document_title: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who is boyd's dad in last man standing

question_tokens: who is boyd 's dad in last man standing

text: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, and grandson.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Mike Baxter: Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores. He fervently supports traditional American values, is a Protestant, and is politically conservative. Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve, the youngest and most athletic daughter, and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own. He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries, including school work, hunting, and playing sports. Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man's young slow-witted employee Kyle, and with Ryan, his politically liberal son-in-law and the father of Mike's grandson Boyd. The video blog or "vlog" that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views. Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT.[4]
Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter, Mike's wife: Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". In season four, Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to become a high school science teacher. Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five, when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president, mainly because she thinks it will advance women's causes. She is also shown drinking wine frequently, and nearly as frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it. She is a graduate of Ohio State University. Vanessa has a tendency to put her foot in her mouth when around people of other races. Despite this, she and her African-American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along. Vanessa's humor tends to include puns.
Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–6) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses more liberal beliefs. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mom living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified. Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season, but she was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[5]
Molly Ephraim as Amanda Elaine "Mandy" Baxter-Anderson, the middle daughter: Mandy is nowhere near as intelligent as her sisters, but excels in social situations. Interested in fashion (and little else), she was one of the most popular girls at her high school. Mandy is very confident and creative, demonstrating traits found in her father. Unlike the rest of the family, she is lazy, conceited, selfish, insulting, and delinquent – she drinks underage, ignores all driving laws, and has been caught staying out all night – but occasionally displays moments of generosity and caring. She started dating Kyle in season 2. As of season three, she is attending a local college and working at the diner where Kristin used to work. Later that same season, she begins an online clothing business, selling her self-designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents' house. Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5, the 100th episode. She marries Kyle in season six, but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home. Up until she turned 21, a running gag on the show was Mike, Vanessa, and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy's hand, usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse.
Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter, the youngest daughter: Eve is an intelligent, athletic tomboy and generally has the same interests as Mike, including camping, sports, guns, and the military. She is Mike's favorite daughter, and excels at her hobbies. She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys' football team as their placekicker. She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters. Eve has also inherited her father's sense of humor, and her trademark sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy. Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point. Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful, which seriously depresses her, so in season six, Eve decideds to take a "personal year" rather than immediately attend college. She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money, but this proves to be unfruitful. During her gap year, Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs, and is accepted.
Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson, a young employee at Outdoor Man: Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy. Kyle idolizes Mike, having grown up without a father figure. Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia, and it is implied he grew up in her home. Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him. Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five, and marrying Mandy in season six.
Héctor Elizondo as Edward "Ed" Alzate, Mike's longtime boss: Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike, who helped turn the shop into the 20-store Outdoor Man chain.[6] Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike, but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values. Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice. Having been divorced four times, Ed's suggestions are rarely helpful. Ed is a Vietnam veteran, although he saw no combat in Vietnam, stating that he was a clerk in Saigon. He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork. Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair, most often from Mike. It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia.
Flynn Morrison (regular, seasons 2–6) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev (recurring, season 1) as Boyd Baxter, Kristin's son: Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd, and affectionately views him as the son he never had. Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised. Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather.
Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–6) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, the two reconciled and got engaged at the end of season 3. Ryan holds staunchly liberal views, both politically and philosophically. He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Mike is often quick to point that many of Ryan's atheistic and liberal views are hypocritical. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism, but neither Mike nor Kristin allow this. His vegan diet, political correctness, views on discipline, and general oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs. On rare occasions, Ryan agrees with Mike on what is best for Boyd's future, but this usually winds up creating rifts with Kristin and/or Vanessa.
Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (regular, seasons 4–6; recurring, seasons 2–3), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor: Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man. Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes. Mike and Chuck regularly exchange barbs as if they don't like each other. In reality, they are good friends, despite being unwilling to admit it. Vanessa sees right through their heated exchanges, often telling them to "get a room".

