jurors are impaneled in each county, at the Circuit Court level (felonies only) for a four-month term (three panels per year). During the trial jury orientation for the given four-month term, the grand jurors are selected from the trial jury pool, although the method of selection is not necessarily random. The meetings are twice a month in most counties (however, grand juries in more populous counties such as Jefferson (Louisville) and Fayette (Lexington) generally meet more often), with each meeting usually going through 20-30 cases in a four- to five-hour period. The indictment rate is about 98-99%; the grand jury can broaden (about 1% of the time) or narrow (about 3% of the time) the counts in the indictment as well. Usually, fifteen to twenty [clarification needed] grand jurors are required to report to meetings; the hope is that twelve will show to each meeting, which is the number of jurors required to hear cases (an additional juror may be kept as an alternate while other extra jurors are typically excused for the day). It takes nine yes votes to the question of probable cause to sign a true bill of indictment. Fewer than nine yes votes either causes a no true bill or a narrowing of the indictment (depending on the votes per count).

text: The rules are very similar to the federal process; the grand jury usually only hears from law enforcement personnel, with the exception of property crimes, where store detectives or actual victims of theft or vandalism are called to testify. The only cases brought to the grand jury are those initiated from the Commonwealth's Attorney's office (the prosecutor for felonies). For the vast majority of cases, the grand jurors generally only hear a recitation of facts from the police report, crime laboratory & medical examiner reports, and other documentation generated during the evidence gathering process. Grand jurors can ask factual questions of the witnesses and legal questions of the Commonwealth's Attorney or Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney. The ability to broaden or narrow indictments does technically allow for grand juries to open new avenues of investigation, although since it is dependent on prosecutors for facts, this is very rarely done. Rules of confidentiality that apply to Kentucky grand jurors are similar to those that apply to federal grand juries.

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: The law of Louisiana is distinct from the other 49 states; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system. The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all "crimes, offenses and misdemeanors [to] be taken, intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England."[32] Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in Article V Section §34 (a) of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of a community, as peers of an accused, to weigh evidence presented to them to determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense. Secrecy is also covered, to be stipulated by law. Section §34 (b) provides for a witness' right to counsel stating, "The legislature may establish by law the terms and conditions under which a witness may have the right to the advice of counsel while testifying before the grand jury." However, since a witness has no "right to counsel" under the United States Constitution, a Constitutional Amendment would be required to implement this language.

text: Historically, a grand jury was empowered to investigate crimes committed within its jurisdiction, identify persons suspected of having committed offenses, determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense, and publish its findings to the court. This has changed over time, most notably in Article 209 of the 1928 Code stating the grand jury "is to investigate non-capital offenses triable within the parish only when called to their attention by the district attorney or the court," and further removing the ability "to act as a censory body of public morals." This effectively relegated the grand jury as a tool of the prosecutor. The 1950 Revised Statutes made a return to an 1870 provision that "any member of the grand jury is required, under penalty of law, to bring to the attention of his fellow members any violation of the criminal law which may have come to his personal knowledge, or of which he may have been informed." This gives the view that a grand jury could initiate investigations or file charges on its own. Privileges against self-incrimination and the fact that a prosecutor can declare Nolle prosequi provides limitations. Although a grand jury may have the right to subpoena and to have persons and documents called before it, this is almost always limited to evidence and witnesses presented by a prosecutor. A grand jury is considered a jury of accusation and the petit jury as the jury of conviction.[33]

text: A grand jury may be presented with a bill of indictment, before or after a warrant of arrest on an indictable charge, at the discretion of a district attorney. He or she then presents evidence and witnesses to prove the charge. A grand jury can return a true bill, no true bill or a third option, "pretermitting entirely the matter investigated". This requires nine of the twelve grand jurors to determine there is not enough evidence presented to determine if a person should or should not be charged with a crime.[34] A grand jury is sometimes referred to as the passive collaborator of a prosecutor or a "rubber stamp" for an indictment, especially if simple acceptance of the bill of indictment is returned as a "true bill." If a "No True Bill" is presented by a grand jury, the case is usually dropped. If a defendant is incarcerated, unless there are other charges, a prosecutor declares nolle prosequi, resubmits an indictment with new evidence, or brings charges of a lesser crime then, providing there is no gross oversight, the defendant is released. The theory is that if a prosecutor cannot obtain a true bill, presenting the prosecutorial evidence with no defensive rebuttal, then a conviction is not likely.[35]

text: Suggestions for improvement[edit]

text: A 1979 National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) document identifies three steps that could be taken to remove the adversarial role of the grand jury and make them more independent; (1) giving the target of the grand jury investigation the opportunity to testify; (2) making a grand jury subpoena returnable only when the grand jury is sitting and identifying the general subject area of the investigation; and (3) recording all grand jury proceedings (except the jurors' deliberations), making them accessible for pretrial discovery.[36]

