document_title: Endoplasmic reticulum

question_text: what describes a function of the endoplasmic reticulum within a cell

text: Endoplasmic reticulum

text: History[edit]

text: The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam, using electron microscopy.[2] The word reticulum, which means "network", was applied to describe this fabric of membranes.

text: Structure[edit]

text: The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.[3][4][citation needed]

text: Rough endoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or Rough ER) (also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[5] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.[6] However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins translating the mRNA of a protein destined for the secretory pathway.[7] The first 5–30 amino acids polymerized encode a signal peptide, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER translocon where translation continues with the nascent (new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.[8]

text: The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.[9] The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right or left-handed helical ramps, the so-called Terasaki ramps, giving rise to a structure resembling a multi-storey car park.[10][11] Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, membrane-bound transport vesicles shuttle proteins between these two compartments.[12] Vesicles are surrounded by coating proteins called COPI and COPII. COPII targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and COPI marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations. A second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called membrane contact sites, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.[13][14]

text: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:

text:
Manufacture of lysosomal enzymes with a mannose-6-phosphate marker added in the cis-Golgi network.[citation needed]
Manufacture of secreted proteins, either secreted constitutively with no tag or secreted in a regulatory manner involving clathrin and paired basic amino acids in the signal peptide.
Integral membrane proteins that stay embedded in the membrane as vesicles exit and bind to new membranes. Rab proteins are key in targeting the membrane; SNAP and SNARE proteins are key in the fusion event.
Initial glycosylation as assembly continues. This is N-linked (O-linking occurs in the Golgi).

N-linked glycosylation: If the protein is properly folded, Oligosaccharyltransferase recognizes the AA sequence NXS or NXT (with the S/T residue phosphorylated) and adds a 14-sugar backbone (2-N-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching mannose, and 3-glucose at the end) to the side-chain nitrogen of Asn.

text: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles that contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions.[15] It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[17] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.[9] In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.

text: Sarcoplasmic reticulum[edit]

text: The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx ("flesh"), is smooth ER found in myocytes. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the medley of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.[18][19] After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in excitation-contraction coupling.[20]

text: Functions[edit]

text: The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp29, the Hsp70 family member BiP/Grp78, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an unfolded protein response as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[21] or the over-expression of proteins[22] can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in unfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[23]

text: Protein transport[edit]

text: Secretory proteins, mostly glycoproteins, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.[24]

text: The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are KDEL for lumen located proteins and KKXX for transmembrane protein.[25] However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL (1, 2 and 3) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.[26]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress response and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[27] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease.[28]

text: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum.[29] The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.[30]


document_title: Hair transplantation

question_text: where does the hair from a hair transplant come from

root

text: Hair transplantation

text: Procedure

text: Pre-operative assessment and planning

text:
At an initial consultation, the surgeon analyzes the patient's scalp, discusses their preferences and expectations, and advises them on the best approach (e.g. single vs. multiple sessions) and what results might reasonably be expected.
Pre-operative folliscopy will help to know the actual existing density of hair, so that postoperative results of newly transplanted hair grafts can be accurately assessed. Some patients may benefit with preoperative topical minoxidil application and vitamins.[1]

tag: p

text: For several days prior to surgery the patient refrains from using any medicines which might result in intraoperative bleeding and resultant poor grafting. Alcohol and smoking can contribute to poor graft survival. Post operative antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent wound or graft infections.[2]

text: Harvesting methods

text: Transplant operations are performed on an outpatient basis, with mild sedation (optional) and injected local anesthesia. The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested.

text: There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the harvesting technique, proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection, the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle. Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin's surface, so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle.

text: There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today: strip excision harvesting, and follicular unit extraction.

text: Strip harvesting

text: Strip harvesting is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site. The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp, in an area of good hair growth. A single-, double-, or triple-bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair-bearing tissue from the donor site. Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed. The excised strip is about 1–1.5 x 15–30 cm in size. While closing the resulting wound, assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts, which are small, naturally formed groupings of hair follicles, from the strip. Working with binocular Stereo-microscopes, they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting. The latest method of closure is called 'Trichophytic closure' which results in much finer scars at the donor area.

text: Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area, which is typically covered by a patient's hair even at relatively short lengths. The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches/staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done.

text: Follicular unit extraction (FUE)

text: With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting, individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6mm and 1.0mm in diameter. The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts, placing them in a predetermined density and pattern, and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern. The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure, inserting the individual grafts in place.

text: FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions. The FUE procedure is more time consuming than strip surgery. An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience, speed in harvesting and patient characteristics. The procedue can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts.[3] With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy.[4] Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test,[5] though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE.

text: FUE can give very natural results. The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested, so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it doesn't leave a linear scar. Because individual follicles are removed, only small, punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized. As no suture removal is required, recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days.

text: Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient.[6]  It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough.[7] Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting.

text: Follicular unit transplant

text: Follicular unit transplant (FUT) is the traditional hair transplant method which involves extracting a linear strip of hair bearing skin from the back or the side of the scalp. The strip is then dissected to separate individual grafts.

