document_title: Loretta Lynn

question_text: when did loretta lynn first appear on the grand ole opry

text: Loretta Lynn

text: Early years[edit]

text: Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1932 in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky. She is the eldest daughter and second child born to Clara Marie "Clary" (née Ramey; 1912–1981) and Melvin Theodore "Ted" Webb (1906–1959). Ted was a coal miner and subsistence farmer.[2] The other Webb children:

text:
Melvin Webb, Jr. (Junior) (December 4, 1929 – July 1, 1993)
Herman Webb (September 3, 1934 – July 28, 2018)
Willie "Jay" Lee Webb (February 12, 1937 – July 31, 1996)
Donald Ray Webb (April 2, 1941 – October 13, 2017)
Peggy Sue Wright (née Webb; born March 25, 1943)
Betty Ruth Hopkins (Webb) (born 1946)
Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb; January 9, 1951)

text: Loretta's father died at age of 52 of black lung disease a few years after he relocated to Wabash, Indiana with wife Clary and his younger children.

text: Path to stardom[edit]

text: On January 10, 1948, 15-year-old Loretta Webb married Oliver "Doolittle" a.k.a. "Mooney" Lynn[3] (August 27, 1926 – August 22, 1996), and the two shortly after relocated to northern Washington state where the happiness and heartache of their early marriage inspired her music.[4] In 1953, Doolittle bought her a $17 Harmony guitar.[5] She taught herself to play the instrument, and over the following three years, she worked to improve her guitar playing. With Doolittle's encouragement, she started her own band, Loretta and the Trailblazers, with her brother Jay Lee playing lead guitar. She often appeared at Bill's Tavern in Blaine, Washington, and the Delta Grange Hall in Custer, Washington, with the Pen Brothers' band and the Westerneers. She cut her first record, "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl", in February 1960.[6]

text: She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s. In 1967 she had the first of 16 number-one hits (out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner).[7] Her later hits include "Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)", "You Ain't Woman Enough", "Fist City", and "Coal Miner's Daughter".[8]

text: Lynn focused on blue-collar women's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses; her music was inspired by issues that she faced in her marriage. She pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control ("The Pill"), repeated childbirth ("One's on the Way"), double standards for men and women ("Rated 'X'"), and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War ("Dear Uncle Sam").[9]

text: Country music radio stations often refused to play her music, banning nine of her songs, but Lynn pushed on to become one of country music's legendary artists. She and contemporaries like Tammy Wynette provided a template for female artists in country music to follow.

text: Her best-selling 1976 autobiography, Coal Miner's Daughter, was made into an Academy Award–winning film of the same title in 1980, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones, with Spacek winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Lynn. Her album Van Lear Rose, released in 2004, was produced by the alternative rock musician Jack White; Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys and won two.[10]

text: Lynn has received numerous awards in country and American music. She was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008, and she was honored in 2010 at the Country Music Awards. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 (it was also presented to Bill Clinton, Oprah Winfrey, and Bob Dylan).[11] Lynn has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since joining on September 25, 1962; her debut appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15, 1960. Lynn has recorded 70 albums, including 54 studio albums, 15 compilation albums, and one tribute album,[12][unreliable source?] and over 48 million of her albums have been sold worldwide in her career.[13][citation needed]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Birth, parents and siblings, and famous relatives[edit]

text:
Lynn was born in 1932 and raised in the mining community of Butcher Hollow, Van Lear, Kentucky.
Loretta was the second of eight children. She was named after the film star Loretta Young.[14] Ted Webb never got to see his daughter become famous, because he died in 1959 of black lung disease before Loretta's first single, "I'm A Honky Tonk Girl", was released the following year.

text: In addition to her famous siblings and children who perform, Lynn is cousins with country singer Patty Loveless (born Patricia Ramey) thru her mother's side. She is also related, on her mother's side, to Venus Ramey, Miss America of 1944.

text: Early adulthood[edit]

text: Webb was 15 when she married 21-year-old Oliver Lynn, known variously as "Doolittle", "Doo", or "Mooney", on January 10, 1948; the couple had met only a month earlier.[1] A year later, they left Kentucky and moved to the logging community of Custer, Washington, when Loretta was seven months pregnant with the first of their six children.[2]

text: Children and grandchildren[edit]

text: The Lynns had six children together:

text:
Betty Sue Lynn (November 26, 1948 – July 29, 2013)[15][16]
Jack Benny Lynn, (December 7, 1949 – July 24, 1984)[16][17]
Clara Marie "Cissie" Lynn (born 1952)
Ernest Ray "Ernie" Lynn (born 1954)
Peggy Jean and Patsy Eileen Lynn (born 1964; twin daughters named for Lynn's sister Peggy Sue Wright and her close friend Patsy Cline)

text: Lynn has outlived two of her six children. Her second child and eldest son, Jack Benny, died at age 34 on July 22, 1984, while trying to ford the Duck River at the family's ranch in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee. Loretta's eldest child, daughter Betty Sue, died at age 64 from emphysema in 2013, near Loretta's ranch in Hurricane Mills.[16] Lynn became a grandmother at age 34 in 1966, two years after her twins were born. She has 27 grandchildren and 16 great-grandchildren as of August 2017. Before her marriage, she regularly sang at churches and in local concerts in Butcher Hollow and sang continually to her younger siblings. After marrying, she temporarily stopped singing in public and focused on family life. She passed her love of music on to her children, often singing to them around the house, singing the hymns her mother taught her such as "The Great Titanic" and "In The Pines".[8][clarification needed]

text: Marital problems[edit]

text: The Lynns were married for almost 50 years until Doolittle died at age 69 in 1996. The couple had six children,[18] and the marriage was reportedly rocky. In her 2002 autobiography Still Woman Enough and in an interview with CBS News the same year, she recounted how her husband cheated on her regularly and once left her while she was giving birth.[19] She and her husband fought frequently, but she said that "he never hit me one time that I didn't hit him back twice". Loretta has said that her marriage was "one of the hardest love stories".[20][page needed] In one of her autobiographies, she recalled:

text: I married Doo when I wasn't but a child, and he was my life from that day on. But as important as my youth and upbringing was, there's something else that made me stick to Doo. He thought I was something special, more special than anyone else in the world, and never let me forget it. That belief would be hard to shove out the door. Doo was my security, my safety net. And just remember, I'm explainin', not excusin'... Doo was a good man and a hard worker. But he was an alcoholic, and it affected our marriage all the way through.[21]

text: Homes[edit]

text: Lynn owns a ranch in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee, billed as "the 7th Largest Attraction in Tennessee", featuring a recording studio, museums, lodging, restaurants, western stores, and other attractions. She normally holds three holiday concerts annually at her ranch: Memorial Day Weekend, Fourth of July Weekend, and Labor Day Weekend.[22]

text: The ranch where Lynn and her husband raised their children is open for tourists to visit. Since 1982, the ranch has hosted Loretta Lynn's Amateur Motocross National Championship, the world's largest amateur motocross race, in addition to GNCC Racing events. The centerpiece of the ranch is her large plantation home; it also features a replica of her parents' cabin in Butcher Hollow. She no longer lives in the plantation home, but lives nearby in a purpose built house behind the plantation Home. Lynn regularly greets fans who are touring the plantation house.[22] The ranch also hosts the annual Loretta Lynn’s Amateur Championship motocross race.[23]

text: In the 1970s, Lynn purchased a home in Mexico. When she was not touring, she spent time there with her twin daughters, Patsy and Peggy, and her husband.

