document_title: List of spaceflight records

question_text: who has spent the most time in space

question_tokens: who has spent the most time in space

text: List of spaceflight records

text: First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country[edit]

text:
Country

Mission

Crew

Spacecraft

Launch vehicle

Date

Type

 USSR[1]

Vostok 1[1]

Yuri Gagarin[1]

Vostok 3KA[1]

Vostok-K[1]

12 April 1961[1]

Orbital[1]

 USA[2]

Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2]

Alan Shepard[2]

Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2]

Mercury-Redstone[2]

5 May 1961[2]

Sub-orbital[2]

 USA[3]

Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3]

John Glenn[3]

Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3]

Atlas LV-3B

20 February 1962[3]

Orbital[3]

 China[4]

Shenzhou 5[4]

Yang Liwei[4]

Shenzhou spacecraft[4]

Long March 2F[4]

15 October 2003[4]

Orbital[4]

text: Human spaceflight firsts[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
First

Person(s)

Mission

Country

Date

Person to reach spacePerson in orbit

Yuri Gagarin

Vostok 1[5]

 USSR

12 April 1961

Person to make suborbital flightPerson to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight (thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions)[6]Person to land in water (splashdown)Person to pilot a craft in space[7]

Alan Shepard

Freedom 7

 USA

5 May 1961

Person in space for over 24 hoursMultiple orbits during a spaceflight

Gherman Titov

Vostok 2

 USSR

6 August 1961 – 7 August 1961

Person to land in a spacecraft after orbital flight

John Glenn

Friendship 7

 USA

20 February 1962

Group flightAdjacent orbitsSpacecraft-to-spacecraft communications

Andrian NikolayevPavel Popovich

Vostok 3Vostok 4

 USSR

12 August 1962 – 15 August 1962

Woman in spaceCivilian in space

Valentina Tereshkova

Vostok 6

 USSR

16 June 1963 – 19 June 1963

Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft

Joe Walker

X-15 Flight 90

 USA

19 July 1963

Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 kilometres (62 mi))

Joe Walker

X-15 Flights 90 and 91

 USA

22 August 1963

Three-person spaceflight in a single spacecraftPersons to land in a spacecraft on hard groundManned spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits

Vladimir KomarovKonstantin FeoktistovBoris Yegorov

Voskhod 1[5]

 USSR

12 October 1964 – 13 October 1964

Spacewalk

Alexey Leonov

Voskhod 2[5]

 USSR

18 March 1965

Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)

Gus Grissom, John W. Young

Gemini 3[5]

 USA

23 March 1965

Person to fly two orbital spaceflights

Gordon Cooper

Faith 7Gemini 5

 USA

15 May 1963 – 16 May 196321 August 1965 – 29 August 1965

Persons to spend one week in space

Gordon CooperPete Conrad

Gemini 5

 USA

21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965

Space rendezvous (orbital maneuver and station-keeping)Four people in space at the same time

Frank Borman, Jim LovellWalter Schirra, Thomas Stafford

Gemini 7Gemini 6A[5]

 USA

15 December 1965 – 16 December 1965

Space docking

Neil ArmstrongDavid Scott

Gemini 8 and Agena[5]

 USA

16 March 1966

Multiple rendezvous

John W. YoungMichael Collins

Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8

 USA

19 July 196620 July 1966

Spaceflight fatality (during landing)

Vladimir Komarov

Soyuz 1

 USSR

23 April 1967 – 24 April 1967

Person to complete three spaceflights

Walter Schirra

Mercury-Atlas 8Gemini 6AApollo 7

 USA

22 October 1968

Persons to leave low Earth orbit (LEO)Persons to fully escape Earth's gravityPersons to enter lunar orbit

Frank BormanJim LovellBill Anders

Apollo 8

 USA

24 December 1968 – 25 December 1968

Space docking of two manned spacecraftDual spacewalkСrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)

Vladimir ShatalovBoris VolynovAleksei YeliseyevYevgeny Khrunov

Soyuz 4Soyuz 5

 USSR

16 January 1969

Solo flight around the Moon

John Young

Apollo 10

 USA

22 May 1969

Moon landingPlanetary surface EVA

Neil ArmstrongBuzz Aldrin

Apollo 11

 USA

20 July 1969

Five people in space at the same time

Georgi Shonin, Valeri KubasovAnatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko

Soyuz 6Soyuz 7

 USSR

12 October 1969 – 13 October 1969

Triple spaceflightSeven people in space at the same time

Shonin, KubasovFilipchenko, Volkov, GorbatkoVladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev

Soyuz 6Soyuz 7Soyuz 8

 USSR

13 October 1969 – 16 October 1969

Person to complete four spaceflights

James A. Lovell

Gemini 7Gemini 12Apollo 8Apollo 13

 USA

17 April 1970

Person to fly two lunar flightsPerson to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit

James A. Lovell

Apollo 8Apollo 13

 USA

11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970

People to spend two weeks in spaceNight launch

Andrian NikolayevVitali Sevastyanov

Soyuz 9

 USSR

1 June 1970 – 19 June 1970

People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft

Alan ShepardEdgar Mitchell

Apollo 14

 USA

6 February 1971

Docking with space station (soft dock)Night landing

Vladimir ShatalovAleksei YeliseyevNikolai Rukavishnikov

Soyuz 10Salyut 1

 USSR

22 April 1971 – 24 April 1971

Manned space station

Georgi DobrovolskiViktor PatsayevVladislav Volkov

Soyuz 11Salyut 1

 USSR

7 June 1971 – 29 June 1971

In-space fatalities

Georgi DobrovolskiViktor PatsayevVladislav Volkov

Soyuz 11

 USSR

29 June 1971

People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth

Dave ScottJim Irwin

Apollo 15

 USA

31 July 1971– 2 August 1971

EVA outside low Earth orbit (trans-Earth trajectory)

Al Worden

Apollo 15

 USA

5 August 1971

Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions)

John W. Young

Apollo 10Apollo 16

 USA

16 April 1972 – 27 April 1972

People in orbit for four weeks

Pete ConradJoseph KerwinPaul Weitz

Skylab 2

 USA

25 May 1973 – 22 June 1973

People in orbit for eight weeks

Alan BeanJack LousmaOwen Garriott

Skylab 3

 USA

28 July 1973 – 25 September 1973

People in orbit for 12 weeks

Gerald CarrWilliam PogueEdward Gibson

Skylab 4

 USA

16 November 1973 – 8 February 1974

Spaceflight aborted during liftoff (at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude)Re-entry with 20g acceleration (emergency)

Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov

Soyuz 18a

 USSR

5 April 1975

Crew to visit occupied space station

Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov

Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew

 USSR

10 January 1978 – 16 January 1978

People in orbit 19 weeks(4 months)

Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov

Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31

 USSR

15 June 1978 – 2 November 1978

People in orbit 26 weeks(6 months)

Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin

Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37

 USSR

9 April 1980 – 11 October 1980

Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft

John W. YoungRobert L. Crippen

STS-1

 USA

12 April 1981

Person to fly four different types of spacecraft

John W. Young

GeminiApolloLunar ModuleSTS-1

 USA

12 April 1981

Person to complete five spaceflights

John W. Young

Gemini 3Gemini 10Apollo 10Apollo 16STS-1

 USA

14 April 1981

Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

Vance BrandRobert F. OvermyerJoseph P. AllenWilliam B. Lenoir

STS-5

 USA

11 November 1982 – 16 November 1982

Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

Robert L. CrippenFrederick H. HauckJohn M. FabianSally K. RideNorman E. Thagard

STS-7

 USA

18 June 1983 – 24 June 1983

Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USAUlf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)

STS-9

 USA West Germany

28 November 1983 – 8 December 1983

Person to complete six spaceflights

John W. Young

Gemini 3Gemini 10Apollo 10Apollo 16STS-1STS-9

 USA

8 December 1983

Untethered spacewalk

Bruce McCandless II

STS-41-B

 USA

7 February 1984

Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)

Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSRVance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson,  Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA

Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B

 USSR USA

8 February 1984 – 11 February 1984

11 people in space at the same time (no docking)

Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSRRobert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USARakesh Sharma – India

STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11

 USSR USA India

6 April 1984 – 11 April 1984

People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission

Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov

Salyut 7

 USSR

26 April – 18 May 1984

Spacewalk by a woman

Svetlana Savitskaya

Soyuz T-12

 USSR

25 July 1984

People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months)

Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov

Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11

 USSR

8 February 1984 – 2 October 1984

Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USAMarc Garneau – Canada

STS-41-G

 USA Canada

5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984

Two women in space at the same time

Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride

STS-41-G

 USA

5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984

Partial crew exchange at a space station

Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov

Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7

 USSR

17 September 1985 – 26 September 1985

Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USAReinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West GermanyWubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)

STS-61-A

 USA West Germany Netherlands

30 October 1985 – 6 November 1985

Fatalities during launch

Francis "Dick" ScobeeMichael J. SmithEllison OnizukaJudith ResnikRonald McNairSharon Christa McAuliffeGregory Jarvis

STS-51-L

 USA

28 January 1986

Space station-to-space station flightSpace station-to-space station return flightExpedition on two space stations

Leonid KizimVladimir Solovyov

Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[8]

 USSR

15 March 1986 – 16 July 1986

Complete crew exchange at a space station

Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov

Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir

 USSR

21 December 1987 – 29 December 1987

People in orbit 52 weeks (one year)

Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov

Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6

 USSR

21 December 1987 – 21 December 1988

12 people in space at the same time (no docking)

Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USAMir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – RussiaSoyuz and Soyuz/Mir: Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – RussiaToyohiro Akiyama – Japan

STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10-Soyuz TM-11

 USSR USA Japan

2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990

Three women in space at the same time

Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon

STS-40

 USA

5 June 1991 – 14 June 1991

Three-person spacewalk

Pierre J. ThuotRichard J. HiebThomas D. Akers

STS-49

 USA

13 May 1992

13 people in space at the same time (no docking)

Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USAMir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – RussiaSoyuz/Mir: Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov –  RussiaNorman E. Thagard – USA

STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21

 USA Russia

14 March 1995 – 18 March 1995

Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)

Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USAAnatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia

STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21

 USA Russia

29 June 1995 – 4 July 1995

Space tourist

Dennis Tito

Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1

 USA Russia

April 28, 2001 – May 6, 2001

Person to complete seven trips to space

Jerry L. Ross

STS-61BSTS-27STS-37STS-55STS-74STS-88STS-110

 USA

19 April 2002

Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)

Mike Melvill

SpaceShipOne flight 15P

 USA

21 June 2004

13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)[9]

Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USAGennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – RussiaRobert Thirsk, Julie Payette – CanadaFrank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency)Koichi Wakata – Japan

ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127

 USA Russia Canada Belgium Japan

17 July 2009

Four women in space at the same time

Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USANaoko Yamazaki – JapanISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA

STS-131ISS Expedition 23

 USA Japan

5 April 2010 – 20 April 2010

Six spacecraft docked to a space station

ISS: Expedition 56

Dragon-15, Cygnus-9, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-09, Progress MS-08, Progress MS-09

 USA Russia

9 July 2018

text: Most spaceflights[edit]

text:
7 spaceflights
Jerry L. Ross – USA[9]
Franklin Chang Díaz – Costa Rica/USA*[9]
6 spaceflights
John W. Young[10] – USA (While Young has made six spaceflights, he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted.)
Story Musgrave – USA
Curtis Brown – USA
James Wetherbee – USA
Michael Foale – United Kingdom/USA dual citizen
Sergei Krikalev – Russia[11]
Yuri Malenchenko – Russia

text: Duration records[edit]

text: Total human spaceflight time by country[edit]

text:
Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation [12] [13]

Nation

Total persons

Total person flights

Total in orbit (@ update)*

Total person days*+

% of Total person days

TOTAL
555
1256
3
52875.90
-1

 Russia Soviet Union
123
269
1
27548.82
0.521009106421842

 United States
340
851
1
20202.50
0.382073975466554

  ESA[show] Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden  Switzerland United Kingdom
39
64
1
2917.46
0.0551755970856668

