document_title: Acetylcholine

question_text: where is acetylcholine released from to stimulate muscle contraction

text: Acetylcholine

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the presence of a highly polar, charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes. Because of this, when the drug is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and does not pass through the blood–brain barrier. A synonym of this drug is miochol.

text: Biochemistry[edit]

text: Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA. Cholinergic neurons are capable of producing ACh. An example of a central cholinergic area is the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain.[2][3]

text: The enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into the inactive metabolites choline and acetate. This enzyme is abundant in the synaptic cleft, and its role in rapidly clearing free acetylcholine from the synapse is essential for proper muscle function. Certain neurotoxins work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thus leading to excess acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the muscles needed for breathing and stopping the beating of the heart.

text: Functions[edit]

text: Acetylcholine functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the CNS, cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus support the cognitive functions of those target areas. In the PNS, acetylcholine activates muscles and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.

text: Cellular effects[edit]

text: Like many other biologically active substances, acetylcholine exerts its effects by binding to and activating receptors located on the surface of cells. There are two main classes of acetylcholine receptor, nicotinic and muscarinic. They are named for chemicals that can selectively activate each type of receptor without activating the other: muscarine is a compound found in the mushroom Amanita muscaria; nicotine is found in tobacco.

text: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels permeable to sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. In other words, they are ion channels embedded in cell membranes, capable of switching from a closed to open state when acetylcholine binds to them; in the open state they allow ions to pass through. Nicotinic receptors come in two main types, known as muscle-type and neuronal-type. The muscle-type can be selectively blocked by curare, the neuronal-type by hexamethonium. The main location of muscle-type receptors is on muscle cells, as described in more detail below. Neuronal-type receptors are located in autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic), and in the central nervous system.

text: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have a more complex mechanism, and affect target cells over a longer time frame. In mammals, five subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified, labeled M1 through M5. All of them function as G protein-coupled receptors, meaning that they exert their effects via a second messenger system. The M1, M3, and M5 subtypes are Gq-coupled; they increase intracellular levels of IP3 and calcium by activating phospholipase C. Their effect on target cells is usually excitatory. The M2 and M4 subtypes are Gi/Go-coupled; they decrease intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Their effect on target cells is usually inhibitory. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system of the heart, lungs, upper gastrointestinal tract, and sweat glands.

text: Neuromuscular junction[edit]

text: Acetylcholine is the substance the nervous system uses to activate skeletal muscles, a kind of striated muscle. These are the muscles used for all types of voluntary movement, in contrast to smooth muscle tissue, which is involved in a range of involuntary activities such as movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract and constriction of blood vessels. Skeletal muscles are directly controlled by motor neurons located in the spinal cord or, in a few cases, the brainstem. These motor neurons send their axons through motor nerves, from which they emerge to connect to muscle fibers at a special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction.

text: When a motor neuron generates an action potential, it travels rapidly along the nerve until it reaches the neuromuscular junction, where it initiates an electrochemical process that causes acetylcholine to be released into the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber. The acetylcholine molecules then bind to nicotinic ion-channel receptors on the muscle cell membrane, causing the ion channels to open. Calcium ions then flow into the muscle cell, initiating a sequence of steps that finally produce muscle contraction.

text: Autonomic nervous system[edit]

text: The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary and unconscious body functions. Its main branches are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Broadly speaking, the function of the sympathetic nervous system is to mobilize the body for action: the slogan often used for it is fight-or-flight. The function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to put the body in a state conducive to rest, regeneration, digestion, and reproduction: it is sometimes described using the slogans "rest and digest" or "feed and breed". Both branches use acetylcholine, but in different ways.

text: At a schematic level, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both organized in essentially the same way: preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia; these neurons then send output projections to virtually every tissue of the body. In both branches the internal connections—the projections from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia—use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter, and the receptors it activates are of the nicotinic type. In the parasympathetic nervous system the output connections—the projections from ganglion neurons to tissues that don't belong to the nervous system—also release acetylcholine, acting on muscarinic receptors. In the sympathetic nervous system the output connections mainly release noradrenaline, although acetylcholine is released at a few points, such as the sudomotor innervation of the sweat glands.

text: Direct Vascular Effects[edit]

text: Acetylcholine in the serum exerts a direct effect on vascular tone by binding to muscarinic receptors present on vascular endothelium. These cells respond by increasing production of nitric oxide, which signals the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, leading to vasodilation.[4]

text: Central nervous system[edit]

text: In the central nervous system, ACh has a variety of effects on plasticity, arousal and reward. ACh has an important role in the enhancement of alertness when we wake up,[5] in sustaining attention[6] and in learning and memory.[7]

text: Damage to the cholinergic (acetylcholine-producing) system in the brain has been shown to be associated with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.[8] ACh has also been shown to promote REM sleep.[9]

text: In the brainstem acetylcholine originates from the Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus collectively known as the mesopontine tegmentum area or pontomesencephalotegmental complex.[10][11] In the basal forebrain, it originates from the basal nucleus of Meynert and medial septal nucleus:

text:
The pontomesencephalotegmental complex acts mainly on M1 receptors in the brainstem, deep cerebellar nuclei, pontine nuclei, locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive.[11] It also projects to the thalamus, tectum, basal ganglia and basal forebrain.[10]
Basal nucleus of Meynert acts mainly on M1 receptors in the neocortex.
Medial septal nucleus acts mainly on M1 receptors in the hippocampus and parts of the cerebral cortex.

