document_title: Stefan Salvatore

question_text: when does stefan turn his humanity off in season 6

text: Stefan Salvatore

text: Casting and reception[edit]

text: On March 27, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan.[1] He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced.[1] Wesley has become popular with viewers. Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent "10 years as a successful but under-the-radar TV actor" but shortly after the show premiered, he was "everywhere". MacKenzie wrote: "Last summer his face was on more than 30 "Vampire Diaries" posters at the Century City/Westfield mall alone, not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood".[2] In November 2011, Wesley's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell, who is "intrigued by" Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis).[3][4]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Stefan was described as a "beautiful young man" who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old, who develops a "strong connection" with "tragic heroine" Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev).[1] Wesley described the young Stefan as "naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw" him, because he was "easily manipulated" and "innocent" with a "beautiful young soul". However, Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him.[2] Stefan consumes animal blood, refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father. However, Damon on the other hand, does feed on humans.[5]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Stefan has a love-hate relationship with his brother, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder). Wesley "adores" Somerhalder, who he said he has "natural chemistry" with. Wesley stated: "The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other, but they hate each other [...] There's always this thing in Stefan's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible".[2] However, he also described their relationship as "beautiful" in their flashbacks from the past, because they "loved each other so much back then".[2] Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show's first episode, without telling her he was a vampire.[6] She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire, and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together.[7] As the show progressed, Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well. Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a "silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl", and "that was Stefan's girl, and now Damon is suddenly a real factor, he's really in the picture".[8] Wesley's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is "The Turning Point" because it was "really beautiful" for Stefan and Elena as a couple.[2] In the episode, Stefan turns around "because he's ashamed of his face" with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out. Wesley said "he's terrified, and he hates himself for it. He runs from that part of himself, but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid. She touches his face, and she thinks he's beautiful. It's so intimate, that moment, because she accepts the darkest part of him."[2]

text: When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan) is feared dead, it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die, including Stefan and Damon. In what International Business Times called "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan.[9] When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him.[10] Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[11] Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: "The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong, and it was sort of the core of Season 1 — you can’t entirely disregard that".[12] The show's head writer, Julie Plec, said "They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other, but that doesn’t mean that their relationship is infallible".[13]

text: Blood addiction[edit]

text: In 1864, Stefan "hadn't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now" and was an avid consumer of human blood, which was considered a "dark past" by Zap2it. Of his blood addiction, Wesley said: "It's awesome. It's a drug. He's a drug addict. I get to play a drug addict, which I love. I'm going back to his days of usage, heavy usage. When I'm in my lustful state, it's so much fun. I felt like I got to play a role that I'd never played before. I felt like I was doing something different. I just love it, and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned."[14] The show's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was "looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again" after spending decades of consuming only animal blood. Wesley said "everybody has a dark side, especially a vampire, and it'd be unrealistic not to explore that".[2] Stefan became addicted to human blood again, but got it under control with the help of Elena, who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline.[14]

text: However, in the show's third season, Stefan's addiction returned. His humanity was taken away by Klaus, and the audience met "The Ripper", his "bloodthirsty, ruthless alter-ego who had previously only been legend" according to Zap2it, who found "this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self".[8] Wesley, who enjoyed "Ripper Stefan" more, said it "bums me out" when Stefan quit human blood again. He said "Good Stefan doesn't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen, and what I want to be saying. I feel a little stifled, myself, whenever he's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things."[8]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Stefan Salvatore was born on November 5, 1846 and raised in Mystic Falls, Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore. Stefan is the younger brother of Damon. When Stefan and Damon were human, they were very close and were best friends in life. Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other, especially to their father, and was fiercely loyal to him. However, this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl, Katherine Pierce, who turned out to be a vampire. Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire. Katherine, however, compelled Stefan to not be afraid, also to keep her secret and go on as they were. It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will. Damon, on the other hand, drank Katherine's blood willingly, wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine. In 1864, Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father, Giuseppe, along with his brother, Damon with Katherine's blood in his system, before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die. Damon, who turned into a vampire as well, promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan. A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust, Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted (later on known as the Ripper) to the blood, killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust. However, Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia "Lexi" Branson, who later on became Stefan's best friend and companion. In 1942, Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II (4x08 "We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"). After decades of absence from the town he called home, Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach. On May 23, 2009, Stefan heard the Gilbert's car accident at Wickery Bridge. It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time. After only being able to save Elena, Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1-3[edit]

text: Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire. However, Damon returns to Mystic Falls, too, and also falls in love with Elena. Further on in the series, Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other. Because of his addiction to human blood, Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series, which made him weaker than other vampires. In season two, Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength. When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon; however, Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine. Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire. After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite, he turns Stefan into a Ripper again.

text: Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon, and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls, since he believes her to be dead. Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her, but when he is able to resist the compulsion, Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off. However, he is later able to get his humanity back, which is seen when he saves Klaus's life to protect Damon, but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore. He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus. He steals Klaus's family as retaliation, and uses them as blackmail, when that fails (the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line), Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus doesn't get his hybrids out of town, Klaus agrees at the last minute. He and Elena get into a fight. In the season three finale, he kisses Elena. In the end, Elena chooses Stefan over Damon, but when Rebekah causes Matt's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge, she is trapped underwater. Stefan barely gets there in time, but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns. It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood, meaning she died with vampire blood in her system. Then she became a vampire.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the season four premiere, Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire, however, she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder's Council. As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive, Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire. Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring, which was made by Bonnie, in order to protect Elena from the sun. Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they'll take Elena's newborn vampirism one day at a time. During the second episode of season 4, Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood. After his "bunny diet" disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source. When blood bags and Damon's own blood fails too, she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances. Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism. Stefan "teams" up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure, so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again.

text: Unfortunately, Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo, and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead. When Connor kidnaps Jeremy, April, and Matt, and keeps them hostage at the Grill, Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena. After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring, Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself. With Jeremy at gunpoint, Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise. Stefan manages to get Connor out, but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer.

text: When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor's death, Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself, and kidnaps her before they can say no. Later, Stefan works with one of Klaus's hybrids, Chris, to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away. Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations. He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter, which is virtually impossible. Luckily, Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter, and tells him that to save his sister, he must kill a vampire. Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena, and in turn her hallucinations end, and she is safe, but only barely.

text: Later then, Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon. Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon, and they become closer. During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant, Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter's mark on his arm grow. Afterward, Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena. Stefan is there and saves her, but has to apologize for making him crazy. Elena tries to tell him that she doesn't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy.

text: That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house, and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline's. While there, he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon. When Stefan informs Damon of this, they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had. Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond, Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him, and leave her, which Damon agrees to do for Stefan. Post Jeremy's death, Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless. Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again. Later after Elena's humanity comes back, she chooses Damon, leaving Stefan heartbroken. Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive. Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger. Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however, as nature creates a balance for everything, it created a version of Silas that could be killed, a shadow-self which ends up being Stefan. Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river. This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape. Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season 5, Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe. When they go to rescue him, Stefan isn't there. Instead, a very powerful witch (Qyetsiyah) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia. Qyetsiyah (or Tessa) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage, he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved, Amara, the original doppelgänger of Elena. Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa, she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe. Caroline tries to help him but when that doesn't work, Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one-night stand, which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her, however he rejects her. Later on, Katherine takes over Elena's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan. After trying to woo him and failing, Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia, Katherine's daughter. They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell. Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood. Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery, Stefan's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer. Near the end of the season, Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans. They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena. Through the fight, Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell. However, Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery, Stefan's doppelgänger. In 5x21, Stefan tries to save Caroline's life from Tyler (while a passenger, Julian, is in his body), during which Tyler kills him, sending him to the disintegrating Other Side. In the episode 'Home' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In season 6, Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy. However, Enzo and Caroline, find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he's a coward and the worst friend ever. She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy. Stefan vows revenge. He comes back to Whitmore, and uses Elena's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter. However, Enzo survives. Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her. Damon, then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends. To make things worse, Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else. Enzo, figures out that Stefan's niece, Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however, Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan. Meanwhile, the vampires have another threat, a psycho killer, Kai. Added on top of that, Sheriff Liz Forbes (Caroline's mother) is diagnosed with cancer. Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies. At the funeral, Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess, Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral. Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings. She kidnaps Stefan and Damon's niece, Sarah Salvatore, and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her. At the end of the episode 'The Downward Spiral', he does and joins Caroline. Stefan decides to ruin Caroline's life because she has done the same to him. He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper. He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time. When Lily, Stefan and Damon's mother, is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire, she manages to turn on Stefan's humanity again. However, it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and doesn't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back. Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds, but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done. Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure.


