question_text: when did nigeria launched its first satellite nigeriasat-1

text: History[edit]

text: NASRDA was established on 1 August 2001 after preparation period since in 1998 by Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo and the Nigerian government with a primary objective of establishing a "fundamental policy for the development of space science and technology" with an initial budget of $93 million.

text: In May 2006, the new extended national space program was adopted.

text: Scope[edit]

text: The initial scope of the Nigerian Space Programme (NSP) to be implemented by the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) should include:

text: The study of basic space science in order to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation’s participation in the space enterprise; For the attainment of space capabilities, Nigeria’s efforts should focus on research and rigorous education, engineering development, design and manufacture, particularly in the areas of instrumentation, rocketry and small satellites as well as in satellite data acquisition, processing, analysis and management of related software; The establishment of a national earth observation station for remote sensing and satellite meteorology data acquisition. Such an infrastructure will enhance the indigenous ability to adopt, modify and create new techniques for national resources inventories, monitoring, evaluation and management; The provision of efficient, reliable and adequate telecommunications services in Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial, commercial and administrative sectors of the economy. The focus areas of the National Space Programme (NSP) include:

text: Basic Space Science and Technology to provide the understanding of how the universe works and what its impact is on the world. This will enable us to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation’s participation in the space enterprise.

text: Remote Sensing to help Nigerians understand and manage our environment and natural resources using space-acquired information. This technology will enable us to better understand our land, air and water resources and their associated problems.

text: Satellite Meteorology to study atmospheric and weather sciences using satellite data to facilitate the effective management of our environment.

text: Communication and Information Technology to provide efficient and reliable telecommunications services for Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial, commercial and administrative sectors of the economy.

text: Defence and Security. The Federal Government shall develop a necessary Space Science Technology (SST) programme that will address the national needs of Nigeria. For this purpose the government shall establish a Defence Space Command in the Ministry of Defence. The Command shall comprise representatives of the defence, intelligence, security and law enforcement services and report through the Ministry of Defence to the National Space Council.

text: Satellites[edit]

text: Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space. Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed. The NigeriaSat-1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million. The satellite was launched by Kosmos-3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System.[1] The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders.

text: NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X, Nigeria's third and fourth satellites, were built as a high-resolution earth satellite by SSTL for DMC system also. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas. The NigeriaSat-2/X spacecraft was built at a cost of over £35 million.[citation needed] This satellite was launched into orbit by Ukrainian Dnepr rocket from a Yasny military base in Russia on 17 August 2011.[1][2]

text: NigComSat-1, a Nigerian satellite ordered and built in China in 2004, was Nigeria's second satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders: 4 C band; 14 Ku band; 8 Ka band; and 2 L band. It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka band transponders would also cover Italy.

text: On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs".[3] The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008.

text: On 24 March 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat-1.[4]

text: On 19 December 2011, a new Nigerian communications satellite was launched into orbit by China in Xichang.The satellite according to Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security.[5]

text:
NigeriaSat-1 is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) design. It has 100 kg mass and carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32 m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km. The payload uses green, red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2, 3 and 4. Images are stored in a 1-gigabyte solid-state data recorder and returned via an 8-Mbit/s S-band downlink. NigeriaSat-1 can image scenes as large as 640 x 560 km, providing unparalleled wide-area, medium-resolution data. The data will be used within Nigeria to monitor pollution, land use and other medium-scale phenomena. Launched on 27 September 2003.
NigeriaSat-2 and NigeriaSat-X with 300 kg mass each - to replace NigeriaSat-1, commenced November 6, 2006,[6] launched 17 August 2011.
NigComSat-1 Communications satellite providing rural internet access - launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The satellite was the second Nigerian satellite to be placed into orbit. On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off, because it lost both of its solar arrays. The satellite is a total loss. The satellite was owned and operated by Nigerian Communication Satellite limited, an SPV, incorporated as a state owned enterprise, fully funded and owned by Federal Government of Nigeria. NigComSat Limited is currently being supervised by the Newly created Ministry of communications Technology and regulated by NCC and NBC.
NigComSat-1R - to replace the lost NigComSat-1, launched by China on 19 December 2011 with no cost to Nigeria.[7]

text: Future projects[edit]

text: Satellites[edit]

text: NigComSat-2 and NigComSat-3 - more communications satellites to extend Nigerian Communication Satellite ltd capacity, planning to launch in 2012 and 2013.

text: NigeriaSAT-1 - dual-aimed military/civil Earth monitoring satellite with synthetic aperture radar, planning to launch in 2015.

text: Satellite build technology[edit]

text: Robert Ajayi Boroffice announced at a public lecture on space technology development that Nigeria will be able to build indigenous satellites in the country without foreign assistance by 2018. [8]

text: Satellite launch vehicle and spaceport[edit]

text: Robert Ajayi Boroffice disclosed also that Nigeria will take advantage of its geographic location to launch into near-equatorial orbit by indigenous developed space launcher from a national spaceport to be built near 2025-2028 with possible help from the Ukraine.

text: Planetary researches[edit]

text: A Moon planetary probe is planned for launch in 2030.