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store after it becomes legal in Colorado.
Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2–5), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open-minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol.
Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez (seasons 2–4), the Baxters' Guatemalan-born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business. The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen.
Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris (seasons 2–6), Eve's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also guest-starred as "Randy" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode "Helen Potts", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson.
Christina Moore as April (seasons 1 & 3), Vanessa's air-headed and immature younger sister. She is always asking for money.
Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season 1), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app.
Tye Sheridan as Justin (seasons 3–4), Eve's fellow Jr. ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend. The two break up in season 4.
Zachary Gordon as Andrew (season 3), Eve's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend.
Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin (seasons 3–5), Ed's meddling younger girlfriend, whom he meets near the end of season three. Ed routinely has to put her in her place, particularly when she tries to get involved in decisions pertaining to his business. Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5, but the two patch things up and reunite.
Jay Leno as Joe Leonard (seasons 5–6), a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike. Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man, servicing ATVs and snowmobiles.
Travis Tope as Rob (season 6), Eve's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder. He's a recovering alcoholic, which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement.[citation needed]

text:
Jere Burns (4.22) as Victor Vogelson, Ryan's estranged father
Blake Clark (5.16) as Clark, the owner of a club in which Eve performed. Clark played Harry Turner, Tim's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement
Andrew Daly (1.16)
Bill Engvall (5.21, 6.7 & 6.18) as Reverend Paul
Brad Leland (6.17) as Wayne Sizemore
Michael Gross (3.19) as Mr. Hardin
Tony Hawk (1.12) as himself
Nick Jonas (1.10) as Ryan in his first appearance
Kim Kardashian (1.16) as herself
Richard Karn (2.9 & 2.17) as Bill McKendree. Karn portrayed Al Borland, co-worker and friend to Tim Allen's character on Home Improvement
Reba McEntire (5.19) as Billie Cassidy, Mike's mountain-climbing former girlfriend
Frankie Muniz (1.18) as Richard
Melanie Paxson (1.23) as Liz
Cassandra Peterson (1.4) as Elvira
Patricia Richardson (4.12 & 5.17) as Helen Potts, the Baxters's widowed neighbor. Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor, the wife of Tim Allen's character in Home Improvement
Robin Roberts (5.17) as Teresa, a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran
Si Robertson (3.1)
Willie Robertson (3.1)
Mike Rowe (1.18) as Jimmy Baxter, Mike's younger brother
Jamie-Lynn Sigler (1.13) as Gabriella Alzate, one of Ed's five daughters
Tony Stewart (1.17) as himself
Paul F. Tompkins (1.2) as Chester McAllister

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
24
October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)
May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)

2
18
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)

3
22
September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)

4
22
October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)
April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)

5
22
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)

6
22
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[7] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[8][9] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[10][11][12] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's "smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much".[13][14][15] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 13, 2011, ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011–2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing.[17] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern/7 Central.[18] It debuted on October 11, 2011, with the first two episodes airing in a one-hour premiere.[19]

text: On November 3, 2011, the series was picked up for a full season of twenty-two episodes.[20] On January 12, 2012, the order was increased to twenty-four episodes.[21]

text: On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012–2013 season in November.[22][23]

text: On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[24] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[25]

text: On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[26] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[27] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[28] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[29] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[30] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[31]

text: The second season initially received a 13-episode order. ABC announced on November 12, 2012, that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[32] On November 27, five more episodes were ordered to bring the second-season episode total to 18.[33]

text: On May 10, 2013, the series was renewed for a third season,[34] which premiered on September 20, 2013, and ended on April 25, 2014, after 22 episodes.[35]

text: On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2014.[36] Allen and Elizondo guest-starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela.[37]

text: On May 10, 2015, ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season. Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC, which with the help of Shark Tank and 20/20 has become the top network among adults 18–49 for the night. Leading off Friday night for ABC, the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 8.2 million viewers overall, according to Nielsen's Live+7 estimates.[38][39]

text: On May 13, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a sixth and final season, which premiered on September 23, 2016.[40]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second most-watched ABC sitcom during the 2016–17 season (based on Live+7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season.[41] A rep for 20th Century Fox TV said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. "This was a scheduling decision," wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox TV, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do.[42]

text: The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[43] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is "like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes." His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[44]

text: A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23, 2017.[45] In a conference call with reporters earlier in May, ABC president Channing Dungey stated, "Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me, because it was a steady performer. Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday, it was just kind of that's where we landed." Dungey cited studio ownership, future creative direction, ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision.[46]