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Hennepin County, Minnesota (which contains Minneapolis) keeps a grand jury impaneled at all times. Each grand jury serves a term of four months, typically meets one day each week, and focuses almost exclusively on homicide cases.

text: New York[edit]

text: In the State of New York, while a person can initially be charged with a felony via a sworn written accusation alone (a "felony complaint"),[37] the state constitution provides a defendant with a right to have all felonies prosecuted by way of a grand jury indictment.[38] This right can be waived by a defendant, who can then be prosecuted using an indictment substitute called a "superior court information."[39] Grand juries are composed of between 16 and 23 jurors (16 being a quorum for all proceedings) and indictments require a minimum vote of 12 such jurors.[40] Grand juries may produce not only indictments but may direct the filing of misdemeanor charges in local courts, the removal of cases to Family Court, and may also issue "grand jury reports" concerning malfeasance of public officials and recommending their discipline.[41]

text: Both the prosecutor and the grand jury itself have the right to call witnesses to testify before the grand jury.[42] With few exceptions, every witness who testifies before a grand jury receives transactional immunity automatically, whether they invoke their right to silence or not.[43] If a grand jury is considering criminal charges against a person, that person has a right to testify before that grand jury, provided they make a timely written demand and then agree to waive their right to immunity.[44] Despite this fact, an unwitting target of a grand jury proceeding has no right to be informed that their case is even being considered by a grand jury in the first place, unless they have already been arraigned on a felony complaint charging a related crime and are awaiting a preliminary hearing on that complaint.[45] A defendant held in the state may testify to the grand jury.[45]

text: Virginia[edit]

text: The Commonwealth of Virginia requires that all felonies be presented to a grand jury either directly or, more often, after certification following a preliminary hearing in district court. Commonwealth's attorneys also have the option of obtaining a misdemeanor indictment from a grand jury.[46] Grand juries are a part of the Commonwealth's circuit court system and they meet at the beginning of each court term.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Jury makeup[edit]

text: The most persistent criticism of grand juries is that jurors are not a representative sampling of the community, and are not qualified for jury service, in that they do not possess a satisfactory ability to ask pertinent questions, or sufficient understanding of local government and the concept of due process.[47] Unlike potential jurors in regular trials, grand jurors are not screened for bias or other improper factors. They are rarely read any instruction on the law, as this is not a requirement; their job is only to judge on what the prosecutor produced. The prosecutor drafts the charges and decides which witnesses to call.[4]

text: Limited constitutional rights[edit]

text: The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated.[48]

text: Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room,[49][50] nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses. Additionally, individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt (punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury) if they refuse to appear before the jury.[4] Media coverage is not allowed.[51] Furthermore, all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy, as the prosecutor, grand jurors, and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding.[4]

text: In 1974 the Supreme Court of the United States held in U.S. v. Calandra that "the exclusionary rule in search-and-seizure cases does not apply to grand jury proceedings because the principal objective of the rule is 'to deter future unlawful police conduct,' [. . .] and 'it is unrealistic to assume that application of the rule to grand jury proceedings would significantly further that goal.'" [52] Illegally obtained evidence, therefore, is admissible in grand jury proceedings, and the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule does not apply.

text: Intimidation tactic[edit]

text: After a grand jury was commissioned to investigate whistleblowers organization WikiLeaks, grand juries have been accused of being used as an intimidation and persecution mechanism against whistleblowers who have been accused of leaking classified information.[53]

text: Rubber stamp for the prosecution[edit]

