document_title: History of anime

question_text: when did anime become popular in the west

question_tokens: when did anime become popular in the west

text: History of anime

text: Origins of anime (early 1900s–1922)[edit]

text: According to Natsuki Matsumoto, the first animated film produced in Japan may have stemmed from as early as 1907. Known as Katsudō Shashin (活動写真, "Activity Photo"), from its depiction of a boy in a sailor suit drawing the characters for katsudō shashin, the film was first found in 2005. It consists of fifty frames stenciled directly onto a strip of celluloid.[3][4] This claim has not been verified though and predates the first known showing of animated films in Japan. The date and first film publicly displayed is another source of contention: while no Japanese-produced animation is definitively known to date before 1917, the possibility exists that other films entered Japan and that no known records have surfaced to prove a showing prior to 1912.[1] Film titles have surfaced over the years, but none have been proven to predate this year. The first foreign animation is known to have been found in Japan in 1910, but it is not clear if the film was ever shown in a cinema or publicly displayed at all. Yasushi Watanabe found a film known as Fushigi no Bōrudo (不思議のボールド, "Miracle Board") in the records of the Yoshizawa Shōten (吉沢商店) company. The description matches James Blackton's Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, though academic consensus on whether or not this is a true animated film is disputed.[1] According to Kyokko Yoshiyama, the first animated film called Nippāru no Henkei (ニッパールの変形, "Nippāru's Transformation") was shown in Japan at the Asakusa Teikokukan (浅草帝国館) in Tokyo sometime in 1911. Yoshiyama did not refer to the film as "animation" though. The first confirmed animated film shown in Japan was Les Exploits de Feu Follet by Émile Cohl on April 15, 1912. While speculation and other "trick films" have been found in Japan, it is the first recorded account of a public showing of a two-dimensional animated film in Japanese cinema. During this time, German animations marketed for home release were distributed in Japan.[1].

text: Few complete animations made during the beginnings of Japanese animation have survived. The reasons vary, but many are of commercial nature. After the clips had been run, reels (being property of the cinemas) were sold to smaller cinemas in the country and then disassembled and sold as strips or single frames. The first anime that was produced in Japan was made sometime in 1917, but there it is disputed which title was the first to get that honor. It has been confirmed that Dekobō Shingachō: Meian no Shippai (凸坊新画帳・名案の失敗, "Bumpy New Picture Book: Failure of a Great Plan") was made sometime during February 1917. At least two unconfirmed titles were reported to have been made the previous month.[1]

text: The first anime short-films were made by three leading figures in the industry. Ōten Shimokawa was a political caricaturist and cartoonist who worked for the magazine Tokyo Puck. He was hired by Tenkatsu to do an animation for them. Due to medical reasons, he was only able to do five movies, including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki (1917), before he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist. Another prominent animator in this period was Jun'ichi Kōuchi. He was a caricaturist and painter, who also had studied watercolor painting. In 1912, he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916. He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s. His works include around 15 movies. The third was Seitaro Kitayama, an early animator who made animations on his own and was not hired by larger corporations. He eventually founded his own animation studio, the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo, which was later closed due to lack of commercial success. He utilized the chalkboard technique, and later paper animation, with and without pre-printed backgrounds. The works of these two latter pioneers include Namakura Gatana ("An Obtuse Sword", 1917) and a 1918 film Urashima Tarō which were believed to have been discovered together at an antique market in 2007.[5] However, this Urashima Tarō was later proved to most likely be a different film of the same story than the 1918 one by Kitayama, which, as of October 2017, remains undiscovered.[6]

text: Pre-war productions (1923–1939)[edit]

text: Yasuji Murata, Hakuzan Kimura, Sanae Yamamoto and Noburō Ōfuji were students of Kitayama Seitaro and worked at his film studio. Kenzō Masaoka, another important animator, worked at a smaller animation studio. In 1923, the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed most of the Kitayama studio and the residing animators spread out and founded studios of their own.

text: Prewar animators faced several difficulties. First, they had to compete with foreign producers such as Disney, which were influential on both audiences and producers. Foreign films had already made a profit abroad and could be undersold in the Japanese market, priced lower than what domestic producers needed to break even.[7] Japanese animators thus had to work cheaply, in small companies with only a handful of employees, which then made it difficult to compete in terms of quality with foreign product that was in color, with sound, and promoted by much bigger companies. Until the mid-1930s, Japanese animation generally used cutout animation instead of cel animation because the celluloid was too expensive.[8] This resulted in animation that could seem derivative, flat (since motion forward and backward was difficult) and without detail.[9] But just as postwar Japanese animators were able to turn limited animation into a plus, so masters such as Yasuji Murata and Noburō Ōfuji were able to perform wonders with cutout animation.

text: Animators such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, however, did attempt to bring Japanese animation up to the level of foreign work by introducing cel animation, sound, and technology such as the multiplane camera. Masaoka created the first talkie anime, Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka, released in 1933,[10][11] and the first anime made entirely using cel animation, The Dance of the Chagamas (1934).[12] Seo was the first to use the multiplane camera in Ari-chan in 1941.

text: Such innovations, however, were difficult to support purely commercially, so prewar animation depended considerably on sponsorship, as animators often concentrated on making PR films for companies, educational films for the government, and eventually works of propaganda for the military.[13] During this time, censorship and school regulations discouraged film-viewing by children, so anime which could possess educational value were supported and encouraged by the Monbusho (the Ministry of Education). This proved important for producers that had experienced obstacles releasing their work in regular theaters. Animation had found a place in scholastic, political and industrial use.

text: During the second World War[edit]

text: In the 1930s, the Japanese government began enforcing cultural nationalism. This also lead to a strict censorship and control of published media. Many animators were urged to produce animations which enforced the Japanese spirit and national affiliation. Some movies were shown in newsreel theaters, especially after the Film Law of 1939 promoted documentary and other educational films. Such support helped boost the industry, as bigger companies formed through mergers and prompted major live-action studios such as Shochiku to begin producing animation.[14] It was at Shochiku that such masterworks as Kenzō Masaoka's Kumo to Chūrippu were produced. Wartime reorganization of the industry, however, merged the feature film studios into three big companies.

text: More animated films were commissioned by the military,[15] showing the sly, quick Japanese people winning against enemy forces. In 1941, Princess Iron Fan was made in China, as Asia's first full-length animated feature. In 1943, Geijutsu Eigasha produced Mitsuyo Seo's Momotaro's Sea Eagles with help from the Navy. Shochiku then made Japan's first full-length animated feature, Seo's Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors in 1945, again with the help of the Navy. Due to economic factors, it would be Japan which later emerged long after the war with the most readily available resources to continue expanding the industry.