text: Lynn and her husband also bought a cabin up in Canada and spent a lot of time there during the 1980s after buying the property in the early 1970s as a hunting lodge for Mooney (Lynn’s husband.)

text: Health issues[edit]

text: In May of 2017, Lynn had a stroke at her home in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee. She was taken to a Nashville hospital and was forced to cancel all of her upcoming tour dates. Lynn also delayed the release of her new album Wouldn't It Be Great until 2018 when she would be well enough to promote it. According to her website, she is expected to make a full recovery.[24]  On January 1, 2018, Loretta fell and broke her hip.[25]

text: Music career[edit]

text: 1960–1966: Early country success[edit]

text: Lynn began singing in local clubs in the late 1950s with the help, insistence, and support of her husband. She later formed her own band, the Trailblazers, which included her brother Jay Lee Webb. Lynn won a televised talent contest in Tacoma, Washington, hosted by Buck Owens, for which the prize was a wristwatch that broke 24 hours later. (Lynn later laughed about it with Owens.) Lynn's performance was seen by Canadian Norm Burley of Zero Records, who co-founded the record company after hearing Loretta sing.[26]

text: Zero Records president, Canadian Don Grashey, arranged a recording session in Hollywood, where four of Lynn's own compositions were recorded: "I'm A Honky Tonk Girl", "Whispering Sea", "Heartache Meet Mister Blues", and "New Rainbow". Her first release featured "Whispering Sea" and "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl". She signed her first contract on February 2, 1960, with Zero; the material was recorded at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, engineered by Don Blake and produced by Grashey.[27][28] Musicians backing on the songs were "the great" steel guitar player Speedy West,[29] Harold Hensely on fiddle, Roy Lanham on guitar, Al Williams on bass, and Muddy Berry on drums.[30] She commented on the different sound of her first record: "Well, there is a West Coast sound that is definitely not the same as the Nashville sound ... It was a shuffle with a West Coast beat".[29]

text: The Lynns then toured the country to promote the release to country stations,[26] while Grashey and Del Roy took the music to KFOX in Long Beach, California.[28] When the Lynns reached Nashville, the song was a hit, climbing to No. 14 on Billboard's C & W Chart, and Lynn began cutting demo records for the Wilburn Brothers Publishing Company. Through the Wilburns, she secured a contract with Decca Records.[26] From the onset of her career, fans took notice and rallied behind her all the way, with the first Loretta Lynn Fan Club formed in November 1960. By the end of the year, Billboard magazine listed Lynn as the No. 4 Most Promising Country Female Artist.[31]

text: Lynn's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, beginning in 1960,[18] helped Lynn become the number one female recording artist in country music. Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material. She was still fighting to regain these rights 30 years after ending her business relationship with them but was ultimately denied the publishing rights. Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of these contracts. Although Kitty Wells had become the first major female country vocalist during the 1950s, by the time Lynn recorded her first record, only three other women—Patsy Cline, Skeeter Davis, and Jean Shepard—had become top stars. Lynn joined The Grand Ole Opry on September 25, 1962.[2]

text: By the end of 1962 it was clear that she was on her way to becoming the fourth star. Lynn has credited Cline as her mentor and best friend during those early years. In 2010, when interviewed for Jimmy Mcdonough's biography of Tammy Wynette, Tammy Wynette: Tragic Country Queen, Loretta mentioned having best friends in Patsy and Tammy during different times: "Best friends are like husbands. You only need one at a time."[citation needed]

text: Lynn released her first Decca single, "Success," in 1962, and it went straight to #6, beginning a string of Top 10 singles that would run through the rest of the decade and throughout the next. She was a hard honky-tonk singer for the first half of the 1960s and rarely strayed from the genre.[7] During this time, Lynn soon began to regularly hit the Top 10 after 1964 with songs such as "Before I'm Over You", which peaked at No. 4, followed by "Wine, Women and Song," which peaked at No. 3. In late 1964, she recorded a duet album with Ernest Tubb. Their lead single, "Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be", peaked within the Top 15. Together, the pair recorded two more albums, "Singin' Again" (1967) and "If we Put Our Heads Together" (1969). In 1965, her solo career continued with three major hits, "Happy Birthday", "Blue Kentucky Girl" (later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by Emmylou Harris), and "The Home You're Tearing Down". Lynn's label issued two albums that year, "Songs from My Heart" and "Blue Kentucky Girl". While most were Top 10 Country hits, none reached #1.[32]

text: Lynn's first self-penned song to crack the Top Ten, 1966's "Dear Uncle Sam", was among the very first recordings to recount the human costs of the Vietnam War.[2] In the latter half of the decade, although she still worked within the confines of honky tonk, her sound became more personal, varied, and ambitious, particularly lyrically. Beginning with 1966's Number 1 hit in Cash Box, "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)", Lynn began writing songs with a feminist viewpoint, which was unheard of in country music. This song made Lynn the first country female recording artist to pen a No. 1 hit.[33]

text: 1967–1980: Breakthrough success[edit]

text: In 1967 Lynn reached No. 1 with "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)".[34] "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin" went to No. 1 and became one of the first albums by a female country artist to reach sales of 500,000 copies.[35]

text: Lynn's next album, Fist City, was released in 1968. The title track became Lynn's second No. 1 hit, as a single earlier that year, and the other single from the album, "What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)", peaked within the Top 10. In 1968, her next studio album, Your Squaw Is on the Warpath, spawned two Top 5 Country hits: the title track and "You've Just Stepped In (From Stepping Out on Me)". In 1969, her next single, "Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)", was Lynn's third chart-topper, followed by a subsequent Top 10, "To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)". She was reportedly once inspired to write a song about a real woman she suspected was flirting with her husband. The song, "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)", was an instant hit and became one of Lynn's all-time most popular. Her career continued to be successful into the 1970s, especially following the success of her hit "Coal Miner's Daughter", which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart in 1970, and the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide. "Coal Miner's Daughter" tells the story of Lynn's life growing up in rural Butcher Hollow, Kentucky. The song became her first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 83. She had a series of singles that charted low on the Hot 100 between 1970 and 1975. The song "Coal Miner's Daughter" later served as the impetus for the best-selling autobiography (1976) and the Oscar-winning biopic, both of which share the song's title.[36]