text: In addition, ACh acts as an important internal transmitter in the striatum, which is part of the basal ganglia. It is released by cholinergic interneurons. In humans, non-human primates and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.[12][13]

text: Memory[edit]

text: Acetylcholine has been implicated in learning and memory in several ways. The anticholinergic drug, scopolamine, impairs acquisition of new information in humans[14] and animals.[7] In animals, disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the neocortex impairs the learning of simple discrimination tasks, comparable to the acquisition of factual information[15] and disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas produces forgetting comparable to anterograde amnesia in humans.[16]

text: Diseases and disorders[edit]

text: Myasthenia gravis[edit]

text: The disease myasthenia gravis, characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission. Over time, the motor end plate is destroyed. Drugs that competitively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (e.g., neostigmine, physostigmine, or primarily pyridostigmine) are effective in treating this disorder. They allow endogenously released acetylcholine more time to interact with its respective receptor before being inactivated by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft (the space between nerve and muscle).

text: Pharmacology[edit]

text: Blocking, hindering or mimicking the action of acetylcholine has many uses in medicine. Drugs acting on the acetylcholine system are either agonists to the receptors, stimulating the system, or antagonists, inhibiting it. Acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists can either have an effect directly on the receptors or exert their effects indirectly, e.g., by affecting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which degrades the receptor ligand. Agonists increase the level of receptor activation, antagonists reduce it.

text: Acetylcholine itself does not have therapeutic value as a drug for intravenous administration because of its multi-faceted action(non-selective) and rapid inactivation by cholinesterase. However, it is used in the form of eye drops to cause constriction of the pupil during cataract surgery, which facilitates quick post-operational recovery.

text: Nicotine[edit]

text: Nicotine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mimicking the effect of acetylcholine at these receptors. When ACh interacts with a nicotinic ACh receptor, it opens a Na+ channel and Na+ ions flow into the membrane. This causes a depolarization, and results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential. Thus, ACh is excitatory on skeletal muscle; the electrical response is fast and short-lived.

text: Atropine[edit]

text: Atropine is a non-selective competitive antagonist with Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.

text: Cholinesterase inhibitors[edit]

text: Many ACh receptor agonists work indirectly by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The resulting accumulation of acetylcholine causes continuous stimulation of the muscles, glands, and central nervous system, which can result in fatal convulsions if the dose is high.

text: They are examples of enzyme inhibitors, and increase the action of acetylcholine by delaying its degradation; some have been used as nerve agents (Sarin and VX nerve gas) or pesticides (organophosphates and the carbamates). Many toxins and venoms produced by plants and animals also contain cholinesterase inhibitors. In clinical use, they are administered in low doses to reverse the action of muscle relaxants, to treat myasthenia gravis, and to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (rivastigmine, which increases cholinergic activity in the brain).

text: Curare[edit]

text: Synthesis inhibitors[edit]

text: Organic mercurial compounds, such as methylmercury, have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can have consequences on motor function.

text: Release inhibitors[edit]

text: Botulinum toxin (Botox) acts by suppressing the release of acetylcholine, whereas the venom from a black widow spider (alpha-latrotoxin) has the reverse effect. ACh inhibition causes paralysis. When bitten by a black widow spider, one experiences the wastage of ACh supplies and the muscles begin to contract. If and when the supply is depleted, paralysis occurs.

text: Comparative biology and evolution[edit]

text: Acetylcholine is used by animals in all domains of life for a variety of purposes. It is believed that choline, a precursor to acetylcholine, was used by single celled organisms billions of years ago for synthesizing cell membrane phospholipids.[17] Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become incorporated into other synthetic pathways, including acetylcholine production. Acetylcholine is now used by bacteria, fungi, and a variety of other animals. Interestingly, many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels.

text: The two major types of acetylcholine receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, have convergently evolved to be responsive to acetylcholine. This means that rather than having evolved from a common homolog, these receptors evolved from separate receptor families. It is estimated that the nicotinic receptor family dates back longer than 2.5 billion years.[17] Likewise, muscarinic receptors are thought to have diverged from other GPCRs at least 0.5 billion years ago. Both of these receptor groups have evolved numerous subtypes with unique ligand affinities and signaling mechanisms. The diversity of the receptor types enables acetylcholine to creating varying responses depending on which receptor types are activated, and allow for acetylcholine to dynamically regulate physiological processes.

text: History[edit]

text: Acetylcholine (ACh) was first identified in 1915 by Henry Hallett Dale for its actions on heart tissue. It was confirmed as a neurotransmitter by Otto Loewi, who initially gave it the name Vagusstoff because it was released from the vagus nerve. Both received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work. Acetylcholine was also the first neurotransmitter to be identified.


document_title: List of Kolkata Knight Riders records

question_text: how many matches did kkr win in ipl 2010

root

text: List of Kolkata Knight Riders records

text: Team records[edit]

text: Results summary[edit]

text:
Team

Matches

Won

Lost

Tied

No Result

Win %

Span

 KKR

152
77
69
2
4
50.65
2008–present

Abandoned matches are counted as No Result.
Win or loss by super over or boundary count are counted as Tied.
Last updated: 21 May 2017.

tag: table

text: By season[edit]

text:
Performance summary in
Indian Premier League

Year
Pld
Won
Loss
NR
Tied
SR(%)
Position
Summary

2008

14
6
7
1
0
42.85%
6th
Group Stage

2009

14
3
10
1
0
21.42%
8th
Group Stage

2010

14
7
7
0
0
50.00%
6th
Group Stage

2011

15
8
7
0
0
53.33%
4th
Play-offs

2012

18
12
5
1
0
66.66%
1st
Champions

2013

16
6
10
0
0
37.50%
7th
Group Stage

2014

16
11
5
0
0
68.75%
1st
Champions

2015

14
7
6
1
0
50.00%
5th
Group Stage

2016

15
8
7
0
0
53.33%
4th
Play-offs

2017

16
9
7
0
0
56.25%
3rd
Play-offs

2018

16
9
7
0
0
56.25%
3rd
Play-offs

text: Last updated: 30 May 2018

tag: p

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score

Opposition

Venue

Highest run scorer

Date

Scorecard

245-6 (20 overs)