text: Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation, tweeting on May 16: "Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years."[47]

text: On May 20, 2017, Howard Kurtzman, president of 20th Century Fox Television, reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show. "We're starting to explore that," Kurtzman said. "...[Fox Co-President] Jonnie [Davis] and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it."[48] Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season;[49] another home has not been found, however.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: While popular among viewers (receiving an 82% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes[50] and 7.5/10 stars on IMDb[51]), Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics. Season one has an approval rating of 16% on Rotten Tomatoes[52] and a score of 33 out of 100 on Metacritic.[53] The Hollywood Reporter commented: "A predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting."[54] Los Angeles Times: "The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed, but most have no traction; they slide right off you, and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another."[55] Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show: "When I look at the now-rounded softness of Tim Allen, and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes, it's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series."[56]

text: Season two scored 40% at Rotten Tomatoes.[57] Entertainment Weekly commented: "I think it's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family, in which the prejudice was built around real jokes."[58] The A.V. Club: "The problem with Last Man Standing's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première, which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that don't need to be pushed, as if it thinks what made [Norman] Lear's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about."[59] Philly.com wrote about season three: "The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen, Last Man Standing on ABC, is a thoroughly traditional, absolutely charming sitcom. [...] Last Man is both economical and efficient, getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players."[60]

text: The series was particularly popular among conservatives, many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family, another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies.[42] A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans.[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: ABC's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18–49 rating. That was 9% better than the 3.2 adults 18–49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time-slot the previous year (which was two weeks earlier in the season). Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0, down about 38% from its first-season premiere, but up about 18% from the previous season's finale.[62]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(million)
Live + DVR
viewers

Date
Premiere viewers
(million)
Premiere 18–49
rating/share
Date
Finale viewers
(million)
Finale 18–49
rating/share

1
Tuesday 8:00 pm
24
October 11, 2011
12.93[63]
3.4/10[63]
May 8, 2012
6.62[64]
1.7/5[64]
2011–12
50
9.12[65]
9.76[66]

2
Friday 8:00 pm
18
November 2, 2012
8.07[67]
2.0/7[67]
March 22, 2013
7.85[68]
1.6/6[68]
2012–13
53[69]
7.93[70]
8.34[71]

3
22
September 20, 2013
6.67[72]
1.5/6[72]
April 25, 2014
6.10[73]
1.4/6[73]
2013–14
58
7.17[74]
7.92[75]

4
22
October 3, 2014
6.91[76]
1.3/5[76]
April 17, 2015
6.16[77]
1.1/5[77]
2014–15
60[78]
8.18[78]
8.52[79]

5
22
September 25, 2015
6.26[80]
1.1/5[80]
April 22, 2016
5.94[81]
1.0/4[81]
2015–16
56[82]
7.96[82]
TBA

6
22
September 23, 2016
5.95[83]
1.1/5[83]
March 31, 2017
6.06[84]
1.1/5[84]
2016–17
41[85]
8.06[85]
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Comedy", but lost to CBS's 2 Broke Girls.

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee / episode
Outcome

2011
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[citation needed]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2012
People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Comedy
Last Man Standing
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Tim Allen
Nominated

TV Guide Magazine's Fan Favorites Awards
Favorite Comeback[86]
Won

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress
Kaitlyn Dever
Nominated

2013
Environmental Media Awards
Television Episodic Comedy[87]
"Mother Fracker"
Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[88]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2014
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series
Donald A. Morgan – "Eve's Boyfriend"
Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Television Series[89]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