text: Toei Animation and Mushi Production[edit]

text:
In 1948, Toei Animation was founded and produced the first color anime feature film in 1958, Hakujaden (The Tale of the White Serpent, 1958).
It was released in the US in 1961 as Panda and the Magic Serpent.[16] After the success of the project, Toei released a new feature-length animation annually.[17]:101

text: Toei's style was characterized by an emphasis on each animator bringing his own ideas to the production. The most extreme example of this is Isao Takahata's film Hols: Prince of the Sun (1968). Hols is often seen as the first major break from the normal anime style and the beginning of a later movement of "auteuristic" or "progressive anime" which would eventually involve directors such as Hayao Miyazaki (creator of Spirited Away) and Mamoru Oshii.[citation needed]

text: A major contribution of Toei's style to modern anime was the development of the "money shot". This cost-cutting method of animation allows for emphasis to be placed on important shots by animating them with more detail than the rest of the work (which would often be limited animation). Toei animator Yasuo Ōtsuka began to experiment with this style and developed it further as he went into television. In the 1980s, Toei would later lend its talent to companies like Sunbow Productions, Marvel Productions, DiC Entertainment, Murakami-Wolf-Swenson, Ruby Spears and Hanna Barbera, producing several animated cartoons for America during this period. Other studios like TMS Entertainment, were also being used in the 1980s, which lead to Asian studios being used more often to animate foreign productions, but the companies involved still produced anime for their native Japan.[citation needed]

text: Osamu Tezuka established Mushi Production in 1961, after Tezuka's contract with Toei Animation expired. The studio pioneered TV animation in Japan, and was responsible for such successful TV series as Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, Gokū no Daibōken and Princess Knight.

text: Mushi Production also produced the first anime to be broadcast in the United States (on NBC in 1963), although Osamu Tezuka would complain about the restrictions on US television, and the alterations necessary for broadcast.[18]

text: The 1960s brought anime to television and in America. The first anime film to be broadcast was Three Tales in 1960. The following year saw the premiere of Japan's first animated television series, Instant History, although it did not consist entirely of animation.[17]:90 Osamu Tezuka's Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy) is often miscredited as the first anime television series, premiering on January 1, 1963.[19] Astro Boy was highly influential to other anime in the 1960s,[20] and was followed by a large number of anime about robots or space.

text: 1963 introduced Sennin Buraku as the first "late night" anime[20] and Toei Doga's first anime television series Wolf Boy Ken. Mushi Pro continued to produce more anime television and met success with titles such as Kimba the White Lion in 1965. What is noted as the first magical girl anime, Sally the Witch, began broadcast in 1966. The original Speed Racer anime television began in 1967, and was brought to the West with great success. At the same time, an anime adaptation of Tezuka's Princess Knight aired, making it one of very few shoujo anime of the decade. The first anime adaptation of Shotaro Ishinomori's manga Cyborg 009 was created in 1968, following the film adaptation two years prior.

text: The long-running Sazae-san anime also began in 1969 and continues today with excess of 6,500 episodes broadcast as of 2014. With an audience share of 25% the series is still the most-popular anime broadcast.[16]:725

text: During the 1970s, the Japanese film market shrank due to competition from television. This reduced Toei animation's staff and many animators went to studios such as A Pro and Telecom animation. Mushi Production went bankrupt (though the studio was revived 4 years later), its former employees founding studios such as Madhouse and Sunrise. Many young animators were thrust into the position of director, and the injection of young talent allowed for a wide variety of experimentation. One of the earliest successful television productions in the early 1970s was Tomorrow's Joe (1970), a boxing anime which has become iconic in Japan. 1971 saw the first installment of the Lupin III anime. Contrary to the franchise's currently popularity, the first series ran for 23 episodes before being cancelled. The second series (starting in 1977) saw considerably more success, spanning 155 episodes over three years.

text: Another example of this experimentation is Isao Takahata's 1974 television series Heidi, Girl of the Alps. This show was originally a hard sell because it was a simple realistic drama aimed at children, and most TV networks thought children needed something more fantastic to draw them in. Heidi was an international success, popular in many European countries, and so successful in Japan that it allowed for Hayao Miyazaki and Takahata to start a series of literary-based anime (World Masterpiece Theater). Miyazaki and Takahata left Nippon Animation in the late 1970s. Two of Miyazaki's critically acclaimed productions during the 1970s were Future Boy Conan (1978) and Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro (1979).

text: During this period, Japanese animation reached continental Europe with productions aimed at European and Japanese children, with the most-pronounced examples being the aforementioned Heidi but also Barbapapa and Vicky the Vikings. Italy, Spain and France grew an interest in Japan's output, which was offered for a low price.[21][22]

text: Another genre known as mecha came into being at this time. Some early works include Mazinger Z (1972–1974), Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (1972–1974), Space Battleship Yamato (1974–75) and Mobile Suit Gundam (1979–80).

text: As a contrast to the action-oriented shows, shows for a female audience such as Candy Candy and Rose of Versailles earned high popularity on Japanese television and later in other parts of the world.[21]

text: By 1978, over fifty shows were aired on television.[23]

text: The shift towards space operas became more pronounced with the commercial success of Star Wars (1977). This allowed for the space opera Space Battleship Yamato (1974) to be revived as a theatrical film. Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) was also unsuccessful and revived as a theatrical film in 1982. The success of the theatrical versions of Yamato and Gundam are seen as the beginning of the anime boom of the 1980s, and of "Japanese Cinema's Second Golden Age".[24]

text: A subculture in Japan, who later called themselves otaku, began to develop around animation magazines such as Animage or later Newtype. These magazines formed in response to the overwhelming fandom that developed around shows such as Yamato and Gundam in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

text: In the United States, the popularity of Star Wars had a similar, though much smaller, effect on the development of anime.[citation needed] Gatchaman was reworked and edited into Battle of the Planets in 1978 and again as G-Force in 1986. Space Battleship Yamato was reworked and edited into Star Blazers in 1979. The Macross series began with The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982), which was adapted into English as the first arc of Robotech (1985), which was created from three separate anime titles: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada. The sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam, Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985), became the most successful real robot space opera in Japan, where it managed an average television rating of 6.6% and a peak of 11.7%.[25]

text: The otaku subculture became more pronounced with Mamoru Oshii's adaptation of Rumiko Takahashi's popular manga Urusei Yatsura (1981). Yatsura made Takahashi a household name and Oshii would break away from fan culture and take a more auteuristic approach with his 1984 film Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer. This break with the otaku subculture would allow Oshii to experiment further.

text: The otaku subculture had some effect on people who were entering the industry around this time. The most famous of these people were the amateur production group Daicon Films which would become Gainax. Gainax began by making films for the Daicon science fiction conventions and were so popular in the otaku community that they were given a chance to helm the biggest-budgeted anime film (at that time), Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987).

text: One of the most-influential anime of all time, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), was made during this period. The film gave extra prestige to anime allowing for many experimental and ambitious projects to be funded shortly after its release. It also allowed director Hayao Miyazaki and his longtime colleague Isao Takahata to create their own studio under the supervision of former Animage editor Toshio Suzuki. This studio would become known as Studio Ghibli and its first film was Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986), one of Miyazaki's most-ambitious films.

text: The success of Dragon Ball (1986) introduced the martial arts genre and became incredibly influential in the Japanese Animation industry. It influenced many more martial arts anime and manga series' including YuYu Hakusho (1990), One Piece (1999), and Naruto (2002).

text: The 1980s brought anime to the home video market in the form of original video animation (OVA). The first OVA was Mamoru Oshii's Dallos (1983–1984). Shows such as Patlabor had their beginnings in this market and it proved to be a way to test less-marketable animation against audiences. The OVA allowed for the release of pornographic anime such as Cream Lemon (1984); the first hentai OVA was actually the little-known Wonder Kids studio's Lolita Anime, also released in 1984.