text: In 1973 Rated "X" peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and was considered one of Lynn's most controversial hits. The following year, her next single, "Love Is the Foundation", also became a No. 1 country hit from her album of the same name. The second and last single from that album, "Hey Loretta", became a Top 5 hit. Lynn continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade, including 1975's "The Pill", considered to be the first song to discuss birth control, other than the 1967 French-language song in French, Pilule d'Or, sung by Luc Dominique. As a songwriter, Lynn felt no topic was off limits, as long as it spoke to other women, and many of her songs were autobiographical.[19] In 1976, she released her autobiography, Coal Miner's Daughter, with the help of writer George Vecsey. It became a #1 bestseller, making Lynn the first country music artist to make The New York Times Best Seller list. This opened a flood gate of country artists who followed with books. By the early 1980s Lynn became the first American female recording artist to chart over fifty top ten hits.

text: Professional partnership with Conway Twitty[edit]

text: In 1971 Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty. As a duo, Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: their first release "After the Fire Is Gone" (1971), which won them a Grammy award; "Lead Me On" (1971); "Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man" (1973); "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone" (1974); and "Feelins'" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what became one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972–1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the "Vocal Duo of the Year" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the "Best Vocal Duet" in 1971, 1974, 1975, and 1976. The American Music awards selected them as the "Favorite Country Duo" in 1975, 1976 and 1977. The fan-voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981, inclusive. In addition to their five Number 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981.[7] Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty are the most successful and most awarded male/female duet teams in country music history. Conway and Loretta, their duo name, released an album in 1977 titled "Dynamic Duo", and they were considered that by their many fans.

text: As a solo artist, Lynn continued to be very successful into 1971, achieving her fifth No. 1 solo hit, "One's on the Way", written by poet and songwriter Shel Silverstein. The songs that didn't reach the top spot peaked within the Top 10 during this time: "I Wanna Be Free", "You're Lookin' at Country", and 1972's "Here I Am Again", all released on separate albums. The next year, she became the first country star on the cover of Newsweek.[37] In 1972, Lynn was the first woman nominated and the first woman to win the prestigious Entertainer Of The Year award at The CMA awards. She won the Female Vocalist Of The Year and Duo Of The Year with Conway Twitty, beating out George Jones and Tammy Wynette and Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton.[38]

text: Tribute album for Patsy Cline[edit]

text: In 1977 Lynn recorded I Remember Patsy, an album dedicated to her friend and country pop singer Patsy Cline, who had died in a plane crash in 1963. The album covered some of Cline's biggest hits. The two singles Lynn released from the album, "She's Got You" and "Why Can't He Be You", became major hits. "She's Got You", which went to #1 by Cline in 1962, went to #1 again that year by Lynn. "Why Can't He Be You" peaked at #7 shortly afterward. Lynn enjoyed enormous success on country radio until the early 1980s, when a more pop-flavored type of country music began to dominate the market. She stayed within the country Top 10 until the mid 1980s; however, most of her music by the late 1970s had a slick pop sound to it. Lynn had her last No. 1 hit in 1978 with "Out of My Head and Back in My Bed".[32]

text: In 1979 she had two Top 5 hits, "I Can't Feel You Anymore" and "I've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind", from separate albums. Lynn would often sit for an hour or more onstage signing autographs to her fans after a performance. Once in Salisbury, Maryland, the town's newspaper editor interviewed her while she was signing autographs. Editor Mel Toadvine asked her why she took so much time to sign autographs while more than 100 people stood in line all the way to the front of the Wicomico Youth and Civic Center. "These people are my fans... I'll stay here until the very last one wants my autograph. Without these people, I am nobody. I love these people", she told Toadvine. In 1979, she became the spokesperson for Procter & Gamble's Crisco oil and did TV commercials and print ads for them for a decade, ending in 1989. Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s, Lynn was named the "Artist of the Decade" by the Academy of Country Music. She is the only woman to win this honor.[39][unreliable source?]

text: 1980–1989: Continued success[edit]

text: On March 5, 1980, the film Coal Miner's Daughter debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States. Lynn crossed over from country music superstar to American legend. The film starred Sissy Spacek as Loretta and Tommy Lee Jones as Mooney Lynn. The film received seven Academy Award nominations, winning the Best Actress Oscar for Spacek and a slew of other top honors, including a gold album for the soundtrack album, a Grammy nomination for Spacek's singing as Lynn, Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music awards, plus several Golden Globe awards. The 1980s featured more hits: ("Pregnant Again", "Naked in the Rain", and "Somebody Led Me Away").[37] Her 1980 and 1981 albums Loretta and Lookin' Good spawned these hits. Lynn was the first woman in country music to have 50 Top 10 hits. Her last Top 10 record as a soloist was "I Lie" in 1982, but her releases continued to chart until the end of the decade. Lynn continued to have Top 20 hits throughout the 1980s.[32]

text: One of her last solo releases was "Heart Don't Do This to Me" (1985), which reached No. 19—her last Top 20 hit. In 1993, Lynn stopped releasing singles and focused more on touring than promoting. As a concert artist, she remained a top draw throughout her career, but by the early 1990s she drastically cut down the number of personal appearances owing to the fragile health of her husband, who died in 1996. Her 1985 album Just a Woman spawned a Top 40 hit. In 1987, Lynn lent her voice to a song on k.d. lang's album Shadowland with country stars Kitty Wells and Brenda Lee, "Honky Tonk Angels Medley". They released a video for this medley; the album went gold and was Grammy nominated for the four women. Lynn's 1988 album Who Was That Stranger would be her last solo album for a major record company as a solo artist. She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988.[40]

text: 1990–2004: Return to country: Honky Tonk Angels, Still Country and second autobiography[edit]

text: Lynn returned to the public eye in 1993 with a hit CD, the trio album Honky Tonk Angels, recorded with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette. The CD peaked at #6 on the Billboard Country charts and #42 on the Billboard Pop charts and charted a single with "Silver Threads and Golden Needles". They released a popular video of this song. The album sold over 800,000 copies and was certified gold in the United States and Canada. The trio was nominated for Grammy and Country Music Association awards. Lynn's former singing partner, Conway Twitty, died in 1993. Tammy Wynette died five years later on April 6, 1998. She released a three-CD boxed set chronicling her career on MCA Records. In 1995 she taped a seven-week series on the Nashville Network (TNN), Loretta Lynn & Friends, and performed some 50 dates that year.[41]