text: Astronauts[edit]

text: The first Nigerian astronaut is scheduled to launch abroad a foreign spacecraft sometime between 2015 and 2020. Negotiations with Russia were held in the 2000s for astronaut transportation. Moreover, after Nigerian space partner China launched the Shenzhou rocket in 2011, China has been planning to take on foreign astronauts. China is seen as a more likely country of choice for flying a Nigerian astronaut to space than Russia given current relations.


document_title: Camel

question_text: when were camels introduced into the middle east

root

text: Camel

text: Biology[edit]

text: The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years.[8][9][not in citation given] A full-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump.[10] Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).[11] Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The widening toes on a camel's hoof provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments.[12]

tag: p

text: The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in its throat, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth.[13] Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind.[14] The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session.[15] Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.[16]

text: Ecological and behavioral adaptations[edit]

text: Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are reservoirs of fatty tissue: concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates.[17][18] When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.[19][20]

text: Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water.[18] The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to dehydration.[22] Unlike other mammals, camels' red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration[23] and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg (1,300 lb) camel can drink 200 L (53 US gal) of water in three minutes.[24][25]

text: Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C (104 °F) by sunset, before they cool off at night again.[18] In general, to compare between camels and the other livestock, camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day (Breulmann, et al., 2007)[26] Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have a rete mirabile, a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain.[27] Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C (120 °F).[8] Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.[25]

text: When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water.[28] Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.[29]

text: The camels' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating.[30] During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn.[25] The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C (158 °F).[31][32] Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.[27]

text: Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.[31][33][34]

text: The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.[35] Thus medullary part of camel's kidneys occupy twice as much area as a cow's kidney. Secondly, renal corpuscles have a smaller diameter, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camel to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions.[36] Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.[37][38][39][40] The camels are able to live in difficult conditions without drinking water due to their ability to produce small and dry droppings as well as they use the water to maintain their body’s temperature to fit with the region surrounding them (Breulmann, et al., 2007).[41]

text: The camel immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.[42]

text: Genetics[edit]

text: The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,[43][44][45][46][47][48] but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric, three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small metacentric chromosome, while the X is a large metacentric chromosome.[49]

text: The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb), which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.[50]

text: According to molecular data, the New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.[51] In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.[52] The cama is a camel-lama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.[53] Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections.[54] The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves.[55][56] Like the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.[54] The wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) about 1 million years ago.[57][58]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The earliest known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during the Eocene).[15] It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota.[59][60] By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas.[61][62] The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.[63]

text: The direct ancestor of all modern camels, Procamelus, existed in the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene.[64] Around 3–5 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals, and to Asia via the Bering land bridge.[15][59][60] Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger, boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate.[65][66] This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall.[67]

text: The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia.[68][69]

text: Domestication[edit]

text: Like the horse, before their extinction in their native land, camels spread across the Bering land bridge, moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America, to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans. Most camels surviving today are domesticated.[40][70] Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America, 12,000 to 10,000 years ago.[68][69] Although feral populations exist in Australia, India and Kazakhstan, the only wild camels left are the wild Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert.[9]

text: Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia, around 3,000 BC, the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC,[15][71][72][73] as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.[74]

text: Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J for instance mentions that "In accord with patriarchal traditions, cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels."[75][76]

text: Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains, then moving into Mesopotamia, and suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel." while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan.[77]

text: Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula, dating to around 930 BC. This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham, Jacob, Esau, and Joseph were written after this time.[78][79]

text: The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea. The historian Richard Bulliet did not think that the occasional mention of camels meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time.[80] The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism.[81]

text: The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that "The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century [BC])" and concludes that "Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade."[79]

text: Textiles[edit]

text: Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents, yurts, clothing, bedding and accessories. Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down, and the fibers are sorted by color and age of the animal. The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen, while the softer hair is used for premium goods.[82] The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet. Pure camel hair is recorded as being used for western garments from the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used.[83]

text: Military uses[edit]

text: By at least 1200 BC, the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500–100 BC, Bactrian camels attained military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC, the military Arabian saddle appeared, which again improved the saddle design slightly.[84]

text: Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and into modern-day Border Security Force of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC.[85][86][87] Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.[88][89]

text: In the East Roman Empire, the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom they recruited in desert provinces.[90][91] The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges (horses are afraid of the camels' scent),[16] a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra.[50][92][93]

text: 19th and 20th centuries[edit]

text:
The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps, which was stationed in California in the late 19th century.[16] One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum.[94] Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd, Secretary of War in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.[89]
France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara[95] in order to exercise greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed.[96] The Free French Camel Corps fought during World War II and camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.[97]
In 1916, the British created the Imperial Camel Corps. It was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.[98]
In World War I, the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.[99][100][101]
The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.[102]
Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region.[103]
The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II.[104]
The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.[105][106]

tag: ul

text: Food uses[edit]

text: Dairy[edit]

text: Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month.[16][37][107][108] Camel milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and immunoglobulins;[109] compared to cow's milk, it is lower in fat and lactose,[110] and higher in potassium, iron, and vitamin C.[10] Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel's diet consists of certain desert plants.[16][111] Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt, as well as butter or cheese, though the yields for cheese tend to be low.[16][110]