text: According to the American Bar Association (ABA), the grand jury has come under increasing criticism for being a mere "rubber stamp" for the prosecution without adequate procedural safeguards. Critics argue that the grand jury has largely lost its historic role as an independent bulwark protecting citizens from unfounded accusations by the government.[54] Grand juries provide little protection to accused suspects and are much more useful to prosecutors. Grand juries have such broad subpoena power that they can investigate alleged crimes very thoroughly and often assist the prosecutor in his or her job. Grand juries sometimes compel witnesses to testify without the presence of their attorneys. Evidence uncovered during the grand jury investigation can be used by the prosecutor in a later trial. Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws. This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors. Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them. Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor's recommendation.[55] A chief judge of New York State's highest court, Sol Wachtler, once said that grand juries were so pliable that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to "indict a ham sandwich."[56] And William J. Campbell, a former federal district judge in Chicago, noted: "[T]oday, the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who, if he is candid, will concede that he can indict anybody, at any time, for almost anything, before any grand jury."[57]

text: 2014 police incidents[edit]

text: The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high-profile cases in 2014, where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice. In all three cases, after being presented the evidence, the grand juries voted not to return indictments. Public perception was that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure.[58] As a result, these grand jury decisions sparked riots across the United States.[59]

text: Reform of federal grand jury system[edit]

text: Due to the criticism against the federal grand jury system[60] there are some reform proposals which include the following proposals:[60]

text:
Better instructions from judges to jurors about the grand jury's powers and its independence from prosecutors
Increased access to grand jury transcripts for suspects who are eventually indicted
Expanded safeguards against abuse of witnesses, including education about their rights and the presence of their attorneys
Notification of targets of investigations that they are targets
Optional rather than mandatory appearances by targets of investigations
An end to the requirement that prosecutors present defense evidence, and replacement with a requirement that grand jurors be informed that the defense was not represented in the hearing.

tag: ul

text: Besides the above stated reform proposals, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury, a bi-partisan, blue-ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors, as well as academics and defense attorneys. The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & 'Bill of Rights'.[61] Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity, an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense, and the right for targets or subjects to testify.[54]

text: Researchers Erin Crites, Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard of the Center for Justice, Law & Society at George Mason University studied the experiences of prosecutors, defense lawyers, and retired judges in New York and Colorado. Four key reform recommendations emerged from their Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States: The Case for Reform research study are:

text:
Defense representation in the grand jury room,
production of witness transcripts for the defense,
advance notice for witnesses to appear, and
the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury.[62]

text: The Cato Institute, an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., presented a report, A Grand Facade: How the Grand Jury was Captured by Government which addresses the history of, problems with, and reforms for the grand jury system.[63][64]

text: "Runaway" grand jury[edit]

text: Occasionally, grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney. When the grand jury does so the situation is called a "runaway" grand jury. Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced. Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s.[65]

text: The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members complained in open court that prosecutors were not pursuing obvious leads and hinted that the district attorney was possibly receiving payoffs. Thomas E. Dewey was appointed as an independent prosecutor.[66]

text: Grand juries in literature[edit]

text: Scott Turow's second novel The Burden of Proof deals extensively with the workings and shortcomings of the Federal Grand Jury system in a fictional county in Illinois. Turow is himself a practicing lawyer and acted as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago between 1978 and 1986.


document_title: Central Statistics Office (India)

question_text: when was central statistical organisation of india established

root

text: Central Statistics Office (India)

text: Activities[edit]

text: The Central Statistics Office is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country, and evolving and maintaining statistical standards. Its activities include National Income Accounting; conduct of Annual Survey of Industries, Economic Censuses and its follow up surveys, compilation of Index of Industrial Production, as well as Consumer Price Indices for Urban Non-Manual Employees, Human Development Statistics, Gender Statistics, imparting training in Official Statistics, Five Year Plan work relating to Development of Statistics in the States and Union Territories; dissemination of statistical information, work relating to trade, energy, construction, and environment statistics, revision of National Industrial Classification, etc.

tag: p

text: Organisation[edit]

text: The CSO is headed by the Director-General who is assisted by Five additional Director-Generals and four Deputy Director-Generals, six Joint Directors,seven special task officers,thirty deputy directors, 48 assistant directors and other supporting staff. The CSO is located in Delhi.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The Central Statistics Office (CSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoS & PI) is responsible for the compilation of National Accounts Statistics (NAS). At the State level, State Directorates of Economics and Statistics (DESs) have the responsibility of compiling their State Domestic Product and other aggregates.

text: History[edit]

text: The CSO was set up in the cabinet secretariat on 2 May 1951[1].


