document_title: Tuner (radio)

question_text: what type of circuit is used to tune a radio

text: Tuner (radio)

text: Design[edit]

text: The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel, where the capacitor  or inductor is made to be variable. This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency. Combined with a detector, also known as a demodulator (diode D1 in the circuit), it becomes the simplest radio receiver, often called a crystal set.

text: Older models would realize manual tuning by means of mechanically operated ganged variable capacitors. Often several sections would be provided on a tuning capacitor, to tune several stages of the receiver in tandem, or to allow switching between different frequency bands. A later method used a potentiometer supplying a variable voltage to varactor diodes in the local oscillator and tank circuits of front end tuner, for electronic tuning.

text: Modern radio tuners use a superheterodyne receiver with tuning selected by adjustment of the frequency of a local oscillator. This system shifts the radio frequency of interest to a fixed frequency so that it can be tuned with fixed-frequency band-pass filter. Still later, phase locked loop methods were used, with microprocessor control.

text: In a self-contained radio receiver for audio, the signal from the detector after the tuner is run through a volume control and to an amplifier stage. The amplifier feeds either an internal speaker or headphones. In a tuner component of an audio system (for example, a home high-fidelity system or a public address system in a building), the output of the detector is connected to a separate external system of amplifiers and speakers.

text: The broadcast audio FM band (88 - 108 MHz in most countries) is around 100 times higher in frequency than the AM band and provides enough space for a bandwidth of 50 kHz.  This bandwidth is sufficient to transmit both stereo channels with almost the full hearing range. Sometimes, additional subcarriers are used for unrelated audio or data transmissions.  The left and right audio signals must be combined into a single signal which is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter; this is done by the addition of an inaudible subcarrier signal to the FM broadcast signal. FM stereo allows left and right channels to be transmitted.  The availability of FM stereo, a quieter VHF broadcast band, and better fidelity led to the specialization of FM broadcasting in music, tending to leave AM broadcasting with spoken-word material.

text: Restoration[edit]

text: Standalone audio stereo FM tuners are sought after for audiophile and TV/FM DX applications, especially those produced in the 1970s and early 1980s, when performance and manufacturing standards were among the highest.[citation needed] In many instances the tuner may be modified to improve performance. A growing hobby trend is the electronics specialists that buy, collect and restore these vintage FM or AM/FM audio tuners. The restoration usually begins with replacing the electrolytic capacitors that may age over time. The tuner is outfitted with improved tolerance and better sounding upgraded parts. Prices have increased relative to the increasing demand for the older audio tuners. Those with the most value are the best sounding, most rare (collectible), the best DX capable (distance reception) and the known build quality of the component, as it left the factory.[1]

text: AM/FM[edit]

text: Most of the early tuner models were designed and manufactured to receive only the AM broadcast band. As FM became more popular, the limitations of AM became more apparent, and FM became the primary listening focus, especially for stereo and music broadcasting.  Few companies even manufacture dedicated FM or AM/FM tuners now, as these bands are most often included in a low cost chip for A/V systems, more as an afterthought, rather than designed for the critical FM listener.[citation needed]

text: In Europe, where a second AM broadcast band is used for longwave broadcasting, tuners may be fitted with both the standard medium wave and the additional longwave band. However, radios with only medium wave are also common, especially in countries where there are no longwave broadcasters. Rarely, radios are sold with only FM and longwave, but no medium wave band. Some tuners may also be equipped with one or more short wave bands.

text: Television[edit]

text: A television tuner converts a radio frequency analog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture. Different tuners are used for different television standards such as PAL, NTSC, ATSC, SECAM, DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-T2, ISDB, T-DMB, open cable.  An example frequency range is 48.25 MHz - 855.25 MHz (E2-E69),[2]  with a tuning frequency step size of 31.25, 50 or 62.5 kHz.[2]  Modern solid-state internal TV-tuner modules typically weigh around 45 g.[2]

text: Before the use of solid-state frequency synthesizers, covering the broad range of TV signal frequencies with a single tuned circuit and sufficient precision was uneconomic. Television channel frequencies were non-contiguous, with many non-broadcast services interleaved between VHF channels 6 and 7 in North America, for example. Instead, TV tuners of the era incorporated multiple sets of tuned circuits for the main signal path and local oscillator circuit.  These "turret" tuners mechanically switched the receiving circuits by rotating a knob to select the desired channel.  Channels were presented in fixed sequence, with no means to skip channels unused in a particular area. When UHF TV broadcasting was made available, often two complete separate tuner stages were used, with separate tuning knobs for selection of VHF band and UHF band channels. To allow for a small amount of drift or misalignment of the tuner with the actual transmitted frequency, tuners of that era included a "fine tuning" knob to allow minor adjustment for best reception. The combination of high frequencies, multiple electrical contacts, and frequent changing of channels in the tuner made it a high maintenance part of the television receiver, as relatively small electrical or mechanical problems with the tuner would make the set unusable.

text: Analog tuners can tune only analog signals. An ATSC tuner is a digital tuner that tunes digital signals only. Some digital tuners provide an analog bypass.

text: VHF/UHF TV tuners are rarely found as a separate component, but are incorporated into television sets. Cable boxes and other set top boxes contain tuners for digital TV services, and send their output via SCART or other connector, or using an RF modulator (typically on channel 36 in Europe and channel 3/4 in North America) to TV receivers that do not natively support the services.  They provide outputs via composite, S-video, or component video. Many can be used with video monitors that do not have a TV tuner or direct video input.  They are often part of a VCR or digital video recorder (DVR, PVR).  Many home computers in the 1970s and 1980s used an RF modulator to connect to a TV set.

text: Personal computers may be fitted with expansion cards (typically with PCI or USB interface) providing a TV tuner and digital signal processor (DSP). They may be dedicated TV tuner cards, or incorporated into a video card. These cards allow a computer to display and capture television programs. Many earlier models were stand-alone tuners, designed only to deliver TV pictures through a VGA connector; this allowed viewing television on a computer display, but did not support recording television programs.

text: Smartphone and tablets can use a Micro USB DVB-T receiver to watch DVB-T TV.

text: Electronic tuner[edit]

text: An electronic tuner is a device which tunes across a part of the radio frequency spectrum by the application of a voltage or appropriate digital code words. This type of tuner supersedes mechanical tuners, which were tuned by manual adjustment of capacitance or inductance in the tuned circuits. In a more practical and everyday sense, a radio or television set which is tuned by manually turning a knob or dial contains a manual tuner into which the shaft of that knob or dial extends.

text: Early model televisions and radios were tuned by a rack of buttons; some of the earlier types were purely mechanical and adjusted the capacitance or inductance of the tuned circuit to a preset number of positions corresponding to the frequencies of popular local stations. Later electronic types used the varactor diode as a voltage controlled capacitance in the tuned circuit, to receive a number of preset voltages from the rack of buttons tuning the device instantly to local stations. The mechanical button rack was popular in car radios of the 1960s and 1970s. The electronic button rack controlling the new electronic varactor tuner was popular in television sets of the 1970s and 1980s.

text: Modern electronic tuners also use varactor diodes as the actual tuning elements, but the voltages which change their capacitance are obtained from a digital to analog converter (DAC) driven by a microprocessor or phase locked loop (PLL) arrangement. This modern form allows for very precise tuning and locking-in on weak signals, as well as a numerical display of the tuned frequency.


document_title: Minister of Finance (India)

question_text: who was the first finance minister of independent india

root

text: Minister of Finance (India)

text:
Minister of Finance

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Arun Jaitley
since 26 May 2014

Ministry of Finance

Style
The Honourable

Member of
Cabinet
Cabinet Committee on Security

Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Liaquat Ali Khan

Formation
29 October 1946

tag: table

text: The Minister of Finance (or simply, finance minister) is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet, the finance minister is responsible for the fiscal policy of the government. As part of this, a key duty of the Finance Minister is to present the annual Union Budget in Parliament, which details the government's plan for taxation and spending in the coming financial year. Through the Budget, the finance minister also outlines the allocations to different ministries and departments. Occasionally, he is assisted by the Minister of State for Finance and the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Finance.

tag: p

text: The first finance minister of independent India was R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, who also presented its first Budget. The incumbent Arun Jaitley, of the Bharatiya Janata Party, has held office since 26 May 2014. As of September 2017[update], Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee's 8. Yashwant Sinha, Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets.[1] As of February 2018, four Finance Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are: Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, V. P. Singh and Manmohan Singh.

