document_title: List of tallest people

question_text: tallest person in the world guinness world record

text: List of tallest people

text: Men[edit]

text: Living   Deceased   Height disputed

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (Age at death)

United States
272 cm
8 ft 11.1 in
Robert Wadlow
Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]
1918–1940 (22)

United States
267 cm
8 ft 9 in
John Rogan
Second-tallest male in recorded history. Weighed only 92.5 kg (204 lb). Unable to stand due to ankylosis.
1865–1905 (40)

United States
263.5 cm
8 ft 7¾in
John F. Carroll
244 cm (8 ft 0 in) standing height, 264 cm (8 ft 7¾ in) assuming normal spinal curvature.
1932–1969 (37)

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards.[2]
1970–2014 (44)

Finland
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Väinö Myllyrinne
Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963. Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties.
1909–1963 (54)

Canada
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history. His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in (2.51 m) tall and still growing.
1881–1904 (23)

Turkey
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Sultan Kösen
The tallest living person since September 17, 2009, as determined by Guinness World Records.[3] He has 36.5-cm-long (1 ft 2 in) feet—the second-largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm (11.2 in) hand—the longest on a living person.[4]
1982–

India
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Vikas Uppal
Was not officially measured by Guinness.
1986–2007 (21)

United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Don Koehler
Tallest in world for most of the 1970s.
1925–1981 (56)

United States
249 cm
8 ft 2 in
Bernard Coyne
Coyne's World War I draft registration card, dated 29 August his height as 8 feet, although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches (249 cm) by the time of his death. Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in (254 cm).
1897–1921 (24)

Ireland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Patrick Cotter O'Brien
Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet (244 cm). Remains examined in 1972 and height verified.
1760–1806 (46)

Morocco
246 cm
8 ft 1 in[5]
Brahim Takioullah
Possesses the world's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in (38 cm).[6]
1982–

Iran
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest man in Iran.[7] Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016
1987–

Germany
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Julius Koch
Probably never the world's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan. Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons, Belgium.
1872–1902 (30)

Mozambique
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Gabriel Estêvão Monjane
Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990.
1944–1990 (46)

India
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Dharmendra Pratap Singh
Tallest living Indian.[8]
1983–

Libya
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Libyan who may have been the tallest basketball player.[citation needed]
1943–1991 (47)

France
245 cm
8 ft ½ in
Jean-Joseph Brice
Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France—Height controversy[9]
1835–?

Germany
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Anton de Franckenpoint (Langer Anton)
Lived during Thirty Years' War; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in (244 cm).[10][11]
Unknown

People's Republic of China
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese person.
1966–

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Suparwono
Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in. Officially measured (lying down and in the standing position) by the Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in December 2009.[12]
1985–2012 (26)

Netherlands
242 cm
7 ft 11¼ in
Albert Johan Kramer
Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever; His brother-in-law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm (27.16 in). Together they formed a variety act, with performances around the world.[13]
1897–1976 (79)

Puerto Rico
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Felipe Birriel
Tallest Puerto Rican recorded.
1916–1994 (78)

India
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Asadulla Khan
Tallest man in India.[14]
1988–

Soviet Union
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Alexander Sizonenko
Soviet Union basketball player.[15]
1959–2012 (53)

Egypt
240 cm
7 ft 10 in
Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi
He was billed as 10 ft in his life.[16]
1909–1941 (32)

Belarus
239 cm
7 ft 10 in
Feodor Machnow
Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life.
1878–1912 (34)

Austria-Hungary
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Grgo Kusić
Tallest Croat recorded. Tallest citizen of Austria-Hungary of his time.[17]
1892–1918 (26)

Pakistan
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Naseer Soomro
Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan.[18][19]
1975–

Netherlands
238 cm
7 ft 10 in
Rigardus Rijnhout
Second-tallest man in The Netherlands ever; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam. Early June 2011, a life-size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam.[20]
1922–1959 (36)

Japan
237 cm
7 ft 9.3 in
Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka
Tallest man in Japan; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s.[21]
1930–1962 (32)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Very tall man in early-20th-century Mongolia. Some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1880/85 – 1925/30

United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Louis Moilanen
Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime. He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall.[22]
1885–1913 (28)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Angus MacAskill
Tallest "true" giant (not due to a pathological condition). Tallest Scottish or British man recorded.
1825–1863 (38)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Tall Englishman, height disputed between 7 ft 8.5in and 8 ft 4.5in[23]
1889–1918 (29)

United States
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Martin Van Buren Bates
Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills.[24] He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[25]
1837–1919

People's Republic of China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Bao Xishun
Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen.[26]
1951–

People's Republic of China
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Sun Mingming
Chinese basketball player. Formerly second-tallest living person.
1983–

Tunisia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Radhouane Charbib
Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15, 2005, before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming.[27]
1968–