document_title: The Angry Birds Movie

question_text: who plays red's voice in angry birds

question_tokens: who plays red 's voice in angry birds

text: The Angry Birds Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: A reclusive, temperamental bird named Red lives in a village on Bird Island with other flightless birds. When his temper causes a "premature hatching" of another bird's egg, he is sentenced to take an anger management class. Red’s classmates Chuck, who is hyperactive and can move at the speed of light, and Bomb, who can cause explosions with his anger and fear, try to befriend him, but he avoids them.

text: One day, a boat docks at the island's shore, destroying Red's house. The birds are greeted by green-colored pigs and their captain Leonard, who claim to be peaceful explorers bringing offerings of friendship. The pigs ingratiate with the birds, introducing them to various innovations, notably a giant slingshot, but begin to overwhelm the island with their numbers and Red becomes suspicious.

text: Red recruits Chuck and Bomb to find Mighty Eagle, the only flying bird and the island's protector, who has not been seen for many years. They find Mighty Eagle on top of Bird Mountain, but he is overweight, self-absorbed, leads the life of a slacker, and refuses to help them. Red discovers the pigs planting dynamite around the island while the other birds are distracted with a rave party, but they arrive too late to warn them as the pigs escape with the eggs and activate the dynamite, destroying the village. The other birds apologize to Red for not believing him, and under his leadership they organize an army and construct a boat from the rubble to follow the pigs to Piggy Island.

text: The birds discover the pigs living in a walled city ruled by Leonard, whose true name is "King Mudbeard". Deducing the eggs are in the castle at the center of the city, the birds use the slingshot to attack by launching themselves over the walls and into the city's buildings, destroying them. Red, Chuck, and Bomb discover the eggs being lowered into a giant pot from a net, the pigs planning to cook and eat them. Mighty Eagle arrives to retrieve Red's group and the eggs, having had a change of heart after witnessing their efforts. One egg falls out of the net and Red battles King Mudbeard for it, but learns to control his anger and distracts him long enough to retrieve the egg. An explosion from Bomb ignites the pigs' reserve of dynamite, but the pot collapses and falls over top of Red, shielding him and the egg from the blast as the city is destroyed.

text: Red reunites with the other birds as the egg hatches, revealing three small blue birds. Mighty Eagle approaches Red, Chuck, and Bomb, claiming he merely appeared lazy to help them find faith in themselves, and takes credit for saving the eggs. On Bird Island, Red discovers the other birds have rebuilt his house in the center of the village and the eggs have hatched into chicks, who sing to him in gratitude. Moved, Red allows Chuck and Bomb to move in with him. The pigs are revealed to have survived, with King Mudbeard plotting to steal the birds' eggs again.

text: In a mid-credits scene, the three blue birds use the slingshot to launch themselves out to ocean.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Sudeikis as Red[12]
Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as young Red[15]
Josh Gad as Chuck[12]
Danny McBride as Bomb[12]
Maya Rudolph as Matilda[12]
Bill Hader as Leonard / King Mudbeard[16]
Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle[12]
Kate McKinnon as Stella, Eva[17]
Sean Penn as Terence
Tony Hale as Ross, Mime, Cyrus[17]
Keegan-Michael Key as Judge Peckinpah
Blake Shelton as Earl[18]
Anthony Padilla as Hal[12]
Ian Hecox as Bubbles[12]
Charli XCX as Willow[19]
Tituss Burgess as Photog[17]
Billy Eichner as Chef Pig, Phillip
Hannibal Buress as Edward[12]
Ike Barinholtz as Tiny[12]
Max Charles as Bobby
Jillian Bell as Helene, Yoga Instructor[12]
Cristela Alonzo as Shirley[12]
Danielle Brooks as Monica, Olive[17]
Kevin Bigley as Greg[17]
Adam Brown as Hug Trader[12]
Romeo Santos as Early Bird[12]
Geoffrey Arend as Day Care Teacher Bird
Ava Acres as Timothy
Alex Borstein as Sophie Bird, Peggy Bird
Malena Brewer as Arianna Bird
Vincent Oswald as Dylan Hatchling
Samantha Cohen as Samantha Hatchling
Josh Robert Thompson as Brad Bird, Dane the Saxophone Bird
Matt McCarthy as Rodney Pig
Matt Taylor as Hamilton Pig
Ali Wong as Betty Bird
Fred Tatasciore as Monty Pig
Bella Laudiero as Maya Bird
John Cohen as Johnny Bird
Clay Kaytis as Clayton the Waiter Bird
Fergal Reilly as Foreman Pig
Catherine Winder as Billy the Sign
Carlos Alazraqui as Earl's 2nd Brother (Uncredited)
Pierce Gagnon, Noah Schnapp and Owen Wilder Vaccaro as The Blues
Eileen Marra, Indra Raval, Joaquin Raval and Sofie Wolfe as Hatchling Singers