text: Lists of finance ministers[edit]

text:
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

Liaquat Ali Khan
(Interim government)

29 October 1946
14 August 1947
All-India Muslim League

Jawaharlal Nehru
(Vice President of the interim govt)

R. K. Shanmukham Chetty

15 August 1947
1949
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

John Mathai

1949
1950

C. D. Deshmukh

29 May 1950[2]
1957

T. T. Krishnamachari

1957
13 February 1958

Jawaharlal Nehru

13 February 1958
13 March 1958

Morarji Desai

13 March 1958
29 August 1963

T. T. Krishnamachari

29 August 1963
1965
Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri

Sachindra Chaudhuri

1965
13 March 1967
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

Morarji Desai

13 March 1967
16 July 1969
Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi

1970
1971

Yashwantrao Chavan

1971
1975

Chidambaram Subramaniam

1975
1977

Haribhai M. Patel

24 March 1977
24 January 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

Charan Singh

24 January 1979
28 July 1979

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna

28 July 1979
14 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

R. Venkataraman

14 January 1980
15 January 1982
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

Pranab Mukherjee

15 January 1982
31 December 1984

V. P. Singh

31 December 1984
24 January 1987
Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi

24 January 1987
25 July 1987

N. D. Tiwari

25 July 1987
25 June 1988

Shankarrao Chavan

25 June 1988
2 December 1989

Madhu Dandavate

2 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal
(National Front)

V. P. Singh

Yashwant Sinha

10 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front)

Chandra Shekhar

Manmohan Singh

21 June 1991
16 May 1996
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

Jaswant Singh

16 May 1996
1 June 1996
Bharatiya Janata Party

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

P. Chidambaram

1 June 1996
21 April 1997
Tamil Maanila Congress
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda

I.K. Gujral

21 April 1997
1 May 1997
Janata Dal
(United Front)

I. K. Gujral

P. Chidambaram

1 May 1997
19 March 1998
Tamil Maanila Congress
(United Front)

Yashwant Sinha

19 March 1998
1 July 2002
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Jaswant Singh

1 July 2002
22 May 2004

P. Chidambaram

22 May 2004
30 November 2008
Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh

30 November 2008
24 January 2009

Pranab Mukherjee

24 January 2009
26 June 2012

Manmohan Singh

26 June 2012
31 July 2012

P. Chidambaram

31 July 2012
26 May 2014

Arun Jaitley

26 May 2014
Incumbent
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi


document_title: Hamilton (musical)

question_text: who plays alexander hamilton in the original broadway cast

question_tokens: who plays alexander hamilton in the original broadway cast

text: Hamilton (musical)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act One[edit]

text: The musical begins with the company summarizing Alexander Hamilton's early life as an orphan in the Caribbean ("Alexander Hamilton"). Hamilton was born out of wedlock in the West Indies[13]—his father abandoned him at an early age and his mother died when Hamilton was twelve. By nineteen, Hamilton has made his way to the American colonies, a dedicated supporter of American independence.

text: In the summer of 1776 in New York City, Hamilton seeks out Aaron Burr. Burr advises the overenthusiastic Hamilton to "talk less; smile more". Hamilton is unable to understand why Burr would rather exercise caution than fight for his beliefs ("Aaron Burr, Sir"). Hamilton bonds with three fellow revolutionaries: abolitionist John Laurens, the flamboyant Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette, and the tailor's apprentice Hercules Mulligan. Hamilton dazzles them with his rhetorical skills ("My Shot") and they dream of laying down their lives for their cause ("The Story of Tonight"). Meanwhile, the wealthy Schuyler sisters—Angelica, Eliza, and Peggy—wander the streets of New York, excited by the spirit of revolution in the air ("The Schuyler Sisters").

text: Samuel Seabury, a vocal Loyalist, preaches against the American Revolution, and Hamilton refutes and ridicules his statements ("Farmer Refuted"). A message arrives from King George III, reminding the colonists that he is able and willing to fight for their submission ("You'll Be Back").

text: The revolution is underway, and Hamilton, Burr, and their friends join the Continental Army. As the army retreats from New York City, General George Washington realizes he needs help to win the war. Though Hamilton desires a command and to fight on the front lines, he recognizes the opportunity Washington offers him, and accepts a position as his aide-de-camp ("Right Hand Man").

text: In the winter of 1780, the men attend a ball given by Philip Schuyler, and Hamilton sets his sights on the man's daughters ("A Winter's Ball"). Eliza falls instantly in love, and after being introduced by Angelica, Eliza and Hamilton soon wed ("Helpless"). Angelica is also smitten with Hamilton, but swallows her feelings for the sake of her sister's happiness ("Satisfied"). Hamilton, Laurens, Lafayette and Mulligan drunkenly celebrate the marriage when Burr arrives to offer congratulations. After Laurens teases him, Burr admits that he is having an affair with Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the wife of a British officer ("The Story of Tonight (Reprise)"). Hamilton urges Burr to make the relationship public. Burr, however, prefers to wait and see what life has in store for him rather than take any drastic measures ("Wait For It").

text: As the revolution continues, Hamilton repeatedly petitions Washington to give him command, but Washington refuses, instead promoting Charles Lee. This decision proves disastrous at the Battle of Monmouth, where Lee orders a retreat against Washington's orders, which prompts the commander to remove him from command in favor of Lafayette. Disgruntled, Lee spreads slanderous and vindictive rumors about Washington ("Stay Alive"). Hamilton is offended, but Washington orders Hamilton to ignore the comments. Hamilton does not wish to do so, but cannot disobey a direct order; instead, Laurens duels Lee, with Hamilton as his second, and Burr as Lee's second. Laurens is satisfied after he injures Lee and Lee yields ("Ten Duel Commandments"). Washington is angered by the duel, and orders Hamilton to return home to his wife ("Meet Me Inside"). When Hamilton returns home, Eliza tells him she is pregnant. She reassures a hesitant Hamilton that he doesn't need fame or fortune to live a happy life by her side ("That Would Be Enough").

text: Lafayette takes a larger leadership role in the revolution, persuading France to join the American cause, and the balance shifts in favor of the Continental Army. Washington and Lafayette realize they can win the war by cutting off the British navy at Yorktown, but they will need Hamilton to do so, and the general offers him his long-desired command ("Guns and Ships"). On the eve of battle, Washington recalls his disastrous first command, and advises Hamilton that no man can control how he is remembered ("History Has Its Eyes on You"). After several days of fighting, the Continental Army is victorious. The British surrender in the last major battle of the war ("Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)"). His forces defeated, King George asks the rebels how they expect to successfully govern on their own ("What Comes Next?").

text: Soon after the victory at Yorktown, Hamilton's son Philip is born, while Burr has a daughter, Theodosia ("Dear Theodosia"). Hamilton receives word that Laurens has been killed in a seemingly pointless battle (the Battle of the Combahee River) and throws himself into his work. ("Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us").[14] Hamilton and Burr both return to New York to finish their studies and pursue careers as lawyers. Burr is in awe of Hamilton's unyielding work ethic and becomes increasingly irritated by his success. Hamilton is chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Hamilton enlists James Madison and John Jay to write The Federalist Papers after Burr refuses. Angelica announces that she has found a husband and will be moving to London. The newly elected President Washington enlists Hamilton for the job of Treasury Secretary, despite Eliza's protests ("Non-Stop").

text: Act Two[edit]

text: In 1789, Thomas Jefferson returns to the U.S. from France, where he spent most of the Articles of Confederation era as an ambassador. Immediately upon returning, he briefly addresses Sally Hemings, asking her to open a letter from Washington, requesting that he become the first secretary of State under the new Constitution. Upon Jefferson's arrival in New York, James Madison asks for Jefferson's help to stop Hamilton's financial plan, which Madison believes gives the government too much control ("What'd I Miss?"). Jefferson and Hamilton debate the merits of Hamilton's financial plan during a Cabinet meeting. Washington pulls Hamilton aside, and tells him to figure out a compromise to win over Congress ("Cabinet Battle #1").