document_title: Les Misérables (2012 film)

question_text: who plays police inspector javert in the 2012 film les miserables

question_tokens: who plays police inspector javert in the 2012 film les miserables

root

text: Les Misérables (2012 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1815, French prisoner Jean Valjean is released on parole from the Bagne of Toulon after serving nineteen years for stealing a loaf of bread and trying to escape multiple times. On the outside, Valjean’s anger rises as his paroled status prevents him from getting work or accommodation. He is offered shelter by the kindly Bishop of Digne, but Valjean steals his silverware. Captured by police and taken to the Bishop, Valjean is shocked when the Bishop answers he offered him the silver, telling him to use it to do something worthwhile with his life. Valjean decides to break his parole and start a new life.

tag: p

text: Eight years later, Valjean is now a respected factory owner and mayor of Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais. He is shocked when Toulon prison guard Javert arrives as his new chief of police. Javert suspects Valjean’s real identity when he rescues an injured worker trapped under a heavy cart. One of Valjean’s workers, Fantine, is dismissed by the factory foreman upon learning she has an illegitimate daughter Cosette, that she left to live with the greedy innkeepers, the Thénardiers, and sends all her earnings to. To support her daughter, Fantine sells her hair, her teeth, becomes a prostitute and is arrested by Javert when she attacks an abusive customer. Valjean, learning who she is, rescues her and takes her to the hospital.

text: Valjean learns a man has been wrongly identified as him, and decides to reveal his true identity to the court - before returning to the dying Fantine, promising to care for Cosette. Javert arrives but Valjean escapes, finds Cosette and pays Fantine’s debts to the Thénardiers. Valjean and Cosette flee from Javert, hiding in a convent, aided by the worker Valjean rescued before.

text: Nine years later, Valjean has become a philanthropist and helps the poor in Paris. General Lamarque, the only government official sympathetic to the poor, dies, and a group of revolutionists called the Friends of the ABC plot to rebel against the monarchy. Marius Pontmercy, a member of the Friends, encounters Cosette and they fall in love. He asks Éponine, the Thénardiers’ daughter, to help find her. They finally meet and confess their love, leaving Éponine sad as she's also in love with Marius.

text: Thénardier plans on robbing Valjean's house, but they are stopped by Éponine. Valjean, afraid Javert could be near, makes plans to flee to England with Cosette. Cosette leaves a letter for Marius, but Éponine finds it and hides it from him.

text: During Lamarque’s funeral procession, the revolt begins and barricades are built across Paris. Javert pretends to be an ally to spy on the rebels but the street urchin Gavroche exposes him as a policeman. During the first skirmish against the soldiers, Éponine takes a bullet for Marius and dies in his arms, giving him Cosette’s letter and confessing her love. Marius' answer to Cosette is intercepted by Valjean, who joins the revolution to guard Marius.

text: Valjean offers to execute Javert but actually releases him, faking his death. By dawn, the soldiers are close to ending the revolution, storming the students’ barricade and execute everyone save Marius and Valjean, who escape into the sewers. Thénardier comes across Valjean and the unconscious Marius, stealing the latter’s ring, before pointing a way out. Valjean finds Javert waiting for him, ignoring his nemesis’ threats. Javert, morally confused by the mercy of Valjean, commits suicide by throwing himself in the Seine. Marius recovers but is traumatised by the death of his friends.

text: Marius and Cosette are reunited but Valjean, concerned his presence would threaten their happiness, makes plans to leave and reveals his story to Marius, who promises to remain silent. Cosette and Marius marry but the Thénardiers crash the wedding to try and blackmail Marius : Thénardier says he witnessed Valjean carrying a murdered corpse and shows the stolen ring. Marius recognizes it as his own and understands Valjean saved him that night. Marius forces Thénardier who reveals where Valjean is. The dying Valjean reunites at the convent with Cosette and Marius, giving them letters of confession, before peacefully dying, guided away by Fantine and the Bishop’s spirits.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor

Role

Jackman, HughHugh Jackman

Valjean, JeanJean Valjean

Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe

Javert, Javert

Hathaway, AnneAnne Hathaway

Fantine, Fantine

Seyfried, AmandaAmanda Seyfried

Cosette, Cosette

Redmayne, EddieEddie Redmayne

Pontmercy, MariusMarius Pontmercy

Tveit, AaronAaron Tveit

Enjolras, Enjolras

Barks, SamanthaSamantha Barks

Éponine, Éponine

Isabelle Allen, Isabelle Allen

Young Cosette

Daniel Huttlestone, Daniel Huttlestone

Gavroche, Gavroche

Wilkinson, ColmColm Wilkinson

Bishop Myriel, Bishop Myriel

Bonham Carter, HelenaHelena Bonham Carter

Madame Thénardier, Madame Thénardier

Baron Cohen, SachaSacha Baron Cohen

Thénardier, Thénardier

Blagden, GeorgeGeorge Blagden

Grantaire

Carvel, BertieBertie Carvel

Bamatabois

Donnelly, KillianKillian Donnelly

Combeferre, Combeferre

Fee, FraFra Fee

Courfeyrac, Courfeyrac

Brammer, AlistairAlistair Brammer

Prouvaire, JeanJean Prouvaire

Vick, GabrielGabriel Vick

Feuilly, Feuilly

Skinner, HughHugh Skinner

Joly, Joly

Lewis, IwanIwan Lewis

Bahorel, Bahorel

Neal, StuartStuart Neal

Lesgles, Lesgles

Fraser, HadleyHadley Fraser

National Guard Leader, National Guard Leader

Chasen, HeatherHeather Chasen

Madame Magloire, Madame Magloire

Glen, GeorgieGeorgie Glen

Mademoiselle Baptistine, Mademoiselle Baptistine

Godfrey, PatrickPatrick Godfrey

Monsieur Gillenormand, Monsieur Gillenormand

tag: table

text: Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean, a Frenchman released from Toulon prison after 19 years of imprisonment for stealing bread and failed attempts at escaping from the prison.[13] Around June 2011, Jackman met with producer Cameron Mackintosh to audition in New York.[14] To prepare for the role, Jackman lost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and later regained 30 pounds (14 kg) to mirror his character's success.[14] He avoided drinking coffee, warmed up at least 15 minutes every day, kept Ricola lozenges, drank as much as seven litres of water per day, sat in steam three times a day, took cold baths and used a wet washcloth over his face while flying, citing the musical's original co-director Trevor Nunn for his training.[15] He worked extensively with vocal coach Joan Lader, and managed to extend his vocal range, which he originally categorised a high baritone, up to tenor.[16]

text: Russell Crowe as Javert, a police inspector dedicating his life to imprisoning Valjean once again.[13] Before being cast as Javert, Crowe was initially dissatisfied with the character. On his way to Europe for a friend's wedding, Crowe came to London and met with producer Cameron Mackintosh. On meeting with Tom Hooper, he told the director about his concerns about playing Javert, and after meeting with him, Crowe was "determined to be involved in the project and play Javert. I think it had something to do with Tom's passion for what he was about to undertake, and he clearly understood the problems and he clearly understood the challenge."[17] On visiting Victor Hugo's home in Paris, Crowe said, "[The house's curator] told me about [19th century detective Eugene Francois] Vidocq, a man who had been both a prisoner and a policeman, the man credited with inventing undercover police work when he established the Brigade de Surete."[14]

text: Anne Hathaway and Amanda Seyfried play Fantine and Cosette respectively.[18][19][20] Fantine is a struggling factory worker and mother of an illegitimate child, Cosette, who is kept by the Thénardiers until Valjean buys her from them. When Hathaway was cast, she stated, "There was resistance because I was between their ideal ages for the parts—maybe not mature enough for Fantine but past the point where I could believably play Cosette."[14] On developing Cosette, Seyfried said, "In the little time that I had to explain Cosette and give the audience a reason [to see her] a symbol of love and strength and light in this tragedy, I needed to be able to convey things you may not have connected with in the show."[21] A vocal coach was enlisted to help her with the songs.[22] Isabelle Allen as the young Cosette, a child.[23] On working with her fellow actors, Allen said, "They gave us lots of tips and mostly [made] sure we were all OK. They were really nice."[24]

text: Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy, a student revolutionary who is friends with the Thenardiers' daughter, Éponine, but falls in love with Cosette.[25][26][27] He found director Hooper's vision "incredibly helpful". On collaborating with Hooper, Redmayne said, "He was incredibly collaborative. Certainly during the rehearsal process, we sat with Tom and the Victor Hugo book adding things."[28] It was Redmayne who suggested to Hooper that his character's song, "Empty Chairs at Empty Tables", should begin a cappella in order to better express Marius' guilt and pain.