text: The 1980s also saw the amalgamation of anime with video games. The airing of Red Photon Zillion (1987) and subsequent release of its companion game, is considered to have been a marketing ploy by Sega to promote sales of their newly released Master System in Japan.

text: Sports anime, as it is now known, made its debut in 1983 with an anime adaptation of Yoichi Takahashi's soccer manga Captain Tsubasa, which became the first worldwide successful sports anime. Its themes and stories were a formula that would be used in many sports series that followed, such as Slam Dunk, Prince of Tennis and Eyeshield 21.

text: The late 1980s saw an increasing number of high-budget and experimental films. In 1985, Toshio Suzuki helped put together funding for Oshii's experimental film Angel's Egg (1985). Theatrical releases became more ambitious, each film trying to outclass or outspend its predecessors, taking cues from Nausicaä's popular and critical success. Night on the Galactic Railroad (1985), Tale of Genji (1986), and Grave of the Fireflies (1988) were all ambitious films based on important literary works in Japan. Films such as Char's Counterattack (1988) and Arion (1986) were lavishly budgeted spectacles. This period of lavish budgeting and experimentation would reach its zenith with two of the most-expensive anime film productions ever: Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise (1987) and Akira (1988). Studio Ghibli's Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) was the top-grossing film for 1989, earning over $40 million at the box office.

text: Despite the commercial failure of Akira in Japan, it brought with it a much larger international fan base for anime. When shown overseas, the film became a cult hit and, eventually, a symbol of the medium for the West. The domestic failure and international success of Akira, combined with the bursting of the bubble economy and Osamu Tezuka's death in 1989, brought a close to the 1980s era of anime.

text: In 1995, Hideaki Anno wrote and directed the controversial anime, Neon Genesis Evangelion. This show became popular in Japan among anime fans and became known to the general public through mainstream media attention. It is believed that Anno originally wanted the show to be the ultimate otaku anime designed to revive the declining anime industry, but midway through production he also made it into a heavy critique of the subculture, eventually culminating in the controversial successful film The End of Evangelion (1997) which grossed over $10 million. Anno would go on to produce live-action films. Many scenes in Evangelion were so controversial that it forced TV Tokyo to clamp down with censorship of violence and sexuality in anime. As a result, when Cowboy Bebop (1998) was first broadcast it was shown heavily edited and only half the episodes were aired; though it too eventually became a mainstream hit both in and outside of Japan.

text: Evangelion started a series of so-called "post-Evangelion" or "organic" mecha shows. Most of these were giant robot shows with some kind of religious or difficult plot. These include RahXephon, Brain Powerd, and Gasaraki. It also led to late-night experimental TV shows. Starting with Serial Experiments Lain (1998), late-night Japanese television became a forum for experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom (2000), Texhnolyze (2003) and Paranoia Agent (2004). Experimental anime films were also released in the 1990s, most notably the cyberpunk thriller Ghost in the Shell (1995), which alongside Megazone 23 (1985),[26] had a strong influence on The Matrix.[27][28][29] Ghost in the Shell, alongside Evangelion and the neo-noir space western Cowboy Bebop, helped further entrench the awareness of anime in the international consciousness born out of the success of Akira.[30]

text: The late 1990s also saw a brief revival of the super robot genre that was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but had become rare due to the popularity of real robot shows such as the Gundam and Macross series in the 1980s and psychological mecha shows such as Neon Genesis Evangelion in the 1990s. The revival of the super robot genre began with the Brave (Yuusha) Series, starting with Brave Exkaiser in 1990, also there were many remakes and sequels of 1970s super robot shows such as Getter Robo Go and Tetsujin-28 go FX in response to "post-Evangelion" trends, but there were very few popular super robot shows produced after this, until Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann in 2007.

text: Alongside its super robot counterpart, the real robot genre was also declining during the 1990s. Though several Gundam shows were produced during this decade, very few of them were successful. The only Gundam shows in the 1990s which managed an average television rating over 4% in Japan were Mobile Fighter G Gundam (1994) and New Mobile Report Gundam Wing (1995). It wasn't until Mobile Suit Gundam SEED in 2002 that the real robot genre regained its popularity.[25]

text: The 1990s also saw the popular video game series, Pokémon, spawn an anime television series which is still running, several anime movies, a trading card game, toys, etc. Other 1990s anime series which gained international success were Dragon Ball Z, Sailor Moon, and Digimon; the success of these shows brought international recognition to the martial arts superhero genre, the magical girl genre, and the action-adventure genre, respectively. In particular, Dragon Ball Z and Sailor Moon were dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide. Another large success was the anime One Piece, based on the best-selling manga of all time, which is still ongoing.

text: In 1997, Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke became the most-expensive animated film up until that time, costing $20 million to produce. Miyazaki personally checked each of the 144,000 cels in the film,[31] and is estimated to have redrawn parts of 80,000 of them.[32]

text: By 1998, over one hundred shows were aired on television.[33]

text: The "Evangelion-era" trend continued into the 2000s with Evangelion-inspired mecha anime such as RahXephon (2002) and Zegapain (2006) – RahXephon was also intended to help revive 1970s-style mecha designs.

text: The real robot genre (including the Gundam and Macross franchises), which had declined during the 1990s, was revived in 2002 with the success of shows such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002), Eureka Seven (2005), Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (2006), Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (2007), and Macross Frontier (2008).[citation needed]

text: The 1970s-style super robot genre revival began with GaoGaiGar in 1997 and continued into the 2000s, with several remakes of classic series such as Getter Robo and Dancougar, as well as original titles created in the super robot mold like Godannar and Gurren Lagann. Gurren Lagann in particular combined the super robot genre with elements from 1980s real robot shows, as well as 1990s "post-Evangelion" shows. Gurren Lagann received both the "best television production" and "best character design" awards from the Tokyo International Anime Fair in 2008.[34] This eventually culminated in the release of Shin Mazinger in 2009, a full-length revival of the first super robot series, Mazinger Z.

text: An art movement started by Takashi Murakami that combined Japanese pop-culture with postmodern art called Superflat began around this time. Murakami asserts that the movement is an analysis of post-war Japanese culture through the eyes of the otaku subculture. His desire is also to get rid of the categories of 'high' and 'low' art making a flat continuum, hence the term 'superflat'. His art exhibitions are very popular and have an influence on some anime creators particularly those from Studio 4 °C.[citation needed]

text: The experimental late night anime trend popularized by Serial Experiments Lain also continued into the 2000s with experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom (2000), Texhnolyze (2003), Paranoia Agent (2004), Gantz (2004), and Ergo Proxy (2006)

text: In addition to these experimental trends, the 2000s were also characterized by an increase of moe-style art and bishōjo and bishōnen character design. There was a rising presence and popularity of genres such as romance, harem and slice of life.

text: Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s, building on a trend started in the late 1990s by such works as Sentimental Journey (1998) and To Heart (1999). Examples of such works include Green Green (2003), SHUFFLE! (2006), Kanon (2002 and 2006), Fate/Stay Night (2006), Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (2006), Ef: A Tale of Memories (2007), True Tears (2008), and Clannad (2008 and 2009).