text: Camel milk cannot be made into butter by the traditional churning method. It can be made if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying agent is then added.[16] Until recently, camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds.[112] Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet.[110] The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant.[113][114] The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local (West African) markets.[110] Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions.[115]

text: Additionally, camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm.[116]

text: Meat[edit]

text: Camels are the ultimate pillars that support national economies of many developing countries, because they are useful for transport, and provide food in the form of meat and milk (Tariq et al.,2010).[117] A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg (661–882 lb), while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,433 lb). The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb).[15] The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy.[118] The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel.[119] On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and low vegetation (Aleme, 2013).[120] Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough,[10][15] although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked.[121] The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste.[122] In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat.[123] In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers.[124]

text: Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted whole.[125] The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[37] Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history.[15][37][118] Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals.[15][118][126] Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.[125][126]

text: A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.[127]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Islam[edit]

text: Camel meat is halal (Arabic: حَـلَال, 'allowed') for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat.[128] Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haram (Arabic: حَـرَام, 'forbidden') for a Muslim to perform Salat in places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of the Shaytan (Arabic: شَـيْـطَـان, 'Devil').[128] According to Abu Yusuf, the urine of camel may be used for medical treatment if necessary, but according to Abū Ḥanīfah, the drinking of camel urine is discouraged.[129]

text: The Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels. In the story of the people of Thamud, the Prophet Salih miraculously brings forth a naqat (Arabic: نَـاقَـة, 'she-camel') out of a rock. After the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, he allowed his she-camel to roam there; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina.[130]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher.[131] Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves:

text: "But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, because it brings up its cud, but does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you."[132]

text: Depictions in culture[edit]

text:
Bowl depicting Bahram Gur and Azada, c. early 13th century, Brooklyn Museum

Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC–224 AD, Brooklyn Museum

Maru Ragini (Dhola and Maru riding on a camel), c. 1750, Brooklyn Museum

The Magi journeying (Les rois mages en voyage) - James Tissot, c. 1886, Brooklyn Museum

text: Distribution and numbers[edit]

text: There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010[update], with 90% being dromedaries.[133] Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (mostly living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle East and South Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world,[21] where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia (which has the largest camel herd in the world)[15] and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.[108][134][135][136]

text: Around 700,000 dromedary camels are now feral in Australia, descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[126][133][137] This population is growing about 8% per year.[138] Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.[139]

text: A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwestern United States after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush.[89]

text: The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010[update], reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated.[40][133][140] The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 1400, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia.[9][141]


document_title: Auburn Tigers football

question_text: who did auburn lose to in football this year

text: Auburn Tigers football

text: Program Success[edit]

text: Auburn has the 13th most wins in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision.[4] In terms of winning percentage, Auburn ranks as the 9th most successful team in the past 25 years with a 71% win rate (213–86–5)[5] and 9th over the last half century (1955–2010) with 69%.[6] Of the 93 current I-A football programs that been active since Auburn first fielded a team 116 years ago, Auburn ranks 14th in winning percentage over that period.[7]

text: The College Football Research Center lists Auburn as the 14th best college football program in history,[8] with eight Auburn squads listed in Billingsley's Top 200 Teams of All Time (1869–2010).[9] The Bleacher Report placed Auburn as the 18th best program of all time in their power rankings conducted after the 2010 season.[10] In 2013, College Football Data Warehouse, a website dedicated to the historical data of college football,[11] listed Auburn 13th all-time.[12] After the 2008 season, ESPN ranked Auburn the 21st most prestigious program in history.[13]

text: The Associated Press poll statistics show Auburn with the 11th best national record of being ranked in the final AP Poll[14] and 14th overall (ranked 503 times out of 1058 polls since the poll began in 1936), with an average ranking of 11.2.[15] Since the Coaches Poll first released a final poll in 1950, Auburn has 26 seasons where the team finished ranked in the top 20 in both the AP and Coaches Polls.[16]

text: Auburn has also had success against teams ranked number one in the nation. The Tigers have beaten four teams ranked number one in the nation.

text:
Year
Opponent
Result
Site

1942
vs. Georgia[17]
W 27–13
Columbus, Georgia

1994
vs. Florida
W 36–33
Gainesville, Florida

2001
vs. Florida
W 23–20
Auburn, Alabama

2013
vs. Alabama
W 34–28
Auburn, Alabama

tag: table

text: Championships and Undefeated Seasons[edit]

text: National championships[edit]

text: Five Auburn teams have been awarded a National Championship by an NCAA documented selector—1913, 1957, 1983, 1993, and 2010.[18] However, only the 1957 title, awarded by the Associated Press,[19] and the BCS National Championship in 2010 are claimed outright by the University. Four additional teams have also been named national champions by a minor selector, though none are recognized—1910, 1914, 1958, and 2004.[citation needed]

text:
Year
Coach
Selector
Record
Notes

1957
Ralph "Shug" Jordan
AP
10–0
SEC Champions

2010
Gene Chizik
AP, Coaches, BCS
14–0
SEC Champions, Won BCS Title Game

text: † in 1993 Auburn was ineligible for the SEC Championship Game and postseason bowl game.