text: Helena Bonham Carter and Sacha Baron Cohen play the Thénardiers, a pair of swindling innkeepers.[29][30][31] Hooper previously collaborated with Bonham Carter in The King's Speech, in which she portrayed Queen Elizabeth, King George VI's wife.[32] Baron Cohen and Bonham Carter previously co-starred in the film adaptation of the musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. When Baron Cohen accepted the role of Thénardier, he had to abandon Django Unchained.[33]

text: Samantha Barks as Éponine, the Thénardiers' daughter.[34] Having previously played the role at the 25th Anniversary concert and in the West End production, Barks said "there was similarities in playing the role—they're the same character—but Eponine in the novel and Eponine in the musical are two kind of different girls, so to me it was the thrill of merging those two together, to get something that still had that heart and soul that we all connect to in the musical, but also the awkward, self-loathing teenager that we see in the novel, trying to merge those two together." She found Jackman "fascinating to learn from, and I feel like that's the way it should be done".[35]

text: Aaron Tveit as Enjolras, the leader of Les Amis de l'ABC. Hoping to play Marius, Tveit submitted an audition tape in which he sang "Empty Chairs at Empty Tables" and "In My Life". He had never performed any role in the musical. He also said of Enjolras that "once I got more and more familiar with the material and when I read the novel, I was like, 'Wow this is a really, really great role,' and I felt very much better suited for it." Tveit said the shooting of the film was "almost as grueling as a marathon".[36]

text: Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle, two of the original cast members involved in the Broadway and West End productions of the English version (as Jean Valjean and Éponine, respectively), make appearances. Wilkinson plays the Bishop of Digne, while Ruffelle plays a prostitute.[37] Hadley Fraser, who previously played Grantaire in the 25th Anniversary Concert and Javert at West End, appears as the Army General. Another West End actor, Gina Beck, appears as one of the "Turning Women". Michael Jibson plays the foreman of the factory in which Fantine works and is fired from.[31]

text: Several actors in the West End production of the musical appear members of the student society, including George Blagden as Grantaire;[38] Killian Donnelly as Combeferre; Fra Fee as Courfeyrac; Alistair Brammer as Jean Prouvaire; Hugh Skinner as Joly;[39] Gabriel Vick as Feuilly;[40] Iwan Lewis as Bahorel; and Stuart Neal as Bossuet. Blagden was cast in January 2012.[41] Other stage actors including Hannah Waddingham, Daniel Evans and Kerry Ellis have small parts in the film along with actors who previously starred in various productions of Les Misérables.[31][42]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: A highlights soundtrack album was released via Universal Republic 21 December 2012.[43] Republic Records confirmed 25 January 2013, via Twitter that a 2-disc deluxe soundtrack was in production alongside the DVD and Blu-ray; it was released 19 March 2013.[44]

text: The film contains every song from the original stage musical with the exception of "I Saw Him Once" and "Dog Eats Dog", although many songs have been partially or extensively cut. "The Attack on Rue Plumet" and "Little People" were especially shortened. In addition, the Bishop sings with Fantine during "Valjean's Death" instead of Eponine, as was in the stage musical. "Stars" was also moved to before "Look Down", which echoes the original 1985 London production. The lyrics of some songs were also changed to suit the changes in setting or narrative to the stage musical. In addition to the cuts, a new song, "Suddenly" was added, new music was composed for the battle scenes, and the order of several songs changed from the stage musical. Several major pieces, primarily as "Who Am I?", "Stars", and the two "Soliloquy" pieces are performed in a different key than most recordings.

text:
"Look Down" – Convicts, Javert, Valjean†§
"The Bishop" – Bishop of Digne†§
"Valjean's Soliloquy" – Valjean†§
"At the End of the Day" – Poor, Foreman, Workers, Factory Women, Fantine, Valjean†§
"The Runaway Cart" – Valjean, Javert
"The Docks (Lovely Ladies)" – Sailors, Old Woman, Fantine, Crone, Whores, Pimp, Toothman§
"I Dreamed a Dream" – Fantine†§
"Fantine's Arrest" – Bamatabois, Fantine, Javert, Valjean§
"Who Am I?" – Valjean§
"Fantine's Death" – Fantine, Valjean§
"The Confrontation" – Javert, Valjean†§
"Castle on a Cloud" – Young Cosette, Mme. Thénardier†§
"Master of the House" – Thénardier, Mme. Thénardier, Inn Patrons†§
"The Well Scene" – Valjean, Young Cosette§
"The Bargain" – Valjean, Thénardier, Mme. Thénardier§
"The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery" – Thénardier, Valjean, Mme. Thénardier, Young Cosette§
"Suddenly" – Valjean†§
"The Convent" – Valjean§
"Stars" – Javert§
"Paris/Look Down" – Gavroche, Beggars, Enjolras, Marius, Students§
"The Robbery" – Thénardier, Mme. Thénardier, Éponine, Valjean§
"Javert's Intervention" – Javert, Thénardier§
"Éponine's Errand" - Éponine, Marius
"ABC Café/Red and Black" – Students, Enjolras, Marius, Grantaire, Gavroche†§
"In My Life" – Cosette, Valjean, Marius, Éponine§
"A Heart Full of Love" – Marius, Cosette, Éponine†§
"The Attack on Rue Plumet" – Thénardier, Thieves, Éponine, Valjean
"On My Own" – Éponine†§
"One Day More" – Valjean, Marius, Cosette, Éponine, Enjolras, Javert, Thénardier, Mme. Thénardier, Cast of Les Misérables†§
"Do You Hear the People Sing?" – Enjolras, Marius, Students, Beggars§
"Building the Barricade (Upon These Stones)" – Enjolras, Javert, Gavroche, Students§
"Javert's Arrival" – Javert, Enjolras§
"Little People" – Gavroche, Students, Enjolras, Javert§
"A Little Fall of Rain" – Éponine, Marius§
"Night of Anguish" – Enjolras, Marius, Valjean, Javert, Students
"Drink With Me" – Grantaire, Marius, Gavroche, Students†§
"Bring Him Home" – Valjean†§
"Dawn of Anguish" – Enjolras, Marius, Gavroche, Students§
"The Second Attack (Death of Gavroche)" – Gavroche, Enjolras, Students, Army Officer§
"The Sewers" – Valjean, Javert§
"Javert's Suicide" – Javert†§
"Turning" – Parisian women§
"Empty Chairs at Empty Tables" – Marius†§
"A Heart Full of Love [Reprise]" – Marius, Cosette, Valjean, Gillenormand§
"Valjean's Confession" – Valjean, Marius§
"Suddenly [Reprise]" – Marius, Cosette§
"Wedding Chorale" – Chorus, Marius, Thérnardier, Mme. Thérnardier§
"Beggars at the Feast" – Thénardier, Mme. Thénardier§
"Valjean's Death" – Valjean, Fantine, Cosette, Marius, Bishop of Digne†§
"Do You Hear the People Sing? [Reprise] / Epilogue" – The Cast of Les Misérables†§

tag: ol

text:
† Included on the highlights edition soundtrack
§ Included on the deluxe edition soundtrack