Germany
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Walter Straub
Tallest man in Germany while he was alive.[28]
1925–1986 (61)

Algeria
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Rachid Bara
Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive.[29]
1974–2009 (35)

Brazil
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Rafael França do Nascimento
Tallest man in Brazil.[30]
1987–

Russia
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Nikolai Pankratov
Tallest man in Russia.[31]
1990–

North Korea
235 cm
7 ft 8½ in
Ri Myung Hun
Former basketball player with the North Korean national team.
1967–

United States/Ukraine
235 cm
7 ft 8⅓ in
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Currently the tallest person living in the United States. Originally from Ukraine, moved to Rochester, Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies.[32] Became well known by wearing a T-shirt that read "Obama's Biggest Supporter". Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine.
1982–

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Broc Brown
Former tallest teenager in the United States.[33]
1998-

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cecil Boling
Was 7'8" but shrank to 7'0" since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5" shorter.[34]
1920–2000 (79)

United States
235 cm
7 ft 8 in
Brenden Adams
Former tallest teenager in the world.
1995–

India
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Polipaka Gattaiah
Tallest Indian.[35]
1975–2015

Ivory Coast
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Abdramane Dembele
Tallest man in Ivory Coast.[36]
1985–

United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
George Bell
Former Tallest living American.[37]
1957–

Fiji
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Kaliova Seleiwau
Tallest living Fijian.[38]
1981–

Austria
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Adam Rainer
Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant. He was 118 cm (3 ft 10 in) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm (7 ft 8 in) when he died, having doubled his height as an adult.
1899–1950 (51)

Pakistan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Alam Channa
Pakistani, considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998.[39]
1953–1998 (46)

Iceland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Jóhann K. Pétursson
Was the tallest person in Iceland.
1913–1984 (71)

Japan
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest living Japanese. Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history.[40][41][42][43]
1954–

United States
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Bob Wegner
Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals.[44]

Austria-Hungary
233.7 cm
7 ft 8 in
Franz Winkelmeier
One of the tallest people in his time.[45]
1860–1887

Spain
233.5 cm
7 ft 8 in
Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui
Tallest man recorded in Spain.[46]
1818–1861 (43)

Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7.7 in
Jaime Clemente Izquierdo
Spain's tallest man in his lifetime.[47]
1961–2005 (44)

Spain
233 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Agustín Luengo Capilla
Circus performer. Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.[48]
1849–1875 (26)

United States
232 cm
7 ft 7½ in
Jack Earle
Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich. American silent film actor and sideshow performer.
1906–1952 (46)

Somalia
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Hussain Bisad
Somalia, considered to be one of the tallest living men.
1975–

United Kingdom
233 cm
7 ft 7.4 in
Neil Fingleton
Tallest division 1 basketball player. Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones [49][50]
1980–2017 (36)

China
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Wang Feng-Jun
Asia's tallest man in 2004.[51]
1976–2015 (39)

Malta-Italy
233 cm
7 ft 7 in
Samuel Deguara
Malta and Italy's tallest man.[52]
1991-

Argentina
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history.
1966–2010 (44)

United Kingdom
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Paul Sturgess
Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S.[53]
1987–

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Kenny George
Second-tallest Division I basketball player (Neil Fingleton).[54]
1987–

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Lock Martin
He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still.[55]
1916–1959

Ireland
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Charles Byrne
Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum.
1761–1783 (22)

United States
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Max Palmer
Actor and pro wrestler. Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in, claimed 8 ft 1 in. Film Bio - Killer Apes, Invaders From Mars.[56]
1927–1984 (57)

Romania
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1971–

Sudan
231 cm
7 ft 7 in
Manute Bol
Tied for tallest in NBA history.
1962–2010 (48)

Belgium
230 cm
7 ft 6.75 in
Alain Delaunois
Tallest living Belgian.[57]
1971–

Azerbaijan
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Aleksandar Rindin
Tallest man in Azerbaijan.[58]
1985–

Armenia
230 cm
7 ft 7 in
Arshavir Grigoryan
Tallest man in Armenia.[59]
1990–

Brazil
230 cm
7 ft 6.6 in
Joélisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest living Brazilian.[60]
1991–

Montenegro
230 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Slavko Vraneš
Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team, former player in the NBA
1983–

Romania
230 cm
7 ft 6.55 in
Robert Bobroczky
Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in) in late 2014, aged 14.[61]
2000

Vietnam
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Trần Thành Phố
Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010[62]
1947–2010 (63)

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6.25 in
Malik Sidibe
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[63]
1985–

United Kingdom
229 cm
7 ft 6¼ in
Christopher Greener
Formerly Britain's tallest man
1943–2015 (71)

Algeria
229 cm
7 ft 6⅕ in
Saad Kaiche
Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo.[64][65]
1985–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Ralph Madsen
Billed as 7 ft 6in.[66]
1897–1948

People's Republic of China
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Yao Ming
Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011.
1980–