text: In 1995 Loretta was presented with the Pioneer Award at the 30th Academy of Country Music Awards. She only did a few performances that year because of her husband's failing health. In 1996 she became widowed, Lynn's husband Oliver Vanetta "Doolittle" Lynn died five days short of his 70th birthday. In 2000 she released her first album in several years, Still Country, in which she included "I Can't Hear the Music", a tribute song to her late husband. She released her first new single in over 10 years from the album, "Country in My Genes", when the single charted on the Billboard Country singles chart it made Lynn the first woman in Country Music to chart singles in five decades. While the album gained positive critical notices, sales were low in comparison with her previous releases. In 2002 Lynn published her second autobiography, Still Woman Enough, and became her second New York Times Best Seller peaking in the top ten. In 2004 she published a cookbook, You're Cookin' It Country.[42]

text: 2004–present: Late career resurgence[edit]

text: In 2004, Lynn made a comeback with the highly successful album Van Lear Rose, the second album on which Lynn either wrote or co-wrote every song. The album was produced by her "friend forever"[43] Jack White of The White Stripes, and featured guitar work and backup vocals by White. Her collaboration with White allowed Lynn to reach new audiences and generations, even garnering high praise in magazines that specialize in mainstream and alternative rock music, such as Spin and Blender.[44] Rolling Stone voted the album the second best of 2004. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year.[45]

text: Late in 2010, Sony Music released a new album, titled Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn, featuring stars like Reba McEntire, Faith Hill, Paramore, and Carrie Underwood performing Loretta's classic hits over the past 50 years. The CD produced a Top 10 music video hit on GAC with the lead single, "Coal Miner's Daughter", that Lynn recorded with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow. The single cracked the Billboard singles chart making Lynn the only female Country artist to chart in six decades. In May 2010 Lynn performed at the Nelsonville Music Festival in Nelsonville, Ohio.[46] In 2012 Lynn published her third autobiography, Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics.[47] She contributed her take on the Civil War era song "Take Your Gun and Go, John" to Divided & United: Songs of the Civil War, which was released on November 5, 2013.

text: In November 2015, Lynn announced a March 2016 release: Full Circle, featuring Willie Nelson and Elvis Costello. The recording became Lynn's 40th album to make the top ten on Billboard's best selling Country LPS list and her album career peak on the pop Billboard Hot 200, debuting at #19.[48]  The recording is combination of new songs and re-recorded old classics and includes duets with Elvis Costello and Willie Nelson.[49]

text: In September 2016, Lynn announced that she would be releasing her first Christmas album in 50 years. White Christmas Blue was released on October 7, 2016.[50] In December of the same year, Full Circle was nominated for "Country Album of the Year" for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held on February 12, 2017.[51]

text: On April 13, 2017, Lynn announced she would release a new album entitled Wouldn't It Be Great, which will be the third album of her five-album deal with Legacy Recordings. It was set to be released Friday, August 18, 2017, but was delayed until sometime in 2018 due to current health issues, as well as canceling all 2017 scheduled tour dates.[52][53]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: Lynn has written over 160 songs and released 60 albums, and has sold 45 million records worldwide.[citation needed] She has had ten Number 1 albums and sixteen Number 1 singles on the country charts. Lynn has won dozens of awards from many different institutions, including three Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards, thirteen Academy of Country Music, eight Country Music Association, and twenty-six fan-voted Music City News awards. Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music.[54][55] She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967's "Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)".[56]

text: In 1972, Lynn was the first woman named "Entertainer of the Year" by the Country Music Association, and is one of six women to have received CMA's highest award. In 1980, she was the only woman to be named "Artist of the Decade" for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music. Lynn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988[18] and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999.[57] She was also the recipient of Kennedy Center Honors an award given by the President in 2003. Lynn is also ranked 65th on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll[58] and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977.[59]  In 1994, she received the country music pioneer award by the Academy of Country Music.

text: In 2001, "Coal Miner's Daughter" was named among NPR's "100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century".  In 2002, Lynn had the highest ranking (No. 3) for any living female CMT television's special of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.[60]

text: On November 4, 2004, Lynn, who has been a BMI affiliate for over 45 years, was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards.[61]

text: In March 2007, Loretta Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry.[62]

text: In 2008, Loretta Lynn was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City. To date Lynn had been inducted into more music Halls Of Fame than any other female recording artist. In 2010, Lynn received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her 50 years in country music.[63]

text: Loretta Lynn appeared at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010 and was honored for fifty years in country music.[64] That same year, Lynn was presented with a rose named in her honor.[65]

text: In November 2010, Sony Music released a tribute CD to Loretta Lynn titled Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn. The CD featured Kid Rock, Reba McEntire, Sheryl Crow, Miranda Lambert, Alan Jackson, Gretchen Wilson, The White Stripes, Martina McBride, Paramore, Steve Earle and Faith Hill. In 2011, Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music, CMT Video and Country Music Association award for "Vocal Event of the Year" with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for "Coal Miner's Daughter" released as a video and single off the CD.[2]

text: On September 25, 2012, Loretta Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a Grand Ole Opry member. The only other women to reach this milestone have been Jean Shepard, Minnie Pearl and Wilma Lee Cooper. Lynn was honored with a tribute show that was broadcast on GAC-TV.[citation needed]

text:
On August 8, 2013, President Barack Obama announced that Loretta Lynn would be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The press release read as follows: "Loretta Lynn is a country music legend. Raised in rural Kentucky, she emerged as one of the first successful female country music vocalists in the early 1960s, courageously breaking barriers in an industry long dominated by men. Ms. Lynn's numerous accolades include the Kennedy Center Honors in 2003 and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010."[66]
Lynn received two additional career-acknowledging awards in 2015. Miranda Lambert presented the Crystal Milestone Award to her from the Academy of Country Music.[67] She also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music.[68]

text: Politics[edit]

text: At the height of her popularity, some of Lynn's songs were banned from radio airplay, including Rated 'X'," about the double standards divorced women face; "Wings Upon Your Horns", about the loss of teenage virginity; and "The Pill", with lyrics by T. D. Bayless, about a wife and mother becoming liberated by the birth-control pill. Her song "Dear Uncle Sam", released in 1966, during the Vietnam War, describes a wife's anguish at the loss of a husband to war. It was included in live performances during the Iraq War.[26] In 1971 Lynn was the first solo female country artist to perform at the White House, at the invitation of President Richard Nixon. She returned there to perform during the administrations of Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. Lynn stated early in 2016 that she supported Donald Trump in his run for the presidency.[69]

text: Though Lynn has been outspoken about her views on often controversial social and political subjects, she stated, "I don't like to talk about things where you're going to get one side or the other unhappy. My music has no politics."[70] She has visited the White House six times since 1976, under both Republican and Democratic presidents,[71] and in her autobiography, she said her father was a Republican and her mother a Democrat. When asked about same-sex marriage by USA Today in November 2010, she replied, "I'm still an old Bible girl. God said you need to be a woman and man, but everybody to their own."[72] She endorsed[73] and, along with Peggy Sue and Crystal Gayle, campaigned[74] for George H. W. Bush in the presidential election in 1988.[75]