text: 1913 season[edit]

text: The 1913 team was coached by Mike Donahue and was undefeated at 8–0, outscoring opponents 224–13. Auburn, led by senior captain Kirk Newell, finished as SIAA champions for the first time in school history. Newell, also a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha, went on to be a World War I hero and member of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.[20] The Tigers were retroactively awarded a national title by The Billingsley Report.

text: 1957 season[edit]

text: The 1957 Auburn Tigers, led by coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan, finished with a perfect 10–0 record, marking the school's first ever SEC championship. Auburn was recognized as national champions by the AP Poll even though they were on probation and did not participate in a bowl game. This was the school's first recognized national championship. The 1957 title is shared with Ohio State, who was named the national champion by the Coaches' Poll. This was the first of only two times in the history of the AP championship that it was awarded to a team on probation not allowed to participate in a bowl game (it would occur again in 1974 with Oklahoma).

text: 1983 season[edit]

text: The 1983 Auburn Tigers, led by head coach Pat Dye and running back Bo Jackson, finished 11–1 after playing the nation's toughest schedule. Their only loss came against #3 Texas, who defeated the Tigers, 20–7. Auburn went on to defeat #8 Michigan, 9–7, in the Sugar Bowl. Despite entering the bowl games ranked third in both major polls, and with both teams ranked higher losing their bowl games, the Tigers ended ranked third in the final AP poll. The New York Times ranked Auburn number one at the conclusion of the season, but several other retroactive polling found Auburn at number 1, including the Billingsley Report. The universally recognized national champions for 1983 are the Miami Hurricanes.

text: 1993 season[edit]

text: Head coach Terry Bowden led the 1993 team to a perfect season in his first year on the Plains. The Tigers were the only undefeated team in major college football, however were banned from playing on television or post-season games due to NCAA violations. Rival Alabama was sent to the SEC Championship Game as the substitute representative of the Western Division. Auburn finished ranked fourth in the nation by the Associated Press. However, Auburn was on NCAA probation in 1993 and ineligible for post season play.

text: 2010 season[edit]

text: The Tigers, led by second year head coach Gene Chizik, completed a 12–0 regular season record and defeated South Carolina in the 2010 SEC Championship Game. On October 24, 2010, Auburn was ranked first in the BCS polls for the first time in school history. On January 10, 2011, Auburn defeated Oregon in the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale, Arizona, 22–19, to win their first BCS National Championship, and second claimed national title. Their quarterback, Cam Newton, became a Heisman Trophy winner. He had a total of 2,854 yards passing and 30 passing touchdowns. He also rushed for 1,473 yards and 20 touchdowns.

text: Summary[edit]

text: The following table summarizes the source and totals for Auburn's national championship seasons.

text:
Source
Championships
Years

AP/Coaches' Poll/BCS (1936–present)
Two
1957 (AP), 2010

CFBDW (recognized)
Three
1913, 1957, 2010

CFBDW (all)
Five
1913, 1957, 1983, 1993, 2010

Claimed by Auburn
Two
1957, 2010

text: Undefeated seasons[edit]

text: Since its beginnings in 1892, Auburn has completed twelve undefeated seasons.[21] This includes seven (7) perfect seasons in which the Tigers were undefeated and untied.

text:
Year
Coach
Record

1893
D. M. Balliet/G. H. Harvey
3–0–2

1897
John Heisman
2–0–1

1900
Billy Watkins
4–0

1904
Mike Donahue
5–0

1913
Mike Donahue
8–0

1914
Mike Donahue
8–0–1

1932
Chet A. Wynne
9–0–1

1957
Ralph "Shug" Jordan
10–0

1958
Ralph "Shug" Jordan
9–0–1

1993
Terry Bowden
11–0

2004
Tommy Tuberville
13–0

2010
Gene Chizik
14–0

Total Undefeated Seasons:
12 (7 Perfect)

text: Conference championships[edit]

text: Auburn officially recognizes that it has won outright or a share of 12 total conference championships, including 3 SIAA Championships, 1 Southern Conference Championship, and 8 SEC Championships.

text:
Conference Championships

Conference
Conference Championships

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
3

Southern Conference
1

Southeastern Conference
8

Total Conference Championships
12

text: Conference affiliations:

text:
Conference Affiliations

Player
Year

Independent
1892–1894

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1895–1920

Southern Conference
1921–1932

Southeastern Conference
1933–present

text:
Year
Conference
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record

1913
SIAA
Mike Donahue
9–0
8–0

1914†
SIAA
Mike Donahue
8–0–1
5–0–1

1919†
SIAA
Mike Donahue
8–1
5–1

1932†
SoCon
Chet A. Wynne
9–0–1
6–0–1

1957
SEC
Ralph "Shug" Jordan
10–0
7–0

1983
SEC
Pat Dye
11–1
6–0

1987
SEC
Pat Dye
9–1–2
6–0–1

1988†
SEC
Pat Dye
10–2
6–1

1989†
SEC
Pat Dye
10–2
6–1

2004
SEC
Tommy Tuberville
13–0
8–0

2010
SEC
Gene Chizik
14–0
8–0

2013
SEC
Gus Malzahn
12–2
7–1

Total Conference Championships:
12 (3 SIAA, 1 Southern, 8 SEC)