text: Many shows have been adapted from manga and light novels, including popular titles such as Inuyasha (2000), Naruto (2002), Fullmetal Alchemist (2003), Monster (2004), Bleach (2004), Rozen Maiden (2005), Aria the Animation (2005), Shakugan no Shana (2005), Pani Poni Dash! (2005), Death Note (2006), Mushishi (2006), Sola (2007), The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (2006), Lucky Star (2007), Toradora! (2008–09), K-On! (2009), Bakemonogatari (2009), and Fairy Tail (2009); these shows typically last several years and achieve large fanbases. Nevertheless, original anime titles continue to be produced with the same success.

text: The 2000s marked a trend of emphasis of the otaku subculture. A notable critique of this otaku subculture is found in the 2006 anime Welcome to the N.H.K., which features a hikikomori (socially withdrawn) protagonist and explores the effects and consequences of various Japanese sub-cultures, such as otaku, lolicon, internet suicide, massively multiplayer online games and multi-level marketing.

text: In contrast to the above-mentioned phenomenon, there have been more productions of late-night anime for a non-otaku audience as well. The first concentrated effort came from Fuji TV's Noitamina block. The 30-minute late-Thursday timeframe was created to showcase productions for young women of college age, a demographic that watches very little anime. The first production Honey and Clover was a particular success, peaking at a 5% TV rating in Kantou, very strong for late-night anime. The block has been running uninterrupted since April 2005 and has yielded many successful productions unique in the modern anime market.

text: There have been revivals of American cartoons such as Transformers which spawned four new series, Transformers: Car Robots in 2000, Transformers: Micron Legend in 2003, Transformers: Superlink in 2004, and Transformers: Galaxy Force in 2005. In addition, an anime adaptation of the G.I Joe series was produced titled G.I. Joe: Sigma 6.

text: The revival of earlier anime series was seen in the forms of Fist of the North Star: The Legends of the True Savior (2006) and Dragon Ball Z Kai (2009). Later series also started receiving revivals in the late 2000s and early 2010s, such as with Studio Khara's Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy (2007–), and new adaptations of Masamune Shirow's manga Appleseed XIII (2011) and Ghost in the Shell: Arise (2013–2016).

text: The decade also dawned a revival of high-budget feature-length anime films, such as Millennium Actress (2001), Metropolis (2001), Appleseed (2001), Paprika (2006), and the most expensive of all being Steamboy (2004) which cost $26 million to produce. Satoshi Kon established himself alongside Otomo and Oshii as one of the premier directors of anime film, before his premature death at the age of 46. Other younger film directors, such as Mamoru Hosoda, director of The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006) and Summer Wars (2009), also began to reach prominence.

text: During this decade, anime feature films were nominated for and won major international film awards for the first time in the industry's history. In 2002, Spirited Away, a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki, won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was the first non-American film to win the award and is one of only two to do so. It has also become the highest grossing anime film, with a worldwide box office of US$274 million.

text: Following the launch of Toonami on Cartoon Network and later Adult Swim, anime saw a giant rise in the North American market. Kid-friendly anime such as Pokémon, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Digimon, Doraemon, Bakugan, Beyblade, and the 4Kids Entertainment adaptation of One Piece have all received varying levels of success. This era also saw the rise of anime-influenced animation, most notably Avatar: the Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra, Ben 10, Chaotic, Samurai Jack, The Boondocks, RWBY and Teen Titans.

text: At the 2004 Cannes Film Festival, Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence, directed by Mamoru Oshii, was in competition for the Palme d'Or and in 2006, at the 78th Academy Awards, Howl's Moving Castle, another Studio Ghibli-produced film directed by Hayao Miyazaki, was nominated for Best Animated Feature. 5 Centimeters Per Second, directed by Makoto Shinkai, won the inaugural Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film in 2007, and so far, anime films have been nominated for the award every year.

text: By 2004, over two hundred shows were aired on television.[35]

text: In 2012, the Toonami block in the US was relaunched as an adult-oriented action block on Adult Swim, bringing uncut anime to a far wider audience. In addition to re-releasing older shows, the block (as well as Adult Swim itself) oversees the premiere of English releases for various new shows, including:  Durarara!! (2010), Deadman Wonderland (2011), Hunter x Hunter (2011), Sword Art Online (2012), Attack on Titan (2013), Kill la Kill (2013), Space Dandy (2014), Akame ga Kill! (2014), Parasyte -the maxim- (2014), and One Punch Man (2015).[36]

text: On September 6, 2013 Hayao Miyazaki announced that The Wind Rises (2013) would be his last film, and on August 3, 2014 it was announced that Studio Ghibli was "temporarily halting production" following the release of When Marnie Was There (2014), further substantiating the finality of Miyazaki's retirement. The disappointing sales of Isao Takahata's comeback film The Tale of Princess Kaguya (2013) has also been cited as a factor.[37] Additionally, various international anime distribution companies, such as ADV Films, Bandai Entertainment, and Geneon Entertainment, were shut down due to poor revenue, with their assets spun into new companies like Sentai Filmworks or given to other companies.[38]

text: Both Attack on Titan and The Wind Rises reflect a national debate surrounding the reinterpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan, with Miyazaki's pacifism in the film coming under fire from the political right,[39] while Attack on Titan has been accused of promoting militarism by people in neighboring Asian countries, despite being intended to show the haunting, hopeless aspects of conflict.[40] The mecha anime genre (as well as Japanese kaiju films) received a Western homage with the 2013 film Pacific Rim directed by Guillermo del Toro.[41]

text: Western streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime are increasingly becoming involved in the production and licensing of anime.[42][43]

text: In 2015, an all record-high of three hundred forty shows aired on television.[44]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
First...

Native language name

English name

Released

Type

Broadcast

Anime (oldest known)
活動写真
Katsudō Shashin
UnknownA
short film
UnknownB

Confirmed film release
凸坊新画帳・名案の失敗
Bumpy new picture book – Failure of a great plan
February 1917[1]
short film
UnknownB

Anime publicly shown in a theater
芋川椋三玄関番の巻 or 芋川椋三玄関番之巻
The Story of the Concierge Mukuzo Imokawa
April 1917[1]
short film
UnknownB

Talkie
力と女の世の中
Within the World of Power and WomenC
April 13, 1933[45]
film
UnknownB

Entirely cel-animated anime
茶釜音頭
The Dance of the Chagamas
1934[12]
film
UnknownB

Feature film
桃太郎 海の神兵
Momotaro: Sacred SailorsD
April 12, 1945[46]
film
UnknownB

Appearance on television (non series)
もぐらのアバンチュール
Mole's Adventure
July 14, 1958[47]
short film
Yes

Color feature film
白蛇伝
The Tale of the White Serpent
October 22, 1958
film
Unknown

Television series
インスタントヒストリー
Instant History
May 1, 1961
series
Yes

Late night series
仙人部落
Hermit Village
September 4, 1963
series
Yes

Giant robot series
鉄人28号
Tetsujin 28-go
October 20, 1963
series
Yes

Color television series
ジャングル大帝
Kimba the White Lion
October 6, 1965
series
Yes

Magical girl series
魔法使いサリー
Sally the Witch
December 5, 1966
series
Yes

Adult-oriented (animated) film
千夜一夜物語
A Thousand and One Nights
June 14, 1969
film
Unknown