text: While Hamilton is working at home, Eliza reminds him that Philip, their son, is turning nine years old. Philip presents Hamilton with a short rap he composed, amazing his father. Angelica advises Hamilton to convince Jefferson of his plan so Congress will accept it. She also mentions a letter recently received from Hamilton, in which he referred to her as his "dearest," and wondering if it was intentional. Later, Eliza and Angelica try to persuade Hamilton to accompany them on vacation for the summer, but Hamilton refuses, saying that he has to work on his plan for Congress, staying in New York while the family goes upstate ("Take a Break").

text: While alone, Hamilton is visited by Maria Reynolds, who claims she has been deserted by her husband. When Hamilton offers to help her, they begin an affair. Maria's husband James Reynolds blackmails Hamilton, who is furious with Maria but pays Reynolds and continues the affair ("Say No To This").

text: Hamilton discusses his plan with Jefferson and Madison over a private dinner, which results in the Compromise of 1790, giving support to Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for moving the United States capital from New York to Washington, D.C., a site much closer to Jefferson's home in Virginia. Burr is envious of Hamilton's sway in the government and wishes he had similar power ("The Room Where It Happens"). Burr switches political parties and defeats Eliza's father, Philip Schuyler, in a race for Schuyler's seat in the Senate. This drives a wedge between Burr and Hamilton—the latter believes that Burr holds no loyalties and will stop at nothing to gain influence ("Schuyler Defeated").

text: In another Cabinet meeting, Jefferson and Hamilton argue over whether the United States should assist France in its conflict with Britain. Washington ultimately agrees with Hamilton's argument for remaining neutral ("Cabinet Battle #2"). After the meeting, Burr, Jefferson, and Madison share their envy of Washington's perennial support of Hamilton's policies. They begin to seek a way to damage Hamilton's public image ("Washington on Your Side").

text: Washington tells Hamilton that Jefferson has resigned from his position in order to run for president, and that Washington himself is stepping down. Hamilton is shocked, but Washington convinces him that it is the right thing to do, and they write a farewell address ("One Last Time"). In England, King George III receives word that Washington is stepping down and will be replaced with John Adams. The king exits merrily, ready to enjoy the United States' suffering through the political turmoil caused by transitions in leadership, and Adams' inexperience ("I Know Him").

text: Hamilton is fired by Adams and publishes an inflammatory critique of the new president as a response ("The Adams Administration"). Jefferson, Madison and Burr believe they have found proof that Hamilton embezzled government money, effectively committing treason. When confronted, Hamilton admits to his affair with Maria Reynolds and his furtive payments to James Reynolds ("We Know"). Though the men swear to keep his secret, Burr reminds Hamilton that rumors grow, and Hamilton worries that the truth will get out. He reflects on how writing openly and honestly has saved him in the past ("Hurricane"), and publishes a public admission about the affair, hoping to snuff out rumors of embezzlement and save his political legacy. His personal reputation, however, is ruined following the publication of his Observations ("The Reynolds Pamphlet"). Heartbroken by his infidelity, Eliza tearfully burns the letters Hamilton has written her over the years, destroying Hamilton's chance at being redeemed by "future historians" and keeping the world from knowing how she reacted by "erasing herself from the narrative" ("Burn").

text: Years pass, and Philip, now grown, challenges George Eacker to a duel for insulting his father. Following Alexander's advice, Philip aims for the sky at the beginning of the duel, hoping the gesture would cause Eacker to stand down, but at the count of seven, Eacker shoots him ("Blow Us All Away"). Philip is taken to a doctor, who is unable to save him. Hamilton and Eliza separately arrive not long before Philip dies ("Stay Alive (Reprise)"). In the aftermath of Philip's death, the family moves uptown. Hamilton asks for Eliza's forgiveness for his mistakes, which he eventually receives ("It's Quiet Uptown").

text: The presidential election of 1800 results in President John Adams' defeat, with Jefferson and Burr tied to win. Hamilton is upset that Burr holds no apparent principles, and so endorses Jefferson, who wins the presidency ("The Election of 1800"). Burr, angered, challenges Hamilton to a duel via an exchange of letters ("Your Obedient Servant"). Before sunrise on the morning of the duel, Eliza, unaware of the duel, asks Hamilton to come back to bed. Hamilton tells her he has an appointment, and tells her that he loves her ("Best of Wives and Best of Women").

text: Burr and Hamilton travel to Weehawken, New Jersey for the duel. Hamilton aims his pistol at the sky and is struck in the chest by Burr's bullet. Hamilton soliloquizes on death, his relationships, and his legacy. He dies soon after, with his wife and Angelica at his side. Burr laments that even though he survived, he is cursed to be the villain in history, remembered as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton ("The World Was Wide Enough").

text: The company congregates to close the story. Washington enters and reminds the audience that they have no control over how they will be remembered. Jefferson and Madison collectively admit the genius of their rival's financial plans. Eliza explains her role in preserving her husband's legacy over the next 50 years and frets that she has still not done enough. Addressing Hamilton directly, she tells him that she has established a private orphanage in his honor and she "can't wait to see [him] again" ("Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story").[15]

text: Roles and principal casts[edit]

text: Original production casts[edit]

text:
Character
Vassar Workshop[16]
Off-Broadway[17]
Broadway[18]
Chicago[8]
First U.S. Tour[19]
West End[20]

Alexander Hamilton
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Miguel Cervantes
Michael Luwoye
Jamael Westman

Aaron Burr
Utkarsh Ambudkar
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Joshua Henry
Giles Terera

Eliza Schuyler Hamilton
Ana Nogueira
Phillipa Soo
Ari Afsar
Solea Pfeiffer
Rachelle Ann Go

Angelica Schuyler
Anika Noni Rose
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Karen Olivo
Emmy Raver-Lampman
Rachel John

Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson
Daveed Diggs
Chris De'Sean Lee
Jordan Donica
Jason Pennycooke

George Washington
Christopher Jackson
Jonathan Kirkland
Isaiah Johnson
Obioma Ugoala

King George III
Joshua Henry
Brian d'Arcy James
Jonathan Groff
Alexander Gemignani
Rory O'Malley
Michael Jibson

John Laurens / Philip Hamilton
Javier Muñoz
Anthony Ramos
José Ramos
Rubén J. Carbajal
Cleve September

Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds
Presilah Nunez
Jasmine Cephas Jones
Samantha Marie Ware
Amber Iman
Christine Allado

Hercules Mulligan / James Madison
Joshua Henry
Okieriete Onaodowan
Wallace Smith
Mathenee Treco
Tarinn Callender

Alexander Hamilton (alternate)
N/A
Javier Muñoz
Joseph Morales
Ryan Alvarado
Ash Hunter

text: Broadway cast replacements[edit]

text:
Alexander Hamilton: Javier Muñoz;[21] Jevon McFerrin[22]
Alexander Hamilton (Alternate): Michael Luwoye; Jon Rua; Jevon McFerrin
Aaron Burr: Brandon Victor Dixon;[23] Daniel Breaker[24]
Eliza Schuyler Hamilton: Lexi Lawson[23]
Angelica Schuyler: Mandy Gonzalez[25]
Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson: Seth Stewart;[26] James Monroe Iglehart[27]
George Washington: Nicholas Christopher;[28] Bryan Terrell Clark[29]
King George III: Andrew Rannells;[30] Rory O'Malley;[31] Taran Killam;[29] Brian d'Arcy James;[32] Euan Morton[33]
John Laurens / Philip Hamilton: Jordan Fisher;[34] Anthony Lee Medina[29]
Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds: Alysha Deslorieux[29]
Hercules Mulligan / James Madison: J. Quinton Johnson[29]

tag: ul

text: Other notable production cast replacements[edit]

text:
Aaron Burr – Chicago: Wayne Brady;[35] Daniel Breaker;[36] Gregory Treco[24]
Angelica Schuyler – Chicago: Montego Glover[24]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