text: Production[edit]

text:
The film was officially announced in December 2012, although IGN noted that this was "after months of speculation".[20] The success of the Angry Birds Toons series, according to Rovio employee Jami Laes, "validated" the idea of creating a feature film.[21]
The first image from the film was revealed in October 2014, with Jason Sudeikis, Josh Gad, Danny McBride, Bill Hader, Maya Rudolph, and Peter Dinklage as part of its cast.[12] Gad at first declined to star in the movie, feeling it was too similar to his role as Olaf in the 2013 film Frozen but the director eventually convinced him to sign through a 30-minute "visual pitch".[22][23]
The film's budget is estimated at $80 million (€75 million).[24] Rovio and Sony Pictures announced they would spend roughly €100 million for the marketing and distribution of the film,[24] giving it the largest budget in the film industry in Finland, outvaluing Big Game's €8.5 million.[24] Despite the massive budget, Rovio CEO Mikael Hed stated that "it is the one that I don't ever lose any sleep over",[25] calling it "tremendously strong as a story".[25] During August 2015, Rovio announced that they were expecting to cut 250 jobs equaling 40% of the company, the only sector spared being personnel working on the movie.[26]

text: When multiple major studios approached Rovio to discuss the production of the film adaptation in 2010, Hed eventually decided to have Rovio establish its own in-house animation studio and have it work on the film, rather than risk losing creative control in allowing a third-party studio to produce it. David Maisel, the founding chairman of Marvel Studios, offered to help Hed and Rovio produce the film,[27] as well as John Cohen from Illumination Entertainment and Catherine Winder from Lucasfilm, who later served as the film's producers.[28] Animation services were handled by Sony Pictures Imageworks.[29]

text: The Angry Birds characters were not depicted in their cinematic designs until the film's announcements so as to avoid spoiling it for audiences.[30]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Angry Birds Movie: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)[31]Recorded
2015-16Genre

Pop
rock
country
hip hop
electronic
Length
48:43Label
Atlantic

tag: table

text: The film's soundtrack, titled The Angry Birds Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack,[32] was released on May 6, 2016.[33]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitlePerformed byLength1."Friends[34]"Blake Shelton3:042."I Will Survive[35]"Demi Lovato4:053."Wonderful Life (Mi Oh My)[36]"Matoma3:304."On Top of the World"Imagine Dragons3:125."Explode[37]"Charli XCX (as Willow)3:456."Never Gonna Give You Up"Rick Astley3:347."Rock You Like a Hurricane"Scorpions4:168."Fight"Steve Aoki3:529."Wild Thing"Tone Lōc4:2510."Sound of da Police"KRS-One4:1811."Behind Blue Eyes"Limp Bizkit4:3112."The Mighty Eagle Song[38]"Peter Dinklage2:0613."The Mighty Red Song[39]"The Hatchlings and the Blues0:4714."The Angry Birds Movie Score Medley[40]"Heitor Pereira3:18

text: ATCO Records released the score on May 12, 2016.

text: "Wonderful Life" was replaced in international screenings of the film in English with "You Should Be Dancing" by the Bee Gees.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially scheduled to be released on July 1, 2016,[41] but was later moved forward to May 20.[42] On September 23, 2015, the teaser trailer for the film was released,[43] followed by the second trailer four months later.[44] An international trailer made its debut in March 2016.[45]

text: The film was released in Finland and the UK on May 13, 2016, and in the United States on May 20, 2016.