† Denotes co-champions

text: Additional championships:

text: During Auburn's time in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA), three teams tied for a share of the conference championship, though they are not officially recognized by the University:

text:
Conference

Conference
Year
Head Coach

1900
1900
Walter H. Watkins

1904
1904
Mike Donahue

1910
1910
Mike Donahue

text: Divisional championships[edit]

text: Since divisional play began in 1992, Auburn has won the SEC Western Division championship and gone on to the conference title game on 5 occasions and is 3–2 in the SEC Championship Game. The most recent appearance came in 2013, as Auburn completed the regular season 11–1, and defeated Missouri, 59–42, in the 2013 SEC Championship Game. Auburn has also shared the western division title, but did not play in the championship game due to tiebreakers on 3 occasions. Auburn also finished the 1993 season in first place in the division but was not eligible for the division title.

text:
Year
Division
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record
SEC Championship Game Result

1997†
SEC West
Terry Bowden
10–3
6–2
#11 Auburn 29, #3 Tennessee 30

2000
SEC West
Tommy Tuberville
9–4
6–2
#18 Auburn 6, #7 Florida 28

2001†
SEC West
Tommy Tuberville
7–5
5–3
LSU won divisional tiebreaker

2002†
SEC West
Tommy Tuberville
9–4
5–3
Arkansas won divisional tiebreaker

2004
SEC West
Tommy Tuberville
13–0
8–0
#3 Auburn 38, #15 Tennessee 28

2005†
SEC West
Tommy Tuberville
9–3
7–1
LSU won divisional tiebreaker

2010
SEC West
Gene Chizik
14–0
8–0
#1 Auburn 56, #19 South Carolina 17

2013†
SEC West
Gus Malzahn
12–2
7–1
#3 Auburn 59, #5 Missouri 42

Division Championships
8

† Denotes co-champions

text: Rivalries[edit]

text:
Primary Auburn Football Rivalries: All-Time Records

Name of Rivalry
Rival
Games Played
First Meeting
Last Meeting
Record
Streak
Latest win

Iron Bowl
Alabama
81
1893
2016
35–45–1
3 losses
2013, 34–28

Deep South's Oldest Rivalry
Georgia
120
1892
2016
55–57–8
3 losses
2013, 43–38

The Tiger Classic
LSU
52
1901
2017
22–29-1
1 loss
2016, 18–13

Auburn–Tennessee
Tennessee
52
1900
2013
28–21–3
6 wins
2013, 55–23

Auburn–Florida
Florida
83
1912
2011
43–38–2
3 wins
2011, 17–6

Auburn–Georgia Tech
Georgia Tech
92
1892
2005
47–41–4
2 losses
1987, 20–10

text: Total program achievements[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
National Champions
1957, 2010

Unclaimed National Champions
1910, 1913, 1914, 1958, 1983, 1993, 2004

Conference Champions
1913, 1914, 1919, 1932, 1957, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1989, 2004, 2010, 2013

Undefeated Seasons
1893, 1897, 1900, 1904, 1913, 1914, 1932, 1957, 1958, 1993, 2004, 2010

Divisional Champions
1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2013

Heisman Trophy Winners
1971, 1985, 2010

Final Top 10 (AP)
1955, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013

Final Top 10 (Coaches)
1955, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013

Bowl Appearances
1936, 1937, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Bowl Victories*
1937, 1954, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015

text: Years listed for Bowl victories are seasons for which they occurred.

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Tiger Walk[edit]

text: Before each Auburn home football game, thousands of Auburn fans line Donahue Drive to cheer on the team as they walk from the Auburn Athletic Complex to Jordan–Hare Stadium. The tradition began in the 1950s when groups of kids would walk up the street to greet the team and get autographs. During the tenure of coach Doug Barfield, the coach urged fans to come out and support the team, and thousands did. Today the team walks down the hill and into the stadium surrounded by fans who pat them on the back and shake their hands as they walk. The largest Tiger Walk occurred on December 2, 1989, before the first ever home football game against rival Alabama—the Iron Bowl. On that day, an estimated 20,000 fans packed the one block section of road leading to the stadium. According to former athletic director David Housel, Tiger Walk has become "the most copied tradition in all of college football".[22]

text: "War Eagle"[edit]

text: There are many stories surrounding the origins of Auburn's battle cry, "War Eagle". The most popular account involves the first Auburn football game in 1892 between Auburn and the University of Georgia. According to the story, in the stands that day was an old Civil War soldier with an eagle that he had found injured on a battlefield and kept as a pet. The eagle broke free and began to soar over the field, and Auburn began to march toward the Georgia end-zone. The crowd began to chant, "War Eagle" as the eagle soared. After Auburn won the game, the eagle crashed to the field and died but, according to the legend, his spirit lives on every time an Auburn man or woman yells "War Eagle!" The battle cry of "War Eagle" also functions as a greeting for those associated with the University. For many years, a live golden eagle has embodied the spirit of this tradition. The eagle was once housed on campus in The A. Elwyn Hamer Jr. Aviary (which was the second largest single-bird enclosure in the country), but the aviary was taken down in 2003 and the eagle moved to a nearby raptor center. The eagle, War Eagle VI (nicknamed "Tiger"), was trained in 2000 to fly free around the stadium before every home game to the delight of fans. The present eagle, War Eagle VII (nicknamed "Nova"), continues the tradition. War Eagle VI is believed to be the inspiration behind the 2005–2006 Auburn Cheerleading squad's chant, "Tigers, Tigers, Gooooooo Tigers!"