 Japan
12
20
-
1354.76
0.0256214862912756

 Germany
11
16
1
804.67
0.0152181702024318

 Italy
7
12
-
765.92
0.0144852419776401

 France
10
18
-
628.92
0.0118943612371954

 Canada
9
17
-
506.14
0.00957229653845642

 Netherlands
2
3
-
210.69
0.00398461863187809

 Belgium
2
3
-
207.65
0.00392721219654997

 United Kingdom
2
2
-
193.81
0.00366534376506808

 China
11
14
-
165.35
0.00312717320903049

  Switzerland
1
4
-
42.50
0.000803808295901813

 Sweden
1
2
-
26.73
0.000505599528901068

 Spain
1
2
-
18.78
0.000355208064489656

 Israel
1
1
-
15.93
0.000301282001012819

 Ukraine
1
1
-
15.69
0.000296737817388127

 Bulgaria
2
2
-
11.80
0.000223137802842537

 South Korea
1
1
-
10.88
0.000205841011415602

 Malaysia
1
1
-
10.88
0.000205841011415602

 South Africa
1
1
-
9.89
0.000187086403854735

 Brazil
1
1
-
9.89
0.000186981336025262

 Kazakhstan
1
1
-
9.84
0.000186153926868165

 Denmark
1
1
-
9.84
0.000186153926868165

 Afghanistan
1
1
-
8.85
0.000167399319307297

 Syria
1
1
-
7.96
0.000150562199634305

 Czechoslovakia
1
1
-
7.93
0.000149931792657469

 Austria
1
1
-
7.93
0.000149879258742733

 Poland
1
1
-
7.92
0.000149747923955892

 Slovakia
1
1
-
7.91
0.000149669123083788

 India
1
1
-
7.90
0.000149458987424842

 Hungary
1
1
-
7.86
0.000148736646097218

 Cuba
1
1
-
7.86
0.00014871037913985

 Mongolia
1
1
-
7.86
0.000148697245661166

 Vietnam
1
1
-
7.86
0.000148697245661166

 Romania
1
1
-
7.86
0.000148684112182482

 Saudi Arabia
1
1
-
7.07
0.000133672546046577

 Mexico
1
1
-
6.88
0.000130073972887139

Astronauts currently in space:  Sergei Valerievich Prokopyev  Alexander Gerst  Serena Maria Auñón-Chancellor

Crew Vehicles currently in space: Soyuz MS-09

Table data accurate as of 2018-10-30 04:05 UTC

* includes those in orbit at time table was updated+TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens (based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references).

text: Most time in space[edit]

text: Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions, became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place, having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[11][14][15][16]

text: The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, as of  5 October 2018.[update][17] Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only.

text: Color key:

text:
Currently in space
  Active
  Retired
  Deceased

text:
Rank

Person

Days

Flights

Status

Nationality

1
Gennady Padalka
878.480
5
Retired
 Russia

2
Yuri Malenchenko
827.389
6
Retired
 Russia

3
Sergei Krikalev
803.371
6
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

4
Alexandr Kaleri
769.276
5
Active
 Russia

5
Sergei Avdeyev
747.593
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

6
Valeriy Polyakov
678.690
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

7
Fyodor Yurchikhin
672.860
5
Active
 Russia

8
Peggy A. Whitson
665.932
3
Retired
 United States

9
Anatoly Solovyev
651.117
5
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

10
Viktor Afanasyev
555.772
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

11
Yury Usachev
552.773
4
Retired
 Russia

12
Sergey Volkov
547.931
3
Retired
 Russia

13
Pavel Vinogradov
546.939
3
Active
 Russia

14
Musa Manarov
541.021
2
Retired
 Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)

15
Jeffrey Williams
534.116
4
Active
 United States

16
Anton Shkaplerov
533.230
3
Active
 Russia

17
Oleg Kononenko
533.000
3
Active
 Russia

18
Mikhail Tyurin
532.118
3
Retired
 Russia

19
Oleg Kotov
526.211
3
Retired
 Russia

20
Scott Kelly
520.440
4
Retired[18]
 United States

21
Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko
516.417
2
Retired
 Russia

22
Alexander Viktorenko
489.066
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

23
Nikolai Budarin
444.060
3
Retired
 Russia

24
Yuri Romanenko
430.765
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

25
Alexander Volkov
391.495
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

26
Yuri I. Onufrienko
389.282
2
Retired
 Russia

27
Vladimir G. Titov
387.036
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

28
Vasili Tsibliyev
381.662
2
Retired
 Russia

29
Valery G. Korzun
381.653
2
Retired
 Russia

30
Michael Fincke
381.633
3
Active
 United States

31
Leonid Kizim
374.749
3
Deceased
 Soviet Union

32
Michael Foale
373.763
6
Retired
 United States /  United Kingdom[19]

33
Aleksandr Serebrov
372.954
4
Deceased
 Soviet Union /  Russia

34
Valeri Ryumin
371.725
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

35
Donald Pettit
369.696
3
Active
 United States

36
Oleg Artemyev
365.962
2
Active
 Russia

37
Vladimir Solovyov
361.952
2
Retired
 Soviet Union

38
Thomas Reiter
350.239
2
Retired
 Germany

39
Koichi Wakata
347.356
4
Active
 Japan

40
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov
345.267
2
Active
 Russia

41
Talgat Musabayev
341.408
3
Retired
 Russia

42
Oleg Novitskiy
340.419
2
Active
 Russia

43
Andrei Borisenko
337.377
2
Active
 Russia

44
Maksim Surayev
334.508
2
Retired
 Russia

45
Alexander Misurkin
334.468
2
Active
 Russia

46
Roman Romanenko
333.459
2
Retired
 Russia

47
Vladimir Lyakhov
333.324
3
Deceased
 Soviet Union

48
Oleg Skripochka
331.521
2
Active
 Russia

49
Aleksandr Samokutyayev
331.474
2
Retired
 Russia

50
Yuri P. Gidzenko
329.950
3
Retired
 Russia

text: Ten longest human spaceflights[edit]

text:
#

Time in space

Crew

Country

Launch date (Launch craft)

Landing date (Landing craft)

Space station or mission type

1

437.7 days[20][21]

Valeri Polyakov[20]

 Russia

1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18)

1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)

Mir[20]

2

379.6 days[21]

Sergei Avdeyev[21]

 Russia

1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)

1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)

Mir[21]

3

365.0 days[21]

Vladimir Titov[21]Musa Manarov[21]

 Soviet Union

1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)

1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)

Mir[21]

4

340.4 days

Mikhail KornienkoScott Kelly

 Russia United States

2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)

2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)

International Space Station,ISS year long mission

5

326.5 days[22]

Yury Romanenko[22]