United States/Germany
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Shawn Bradley
Former player in the NBA, 1993–2005, tallest living German (holding dual citizenship).
1972–

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Moussa Seck
Tallest basketball player in Senegal.[67]
1986–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Matthew McGrory
Was the world's tallest actor when he died in 2005.[68]
1973–2005

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Mamadou N'Diaye
Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US.[69]
1993–

United States
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Conrad Furrows
He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows.[70]
1922–1967

Senegal
229 cm
7 ft 6 in
Tacko Fall
Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014.[71]
1995–

Russia
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in
Sergey Ilin
Tallest basketball player in Russia.[72]
1988–

Spain
229 cm
7 ft 5.8 in(?)
Fermín Arrudi Urieta
Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death.
1870–1913 (42)

Democratic Republic of Congo
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Bienvenu Letuni
Tallest basketball player in DRC[73]
1994–

Poland
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Eugeniusz Taraciński
Tallest man in Poland while he was alive.[74]
1928–1978 (50)

Colombia
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Asdrúbal Herrera Mora
Tallest living Colombian. Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay[75]
1986–

Slovak Republic
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Martin Miklosik
Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic.[76]
1986–

Peru
228 cm
7 ft 5⅔ in
Margarito Machacuay
Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth-tallest in the Americas.[77]
1965–

text: Women[edit]

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (age of death)

People's Republic of China
248 cm
8 ft 1 ¾ in
Zeng Jinlian
Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever. Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height. Tallest recorded Chinese person and world's tallest person shortly before her death.
1964–1982 (17)

Canada
243 cm
7 ft 11 in
Anna Haining Bates
Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime. She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever.[25]
1846–1888 (41)

United Kingdom
241 cm
7 ft 11 in
Jane Bunford
Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world's tallest person at the time of her death. Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in (239 cm).[78]
1895–1922 (27)

People's Republic of China
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Yao Defen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on November 13, 2012.
1972–2012 (40)

United States
231.78 cm
7 ft 7 ¼ in
Sandy Allen
Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records, until her death on August 13, 2008.[79]
1955–2008 (53)

Greece
229.87 cm
7 ft 6.5 in
Wassiliki Calliandji
Tallest woman in Greece.[80]
1882–1904 (22)

People's Republic of China
221 cm
7 ft 3 in
Sun Fang
Tallest living woman.[81]
1987-

text: Disputed and unverified claims[edit]

text:
Country
Metric
Imperial
Name
Note
Lifespan (age at death)

France
350 cm
11 ft 6 in
Giant of Castelnau
Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau-le-Lez, excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature, Vol. 18, 1890.[82]
Unknown - Neolithic France

Russia/Belarus
283 cm
9 ft 3 in
Feodor Machnow
Height not confirmed.
1878–1912 (34)

England
282 cm
9 ft 3 in
John Middleton
The Childe of Hale
Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton, the Childe of Hale, nine feet three. Height not officially confirmed.
1578–1623 (45)

United States
274 cm
8 ft 11.5 in
John Aasen
American silent film actor, height is not officially confirmed. His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in
1890–1938 (48)

Thailand
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Pornchai Sawsri
Claimed to measure 269 cm (8'10) at age 26 in September 2015.[83] He was measured at 257 cm (8'5") by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013.[84]
1990?–2015[85]

Egypt
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Sa’id Muhammad Ghazi
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'11" (242 cm).[86]
1909–1941 (32)

Ireland
269 cm
8 ft 10 in
Patrick Murphy
Claimed 8'10", but was later measured at 7'3.4" (222 cm). Height is not officially confirmed.
1834–1862 (28)

Italy
259 cm
8 ft 6 in
Maximinus Thrax
Emperor of Rome, first ever recorded person with gigantism.
173–238

Iran
259 cm
8 ft 5.9 in
Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan
When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be 'only' 7'2.6" (220 cm) tall .[87]
1912–1938

Ukraine
257 cm
8 ft 5.5 in
Leonid Stadnyk
Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules, so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records.
1970–2014 (44)

Pakistan
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ajaz Ahmed
Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches, but this is unverified by Guinness World Records. He claims that he is still growing.
1976–

Netherlands
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Trijntje Keever
Tallest recorded woman. Not confirmed by Guinness World Records.[88][89]
1616–1633 (17)

United States
254 cm
8 ft 4 in
Ella Ewing
Claims 8 feet 4 inches, however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches. Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches.
1872–1913 (41)

Bangladesh
251 cm
8 ft 3 in
Parimal Barman
Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches, not confirmed.
1962–1991 (29)

United States
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Henry Hite
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, not confirmed.
1915–1978 (63)

India
248 cm
8 ft 2 in
Jitendra Singh
Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches, but was later measured at 7'7" (231 cm)[90]
1971–