text: Toomer's Corner[edit]

text: The intersection of Magnolia and College streets in Auburn, which marks the transition from downtown Auburn to the university campus, is known as Toomer's Corner. It is named after Toomer's Drugs, a small store on the corner that has been an Auburn landmark since 1896. Hanging over the corner were two massive old oak trees, planted in 1937, and whenever there was cause for celebration in the Auburn community, toilet paper could usually be found hanging from the trees. Also known as "rolling the corner", this tradition originated after Auburn upset #2 Alabama in the 1972 Iron Bowl, The famous 'Punt Bama Punt' Game. "We beat the 'number 2' out of Alabama." Until the mid-1990s the tradition was relegated to only to celebrating athletic wins.

text: The oak trees were cut down by the university in April, 2013, as a result of them being poisoned by Harvey Updyke Jr., a fan of rival Alabama.[23]

text: Wreck Tech Pajama Parade[edit]

text: The Wreck Tech Pajama Parade originated in the 1930s, when a group of mischievous Auburn ROTC cadets, determined to show up the more well-known engineers from Georgia Tech, sneaked out of their dorms the night before the football game between Auburn and Tech and greased the railroad tracks. According to the story, the train carrying the Georgia Tech team slid through town and didn't stop until it was halfway to the neighboring town of Loachapoka, Alabama. The Georgia Tech team was forced to walk the five miles back to Auburn and, not surprisingly, were rather weary at the end of their journey. This likely contributed to their 45–0 loss. While the railroad long ago ceased to be the way teams traveled to Auburn and students never greased the tracks again, the tradition continues in the form of a parade through downtown Auburn. Students parade through the streets in their pajamas and organizations build floats.[24]

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text:
Name
Position
Alma mater
Year Entering

Gus Malzahn
Head Coach
Henderson State
5th

Rodney Garner
Associate Head Coach/Defensive Line
Auburn
5th

Kevin Steele
Defensive Coordinator
Tennessee
2nd

Chip Lindsey
Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks
Alabama
1st

Kodi Burns
Co-Offensive Coordinator/Wide Receivers
Auburn
2nd

Greg Brown
Secondary Coach
UTEP
1st

Travis Williams
Linebackers Coach
Auburn
2nd

Larry Porter
Tight Ends/Recruiting Coordinator
Memphis
1st

Tim Horton
Running Backs/Special Teams
Arkansas
5th

Herb Hand
Offensive Line Coach
Hamilton College
2nd

Ryan Russell
Strength Coach
West Liberty State
5th

text: Head coaches[edit]

text:
Auburn Head Coach

Head Coach

List of Auburn Tigers head football coaches

text: Auburn has had 25 head coaches, and 1 interim head coach, since it began play during the 1892 season.[25] From 2013 to present, Gus Malzahn has served as Auburn's head coach.[26] The team has played more than 1,150 games over 119 seasons.[25] In that time, seven coaches have led the Tigers in postseason bowl games: Jack Meagher, Ralph Jordan, Pat Dye, Terry Bowden, Tommy Tuberville, Gene Chizik, and Gus Malzahn.[27] Billy Watkins, Mike Donahue, Chet A. Wynne, Jordan, Dye, Tuberville, Chizik, and Malzhan won a combined twelve conference championships.[28] During their tenures, Jordan and Chizik each won national championships with the Tigers.[28][29]

text: Award winners[edit]

text: A number of Auburn players and coaches have won national awards, including 66 players being named as college football All-Americans. The Tigers also have eleven coaches and players that have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in Atlanta.

text: Statues[edit]

text:
Auburn Tigers Player Statues

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

2
Cam Newton
QB
2010

7
Pat Sullivan
QB
1969–71

34
Bo Jackson
RB
1982–85

HC
John Heisman
HC
1895-99

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: The Tigers have retired three numbers to date, honoring the following players:[30]

text:
Auburn Tigers retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

7
Pat Sullivan
QB
1969–71

88
Terry Beasley
WR
1969–71

34
Bo Jackson
RB
1982–85

text: Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Players
Year Inducted
Coaches
Year Inducted

1954 – Jimmy Hitchcock
1956 – Walter Gilbert
1991 – Pat Sullivan
1994 – Tucker Frederickson
1998 – Bo Jackson
2002 – Terry Beasley
2004 – Tracy Rocker
2009 – Ed Dyas
1951 – "Iron Mike" Donahue
1954 – John Heisman
1982 – Ralph "Shug" Jordan
2005 – Pat Dye

text: National awards[edit]

text: Players

text:
Heisman Trophy[31]
Best player
Walter Camp Award[32]
Best player
Maxwell Award
Best player