 Soviet Union

1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)

1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)

Mir[22]

6

311.8 days[23]

Sergei Krikalev[23]

 Soviet Union/ Russia

1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)

1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)

Mir[23]

7

289.2 days[24]

Peggy Whitson[24]

 United States

2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)

2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)

International Space Station[24]

8

240.9 days[25]

Valeri Polyakov[25]

 Soviet Union

1988-08-29 (Soyuz TM-6)

1989-04-7 (Soyuz TM-7)

Mir[25]

9

237.0 days[8]

Leonid Kizim[8]Vladimir Solovyov[8]Oleg Atkov[8]

 Soviet Union

1984-02-08 (Soyuz T-10)

1984-10-02 (Soyuz T-11)

Salyut 7[8]

10

215.4 days[26]

Mikhail Tyurin[26]Michael López-Alegría[26]

 Russia United States

2006-09-18 (Soyuz TMA-9)

2007-04-21 (Soyuz TMA-9)

International Space Station[26]

text: Longest single flight by a woman[edit]

text: NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti's 199 days, 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017. She returned to Earth in September 2017, having spent 289 days, 5 hours and 1 minute in space.[27][28] In third place is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days[29][30] on the ISS, where she was a member of Expedition 14/Expedition 15 (2006–2007).

text: Longest continuous occupation of space[edit]

text: An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000, when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[9][31] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 17 years, 364 days.[9]

text: Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft[edit]

text: The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 (17 years, 362 days).[9][31] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[31]

text: Longest solo flight[edit]

text: Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.[32] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

text: Longest time on the lunar surface[edit]

text: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[33] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).[33]

text: Longest time in lunar orbit[edit]

text: Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours);[34] however, for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon, T. K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

text: Speed and altitude records[edit]

text: Farthest humans from Earth[edit]

text: The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.[35] This record-breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[35]

text: Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission[edit]

text: Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).[36]

text: Fastest[edit]

text: The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11.082 kilometers per second or 24,791 miles per hour, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037 percent of the speed of light).[9] The record was set 26 May 1969.[9]

text: Age records[edit]

text: Earliest-born to reach space (suborbital flight)[edit]

text: Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963.

text: Earliest-born to reach space (orbital flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968.
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Youngest (age during spaceflight)[edit]

text:
Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.[9]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Oldest (age during spaceflight)[edit]

text:
Man – John Glenn (aged 77), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998.[9]
Woman – Peggy Whitson (aged 56), on Soyuz MS-03 on 17 November 2016. She turned 57 on 9 February 2017, while still in space.[37]

text: Spacewalk records[edit]

text: Most spacewalks[edit]

text:
Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes (which is also the duration record).[38]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[39][40][41]

text: Most spacewalks during a single mission[edit]

text:
7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
6: Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

text: Animal records[edit]

text: First living organisms in space[edit]

text: The first living organisms of any kind to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).[42] They were also the first animals to safely return from space.[42]

text: First animal in orbit[edit]

text: Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

text: Longest canine single flight[edit]

text: Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

text: First animals beyond low-Earth orbit[edit]

text: An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 15 September 1968.[42] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket.[42] The capsule came within 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of the Moon and later successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.[42]

text: Notable unmanned spaceflights[edit]

text:
In reference to:

Spacecraft

Event

Origin

Date

Earth

MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))

First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).

 Germany

20 June 1944

Earth

V-2 No. 20

First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.

 USA

20 February 1947

Earth

R-1V[43]

First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.

 USSR

22 July 1951

Earth

Sputnik 1

First satellite in orbit.[5]

 USSR

4 October 1957

Earth

Sputnik 2

First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.

 USSR

3 November 1957

Earth

Vanguard 1

Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.

 USA

17 March 1958

Earth

Pioneer 1

Failed to reach the moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi) from Earth.

 USA

11 October 1958

Earth

Jupiter AM-13

First monkey in space, Gordo, a squirrel monkey.

 USA

13 December 1958

Earth

Luna 1

First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity.

 USSR

4 January 1959

Moon

Luna 1

First flyby. Distance of 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi).

 USSR

4 January 1959

Sun

Luna 1

First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.

 USSR

4 January 1959

Moon

Luna 2

First impact.[5]

 USSR

14 September 1959

Moon

Luna 3

First image of lunar far-side.[5]

 USSR

7 October 1959

Earth

Discoverer 13

First satellite recovered from orbit.[5]

 USA

11 August 1960

Earth

Korabl-Sputnik 2

First living beings recovered from orbit.[44]

 USSR

19 August 1960

Venus

Venera 1

First flyby. Distance of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) (lost communication contact before).[5]

 USSR

19 May 1961

Moon

Ranger 4

First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[45]

 USA

26 April 1962

Earth

Alouette 1

First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).[46]

 Canada

29 September 1962

Venus

Mariner 2

First planetary flyby. Distance of 34,762 kilometres (21,600 mi) (with communication contact).

 USA

14 December 1962

Earth

Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1

Oldest spacecraft still in use (50 years as of  2015[update]).

 USA

6 May 1965

Mars

Mariner 4

First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9,846 kilometres (6,118 mi).

 USA

14 July 1965

Earth

Astérix

First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).

 France

26 November 1965

Moon

Luna 9

First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.[5]

 USSR

3 February 1966

Venus

Venera 3

First impact.[5]

 USSR

1 March 1966

Moon

Luna 10

First orbiter.[5]

 USSR

3 April 1966

Docking

Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188

First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft.

 USSR

30 October 1967

Moon

Zond 5

First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.First animals to circle the Moon.

 USSR

15 September 1968

Moon

Luna 16

First automated sample return.

 USSR

24 September 1970

Moon

Luna 17

First automated roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1.

 USSR

17 November 1970

Venus

Venera 7

First soft landing.

 USSR

15 December 1970

Mars

Mariner 9

First orbiter.

 USA

14 November 1971

Mars

Mars 2

First impact.

 USSR

27 November 1971

Mars

Mars 3

First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased.

 USSR

2 December 1971

Sun

Pioneer 10

First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity.

 USA

3 March 1972

Jupiter

Pioneer 10

First flyby. Distance of 132,000 kilometres (82,000 mi).

 USA

4 December 1973

Mercury

Mariner 10

First flyby. Distance of 703 kilometres (437 mi).