KXIP
Indore

Sunil Narine(75 from 36)
12 May 2018
Scorecard

222-3 (20 overs)

RCB
Bengaluru

Brendon McCullum(158* from 73)
18 April 2008
Scorecard

204-4 (20 overs)

DC
Hyderabad

Sourav Ganguly(91 from 57)
11 May 2008
Scorecard

202-6 (20 overs)

CSK
Chennai

Andre Russell(88 from 36)
10 April 2018
Scorecard

200-7 (19.3 overs)

KXIP
Bengaluru

Manish Pandey(94 from 50)
01 June 2014
Scorecard

200-3 (20 overs)

KXIP
Kolkata

Chris Gayle(88 from 42)
04 April 2010
Scorecard

200-9 (20 overs)

DD
Kolkata

Nitish Rana(59 from 35)
16 April 2018
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 16 May 2018.

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

67 (15.2 overs)

MI
Mumbai

16 May 2008
Scorecard

95 (15.2 overs)

MI
Port Elizabeth

27 April 2009
Scorecard

101 (19.4 overs)

DC
Cape Town

19 April 2009
Scorecard

105 (18.2 overs)

MI
Mumbai

07 May 2013
Scorecard

107 (18.5 overs)

MI
Bengaluru

19 May 2017
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 13 September 2017.

text: Highest successful run chase[edit]

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

200/7
Kolkata Knight Riders
Kings XI Punjab
2014

192/5
Kolkata Knight Riders
Chennai Super Kings
2012

189/5
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Wins

Team

First Win

Last Win

9

KKR
07 May 2014
08 April 2015

4

KKR
18 April 2012
07 May 2012

Note: This list does not include CLT20 matches.Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Most runs[edit]

text:
Runs

Batsman

Innings

Average

IPL Career Span

3,035

Gautam Gambhir
108
31.61
2011–2017

2,157

Robin Uthappa
73
30.38
2014–present

1,893

Yusuf Pathan
91
31.55
2011–2017

1,295

Jacques Kallis
54
26.42
2011–2014

1,270

Manish Pandey
52
31.75
2014–2017

Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018.

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs

Batsman

Balls Faced

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

158*

Brendon McCullum
73
RCB
Bengaluru
18 April 2008
Scorecard

94

Manish Pandey
50
KXIP
Bengaluru
1 June 2014
Scorecard

93*

Chris Lynn
41
GL
Rajkot
7 April 2017
Scorecard

93

Gautam Gambhir
51
RCB
Kolkata
28 April 2012
Scorecard

92

Manvinder Bisla
61
CSK
Chennai
28 April 2013
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018

text: Highest average[edit]

text:
Batting Average

Batsman

Innings

Career Runs

IPL Career Span

49.80

Dinesh Karthik
16
498
2018–present

36.20

Chris Lynn
27
869
2014–present

33.83

Shubman Gill
11
203
2018–present

31.75

Manish Pandey
52
1,270
2014–2017

31.61

Gautam Gambhir
108
3,035
2011-2017

Qualification: Minimum of 10 innings.Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018

text: Highest strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike Rate

Batsman

Career Runs

Balls Faced

IPL Career Span

180.08

Andre Russell
832
462
2014–present

168.81

Sunil Narine
628
372
2012–present

147.77

Dinesh Karthik
498
337
2018–present

146.04

Shubman Gill
203
139
2018–present

142.22

Chris Lynn
869
611
2014–present

Qualification: Minimum of 125 balls faced.Source:Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018

text: Most career half-centuries[edit]

text:
Half Centuries

Batsman

Matches

Innings

Runs

IPL Career Span

30

Gautam Gambhir
122
121
3,345
2011–2017

16

Robin Uthappa
79
78
2,367
2014–present

10

Jacques Kallis
70
67
1,603
2011–2014

7

Sourav Ganguly
40
38
1,031
2008–2010

Manish Pandey
60
57
1,442
2014–2017

Yusuf Pathan
122
103
2,061
2011-2017

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018.

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batsman

Innings

Career Runs

IPL Career Span

85

Yusuf Pathan
91
1,893
2011–2017

75

Robin Uthappa
73
2,157
2014–present

65

Andre Russell
35
832
2014–present

46

Gautam Gambhir
108
3,035
2011–2017

41

Chris Lynn
27
869
2014–present

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 27 May 2018.

text: Bowling records[edit]

text: Most career wickets[edit]

text:
Wickets

Bowler

Matches

Bowling Average

IPL Career Span

95

Sunil Narine
82
21.37
2012–present

48

Umesh Yadav
47
29.02
2014—2017

43

Shakib Al Hasan
43
25.60
2011—2017

42

Piyush Chawla
42
24.38
2014–present

Jacques Kallis
56
27.45
2011–2014

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 26 July 2017.

text: Best bowling figures in an innings[edit]

text:
Figures

Bowler

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

5/19 (4.0 overs)

Sunil Narine
KXIP
Kolkata
15 April 2012
Scorecard

4/11 (3.0 overs)

Shoaib Akhtar
DD
Kolkata
13 May 2008
Scorecard

4/13 (4.0 overs)

Sunil Narine
DD
Kolkata
03 April 2013
Scorecard

4/15 (3.1 overs)

Sunil Narine
MI
Mumbai
16 May 2012
Scorecard

4/18 (4.0 overs)

Lakshmipathy Balaji
RCB
Bengaluru
10 April 2012
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 12 August 2017

text: Best averages[edit]

text:
Average

Bowler

Matches

Wickets

ODI Career Span

19.46

Sunil Narine
91
113
2012–present

24.12

Andre Russell
33
32
2014–present

25.48

Iqbal Abdulla
41
33
2008–2013

25.78

Piyush Chawla
48
47
2014–present

25.90

Lakshmipathy Balaji
42
44
2011–2013

Qualification: Minimum of 500 balls bowled.
Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 20 February 2018.