Finland
247 cm
8 ft 1.4 in
Daniel Cajanus
Height not officially confirmed.[91] He was only 7 ft 8 in (234 cm) according to the London Annual Register.[92]
1703–1749 (46)

People's Republic of China
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Zhao Liang
Height not officially confirmed. A circus performer.
1982–

Finland
246 cm
8 ft 1 in
Louis Moilanen
Big Louie
Height not officially confirmed.[93]
1886–1913 (27)

China
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Zhan Shichai
Height not officially confirmed.[94]
1841–1893 (52)

Turkey
244.4 cm
8 ft 0 in
Barth's Giant
Skeleton of reputed Giant "Hayduk", Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna's Anatomical museum in 1904. Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall.[95]
c. 1683

Algeria
244 cm
8 ft 0 in
Mounir Fourar
Height not officially confirmed.[96]
1972–2012 (40)

Indonesia
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Musutaman
Height not officially confirmed.[97]
1962–?

Sweden
242 cm
7 ft 11 in
Gustaf Edman
Height not officially confirmed.[98]
1882–1912 (30)

Mongolia
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Öndör Gongor
Tall Gongor
Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews, but some other sources even give 245 cm (8 feet)
1879–1931 (52)

United Kingdom
236 cm
7 ft 9 in
Frederick Kempster
Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in. Height not officially confirmed.[99]
1889–1918 (29)

Ireland
234 cm
7 ft 8 in
Cornelius McGrath
Measurement according to the London Annual Register.[92]
1737–1759 (22)

Spain
222–234 cm
7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in
Sancho VII of Navarre
Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952, from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622.[100]
1170-1234 (64)

text: Tallest in varied fields or endeavors[edit]

text: Tallest in various sports[edit]

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan
Photo

Libya
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)
Suleiman Ali Nashnush
Tallest basketball player.
1943–1991

Iran
246 cm (8 ft 1 in)[101]
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest Paralympian.[102]
1987–

Romania
242 cm (7 ft 11 in)
Gogea Mitu
Tallest professional boxer.
1914–1936

People's Republic of China
236 cm (7 ft 9 in)
Sun Mingming
Tallest active professional basketball player.
1983–

Canada
233 cm (7 ft 8 in)
Édouard Beaupré
Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler.
1881–1904

Romania
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1971–

Sudan
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Manute Bol
Retired professional basketball player. Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association (NBA) history.
1962–2010

Argentina
231 cm (7 ft 7 in)
Jorge González
Tallest wrestler in WWE history
1966–2010

Latvia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Kristaps Porziņģis
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1995–

Serbia
221 cm (7 ft 3 in)
Boban Marjanović
Tied for tallest active NBA player.
1988–

Brazil
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Giant Silva
Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist.
1963–

Poland
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)
Małgorzata "Margo" Dydek
Tallest player in WNBA history.
1974–2011

Russia
218 cm (7 ft 2 in)[103]
Dmitriy Muserskiy
Tallest volleyball player.
1988–

India
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Dalip Singh Rana
Tallest active wrestler.
1972–

Pakistan
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Mohammad Irfan
Tallest international cricketer[104]
1982–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
E.J. Feihl
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with Greg Slaughter)
1970–

Philippines
216 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Greg Slaughter
Tallest basketball player in PBA history. (tied with E.J. Feihl)
1988–

Netherlands
215 cm (7 ft 1 in)
Loek van Mil
Tallest baseball player.
1984–

United Kingdom
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Metcalfe
Tallest rugby union player.
1973–

Netherlands
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Ted van der Parre
Tallest World's Strongest Man.
1955–

United States
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Richard Sligh
Tallest American football player in NFL history.
1944–2008

Russia
213 cm (7 ft 0 in)
Nikolai Valuev
Tallest boxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Semmy Schilt
Tallest kickboxing world champion.
1973–

Netherlands
212 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Stefan Struve
Tallest fighter in the UFC.
1988–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Jon Rauch
Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history.
1978–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Aaron Sandilands
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1982–

Australia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Peter Street
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1980–

America
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Mason Cox
Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history.
1991–

United States
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Reilly Opelka
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1997–

Croatia
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Ivo Karlović
Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour.
1979–

United Kingdom
211 cm (6 ft 11 in)
Will Carrick-Smith
Tallest active professional rugby union player.
1992–

Lithuania
209 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Rolandas Gimbutis
Tallest Olympic swimmer.
1981–

Belgium
208 cm (6 ft 10 in)
Kristof Van Hout
Tallest association football player.
1987–

Slovakia
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Zdeno Chára
Tallest player in National Hockey League history.
1977–

United States
206 cm (6 ft 9 in)
Jared Gaither
Tallest active American football player in the NFL
1986–

Russia
204 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Nelly Alisheva
Tallest female volleyball player.
1983–

Bulgaria
203 cm (6 ft 8 in)
Kotooshu Katsunori
sumo wrestler.
1983–

Germany
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ingo Schultz
Tallest sprinter.
1975–