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Following the release of Les Misérables (1980), a French sung-through musical by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo, the musical premiered at the Palais des Sports in Paris in 1980. The English-language West End theatre production opened at the Barbican Arts Centre on 8 October 1985. The subsequent Broadway production opened at the Broadway Theatre on 10 October 1990 and closed at the Imperial Theatre on 18 May 2003 after 6,680 performances.[45] In 1988, Alan Parker was considered to direct a film adaptation of the Les Misérables musical. In 1991, Bruce Beresford signed on to be the film's director.[46]

text: In 1992, producer Cameron Mackintosh announced that the film would be co-produced by TriStar Pictures.[47] However, the film was abandoned. In 2005, Mackintosh later confirmed that interest in turning the musical into a film adaptation had resumed during the early months of that year. Mackintosh said that he wanted the film to be directed by "someone who has a vision for the show that will put the show's original team, including [Mackintosh], back to work." He also said that he wanted the film audiences to make it "fresh as the actual show".[48]

text: In 2009, producer Eric Fellner began negotiations with Mackintosh to acquire the film's rights and concluded it near the end of 2011. Fellner, Tim Bevan, and Debra Hayward engaged William Nicholson to write a screenplay for the film.[14] Nicholson wrote the draft within six weeks time.[14]

text: The DVD/Blu-ray release of Les Misérables: 25th Anniversary Concert confirmed an announcement of the musical's film adaptation.[49]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In March 2011, director Tom Hooper began negotiations to direct Les Misérables from the screenplay by William Nicholson.[50] Production on the film officially began in June that year, with Cameron Mackintosh and Working Title Films co-producing. Having already approached Hooper prior to production with the desire of playing Jean Valjean, Hugh Jackman began negotiations to star in the film alongside Paul Bettany as Javert.[51][52] Other stars who became attached to the project included Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter.[53]

text: In September 2011, Jackman was officially cast as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe was cast as Javert.[54] The following month, Mackintosh confirmed that Fantine would be played by Hathaway. Before Hathaway was cast, Amy Adams, Jessica Biel, Tammy Blanchard, Kristin Kreuk, Marion Cotillard, Kate Winslet and Rebecca Hall were also considered for the part.[55] For the role, Hathaway allowed her hair to be cut short on camera for a scene in which her character sells her hair, stating that the lengths she goes to for her roles "don't feel like sacrifices. Getting to transform is one of the best parts of [acting]."[56] The role also required her to lose 25 pounds (11 kg).[14]

text: In addition to Hathaway’s weight loss, Hugh Jackman also lost an extreme amount of weight for the opening scene as Jean Valjean when he is imprisoned in a labor camp. To achieve an emaciated look, Jackman committed to a minimalistic diet and intense work outs. In an interview with Epix, Jackman revealed that he went on 45 minute morning runs on an empty stomach which Hathaway later used as a weight loss tactic with Jackman's help, and he went on a 36-hour liquid fast. This allowed him to rapidly lose ten pounds and caused his eyes and cheeks to sink severely.[57] With these efforts, Jackman was able to successfully look unrecognizable as Jean Valjean in the opening scene.

text: In November 2011, Eddie Redmayne joined the cast as Marius Pontmercy.[25] It was reported that the shortlist of actresses for the role of Éponine included Scarlett Johansson (who also auditioned for the role of Fantine), Lea Michele, Tamsin Egerton, Taylor Swift, and Evan Rachel Wood.[58][59]

text: In January 2012, the press reported that the role of Éponine had officially been offered to Taylor Swift, but Swift later stated that those reports were not entirely accurate.[60][61][62][63] At the end of the month, Mackintosh made a special appearance during the curtain call of the Oliver! UK tour at the Palace Theatre, Manchester, announcing that the tour's Nancy, Samantha Barks, who had played Éponine in the West End production and in the 25th Anniversary concert, would reprise the role in the film.[34] Barks had been auditioning for 15 weeks by that point.[64]

text: Originally, an unknown was sought for the role of Cosette, with an open casting call in New York City in December 2011.[65] In January 2012, reports surfaced that Amanda Seyfried had been offered the role instead.[66] Eddie Redmayne confirmed both Seyfried's casting and that of Bonham Carter as Madame Thénardier in an interview on 12 January.[18] Hooper confirmed that he would stick to the musical's essentially sung-through form and would thus introduce very little additional dialogue.[27] Hooper confirmed that the film would not be shot in 3D, expressing his opinion that it would not enhance the emotional narrative of the film and would distract audiences from the storytelling.[67]

text: Following this announcement, reports surfaced in the press that Sacha Baron Cohen had begun talks to join the cast as Thénardier and that Aaron Tveit had been cast as Enjolras.[68][69] Later that month, the press officially confirmed Tveit's casting as Enjolras.[19][20] Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle (the original Valjean and Éponine, respectively, in the West End and Broadway productions) appeared in the film. Wilkinson played the Bishop of Digne, and Ruffelle had a cameo as a prostitute.[37] George Blagden was cast as Grantaire.[38] In an interview with BBC Radio 4's Front Row, Tom Hooper revealed that Claude-Michel Schönberg will be composing one new song and additional music. The director also expanded on the performers singing live on set, which he felt would eliminate the need to recapture "locked" performances and allow more creative freedom. More details of this were confirmed by Eddie Redmayne in an interview. He stated that the cast would sing to piano tracks (via earpiece) and that the orchestra would be added in post-production.[70]

text: In February 2012, casting auditions involving extras for the film took place at the University of Portsmouth and Chatham Maritime in Chatham.[71] Several days later, Mackintosh officially confirmed that Bonham Carter would play Madame Thénardier.[30] He also announced that the title of the newly created song for the film is "Suddenly" and that it "beautifully explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her."[72] At the end of the month, The Sun reported that the long-rumoured Baron Cohen had been cast in the role of Monsieur Thénardier.[73]

text: The cast began rehearsals in January 2012, with principal photography due to begin in March.[74] The press officially confirmed Baron Cohen's casting during the latter month.[31] No table read took place before filming.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: With a production budget of $61 million,[7] principal photography of the film began 8 March 2012 in Gourdon. Filming locations in England included Boughton House, Winchester College, Winchester Cathedral Close, Her Majesty's Naval Base Portsmouth, Chatham Dockyard,[75] St Mary the Virgin Church, Ewelme, South Oxfordshire[76] and Pinewood Studios.[9][77][78][79] In April 2012, crews built a replica of the Elephant of the Bastille in Greenwich.[80][81] In the novel, Gavroche lives in the decaying monument.

text: On-location filming also took place at Gourdon, Alpes-Maritimes in France. Footage of Hathaway singing "I Dreamed a Dream", a song from the musical, was shown at CinemaCon 26 April 2012. Russell Crowe confirmed 5 June 2012, on Twitter that he had finished filming. He was later followed by Samantha Barks, confirming that all of her scenes had too been completed. Jackman stated that all filming had been completed 23 June 2012.[82] Some late filming occurred in Bath, Somerset, in October 2012 where stunt shots for Javert's suicide scene had to be reshot due to an error found with this footage during post-production. Bath was not the original filming location for this scene, but the late footage was captured at Pulteney Weir.[83]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The film's vocals were recorded live on set using live piano accompaniments played through earpieces as a guide, with the orchestral accompaniment recorded in post-production, rather than the traditional method where the film's musical soundtracks are usually pre-recorded and played back on set to which actors lip-sync. Production sound mixer Simon Hayes used 50 DPA 4071 lavalier microphones to record the vocals.[84] Hooper explained his choice:

text:
“
I just felt ultimately, it was a more natural way of doing it. You know, when actors do dialogue, they have freedom in time, they have freedom in pacing. They can stop for a moment, they can speed up. I simply wanted to give the actors the normal freedoms that they would have. If they need a bit for an emotion or a feeling to form in the eyes before they sing, I can take that time. If they cry, they can cry through a song. When you're doing it to playback, to the millisecond you have to copy what you do. You have no freedom in the moment – and acting is the illusion of being free in the moment.[85]
”

text: Although this unique live recording method has been stated as "a world's first" by the creative team, several film musicals have used this method before, including early talkies, as lip-syncing wasn't perfected, the 1975 20th Century Fox film At Long Last Love, the adaptation of The Magic Flute that same year, and more recently in the 1995 adaptation of The Fantasticks, portions of the 1996 adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, in the 2001 film version of Hedwig and the Angry Inch, and in the 2007 film Across the Universe with songs by The Beatles.

text: Producers announced 27 August 2012, that recording sessions for Les Misérables would begin in London 10 October and featured a 70-piece orchestra. They also announced that composer Claude-Michel Schönberg was composing additional music to underscore the film.[86] Universal Studios executives were granted a viewing of the rough cut of the film 9 September 2012, without the orchestra tracks. They greeted the cut with "extreme excitement".