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(over)[edit]

text:
Player
Mat
4+
5+
BBI
Span

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
81
7
1
5/19
2012–2017

 Shoaib Akhtar (KKR)
3
1
0
4/11
2008

 Umar Gul (KKR)
6
1
0
4/23
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: List of Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Bowler
Opp
Season

 Sunil Narine (KKR)

KXIP

2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals

Wicket-Keeper

Catches

Stumpings

Innings

IPL Career Span

49

Robin Uthappa
27
22
57
2014–present

22

Manvinder Bisla
15
7
27
2011–2014

17

Brendon McCullum
11
6
17
2008–2013

16

Wriddhiman Saha
11
5
27
2008–2010

7

Morne van Wyk
7
0
5
2009–2009

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 12 August 2017.

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches

Fielder

Matches

IPL Career Span

34

Manoj Tiwary
64
2010–2013

31

Yusuf Pathan
122
2011–2018

28

Suryakumar Yadav
60
2014–2017

25

Gautam Gambhir
122
2011–2017

24

Manish Pandey
60
2014–2017

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 12 September 2017.

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest partnerships (by runs)[edit]

text:
Runs

Partnership

Players

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

184*

1st wicket
Gautam Gambhir & Chris Lynn
GL
Rajkot
07 April 2017
Scorecard

158

2nd wicket
Gautam Gambhir & Robin Uthappa
RPS
Pune
26 April 2017
Scorecard

153*

3rd wicket
Robin Uthappa & Manish Pandey
DOL
Hyderabad
29 September 2014
Scorecard

152*

2nd wicket
Jacques Kallis & Gautam Gambhir
RR
Jaipur
15 April 2011
Scorecard

136

2nd wicket
Manvinder Bisla & Jacques Kallis
CSK
Chennai
27 May 2012
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 15 September 2017.

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership

Runs

Players

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1st

184*
Gautam Gambhir & Chris Lynn
GL
Rajkot
07 April 2017
Scorecard

2nd

158
Gautam Gambhir & Robin Uthappa
RPS
Pune
26 April 2017
Scorecard

3rd

153*
Robin Uthappa & Manish Pandey
DOL
Hyderabad
29 September 2014
Scorecard

4th

121
Robin Uthappa & Shakib Al Hasan
RCB
Kolkata
22 May 2014
Scorecard

5th

134*
Shakib Al Hasan & Yusuf Pathan
GL
Kolkata
08 May 2016
Scorecard

6th

104
David Hussey & Wriddhiman Saha
KXIP
Mohali
03 May 2008
Scorecard

7th

57*
Laxmi Shukla & Ajit Agarkar
RR
Durban
20 May 2009
Scorecard

8th

41
Laxmi Shukla & Murali Kartik
MI
Kolkata
29 April 2008
Scorecard

9th

26
Rajat Bhatia & Iqbal Abdulla
SAR
Hyderabad
27 September 2011
Scorecard

10th

25
Murali Kartik & Ishant Sharma
CSK
Kolkata
16 March 2010
Scorecard

Source: Cricinfo. Last updated: 13 September 2017.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Orange cap[edit]

text: Note: Orange cap winners are the players with most runs in a season

text:
Season
Player
Mat
Runs
Ref

2014
 Robin Uthappa (KKR)
16
660
[2]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Purple cap[edit]

text: Note: Purple cap winners are the players with most wickets in a season

text:
Season
Player
Mat
Wickets
Ref

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Player of the match (final)[edit]

text:
Season

Player of the match in finals
Ref

2012
 Manvinder Bisla (KKR)
[3]

2014
 Manish Pandey (KKR)
[4]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017


document_title: Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: what pittsburgh steelers great was the first wide receiver to be named super bowl mvp

text: Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award

text: Table key[edit]

text:
Table key

#

Denotes player who is still active in NFL

*

Elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame[11]

+

Player was on losing team of the Super Bowl

Player (#)

Denotes the number of times the player has won the award.

Year

Each year is linked to an article about that particular NFL season

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Super Bowl Most Valuable Players

Year[a]

Super Bowl

Winner

Team

Position

Ref.