Hentai with an "X rating"E
クレオパトラ
Cleopatra
September 15, 1970[48]
film
Unknown

Space opera series
宇宙戦艦ヤマト
Space Battleship Yamato
October 6, 1974
series
Yes

Real robot series
機動戦士ガンダム
Mobile Suit Gundam
April 7, 1979
series
Yes

OVA
ダロス
Dallos
December 12, 1983
OVA
Yes

Hentai OVA
ロリータアニメ
Lolita Anime
February 21, 1984
OVA
Yes

Fully computer animated anime[49]
A.LI.CE
A.LI.CE
February 5, 2000
film
No


document_title: Rust Belt

question_text: where has the us manufacturing belt been traditionally located (specific cities)

question_tokens: where has the us manufacturing belt been traditionally located ( specific cities )

root

text: Rust Belt

text: Background[edit]

text: In the 20th century, local economies in these states specialized in large-scale manufacturing of finished medium to heavy industrial and consumer products, as well as the transportation and processing of the raw materials required for heavy industry.[4] The area was referred to as the Manufacturing Belt,[5] Factory Belt, or Steel Belt as distinct from the agricultural Midwestern states forming the so-called Corn Belt and Great Plains states that are often called the "bread-basket of America".[6]

tag: p

text: The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]

text: Following several "boom" periods from the late-19th to the mid-20th century, cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic and social conditions. From 1979 to 1982, the US Federal Reserve decided to raise the base interest rate in the United States to 19%. High interest rates attracted wealthy foreign "hot money" into US banks and caused the US dollar to appreciate. This made US products more expensive for foreigners to buy and also made imports much cheaper for Americans to purchase. The misaligned exchange rate was not rectified until 1986, by which time Japanese imports in particular had made rapid inroads into US markets.[8] From 1987 to 1999, the US stock market went into stratospheric rise, and this continued to pull wealthy foreign money into US banks, which biased the exchange rate against manufactured goods. Related issues include the decline of the iron and steel industry, the movement of manufacturing to the southeastern states with their lower labor costs,[9] the layoffs due to the rise of automation in industrial processes, the decreased need for labor in making steel products, the internationalization of American business, and the liberalization of foreign trade policies due to globalization.[10] Cities struggling with these conditions shared several difficulties, including population loss, lack of education, declining tax revenues, high unemployment and crime, drugs, swelling welfare rolls, deficit spending, and poor municipal credit ratings.[11][12][13][14][15]

text: Geography[edit]

text: As people migrate, they often coin new names for their destinations.[16] Since the term "Rust Belt" pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se, the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries. The extent to which a community may have been described as a "Rust Belt city" depends at least as much on how great a role industrial manufacturing played in its local economy in the past and how it does now, as on perceptions of the economic viability and living standards of the present day.

text: News media occasionally refer to a patchwork of defunct centres of heavy industry and manufacturing across the Great Lakes and mid-western United States as the snow belt,[17] the manufacturing belt, or the factory belt - because of their vibrant industrial economies in the past. This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River, including St. Louis, and many of those in the Great Lakes and Northern New York.[citation needed]. At the centre of this expanse lies an area stretching from northern Indiana and southern Michigan in the west to Upstate New York in the east, where local tax revenues as of 2004[update] relied more heavily on manufacturing than on any other sector.[18][19]

text: Before World War II, the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States. However, by the twentieth century's end their population had fallen the most in the country.[20]

text: History[edit]

text: The linking of the former Northwest Territory with the once-rapidly industrializing East Coast was affected through several large-scale infrastructural projects, most notably the Erie Canal in 1825, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830, the Allegheny Portage Railroad in 1834, and the consolidation of the New York Central after the American Civil War. A gate was thereby opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities, but of Western Europe as well.[21]

text: Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions which emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines. Coming in the other direction were millions of European immigrants, who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then-unprecedented speed. Chicago, famously, was a rural trading post in the 1840s but grew to be as big as Paris by the time of the 1893 Columbian Exposition.[21]

text: Early signs of the difficulty in the northern states were evident early in the 20th century, before the "boom years" were even over. Lowell, Massachusetts, once the centre of textile production in the United States, was described in the magazine Harper's as a "depressed industrial desert" as early as 1931,[23] as its textile concerns were being uprooted and sent southward, primarily to the Carolinas. After the Great Depression, American entry into the Second World War effected a rapid return to economic growth, during which much of the industrial North reached its peak in population and industrial output.

text: The northern cities experienced changes that followed the end of the war, with the onset of the outward migration of residents to newer suburban communities,[24] and the declining role of manufacturing in the American economy.

text: Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region. One source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China which pegs its currency to the dollar and has much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward. Some economists are concerned that long-run effects of high trade deficits and outsourcing are a cause of economic problems in the U.S.[26][27] with high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (−24% of GDP).[25][28][29]

text: Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt.[25][29] On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[30]

text: Since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor (see steel crisis). Beginning with the recession of 1970–71, a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay-offs. In general, in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32.9% between 1969 and 1996.[31]

text: Wealth-producing primary and secondary sector jobs such as those in manufacturing and computer software were often replaced by much-lower-paying wealth-consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered.[32]

text: A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985. In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the traditional manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval. This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S. and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits.[28][29] Some economists believe that GDP and employment can be dragged down by large long-run trade deficits.[32]

text: A March 3, 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial claimed that, while Ohio lost 10,000 jobs in the past decade, Texas created 1.6 million new jobs. The editorial stated, "Ohio's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians—and thus its employers—are still in the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers."[33] A September 13, 2008 opinion column by Phil Gramm and Mike Solon stated, "Yes, Michigan lost 83,000 auto manufacturing jobs during the past decade and a half, but more than 91,000 new auto manufacturing jobs sprung up in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia and Texas."[34]

text: Outcomes[edit]

text: Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption:[35] "People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet, in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier, with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. … The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime, fatherless children, broken trust, reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education, and the like".[36]

text: Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today, particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states, and many once-booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down.[37] From 1970 to 2006, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh lost about 45% of their population and median household incomes fell: in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30 percent, in Buffalo by 20 percent, and Pittsburgh by 10 percent.[38]

text: It seemed that during the mid-1990s in several Rust Belt metro areas the negative growth was suspended as indicated by major statistical indicators: unemployment, wages, population change.[39] However, during the first decade of the 21st century, a negative trend persisted: Detroit lost 25.7% of its population; Gary, Indiana – 22%; Youngstown, Ohio – 18.9%; Flint, Michigan – 18.7%; and Cleveland, Ohio – 14.5%.[40]

text:
2000–2016 population change in Rust Belt cities[hide]