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The film's first teaser trailer debuted online 30 May 2012, and later in theatres with Snow White and the Huntsman, The Bourne Legacy and Argo.[87]

text: Producers released an extended first look on the film's official Facebook page 20 September 2012. This short introduces and explains Hooper's method of recording vocals live on set, comparing it to the traditional method of pre-recording the vocals in a studio months in advance. Hugh Jackman stated that filming in this way allows him more creative freedom with the material and that he "only has to worry about acting it." Both Hooper and the actors believe that this choice of production method will make the film feel much more emotional, raw, and real. The actors praised Hooper for his method and provide brief interviews throughout the video. Hooper mentions, "I thought it was an amazing opportunity to do something genuinely groundbreaking."[88]

text: Clips of Jackman, Hathaway, Seyfried, Redmayne and Barks singing were received very positively, especially the teaser trailer's presentation of "I Dreamed a Dream" by Hathaway. Producers released a new poster, featuring young Cosette (in what is essentially a real-life version of the musical's emblem), played by Isabelle Allen, 24 September 2012, on the film's official Facebook page.[89] They released posters featuring Jean Valjean, Javert, Fantine, and Cosette 12 October,[90] with additional posters of Thénardiers and Marius released 1 November 2012.

text: Release[edit]

text: Les Misérables was originally to be released 7 December 2012 before the studio moved it to 14 December in the United States; however, 18 September 2012, they delayed the film's release date to 25 December, so as not to conflict with the opening of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, which opened 14 December. Because of this, it opened alongside Django Unchained.[10] Release date for the United Kingdom was 11 January 2013.[91]

text: Les Misérables was screened for the first time at Lincoln Center in New York City, 23 November 2012, and received a standing ovation from the crowd.[92][93] This was followed by a screening the next day in Los Angeles, which also received positive reviews.[94]

text: Les Misérables premiered 5 December 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square in London.[2] Red carpet footage was screened live online in an event hosted by Michael Ball, the original Marius of the West End. The film was released in select IMAX theatres in New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Montreal the same day as its domestic theatrical release, 25 December 2012.[95] Les Misérables was released internationally by IMAX theatres on 10 January 2013.[95]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was confirmed for home release 13 May 2013 on DVD, Blu-ray, and VOD in the United Kingdom; it was released in the United States 22 March 2013. The DVD contains three featurettes: The Stars of Les Misérables, Creating the Perfect Paris, and The Original Masterwork: Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, along with an audio commentary from director Tom Hooper. The Blu-ray has all DVD features including four additional featurettes: Les Misérables Singing Live, Battle at the Barricade, The West End Connection, and Les Misérables On Location.[96]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Les Misérables earned $148,809,770 in North America and $293,000,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $441,809,770.[8] In North America, Les Misérables opened 25 December 2012 in 2,808 theatres, placing first at the box office with $18.1 million.[97] This amount broke the record for the highest opening day gross for a musical film, previously held by High School Musical 3: Senior Year, and was also the second highest opening day gross for a film released on Christmas Day.[98] It earned $27.3 million in its opening weekend, placing third behind Django Unchained and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.[99]

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom 11 January 2013 and earned £8.1 ($13.1) million in its opening weekend, making it the largest opening weekend for a musical film, as well as for Working Title.[100]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69% approval rating with an average rating of 6.9/10, based on an aggregation of 231 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Impeccably mounted but occasionally bombastic, Les Misérables largely succeeds thanks to bravura performances from its distinguished cast."[101] On Metacritic, the film achieved an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 41 reviews, signifying "generally favorable reviews".[102] The film was generally praised for its acting and ensemble cast, with Jackman, Hathaway, Bonham Carter and Barks being singled out for praise. The live singing, which was heavily promoted in marketing for the film, received a more divided response.

text: Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five stars: "Les Misérables is a blockbuster, and the special effects are emotional: explosions of grief; fireballs of romance; million-buck conflagrations of heartbreak. Accordingly, you should see it in its opening week, on a gigantic screen, with a fanatical crowd."[103]

text: The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw concurred: "Even as a non-believer in this kind of "sung-through" musical, I was battered into submission by this mesmeric and sometimes compelling film ...".[104] Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times gave a positive review, saying that the film "is a clutch player that delivers an emotional wallop when it counts. You can walk into the theater as an agnostic, but you may just leave singing with the choir."[105] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said, "Besides being a feast for the eyes and ears, Les Misérables overflows with humor, heartbreak, rousing action and ravishing romance. Damn the imperfections, it's perfectly marvelous."[106]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said, "As the enduring success of this property has shown, there are large, emotionally susceptible segments of the population ready to swallow this sort of thing, but that doesn't mean it's good."[107]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote: "[Director Tom] Hooper can be very good with actors. But his inability to leave any lily ungilded—to direct a scene without tilting or hurtling or throwing the camera around—is bludgeoning and deadly. By the grand finale, when tout le monde is waving the French tricolor in victory, you may instead be raising the white flag in exhausted defeat."[108]

text: Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film "will more than satisfy the show's legions of fans." Chang praised the performances of Jackman, Hathaway, Barks, Tveit and Seyfried (i.e., every leading cast member except Crowe and Redmayne) but said that the film's editing "seems reluctant to slow down and let the viewer simply take in the performances."[109]

text: Callum Marsh of Slant Magazine gave the film 1 star, and wrote: "Flaws—and there are a great many that would have never made the cut were this a perfectible studio recording—are conveniently swept under the rug of candid expression ... the worst quality of Les Misérables's live singing is simply that it puts too much pressure on a handful of performers who frankly cannot sing.... Fisheye lenses and poorly framed close-ups abound in Les Misérables, nearly every frame a revelation of one man's bad taste ... One would be hard-pressed to describe this, despite the wealth of beauty on display, as anything but an ugly film, shot and cut ineptly. Everything in the film, songs included, is cranked to 11, the melodrama of it all soaring. So it's odd that this kind of showboating maximalism should be ultimately reduced to a few fisheye'd faces, mugging for their close-up, as the people sing off-key and broken."[110] Chicago Tribune critic Michael Philips gave the film only one and a half stars, writing: "The camera bobs and weaves like a drunk, frantically. So you have hammering close-ups, combined with woozy insecurity each time more than two people are in the frame. ...too little in this frenzied mess of a film registers because Hooper is trying to make everything register at the same nutty pitch."[111]

text: Some specific performances were reviewed very positively. Anne Hathaway's performance of ballad "I Dreamed a Dream" was met with praise, with many comparing its showstopper-like quality to Jennifer Hudson's performance of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" from Dreamgirls.[112] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic wrote that "Hathaway gives it everything she has, beginning in quiet sorrow before building to a woebegone climax: she gasps, she weeps, she coughs. If you are blown away by the scene—as many will be; it will almost certainly earn Hathaway her first Oscar—this may be the film for you."[113] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post writes that "The centerpiece of a movie composed entirely of centerpieces belongs to Anne Hathaway, who as the tragic heroine Fantine sings another of the memorable numbers".[114] Joy Tipping of The Dallas Morning News described Hathaway's performance as "angelic".[115]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today describes her as "superb as the tragic Fantine".[116] Travers felt that "A dynamite Hathaway shatters every heart when she sings how 'life has killed the dream I dreamed.' Her volcanic performance has Oscar written all over it."[106] Lou Lumenick, critic for New York Post, wrote that the film is "worth seeing for Hathaway alone".[117] She was widely considered to be the frontrunner for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress,[118] ultimately winning it.