"Alexander Hamilton" – Full company (except King George III)
"Aaron Burr, Sir" – Hamilton, Burr, Laurens, Lafayette, and Mulligan
"My Shot" – Hamilton, Laurens, Lafayette, Mulligan, Burr, Company
"The Story of Tonight" – Hamilton, Laurens, Lafayette, and Mulligan
"The Schuyler Sisters" – Angelica, Eliza, Peggy, Burr, and Company
"Farmer Refuted" – Samuel Seabury and Hamilton
"You'll Be Back" – King George III
"Right Hand Man" – Washington, Hamilton, Burr, Laurens, Lafayette, Mulligan, and Company
"A Winter's Ball" – Burr, Hamilton, and Company men
"Helpless" – Eliza, Hamilton, Angelica, and Company women
"Satisfied" – Angelica, Eliza, Hamilton, and Company
"The Story of Tonight" (reprise) – Laurens, Lafayette, Mulligan, Hamilton, and Burr
"Wait for It" – Burr and Company
"Stay Alive" – Hamilton, Washington, Laurens, Lafayette, Mulligan, Eliza, Angelica, Lee, and Company
"Ten Duel Commandments" – Laurens, Hamilton, Lee, Burr, and Company
"Meet Me Inside" – Washington, Hamilton, Burr, Laurens, and Company
"That Would Be Enough" – Eliza and Hamilton
"Guns and Ships" – Lafayette, Burr, Washington, and Company
"History Has Its Eyes on You" – Washington and Company
"Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)" – Hamilton, Lafayette, Laurens, Mulligan, Washington, and Company
"What Comes Next?" – King George III
"Dear Theodosia" – Burr and Hamilton
"Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us" – Laurens, (Eliza, Hamilton) †
"Non-Stop" – Hamilton, Burr, Eliza, Angelica, Washington, and Company

† "Tomorrow There'll Be More of Us", a second reprise to "The Story of Tonight", is not included on the original Broadway cast recording. Miranda considers it "more of a scene rather than a song".[14] It is the only scene not featured in the cast album.
‡ Previously titled "One Last Ride" in the Off-Broadway production.[37]

Act II

"What'd I Miss" – Jefferson, Burr, Madison, Washington, Hamilton, and Company
"Cabinet Battle #1" – Jefferson, Hamilton, Washington, and Madison
"Take a Break" – Eliza, Philip, Hamilton, and Angelica
"Say No to This" – Hamilton, Maria Reynolds, James Reynolds, and Company
"The Room Where It Happens" – Burr, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, and Company
"Schuyler Defeated" – Philip, Eliza, Hamilton, and Burr
"Cabinet Battle #2" – Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, and Madison
"Washington on Your Side" – Burr, Jefferson, and Madison
"One Last Time" – Washington, Hamilton, and Company ‡
"I Know Him" – King George III
"The Adams Administration" – Burr, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, and Company
"We Know" – Hamilton, Burr, Jefferson, and Madison
"Hurricane" – Hamilton and Company
"The Reynolds Pamphlet" – Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, Burr, Angelica, and Company
"Burn" – Eliza
"Blow Us All Away" – Philip, Hamilton, Eacker, Dolly, Martha and Company
"Stay Alive" (reprise) – Philip, Hamilton, Eliza, Doctor, and Company
"It's Quiet Uptown" – Angelica, Hamilton, Eliza, and Company
"The Election of 1800" – Jefferson, Madison, Burr, Hamilton, and Company
"Your Obedient Servant" – Burr and Hamilton
"Best of Wives and Best of Women" – Eliza and Hamilton
"The World Was Wide Enough" – Burr, Hamilton, and Company
"Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story" – Eliza, Washington, Burr, Jefferson, Madison, Angelica, Laurens, Lafayette, Mulligan, and Company

text: Recordings[edit]

text: Original Broadway cast album (2015)[edit]

text: The original Broadway cast recording for Hamilton was made available to listeners by NPR on September 21, 2015.[38] It was released by Atlantic Records digitally on September 25, 2015, and physical copies were released on October 16, 2015.[39] The cast album has also been released on vinyl.[40] The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest entrance for a cast recording since 1963.[41] It went on to reach number 3 on the Billboard 200[42] and number 1 on the Billboard Rap albums chart.[43] The original cast recording has won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.[44]

text: The Hamilton Mixtape (2016)[edit]

text: The Hamilton Mixtape, a collection of remixes, covers, and samples of the musical's songs, was released on December 2, 2016. The Mixtape debuted in the number 1 spot on the Billboard 200.[45]

text: Background[edit]

text:
External audio

 Lin-Manuel Miranda Talks 'Hamilton': Once A 'Ridiculous' Pitch, Now A Revolution, interview with Scott Simon, NPR, April 9, 2016

text: While on vacation from performing in his hit Broadway show In the Heights, Lin-Manuel Miranda bought a copy of Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow, a biography of Alexander Hamilton, at an airport. After finishing the first few chapters, Miranda began to envision the life of Hamilton as a musical, and researched whether a stage musical of Hamilton's life had been created. All he found was that a play of Hamilton's story had been done on Broadway in 1917, starring George Arliss as Alexander Hamilton.[47]

text: Miranda therefore began a project entitled The Hamilton Mixtape. On May 12, 2009, Miranda was invited to perform music from In the Heights at the White House Evening of Poetry, Music and the Spoken Word. Instead, he performed the first song from The Hamilton Mixtape, a rough version of what would later become "Alexander Hamilton," Hamilton's opening number. He spent a year after that working on "My Shot", another early number from the show.[48]

text: Miranda performed in a workshop production of the show, then titled The Hamilton Mixtape, at the Vassar Reading Festival on July 27, 2013.[49] The workshop production was directed by Thomas Kail and musically directed by Alex Lacamoire. The workshop consisted of the entirety of the first act of the show and three songs from the second act. The workshop was accompanied by Lacamoire on the piano.[48]

text: Of the original workshop cast, only three principal cast members played in the Off-Broadway production: Miranda, Daveed Diggs, and Christopher Jackson. Most of the original Off-Broadway cast moved to Broadway, except Brian d'Arcy James, who was replaced by Jonathan Groff as King George III.

text: Productions[edit]

text: Off-Broadway (2015)[edit]

text: Directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler, the musical received its world premiere Off-Broadway at The Public Theater, under the supervision of the Public's Artistic Director Oskar Eustis, with previews starting on January 20, 2015 and officially opening on February 17.[50][51] The production was extended twice, first to April 5 and then to May 3.[52] Chernow served as historical consultant to the production.[4][53] The show opened to universal acclaim according to review aggregator Did He Like It.[54]

text: Broadway (2015–present)[edit]

text: Hamilton premiered on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre (also home to Miranda's 2008 Broadway debut In the Heights) on July 13, 2015 in previews, and opened on August 6, 2015.[1] The production is produced by Jeffrey Seller and features scenic design by David Korins, costumes by Paul Tazewell, lighting by Howell Binkley and sound by Nevin Steinberg, who all reprised their roles from the off-Broadway production.[55]

text: The production was critically acclaimed by many theater analysts.[1][56][57]

text: Chicago (2016–present)[edit]

text: Hamilton opened at the PrivateBank Theatre in Chicago on October 19, 2016, following previews from September 27, 2016.[58] It is currently booking through April 29, 2018.[59] According to lead producer Jeffrey Seller, the show may be in residence for two years or more.[60] On its opening, attended by author Miranda, the Chicago production received strongly positive reviews.[61][62][63] Miranda praised the Chicago casts' performance during a later television interview.[64]

text: U.S. touring productions (2017)[edit]

text: Plans for a national tour of Hamilton emerged near the end of January 2016. The tour was initially announced with over 20 stops, scheduled from 2017 through at least 2020.[65] Tickets to the tour's run in San Francisco—its debut city—sold out within 24 hours of release; the number of people who entered the online waiting room to purchase tickets surpassed 110,000.[66] The first national touring production began preview performances at San Francisco's SHN Orpheum Theatre on March 10, 2017 and officially opened on March 23. The production ran in San Francisco until August 5, when it transferred to Los Angeles' Hollywood Pantages Theatre for a run from August 11 to December 30, 2017.