1971 – Pat Sullivan, QB
1985 – Bo Jackson, RB
2010 – Cam Newton,QB
1971 – Pat Sullivan, QB
1985 – Bo Jackson, RB
2010 – Cam Newton,QB
2010 – Cam Newton,QB

text:
Davey O'Brien Award
Best quarterback
Manning Award
Best quarterback
Outland Trophy[33]
Best interior lineman
Lombardi Award[34]
Best lineman/linebacker
Jim Thorpe Award[35]
Best defensive back
Rimington Trophy[36]
Best center

2010 – Cam Newton
2010 – Cam Newton
1958 – Zeke Smith,G
1988 – Tracy Rocker, DT
1988 – Tracy Rocker, DT
2010 – Nick Fairley, DT
2004 – Carlos Rogers, CB
2014 – Reese Dismukes

text: Coaches

text:
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award[37]
Coach of the Year
Eddie Robinson Award
Coach of the Year
Sporting News Award
Coach of the Year
Home Depot Award[38]
Coach of the Year
Bowden Award[39]
Coach of the Year
Broyles Award[40]
Best assistant coach

1993 – Terry Bowden
2004 – Tommy Tuberville
2010 – Gene Chizik
2013 – Gus Malzahn
1993 – Terry Bowden
2013 – Gus Malzahn
1993 – Terry Bowden
2004 – Tommy Tuberville
2013 – Gus Malzahn
2010 – Gene Chizik
2013 – Gus Malzahn
2010 – Gene Chizik
2013 – Gus Malzahn
2004 – Gene Chizik
2010 – Gus Malzahn

text: 1st Team All-Americans[edit]

text:
Name
Position
Years
Source

Jimmy Hitchcock
HB
1932†
WCFF, AP, NEA

Walter Gilbert
C
1937
AP

Monk Gafford
RB
1942
INS

Caleb "Tex" Warrington
C
1944
FWAA, WCFF, AP

Travis Tidwell
RB
1949
Williamson

Jim Pyburn
WR
1954

Joe Childress
RB
1955
FWAA

Frank D'Agostino
T
1955
AFCA, AP

Fob James
RB
1955
INS

Jimmy Phillips
DE
1957‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, TSN, NEA, INS, UP, Time

Zeke Smith
OG
1958†, 1959
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, CP, TSN, NEA, Time

Jackie Burkett
C
1958
AFCA, Time

Ken Rice
OT
1959, 1960†
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, CP, TSN, NEA, UPI, Time

Ed Dyas
RB
1960
FWAA

Jimmy Sidle
RB
1963
FWAA, AP

Tucker Frederickson
RB
1964†
FWAA, WCFF, NEA, CP, FN, AP, Time

Jack Thornton
DT
1965
NEA

Bill Cody
LB
1965

Freddie Hyatt
WR
1967
TFN

David Campbell
DT
1968
NEA

Buddy McClinton
DB
1969†
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, CP, FN, UPI

Larry Willingham
DB
1970†
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, FN, TSN, PFW, CP, NEA, UPI, Time

Pat Sullivan
QB
1970, 1971‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, FN, TSN, UPI

Terry Beasley
WR
1970, 1971‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, FN, TSN, NEA, UPI, Time

Mike Fuller
S
1974
FN

Ken Bernich
LB
1974†
AFCA, WCFF, AP

Neil O'Donoghue
PK
1976
TSN

Keith Uecker
OG
1981
Mizlou

Bob Harris
SS
1982

Donnie Humphrey
DT
1983
WTBS

Gregg Carr
LB
1984†
AFCA, WCFF, AP, UPI

Bo Jackson
RB
1983†, 1985‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, TSN, UPI

Lewis Colbert
P
1985
AFCA, TSN

Ben Tamburello
C
1986‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF

Brent Fullwood
RB
1986‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, SH, TFN, UPI

Aundray Bruce
LB
1987†
AFCA, WCFF, SH, TFN, UPI

Kurt Crain
LB
1987
AP

Stacy Searels
OT
1987
AP, TFN

Tracy Rocker
DT
1987†, 1988‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, TSN, UPI

Walter Reeves
TE
1988
TSN

Benji Roland
DT
1988
TSN

Ed King
OG
1989, 1990‡
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, SH, UPI, TFN

Craig Ogletree
LB
1989
TSN

David Rocker
DT
1990†
AFCA, WCFF, AP, UPI

Wayne Gandy
OT
1993†
AP, FWAA, SH, UPI

Terry Daniel
P
1993†
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, TSN, SH, TFN