2015
ASCAP Screen Music Awards
Top Television Series[90]
Carl Thiel (composer)
Won

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On September 4, 2015, the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes. On September 3, 2015, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) had obtained syndication rights to the series, which began airing episodes on September 28, 2015.[91] Additionally, on May 15, 2015, it was announced that Hallmark Channel has obtained the rights to the sitcom and began airing the series in January 2016.[92] Five seasons are available for streaming on Netflix and the sixth and final season is also available on Hulu. The syndication of Last Man Standing is a major success in a time when few off-network reruns were becoming hits.[42]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S.,[93] on Fox8, Network Ten and Eleven (previously aired on One) in Australia,[94] City in Canada, and TV3 in New Zealand.[95] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on October 9, 2012.[96] The second season premiered on January 30, 2014.[97]


document_title: Neutrality Acts of the 1930s

question_text: when was the neutrality act of 1937 passed

root

text: Neutrality Acts of the 1930s

text: Background[edit]

text: The Nye Committee hearings between 1934 and 1936 and several best-selling books of the time, like H. C. Engelbrecht's The Merchants of Death (1934), supported the conviction of many Americans that the U.S. entry into World War I had been orchestrated by bankers and arms dealers for profit reasons. This strengthened the position of isolationists and non-interventionists in the country.

tag: p

text: Powerful forces in United States Congress pushing for non-interventionism and strong Neutrality Acts were the Republican Senators William Edgar Borah, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Gerald P. Nye and Robert M. La Follette, Jr.,[1] but support of non-interventionism was not limited to the Republican party. The Ludlow Amendment, requiring a public referendum before any declaration of war except in cases of defense against direct attack, was introduced several times without success between 1935 and 1940 by Democratic Representative Louis Ludlow.

text: Democratic President Roosevelt and especially his Secretary of State Cordell Hull were critical of the Neutrality Acts, fearing that they would restrict the administration's options to support friendly nations. Even though both the House and Senate had large Democratic majorities throughout these years, there was enough support for the Acts among Democrats (especially those representing Southern states) to ensure their passage. Although Congressional support was insufficient to override a presidential veto, Roosevelt felt he could not afford to snub the South and anger public opinion, especially while facing re-election in 1936 and needing Congressional co-operation on domestic issues. With considerable reluctance, the president signed the Neutrality Acts into law.[2]

text: Neutrality Act of 1935[edit]

text: Roosevelt's State Department had lobbied for embargo provisions that would allow the President to impose sanctions selectively. This was rejected by Congress. The 1935 act,[3] signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months.

text: When Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935, the State Department established an office to enforce the provisions of the Act. The Office of Arms and Munitions Control, renamed the Division of Controls in 1939 when the office was expanded, consisted of Joseph C. Green and Charles W. Yost.

text: Roosevelt invoked the act after Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, preventing all arms and ammunition shipments to Italy and Ethiopia. He also declared a "moral embargo" against the belligerents, covering trade not falling under the Neutrality Act.[4]

text: Neutrality Act of 1936[edit]

text: The Neutrality Act of 1936,[5] passed in February of that year, renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents.

text: However, this act did not cover "civil wars", such as that in Spain (1936–1939), nor did it cover materials such as trucks and oil. U.S. companies such as Texaco, Standard Oil, Ford, General Motors, and Studebaker exploited this loophole to sell such items to General Franco on credit. By 1939, Franco owed these and other companies more than $100,000,000.[6]

text: Neutrality Act of 1937[edit]

text: In January 1937, the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain. The Neutrality Act of 1937[7] was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well.[8] Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.

text: In a concession to Roosevelt, a "cash-and-carry" provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added: the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately with cash, with the argument that this would not draw the U.S. into the conflict. Roosevelt believed that cash-and-carry would aid France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany, since they were the only countries that controlled the seas and were able to take advantage of the provision.[2] The cash-and-carry clause was set to expire after two years.

text: Japan invaded China in July 1937, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War. President Roosevelt, who supported the Chinese side, chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts since the parties had not formally declared war. In so doing, he ensured that China's efforts to defend itself would not be hindered by the legislation: China was dependent on arms imports and only Japan would have been able to take advantage of cash-and-carry. This outraged the isolationists in Congress who claimed that the spirit of the law was being undermined. Roosevelt stated that he would prohibit American ships from transporting arms to the belligerents, but he allowed British ships to transport American arms to China.[9] Roosevelt gave his Quarantine Speech in October 1937, outlining a move away from neutrality and toward "quarantining" all aggressors. He then imposed a "moral embargo" on exports of aircraft to Japan.[4]

text: Neutrality Act of 1939[edit]

text: Early in 1939, after Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia, Roosevelt lobbied Congress to have the cash-and-carry provision renewed. He was rebuffed, the provision lapsed, and the mandatory arms embargo remained in place.