text: In 2002's Still Woman Enough, she discusses her longtime friendship and support for Jimmy Carter,[76] yet during the same time period she made her only recorded political donations ($4,300) to Republican candidates and Republican-aligned PACs. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.[77] At other times, she has questioned both political parties: "Dear Uncle Sam" was written in 1966 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to "recount the human costs of the Vietnam War", and she made a return to her live sets during the Iraq War under George W. Bush's presidency.[citation needed]

text: While a recognized "advocate for ordinary women", Lynn has often criticized upper-middle-class feminism for ignoring the needs and concerns of working-class women.[2] She once stated, "I'm not a big fan of Women's Liberation, but maybe it will help women stand up for the respect they're due". Along these lines, her music has ranged from "The Pill" and "Rated X" to more culturally conservative gospel albums.[78] She allowed PETA to use her song "I Wanna Be Free" in a public service campaign to discourage the chaining of dogs outside.[79]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Loretta Lynn Sings (1963)
Before I'm Over You (1964)
Songs from My Heart... (1965)
Blue Kentucky Girl (1965)
Hymns (1965)
I Like 'Em Country (1966)
You Ain't Woman Enough (1966)
Country Christmas (1966)
Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (1967)
Singin' with Feelin' (1967)
Who Says God Is Dead! (1968)
Fist City (1968)
Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (1969)
Woman of the World/To Make a Man (1969)
Wings Upon Your Horns (1970)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1970)
I Wanna Be Free (1971)
You're Lookin' at Country (1971)
One's on the Way (1972)
God Bless America Again (1972)
Here I Am Again (1972)
Entertainer of the Year (1973)
Love Is the Foundation (1973)
They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy (1974)
Back to the Country (1975)
Home (1975)
When the Tingle Becomes a Chill (1976)
Somebody Somewhere (1976)
I Remember Patsy (1977)
Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (1978)
We've Come a Long Way, Baby (1979)
Loretta (1980)
Lookin' Good (1980)
I Lie (1981)
Making Love from Memory (1982)
Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You (1983)
Just a Woman (1985)
Who Was That Stranger (1988)
Still Country (2000)
Van Lear Rose (2004)
Full Circle (2016)
Wouldn't It Be Great (2018)


document_title: Tornado records

question_text: where did the widest tornado on record occur

root

text: Tornado records

text: Tornado outbreaks[edit]

text: Most tornadoes in single 24-hour period[edit]

text: The 2011 Super Outbreak was the most prolific tornado outbreak in USA history. It produced 360 tornadoes, with 216 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27,[5] including 11 EF4 and 4 EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak, of which 324 were tornado related. The outbreak helped smash the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 770 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.[6]

tag: p

text: The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years. Not only did it produce an exceptional number of tornadoes, but it was also an inordinately intense outbreak producing dozens of large, long-track tornadoes, including 7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes. More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other week in the tornado record.[7] Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting, the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable.

text: Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak[edit]

text: Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall which is less consistent but can include exceptionally large and/or intense outbreaks. In 1992, an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23. This is also among the largest-known outbreaks in areal expanse. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn, especially in October and November.[1]

text: Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane[edit]

text: The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 118 from Hurricane Ivan in 2004.[8] Caution is advised comparing the raw number of counted tornadoes from recent decades to decades prior to the 1990s since more tornadoes that occur are now recorded than in the past.

text: Tornado casualties and damage[edit]

text:
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10 deadliest Canadian tornadoes

Rank
Location
Date
Deaths

1
2
3
4
=5
=5
7
=8
=8
=10
=10

Regina, Saskatchewan
Edmonton, Alberta
Windsor–Tecumseh, Ontario
Pine Lake, Alberta
Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec
Windsor, Ontario
Barrie, Ontario
Sudbury, Ontario
Sainte-Rose, Quebec
Bouctouche, New Brunswick
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba

June 30, 1912
July 31, 1987
June 17, 1946
July 14, 2000
August 16, 1888
April 3, 1974
May 31, 1985
August 20, 1970
June 8, 1953
August 6, 1879
June 22, 1922

≥28
27
17
12
9
9
8
6
6
5
5

Source: Environment Canada (PDF)

tag: table

text:
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10 deadliest U.S. tornadoes

Rank
Name (location)
Date
Deaths

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

"Tri-State" (Missouri, Illinois and Indiana)
Natchez, Mississippi
St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois
Tupelo, Mississippi
Gainesville, Georgia
Woodward, Oklahoma
Joplin, Missouri
Amite, Louisiana and Purvis, Mississippi
New Richmond, Wisconsin
Flint, Michigan

March 18, 1925
May 7, 1840
May 27, 1896
April 5, 1936
April 6, 1936
April 9, 1947
May 22, 2011
April 24, 1908
June 12, 1899
June 8, 1953

695
317
255
216
203
181
158
143
117
116

Source: Storm Prediction Center

text:
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25 deadliest U.S. tornadoes

Rank
Name (location)
Date
Deaths

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
- - -
13
14
15
16
17
- - -
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

"Tri-State" (Missouri, Illinois and Indiana)
Natchez, Mississippi
St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois
Tupelo, Mississippi
Gainesville, Georgia
Woodward, Oklahoma
Joplin, Missouri
Amite, Louisiana and Purvis, Mississippi
New Richmond, Wisconsin
Flint, Michigan
Waco, Texas
Goliad, Texas
Omaha, Nebraska
Mattoon, Illinois
Shinnston, West Virginia
Marshfield, Missouri
Gainesville and Holland, Georgia
Poplar Bluff, Missouri
Snyder, Oklahoma
Worcester, Massachusetts
Camanche, Iowa
Natchez, Mississippi
Starkville, Mississippi and Waco, Alabama
Lorain and Sandusky, Ohio
Udall, Kansas

March 18, 1925
May 6, 1840
May 27, 1896
April 5, 1936
April 6, 1936
April 9, 1947
May 22, 2011
April 24, 1908
June 12, 1899
June 8, 1953
May 11, 1953
May 18, 1902
March 23, 1913
May 26, 1917
June 23, 1944
April 18, 1880
June 1, 1903
May 9, 1927
May 10, 1905
June 9, 1953
June 3, 1860
April 24, 1908
April 20, 1920
June 28, 1924
May 25, 1955

695
317
255
216
203
181
158
143
117
116
114
114
103
101
100
99
98
98
97
94
92
91
88
85
80

Sources: Storm Prediction Center: The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes, SPC Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics, Tornado Project

text:
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10 costliest U.S. tornadoes

Rank
Area affected
Date
Damage 1
Adjusted Damage 2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Joplin, Missouri
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Moore, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City Metro, Oklahoma
Hackleburg, Alabama
Wichita Falls, Texas
Omaha, Nebraska
Washington, Illinois
Lubbock, Texas
Topeka, Kansas