1967

I

Bart Starr *

Green Bay Packers

Quarterback

[13]

1968

II

Bart Starr (2) *

Green Bay Packers

Quarterback

[14]

1969

III

Joe Namath *

New York Jets

Quarterback

[15]

1970

IV

Len Dawson *

Kansas City Chiefs

Quarterback

[16]

1971

V

Chuck Howley +

Dallas Cowboys

Linebacker

[9]

1972

VI

Roger Staubach *

Dallas Cowboys

Quarterback

[17]

1973

VII

Jake Scott

Miami Dolphins

Safety

[18]

1974

VIII

Larry Csonka *

Miami Dolphins

Running back

[19]

1975

IX

Franco Harris *

Pittsburgh Steelers

Running back

[20]

1976

X

Lynn Swann *

Pittsburgh Steelers

Wide receiver

[21]

1977

XI

Fred Biletnikoff *

Oakland Raiders

Wide receiver

[22]

1978

XII

Harvey Martin[b]

Dallas Cowboys

Defensive end

[23]

Randy White[b] *

Defensive tackle

1979

XIII

Terry Bradshaw *

Pittsburgh Steelers

Quarterback

[24]

1980

XIV

Terry Bradshaw (2) *

Pittsburgh Steelers

Quarterback

[25]

1981

XV

Jim Plunkett

Oakland Raiders

Quarterback

[26]

1982

XVI

Joe Montana *

San Francisco 49ers

Quarterback

[27]

1983

XVII

John Riggins *

Washington Redskins

Running back

[28]

1984

XVIII

Marcus Allen *

Los Angeles Raiders

Running back

[29]

1985

XIX

Joe Montana (2) *

San Francisco 49ers

Quarterback

[30]

1986

XX

Richard Dent *

Chicago Bears

Defensive end

[31]

1987

XXI

Phil Simms

New York Giants

Quarterback

[32]

1988

XXII

Doug Williams

Washington Redskins

Quarterback

[33]

1989

XXIII

Jerry Rice  *

San Francisco 49ers

Wide receiver

[34]

1990

XXIV

Joe Montana (3) *

San Francisco 49ers

Quarterback

[35]

1991

XXV

Ottis Anderson

New York Giants

Running back

[5]

1992

XXVI

Mark Rypien

Washington Redskins

Quarterback

[36]

1993

XXVII

Troy Aikman *

Dallas Cowboys

Quarterback

[37]

1994

XXVIII

Emmitt Smith *

Dallas Cowboys

Running back

[38]

1995

XXIX

Steve Young *

San Francisco 49ers

Quarterback

[39]

1996

XXX

Larry Brown

Dallas Cowboys

Cornerback

[40]

1997

XXXI

Desmond Howard

Green Bay Packers

Kick returner/punt returner

[41]

1998

XXXII

Terrell Davis *

Denver Broncos

Running back

[42]

1999

XXXIII

John Elway *

Denver Broncos

Quarterback

[43]

2000

XXXIV

Kurt Warner *

St. Louis Rams

Quarterback

[44]

2001

XXXV

Ray Lewis *

Baltimore Ravens

Linebacker

[45]

2002

XXXVI

Tom Brady #

New England Patriots

Quarterback

[46]

2003

XXXVII

Dexter Jackson

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Safety

[47]

2004

XXXVIII

Tom Brady (2) #

New England Patriots

Quarterback

[48]

2005

XXXIX

Deion Branch

New England Patriots

Wide receiver

[49]

2006

XL

Hines Ward

Pittsburgh Steelers

Wide receiver

[50]

2007

XLI

Peyton Manning

Indianapolis Colts

Quarterback

[51]

2008

XLII

Eli Manning #

New York Giants

Quarterback

[52]

2009

XLIII

Santonio Holmes

Pittsburgh Steelers

Wide receiver

[53]

2010

XLIV

Drew Brees #

New Orleans Saints

Quarterback

[54]

2011

XLV

Aaron Rodgers #

Green Bay Packers

Quarterback

[55]

2012

XLVI

Eli Manning (2) #

New York Giants

Quarterback

[56]

2013

XLVII

Joe Flacco #

Baltimore Ravens

Quarterback

[57]

2014

XLVIII

Malcolm Smith #

Seattle Seahawks

Linebacker

[58]

2015

XLIX

Tom Brady (3) #

New England Patriots

Quarterback

[59]

2016

50

Von Miller #

Denver Broncos

Linebacker

[60]

2017

LI

Tom Brady (4) #

New England Patriots

Quarterback

[61]

2018

LII

Nick Foles #

Philadelphia Eagles

Quarterback

[7]

text: By team[edit]

text:
Super Bowl MVPs by team

Team

Total

Dallas Cowboys

7[c]

Pittsburgh Steelers

6

New England Patriots

5

San Francisco 49ers

5

Green Bay Packers

4

New York Giants

4

Denver Broncos

3

Oakland–Los Angeles Raiders

3

Washington Redskins

3

Baltimore Ravens

2

Miami Dolphins

2

Chicago Bears

1

Indianapolis Colts

1

Kansas City Chiefs

1

New Orleans Saints

1

New York Jets

1

Philadelphia Eagles

1

Seattle Seahawks

1

St. Louis Rams

1

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

1

text: By position[edit]

text:
Super Bowl MVPs by position

Position

Total

Quarterback

29

Running back

7

Wide receiver

6

Linebacker

4

Defensive end

2

Safety

2

Cornerback

1

Defensive tackle

1

Kick returner/punt returner

1

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text:
Player

Position

Wins

Super Bowls

Tom Brady

Quarterback

4

XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI

Joe Montana

Quarterback

3

XVI, XIX, XXIV

Terry Bradshaw

Quarterback

2

XIII, XIV

Eli Manning

Quarterback

2

XLII, XLVI

Bart Starr

Quarterback

2

I, II

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^  Years listed are the year the Super Bowl was actually played. The game, played in January or February, ends the previous year's NFL season. For example, Super Bowl XLIX, held on February 1, 2015, ended the 2014 season.[12]

^ Jump up to: a b Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only Super Bowl with co-MVPs.[23]

Jump up ^ The Cowboys' total includes the co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII as two different recipients.  There were 6 Super Bowls where the Cowboys received MVP awards.