Bulgaria
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Velichko Cholakov
Tallest Olympic weightlifter.
1982–

United States
201 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Phil Blackmar
Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour.
1957–

Switzerland
200 cm (6 ft 7 in)
Ramon Zenhäusern
Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing.
1992–

United States
198 cm (6 ft 6 in)
Buddy Baker
Tallest driver in NASCAR history.
1941–2015

Netherlands
197 cm (6 ft 6 in)
Jens Mouris
Tallest professional cyclist.
1980–

United States
195 cm (6 ft 5 in)
Michael Waltrip
Tallest active driver in NASCAR.
1963–

Croatia
193 cm (6 ft 4 in)
Blanka Vlašić
Tallest female high jumper.
1983–

text: Tallest actors[edit]

text:
Country
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

United Kingdom
7 ft 7½ in (233 cm)
Neil Fingleton
Tallest actor at 233 cm (7 ft 7½ in).[105]
1980–2017

France
7 ft 6 in (233 cm)
Andre The Giant
Tallest French actor and professional wrestler. Tallest wrestler during the 1980s and the Eighth Wonder of the World.
1946-1993

Canada
6 ft 9 in (206 cm)
John De Santis
Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm (6 ft 9 in).[106]
1977–2017

United States
6 ft 8 1/2 in (204 cm)
Brad Garrett
Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm (6 ft 8 1/2 in).[107]
1960–

United States
6 ft 8.25 in (203.84 cm)
Lindsay Kay Hayward
Tallest actress in a leading role[108]
1987–[109]

United Kingdom
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
Stephen Merchant
Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner
1974 -

United States
6 ft 7 in (201 cm)
James Cromwell
Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm (6 ft 7 in).
1940–

United States
6 ft 5 in (195 cm)
Tim Robbins
Tallest Academy Award-winning actor at 195 cm (6 ft 5 in).
1958–

text: Tallest people presently living in varied nations[edit]

text:
Pakistan
8 ft 4 in (254 cm)
Ajaz Ahmed
Tallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm (8 ft 4 in). Height unverified. He claims that he is still growing.
1975–

Turkey
8 ft 3 in (251 cm)
Sultan Kösen
Tallest Turkish at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in).[3]
1982–

Morocco
8 ft 1 in (247 cm)
Brahim Takioullah
Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person(8 ft 1 in)[6]
1982–

Iran
8 ft 1 in (246 cm)
Morteza Mehrzad
Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm (8 ft 1 in).[87]
1987–

People's Republic of China
7 ft 11 in (242 cm)
Zhang Juncai
Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm (7 ft 11 in).
1983–

Tunisia
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Radhouane Charbib
Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa[27]
1968–

Somalia
7 ft 8½ in (236 cm)
Hussain Bisad
Tallest Somali at 236 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1975–

North Korea
7 ft 8.5 in (235 cm)
Ri Myung Hun
Tallest North Korean at 235 cm (7 ft 8.5 in).
1967–

United Kingdom
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Paul Sturgess
Tallest British at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1987–

United States
7 ft 8⅓ in (235 cm)
Igor Vovkovinskiy
Tallest American at 235 cm (7 ft 8⅓ in).
1982–

Myanmar
7 ft 7.5 in (233 cm)
Win Zaw Oo
Also known as 'Big Zaw', who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore. Tallest man in Burma
1977-

Romania
7 ft 7 in (231 cm)
Gheorghe Mureșan
Tallest Romanian at 231 cm (7 ft 7 in).
1971–

Brazil
7 ft 6.6 in (230 cm)
Joelisson Fernandes da Silva
Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm (7 ft 6.6 in)[60]
1991–

Montenegro
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Slavko Vranes
Tallest basketball player in Montenegro
1983–

Malta
7 ft 6 in (230 cm)
Samuel Deguara
Tallest basketball player in Malta
1991–

Japan
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Yasutaka Okayama
Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1954–

Canada
7 ft 6 in (228 cm)
Jerry Sokoloski
Tallest Canadian at 228 cm (7 ft 6 in).
1983–

New Zealand
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Jonty Butterfield
Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm (7 ft 6.15 in).[110]
1994–

Ireland
7 ft 4.5 in (225 cm)
Shaun Aisbitt
Tallest Man in Ireland [111]
1962–

Puerto Rico
7 ft 3.5 in (222 cm)
Peter John Ramos
Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm (7 ft 3.5 in).
1985–

Australia
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Sam Harris
Tallest Australian at 221 cm (7 ft 3 in).
1984–

Philippines
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Raul Dillo
Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm (7 ft 4 in) when he was measured at age 17.[112][113]
1991–