text: Robotic hair restoration

text: Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure. In 2009, NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration.[8] The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men.[9] Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems, there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE, and the high costs associated with the devices.[10]

text: Types of surgery

text: There are a number of applications for hair transplant surgery, including:

text:
Androgenetic alopecia
Eyebrow transplant
Frontal hair line lowering or reconstruction (naturally high hairlines without an existing hair loss condition)

tag: ul

text: If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient, it is possible to perform body hair transplantation (BHT) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest, back, shoulders, torso and/or legs. Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and, so, requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon. However, there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery. These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair, growth rates, and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery.

text: Post-operative care

text: Advances in wound care allow for semi-permeable dressing, which allow seepage of blood and tissue fluid, to be applied and changed at least daily. The vulnerable recipient area must be shielded from the sun, and shampooing is started two days after the surgery. Some surgeons will have the patient shampoo the day after surgery. Shampooing is important to prevent scabs from forming around the hair shaft. Scabs adhere to the hair shaft and increase the risk of losing newly transplanted hair follicles during the first 7 to 10 days post-op.

text: During the first ten days, some of the transplanted hairs, inevitably traumatized by their relocation, may fall out. This is referred to as "shock loss". After two to three months new hair will begin to grow from the moved follicles. The patient's hair will grow normally, and continue to thicken through the next six to nine months. Any subsequent hair loss is likely to be only from untreated areas. Some patients elect to use medications to retard such loss, while others plan a subsequent transplant procedure to deal with this eventuality.

text: Side effects

text: Hair thinning, known as "shock loss", is a common side effect that is usually temporary. Bald patches are also common, as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day. Post-operative hiccups have also been seen in around 5% of transplant patients.[citation needed]

text: History

text: The use of both scalp flaps, in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area, and free grafts dates back to the 19th century. In 1897, Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus. Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s,[11] where surgeons used small grafts, and even "follicular unit grafts" to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes, but not to treat baldness. Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time, and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades.

text: The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s, when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness. Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the "recipient" site. Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were "donor dominant," as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home.[12]

text: Advancing the theory of donor dominance, Walter P. Unger, M.D. defined the parameters of the "Safe Donor Zone" from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation.[13] As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one, these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting, whether by strip method or FUE.

text: For the next twenty years, surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts, but results were only minimally successful, with 2–4 mm "plugs" leading to a doll's head-like appearance. In the 1980s, strip excisions began to replace the plug technique, and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts, while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of “micrografts” in a single session.[5]

text: In the late 1980s, B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo-microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts.

text: The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve, becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller. These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area. With the new "gold standard" of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation, over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter, when appropriate for the patient.[14]

text: Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts. The adoption of the “lateral slit” technique in the early 2000s, enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp's surface. This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas. One disadvantage however, is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp's vascularity more than sagittals. Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size. One of the big advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle transection. This certainly makes a strong case for physicians who do not require shaving of the recipient area. The lateral incisions bisect existing hairs perpendicular (horizontal) like a T while sagittal incisions run parallel (vertical) alongside and in between existing hairs. The use of perpendicular (lateral/coronal) slits versus parallel (sagittal) slits, however, has been heavily debated in patient-based hair transplant communities. Many elite hair transplant surgeons typically adopt a combination of both methods based on what is best for the individual patient.

text: Research and future techniques

text: Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles. Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning.


document_title: Eight Is Enough

question_text: who sang the eight is enough theme song

question_tokens: who sang the eight is enough theme song

text: Eight Is Enough

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show centers on a Sacramento, California family with eight children (from oldest to youngest: David, Mary, Joanie, Susan, Nancy, Elizabeth, Tommy, and Nicholas). The father, Tom Bradford, was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register. His wife Joan (Diana Hyland) took care of the children. Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill; she was written out for the remainder of the first season and died five days after the second episode aired.

text: The second season began in the fall of 1977 with the revelation that Tom had become a widower. Tom fell in love with Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott, (Betty Buckley) a schoolteacher who came to the house to tutor Tommy who had broken his leg in a football game. They were married in one of the series' TV movie broadcasts on November 9, 1977. The role went to Buckley after being approved by network chief Brandon Tartikoff, who felt the character of the sympathetic teacher she had played in the 1976 film Carrie would also be great for the series.[1] In another TV movie event in September 1979, David and Susan were both married in a double wedding. As the series progressed, Abby got her Ph.D. in education and started a job counseling students at the local high school, oldest daughter Mary became a doctor, and second-youngest son Tommy became a singer in a rock-and-roll band.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Dick Van Patten —Tom Bradford
Diana Hyland —Joan Wells Bradford (season 1)
Betty Buckley —Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott Bradford (seasons 2–5)
Grant Goodeve (Mark Hamill in the series pilot) — David Bradford (22 years old at start of series)
Lani O'Grady — Mary Bradford (21)
Laurie Walters — Joanie Bradford (20)
Susan Richardson — Susan Bradford (19); later Susan (Bradford) Stockwell
Dianne Kay (Kimberly Beck in the series pilot) — Nancy Bradford (18)
Connie Needham — Elizabeth Bradford (15) (originally credited as Connie Newton before she married)
Willie Aames (Chris English in the series pilot) — Tommy Bradford (14)
Adam Rich — Nicholas Bradford (8)

text: The actors' ages varied greatly from their characters. Hyland was 41 when the show began, Buckley was 29, Goodeve was 24, O'Grady was 22, Walters was older than Buckley at 30, Richardson was 25, Kay was 22, Needham was 17, Aames was 16, and Rich actually was eight.