text: In September 1939, after Germany had invaded Poland, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Roosevelt invoked the provisions of the Neutrality Act but came before Congress and lamented that the Neutrality Acts may give passive aid to an aggressor country.[10] Congress was divided. Nye wanted to broaden the embargo, and other isolationists like Vandenberg and Hiram Johnson vowed to fight "from hell to breakfast" Roosevelt's desire to loosen the embargo. An "outstanding Republican leader" who supported helping nations under attack, however, told H. V. Kaltenborn that the embargo was futile because a neutral country like Italy could buy from the US and sell its own weapons to Germany, while US companies would relocate factories to Canada.[11]

text: Roosevelt prevailed over the isolationists, and on November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed,[12] allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a cash-and-carry basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board (which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports. Arms trade without a license became a federal crime,[13] with a penalty of up to two years in prison.

text: End of neutrality policy[edit]

text: The end of neutrality policy came with the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941, which allowed the U.S. to sell, lend or give war materials to nations the US administration wanted to support.

text: After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships, Roosevelt announced on September 11, 1941, that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the "waters which we deem necessary for our defense". Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31, many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17, 1941: merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations. The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day.

text: Subsequent application[edit]

text: The provision against unlicensed arms trades of the 1939 act remains in force.[14]

text: In 1948, Charles Winters, Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from Florida to the nascent state of Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[15] All three received Presidential pardons in subsequent decades.[16]


document_title: General Conference Session (Seventh-day Adventist Church)

question_text: where will the next general conference of sda be held

text: List of sessions [1][edit]

text:
Session
Date
City
Venue
# of Delegates
Theme
Comments

1.
May 20–23, 1863
Battle Creek, Michigan

20

General Conference organized

2.
May 18–21, 1864
Battle Creek, Michigan

20

3.
May 17, 1865
Battle Creek, Michigan

21

Work with "colored" people organized

4.
May 16–17, 1866
Battle Creek, Michigan

19

5.
May 14–19, 1867
Battle Creek, Michigan

18

6.
May 12–18, 1868
Battle Creek, Michigan

15

7.
May 18–24, 1869
Battle Creek, Michigan

16

8.
March 15–20, 1870
Battle Creek, Michigan

22

James Erzberger of Switzerland becomes the first delegate from outside the United States

9.
February 7–12, 1871
Battle Creek, Michigan

17

10.
December 29, 1871 – January 3, 1872
Battle Creek, Michigan

14

11.
March 11–14, 1873
Battle Creek, Michigan

18

12.
November 14–16, 1873
Battle Creek, Michigan

21

13.
August 10–15, 1874
Battle Creek, Michigan

19

J.N. Andrews become the denomination's first authorized overseas missionary

14.
August 15–18, 1875
Battle Creek, Michigan

18

1st Special
March 31 – April 4, 1876
Battle Creek, Michigan

15

15.
September 19–24, 1876
Lansing, Michigan

16

First session to be held in another city in Michigan

2nd Special
November 12–13, 1876
Battle Creek, Michigan

16

16.
September 20–28, 1877
Lansing, Michigan

20

3rd Special
March 1–4, 1878
Battle Creek, Michigan

22

17.
October 4–16, 1878
Battle Creek, Michigan

39

4th Special
April 17–23, 1879
Battle Creek, Michigan

29

18.
November 7 – December 1, 1879
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
39

5th Special
March 11–15, 1880
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
28

19.
October 6–12, 1880
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
38

20.
December 1–19, 1881
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
41

21.
December 7–19, 1882
Rome, New York
Rome SDA Church
47

First session to be held outside of Michigan

22.
November 8–20, 1883
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
65

23.
October 30 – November 20, 1884
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
67

24.
November 18 – December 6, 1885
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
70

25.
November 18 – December 6, 1886
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
71

26.
November 13 – December 12, 1887
Oakland, California
Oakland SDA Church
70

First Session to be held west of the Mississippi River

27.
October 18 – November 8, 1888
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis SDA Church
91

see article 1888 Minneapolis General Conference, O. A. Olsen becomes first GC president not born in the United States