May 22, 2011
April 27, 2011
May 20, 2013
May 3, 1999
April 27, 2011
April 10, 1979
May 6, 1975
November 17, 2013
May 11, 1970
June 8, 1966

2800
2450
2000
1000
1290
400
250
935
250
250

3046
2665
2101
1468
1403
1348
1136
982
851
753

Source: Brooks, Harold E.; C. A. Doswell (Feb 2001). "Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999". Weather and Forecasting. American Meteorological Society. 16 (1): 168–76. Bibcode:2001WtFor..16..168B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2.  3

1. These are the unadjusted damage totals in millions of US dollars.
2. Raw damage totals adjusted for inflation, in millions of 2017 USD.
3. A search of NCDC Storm Data indicates no tornadoes between 1999 and 2010 have caused more than $400 million in damage.

text:
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Deadliest tornadoes by state

State†
Location
Date
Deaths

Alabama
Many towns
April 27, 2011
72

Arizona
San Xavier Mission Indian Village
August 27, 1964
2

Arkansas
Fort Smith
Warren
January 11, 1898
January 3, 1949
55

Colorado
Thurman
August 10, 1924
10

Connecticut
Wallingford
August 9, 1878
34

Delaware
Hartly
July 21, 1983
2

Florida
Kissimmee
February 22, 1998
25

Georgia
Gainesville
April 6, 1936
203

Idaho
Ruebens
June 7, 1936
2

Illinois
Many towns
March 18, 1925
613

Indiana
Many towns
March 18, 1925
71

Iowa
Dewitt/Camanche
June 3, 1860
92

Kansas
Udall
May 25, 1955
82

Kentucky
Louisville
March 27, 1890
76

Louisiana
Gilliam
May 13, 1908
49

Maine
Caribou
August 11, 1954
1*

Maryland
La Plata
November 9, 1926
16

Massachusetts
Worcester
June 9, 1953
94

Michigan
Flint
June 8, 1953
115

Minnesota
St. Cloud/Sauk Rapids
April 14, 1886
72

Mississippi
Natchez
May 7, 1840
317

Missouri
Joplin
May 22, 2011
158

Montana
Reserve
July 26, 2010
2*

Nebraska
Omaha
March 23, 1913
101

New Hampshire
Corydon
September 9, 1821
6

New Jersey
New Brunswick
June 19, 1835
5

New Mexico
Clovis
March 23, 2007
2*

New York
Smithfield
July 8, 2014
4

North Carolina
Philadelphia
February 19, 1884
23

North Dakota
Fargo
June 20, 1957
10

Ohio
Lorain/Sandusky
June 28, 1924
85

Oklahoma
Woodward
April 9, 1947
113

Oregon
Long Creek
June 3, 1894
3*

Pennsylvania
Many towns
June 23, 1944
26

South Carolina
Aiken/Timmonsville
April 30, 1924
53

South Dakota
Wilmot
June 17, 1944
8

Tennessee
Henderson
March 21, 1952
38

Texas
Goliad
Waco
May 18, 1902
May 11, 1953
114

Utah
Salt Lake City
August 11, 1999
1*

Virginia
Scott County
May 2, 1929
13

Washington
Vancouver
April 5, 1972
6

West Virginia
Many towns
June 23, 1944
100

Wisconsin
New Richmond
June 12, 1899
117

Wyoming
Wright
August 12, 2005
2*

Source: Tornado Project

*Most recent tornado with this number of deaths.
† Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Rhode Island and Vermont are excluded from this list because they have no recorded tornadic deaths.

text: Deadliest single tornado in world history[edit]

text: On April 26, 1989 in Bangladesh a massive tornado took at least 1,300 lives.[9]

text: Deadliest single tornado in US history[edit]

text: The Tri-State Tornado of March 18, 1925 killed 695 people in Missouri (11), Illinois (613), and Indiana (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak, with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.[1][10][11]

text: Most damaging tornado[edit]

text: Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $2.9 billion (1997 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $2.8 billion (2011 USD). Until 2011, the "Bridge Creek-Moore tornado" of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.[12]

text: Largest and most powerful tornadoes[edit]

text: Highest winds observed in a tornado[edit]

text: During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado on May 3, 1999 in the southern Oklahoma City metro area, a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 20 mph (486 ± 32 km/h) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m (330 ft) above ground level.[13] These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth.

text: On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph (476 km/h), second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado. Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 mph (486 km/h) well above ground level and ≥291 mph (468 km/h) below 10 m (33 ft) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph (282 km/h).[14] These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3, 1999. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found, likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City.[15][16]

text: Winds were measured at 257–268 mph (414–431 km/h) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado during the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak in north-central Oklahoma. Though these winds are possibly indicative of an F5 strength tornado, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage. Thus it was rated an F4.[17]

text: Longest damage path and duration[edit]

text: The longest-known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of 151 to 235 mi (243 to 378 km). For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi (352 km) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series. Some very long track (VLT) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm, which are known as a tornado family. The Tri-State Tornado, however, appeared to have no gaps in the damage. A six-year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family. It also found that the tornado began 15 mi (24 km) to the west and ended 1 mi (1.6 km) farther east than previously known, bringing the total path to 235 mi (378 km). The 174 mi (280 km) segment from central Madison County, Missouri to Pike County, Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi (243 km) segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri to western Pike County, Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado. Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi (105 km) east-northeast of the end of aforementioned segment(s) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family. Its path length of 20 mi (32 km) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi (510 km) over about 5½ hours.[18] Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi (97 km) of the (originally recognized) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi (253 km) was seemingly continuous.[19]

text: Longest path and duration tornado family[edit]

text: What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least 293 miles (472 km) on May 26, 1917 from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.[1]

text: What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles (1,270 km) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006 as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.[20]

text: Largest path width[edit]

text: Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km) at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph (476 km/h) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[21] However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.[22] However, another possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north-central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The diameter of the maximum winds (over 110 mph (49 m/s)) was over 5,200 feet (1,600 m) as measured by a DOW radar. Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain, the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi (6.4 km).[23][24]

text: The F4 Hallam, Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) was recorded from an F3 tornado.[25]

text: Highest forward speed[edit]

text: The highest forward speed of a tornado on record was 73 miles per hour (117 km/h) from the 1925 Tri-State Tornado (other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado).[1]

text: Greatest pressure drop[edit]

text: A pressure deficit of 100 millibars (2.95 inHg) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003 passed directly over an in-situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed.[26] In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to 850 millibars (25.10 inHg), which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.[27][28]

text: On April 21, 2007, a 194-millibar (5.73 inHg) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas.[29] The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia. The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.[30]

text: There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a 192-millibar (5.67 inHg) drop around Minneapolis in 1904.[31]

text: Early tornadoes[edit]

text: Earliest-known tornado in Europe[edit]

text: The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Rosdalla, near Kilbeggan, Ireland on April 30, 1054. The earliest-known British tornado hit central London on October 23, 1091 and was especially destructive.[32]

tag: ul

text: Earliest-known tornado in the Americas[edit]

text: An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco (present day Mexico City), on August 21, 1521, two days before the Aztec capital's fall to Cortés. Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico.[33]

text: First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present-day United States[edit]

text:
August 1671 - Rehoboth, Massachusetts[34][35]
July 8, 1680 - Cambridge, Massachusetts - 1 dead[1][36]

text: Exceptional tornado droughts[edit]

text: Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5[edit]

text: Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been 8 years and one day since the US had a confirmed F5 or EF5 tornado. The last confirmed F5 or EF5 had hit southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities during the May 3, 1999 event. This is the longest interval without an F5 or EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.