text: Just days after the first U.S. tour began performances in San Francisco, news emerged that a second U.S. tour of Hamilton would begin in Seattle for a six-week limited engagement before touring North America concurrently with the first tour.[11] To distinguish the first and second touring productions, the production team has labeled them, respectively, the "Angelica tour" and the "Philip tour."[65]

text: The Angelica tour alone requires 14 truckloads of cargo and a core group of over 60 traveling cast, crew, and musicians.[65] The production team insisted that each tour must be able to duplicate the original Broadway show's choreography, which literally revolves around two concentric turntables on the stage.[65] This led to the construction of four portable sets, two for each tour, so that one set can be assembled well in advance at the next stop while the tour is still playing at the last stop.[65]

text: West End (2017)[edit]

text: Cameron Mackintosh will produce a London production which will re-open the Victoria Palace Theatre (currently undergoing a refurbishment following the closure of Billy Elliot the Musical) on December 21, 2017, following previews from December 6.[10] Initial principal casting was announced on January 26, 2017.[20]

text: Box office and business[edit]

text: The musical's engagement at the Off-Broadway Public Theater was sold out.[6]

text: When the musical opened on Broadway, it had a multimillion-dollar advance in ticket sales, reportedly taking in $30 million before its official opening.[67] Hamilton was the second-highest-grossing show on Broadway for the Labor Day week ending September 6, 2015 (behind only The Lion King).[68] As of September 2015, the show has been sold out for most of its Broadway engagement.[7]

text: Hamilton, like other Broadway musicals, offers a lottery before every show. Twenty-one front row seats and occasional standing room are given out in the lottery. Chosen winners are able to purchase two tickets at $10 each. Unlike other Broadway shows, Hamilton's lottery process drew in large crowds of people that created a significant congestion problems for West 46th Street.[69] Even though many people were not able to win the lottery, Hamilton creator Lin-Manuel Miranda prepared mini-performances, right before the lotteries were drawn. They were dubbed the '#Ham4Ham' shows, due to the fact that if you won, you gave a Hamilton (a $10 bill) in exchange for seeing the show. People were then able to experience a part of the show even when they did not win the lottery.[70] The lottery was eventually placed online to avoid increasing crowds and dangerous traffic conditions.[71] On its first day, more than 50,000 people entered, which resulted in the website crashing.[72] Trevor Boffone[who?] in his essay on HowlRound wrote: "Ham4Ham follows a long tradition of Latina/o (or the ancestors of present-day Latina/os) theatremaking that dates back to when the events in Hamilton were happening. (...) The philosophy behind this is simple. If the people won't come to the theatre, then take the theatre to the people. While El Teatro Campesino's 'taking it to the streets' originated from a place of social protest, Ham4Ham does so to create accessibility, tap into social media, and ultimately generate a free, self-functioning marketing campaign. In this way, Ham4Ham falls into a lineage of accessibility as a Latina/o theatremaking aesthetic."[73] Following Miranda's departure from the show on July 9, 2016, Rory O'Malley, then playing King George III, took over as the host of Ham4Ham.[74] The Ham4Ham show officially ended on August 31, 2016, after over a year of performances, though the lottery still continues daily.[75]

text: Hamilton set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City. In late November 2016, it grossed $3.3 million for an eight performance week, the first show to break $3 million in eight performances.[76]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Marilyn Stasio, in her review of the Off-Broadway production for Variety, wrote, "The music is exhilarating, but the lyrics are the big surprise. The sense as well as the sound of the sung dialogue has been purposely suited to each character. George Washington, a stately figure in Jackson's dignified performance, sings in polished prose... But in the end, Miranda's impassioned narrative of one man's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation, a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from."[77]

text: In his review of the Off-Broadway production, Jesse Green in New York wrote, "The conflict between independence and interdependence is not just the show's subject but also its method: It brings the complexity of forming a union from disparate constituencies right to your ears.... Few are the theatergoers who will be familiar with all of Miranda's touchstones. I caught the verbal references to Rodgers and Hammerstein, Gilbert and Sullivan, Sondheim, West Side Story, and 1776, but other people had to point out to me the frequent hat-tips to hip-hop... Whether it's a watershed, a breakthrough, and a game changer, as some have been saying, is another matter. Miranda is too savvy (and loves his antecedents too much) to try to reinvent all the rules at once.... Those duels, by the way—there are three of them—are superbly handled, the highlights of a riveting if at times overbusy staging by the director Thomas Kail and the choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler."[78] Although giving a positive review, Elisabeth Vincentelli, of The New York Post (which was founded by Hamilton himself), wrote that Hamilton and Burr's love/hate relationship "fails to drive the show—partly because Miranda lacks the charisma and intensity of the man he portrays," and that "too many of the numbers are exposition-heavy lessons, as if this were 'Schoolhouse Rap!' The show is burdened with eye-glazingly dull stretches, especially those involving George Washington."[79]

text: Ben Brantley in reviewing the Broadway production in The New York Times, wrote, "I am loath to tell people to mortgage their houses and lease their children to acquire tickets to a hit Broadway show. But Hamilton, directed by Thomas Kail and starring Mr. Miranda, might just about be worth it.... Washington, Jefferson, Madison—they're all here, making war and writing constitutions and debating points of economic structure. So are Aaron Burr and the Marquis de Lafayette. They wear the clothes (by Paul Tazewell) you might expect them to wear in a traditional costume drama, and the big stage they inhabit has been done up (by David Korins) to suggest a period-appropriate tavern, where incendiary youth might gather to drink, brawl and plot revolution."[1]

text: David Cote in his review of the Broadway production for Time Out New York wrote, "I love Hamilton. I love it like I love New York, or Broadway when it gets it right. And this is so right... A sublime conjunction of radio-ready hip-hop (as well as R&B, Britpop and trad showstoppers), under-dramatized American history and Miranda's uniquely personal focus as a first-generation Puerto Rican and inexhaustible wordsmith, Hamilton hits multilevel culture buttons, hard... The work's human drama and novelistic density remain astonishing." He chose Hamilton as a Critics' Pick, and gave the production five out of five stars.[3]

text: A review in The Economist notes that the production enjoys "near-universal critical acclaim".[80] Barack Obama joked that admiration for the musical is "the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on."[81]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: Original Off-Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2015
Lucille Lortel Awards[82]
Outstanding Musical
Won

Outstanding Director
Thomas Kail
Won

Outstanding Choreographer
Andy Blankenbuehler
Won

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Leslie Odom, Jr.
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical
Phillipa Soo
Won

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
Daveed Diggs
Won

Brian d'Arcy James
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Won

Outstanding Costume Design
Paul Tazewell
Won

Outstanding Lighting Design
Howell Binkley
Won

Outstanding Sound Design
Nevin Steinberg
Won

Outer Critics Circle Awards[83]
Outstanding New Off-Broadway Musical
Won

Outstanding Book of a Musical
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Outstanding New Score
Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical
Thomas Kail
Nominated

Outstanding Choreographer
Andy Blankenbuehler
Nominated

Drama League Awards[84]
Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Musical
Nominated

Distinguished Performance
Daveed Diggs
Nominated

Lin-Manuel Miranda
Nominated

Drama Desk Awards[85]
Outstanding Musical
Won

Outstanding Actor in a Musical
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
Leslie Odom, Jr.
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical
Thomas Kail
Won

Outstanding Music
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Outstanding Lyrics
Won

Outstanding Book of a Musical
Won

Outstanding Orchestrations
Alex Lacamoire
Nominated

Outstanding Set Design
David Korins
Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design
Paul Tazewell
Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design
Howell Binkley
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical
Nevin Steinberg
Won

Special Award ‡
Andy Blankenbuehler
Won

New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards[86]
Best Musical
Won

Off Broadway Alliance Awards[87]
Best New Musical
Won

Theatre World Awards[88]
Outstanding Debut Performance
Daveed Diggs
Won

Clarence Derwent Awards[89]
Most Promising Female Performer
Phillipa Soo
Won

Obie Awards[90]
Best New American Theatre Work
Lin-Manuel Miranda, Thomas Kail, Andy Blankenbuehler, Alex Lacamoire
Won

Edgerton Foundation New American Play Awards[91]
Won

text: ‡ Blankenbuehler received a Special Drama Desk Award for "his inspired and heart-stopping choreography in Hamilton, which is indispensible [sic] to the musical's storytelling. His body of work is versatile, yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident. When it's time to 'take his shot,' Blankenbuehler hits the bull's-eye."[85]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2016
Tony Awards[92]
Best Musical
Won

Best Book of a Musical
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Best Original Score
Won

Best Actor in a Musical
Nominated

Leslie Odom, Jr.
Won

Best Actress in a Musical
Phillipa Soo
Nominated

Best Featured Actor in a Musical
Daveed Diggs
Won

Jonathan Groff
Nominated

Christopher Jackson
Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Musical
Renée Elise Goldsberry
Won

Best Scenic Design of a Musical
David Korins
Nominated

Best Costume Design of a Musical
Paul Tazewell
Won

Best Lighting Design of a Musical
Howell Binkley
Won

Best Direction of a Musical
Thomas Kail
Won

Best Choreography
Andy Blankenbuehler
Won

Best Orchestrations
Alex Lacamoire
Won

Drama League Awards[93]
Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Musical
Won