text: Eddie Redmayne also received considerable praise for his performance with Bloomberg News saying that "Eddie Redmayne—most recently seen as the eager young production assistant in My Week with Marilyn—delivers by far the most moving and memorable performance in the film as the young firebrand Marius, who, along with his fellow students, is caught up in France's political upheavals in the 19th century."[119]

text: Samantha Barks earned praise for her portrayal of Éponine, with Digital Journal saying: "Samantha Barks plays Éponine with such grace, sweetness, and sadness that it is hard to imagine anyone else in the role",[120] while Claudia Puig of USA Today calls her "heartbreakingly soulful",[116] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times describes her performance as "star-making",[121] and Roger Friedman of Showbiz411.com says she "just about steals the film".[122]

text: Crowe's performance was less well received and even Crowe agreed that the film suffered from poor vocal performances. Emma Gosnell, writing for The Daily Telegraph, stated that she walked out of the showing due to the poor singing, specifically citing Crowe and Jackman as the cause. Playback singer Marni Nixon said "[Crowe] was nothing. It wasn't that he was choosing to sing like that, he just couldn't do anything else" and that Jackman acted well but "could have done with a nobler voice".[123] American Idol runner-up Adam Lambert tweeted several disparaging messages, including "why not cast actors who could actually sound good?" and "the singing was so distracting at times it pulled me out", to which Crowe replied via Twitter: "I don't disagree with Adam, sure it could have been sweetened, Hooper wanted it raw and real, that's how it is".[124] Nixon rebutted this: "We're talking about a musical. Is that real? People don't go around singing 'La la la la' to each other all day!"[123]

text: In 2013, the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including the Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hugh Jackman,[125] and went on to win in three categories: Best Supporting Actress for Anne Hathaway, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, and Best Sound Mixing.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

Academy Awards
24 February 2013
Best Picture
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, and Cameron Mackintosh
Nominated
[125]

Best Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Original Song
"Suddenly" by Claude-Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, and Alain Boublil
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Paco Delgado
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hairstyling
Lisa Westcott and Julie Dartnell
Won

Best Sound Mixing
Andy Nelson, Mark Paterson, and Simon Hayes
Won

Best Production Design
Production Design: Eve Stewart; Set Decoration: Anna Lynch-Robinson
Nominated

American Film Institute
11 January 2013
Movies of the Year
Won
[126]

Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award
28 January 2013
Best International Film
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, and Cameron Mackintosh
Nominated
[127]

Best International Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

British Academy Film Award
10 February 2013
Best Film
Nominated
[128]

Best British Film
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Cinematography
Danny Cohen
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Paco Delgado
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair
Lisa Westcott
Won

Best Sound
Simon Hayes, Andy Nelson, Mark Paterson, Jonathan Allen, Lee Walpole, and John Warhurst
Won

Best Production Design
Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch-Robinson
Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
10 January 2013
Best Film
Nominated
[129]

Best Acting Ensemble
The Cast of Les Misérables
Nominated

Best Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Director
Tom Hooper
Nominated

Best Song
"Suddenly"
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Danny Cohen
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch-Robinson
Nominated

Best Editing
Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Paco Delgado
Nominated

Best Makeup
Lisa Westcott
Won

Chicago Film Critics Association
17 December 2012
Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Nominated
[130]

Best Art Direction
Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch-Robinson
Nominated

Most Promising Performer
Samantha Barks
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
2 February 2013
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures
Tom Hooper
Nominated

Dorian Awards
17 January 2013
Film of the Year

Nominated
[131][132]

Film Performance of the Year - Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Film Performance of the Year - Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Visually Striking Film of the Year

Nominated

Golden Globe Award
13 January 2013
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Won
[133]

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Hugh Jackman
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Original Song
"Suddenly"
Nominated

Grammy Awards
26 January 2014
Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
Cameron Mackintosh, Lee McCutcheon, and Stephan Metcalfe
Nominated
[134]

Hollywood Film Festival
23 October 2012
Best Trailer
Erin Wyatt
Won
[135]

Producer of the Year
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, and Cameron Mackintosh
Won

Spotlight Award
Samantha Barks
Won

Houston Film Critics Society
5 January 2013
Best Picture
Nominated

Best Director
Tom Hooper
Nominated

Best Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Cinematography
Danny Cohen
Nominated

Best Original Song
"Suddenly"
Won

5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards
30 March 2013
Best Film

Won
[136]

Best Director
Tom Hooper
Won

London Film Critics Circle
20 January 2013
British Film of the Year
Nominated

Actor of the Year
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Supporting Actress of the Year
Anne Hathaway
Won

Young British Performer of the Year
Samantha Barks
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
9 December 2012
Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
(also for The Dark Knight Rises)
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards
14 April 2013
Best Female Performance
Anne Hathaway
Nominated
[137]

Best Breakthrough Performance
Eddie Redmayne
Nominated

Best Musical Moment
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle Award
3 December 2012
Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
(also for The Dark Knight Rises)
Nominated

New York Film Critics Online
3 December 2012
Movies of the Year
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Producers Guild of America Award
26 January 2013
Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, and Cameron Mackintosh
Nominated
[138]

Satellite Award
16 December 2012
Best Film
Nominated
[139]

Best Cast – Motion Picture
The Cast of Les Misérables
Won

Best Actor – Motion Picture
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Eddie Redmayne
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Anne Hathaway
Won

Samantha Barks
Nominated

Best Art Direction and Production Design
Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch-Robinson
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Paco Delgado
Nominated

Best Editing
Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver
Nominated

Best Original Song
"Suddenly"
Won

Best Sound
John Warhurst, Lee Walpole, and Simon Hayes
Won

Saturn Awards
26 June 2013
Best Action / Adventure
Nominated
[140]

Best Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Daniel Huttlestone
Nominated

Best Costume
Paco Delgado
Won

Best Production Design
Eve Stewart
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Award
27 January 2013
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
The Cast of Les Misérables
Nominated
[141]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Anne Hathaway
Won

Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
10 December 2012
Best Film
Nominated
[142]

Best Acting Ensemble
The Cast of Les Misérables
Won

Best Actor
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Samantha Barks
Nominated

Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Director
Tom Hooper
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch-Robinson
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Danny Cohen
Nominated

Young Artist Award
5 May 2013
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor
Daniel Huttlestone
Nominated
[143]

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under
Isabelle Allen
Won


document_title: Thank God and Greyhound

question_text: who wrote thank god and greyhound you're gone

question_tokens: who wrote thank god and greyhound you 're gone

text: Thank God and Greyhound

text:
"Thank God and Greyhound"Single by Roy Clarkfrom the album I Never Picked CottonReleased
September 1970Format
7"Recorded
1969Genre
CountryLength
2:37Label
Dot RecordsSongwriter(s)
Larry Kingston and Earl NixRoy Clark singles chronology

"I Never Picked Cotton" (1970)

"Thank God and Greyhound" (1970)

"Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (1971)

"I Never Picked Cotton" (1970)

"Thank God and Greyhound" (1970)

"Magnificent Sanctuary Band"  (1971)

text: "Thank God and Greyhound" is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark. Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix, the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton. The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #90.

text: Song plot[edit]

text: "Thank God and Greyhound" is a twin-tempoed song, the tempo reflecting the man's emotions as the story plays out.  The lyrics are told in first person by the protagonist, and tell of a relationship recently ended.

text: In the first part of the song, the tempo is notably depressing.  The singer tells how a woman — the apparent dominant one in the relationship — squandered his finances and belittled him to the point of humiliation, yet he puts up with her antagonistic behavior in the ultimately futile hope that she may change.  One day, after three years in the relationship, the woman abruptly and tersely announces to the singer that she is leaving and gives no explanation. The singer watches her board a Greyhound bus which pulls away from the terminal.

text: Following the line "... all I can think of ... is ...," the song's tempo changes to an ironically more upbeat one, and completes the verse ("thank God and Greyhound you're gone!").  At this point, the man is overjoyed and utterly relieved that his now ex-girlfriend is finally out of his life. Imagery of the bus pulling away (the engine hum and the black exhaust cloud) is used to underscore the man's ecstasy over the now-ended relationship, rationalizing his feelings in this way: "it may be kind of cruel, but I've been silent too long."