text: Exceptional survivors[edit]

text: Longest distance carried by a tornado[edit]

text: Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado and survive. On March 12, 2006 he was carried 1,307 feet (398 m), 13 feet (4.0 m) shy of one-quarter mile (400 m), according to National Weather Service measurements.[37][38]

text: Exceptional coincidences[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Codell, Kansas[edit]

text: The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918.[39][40] The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year; less than 1% produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small.

text: Tanner/Harvest, Alabama[edit]

text: Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however, the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. Thirty-seven years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, Alabama tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the northeast, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.

text: Moore, Oklahoma[edit]

text: The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, Oklahoma was hit by tornadoes in 1973, 1999, 2003, 2010, 2013, and 2015, five of which were of F4/EF4 strength or greater, although it was determined that the tornado in 2003 caused no F4 damage within Moore itself, but in areas to its northeast. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5, respectively. In total, about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890, the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25, 2015.[41]

text: Jackson, Tennessee[edit]

text: The city of Jackson, Tennessee has been hit by an F4/EF4 tornado three separate times, in 1999, 2003, and 2008. Interestingly, all three of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3/EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area.

text: Grand Island, Nebraska[edit]

text: The Grand Island, Nebraska area was hit by seven tornadoes in 4 hours.


document_title: White House

question_text: who was president when the white house was built

text: White House

text: Early history

text: Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

text: The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524–30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence. The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

text: President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday,[5] November 1, 1800,[6] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

text:
First Presidential Mansion: Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 – February 1790.

Second Presidential Mansion: Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February–August 1790.

Third Presidential Mansion: President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.

Government House, Manhattan, New York (1790–1791). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.

House intended for the President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1790s). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, neither Washington nor Adams would occupy it.

text: Architectural competition

text: The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: L'Enfant Plan).[7][8] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[9]

text: President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[10]

text: On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[11]

text: Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission, however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumental enough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, the house was changed from three stories to two, and was widened from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings do not survive.[citation needed]

text: Design influences

text: The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[12] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[13] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the École Spéciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[14] On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[13]

text: Construction

text: Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[15] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[16] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[17] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač (specifically the Pučišća querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian) was used in the original construction of the building, contrarily researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction. Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia, as importing the stone would be too costly.[18][19][20] The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,350,711 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[21]

text: Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[17] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[17]

text: As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

text: Architectural description

text: The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the façade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

text: The mansion's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

text: Naming conventions

text: The building was originally variously referred to as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[22] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[23] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[24] giving the building its namesake hue.[25] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White House–Washington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[26][27] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[27]

text: Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[28]

text: Evolution of the White House

text: Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

text: On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[17] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

text: I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[29]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[29]

text: Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[30] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[31]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[17] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[17]

text: In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[32] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[32] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[33][34] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[35]

text: After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[36] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[17] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[37] An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[38] although this matter is one of great debate.[39] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[38] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

text:
The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24, 1814

Jefferson and Latrobe's West Wing Colonnade, in this nineteenth-century engraved view, is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.

Principal story plan for the white house by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1807.

Earliest known photograph of the White House, taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk.

text: Overcrowding and building the West Wing

text: By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[40] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[40]

text: When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[41] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[42] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

text: In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[43][44]

text: In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[40] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[40] These plans were ultimately rejected.

text: However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[45][46] Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[17]

text: President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[40] In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.[47] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[17]

text: Truman reconstruction

text: Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[48] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[17] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951.[49] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[48] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$54 million in 2018).[50] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[48] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[17] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[17] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[51]

text: Jacqueline Kennedy restoration

text: Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[52] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[52] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[52] In the Diplomatic Reception Room, Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wallpaper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

text: The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[53] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

text: Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[54]

text: The White House since the Kennedy restoration

text: Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the President. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.[55]

text: Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[56] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family—usually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usher—to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[57]

text: During the Nixon administration (1969–74), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[58] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[59] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[60] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[61]

text: Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[62] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[63][64] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[65] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[65]

text: In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[66] During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[66]

text: The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

text: In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[64] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[67] In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.[68][69]

text: The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. The journey by helicopter was inaugurated in the 1950s, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence.[70]

text: Layout and amenities

text: Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000 ft2 (5,100 m2) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley, a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[71]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[27] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[72]

text: Executive Residence

text: The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings, added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[73] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[74] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[75] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[76]

text: West Wing

text: The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[77] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[78] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[79] The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million, out of which news outlets paid $2 million.[79] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[80] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[81]

text: The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[82]

text: East Wing

text: The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

text: Grounds

text: The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson, including the Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's recently deceased wife, the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House. The tree stood for over 200 years; but in 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.[83][84] Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[85]

text:
The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor

Marine One prepares for landing on the South Lawn where State Arrival Ceremonies for visiting heads of state take place.

The White House and surrounding grounds

The White House with fountain and grounds

White House from the north

text: Public access and security

text: Historical accessibility

text: Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

text: The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

text: Aviation incidents

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)

text: In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds.[86] Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on the White House grounds, and he died instantly.[87]

text: As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[88]

text: Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

text: On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

text: After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[89] In response to the Boston Marathon bombing the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

text: The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[90]

text: Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[91] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[92] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[93]

text: Protection

text: The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

text: NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all air space around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[94][95]

text:
For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

White House at night

North front of the White House on the reverse (back) of the U.S. $20 bill.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office

question_text: who was the longest serving prime minister of australia

text: Rank by time in office[edit]

text:
Labor
  Liberal
  Country (National)
  United Australia
  Nationalist

  National Labor
  Commonwealth Liberal
  Free Trade
  Protectionist

text:
Rank

No

Prime Minister

Portrait

Party

Division

AssumedOffice

LeftOffice

TERMTime in Office

TOTALTime in Office

ElectionWins

1.