text: Promotion and tie-in games[edit]

text: The film's marketing budget was an estimated $300 million, which along with its production budget was $400 million, the biggest ever for an animated Sony Pictures film.[6] Tie-ins with McDonald's, Citroën, Ziploc, and Panasonic,[46] and a series of six Lego sets were used to promote the film. A balloon themed after Red debuted at the 2015 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.[47][48][49]

text: During the film's marketing campaign, the app icons for most Angry Birds games were changed to depict the cinematic version of Red. A series of free-to-play tie-in games were also produced: Angry Birds Action!, Angry Birds Evolution, and Angry Birds Match.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie was released on digital HD on July 29, 2016, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 16, 2016, from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, with four "Hatchlings" shorts included.[50][51][52][53] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on August 21, 2016.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie grossed $107.5 million in North America and $244.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $352.3 million.[7] Worldwide, it is the second highest-grossing video game film of all-time behind Warcraft ($433.5 million)[55], and is the most successful Finnish-produced film of all time.[56] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $72 million.[57]

text: In North America, the film opened on May 20, 2016 alongside Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising and The Nice Guys, and was projected to gross between $35–40 million or as high as $45 million from 3,932 theaters in its opening weekend.[46][58][59] Deadline noted that the film had the benefit of being the only animated movies in theaters until Finding Dory on June 17.[59] The Angry Birds Movie was the top selling film for the weekend, and grossed $800,000 from Thursday night previews[46] and $11 million on its opening day.[60] In its opening weekend it grossed $38.2 million, finishing first at the box office and marked the third biggest Sony animated opening of all time, behind Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2.[46][61] It also scored the second-best debut weekend ever for a video game adaptation, behind the $47 million debut of Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.[62] It dropped 51% in its second weekend, against X-Men: Apocalypse and Alice Through the Looking Glass, grossing $18.7 million.[55]

text: Internationally, The Angry Birds Movie was released in the Philippines on May 11[63] and in 74 other markets (63% of its total marketplace) on May 13, at least one week ahead of its US release. It finished first in 37 territories and second overall at the international box office behind Captain America: Civil War. Benefiting from the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, it grossed $43 million.[64] In its second weekend, it added 9 additional territories including China, South Korea and the Netherlands and grossed $55.5 million from 83 markets.[65] Overall, the top openings for the film was recorded in China ($29.2 million), Russia ($5.7 million), the United Kingdom and Ireland ($3.1 million), Germany ($2.9 million), Mexico ($2.8 million) and Brazil ($2.7 million).[64][65] It opened next in Italy on June 15 and Japan on October 1.[65]

text: In terms of total earnings, the biggest markets for the film outside North America are China ($75.8 million), the United Kingdom ($15 million), Russia ($11.99 million), and Germany ($11.97 million).

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie received mixed reviews from critics.[66] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 43% based on 150 reviews and an average rating of 4.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Angry Birds Movie is substantially more entertaining than any film adapted from an app has any right to be – which may or may not be much of an endorsement."[67] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[68] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[69]

text: Lindsey Bahr of The Associated Press gave the film a positive review by writing, "Ultimately, The Angry Birds Movie does a decent job exploring the merits of anger. It's no Inside Out, but it has heart and life, which isn't too shabby for any film – app or not".[70] Variety's Guy Lodge called the film: "A fast, fizzy and frenetically entertaining extension of the manic gaming franchise that, at its zenith, had children of all ages glued to their smartphone screens".[71] While Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film's plot to be "pretty thin gruel", he thought the script was quite funny and that the animation was brightly colored and appealing.[72]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, writing, "The kids of today deserve better. So do I, come to think of it".[73] In his review for TheWrap, Alonso Duralde wrote, "Let's be clear, then: The Angry Birds Movie isn't pointless because it's based on an app. It's pointless because it's pointless".[74] Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars, writing, "The Angry Birds Movie is just fowl".[75]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Date

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Jussi Awards

March 24, 2017

Best Film

Nominated

[76]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 17, 2016

Best Original Score – Animated Film

Heitor Pereira

Nominated

[77][78]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards

March 11, 2017

Most Wanted Pet

Jason Sudeikis

Nominated

[79]

Teen Choice Awards

July 31, 2016

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit

Nominated

[80]

Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show

"I Will Survive" by Demi Lovato

Nominated

text: Future[edit]

text: Follow-up media[edit]

text:
IDW Publishing launched a comic book miniseries, titled Angry Birds: Flight School and situated after the events of the film, on February 22, 2017.
Rovio Entertainment has released a new online video miniseries that takes place sometime after the events of the film, titled Angry Birds Blues, and focuses on the mischievous antics of the newborn Blues.  The first episode premiered on Toons.TV on March 10, 2017.[81]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016, Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film.[82] The sequel, titled The Angry Birds Movie 2, is planned for a September 6, 2019 release, coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the original video game.[13][14] It will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice. Cohen will return as a producer, with Peter Ackerman as writer. Sudeikis, Gad, Hader, McBride and Dinklage have been announced to return, with Rachel Bloom, Sterling K. Brown, Eugenio Derbez, Zach Woods, Awkwafina, Lil Rel Howery, Dove Cameron, Beck Bennett, Brooklynn Prince, and Leslie Jones joining the cast. [83][84]