tag: ol


document_title: The Winds of Winter

question_text: when is the last book of game of thrones coming out

text: The Winds of Winter

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in the book.[2] The previous installment, A Dance with Dragons, covered less story than Martin intended, excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers.[3] Martin intends to resolve these storylines "very early" in The Winds of Winter, saying "I'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen—the battle of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there."[2] A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons, taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders' arrival in Slaver's Bay.[6] Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon.[7][8]

text: Viewpoint characters[edit]

text: George R. R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point-of-view chapters in The Winds of Winter:

text:
Sansa Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[9] and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin's website in April 2015.[10]
Arya Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[9] and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin's website in March 2014.[11][12]
Arianne Martell: Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010.[9] One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in January 2013,[7] and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015.[13] Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016.[14] In May 2016, Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon.[15]
Aeron Greyjoy: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010.[16] A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon. It was written in, or before, 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons.[17]
Theon Greyjoy: One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in December 2011.[18][19] It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons (part two).
Victarion Greyjoy: Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012.[6]
Tyrion Lannister: One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012,[20] and another one at Worldcon in August 2013,[21] the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20, 2014.[22]
Barristan Selmy: One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons.[23] In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone.[24][better source needed]

tag: ul

text: George R. R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter.[25] Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah[26] and Melisandre[27] will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in, and that Bran Stark[28] will appear in the novel, but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint. In addition, he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con that Jeyne Westerling, Robb Stark's widow, will appear in the prologue chapter, but did not reveal who will be the POV character.[29]

text: Background and publication[edit]

text: Chapters[edit]

text: The Winds of Winter[9] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[30] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[31] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[9] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[16] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[32]

text: In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][33] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[34] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[35] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[20] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[36][37] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[7] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[11] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[10] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[15] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.

text: As of June 2016, a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter. The point of view characters with released material are Victarion, Aeron, Tyrion, Barristan, Arianne, Theon, Mercy (Arya), and Alayne (Sansa).[38] Several websites, including Goodreads, have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter, including plot twists, theories, and speculations.

text: At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016, George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter: ... "I’ve been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming. Winter is the time when things die, and cold and ice and darkness fill the world, so this is not going to be the happy feel-good that people may be hoping for. Some of the characters [are] in very dark places. .... Things get worse before they get better, so things are getting worse for a lot of people.”[39]

text: Publication date[edit]

text: Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, "Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows".[40] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that "the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has" and estimated that it would take "three years to finish the next one at a good pace".[41][42] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as "really finished", the rest still needing revisions.[43] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[44] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book "will be done when it's done".[30] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels.[45]

text: In January 2014, Martin's UK publisher, Jane Johnson, declared on Twitter that the book would "certainly" not be published before 2015.[46] In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was "not a 2015 release",[47] a statement she repeated in January 2015.[48][49] In April 2015, Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year[50] but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones (which would cover material from the book) aired in 2016.[51][52] In Autumn 2015, statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016.[53][54][55][56]

text: In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was "a lot still left to write" and that completion of the book was "months away still... if the writing goes well". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[57] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[58] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[59]

text: In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.[4][5] In 2017, Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020.[60]

text: On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[61][62][38] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being "still months away" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later.[63]


document_title: Queen of the South (TV series)

question_text: who plays kiki in queen of the south

question_tokens: who plays kiki in queen of the south

text: Queen of the South (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza, a poor woman from Jalisco, Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire
Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas, Don Epifanio's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas, Texas
Justina Machado as Brenda Parra,[7] Teresa's best friend, Chino's wife, and Tony's mother (Season 1)
Peter Gadiot as James Valdez,[8] Camila's right-hand man
Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez,[9] a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel
Gerardo Taracena as Cesar "Batman" Guemes, Don Epifanio Vargas' right-hand man (Season 1-2)
Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas, Camilla Vargas' husband, head of the Vargas Cartel (see: Sinaloa Cartel), and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa[10] (Seasons 1-2)
Jon-Michael Ecker as Raymundo "El Güero" Davila (Season 2, recurring season 1)
Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe (seasons 1–2), Camila's lawyer who got killed in season 2 by a DEA agent
James Martinez as Gato Fierros,[11] a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel
Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta[12]
Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas[13]
Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros[14] (season 2)
Michel Duval as Enrique "Kique" Jiménez[14] (season 2)

text: Upcoming cast[edit]