Brian Robinson
SS
1994†
WCFF, AP, TFN

Frank Sanders
WR
1994
AP, FWAA, SH

Chris Shelling
SS
1994
FWAA, SH

Victor Riley
OT
1997
AFCA

Takeo Spikes
LB
1997
TSN

Damon Duval
PK
2001†
AFCA, WCFF, AP

Karlos Dansby
LB
2003
AFCA, ESPN

Marcus McNeill
OT
2004, 2005†
AP, CBS, FWAA, SI, Rivals, CFN, WCFF, TSN, ESPN

Carlos Rogers
CB
2004†
AP, FWAA, WCFF, SI, Rivals, CFN, ESPN, CBS

Junior Rosegreen
SS
2004
SI, CBS

Carnell Williams
RB
2004
AFCA

Ben Grubbs
OG
2006
Rivals, ESPN, PFW

Cam Newton
QB
2010†
AFCA, AP, Rivals, SI, WCFF, TSN, CBS

Lee Ziemba
OT
2010†
AFCA, FWAA, SI, WCFF

Nick Fairley
DT
2010†
AP, FWAA, Rivals, SI, WCFF, ESPN, CBS, TSN

Steven Clark
P
2011
AP, SI, Rivals, PFW

Tre Mason
RB
2013
TSN

Chris Davis
PR
2013
TSN, CBS

Reese Dismukes
C
2014†
WCFF, AP, AFCA, FWAA, CBS, ESPN, Scout

Carl Lawson
DE
2016
FWAA

text:
† Denotes consensus All-American
‡ Denotes unanimous All-American

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: Auburn football teams have been invited to participate in forty-one (41) total bowls and have posted a record of twenty-three wins, sixteen losses and two ties (23–16–2).[when?][citation needed]

text:
W/L
Date
PF
Opponent
PA
Bowl
Attendance

T
01-01-1937
7
Villanova
7
Bacardi Bowl
12,000

W
01-01-1938
6
Michigan State
0
Orange Bowl
18,972

L
01-01-1954
13
Texas Tech
35
Gator Bowl
28,641

W
12-31-1954
33
Baylor
13
Gator Bowl
28,426

L
12-31-1955
13
Vanderbilt
25
Gator Bowl
32,174

L
01-01-1964
7
Nebraska
13
Orange Bowl
72,647

L
12-18-1965
7
Mississippi
13
Liberty Bowl
38,607

W
12-28-1968
34
Arizona
10
Sun Bowl
32,307

L
12-31-1969
7
Houston
36
Bluebonnet Bowl
55,203

W
01-02-1971
35
Mississippi
28
Gator Bowl
71,136

L
01-01-1972
22
Oklahoma
40
Sugar Bowl
80,096

W
12-30-1972
24
Colorado
3
Gator Bowl
71,114

L
12-29-1973
17
Missouri
34
Sun Bowl
30,127

W
12-30-1974
27
Texas
3
Gator Bowl
63,811

W
12-18-1982
33
Boston College
26
Tangerine Bowl
51,296

W
01-02-1984
9
Michigan
7
Sugar Bowl
77,893

W
12-27-1984
21
Arkansas
15
Liberty Bowl
50,108

L
01-01-1986
16
Texas A&M
36
Cotton Bowl Classic
73,137

W
01-01-1987
16
Southern California
7
Florida Citrus Bowl
51,113

T
01-01-1988
16
Syracuse
16
Sugar Bowl
75,495

L
01-02-1989
7
Florida State
13
Sugar Bowl
75,098

W
01-01-1990
31
Ohio State
14
Hall of Fame Bowl
52,535

W
12-29-1990
27
Indiana
23
Peach Bowl
38,962

L
01-01-1996
14
Penn State
43
Outback Bowl
65,313

W
12-31-1996
32
Army
29
Independence Bowl
41,366

W
01-02-1998
21
Clemson
17
Peach Bowl
75,562

L
01-01-2001
28
Michigan
31
Florida Citrus Bowl
66,928

L
12-31-2001
10
North Carolina
16
Peach Bowl
71,827

W
01-01-2003
13
Penn State
9
Capital One Bowl
66,334

W
12-31-2003
28
Wisconsin
14
Music City Bowl
55,109

W
01-03-2005
16
Virginia Tech
13
Sugar Bowl
77,349

L
01-02-2006
10
Wisconsin
24
Capital One Bowl
57,221

W
01-01-2007
17
Nebraska
14
Cotton Bowl Classic
66,777

W
12-31-2007
23
Clemson
20
Chick-fil-A Bowl
74,413

W
01-01-2010
38
Northwestern
35
Outback Bowl
49,383

W
01-10-2011
22
Oregon
19
BCS National Championship Game
78,603

W
12-31-2011
43
Virginia
24
Chick-fil-A Bowl
72,919

L
01-06-2014
31
Florida State
34
BCS National Championship Game
94,208

L
01-01-2015
31
Wisconsin
34
Outback Bowl
44,023

W
12-30-2015
31
Memphis
10
Birmingham Bowl
59,430

L
01-02-2017
19
Oklahoma
35
Sugar Bowl
54,077

text: Endnotes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ 1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team#1942 season
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^ Jump up to: a b 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide, p. 157
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Jump up ^ 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide, pp. 136–143
^ Jump up to: a b 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide, pp. 184–193
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Jump up ^ "The Rotary Lombardi Award Website — Winners". Rotary Club of Houston. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ "The Jim Thorpe Award — Past Winners". The Jim Thorpe Association. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ "Rimington Trophy". Retrieved 2014-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Paul "Bear" Bryant Previous Winners" (PDF). American Heart Association. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ "Home Depot Previous Winners". Home Depot. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Chizik picks up another coaching honor". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Former Winners of the Broyles Award". Rotary Club of Little Rock. Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-12-14.

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