document_title: Succession (TV series)

question_text: who plays shiv's ex boyfriend on succession

question_tokens: who plays shiv 's ex boyfriend on succession

text: Succession (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Succession follows "the Roy family – Logan Roy and his four children – who control one of the biggest media and entertainment conglomerates in the world. The series tracks their lives as they contemplate what the future will hold for them once their aging father begins to step back from the company."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Hiam Abbass as Marcia "Marcy" Roy, the third wife of Logan Roy.
Nicholas Braun as Greg Hirsch, the great-nephew of Logan Roy and grandson of Ewan Roy.
Brian Cox as Logan Roy, the founder of media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar Royco.
Kieran Culkin as Roman Roy, the third and youngest son of Logan Roy from his second marriage.
Peter Friedman as Frank Vernon, the COO of Waystar Royco and long time confidante of Logan Roy.
Natalie Gold as Rava Roy, the separated wife of Kendall Roy.
Matthew Macfadyen as Tom Wamsgans, the fiance of Shiv Roy.
Alan Ruck as Connor Roy, the eldest son of Logan Roy from his first marriage.
Parker Sawyers as Alessandro Daniels, an executive of Waystar Royco present during the Vaulter acquisition meetings.
Sarah Snook as Siobhan "Shiv" Roy, the youngest child and daughter of Logan Roy from his second marriage.
Jeremy Strong as Kendall Roy, the second son of Logan Roy from his second marriage.
Rob Yang as Lawrence Yee, the founder of media website Vaulter that is acquired by Waystar Royco.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Scott Nicholson as Colin, Logan's body man.
J. Smith-Cameron as Gerri Killman, general counsel to Waystar Royco.
David Rasche as Karl, a member of Waystar Royco's legal team.
Arian Moayed as Stewy Hosseini, a financier and friend of Kendall's who becomes a member of Waystar Royco's board.
Ashley Zukerman as Nate Sofrelli, a political strategist and former romantic partner of Shiv's. He convinces her to work on the Eavis presidential campaign and the two of them are having an affair.
Juliana Canfield as Jess Jordan, Kendall's assistant.
Dagmara Domińczyk as Karolina, a member of Waystar Royco's legal team.
Justine Lupe as Willa, Connor Roy's young girlfriend.
Peggy J. Scott as Jeane, Logan's secretary.
Judy Reyes as Eva, a member of Waystar Royco's legal team and an executive producer at ATN, a news channel owned by Waystar Royco.
Eric Bogosian as Gil Eavis, a liberal presidential candidate whom Nate introduces to Shiv. He is vocally opposed to Waystar Royco's attempted takeover of local news networks and becomes a target of their cable news network ATN because of it.
Swayam Bhatia as Sophie Roy, Kendall's daughter.
Quentin Morales as Iverson Roy, Kendall's son.
Molly Griggs as Grace, Roman's girlfriend whom he breaks up with after she tells him that she enjoyed The Biggest Turkey in the World, a film Roman tried to kill while working in Waystar Royco's film division.
Larry Pine as Sandy Furness, the owner of a rival media conglomerate who plots a hostile takeover of Waystar Royco with Kendall.
Caitlin FitzGerald as Tabitha, a woman who gave Tom a blowjob at his bachelor party and whom Roman is now dating.
Mary Birdsong as Marianne, Logan's niece and Greg's mother.
Jake Choi as Tatsuya, an associate of Lawrence.
Eisa Davis as Joyce Miller, the former Attorney General of New York elected to a seat in the United States Senate for whom Shiv serves as a political strategist.
James Cromwell as Ewan Roy, Logan's estranged brother and Greg's grandfather who resides in Canada.
Darius Homayoun as Amir, Marcy's son who announces at Thanksgiving dinner that he has been hired to head Waystar Royco's animation division in Europe.
Harriet Walter as Caroline Collingwood, the second wife of Logan Roy and Kendall, Shiv, and Roman's mother.
Jack Gilpin as Mr. Wamsgans, Tom's Father.
Kristin Griffith as Mrs. Wamsgans, Tom's mother and a highly-respected attorney in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Mark Blum as Bill ("Sad Sack Wasp Trap"), the retiring head of Waystar Royco's Adventure Parks division.
Annika Boras as Anna Newman ("Sad Sack Wasp Trap"), an on-air personality at ATN, the news network owned by Waystar Royco, that Kendall takes to the family's annual charity event, the Roy Endowment Creative New York (RECNY) ball.
David Patrick Kelly as Paul Chambers ("Which Side Are You On?"), a member of Waystar Royco's board that votes against a vote of no confidence in regards to Logan.
Griffin Dunne as Dr. Alon Parfit ("Austerlitz"), a corporate therapist hired to work with the Roy family as Logan attempts to rehabilitate their public image.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Celebration"Adam McKayJesse ArmstrongJune 3, 2018 (2018-06-03)0.582[2]
2"Shit Show at the Fuck Factory"Mark MylodTony RocheJune 10, 2018 (2018-06-10)0.491[3]
3"Lifeboats"Mark MylodJonathan GlatzerJune 17, 2018 (2018-06-17)0.605[4]
4"Sad Sack Wasp Trap"Adam ArkinAnna JordanJune 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)0.543[5]
5"I Went to Market"Adam ArkinGeorgia PritchettJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)0.583[6]
6"Which Side Are You On?"Andrij ParekhSusan Soon He StantonJuly 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)0.673[7]
7"Austerlitz"Miguel ArtetaLucy PrebbleJuly 15, 2018 (2018-07-15)0.626[8]
8"Prague"S. J. ClarksonJon BrownJuly 22, 2018 (2018-07-22)0.637[9]
9"Pre-Nuptial"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongJuly 29, 2018 (2018-07-29)0.558[10]
10"Nobody Is Ever Missing"Mark MylodJesse ArmstrongAugust 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)0.730[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On June 6, 2016, HBO announced that they had given the production a pilot order.[12] The episode was set to be written by Jesse Armstrong and directed by Adam McKay. Executive producers for the pilot were to include Armstrong, McKay, Will Ferrell, Frank Rich, and Kevin Messick.[13][14][15][16] On May 16, 2017, it was announced that HBO had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The previously announced creative was expected to continue their involvement as the series enters into production.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