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1970)

Peakposition

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles

6

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

90

Canadian RPM Country Tracks

2


document_title: John the Apostle

question_text: who was put in boiling oil in the bible

question_tokens: who was put in boiling oil in the bible

text: John the Apostle

text: New Testament author[edit]

text:
Part of a series of articles on

John in the Bible

Johannine literature

Gospel
Epistles

First
Second
Third

Revelation

Events

Authorship

Apostle
Beloved disciple
Evangelist
Patmos
Presbyter

Related literature

Apocryphon
Acts
Signs Gospel

See also

Johannine Christianity
Logos
Holy Spirit in Johannine literature
John's vision of the Son of Man
New Testament people named John

v
t
e

text: Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament — the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200.[2][3] Some[by whom?] doubt that the "Gospel of John" was even written by an individual named "John" (Ἰωάννης or יוחנן). Nevertheless, the notion of "John the Evangelist" exists, and is still considered by some the same as the Apostle John.

text: In his Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelation.[4] The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades earlier. The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist.[5] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder" and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was "later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus",[6] presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.

text: Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have their doubts.[7][8] Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85;[9][page needed] John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul.[10]:pp.284,307 Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages.[11]:p.43 Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD, and with an earliest possible date of AD 75-80.[12] "...a date of AD 75-80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel". Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 - 100), is applicable.[13]

text: Nonetheless, today many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early church fathers, "it is hard to pass by this conclusion, despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many, but by no means all, modern scholars."[14]

text: The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] According to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel "contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions".[24] F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an "emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority".[25] Bart D. Ehrman, however, does not think the gospel claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events.[17][26][27]

text: Book of Revelation[edit]

text: The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in standard English translation)[28] The early 2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle.[29] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals.[7][30]

text: John the Presbyter, an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his Church History (Book III, 39) [31] and Jerome.[32]

text: John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian. Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: "I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ." Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School, writes:

text: Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities. This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used during the Imperial period for a number of offenses. Among such offenses were the practices of magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with political implications, like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order. Three of the islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69-70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[33]

text: Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals.[34] These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. For one, the author of Revelation identifies himself as "John" several times, but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel".[35]

text: References to John in the New Testament[edit]

text: Sons of thunder[edit]

text: John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James, son of Zebedee (James the Greater). According to Church tradition, their mother was Salome.[36] Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee. The brothers were firstly disciples of John the Baptist. Jesus then called Peter, Andrew and these two sons of Zebedee to follow him. James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated "sons of thunder");[8] although their nature was calm and gentle, when their patience was pushed to its limits their anger became wild and thunderous causing them to speak out like an untamed storm. A gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on a Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them. [Lk 9:51-6] John lived more than half a century after the martyrdom of James, who was the first Apostle to die a martyr's death.

text: Other references to John[edit]

text: Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of Daughter of Jairus.[37] All three also witnessed the Transfiguration, and these same three witnessed the Agony in Gethsemane more closely than the other Apostles did.[38] John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is not against us is on our side'.[39]

text: Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper).[Lk 22:8][40] At the meal itself, the "disciple whom Jesus loved" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to lie along upon couches at meals, and this disciple leaned on Jesus.[38] Tradition identifies this disciple as Saint John[Jn 13:23-25]. After the arrest of Jesus, Peter and the "other disciple" (according to Sacred Tradition), John followed him into the palace of the high-priest.[38]

text: John alone among the Apostles remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women; following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross, John took Mary, the mother of Jesus, into his care as the last legacy of Jesus [Jn 19:25-27]. After Jesus' Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, John, together with Peter, took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He was with Peter at the healing of the lame man at Solomon's Porch in the Temple [Ac 3:1 et seq.] and he was also thrown into prison with Peter.[Acts 4:3] He went with Peter to visit the newly converted believers in Samaria.[Acts 8:14]

text: While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area, the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about AD 51). Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia, recalls that John explicitly, along with Peter and James the Just, were referred to as "pillars of the church" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.[37]

text: According to the Book of Revelation, its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus", when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation.[Rev. 1:9]

text: The disciple whom Jesus loved[edit]

text: The phrase the disciple whom Jesus loved (Greek: ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous) or, in John 20:2, the Beloved Disciple (Greek: ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous) is used five times in the Gospel of John,[41] but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple.

text: The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to, specifically, six times in John's gospel:

text:
It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him.[Jn 13:23-25]
Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, "Woman, here is your son", and to the Beloved Disciple he says, "Here is your mother."[Jn 19:26-27]
When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb, she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb. However, Peter is the first to enter.[Jn 20:1-10]
In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.[Jn 21:1-25] [42]
Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die, Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks, "What about him?" Jesus answers, "If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow Me!"[John 21:20-23]
Again in the gospel's last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.[John 21:24]

text: None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple. For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter alone runs to the tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the crucifixion.

text: There are also two references to an unnamed "other disciple" in John 1:35-40 and John 18:15-16, which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20:2.[43]

text: Extrabiblical traditions[edit]

text: There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John's activity in Judea. According to tradition, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour. The persecution of Christians under Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire's provinces.[cf. Ac 12:1-17]

text: A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. "the brethren"),[Acts 18:27] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original community was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[44] According to Church tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. From there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians.

text: When John was aged, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him stories about John. Similar goes with Ignatius of Antioch, who was a student of John and later appointed by Saint Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of

text: John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let us fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within."[45]

text: It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them. He is said to have lived to an old age, dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98.[46]

text: An alternative account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the Jews.[47][48] Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible.[49][50] Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist.[46] John's traditional tomb is thought to be located at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus.[51] In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose to in his gospel.[8] In Orthodox icons, he is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel (or the Book of Revelation) e, from JPM LIbrary MS 748).

text: Liturgical commemoration[edit]

text: The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Apostle and Evangelist", and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him "Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist", is on 27 December.[52] In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January, the Octave of the 27 December feast. This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955.[53] The traditional liturgical color is white.

text: Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of "Saint John Before the Latin Gate" on May 6, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional site of this event.[54]

text: The Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the "Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian" on September 26. On May 8 they celebrate the "Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian", on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick.

text: Other Christians highly revere him but do not canonize or venerate saints.

text: Other views[edit]

text: Latter-day Saint view[edit]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that John received the promise of immortality from Jesus Christ, as recorded in John 21:21–23 and the seventh chapter of the Doctrine and Covenants. It also teaches that in 1829, along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Apostolic succession to earth.[55] John, along with the Three Nephites, will live to see the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings.[56]

text: The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple.[56]

text: Islamic view[edit]

text: The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the work of God".[57] Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary, however, names them and includes John among the disciples.[58] An old tradition, which involves the legend of Habib the Carpenter, mentions that John was one of the three disciples sent to Antioch to preach to the people there.[59]

text: In art[edit]

text: As he was traditionally identified with the beloved apostle, the evangelist, and the author of the Revelation and several Epistles, John played an extremely prominent role in art from the early Christian period onward.[60] He is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways: either as an aged man with a white or gray beard, or alternatively as a beardless youth.[61][62] The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art, where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates;[63] the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe, and can be dated back as far as 4th century Rome.[62]

text: Legends from the Acts of John contributed much to Medieval iconography; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age.[62] One of John's familiar attributes is the chalice, often with a snake emerging from it.[60] According to one legend from the Acts of John,[64] John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith.[60] Other common attributes include a book or scroll, in reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him, and an eagle.[62] The eagle is argued to express the high-soaring, inspirational quality of the writings that were traditionally ascribed to him.[60]

text: In Medieval works of painting, sculpture and literature, Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or femininized manner.[65] Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended.[66] For instance, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women.[67] Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that because of his status as an androgynous saint, John could function as an 'image of a third or mixed gender'[68] and 'a crucial figure with whom to identify'[69] for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety, a highly emotional style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity.[70]

text: Gallery of art[edit]

text:
John the Apostle

A portrait from the Book of Kells, c. 800

St John at Patmos by Pieter Paul Rubens

John the Apostle and St Francis by El Greco

Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph

Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus

St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini (1612-1648), Bologna

Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco

The Last Supper, anonymous painter


document_title: List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

question_text: which film is going to be the india's official entry to the oscar for this year 2017

question_tokens: which film is going to be the india 's official entry to the oscar for this year 2017

text: Submissions[edit]

text: India has sent more fifty films to the competition. Most of India's submissions were Hindi films (including Hindi-Urdu films), three of which received nominations. Tamil films were submitted by the committee on nine occasions. Three submissions were Marathi films, two were Bengali films, two Malayalam films, one Telugu film, and one Gujarati film.