28.
October 18 – November 5, 1889
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
109

First Session with more than 100 delegates

29.
March 5–25, 1891
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
125

30.
February 17 – March 6, 1893
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
130

31.
February 15 – March 4, 1895
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
150

32.
February 19 – March 8, 1897
Lincoln, Nebraska

140

33.
February 15 – March 7, 1899
South Lancaster, Massachusetts
South Lancaster SDA Church
149

34.
April 2–23, 1901
Battle Creek, Michigan
Tabernacle
268

Major denominational reorganization with the creation of departments

35.
March 27 – April 3, 1903
Oakland, California
Oakland SDA Church
139

36.
May 11–30, 1905
Washington, D.C.
Tent meeting
197

37.
May 13 – June 6, 1909
Washington, D.C.
Tent meeting
328

Ellen White's last session. First Session with delegates from each of the world's major continents

38.
May 15 – June 8, 1913
Washington, D.C.
Tent meeting
372

39.
March 29 – April 14, 1918
San Francisco, California
San Francisco Municipal Auditorium
443

First Session to not be held in a church building

40.
May 11–28, 1922
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
581

41.
May 27 – June 14, 1926
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee Auditorium
577

42.
May 28 – June 12, 1930
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
577

43.
May 26 – June 8, 1936
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
671

44.
May 26 – June 7, 1941
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
619

45.
June 5–15, 1946
Washington, D.C.
Sligo SDA Church
828

Last Session to be held in a church building

46.
July 10–22, 1950
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
943

47.
May 24 – June 5, 1954
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
1109

First Session to have more than 1000 delegates

48.
June 19–28, 1958
Cleveland, Ohio
Public Auditorium
1160

49.
July 26 – August 4, 1962
San Francisco, California
Exposition Auditorium
1314
We Have This Hope

50.
June 16–25, 1966
Detroit, Michigan
Cobo Hall
1495
Behold He Cometh

51.
June 11–20, 1970
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Atlantic City Convention Hall
1782
That the World May Know

52.
July 10–19, 1975
Vienna, Austria
Stadthalle
1756

First session to be held outside of North America

53.
April 16–26, 1980
Dallas, Texas
Dallas Convention Center
1925
By His Spirit
27 Fundamental Beliefs Created; now 28 Fundamentals

54.
June 27 – July 6, 1985
New Orleans, Louisiana
Superdome
2044
Christ Our Hope
First Session with more than 2000 delegates

55.
July 5–14, 1990
Indianapolis, Indiana
Hoosier Dome
2239
We Shall Behold Him
Global Mission was launched. 3ABN first broadcast of a General Conference Session

56.
June 29 – July 8, 1995
Utrecht, Netherlands[2]
Jaarbeurs Complex
2321
United in Christ

57.
June 29 – July 8, 2000
Toronto, Canada
SkyDome
1844
Almost Home
Hope Channel first broadcast of a General Conference Session

58.
June 29 – July 9, 2005
St. Louis, Missouri
Edward Jones Dome
1903
Transformed in Christ
28th fundamental belief added to the 27

59.
June 23 – July 3, 2010
Atlanta, Georgia
Georgia Dome
2244
Proclaiming God's Grace

60.
July 2–11, 2015
San Antonio, Texas
Alamodome
2566
Arise! Shine! Jesus is Coming!

61.
June 25 - July 4, 2020
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium
TBD
TBD
Future Session

62.
2025
St. Louis, Missouri
TBD
TBD
TBD
Future Session

tag: table


document_title: Humpty Dumpty

question_text: where did the nursery rhyme humpty dumpty come from

text: Humpty Dumpty

text: Lyrics and melody[edit]

text: The rhyme is one of the best known in the English language. The common text from 1954 is:

text:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.
All the king's horses and all the king's men
Couldn't put Humpty together again.[2]

text: It is a single quatrain with external rhymes[3] that follow the pattern of AABB and with a trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes.[4] The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (London, 1870).[5]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The earliest known version was published in Samuel Arnold's Juvenile Amusements in 1797[6] with the lyrics:

text:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.
Four-score Men and Four-score more,
Could not make Humpty Dumpty where he was before.[7]

text: A manuscript addition to a copy of Mother Goose's Melody published in 1803 has the modern version with a different last line: "Could not set Humpty Dumpty up again".[7] It was published in 1810 in a version of Gammer Gurton's Garland as:

text:
Humpty Dumpty sate  [sic] on a wall,
Humpti Dumpti  [sic] had a great fall;
Threescore men and threescore more,
Cannot place Humpty dumpty as he was before.[8]

text: In 1842, James Orchard Halliwell published a collected version as:

text:
Humpty Dumpty lay in a beck.
With all his sinews around his neck;
Forty Doctors and forty wrights
Couldn't put Humpty Dumpty to rights![9]

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "humpty dumpty" referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale in the seventeenth century.[7] The riddle probably exploited, for misdirection, the fact that "humpty dumpty" was also eighteenth-century reduplicative slang for a short and clumsy person.[10] The riddle may depend upon the assumption that a clumsy person falling off a wall might not be irreparably damaged, whereas an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known. Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as "Boule Boule" in French, "Lille Trille" in Swedish and Norwegian, and "Runtzelken-Puntzelken" or "Humpelken-Pumpelken" in different parts of Germany—although none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English.[7][11]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: The rhyme does not explicitly state that the subject is an egg, possibly because it may have been originally posed as a riddle.[7] There are also various theories of an original "Humpty Dumpty". One, advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930[12] and adopted by Robert Ripley,[7] posits that Humpty Dumpty is King Richard III of England, depicted as humpbacked in Tudor histories and particularly in Shakespeare's play, and who was defeated, despite his armies, at Bosworth Field in 1485.

text: Professor David Daube suggested in The Oxford Magazine of 16 February 1956 that Humpty Dumpty was a "tortoise" siege engine, an armoured frame, used unsuccessfully to approach the walls of the Parliamentary held city of Gloucester in 1643 during the Siege of Gloucester in the English Civil War. This was on the basis of a contemporary account of the attack, but without evidence that the rhyme was connected.[13] The theory was part of an anonymous series of articles on the origin of nursery rhymes and was widely acclaimed in academia,[14] but it was derided by others as "ingenuity for ingenuity's sake" and declared to be a spoof.[15][16] The link was nevertheless popularised by a children's opera All the King's Men by Richard Rodney Bennett, first performed in 1969.[17][18]

text: From 1996, the website of the Colchester tourist board attributed the origin of the rhyme to a cannon recorded as used from the church of St Mary-at-the-Wall by the Royalist defenders in the siege of 1648.[19] In 1648, Colchester was a walled town with a castle and several churches and was protected by the city wall. The story given was that a large cannon, which the website claimed was colloquially called Humpty Dumpty, was strategically placed on the wall. A shot from a Parliamentary cannon succeeded in damaging the wall beneath Humpty Dumpty which caused the cannon to tumble to the ground. The Royalists (or Cavaliers, "all the King's men") attempted to raise Humpty Dumpty on to another part of the wall, but the cannon was so heavy that "All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again". Author Albert Jack claimed in his 2008 book Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes that there were two other verses supporting this claim.[20] Elsewhere, he claimed to have found them in an "old dusty library, [in] an even older book",[21] but did not state what the book was or where it was found. It has been pointed out that the two additional verses are not in the style of the seventeenth century or of the existing rhyme, and that they do not fit with the earliest printed versions of the rhyme, which do not mention horses and men.[19]

text: In Through the Looking-Glass[edit]

text: Humpty appears in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (1872), where he discusses semantics and pragmatics with Alice.[22]

text:
"I don't know what you mean by 'glory,' " Alice said.
    Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. "Of course you don't—till I tell you. I meant 'there's a nice knock-down argument for you!' "
    "But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knock-down argument'," Alice objected.
    "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less."
    "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things."
    "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master—that's all."