Spain
7 ft 3 in (221 cm)
Roberto Dueñas Hernández
Tallest Spanish basketball player ever (now retired). Currently the tallest man alive in Spain.
1975–


document_title: Marginal product of labor

question_text: at what output is marginal product of labour the highest

root

text: Marginal product of labor

text: Definition[edit]

text: The marginal product of a factor of production is generally defined as the change in output associated with a change in that factor, holding other inputs into production constant.

tag: p

text: The marginal product of labor is then the change in output (Y) per unit change in labor (L). In discrete terms the marginal product of labor is:

text: In continuous terms, the MPL is the first derivative of the production function:

text: Graphically, the MPL is the slope of the production function.

text: Examples[edit]

text: There is a factory which produces toys. When there are no workers in the factory, no toys are produced. When there is one worker in the factory, six toys are produced per hour. When there are two workers in the factory, eleven toys are produced per hour. There is a marginal product of labor of five when there are two workers in the factory compared to one. When the marginal product of labor is increasing, this is called increasing marginal returns. However, as the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor may not increase indefinitely. When not scaled properly, the marginal product of labor may go down when the number of employees goes up, creating a situation known as diminishing marginal returns. When the marginal product of labor becomes negative, it is known as negative marginal returns.

text: Marginal costs[edit]

text: The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production. Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input, capital, or rK, where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital. Variable costs (VC) are the costs of the variable input, labor, or wL, where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed. Thus, VC = wL . Marginal cost (MC) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆C/∆Q. In the short run, production can be varied only by changing the variable input. Thus only variable costs change as output increases: ∆C = ∆VC = ∆(wL). Marginal cost is ∆(Lw)/∆Q. Now, ∆L/∆Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor (∆Q/∆L). Therefore, marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor

text: Thus if the marginal product of labor is rising then marginal costs will be falling and if the marginal product of labor is falling marginal costs will be rising (assuming a constant wage rate).[3]

text: Relation between MPL and APL[edit]

text: The average product of labor is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed, or Q/L.[2] The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity.[4][5] The APL curve is shaped like an inverted “u”. At low production levels the APL tends to increase as additional labor is added. The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor.[6] At the point the APL reaches its maximum value APL equals the MPL.[7] Beyond this point the APL falls.

text: During the early stages of production MPL is greater than APL. When the MPL is above the APL the APL will increase. Eventually the MPL reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns. Beyond this point MPL will decrease. However, at the point of diminishing returns the MPL is still above the APL and APL will continue to increase until MPL equals APL. When MPL is below APL, APL will decrease.

text: Graphically, the APL curve can be derived from the total product curve by drawing secants from the origin that intersect (cut) the total product curve. The slope of the secant line equals the average product of labor, where the slope = dQ/dL.[6] The slope of the curve at each intersection marks a point on the average product curve. The slope increases until the line reaches a point of tangency with the total product curve. This point marks the maximum average product of labor. It also marks the point where MPL (which is the slope of the total product curve)[8] equals the APL (the slope of the secant).[9] Beyond this point the slope of the secants become progressively smaller as APL declines. The MPL curve intersects the APL curve from above at the maximum point of the APL curve. Thereafter, the MPL curve is below the APL curve.

text: Diminishing marginal returns[edit]

text: The falling MPL is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. The law states, "as units of one input are added (with all other inputs held constant) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease; that is marginal product will decline."[10] The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the production function exhibits increasing, decreasing or constant returns to scale. The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of production are being held constant. Under such circumstances diminishing marginal returns are inevitable at some level of production.[11]

text: Diminishing marginal returns differs from diminishing returns. Diminishing marginal returns means that the marginal product of the variable input is falling. Diminishing returns occur when the marginal product of the variable input is negative. That is when a unit increase in the variable input causes total product to fall. At the point that diminishing returns begin the MPL is zero.[12]

text: MPL, MRPL and profit maximization[edit]

text: The general rule is that a firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side. That is, what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input? To maximize profits the firm should increase usage "up to the point where the input’s marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs". So, mathematically the profit maximizing rule is MRPL = MCL.[10] The marginal profit per unit of labor equals the marginal revenue product of labor minus the marginal cost of labor or MπL = MRPL − MCLA firm maximizes profits where MπL = 0.

text: The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input assume labor.[10] That is, MRPL = ∆TR/∆L. MRPL is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or MRPL = MR × MPL.

text: Derivation:

tag: ul

text: Example[edit]

text:
Assume that the production function is

Q
=
90
L
−

L

2

{\displaystyle Q=90L-L^{2}}

[10]

text:
•

M

C

L

=
30

{\displaystyle MC_{L}=30}

text: • Output price is $40 per unit.

text: • And the profit is

text:
Some might be confused by the fact that

L
=
44.625

{\displaystyle L=44.625}

 as intuition would say that labor should be discrete. Remember, however, that labor is actually a time measure as well. Thus, it can be thought of as a worker not working the entire hour.