Distinguished Performance
Daveed Diggs
Nominated

Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Pulitzer Prize
Drama
Won

Grammy Awards[44]
Best Musical Theater Album
Daveed Diggs, Renée Elise Goldsberry, Jonathan Groff, Christopher Jackson, Jasmine Cephas Jones, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Leslie Odom, Jr., Okieriete Onaodowan, Anthony Ramos & Phillipa Soo (principal soloists); Alex Lacamoire, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Bill Sherman, Ahmir Thompson & Tariq Trotter (producers); Lin-Manuel Miranda (composer & lyricist)
Won

Fred and Adele Astaire Awards[94]
Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show
Nominated

Best Choreographer
Andy Blankenbuehler
Won

Best Male Dancer
Daveed Diggs
Nominated

NAACP Image Awards[95]
Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration
Original Broadway Cast
Nominated

Dramatists Guild of America Awards[96]
Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Edward M. Kennedy Prize[97]
Drama Inspired by American History
Won

Broadway.com Audience Awards
Favorite New Musical
Won

Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Won

Leslie Odom Jr.
Nominated

Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical
Phillipa Soo
Won

Favorite Breakthrough Performance (female)
Won

Jasmine Cephas Jones
Nominated

Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical
Nominated

Renee Elise Goldsberry
Won

Favorite Featured Actor in a Musical
Daveed Diggs
Nominated

Christopher Jackson
Nominated

Anthony Ramos
Nominated

Jonathan Groff
Won

Favorite Diva Performance
Won

Favorite Funny Performance
Won

Daveed Diggs
Nominated

Favorite Breakthrough Performance
Won

Anthony Ramos
Nominated

Okieriete Onaodowan
Nominated

Favorite Onstage Pair
Lin-Manuel Miranda & Leslie Odom Jr.
Won

Lin-Manuel Miranda & Phillipa Soo
Nominated

Favorite Replacement (Male)
Andrew Rannells
Nominated

Rory O'Malley
Nominated

Favorite New Song
"Alexander Hamilton"
Nominated

"My Shot"
Nominated

"The Schuyler Sisters"
Nominated

"Satisfied"
Won

"The Room Where It Happens"
Nominated

2017
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Soundtrack
Nominated

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Publication
Accolade
Rank

Billboard
25 Best Albums of 2015[98]
2

Rolling Stone
50 Best Albums of 2015[99]
8

text: Concept[edit]

text: According to an article in The New Yorker, the show is "an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining." The costumes and set reflect the period, with "velvet frock coats and knee britches. The set ...is a wooden scaffold against exposed brick; the warm lighting suggests candlelight".[4] The musical is mostly sung and rapped all the way through, with little dialogue isolated outside of the musical score.[16][2][100]

text: Casting diversity[edit]

text: Miranda said that the portrayal of Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and other white historical figures by black and Hispanic actors should not require any substantial suspension of disbelief by audience members. "Our cast looks like America looks now, and that's certainly intentional", he said. "It's a way of pulling you into the story and allowing you to leave whatever cultural baggage you have about the founding fathers at the door."[101] He noted "We're telling the story of old, dead white men but we're using actors of color, and that makes the story more immediate and more accessible to a contemporary audience."[102]

text: The pro-immigration message of Hamilton is at the forefront, as the show revolves around the life of one of the Founding Fathers of America, Alexander Hamilton, and how he made his mark in American politics as an immigrant. Instead of being characterized as a white person, Alexander Hamilton's immigrant status would be referenced throughout the whole show, alongside with the virtue and prowess of Hamilton ("by working a lot harder, by being a lot smarter, by being a self-starter," described in the show's opening), in order to foster a positive image of immigrants.[103] Alongside this, the casting of Black, Latino, and Asian American leads allowed audiences to literally view America as a nation of immigrants, with the intention of showing how irrelevant the Founding Fathers' whiteness is to their claim on the country.[104] "Hamilton is a story about America, and the most beautiful thing about it is... it's told by such a diverse cast with a such diverse styles of music," according to Renee Elise Goldberry, who played Angelica Schuyler. "We have the opportunity to reclaim a history that some of us don't necessarily think is our own."[105] Miranda has stated that he is "totally open" to women playing the Founding Fathers.[106] Casting for the British production is expected to feature predominantly black British artists.[107][108]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: Chronology and events[edit]

text: Although Hamilton was based on true events, Miranda did use some dramatic license in retelling the story. For example, while Angelica did have a strong relationship with Hamilton, it was exaggerated in the show. During "Satisfied", Angelica explains why Hamilton is not suitable for her despite wanting him. In particular, she states, "I'm a girl in a world in which my only job is to marry rich. My father has no sons so I'm the one who has to social climb for one." In actuality, Angelica had less pressure on her to do this. Philip Schuyler actually had fifteen children, including two sons who survived into adulthood (one of whom was New York State Assemblyman Philip Jeremiah Schuyler), and Angelica had eloped with John Barker Church three years before she met Hamilton at her sister's wedding, when she was already mother of two of her eight children with Church.[109] Miranda stated that he chose to do this because it is stronger dramatically if Angelica is available but cannot marry him.[110][111][112]

text: In addition, in Act I, Burr's role in Hamilton's life is overstated, and much of the early interactions between the two men in the show are fictionalized. For example, while Burr was present at the Battle on Monmouth, Burr did not serve as Charles Lee's second in his duel with John Laurens as seen in "Ten Duel Commandments", Lee's second was Evan Edwards[113] Hamilton also never approached Burr to help write the Federalist Papers as portrayed in "Non-Stop".[114]

text: During Act I, the character of Aaron Burr says that "...Martha Washington named her feral tomcat after him! [Hamilton]", to which Alexander Hamilton replies: "That's true!"[115] In fact it is false. The idea of Hamilton as a serial adulterer has been one of the biggest mischaracterizations of the real Alexander Hamilton for centuries, with celebrated authors repeating the story over and over again, notwithstanding that the sexual connotation of tomcat as a womanizer did not appear in dictionaries until the first half of the 20th century. The "tomcat" story has been previously discredited by author Stephen Knott,[116] and refuted by historian and author Michael E. Newton at the "Alexander Hamilton Discoveries and Findings" talk held by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society at Liberty Hall (Kean University) as part of the 2016 CelebrateHAMILTON events.[117][118]

text: In Act II, there are multiple inaccuracies throughout Hamilton's decline, probably due to time constraints and narrative arc. While it is true that John Adams and Hamilton did not particularly get along, John Adams did not fire Hamilton as told in the show. Hamilton tendered his resignation from his position as Secretary of the Treasury on December 1, 1794,[119] two years before Adams became president. However, Hamilton remained close friends with Washington and highly influential in the political sphere.[120] In addition, Jefferson, Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair, it was actually James Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792.[121] Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson's and shared the information of Hamilton's affair with him. In the Summer of 1797, journalist James Callender broke the story of Hamilton's infidelity. Hamilton blamed Monroe, and the altercation nearly ended in a duel.[122] With nothing left to do, Hamilton then published the Reynolds pamphlet.[123] In "Blow Us All Away", George Eacker and Philip Hamilton engage in a duel, before the events of the 1800 presidential election. The duel actually occurred in 1801, with Philip Hamilton dying on November 24. In the show, Eacker fires on Philip at the count of seven, while what happened in real-life is almost the opposite; both men refused to fire for over a minute before Eacker shot Philip in the hips.[124] Lastly, it was not the presidential election of 1800 that led to Burr and Hamilton's duel. Burr did become Jefferson's vice-president, but when Jefferson decided to not run with Burr for reelection in 1804, Burr opted to run for Governor of New York instead. Burr lost to Morgan Lewis in a landslide. Afterwards, a letter was published from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, claiming that Hamilton called Burr, "a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government", and that he knew of "a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr."[125] This led to the letters between Burr and Hamilton as seen in the show in "Your Obedient Servant."