text:
Alfonso Herrera as Javier Gallegos[15]
Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra “El Gallego[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Queen of the South's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 69%, based on 16 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor—and shows hints of intriguing potential."[17] On Metacritic, the first season scored 59 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Piloto"Charlotte SielingM.A. Fortin & Joshua John MillerJune 23, 2016 (2016-06-23)1011.39[20]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Güero –a drug dealer– and Teresa have been together for a year, but one day Teresa finds out that Güero is dead and that the next one will be Chino, and runs home to try to prevent it. She does not arrive on time, but at least manages to rescue Brenda and her son, and the three escape in a car. The killers chase and corner them, but Teresa crashes the car in her truck and drives away. Teresa goes in one direction and Brenda and her son, another. Teresa knows that her life is in danger, so she must find the notebook that Güero told her and take it to Don Epifanio, Güero's godfather and drug dealer who wants to be Governor of Sinaloa, and give it to him in exchange for his life. She finds him in an abandoned apartment, but soon the murderers find her, and one of them rapes her, but Teresa alludes and sees her future self, the Queen of the South, and tells her to do something. She takes a gun, shoots her attacker in the face and flees. Teresa meets Don Epifanio and gives him the notebook. He refuses to help her, but finally gives in to his pleas. They both get into a car driven by one of Epifanio's men and take the road to an unknown destination. Suddenly, they stop and go back to see the Queen of the South who tells her that "something has changed" in the plans of Don Epifanio; Teresa pulls out a gun and asks Don Epifanio to stop the vehicle. He tries to obtain Teresa's weapon, who shoots the driver in the back of his head. The car ends face down on the side of the road, and Teresa escapes, ignoring Epifanio, who is seriously injured and asks for her help. Teresa stops at a gas station to heal her wounds, but her pursuers find her and take her to see their boss, Don Epifanio's wife, Camila Vargas, who takes Teresa's hand and recognizes her. Then Teresa asks where she is and Camila tells her she is in Dallas, Texas.
22"Cuarenta Minutos"Matthew PennScott RosenbaumJune 30, 2016 (2016-06-30)1021.35[21]
33"Estrategia de Entrada"Scott PetersScott RosenbaumJuly 7, 2016 (2016-07-07)1031.26[22]
44"Lirio de los Valles"Zetna FuentesScott RosenbaumJuly 14, 2016 (2016-07-14)1041.26[23]
55"Un Alma. Un Mapa. Dos Futuros."T.J. ScottScott RosenbaumJuly 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)1051.22[24]
66"El Engaño Como la Regla"Dave RodriguezScott RosenbaumJuly 28, 2016 (2016-07-28)1061.22[25]
77"El Hombre Pájaro"David PlattBenjamin Daniel Lobato & David EhrmanAugust 4, 2016 (2016-08-04)1071.21[26]
88"Billete de Magia"David BoydGregg HurwitzAugust 11, 2016 (2016-08-11)1081.06[27]
99"Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar"Jamie PayneBenjamin Daniel Lobato & David EhrmanAugust 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)1091.05[28]
1010"Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra"Scott PetersBenjamin Daniel Lobato & David EhrmanAugust 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)1101.20[29]
1111"Punto sin Retorno"Constantine MakrisKyle LiermanSeptember 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)1111.16[30]
1212"Quinientos Mil"David RodriguezBenjamin Daniel Lobato & David EhrmanSeptember 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)1121.12[31]
1313"Cicatriz"Matthew PennScott RosenbaumSeptember 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)1131.35[32]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)141"El Cuerpo de Cristo"David BoydNatalie ChaidezJune 8, 2017 (2017-06-08)2011.25[33]
152"Dios y el Abogado"Nick GomezJason GanzelJune 15, 2017 (2017-06-15)2021.27[34]
163"Un Pacto Con el Diablo"Eduardo SanchezDailyn RodriguezJune 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)2031.08[35]
174"El Beso de Judas"Ami Canaan MannBenjamin Daniel LobatoJune 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)2040.90[36]
185"El Nacimiento de Bolivia"Nick CopusJoe LoyaJuly 6, 2017 (2017-07-06)2051.11[37]
196"El Camino de la Muerte"David BoydRyan O'NanJuly 13, 2017 (2017-07-13)2061.10[38]
207"El Precio de la Fe"Joe MenendezJorge A. ReyesJuly 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)2071.18[39]
218"Sacar Con Sifón el Mar"Bronwen HughesTina MabryJuly 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)2081.16[40]
229"Sólo el Amor de Una Madre"David RodriguezTina Mabry & Dailyn RodriguezAugust 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)2091.02[41]
2310"Que Manden los Payasos"Loni PeristereJason Ganzel & Jorge A. ReyesAugust 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)2101.18[42]
2411"La Noche Oscura del Alma"Tina MabryBenjamin Daniel LobatoAugust 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)2111.24[43]
2512"Todas las Horas Hieren"Eduardo SanchezRyan O'NanAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)2121.24[44]
2613"La Última Hora Mata"David BoydNatalie Chaidez & Ryan O'NanAugust 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)2131.33[45]

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [19]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)271"La Ermitaña"David BoydNatalie ChaidezJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)3011.24[46]
282"El Colgado"David BoydBenjamin Daniel LobatoJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)3021.02[47]
293"Reina de Oros"David GrossmanRyan O'NanJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)3031.02[48]
304"La Fuerza"Darren GrantMark ValadezJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)3041.22[49]
315"El Juicio"TBATBAJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)305TBD
326"Los Enamorados"TBATBAJuly 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)306TBD

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4, 2016.[50] German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14, 2017.[51]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2017

Imagen Awards

Best Supporting Actor - Television

Peter Gadiot

Won

Best Primetime Television Series - Drama

Queen of the South

Nominated

Best Actress - Television

Alice Braga

Nominated

Best Actor - Television

Joaquim de Almeida

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress - Television

Veronica Falcon

Nominated

2018

WIN Awards

Film or Show Written By a Woman

Natalie Chaidez

Won

Drama Series

Queen Of the South

Nominated


document_title: Outer core

question_text: what is the temperature of the earth outer core in fahrenheit

text: Outer core

text: Properties[edit]

text: Seismic inversions of body waves and normal modes constrain the radius of the outer core to be 3483 km with an uncertainty of 5 km, while that of the inner core is 1220±10 km.[3]:94

text: Estimates for the temperature of the outer core are about 3,000–4,500 K (2,730–4,230 °C; 4,940–7,640 °F) in its outer regions and 4,000–8,000 K (3,730–7,730 °C; 6,740–13,940 °F) near the inner core.[4] Evidence for a fluid outer core includes from seismology which shows that seismic shear-waves are not transmitted through the outer core[5] Because of its high temperature, modeling work has shown that the outer core is a low viscosity fluid that convects turbulently.[4] Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core was measured to be 2.5 millitesla, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.[6][7] The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core. Sulfur and oxygen could be present in the outer core.[8]