City
Population change
2016 population[41]
2000 population

Detroit, Michigan
−29.3%
672,795
951,270

Gary, Indiana
−25.6%
76,424
102,746

Flint, Michigan
−22.1%
97,386
124,943

Youngstown, Ohio
−21.6%
64,312
82,026

Saginaw, Michigan
−20.7%
48,984
61,799

Cleveland, Ohio
−19.4%
385,809
478,403

Dayton, Ohio
−15.5%
140,489
166,179

Niagara Falls, New York
−12.5%
48,632
55,593

Buffalo, New York
−12.2%
256,902
292,648

Canton, Ohio
−11.8%
71,323
80,806

Lakewood, Ohio
−11.2%
50,279
56,646

Toledo, Ohio
−11.2%
278,508
313,619

Decatur, Illinois
−11.2%
72,706
81,860

St. Louis, Missouri
−10.6%
311,404
348,189

Pontiac, Michigan
−10.0%
59,698
66,337

Cincinnati, Ohio
−9.8%
298,800
331,285

Altoona, Pennsylvania
−9.8%
44,589
49,429

Springfield, Ohio
−9.6%
59,087
65,358

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
−9.2%
303,625
334,563

Charleston, West Virginia
−9.2%
49,138
53,421

Akron, Ohio
−9.0%
197,633
217,074

Parma, Ohio
−7.3%
79,425
85,655

Lorain, Ohio
−7.2%
63,730
68,652

Hammond, Indiana
−7.1%
77,134
83,048

Chicago, Illinois
−6.6%
2,704,958
2,896,016

Huntington, West Virginia
−6.5%
48,113
51,475

South Bend, Indiana
−5.6%
101,735
107,789

tag: table

text: In the late-2000s, American manufacturing recovered faster from the Great Recession of 2008 than the other sectors of the economy,[42] and a number of initiatives, both public and private, are encouraging the development of alternative fuel, nano and other technologies.[43] Together with the neighboring Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario, Canada, the so-called Rust Belt still composes one of the world's major manufacturing regions.[44][45]

text: Transformation[edit]

text: Since the 1980s, presidential candidates have devoted much of their time to the economic concerns of the Rust Belt region, which contains the populous swing states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. Those states were also critical and decisive to Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 US Presidential Election.[46]

text: Different strategies were proposed in order to reverse the fortunes of the former Factory Belt including building casinos and convention centers, retaining the so-called "creative class" through arts and downtown renewal, encouraging the “knowledge” economy type of entrepreneurship, etc. Lately, analysts suggested that industrial comeback might be the actual path for the future resurgence of the region. That includes growing new industrial base with a pool of skilled labor, rebuilding the infrastructure and infrasystems, creating R&D university-business partnerships, and close cooperation between central, state and local government and business.[47]

text: New types of R&D-intensive nontraditional manufacturing have emerged recently in Rust Belt, such as biotechnology, the polymer industry, infotech, and nanotech. Infotech in particular creates a promising venue for the Rust Belt's revitalization.[48] Among the successful recent examples is the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, which specializes in unmanned aerial systems integration, testing and aerial cinematography services.[49]

text: In Pittsburgh, robotics research centres and companies such as National Robotics Engineering Center and Robotics Institute, Aethon Inc., American Robot Corporation, Automatika, Quantapoint, Blue Belt Technologies and Seegrid are creating state-of-the-art robotic technology applications. Akron, a former "Rubber Capital of the World" that lost 35,000 jobs after major tire and rubber manufacturers Goodrich, Firestone and General Tire closed their production lines, is now again well known around the world as a centre of polymer research with four hundred polymer-related manufacturing and distribution companies operating in the area. The turnaround was accomplished in part due to a partnership between Goodyear Tire & Rubber, which chose to stay, the University of Akron and the city mayor's office. The Akron Global Business Accelerator that jump-started a score of successful business ventures in Akron resides in the refurbished B.F. Goodrich tire factory.[50]

text: Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, creates another promising venue for the manufacturing resurgence. Such innovative companies, as MakerGear from Beachwood, Ohio, or ExOne Company from North Huntingdon, PA, are designing and manufacturing industrial and consumer products using 3-D imaging systems.[51] Not long ago, the London-based Economist pointed towards a growing trend of reshoring, or inshoring, of manufacture when a growing number of American companies are moving their production facilities from overseas back home.[52] Rustbelt states can ultimately benefit from this process of an international insourcing.

text: However, automation has led to the types of manufacturing that requires fewer workers even with advanced skills. That is why job gains in manufacture in Rust Belt have not been nearly enough to keep pace with lay-offs.[53] As a result, middle class incomes and savings in the Rustbelt states continue to be negatively impacted.

text: Delving into the past and musing on the future of Rustbelt states, the Brookings Institution report suggests that the Great Lakes region has a sizable potential for transformation, citing already existing global trade networks, clean energy/low carbon capacity, developed innovation infrastructure and higher educational network.[54]

text: International equivalents[edit]

text: The following regions, areas, and city are known to have some similarities to the rust belt in the United States:

text:
Northern England – another former industrial centre which began declining in the 1980s
Southern Ontario - Canadian counterpart, the Canadian Rust belt does not include Toronto and Ottawa
Ruhr Area, Germany
Bergslagen, Sweden
Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
Northeast China – a former centre of heavy industry that declined for other reasons
Steel crisis
Mindanao, Philippines
Donbass - region in Eastern Ukraine

tag: ul


document_title: Punjab and Haryana High Court

question_text: punjab and haryana high court chief justice name

text: Punjab and Haryana High Court

text: History[edit]

text: Punjab and Haryana High Court was formerly known as Lahore High Court, which was established on 21 March 1919. The jurisdiction of that court covered undivided Punjab and Delhi. From 1920 to 1943, the Court was conferred with extraterritorial jurisdiction over that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of Kashgar, which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court for China.[6] This ceased upon the ratification of the British-Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China.[7]

text: Following the independence of India on 15 August 1947, a separate High Court of Punjab was created, based at Shimla. This had jurisdiction over Indian Punjab, Delhi and what are now Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. From 17 January 1955, the Court was moved to its present location in Chandigarh.

text: The creation of Himachal Pradesh on 15 August 1948 led to a separate Court of Judicial Commissioner (similar to a High Court) being established for that state and thus the jurisdiction of the Punjab court was reduced. A separate High Court was constituted for the Union Territory of Delhi under the Delhi High Court Act, 1966.[8] Three Judges of the Punjab High Court were transferred to the Delhi High Court, which was constituted on 31 October 1966.

text: The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 paved the way for the formation of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 1 November 1966. Those formations also saw the renaming of the High Court of Punjab as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. The Judges of the High Court of Punjab became Judges of the common High Court with all the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court of Punjab. However, the principal seat of the High Court remained at Chandigarh.

text: The High Court of Punjab and Haryana has operated since 1 November 1966 in its present form.