 USA

29 March 1974

Venus

Venera 9

First orbiter.First surface-level imaging of another planet.

 USSR

22 October 1975

Sun

Helios 2

Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 252,792 kilometres per hour (157,078 mph).Closest ever approach to the Sun. Distance of 0.29 AU (43,000,000 kilometres (27,000,000 mi)), slightly inside the orbit of Mercury. Record still unbeaten as of  November 2009[update], but expected to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe (0.23 AU / 33 million km).

 West Germany USA

17 April 1976

Mars

Viking 1

First surface-level imaging of Mars.

 USA

20 July 1976

Saturn

Pioneer 11

First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi).

 USA

1 September 1979

Venus

Venera 13

First sound recording made on another planet.

 USSR

1 March 1982

Trans-Neptunian region

Pioneer 10

First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the Sun.

 USA

13 June 1983

Venus

Vega 1

First helium balloon atmospheric probe.

 USSR

11 June 1985

Comet Giacobini-Zinner

International Cometary Explorer (ICE)

First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7,800 kilometres (4,800 mi).

 USA

11 September 1985

Uranus

Voyager 2

First flyby. Distance of 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi).

 USA

24 January 1986

Comet Halley

Vega 1

First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi).

 USSR

6 March 1986

Orbital Spaceplane

Buran

First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).

 USSR

15 November 1988

Phobos

Phobos 2

First flyby. Distance of 860 kilometres (530 mi).

 USSR

21 February 1989

Neptune

Voyager 2

First flyby. Distance of 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).

 USA

25 August 1989

951 Gaspra

Galileo

First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).

 USA

29 October 1991

Jupiter

Galileo probe

First impact.

 USA

7 December 1995

Jupiter

Galileo

First orbiter.

 USA

8 December 1995

Mars

Mars Pathfinder

First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner.

 USA

4 July 1997

433 Eros

NEAR Shoemaker

First asteroid orbiter.

 USA

14 February 2000

433 Eros

NEAR Shoemaker

First asteroid soft landing.

 USA

12 February 2001

Saturn

Cassini orbiter

First orbiter.

 ESA USA

1 July 2004

Solar wind

Genesis

First sample return from farther than the Moon.

 USA

8 September 2004

Titan

Huygens probe

First soft landing.

 ESA USA

14 January 2005

Comet Tempel 1

Deep Impact

First comet impact.

 USA

4 July 2005

25143 Itokawa

Hayabusa

First asteroid ascent.First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.

 Japan

19 November 2005

81P/Wild

Stardust

First sample return from comet.

 USA

15 January 2006

Earth

Voyager 1

Farthest distance from Earth.Farthest distance from the Sun (20.479 billion km).

 USA

As of  November 2016[update][47]

Longest time in operation

Voyager 2

Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977).

 USA

As of  2015[update]

Earth to Venus trajectory

IKAROS

First interplanetary solar sail.

 Japan

Set sail on 10 June 2010

25143 Itokawa

Hayabusa

First sample return from an asteroid.

 Japan

13 June 2010

Mercury

MESSENGER

First orbiter.

 USA

17 March 2011

Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point

Chang'e 2

First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[48]

 China

25 August 2011

International Space Station

SpaceX Dragon

First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.

 SpaceX

25 May 2012

Interstellar medium

Voyager 1

First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space.

 USA

25 August 2012

4179 Toutatis

Chang'e 2

First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun-Earth Langrangian point.First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid.[49]

 China

13 December 2012

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Rosetta

First comet orbiter.[50]

 ESA

6 August 2014

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Philae

First comet soft landing.[51]

 ESA

12 November 2014

Ceres

Dawn

First dwarf planet orbiter.[52]

 USA

6 March 2015

Mars

Opportunity

Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219 miles (42.195 km), marathon-length).[53]

 USA

23 March 2015 (ongoing)

Mercury

MESSENGER

First impact.[54]

 USA

30 April 2015

Pluto

New Horizons

First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx.First up-close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon's surfaces.First to explore the Kuiper belt.

 USA

14 July 2015

All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System

All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons

With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.

 USA

14 July 2015

Earth

Juno

Fastest man-made object relative to Earth (c. 265,000 kilometres per hour (165,000 mph)).[55]

 USA

4 July 2016

Earth

Falcon 9

First re-flight of orbital class rocket.[56]

 SpaceX

30 March 2017

Earth

Falcon 9H-IIA-202

Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72 seconds apart).[57]

 SpaceX Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

23 December 2017


document_title: Great Mosque of Mecca

question_text: what are the names of the two hills that the pilgrims visit

root

text: Great Mosque of Mecca

text: History[edit]

text: Era of Abraham and Ishmael[edit]

text: The Quran states that Abraham, together with his son Ishmael, raised the foundations of a house [Quran 2:127] that is identified by most commentators as the Kaaba. Allah had shown Abraham the exact site, very near to the Well of Zamzam, where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba's construction in circa 2130 BCE. After Abraham had built the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays. According to a saying attributed to Muhammad, the Black Stone had "descended from Paradise whiter than milk but the sins of the sons of Adam had made it dark". The Black Stone is believed[by whom?] to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham.

tag: p

text: After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba, Abraham received a revelation, in which Allah told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind, so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away, on camel and on foot. Quran 22:27 Going by the dates attributed to the patriarchs, Ishmael is believed to have been born around 2150 BCE, with Isaac being born a hundred years later.

text: Era of Muhammad[edit]

text: Upon Muhammad's victorious return to Mecca in 630, he and his son-in-law, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, broke the idols in and around the Kaaba, similar to what, according to the Quran, Ibrahim did in his homeland,[5] which is believed to be ancient Iraqi city of Ur.[6] Thus ended Polytheistic use of the Kaaba, and re-began Monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary.[7][8][9][10]

text: Umayyad era[edit]

text: The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.[11] Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al-Walid I.[12][13] The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets.[citation needed]

text: Ottoman era[edit]

text: In 1570, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.

text: During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage.[14] In 1629, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with stones from Mecca and the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to seven) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries.

text: Saudi era[edit]

text: The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (Al-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Masjid via roofing and enclosements. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were demolished.

text: The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is reached through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988.