text: On November 17, 2017, it was announced that Nicholas Britell would serve as the series' composer.[23] On April 26, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on June 3, 2018.[24]

text: On June 11, 2018, it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a second season.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On October 6, 2016, it was announced that Brian Cox, Jeremy Strong, Kieran Culkin, Sarah Snook, Nicholas Braun, and Matthew Macfadyen had been cast in lead roles in the series' pilot.[26] On November 4, 2016, it was announced that Hiam Abbass, Alan Ruck, Rob Yang, Parker Sawyers, and Peter Friedman had also joined the main cast of the pilot.[27]

text: On January 24, 2018, it was reported that Ashley Zukerman had joined the series in a recurring role.[28] On March 7, 2018, it was reported that Jake Choi had been cast in a recurring role.[29]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the first season of the series began in October 2017 in New York City at locations including Lexington Avenue and East 75th Street.[30] During the week of November 20, 2017, production took place in the Financial District of Manhattan.[31] In December 2017, the series was reportedly in production on the sixth episode.[32] From mid-January 2018 to the end of the month, the production moved from New York to New Mexico.[33][34][35][30] Filming reportedly took place around the Santa Fe area of the state.[36] On February 22, 2018, filming took place in New Jersey which required the closing of the Atlantic City-Brigantine tunnel.[37][38][39] On February 25, 2018, filming took place at Eastnor Castle near Ledbury in Herefordshire, England.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 18, 2018, HBO released the first teaser trailer for the series.[41][42][43] On March 27, 2018, a second teaser trailer was released.[44] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[45]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On April 27, 2018, the series held its official world premiere during the Series Mania Festival in Lille, France in which the pilot episode was screened.[46] On May 22, 2018, the series held its official US premiere at the Time Warner Center in New York City.[47]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10 based on 57 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "The spectacle of rich people behaving badly makes Succession entertaining, but only up to a point."[48] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 70 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[49]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Media outlets have characterized the show's ratings as "fairly low" and "bordering on miniscule."[50][51] The premiere episode drew 582,000 viewers, down from the 1.39 million viewers that watched its lead-in Westworld.[2]