text: Current Judges[edit]

text:
Designation
Name
Court No

Chief Justice
Krishna Murari
1

Justice
Ajay Kumar Mittal
2

Justice
Surya Kant
3

Justice
T.P.S. Mann
4

Justice
Mahesh Grover
5

Justice
Rajesh Bindal
7

Justice
M.M. Singh Bedi
8

Justice
A.B. Chaudhari
9

Justice
Rakesh Kumar Jain
13

Justice
Jaswant Singh
14

Justice
Daya Chaudhary
10

Justice
Rajan Gupta
50

Justice
Ajay Tewari
29

Justice
Jitendra Chauhan
12

Justice
Augustine George Masih
51

Justice
Ritu Bahri
22

Justice
Rajiv Narain Raina
25

Justice
Tejinder Singh Dhindsa
53

Justice
Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia
15

Justice
Rekha Mittal
21

Justice
Inderjit Singh
63

Justice
Amol Rattan Singh
55

Justice
Anita Chaudhry
58

Justice
Fateh Deep Singh
16

Justice
Jaspal Singh
23

Justice
Surinder Gupta
19

Justice
Sudip Ahluwalia
52

Justice
Harinder Singh Sidhu
17

Justice
Arun Palli
26

Justice
Kuldip Singh
20

Justice
Lisa Gill
61

Justice
B.S. Walia
37

Justice
Raj Mohan Singh
57

Justice
Jaishree Thakur
59

Justice
Amit Rawal
28

Justice
Deepak Sibal
36

Justice
Hari Pal Verma
24

Justice
Anupinder Singh Grewal
56

Justice
Dr. Shekher Dhawan
38

Justice
P.B. Bajanthri
18

Justice
Ramendra Jain
27

Justice
Harminder Singh Madaan
65

Justice
Raj Shekhar Attri
62

Justice
Gurvinder Singh Gill
54

Justice
Arvind Singh Sangwan
67

Justice
Rajbir Sehrawat
39

Justice
Anil Kshetarpal
41

Justice
Avneesh Jhingan
42

Justice
Mahabir Singh Sindhu
64

Justice
Sudhir Mittal
66


document_title: Seniority in the United States Senate

question_text: who is the highest ranking member of the senate

text: Seniority in the United States Senate

text: Benefits of seniority[edit]

text: The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power, but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority. Generally, senior senators will have more power, especially within their own caucuses. In addition, by custom, senior senators from the president's party control federal patronage appointments in their states.

text: The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party.

text: There are several benefits, including the following:

text:
Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority. Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee, which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate. Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position, it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee, and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee. The ranking member of a committee (called the vice-chairman in some select committees) is elected in the same way.
Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber.
Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated.
Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors, such as being a former President or First Spouse, can place an individual higher in the order of precedence.

text: Determining the beginning of a term[edit]

text: The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new Senator is sworn in.[citation needed] In the case of Senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. Since 1935, that means January 3 of odd-numbered years. The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment, although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming Senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a Senator.

text: Determining length of seniority[edit]

text: A senator's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service; for example, a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years. Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress, seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and, if necessary, the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office. These tiebreakers in order are:[1]

text:
Former Senator
Former Vice President
Former House member
Former Cabinet secretary
Former state Governor
Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office
Alphabetical by last name (in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials)

tag: ol

text: When more than one senator has served in the same previous role, length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie. For instance, Ben Cardin, Bernie Sanders, Sherrod Brown, Bob Casey, Bob Corker, Claire McCaskill, Amy Klobuchar, Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3, 2007, and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives. Cardin, having served 20 years, is more senior than Sanders, who served 16 years, who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years. Casey, Corker, McCaskill, Klobuchar, Whitehouse, and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Missouri, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Montana had populations that ranked in that order, so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened.

text: Current seniority list[edit]

text: Only relevant factors are listed below. For senators whose seniority is based on their state's respective population, the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat.[2][3][4][5]

text:
Republican R (51)        Democratic D (47)        Independent I (2)

Current
rank
Historical
rank[6][1]
Senator
Party-State
Seniority date
First tie-breaker
Second tie-breaker
Committee and leadership positions

1
1692

Leahy, PatrickPatrick Leahy
D – Vermont
January 3, 1975

Ranking Member: Appropriations
President pro tempore emeritus

2
1708

Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch
R – Utah
January 3, 1977
President pro tempore
Chair: Finance

3
1745

Grassley, ChuckChuck Grassley
R – Iowa
January 3, 1981
Chair: Judiciary

4
1766

McConnell, MitchMitch McConnell
R – Kentucky
January 3, 1985
Majority Leader

5
1775

Shelby, RichardRichard Shelby
R[n 1] – Alabama
January 3, 1987
Former Representative (8 years)
Chair: Appropriations

6
1777

McCain, JohnJohn McCain
R – Arizona
Former Representative (4 years)
Chair: Armed Services

7
1801

Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
D – California
November 4, 1992

Ranking Member: Judiciary

8
1810

Murray, PattyPatty Murray
D – Washington
January 3, 1993
Ranking Member: HELP
Assistant Minority Leader

9
1816

Inhofe, JimJim Inhofe
R – Oklahoma
November 16, 1994

10
1827

Wyden, RonRon Wyden
D – Oregon
February 6, 1996
Ranking Member: Finance

11
1830

Roberts, PatPat Roberts
R – Kansas
January 3, 1997
Former Representative (16 years)
Chair: Agriculture

12
1831

Durbin, DickDick Durbin
D – Illinois
Former Representative (14 years)
Minority Whip

13
1835

Reed, JackJack Reed
D – Rhode Island
Former Representative (6 years)
Ranking Member: Armed Services

14
1842

Collins, SusanSusan Collins
R – Maine
Maine 38th in population (1990)
Chair: Aging

15
1843

Enzi, MikeMike Enzi
R – Wyoming
Wyoming 50th in population (1990)
Chair: Budget

16
1844

Schumer, ChuckChuck Schumer
D – New York
January 3, 1999
Former Representative (18 years)
Minority Leader

17
1846

Crapo, MikeMike Crapo
R – Idaho
Former Representative (6 years)
Chair: Banking

18
1854

Nelson, BillBill Nelson
D – Florida
January 3, 2001
Former Representative (12 years)
Ranking Member: Commerce

19
1855

Carper, TomTom Carper
D – Delaware
Former Representative (10 years)
Ranking Member: Environment

20
1856

Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow
D – Michigan
Former Representative (4 years)
Ranking Member: Agriculture
Democratic Policy Committee Chair

21
1859

Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell[n 2]
D – Washington
Former Representative (2 years)
Ranking Member: Energy

22
1867

Murkowski, LisaLisa Murkowski
R – Alaska
December 20, 2002[n 3]

Chair: Energy

23
1869

Graham, LindseyLindsey Graham
R – South Carolina
January 3, 2003
Former Representative

24
1871

Alexander, LamarLamar Alexander
R – Tennessee
Former Cabinet member
Chair: HELP

25
1873

Cornyn, JohnJohn Cornyn[n 4]
R – Texas

Majority Whip

26
1876

Burr, RichardRichard Burr
R – North Carolina
January 3, 2005
Former Representative (10 years)
Chair: Intelligence

27
1879

Thune, JohnJohn Thune
R – South Dakota
Former Representative (6 years)
Chair: Commerce
Republican Conference Chair

28
1880

Isakson, JohnnyJohnny Isakson
R – Georgia
Former Representative (5 yrs., 10 mos.)
Chair: Veterans' Affairs
Chair: Ethics

29
1885

Menendez, BobBob Menendez
D – New Jersey
January 17, 2006[n 3]

Ranking Member: Foreign Relations

30
1886

Cardin, BenBen Cardin
D – Maryland
January 3, 2007
Former Representative (20 years)
Ranking Member: Small Business

31
1887

Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders
I – Vermont
Former Representative (16 years)
Ranking Member: Budget

32
1888

Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown
D – Ohio
Former Representative (14 years)
Ranking Member: Banking

33
1890

Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr.
D – Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania 6th in population (2000)
Ranking Member: Aging