text: The third Saudi extension (1988–2005) saw the building of more minarets, the erecting of a King's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself. These developments have taken place simultaneously with those in Arafat, Mina and Muzdalifah. This third extension has also resulted in 18 more gates, three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns. Other modern developments include the addition of heated floors, air conditioning, escalators and a drainage system.

text: Current expansion project[edit]

text: In 2007, the mosque underwent a fourth extension project which is estimated to last until 2020. King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz planned to increase the mosque's capacity to 2 million; although the King died in 2015, his successor, King Salman, is likely to continue renovations.[4][15] In 2016 it was estimated that Great Mosque had cost 100 billion dollars.[16]

text: Northern expansion of the mosque began in August 2011 and was expected to be completed in one and a half years. The area of the mosque will be expanded from the current 356,000 m2 (3,830,000 sq ft) to 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft). A new gate named after King Abdullah will be built together with two new minarets, bringing their total to eleven. The cost of the project is $10.6 billion and after completion the mosque will house over 2.5 million worshipers. The Mataaf (the circumambulation areas around the Kaaba) will also see expansion and all closed spaces will be air conditioned.[17] The King Abdullah Expansion Project will cover an area of 456,000 sq. meters will accommodate an additional 1.2 million faithful. Courtyards of the mosque’s new expansion can hold more than 250,000 worshipers. The project is being implemented by the Saudi Binladin Group.[18]

text: On 11 September 2015, at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

text: Pilgrimage[edit]

text: The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and ‘Umrah pilgrimages[25] that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam, required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford the trip. In recent times, over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year.[26]

text: Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah.

text: The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Ibrahim (Abraham).

text: Symbolic structures[edit]

text: This section should include only a brief summary of another article. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2017)

tag: table

text: Kaaba[edit]

text: Al-Ka‘bah (Arabic: الكعبة, "The Cube") is a cuboid-shaped building in the center of the Great Mosque and is one of the most sacred sites in Islam.[27] All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are. The direction from the location of the person who prays to the Kaaba is called the Qibla.

text: The Hajj requires pilgrims to circumambulate seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction. This circumambulation, the Tawaaf, is also performed by pilgrims during the Umrah (lesser pilgrimage).[27][28][29]

text: Black Stone[edit]

text: The Black Stone (Arabic: الحجر الأسود al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba.[30] It was set intact into the Kaaba's wall by Muhammad in the year 605, five years before his first revelation. Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba. Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented dark rock, polished smooth by the hands of millions of pilgrims.

text: Many of the pilgrims, if possible, stop and kiss the Black Stone, emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records it having received from Muhammad.[31] If they cannot reach it, they point to it on each of their seven circumambulations around the Kaaba.[32]

text: Maqam Ibrahim[edit]

text: The Maqam Ibrahim (Abraham's place of standing) is a rock that reportedly has an imprint of Abraham's foot, which is kept in a crystal dome next to the Kaaba. This rock was identified by most Islamic scholars as the one behind which Muhammad prayed when he circumambulated the Kaaba.[33] Several traditions existed to explain how Abraham's footprint miraculously appeared in the stone, including one suggesting it appeared when Abraham stood on the stone while building the Kaaba; when the walls became too high, Abraham stood on the maqām, which miraculously rose up to let him continue building and also miraculously went down in order to allow Ishmael to hand him stones.[33] Other traditions held that the footprint appeared when the wife of Ishmael washed Abraham's head, or alternatively when Abraham stood atop it in order to summon the people to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca.[33]

text: Safa and Marwah[edit]

text: Al-Safa and Al-Marwah (Arabic: الصفا Aṣ-Ṣafā, المروة Al-Marwah) are two hills, now located in the Masjid al-Haram. In Islamic tradition, Abraham's wife Hagar ran between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah looking for water for her infant son Ishmael until God eventually revealed her the Zamzam. Muslims also travel back and forth seven times during the ritual pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah as a remembrance to her sacrifice.

text: Al-Safa – from which the ritual walking (Arabic: سعى saʿy) begins – is located approximately half a mile from the Kaaba. Al-Marwah is located about 100 m (330 ft) from the Kaaba. The distance between Al-Safa and Al-Marwah is approximately 450 m (1,480 ft)

text: Zamzam Well[edit]

text: The Zamzam Well (Arabic: زمزم) is a well located 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba.[34] According to Islamic belief, it began when Abraham's infant son Ishmael was thirsty and kept crying for water. The well still supplies enough water for all pilgrims throughout the year. Pilgrims also take the water to their homes.

text:
al-Ḥajaru al-Aswad

Maqam Ibrahim crystal dome

Mount Marwah

Mount Safa in the Sacred Mosque

Zamzam well located beneath floor (entrance now covered)

tag: ul

text: Controversies[edit]

text: There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room for the expansion.[35] Some examples are:[36][37]

text:
Bayt Al-Mawlid, the house where Muhammad was born, demolished and rebuilt as a library.
Dar Al-Arqam, the first Islamic school where Muhammad taught, was flattened to lay marble tiles.
The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms.
Dome which served as a canopy over the Well of Zamzam demolished.
Some Ottoman porticos at the Masjid al-Haram demolished and those remaining are under threat.
House of Muhammed in Medina where he lived after the migration from Mecca.


document_title: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives

question_text: top 5 leadership positions in the house of representatives

question_tokens: top 5 leadership positions in the house of representatives

text: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives

text: Job description[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United States House
of Representatives

History of the United States
House of Representatives

Members

Current members

(by seniority
by age
non-voting)

Former members

Hill committees

(DCCC
NRCC)

Congressional districts

Speaker of the United States
House of Representatives (list)

Party leaders
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure

Committee of the Whole

Closed session (list)
Saxbe fix

Committees (list)
Procedures

Origination Clause
Quorum call

Unanimous consent
Salaries

Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method)

Redistricting
Gerrymandering

Articles of impeachment

Self-executing rule
Rules suspension

General ticket
Plural district

Places

United States Capitol

House office buildings

(Cannon
Ford
Longworth
Rayburn)

v
t
e

text: Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.[2]

text: The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.

text: The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.

text: Selection[edit]

text: The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot.[3] The Speaker-elect is also chosen in a closed-door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes.[1]

text: Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

text: By contrast, party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber,[citation needed] such as Lyndon B. Johnson, William F. Knowland, and Bill Frist. Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history.[citation needed]

text: Duties[edit]

text: The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees.

text: One statutory duty, per 19 U.S.C. § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion authority) trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House.