text: Critical analysis and scholarship[edit]

text: The show has been critiqued for a simplistic depiction of Hamilton and vilification of Jefferson. Joanne B. Freeman, a history professor at Yale,[126] contrasted the show's Hamilton to the "real Hamilton [who] was a mass of contradictions: an immigrant who sometimes distrusted immigrants, a revolutionary who placed a supreme value on law and order, a man who distrusted the rumblings of the masses yet preached his politics to them more frequently and passionately than many of his more democracy-friendly fellows."[127]

text: Australian historian Shane White found the framing of the show's story "troubling," stating that he and many historian colleagues "would like to imagine that Hamilton is a last convulsion of the founding father mythology."[128] According to White, Miranda's depiction of the founding of the United States "infuses new life into an older view of American history" that centered on the Founding Fathers, instead of joining the many historians who were "attempting to get away from the Great Men story" by incorporating "ordinary people, African-Americans, Native Americans and women" into a "more inclusive and nuanced" historical narrative in which Hamilton has a "cameo rather than leading role."[128]

text: Rutgers University professor Lyra Monteiro criticized the show's multi-ethnic casting as obscuring a complete lack of identifiable enslaved or free persons of color as characters in the show.[129] Monteiro identified other commentators, such as Ishmael Reed, who criticized the show for making Hamilton and other historical personages appear more progressive on racial injustice than they really were.[129] According to Reed, "[Hamilton's] reputation has been shored up as an abolitionist and someone who was opposed to slavery," which Reed stated was untrue.[130]

text: In The Baffler, policy analyst Matt Stoller criticized the musical's portrayal of Hamilton as an idealist committed to democratic principles, in contrast to what he characterized as the historical record of Hamilton's reactionary, anti-democratic politics and legacy.[131] For example, Stoller cited Hamilton as a leader involved in the Newburgh conspiracy (a military coup plot against the Continental Congress in 1783); his development of a national financial system which, in Stoller's view, empowered the plutocratic elite; and his use of military force, indefinite detention, and mass arrests against dissenters during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791.[131] In 2007, history writer William Hogeland criticized Chernow's biography of Hamilton on similar grounds in the Boston Review.[132]

text: Use in education[edit]

text: KQED News wrote of a "growing number of intrepid U.S. history teachers...who are harnessing the Hamilton phenomenon to inspire their students."[133] The Cabinet rap battles provide a way to engage students with topics that have traditionally been considered uninteresting.[133] An elective course for 11th and 12th graders on the musical Hamilton was held at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York.[133] KQED News added that "Hamilton is especially galvanizing for the student who believes that stories about 18th century America are distant and irrelevant" as it shows the Founding Fathers were real humans with real feeling and real flaws, rather than "bloodless, two-dimensional cutouts who devoted their lives to abstract principles."[133] A high school teacher from the Bronx noted his students were "singing these songs the way they might sing the latest release from Drake or Adele."[134] One teacher focused on Hamilton's ability to write his way out of trouble and toward a higher plane of existence: "skilled writing is the clearest sign of scholarship—and the best way to rise up and alter your circumstance."[135]

text: Hamilton's producers have made a pledge to allow 20,000 New York City public high school students from low-income families to get subsidized tickets to see Hamilton on Broadway by reducing their tickets to $70 for students, and the Rockefeller Foundation provided $1.5 million to further lower ticket prices to $10 per student.[136][137] The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History created a study guide to accompany the student-ticket program.[136][137]

text: The website EducationWorld writes that Hamilton is "being praised for its revitalization of interest in civic education."[138] Northwestern University announced plans to offer course work in 2017 inspired by Hamilton, in history, Latino studies, and interdisciplinary studies.[139]

text: In 2016, Moraine Valley Community College started a Hamilton appreciation movement, Straight Outta Hamilton, hosting panels and events that talk about the musical itself and relate them to current events.[140][141]

text: Legacy and impact[edit]

text: $10 bill[edit]

text: In 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a redesign to the $10 bill, with plans to replace Hamilton with a then-undecided woman from American history. Because of Hamilton's surging popularity, almost exclusively due to the musical, United States Treasury Secretary Jack Lew reversed the plans to replace Hamilton's portrait, instead deciding to replace Andrew Jackson with Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill.[142]

text: Hamilton: The Revolution[edit]

text: On April 12, 2016, Miranda and Jeremy McCarter's book, Hamilton: The Revolution, was released, detailing Hamilton's journey from an idea to a successful Broadway musical. It includes an inside look at not only Alexander Hamilton's revolution, but the cultural revolution that permeates the show. It also has footnotes from Miranda and stories from behind the scenes of the show.[143]

text: Hamilton's America[edit]

text: After premiering on the New York Film Festival on October 1, 2016, PBS' Great Performances exhibited on October 21, 2016 the documentary Hamilton's America. Directed by Alex Horwitz, it "delves even deeper into the creation of the show, revealing Miranda's process of absorbing and then adapting Hamilton's epic story into groundbreaking musical theater. Further fleshing out the story is newly shot footage of the New York production with its original cast, trips to historic locations such as Mt. Vernon and Valley Forge with Miranda and other cast members, and a surprising range of interviews with prominent personalities, experts, politicians, and musicians."[144] The film featured interviews with American historians and Hamilton authorities Ron Chernow and Joanne B. Freeman[145]

text: 2016 Vice President–elect Pence controversy[edit]

text: Following a performance on November 18, 2016, with Vice President-elect Mike Pence in the audience, Brandon Victor Dixon addressed Pence from the stage with a statement jointly written by the cast, show creator Lin-Manuel Miranda and producer Jeffrey Seller.[146] Dixon began by quieting the audience, and stated:

text: Vice President-elect Pence, we welcome you and we truly thank you for joining us here at Hamilton: An American Musical, we really do. We, sir,—we—are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us, our planet, our children, our parents, or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights, sir. But we truly hope that this show has inspired you to uphold our American values and to work on behalf of all of us. All of us. Again, we truly thank you truly for seeing this show, this wonderful American story told by a diverse group of men and women of different colors, creeds and orientations."[146]

text: Pence listened to the expression of concern about President-elect Donald Trump's upcoming administration and later expressed that he was not offended.[147] However, Trump demanded an apology[148] for what he described, on Twitter, as the cast having "harassed" Pence.[149] This led to an online campaign called "#BoycottHamilton," which became widely mocked as the show is already sold-out months in advance.[150] Trump was criticized by The Washington Post, who noted the division between white and non-white America in the 2016 Presidential election and suggested Trump could have offered "assurances that he would be a president for all Americans—that he would respect everybody regardless of race or gender or creed";[151] instead, as Presidential historian Robert Dallek expressed, Trump's Twitter response was a "striking act of divisiveness by an incoming president struggling to heal the nation after a bitter election",[151] with the Hamilton cast a proxy for those fearful of Trump's policies and rhetoric. Jeffrey Seller, the show's lead producer, said that while Trump has not seen Hamilton or inquired about tickets, he is "welcome to attend".[152]

text: Parodies[edit]

text: In April 2016, Jeb! The Musical, subtitled An American Disappointment appeared on the Internet with Jeb Bush in the place of Alexander Hamilton,[153][154] with political figures like Donald Trump and Chris Christie holding supporting roles.[155] A staged reading, given "just as much preparation as Jeb's campaign," was staged at Northwestern University in June of that year.[156] The parody was crowdsourced, with contributions coming from a range of writers. A number of writers were drawn from Yale University, Boston University, McGill University and the University of Michigan. These writers met in a Facebook group named "Post Aesthetics".[157]

text: In 2016, Gerard Alessandrini, the creator of Forbidden Broadway, wrote the revue Spamilton which premiered at the Triad Theater in New York and also played at the Royal George Theatre in Chicago. It parodies Hamilton and other Broadway shows and caricatures various Broadway stars.[158][159]

text: On October 12, 2016, the American sitcom Modern Family released the episode "Weathering Heights". The episode features a scene where Manny applies for college. To do so he records a parody of "Alexander Hamilton" as part of his application, complete with rewritten lyrics to accompany to his own life. It is revealed that most of the other applications are also Hamilton parodies.[160]


document_title: Little Witch Academia

question_text: how many episodes of little witch academia will there be

text: Little Witch Academia

text: Story[edit]

text: Little Witch Academia takes place at Luna Nova Magical Academy (ルーナノヴァ魔法学校, Rūna Nova Mahō Gakkō), a prestigious school for young girls training to become witches. Having been inspired by a witch named Shiny Chariot, a girl named Atsuko ("Akko") Kagari enrolls at Luna Nova Magical Academy to become a witch, but struggles due to her non-magical background. This all changes when she discovers the Shiny Rod, a powerful magic relic left behind by Chariot.