text: As heat is transferred outward toward the mantle, the net trend is for the inner boundary of the liquid region to freeze, causing the solid inner core to grow. This growth rate is estimated to be 1 mm per year.[9]


document_title: Panda diplomacy

question_text: what is the panda a symbol of in china

question_tokens: what is the panda a symbol of in china

text: Panda diplomacy

text: Pandas in Chinese politics[edit]

text: The People's Republic of China used panda diplomacy in the 1950s and has become known in recent decades for this practice. From 1958 to 1982, China gave 23 pandas to nine different countries.[2] One highlight of panda diplomacy was the Chinese government's gift of two pandas, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing, to the United States in 1972 after President Richard Nixon's historic visit to China[3] (President Nixon reciprocated by sending back a pair of musk oxen). Upon the pandas' arrival in April 1972, First Lady Pat Nixon donated the pandas to the National Zoo in Washington D.C., where she welcomed them in an official ceremony. Over twenty thousand people visited the pandas the first day they were on display, and an estimated 1.1 million visitors came to see them the first year they were in the United States.[2] The pandas were wildly popular and China's gift was seen as an enormous diplomatic success, evidence of China's eagerness to establish official relations with the U.S.[3] It was so successful that British Prime Minister Edward Heath asked for pandas for the United Kingdom during a visit to China in 1974. Chia-Chia and Ching-Ching therefore arrived at the London Zoo a few weeks later.[2]

text: By 1984, however, pandas were no longer used purely as agents of diplomacy. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on ten-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan be the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, because of a World Wildlife Fund lawsuit, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service allows a U.S. zoo to import a panda only if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for wild pandas and their habitat.

text: Pandas have become important diplomatic symbols, not only to China. In a visit by Hu Jintao to Japan in May 2008, China announced the loan of two pandas to Japan. The President was quoted as saying "Giant pandas are very popular among the Japanese, and they are a symbol of the friendly ties between Japan and China."[4] Actions that other countries take with pandas are often seen as laden with meaning. For example, British diplomats worried that a 1964 transfer of a panda from a London zoo to Moscow would worsen Sino-Soviet relations.[5] In January 2006, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick was photographed hugging a 5-month-old panda cub during his visit to Sichuan Province. The image was widely broadcast by the Chinese media and was purportedly interpreted as a sign that Zoellick supported better relations between China and the United States.[6]

text: On 16 April 2014, China had planned to send a pair of pandas named Fu Wa and Feng Yi to Malaysia to mark their 40 years diplomatic ties but were postponed following the MH370 tragedy.[7] The two pandas later arrived in Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 21 May 2014 and placed at the National Zoo of Malaysia (Zoo Negara).[8][9]

text: Offer of pandas to Taiwan[edit]

text: In 2005, Lien Chan, chairman of the Kuomintang, the then-opposition party in Taiwan, visited mainland China. As part of the talks between Lien Chan and the Communist Party of China (CPC), two pandas (later named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan; tuányuán (simplified Chinese: 团圆) meaning "reunion" in Mandarin) were offered as a gift to the people of Taiwan.

text: While the idea was popular with the Taiwanese public, it proved difficult with the Republic of China (ROC) government of Taiwan, then led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). The DPP supports Taiwanese independence and opposes unification with the People's Republic of China, and saw the gift of pandas as an attempt by the CPC to draw the ROC government into its "united front". While several zoos in Taiwan made bids to host the pandas, the ROC government raised objections, ostensibly on the grounds that pandas were not suited to the Taiwanese climate and that Taiwan did not have the expertise to rear pandas successfully. It was widely understood, however, that these were underlain by political considerations by the DPP-led government to maintain its distance from the PRC government.[10] Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures.[11] On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with President Chen explaining in his weekly newsletter, "A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant pandas in their natural habitat, because pandas brought up in cages or given as gifts will not be happy".[11]

text: Following a change of government in Taiwan, in July 2008, the ROC government led by the Kuomintang stated that it would accept the gift of two four-year-old giant pandas.[12] In December 2008, the government approved the import of pandas under the terms of "species of traditional herbal medicine".[13] Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan arrived at Taipei Zoo later in the same month, making international news.

text: In response to the transfer, the CITES secretariat stated that the transfer of the two pandas was a matter of "internal or domestic trade", and so was not required to be reported to CITES.[14] The ROC quickly issued a rebuttal to the CITES statement and clarified that the procedures for the transfer followed closely a country-to-country transfer. The ROC also noted that such procedures would not be needed if it were an internal/domestic transfer.[15] The ROC further noted that Taiwan is not a CITES signatory and is therefore not obligated to report to the CITES Secretariat its acceptance of the two pandas.[16]

text: Other animals as diplomatic gifts[edit]

text: Internationally, other rare animals appear as diplomatic/political gifts as well. For example, in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, five Chinese sturgeons, symbolising the five Olympic rings, were given by China's Central Government to Hong Kong.[17]

text: In 2009, the government of the Seychelles Islands announced its gift of a pair of Aldabra giant tortoises to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and in appreciation of China's assisting the small insular nation with the expenses of participating in the Expo. The two tortoises will be actually kept in Shanghai Zoo.[18]

text: The government of Mongolia has been gifting horses to visiting dignitaries. Those who have received Mongolia's horses as a gift from its government include the President of South Korea Park Geun-hye,[19] Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari,[20] Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi,[21] and the United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.[22]

text: Presenting animals as gifts to dignitaries is an ongoing ritual that dates back centuries. The Song of Roland demonstrates how common this practice was in that even this poem, so focused on scenes of battle, bravery, and chivalry made space to describe the allure and temptation of owning exotic animals.