text: This passage was used in Britain by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgement in the seminal case Liversidge v. Anderson (1942), where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the majority of the House of Lords.[24] It also became a popular citation in United States legal opinions, appearing in 250 judicial decisions in the Westlaw database as of 19 April 2008[update], including two Supreme Court cases (TVA v. Hill and Zschernig v. Miller).[25]

text: It has been suggested by A. J. Larner that Carroll's Humpty Dumpty had prosopagnosia on the basis of his description of his finding faces hard to recognise.

text:
"The face is what one goes by, generally," Alice remarked in a thoughtful tone.
    "That's just what I complain of," said Humpty Dumpty. "Your face is the same as everybody has—the two eyes,—" (marking their places in the air with his thumb) "nose in the middle, mouth under. It's always the same. Now if you had the two eyes on the same side of the nose, for instance—or the mouth at the top—that would be some help."[26]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825–77) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth-century stage productions of pantomime versions, music, and rhyme.[27] The character is also a common literary allusion, particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct once broken, or a short and fat person.[28] Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in Through the Looking-Glass, including L. Frank Baum's Mother Goose in Prose (1901), where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king, having witnessed Humpty's "death" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him.[29] In Neil Gaiman's early short story The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds, the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir-style hardboiled crime story, involving other characters from popular nursery rhymes.[30] Robert Rankin used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy-tale character murderer in The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse (2002).[31] Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels The Well of Lost Plots (2003)[32] and The Big Over Easy (2005),[33] which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder. Humpty Dumpty appears as a lead villain in the DreamWorks animation Puss in Boots (2011).

text: The 1925 song "I'm Sitting on Top of the World", most notably sung by Dean Martin, Doris Day and Bobby Darin, mentions Humpty Dumpty twice in its lyrics, saying "just like Humpty Dumpty, I'm gonna fall".[34]

text: The rhyme has also been used as a reference in more serious literary works, including as a recurring motif of the Fall of Man in James Joyce's 1939 novel Finnegans Wake.[35] Robert Penn Warren's 1946 American novel All the King's Men is the story of populist politician Willie Stark's rise to the position of governor and eventual fall, based on the career of the corrupt Louisiana Senator Huey Long. It won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize and was twice made into a film in 1949 and 2006, the former winning the Academy Award for best motion picture.[36] This was echoed in Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward's book All the President's Men, about the Watergate scandal, referring to the failure of the President's staff to repair the damage once the scandal had leaked out. It was filmed as All the President's Men in 1976, starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman.[37] Similarly, Humpty Dumpty is referred to in Paul Auster's 1985 novel City of Glass, when two characters discuss him as "the purest embodiment of the human condition" and quote extensively from Through the Looking Glass.[38] Luis d'Antin van Rooten's 1967 book Mots d'Heures, a collection of homophonically translated poetry, includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text, beginning "Un petit d'un petit, S'étonne aux Halles...".

text: It has also been used as a common motif in popular music, including Hank Thompson's "Humpty Dumpty Heart" (1948),[39] The Monkees' "All the King's Horses" (1966), Aretha Franklin's "All the King's Horses" (1972), Tori Amos's "Humpty Dumpty" (1992),[40] and Travis' "The Humpty Dumpty Love Song" (2001).[41] In jazz, Ornette Coleman and Chick Corea wrote different compositions, both titled Humpty Dumpty. (In Corea's case, however, it is a part of a concept album inspired by Lewis Carroll called The Mad Hatter, 1978).[42][unreliable source?][43][unreliable source?]

text: In the Dolly Parton song Starting Over Again, it's all the king's horses and all the king's men who can't put the divorced couple back together again.[44] In an extra verse in one version of ABBA's On and On and On, Humpty Dumpty is mentioned as being afraid of falling off the wall.[45]

text: TurboTax, a U.S. tax preparation software firm owned by Intuit, ran a Humpty Dumpty-inspired television commercial during Super Bowl LI. The ad depicted Humpty Dumpty in a hospital using a smartphone application to ask whether he could claim a tax deduction for medical expenses.[46][47]

text: In science[edit]

text: Humpty Dumpty has been used to demonstrate the second law of thermodynamics. The law describes a process known as entropy, a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of "disorder". The higher the entropy, the higher the disorder. After his fall and subsequent shattering, the inability to put him together again is representative of this principle, as it would be highly unlikely (though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases.[48][49][50]