34
1891

Corker, BobBob Corker
R – Tennessee
Tennessee 16th in population (2000)
Chair: Foreign Relations

35
1892

McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill
D – Missouri
Missouri 17th in population (2000)
Ranking Member: Homeland Security

36
1893

Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar
D – Minnesota
Minnesota 21st in population (2000)
Ranking Member: Rules

37
1894

Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse
D – Rhode Island
Rhode Island 43rd in population (2000)

38
1895

Tester, JonJon Tester
D – Montana
Montana 44th in population (2000)
Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs

39
1896

Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso
R – Wyoming
June 22, 2007[n 3]

Chair: Environment
Republican Policy Committee Chair

40
1897

Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker
R – Mississippi
December 31, 2007[n 3]

41
1899

Udall, TomTom Udall
D – New Mexico
January 3, 2009
Former Representative
Vice Chair: Indian Affairs

42
1901

Shaheen, JeanneJeanne Shaheen
D – New Hampshire
Former Governor (6 years)

43
1902

Warner, MarkMark Warner
D – Virginia
Former Governor (4 years)
Vice Chair: Intelligence
Democratic Caucus Vice Chair

44
1903

Risch, JimJim Risch
R – Idaho
Former Governor (7 months)
Chair: Small Business

45
1905

Merkley, JeffJeff Merkley
D – Oregon

46
1909

Bennet, MichaelMichael Bennet
D – Colorado
January 21, 2009[n 3]

47
1910

Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand
D – New York
January 26, 2009[n 3]

48
1916

Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin
D – West Virginia
November 15, 2010
Former Governor

49
1917

Coons, ChrisChris Coons
D – Delaware

Vice Chair: Ethics

50
1919

Blunt, RoyRoy Blunt
R – Missouri
January 3, 2011
Former Representative (14 years)
Missouri 17th in population (2000)
Chair: Rules
Republican Conference Vice Chair

51
1920

Moran, JerryJerry Moran
R – Kansas
Kansas 33rd in population (2000)

52
1921

Portman, RobRob Portman
R – Ohio
Former Representative (12 years)

53
1922

Boozman, JohnJohn Boozman
R – Arkansas
Former Representative (10 years)

54
1923

Toomey, PatPat Toomey
R – Pennsylvania
Former Representative (6 years)

55
1924

Hoeven, JohnJohn Hoeven
R – North Dakota
Former Governor
Chair: Indian Affairs

56
1925

Rubio, MarcoMarco Rubio
R – Florida
Florida 4th in population (2000)

57
1926

Johnson, RonRon Johnson
R – Wisconsin
Wisconsin 20th in population (2000)
Chair: Homeland Security

58
1927

Paul, RandRand Paul
R – Kentucky
Kentucky 25th in population (2000)

59
1928

Blumenthal, RichardRichard Blumenthal
D – Connecticut
Connecticut 29th in population (2000)

60
1929

Lee, MikeMike Lee
R – Utah
Utah 34th in population (2000)

61
1931

Heller, DeanDean Heller
R – Nevada
May 9, 2011[n 3]

62
1932

Schatz, BrianBrian Schatz
D – Hawaii
December 26, 2012[n 3]

63
1933

Scott, TimTim Scott
R – South Carolina
January 2, 2013[n 3]

64
1934

Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin
D – Wisconsin
January 3, 2013
Former Representative (14 years)
Democratic Caucus Secretary

65
1935

Flake, JeffJeff Flake
R – Arizona
Former Representative (12 years)

66
1936

Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly
D – Indiana
Former Representative (6 years)
Indiana 15th in population (2010)

67
1937

Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy
D – Connecticut
Connecticut 29th in population (2010)

68
1938

Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono
D – Hawaii
Hawaii 40th in population (2010)

69
1939

Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich
D – New Mexico
Former Representative (4 years)

70
1940

King, AngusAngus King
I – Maine
Former Governor (8 years)

71
1941

Kaine, TimTim Kaine
D – Virginia
Former Governor (4 years)

72
1942

Cruz, TedTed Cruz
R – Texas
Texas 2nd in population (2010)

73
1943

Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren
D – Massachusetts
Massachusetts 14th in population (2010)
Democratic Caucus Vice Chair

74
1944

Fischer, DebDeb Fischer
R – Nebraska
Nebraska 38th in population (2010)

75
1945

Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp
D – North Dakota
North Dakota 48th in population (2010)

76
1948

Markey, EdEd Markey
D – Massachusetts
July 16, 2013

77
1949

Booker, CoryCory Booker
D – New Jersey
October 31, 2013

78
1951

Capito, Shelley MooreShelley Moore Capito
R – West Virginia
January 3, 2015
Former Representative (14 years)

79
1952

Peters, GaryGary Peters
D – Michigan
Former Representative (6 years)
Michigan 8th in population (2010)

80
1953

Cassidy, BillBill Cassidy[n 5]
R – Louisiana
Louisiana 25th in population (2010)

81
1954

Gardner, CoryCory Gardner
R – Colorado
Former Representative (4 years)
Colorado 22nd in population (2010)
NRSC Chair

82
1955

Lankford, JamesJames Lankford
R – Oklahoma
Oklahoma 28th in population (2010)

83
1956

Cotton, TomTom Cotton
R – Arkansas
Former Representative (2 years)
Arkansas 32nd in population (2010)

84
1957

Daines, SteveSteve Daines
R – Montana
Montana 44th in population (2010)

85
1958

Rounds, MikeMike Rounds
R – South Dakota
Former Governor

86
1959

Perdue, DavidDavid Perdue
R – Georgia
Georgia 9th in population (2010)

87
1960

Tillis, ThomThom Tillis
R – North Carolina
North Carolina 10th in population (2010)

88
1961

Ernst, JoniJoni Ernst
R – Iowa
Iowa 30th in population (2010)

89
1962

Sasse, BenBen Sasse
R – Nebraska
Nebraska 38th in population (2010)

90
1963

Sullivan, DanDan Sullivan
R – Alaska
Alaska 47th in population (2010)

91
1964

Van Hollen, ChrisChris Van Hollen
D – Maryland
January 3, 2017
Former Representative (14 years)
DSCC Chair

92
1965

Young, ToddTodd Young
R – Indiana
Former Representative (6 years)

93
1966

Duckworth, TammyTammy Duckworth
D – Illinois
Former Representative (4 years)

94
1967

Hassan, MaggieMaggie Hassan
D – New Hampshire
Former Governor

95
1968

Harris, KamalaKamala Harris
D – California
California 1st in population (2010)

96
1969

Kennedy, John NeelyJohn Neely Kennedy
R – Louisiana
Louisiana 25th in population (2010)

97
1970

Cortez Masto, CatherineCatherine Cortez Masto
D – Nevada
Nevada 35th in population (2010)

98
1972

Smith, TinaTina Smith
D – Minnesota
January 3, 2018
Minnesota 21st in population (2010)

99
1973

Jones, DougDoug Jones
D – Alabama
Alabama 23rd in population (2010)

100
1974

Hyde-Smith, CindyCindy Hyde-Smith
R – Mississippi
April 2, 2018[n 3]

Rank
Historical
rank
Senator
Party-State
Seniority date
First tie-breaker
Second tie-breaker
Committee and leadership positions