text: Marginal productivity ethics[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the marginal revolution in economics, a number of economists including John Bates Clark and Thomas Nixon Carver sought to derive an ethical theory of income distribution based on the idea that workers were morally entitled to receive a wage exactly equal to their marginal product. In the 20th century, marginal productivity ethics found few supporters among economists, being criticised not only by egalitarians but by economists associated with the Chicago school such as Frank Knight (in The Ethics of Competition) and the Austrian School, such as Leland Yeager.[13] However, marginal productivity ethics were defended by George Stigler.


document_title: List of UK dialling codes covering Wales

question_text: what is area code 01446 in the uk

question_tokens: what is area code 01446 in the uk

text: This is a list of geographic UK dialling codes covering Wales that are currently in use. Some exchanges cover both sides of the Wales-England border. All geographic telephone numbers in Wales are in the format (01xxx) xxxxxx, with the exception of Cardiff and the surrounding area which is (029) xxxx xxxx.

text:
Dialling Code
Area

01239
Cardigan

01244
Chester

01248
Bangor

01267
Carmarthen

01269
Ammanford

01286
Caernarfon

01291
Chepstow

01341
Barmouth

01348
Fishguard

01352
Mold

01407
Holyhead

01437
Clynderwen & Haverfordwest

01443
Pontypridd

01446
Barry

01490
Corwen

01492
Colwyn Bay

01495
Pontypool

01497
Hay on Wye

01544
Kington

01545
Llanarth

01547
Knighton

01550
Llandovery

01554
Llanelli

01558
Llandeilo

01559
Llandysul

01570
Lampeter

01591
Llanwrtyd Wells

01597
Llandrindod Wells

01600
Monmouth

01633
Newport

01639
Neath

01646
Milford Haven

01650
Cemmaes Road

01654
Machynlleth

01656
Bridgend

01678
Bala

01685
Merthyr Tydfil

01686
Llanidloes & Newtown

01690
Betws-y-Coed

01691
Oswestry

01745
Rhyl

01758
Pwllheli

01766
Porthmadog

01792
Swansea

01824
Ruthin

01834
Narberth

01873
Abergavenny

01874
Brecon

01938
Welshpool

01948
Whitchurch

01970
Aberystwyth

01974
Llanon

01978
Wrexham

01982
Builth Wells

01994
St Clears

029
Cardiff

tag: table

text: (Source: "The Phone Book - Code Companion", BT)

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: It is a common misconception that the code for Cardiff is 02920, whereas in fact it is 029 followed by an eight-digit local number. This is due to Cardiff previously having a 5 digit code (01222) with six-digit local numbers, and to the fact that all of its local numbers begin with 20 until 2005. This problem is also widespread in cities with other 02x codes such as Coventry, London, Portsmouth and Southampton, and in the region of Northern Ireland.


document_title: Kotri Junction railway station

question_text: the first railway line between karachi and kotri was constructed in

text: Kotri Junction railway station

text: History[edit]

text: Kotri Junction station is among the oldest railway stations in Pakistan. It served as the northern terminus point of the Scinde Railway, which was established in March 1855. A railway line was to be constructed between Karachi and Kotri and work on the Karachi terminus commenced in April 1858. By 13 May 1861, the station opened to the public. This was the first railway line for public traffic between Karachi and Kotri, a distance of 108 miles (174 km).[2][3][4]

text: Services[edit]

text: The following trains stop at Kotri Junction station:

text:
Preceding station

Pakistan Railways

Following station

Drigh Road
toward Karachi Cantonment

Allama Iqbal Express

Hyderabad Junction
toward Sialkot Junction

Braudabad
toward Karachi City

Bolan Mail

Sind University
toward Quetta

Landhi Junction
toward Karachi Cantonment

Khyber Mail

Hyderabad Junction
toward Peshawar Cantonment


document_title: Constitution of India

question_text: total number of articles in indian constitution at present

text: Constitution of India

text: Background

text: The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930.

text: Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950.[9]

text: Previous legislation used as sources

text: It is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz. Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act 1892, Indian Councils Act 1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two, with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.[citation needed]

text: Constituent assembly

text: It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[10]  The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.[11] Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community.[citation needed] Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members.[citation needed]

text: The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.[10] The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[10]

text: Drafting

text: B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[12] This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949.[13]

text: On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[10] Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant,  Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice, 1950–54). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). On D P Khaitan's death, T T Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee. A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947, which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete.[14] This day is celebrated as National Law Day[15] or Constitution Day.[16]

text: The assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.  The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda. It was published in Dehra Dun, and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India. The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. It has undergone many amendments since its enactment.[18]

text: The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house, New Delhi. There are two original versions of this – one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution can be viewed here.[19]

text: Influence of other constitutions

text:
British Constitution
Parliamentary form of government
The idea of single citizenship
The idea of the Rule of law
Institution of Speaker and his role
Lawmaking procedure
Procedure established by Law
United States Constitution
United States Bill of Rights
Federal structure of government
Electoral College
Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government
Judicial review
President as supreme commander of armed forces
Equal Protection under law
Irish Constitution
Directive principles of state policy