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power.[4]

text: The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne.[5] Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent, and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356.[citation needed]

text: Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

text: Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.[6] In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

text: When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President.[citation needed] For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.

text: When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.[7][8]

text: In 2014, Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election. Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014,[9][10][11][12][13][14] and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress.[15]

text: Minority Leader[edit]

text: This article is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Responsibilities[edit]

text: From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

text: From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House. Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader.

text:
The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers.
The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress."
The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda.
The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally.
The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.

tag: ol

text: The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."[16]

text: Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.

text: Origin of the post[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on the

Politics of the
United States of America

Federal Government[show]

Constitution of the United States

Law
Taxation

Legislature[show]

United States Congress

House of Representatives

Speaker Paul Ryan (R)

Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R)

Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D)

Congressional districts

United States Senate

President Mike Pence (R)

President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch (R)

President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy (D)

Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R)

Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D)

Executive[show]

President of the United States

Donald Trump (R)

Vice President of the United States

Mike Pence (R)

Cabinet
Federal agencies
Executive Office

Judiciary[show]

Supreme Court of the United States

Chief Justice John Roberts

Kennedy
Thomas
Ginsburg
Breyer
Alito
Sotomayor
Kagan
Gorsuch

Courts of Appeals
District Courts (list)

Other tribunals

Elections[show]

Presidential elections
Midterm elections

Off-year elections

Political parties[show]

Democratic
Republican

Third parties

Federalism[show]

State Government

Governors

Legislatures (List)

State courts

Local government

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.[17]

text: During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."[18] In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

text: Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."[20] With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."[21]

text: In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."[22] However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.[23] Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."[24] Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously."[25] Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.[26]

text: Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."[27] Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance."[27] This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

text: In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress."[28] Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.[29]

text: Minority Party Nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897[edit]

text: While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,[30] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time.

text:
1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
1867: Samuel S. Marshall (D-IL)
1869: Michael C. Kerr (D-IN)
1871: George W. Morgan (D-OH)
1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1895: Charles F. Crisp (D-GA)
1897: Joseph W. Bailey (D-TX)

text: Sources: Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government, by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com

text: Trends[edit]

text: Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."[31] Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, he or she appoints the minority members of the Rules Committee and influences the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee.

text: Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker."[32] More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

text: In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

text: Institutional functions[edit]

text: The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

text: Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the following:

text: Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House."

text: Inspector General. Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly." This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general.

text: Questions of Privilege. Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn." This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions.

text: Oversight Plans. Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans.

text: Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees. Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress."

text: Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties. (Rule X, clause 11).

text: Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Under Rule XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions.

text: In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

text: Party functions[edit]

text: The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

text: Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:

text: A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.[33]

text: These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House. "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO. "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do."[34]

text: Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal.

text: Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."[35]

text: Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

text: Cooperation. The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor.

text: Inconsequential Opposition. The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small.

text: Withdrawal. The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions.

text: Innovation. The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf.

text: Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own.

text: Constructive Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes.

text: Participation. The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities.[36]

text: A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt[37] Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

text: Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.[38] If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."[39]

text: Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

text: House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.[40] In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

text: Confer With the White House. If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents.[41] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's."[42] Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.[43]

text: When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI.[44] Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

text: "We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.[45]

text: Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party. They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting. Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show." In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."[46]

text: Foster Party Harmony. Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

text: Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party.[48] Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

text: Party whips and assistant party leaders[edit]

text: Whips[edit]

text: A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon.

text: The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation.

text: The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. However, the U.S. House of Representatives does not use the term "minority whip," instead calling the position "Republican Whip" or "Democratic Whip" depending on the minority party.

text: The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

text:
List of Republican chief deputy whips:

David F. Emery, 1981–1983 (Minority)
Tom Loeffler, 1983–1987 (Minority)
Edward Rell Madigan, 1987–1989 (Minority)
Robert Smith Walker, 1989–1995 (Minority)
Dennis Hastert, 1995–1999 (Majority)
Roy Blunt, 1999–2003 (Majority)
Eric Cantor, 2003–2009 (Majority, 2003–2007) (Minority, 2007–2009)
Kevin McCarthy, 2009–2011 (Minority)
Peter Roskam, 2011–2014 (Majority)
Patrick McHenry, 2014–present (Majority)

List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips

(1977–1981) Dan Rostenkowski
(1981–1987) Bill Alexander
(1987–1991) David Bonior
(1991–1993) Barbara Kennelly, Butler Derrick, & John Lewis
(1993–1995) Barbara Kennelly, Butler Derrick, John Lewis, & Bill Richardson
(1995–1997) Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, & Bill Richardson
(1997–1999) Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, & Robert Menendez
(1999–2002) Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor & Maxine Waters
(2002–2003) John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin & Maxine Waters
(2003–2005) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, & Maxine Waters
(2005–2007) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner & Maxine Waters
(2007–2011) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G.K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, & Maxine Waters
(2011–2013) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Maxine Waters, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Joseph Crowley, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Jim Matheson, & Peter Welch
(2013–2015) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip) Ben Ray Lujan, Terri Sewell, Jan Schakowsky, Keith Ellison, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Jim Matheson, & Peter Welch
(2015–present) John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip) Jan Schakowsky, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Keith Ellison, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Joaquin Castro & Peter Welch

text: Assistant party leaders[edit]

text: The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established on January 3, 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. It is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post previously held by Chris Van Hollen, who had attended all leadership meetings but was not in the leadership hierarchy.

text: List of party leaders and whips[edit]

text: (≥ and names in Bold indicate the Majority Leader and Majority whip)

text:
Congress
Years
Democratic whip
Democratic leader

Speaker

Republican leader
Republican whip

56
1899–1901
Oscar Underwood[49]
(Alabama)
James D. Richardson
(Tennessee)
David B. Henderson
(R, Iowa)
≥ Sereno E. Payne
(New York)
≥ James Albertus Tawney
(Minnesota)

57
1901–1903
James Tilghman Lloyd
(Missouri)

58
1903–1905
John Sharp Williams
(Mississippi)
Joe Cannon
(R, Illinois)

59
1905–1907
≥ James E. Watson
(Indiana)

60
1907–1908

1908–1909

61
1909–1911
None
Champ Clark
(Missouri)
≥ John W. Dwight
(New York)