text: One of the main themes in the franchise is Akko trying to live up to Shiny Chariot's ideals by showing the world that magic is still a wonderful thing, while Luna Nova struggles for its continual existence because the general public regards wizardry as outdated. In the TV series, this background element is expanded into a plotline in which magic is waning across the world. The secret to restoring the flow of magic lies within the forbidden Arcturus Forest, sealed inside a magical locale named the Grand Triskelion erected by the Nine Olde Witches, the legendary founders of the academy.

text: The key to undoing the seal lies in a sequence of seven magical words and the Shiny Rod, an artifact which reacts only to the wielder's genuine desire to spread joy and happiness. When Akko gains possession of the Rod, Chariot (secretly one of her Luna Nova teachers and the Rod's previous wielder) tries to guide her on the path to restoring the power of magic to the world. However, Croix, Chariot's former best friend, had also coveted - and was denied - the power sealed within the Triskelion due to her selfish ambitions. As a result, she schemes to unlock the Grand Triskelion using her technomagical abilities, willingly tapping into dark powers in the process.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Media[edit]

text: Manga[edit]

text: A one-shot manga based on the anime, drawn by Terio Teri, was published in Shueisha's Ultra Jump magazine on August 19, 2013.[20] Another manga by Teri, featuring an original story, was serialized in Ultra Jump between August 19, 2015 and November 20, 2015 and was compiled in a single tankōbon volume released on January 19, 2016.[21] Another series illustrated by Yuka Fujiwara, Little Witch Academia: Tsukiyo no Ōkan (リトルウィッチアカデミア 月夜の王冠, lit. "Little Witch Academia: The Midnight Crown"), began serialization in Shueisha's Ribon magazine from September 3, 2015.[22]

text: Anime[edit]

text: Short films[edit]

text: Little Witch Academia was produced by Trigger as part of the Young Animator Training Project's Anime Mirai 2013 project, which funds young animators, alongside other short films by Madhouse, Zexcs and Gonzo.[23] The short was created and directed by Yoh Yoshinari and written by Masahiko Otsuka with music by Michiru Ōshima. The short, along with the other Anime Mirai shorts, opened in 14 Japanese theatres on March 2, 2013.[24] Trigger later released the short on Niconico and with English subtitles on YouTube and Crunchyroll on April 19, 2013.[25] The YouTube version received over 850,000 views up until it was taken down in August 2013 to promote the Blu-ray release.[26] The short was later released on region-free Blu-ray Disc on October 24, 2013.[27][28][29]

text: On July 5, 2013, Trigger announced at Anime Expo that a second short film, titled Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade, would be developed in response to the reception the first short received.[30] The project began production in 2014 following the airing of Kill la Kill.[31][32] Whilst initially having the funds for a twenty-minute episode, Trigger launched a Kickstarter campaign to extend its runtime to fifty minutes.[33] The Kickstarter was launched on July 9, 2013[34] and met its $150,000 USD goal within five hours,[35] finishing with a total of $625,518.[36][37][38] The short premiered at Anime Expo 2015 and was made available for Kickstarter backers on July 3, 2015 and was subsequently released in Japanese theaters on October 9, 2015.[39][40][41] Both films were later released on Netflix with an English-language dub on December 15, 2015.[42][43]

text:
No.
Title
Original release date

F1
"Little Witch Academia"
"Ritoru Witchi Akademia" (リトルウィッチアカデミア)
March 2, 2013

Akko Kagari enrolls into Luna Nova Magical Academy, a school for young witches, after being inspired at a young age by a witch named Shiny Chariot, and often spends her days hanging with her classmates, Lotte Jansson and Sucy Manbavaran. However, she has trouble paying attention in class and performing magic, and is often looked down upon for admiring Chariot, whom many believe gives the wrong impression about witches. One day, as a teacher instructs the class to explore a dungeon and retrieve rare treasures, Akko finds the Shiny Rod that belonged to Chariot. Meanwhile, the top student, Diana Cavendish, inadvertently breaks a seal on a dragon that grows more powerful by absorbing magic. Noticing the Shiny Rod still has power after all these years, the teacher sends Akko and her friends to reach the Sorcerer's Stone, the source of the academy's power, before the dragon can devour it and become invincible. Arriving at the stone, the Shiny Rod absorbs some of its power, allowing Akko to fight against the dragon. Put into a desperate situation, Akko hears Chariot's words coming from somewhere, that a believing heart is magic, and with renewed conviction she uses the full power of the Shiny Rod to destroy the dragon.

F2
"Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade"
"Ritoru Witchi Akademia: Mahōjikake no Parēdo" (リトルウィッチアカデミア 魔法仕掛けのパレード)
October 9, 2015

Akko, Lotte and Sucy, having gotten in trouble yet again, are forced to team up with three other troublemakers - Amanda O'Neill, Constanze Braunschbank Albrechtsberger and Jasminka Antonenko - to make the school's annual witch parade a success or else flunk the school year. Not content with how the festival revolves around the mockery and subjugation of witches, Akko becomes determined to make the festival a spectacle that would show off how awesome modern witches are and dispel their negative reputation. As Akko's ambitions for the parade grow, however, she ends up arguing with her friends, who do not share her ideas. However, Akko remains determined to prove Shiny Chariot's ideals of magic to everyone, using the Shiny Rod to borrow some magic from the Sorcerer's Stone for the parade. During the parade, some delinquent kids try to steal the rod, only to be caught by a giant that was sealed away long ago. Luckily, Akko is assisted by the other witches, including the return of Lotte and Sucy. Making up with each other, the three witches combine their power and put a stop to the giant, resulting in the parade becoming a great success.

text: Television series[edit]

text: An anime television series of Little Witch Academia was announced on June 24, 2016 following the final episode of Space Patrol Luluco.[44] The series aired in Japan between January 9, 2017 and June 26, 2017.[45][46] For the first cour, the opening theme is "Shiny Ray" by YURiKA while the ending theme is "Hoshi o Tadoreba" (星を辿れば, If You Follow the Stars) by Yuiko Ōhara.[47] For the second cour, the opening theme is "Mind Conductor" by YURiKA while the ending theme is "Tōmei na Tsubasa" (透明な翼, Invisible Wings) by Ōhara.[48] The series ran for 25 episodes released across nine BD/DVD volumes.[49] Netflix began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30, 2017.[50][51] The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15; but they were labeled as the show's second season.[3]

text: During interviews, Yoshinari said he wishes to create a second season that explores the history of characters like Diana Cavendish and Amanda O'Neill. The director also wants to create an anime spinoff series focused on the witch Shiny Chariot. He even suggested that the Night Fall (or Naito Foru) books in the anime might work as a standalone anime series.[52]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game developed by A+ Games and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment, titled Little Witch Academia: Chamber of Time (リトルウィッチアカデミア 時の魔法と七不思議, Ritoru Witchi Akademia: Toki no Mahō to Nana Fushigi, lit. Little Witch Academia: The Magic of Time and the Seven Wonders), is scheduled for release on PlayStation 4 in November 30, 2017 in Japan, followed by a PS4 and Steam release in North America in early 2018.[53][54] A bonus game, Madō Senshi Gran Sharion (魔導戦士グランシャリオン, Magical Warrior Gran Sharion) is available in Japan as a pre-order bonus.[55]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: A crossover short featuring characters from both Little Witch Academia and Inferno Cop premiered at AnimeNEXT 2015 on June 13, 2015[56] and was also shown at Anime Expo 2015 on July 2, 2015.[57] Both Akko (in episode 13) and Sucy (episode 8) make guest appearances in Trigger's 2016 anime series, Space Patrol Luluco.


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when did the fourth of july become a legal federal holiday

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration.[14] Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence.[15] Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.[16]

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. An article in July 18, 1777 issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[17]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[18]

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[18]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[18]
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations.[19]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[20]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[21]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.[citation needed]

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.[citation needed]

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.[22]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.[citation needed]

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.[citation needed]

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[23]

text: New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009.[24] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.[25]

text: During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.[26]

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[27]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida, lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day.

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[24] in the country.

A festively decorated Independence Day cake

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.[28]
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[29]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark.[30]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[31]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[32] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[33][34] The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[35] In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018.[36]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.[37]

text: Other countries

text:
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[38]
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[39]