12th

Sir Robert Menzies(1894–1978)

United Australia

Kooyong, VIC(1934–1966)

26 April 1939

29 August 1941

7002856000000000000♠2 years, 125 days

18 years, 163 days

1940 (1st)1949, 1951,1954, 1955 1958,1961, 1963

Liberal

19 December 1949

26 January 1966

7003588200000000000♠16 years, 38 days

2.

25th

John Howard(born 1939)

Liberal

Bennelong, NSW(1974–2007)

11 March 1996

3 December 2007

7003428400000000000♠11 years, 267 days

1996, 1998, 2001,2004

3.

23rd

Bob Hawke(born 1929)

Labor

Wills, VIC(1980–1992)

11 March 1983

20 December 1991

7003320600000000000♠8 years, 284 days

1983, 1984, 1987,1990

4.

22nd

Malcolm Fraser(1930–2015)

Liberal

Wannon, VIC(1955–1983)

11 November 1975

11 March 1983

7003267700000000000♠7 years, 120 days

1975, 1977, 1980

5.

7th

Billy Hughes(1862–1952)

Labor

West Sydney, NSW(1901–1917)Bendigo, VIC(1917–1922)North Sydney, NSW(1922–1949)

27 October 1915

9 February 1923

7003266200000000000♠7 years, 105 days

1917, 1919, 1922

National Labor

Nationalist

6.

10th

Joseph Lyons(1879–1939)

United Australia

Wilmot, TAS(1929–1939)

6 January 1932

7 April 1939

7003264800000000000♠7 years, 91 days

1931, 1934, 1937

7.

8th

Stanley Bruce(1883–1967)

Nationalist

Flinders, VIC(1918–1929)

9 February 1923

22 October 1929

7003244700000000000♠6 years, 255 days

1925, 1928

8.

2nd

Alfred Deakin(1856–1919)

Protectionist

Ballaarat, VIC(1901–1913)

24 September 1903

27 April 1904

7002216000000000000♠216 days

4 years, 313 days

1903, 1906

5 July 1905

13 November 1908

7003122700000000000♠3 years, 131 days

Commonwealth Liberal

2 June 1909

29 April 1910

7002331000000000000♠331 days

9.

5th

Andrew Fisher(1862–1928)

Labor

Wide Bay, QLD(1901–1915)

13 November 1908

2 June 1909

7002201000000000000♠201 days

4 years, 297 days

1910 1914

29 April 1910

24 June 1913

7003115200000000000♠3 years, 56 days

17 September 1914

27 October 1915

7002405000000000000♠1 year, 40 days

10.

16th

Ben Chifley(1885–1951)

Labor

Macquarie, NSW(1940–1951)

13 July 1945

19 December 1949

7003162000000000000♠4 years, 159 days

1946

11.

24th

Paul Keating(born 1944)

Labor

Blaxland, NSW(1969–1996)

20 December 1991

11 March 1996

7003154300000000000♠4 years, 82 days

1993

12.

14th

John Curtin(1885–1945)

Labor

Fremantle, WA(1934–1945)

7 October 1941

5 July 1945

7003136700000000000♠3 years, 271 days

1943

13.

19th

John Gorton(1911–2002)

Liberal

 Senate (VIC)(1950 – 1968)Higgins, VIC(1968 – 1975)

10 January 1968

10 March 1971

7003115500000000000♠3 years, 59 days

1969

14.

27th

Julia Gillard(born 1961)

Labor

Lalor, VIC(1998–2013)

24 June 2010

27 June 2013

7003109900000000000♠3 years, 3 days

2010

15.

29th

Malcolm Turnbull(born 1954)

Liberal

Wentworth, NSW(2004–2018)

15 September 2015

24 August 2018

7003107400000000000♠2 years, 343 days

2016

16.

21st

Gough Whitlam(1916–2014)

Labor

Werriwa, NSW(1952–1978)

5 December 1972

11 November 1975

7003107100000000000♠2 years, 341 days

1972, 1974

17.

26th

Kevin Rudd(born 1957)

Labor

Griffith, QLD(1998–2013)

3 December 2007

24 June 2010

7002934000000000000♠2 years, 203 days

2 years, 286 days

2007

27 June 2013

18 September 2013

7001830000000000000♠83 days

18.

1st

Sir Edmund Barton(1849–1920)

Protectionist

Hunter, NSW(1901–1903)

1 January 1901

24 September 1903

7002996000000000000♠2 years, 266 days

1901

19.

9th

James Scullin(1876–1953)

Labor

Yarra, VIC(1922–1949)

22 October 1929

6 January 1932

7002806000000000000♠2 years, 76 days

1929

20.

28th

Tony Abbott(born 1957)

Liberal

Warringah, NSW(1994–present)

18 September 2013

15 September 2015

7002727000000000000♠1 year, 362 days

2013

21.

17th

Harold Holt(1908–1967)

Liberal

Higgins, VIC(1949–1967)

26 January 1966

17 December 1967

7002690000000000000♠1 year, 325 days

1966

22.

20th

William McMahon(1908–1988)

Liberal

Lowe, NSW(1949–1982)

10 March 1971

5 December 1972

7002636000000000000♠1 year, 270 days

23.

6th

Joseph Cook(1860–1947)

Commonwealth Liberal

Parramatta, NSW(1901–1921)

24 June 1913

17 September 1914

7002450000000000000♠1 year, 85 days

1913

24.

4th

George Reid(1845–1918)

Free Trade

East Sydney, NSW(1901–1910)

18 August 1904

5 July 1905

7002321000000000000♠321 days

25.

3rd

Chris Watson(1867–1941)

Labor

Bland, NSW(1901–1906)

27 April 1904

18 August 1904

7002113000000000000♠113 days

26.

30th

Scott Morrison(born 1968)

Liberal

Cook, NSW(2007–present)

24 August 2018

Incumbent

7001660000000000000♠66 days

27.

13th

Arthur Fadden(1894–1973)

Country

Darling Downs, QLD(1936–1949)

29 August 1941

7 October 1941

7001390000000000000♠39 days

28.

18th

John McEwen(1900–1980)

Country

Murray, VIC(1949–1971)

19 December 1967

10 January 1968

7001220000000000000♠22 days

29.

11th

Sir Earle Page(1880–1961)

Country

Cowper, NSW(1919–1961)

7 April 1939

26 April 1939

7001190000000000000♠19 days

30.

15th

Frank Forde(1890–1983)

Labor

Capricornia, QLD(1922–1946)

6 July 1945

13 July 1945

7000700000000000000♠7 days

text: Prime Ministers' parties by time in office[edit]

text:
Liberal Party of Australia – 17201 days as of 29 October 2018.
Australian Labor Party – 13620 days
Nationalist Party – 5142 days
United Australia Party – 3505 days
Protectionist Party – 2442 days
Commonwealth Liberal Party – 783 days
Free Trade Party – 322 days
Country Party – 84 days