text: Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition, the most by any director. Tamil actor Kamal Haasan has most often represented the country as a performer, with seven films submitted—including three consecutive films between 1985 and 1987,[13] one of which he directed himself.[14] Aamir Khan has represented India four times as an actor, including once as a director and twice as a producer; Lagaan (2001), which he produced and starred in, received a nomination.

text:
Year
(Ceremony)
Film title used in nomination
Original title
Language
Director(s)
Result

1957
(30th)
Mother India
Mother India (मदर इंडिया)
Hindi-Urdu[15]
Khan, MehboobMehboob Khan
Nominated[Note 1]

1958
(31st)
Madhumati
Madhumati (मधुमती)
Hindi-Urdu[15]
Roy, BimalBimal Roy
Not Nominated

1959
(32nd)
World of Apu !The World of Apu
Apur sansār (অপুর সংসার)
Bengali
Ray, SatyajitSatyajit Ray
Not Nominated

1962
(35th)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम)
Hindi
Urdu
Alvi, AbrarAbrar Alvi
Not Nominated

1963
(36th)
Metropolis
Mahanagar (মহানগর)
Bengali
Ray, SatyajitSatyajit Ray
Not Nominated

1965
(38th)
Guide !The Guide
Guide (गाइड)
Hindi
Anand, VijayVijay Anand
Not Nominated

1966
(39th)
Amrapali
Amrapali (अम्रपल्ली)
Hindi
Tandon, LekhLekh Tandon
Not Nominated

1967
(40th)
Last Letter !The Last Letter
Aakhri Khat (आखरी ख़त)
Hindi
Anand, ChetanChetan Anand
Not Nominated

1968
(41st)
Elder Sister
Majhli Didi (मझली दीदी)
Hindi
Mukherjee, HrishikeshHrishikesh Mukherjee
Not Nominated

1969
(42nd)
Deiva Magan
Deiva Magan (தெய்வ மகன்)
Tamil
Tirulokchandar, A. C.A. C. Tirulokchandar
Not Nominated

1971
(44th)
Reshma Aur Shera
Reshma Aur Shera (रेशमा और शेरा)
Hindi
Dutt, SunilSunil Dutt
Not Nominated

1972
(45th)
Uphaar
Uphaar (उपहार)
Hindi
Roy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy
Not Nominated

1973
(46th)
Saudagar
Saudagar (सौदागर)
Hindi
Roy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy
Not Nominated

1974
(47th)
Hot Winds
Garam Hawa (गरम हवा)
Urdu
Sathyu, M. S.M. S. Sathyu
Not Nominated

1977
(50th)
Manthan
Manthan (मंथन)
Hindi
Benegal, ShyamShyam Benegal
Not Nominated

1978
(51st)
Chess Players !The Chess Players
Shatranj Ke Khilari (शतरंज के खिलाड़ी)
Hindi
Urdu
Ray, SatyajitSatyajit Ray
Not Nominated

1980
(53rd)
Payal Ki Jhankaar
Payal Ki Jhankaar (पायल की झंकार)
Hindi
BoseSatyen Bose
Not Nominated

1984
(57th)
Saaransh
Saaransh (सारांश)
Hindi
Bhatt, MaheshMahesh Bhatt
Not Nominated

1985
(58th)
Saagar
Saagar (सागर)
Hindi
Sippy, RameshRamesh Sippy
Not Nominated

1986
(59th)
Swati Mutyam
Swati Mutyam (స్వాతి ముత్యం)
Telugu
Viswanath, KasinadhuniKasinadhuni Viswanath
Not Nominated

1987
(60th)
Nayakan
Nayakan (நாயகன்)
Tamil
Ratnam, ManiMani Ratnam
Not Nominated

1988
(61st)
Salaam Bombay!
Salaam Bombay! (सलाम बॉम्बे)
Hindi
Nair, MiraMira Nair
Nominated[Note 2]

1989
(62nd)
Parinda
Parinda (परिंदा)
Hindi
Chopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra
Not Nominated

1990
(63rd)
Anjali
Anjali (அஞ்சலி)
Tamil
Ratnam, ManiMani Ratnam
Not Nominated

1991
(64th)
Henna
Henna (हिना)
Hindi
Urdu
Kapoor, RandhirRandhir Kapoor
Not Nominated

1992
(65th)
Thevar Magan
Thevar Magan (தேவர் மகன்)
Tamil
, BharathanBharathan
Not Nominated

1993
(66th)
Rudaali
Rudaali (रुदाली)
Hindi
Lajmi, KalpanaKalpana Lajmi
Not Nominated

1994
(67th)
Bandit Queen
Bandit Queen (बैंडिट क्वीन)
Hindi
Kapur, ShekharShekhar Kapur
Not Nominated

1995
(68th)
Kuruthipunal
Kuruthipunal (குருதிப்புனல்)
Tamil
Sreeram, P. C.P. C. Sreeram
Not Nominated

1996
(69th)
Indian
Indian (இந்தியன்)
Tamil
Shankar, S.S. Shankar
Not Nominated

1997
(70th)
Guru
Guru (ഗുരു)
Malayalam
Anchal, RajivRajiv Anchal
Not Nominated

1998
(71st)
Jeans
Jeans (ஜீன்ஸ்)
Tamil
Shankar, S.S. Shankar
Not Nominated

1999
(72nd)
Earth
Earth (अर्थ)
Hindi
Mehta, DeepaDeepa Mehta
Not Nominated

2000
(73rd)
Hey Ram
Hey Ram (ஹே ராம் हे राम)
Tamil
Hindi
Haasan, KamalKamal Haasan
Not Nominated

2001
(74th)
Lagaan
Lagaan (लगान)
Hindi
English
Gowariker, AshutoshAshutosh Gowariker
Nominated[Note 3]

2002
(75th)
Devdas
Devdas (देवदास)
Hindi
Bhansali, Sanjay LeelaSanjay Leela Bhansali
Not Nominated

2004
(77th)
Breath !The Breath
Shwaas (श्वास)
Marathi
Sawant, SandeepSandeep Sawant
Not Nominated

2005
(78th)
Riddle
Paheli (पहेली)
Hindi
Palekar, AmolAmol Palekar
Not Nominated[Note 4]

2006
(79th)
Rang De Basanti
Rang De Basanti (रंग दे बसंती)
Hindi
Mehra, Rakeysh OmprakashRakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Not Nominated[Note 5]

2007
(80th)
Eklavya: The Royal Guard
Eklavya: The Royal Guard (एकलव्य – दी रॉयल गार्ड)
Hindi
Chopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra
Not Nominated

2008
(81st)
Like stars on Earth
Taare Zameen Par (तारे ज़मीन पर)
Hindi
Khan, AamirAamir Khan
Not Nominated

2009
(82nd)
Harishchandra's Factory
Harishchandrachi Factory (हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी)
Marathi
Mokashi, PareshParesh Mokashi
Not Nominated

2010
(83rd)
Peepli Live
Peepli Live (लाइव)
Hindi
Rizvi, AnushaAnusha Rizvi
Not Nominated

2011
(84th)
Abu, Son of Adam
Adaminte Makan Abu (ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു)
Malayalam
Ahamed, SalimSalim Ahamed
Not Nominated

2012
(85th)
Barfi!
Barfi! (बर्फी!)
Hindi
Basu, AnuragAnurag Basu
Not Nominated

2013
(86th)
The Good Road
The Good Road
Gujarati
Correa, GyanGyan Correa
Not Nominated[19]

2014
(87th)
Liar's Dice
Liar's Dice
Hindi
Mohandas, GeetuGeetu Mohandas
Not Nominated[20]

2015
(88th)
Court
Court
Marathi
Tamhane, ChaitanyaChaitanya Tamhane
Not Nominated[21]

2016
(89th)
Interrogation
Visaranai (விசாரணை)
Tamil
Vetrimaaran
Not Nominated[22]

2017
(90th)
Newton
Newton
Hindi
Amit V Masurkar
Not Nominated[23]