Australian Constitution
Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states
Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties, even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
Concurrent List[20]
Terminology for the Preamble
French Constitution
Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
Canadian Constitution
A quasi-federal form of government — a federal system with a strong central government
Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments
Residual powers retained by the central government[21][22]
Constitution of the Soviet Union
Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A
A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy

Other Constitutions
Emergency Provision u/a 356, Weimar Constitution (Germany)
Amendment of Constitution, South Africa
Due Procedure of Law, Japan

text: Structure

text:
The Indian constitution is the world's longest.[Note 1] At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It is made up of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world.
[23]
In its current form (September 2012), it has a preamble, 25[Note 2] parts with 448
[Note 3] articles, 12[Note 4] schedules, 5 appendices[24] and 101 amendments, the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016.[25]

text: Parts

text: The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts:

text:
Preamble[26]
with the words "socialist" and "secular" added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment .[27][28]

Part I[29] – Union and its Territory
Part II[30] – Citizenship.
Part III – Fundamental Rights
Part IV[31] – Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
Part V[32] – The Union
Part VI[33] – The States
Part VII[34] – States in the B part of the First schedule (repealed)
Part VIII[35] – The Union Territories
Part IX[36] – The Panchayats
Part IXA[37] – The Municipalities
Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.[38]
Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States
 Part XIVA – Tribunals
Part XV – Elections
Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes
Part XVII – Languages
Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
Part XIX – Miscellaneous
Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

text: Schedules

text: Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

text:
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) –  This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory.
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)—The official languages.
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[39]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) –  "Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
 Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government).

text: Appendices

text:
Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
Appendix II – Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002.
Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.

text: The constitution and the government

text:
Institutions of governance – the Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Executive, etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it.[40]
With the aid of the Constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive, under Articles 52 and 53. The President's duty is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution. Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75(3).

text: The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre, appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[41]

text: Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogous to President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister. Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This power, known as President's rule, was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds, and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre. Post – Bommai judgment,[42][43] such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult, as the courts have asserted their right to review it.[44] Consequently, very few state governments have been disbanded since.

text: The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

text: The constitution and the legislature

text: Amendment

text: The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[45] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 (with exception to money bills), there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. During recess of Parliament, President can not promulgate ordinances  under his legislative powers per Article 123, Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India.[45]

text: As of  September 2015[update], there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament, out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts.[46] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world.[47] The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies. As a result, the document is amended roughly twice a year, and three times every two years.

text: In 2000, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into updating the constitution.[48] Government of India, establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law.

text: Limitations

text: The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify, which means, while amending anything in the Constitution, it cannot tinker with the "basic structure" or its framework, which is immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended, nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution. Yet, this "doctrine of basic features" lays down that, the Constitution when "read as a whole", that what comes to be understood as its basic features cannot be abridged, deleted or abrogated. What these "basic features" are, have not been defined exhaustively anywhere,[40] and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a "basic feature" is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case.[49]

text: The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India:[50]

text:
The Supremacy of the Constitution
Republican and Democratic form of the Government
Secular Character of the Constitution
Maintenance of Separation of powers
The Federal Character of the Constitution[50]

tag: ol

text: This implies that the Parliament, while amending the Constitution, can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters. The Supreme Court/High Court(s) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, by performing Judicial review. This is typical of Parliamentary governments, where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament, which in many respects is supreme.

text: In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[51] Extent of land ownership and practice of profession, in this case, were held to be a fundamental right.[52] The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[52]

text: The constitution and the judiciary

text: The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter.[53] It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution, to be its watchdog, by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive, who otherwise, are free to enact or implement these, from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution.[54] It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people, as enshrined in the Constitution, from infringement by any organ of the state. It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states, as assigned to them by the Constitution.

text: While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate, it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. And crucially, independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution,[55][56] and which being inalienable, has come to mean – that which cannot be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive.[57]

text: Judicial review

text: Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[58] In the Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13. Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 states that:

text:
All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse.[59]
In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio.
In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India.[60]

text: Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies.[61] Later with the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was widened and article 368(4) and 368(5) were added, which stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on any ground. The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article 368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

text: The constitution – a living document

text: "The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[Note 7][62]

text: The Constitution's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities, though not in vague terms, instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute, so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time, to apply to new and ever-changing and demanding situations, making the Constitution a living and an organic document.[63] Justice Marshall asserts: “It is the nature of (a) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked”. It is a document intended “to endure for ages” and therefore, it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively, in the existing social and political context.

text: For instance, "right to life" as guaranteed under Article 21,[nb 1] has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights[nb 2]

text: In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:

text: "If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[67]