62
1911–1913
None
≥ Oscar Underwood
(Alabama)
Champ Clark
(D, Missouri)
James Mann
(Illinois)
John W. Dwight
(New York)

63
1913–1915
≥ Thomas M. Bell
(Georgia)
Charles H. Burke
(South Dakota)

64
1915–1917
None
≥ Claude Kitchin
(North Carolina)
Charles M. Hamilton
(New York)

65
1917–1919

66
1919–1921
None
Champ Clark
(Missouri)
Frederick H. Gillett
(R, Massachusetts)
≥ Frank W. Mondell
(Wyoming)
≥ Harold Knutson
(Minnesota)

67
1921–1923
William A. Oldfield
(Arkansas)
Claude Kitchin
(North Carolina)

68
1923–1925
Finis J. Garrett
(Tennessee)
≥ Nicholas Longworth
(Ohio)
≥ Albert H. Vestal
(Indiana)

69
1925–1927
Nicholas Longworth
(R, Ohio)
≥ John Q. Tilson
(Connecticut)

70
1927–1929

71
1929–1931
John McDuffie
(Alabama)
John Nance Garner
(Texas)

72
1931–1933
≥ John McDuffie
(Alabama)
≥ Henry T. Rainey
(Illinois)
John Nance Garner
(D, Texas)
Bertrand Snell
(New York)
Carl G. Bachmann
(West Virginia)

73
1933–1935
≥ Arthur H. Greenwood
(Indiana)
≥ Jo Byrns
(Tennessee)
Henry T. Rainey
(D, Illinois)
Harry L. Englebright
(California)

74
1935–1936
≥ Patrick J. Boland
(Pennsylvania)
≥ William Bankhead
(Alabama)
Jo Byrns
(D, Tennessee)

1936–1937
≥ Sam Rayburn
(Texas)
William B. Bankhead
(D, Alabama)

75
1937–1939

76
1939–1940
Joe Martin
(Massachusetts)

1940–1941
≥ John W. McCormack
(Massachusetts)
Sam Rayburn
(D, Texas)

77
1941–1942

1942–1943
≥ Robert Ramspeck
(Georgia)

78
1943–1943

1943–1945
Leslie Arends
(Illinois)

79
1945–1945

1946–1947
≥ John Sparkman
(Alabama)

80
1947–1949
John McCormack
(Massachusetts)
Sam Rayburn
(Texas)
Joe Martin
(R, Massachusetts)
≥ Charles Halleck
(Indiana)
≥ Leslie Arends
(Illinois)

81
1949–1951
≥ Percy Priest
(Tennessee)
≥ John W. McCormack
(Massachusetts)
Sam Rayburn
(D, Texas)
Joe Martin
(Massachusetts)
Leslie Arends
(Illinois)

82
1951–1953

83
1953–1955
John McCormack
(Massachusetts)
Sam Rayburn
(Texas)
Joe Martin
(R, Massachusetts)
≥ Charles Halleck
(Indiana)
≥ Leslie Arends
(Illinois)

84
1955–1957
≥ Carl Albert
(Oklahoma)
≥ John W. McCormack
(Massachusetts)
Sam Rayburn
(D, Texas)
Joe Martin
(Massachusetts)
Leslie Arends
(Illinois)

85
1957–1959

86
1959–1961
Charles Halleck
(Indiana)

87
1961–1962

1962–1963
≥ Hale Boggs
(Louisiana)
≥ Carl Albert
(Oklahoma)
John W. McCormack
(D, Massachusetts)

88
1963–1965

89
1965–1967
Gerald Ford
(Michigan)

90
1967–1969

91
1969–1971

92
1971–1973
≥ Tip O'Neill
(Massachusetts)
≥ Hale Boggs
(Louisiana)
Carl Albert
(D, Oklahoma)

93
1973–1973
≥ John J. McFall
(California)
≥ Tip O'Neill
(Massachusetts)

1973–1975
John Rhodes
(Arizona)

94
1975–1977
Bob Michel
(Illinois)

95
1977–1979
≥ John Brademas
(Indiana)
≥ Jim Wright
(Texas)
Tip O'Neill
(D, Massachusetts)

96
1979–1981

97
1981–1983
≥ Tom Foley
(Washington)
Bob Michel
(Illinois)
Trent Lott
(Mississippi)

98
1983–1985

99
1985–1987

100
1987–1989
≥ Tony Coelho
(California)
≥ Tom Foley
(Washington)
Jim Wright
(D, Texas)

101
1989–1989
Dick Cheney
(Wyoming)

1989–1991
≥ William H. Gray III
(Pennsylvania)
≥ Dick Gephardt
(Missouri)
Tom Foley
(D, Washington)
Newt Gingrich
(Georgia)

102
1991–1991

1991–1993
≥ David Bonior
(Michigan)

103
1993–1995

104
1995–1997
David Bonior
(Michigan)
Dick Gephardt
(Missouri)
Newt Gingrich
(R, Georgia)
≥ Dick Armey
(Texas)
≥ Tom DeLay
(Texas)

105
1997–1999

106
1999–2001
Dennis Hastert
(R, Illinois)

107
2001–2002

2002–2003
Nancy Pelosi
(California)

108
2003–2005
Steny Hoyer
(Maryland)
Nancy Pelosi
(California)
≥ Tom DeLay
(Texas)
≥ Roy Blunt
(Missouri)

109
2005–2005

2005–2006
≥ Roy Blunt
(Missouri) (acting)

2006–2007
≥ John Boehner
(Ohio)

110
2007–2009
≥ Jim Clyburn
(South Carolina)
≥ Steny Hoyer
(Maryland)
Nancy Pelosi
(D, California)
John Boehner
(Ohio)
Roy Blunt
(Missouri)

111
2009–2011
Eric Cantor
(Virginia)

112
2011–2013
Steny Hoyer
(Maryland)
Nancy Pelosi
(California)
John Boehner
(R, Ohio)
≥ Eric Cantor
(Virginia)
≥ Kevin McCarthy
(California)

113
2013–2014

2014–2015
≥ Kevin McCarthy
(California)
≥ Steve Scalise
(Louisiana)

114
2015–2015

2015–2017
Paul Ryan
(R, Wisconsin)

115
2017–2019

Congress
Years
Democratic whip
Democratic leader
Speaker
Republican leader
Republican whip