text: In the pilot, the role of David was played by Mark Hamill, Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck, and Tommy played by Chris English. When ABC screened the pilot they were unhappy with a couple of performances. Beck and English were let go and replaced by Dianne Kay and Willie Aames. Hamill sought to get out of his contract on Eight Is Enough to take the opportunity to star in George Lucas' Star Wars. His request was rejected by Lorimar Productions as he had signed a five-year-contract with them. However, in December 1976 Hamill had been involved in a car crash that resulted in his needing reconstructive facial surgery. By the time ABC had greenlit the series, Hamill was still hospitalized and unavailable. They let him out of his contract and the role was re-cast with Grant Goodeve now playing David for the series.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Brian Patrick Clarke—Merle "The Pearl" Stockwell (1979–1981)
Jennifer Darling—Donna (1977–1981)
Janis Paige—Vivian "Auntie V" Bradford (1977–1980)
Michael Goodrow—Ernie Fields (1979–1981)
James Karen—Eliot Randolph
Ralph Macchio—Jeremy Andretti (1980–1981)
Joan Prather—Janet McArthur Bradford (1977–1981)
Michael Thoma—Dr. Greg Maxwell (1977–1981)
Virginia Vincent—Daisy Maxwell (1977–1981)

text: Production[edit]

text: The show was developed by writer William Blinn and was a Lorimar Production. It was originally distributed by Worldvision Enterprises. For the first three years the show filmed interior scenes at The Burbank Studios now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch. From the fourth season the show filmed interiors at MGM Studios in Culver City.

text: The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St, near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles. The house has since been demolished and replaced. The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio: one for the main floor and one for the upstairs.

text: The show's team of producers included Robert L. Jacks, Gary Adelson, Greg Strangis, and Phil Fehrle. Executive producers were Lee Rich and Philip Capice.

text: As a production of the Lorimar stable, who were concurrently producing CBS's The Waltons, writers were often contracted by the producers and were shared between both programs. (Waltons costar Will Geer also made an Eight is Enough guest appearance during season 2.) Regular writers included Peter Lefcourt, the writing teams of Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov, Rod Peterson and Claire Whittaker, Bill Nuss and Dusty Kay, Nick Thiel and David Braff, J. Miyoko Hensley and Steven Hensley, Bruce Shelly, Sandra Kay Siegel, Gil Grant, Karen I. Hall, and Hindi Brooks, who soon became the show's long-time story editor. In-house directors included Philip Leacock, Harry Harris, and Irving J. Moore. As an in-joke, the character name of one of Nicholas Bradford's best friends was Irving Julius Moore, a nod to the director of the same name whose middle name was in fact Joseph.

text: Music[edit]

text: Theme[edit]

text: For the show's first two seasons, an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show's opening theme. Beginning with the show's third season, this was replaced by a slowed-down vocal theme titled "Eight Is Enough," which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve. The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly-Ann Leikin, and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled "Who's on First?", which was also performed by Goodeve.

text: Score[edit]

text: Early episodes had instrumental music by Fred Werner and the prolific Alexander Courage, but the show's real musical stamp came from veteran composer Earle Hagen, who had a knack of composing memorable cues as he had previously been the in-house composer on The Andy Griffith Show. He composed a love theme for Tom and Abby, a theme that permeated the show in various incarnations throughout the remainder of the series. Some later episodes were scored by John Beal and Miles Goodman.

text: In 1980 there was a writer's strike in Hollywood, and one of the offshoots of this industry problem was making cost cutting measures in the music department on the show. Some of the later episodes were tracked with a combination of uncredited library music and with some original music by those of the aforementioned Messrs. Hagen, Beal, and Goodman.

text: Reception and cancellation[edit]

text: The series jump-started acting careers for several of its young stars. It cemented teen idol status for Grant Goodeve (David), Willie Aames (Tommy), and Ralph Macchio, who played Abby's orphaned nephew Jeremy later in the show's last season. Aames would go on to star with Scott Baio in Charles in Charge. Goodeve started a minor singing career, following his rendition of the show's theme song (see "Theme music") and initially hosted HGTV's If Walls Could Talk. Macchio would gain the most fame in feature films such as The Karate Kid and its sequels, as well as My Cousin Vinny.

text: After the end of the show's fifth season (112 hour episodes), production costs and declining ratings caused the show to be canceled, along with seven other shows that season (including The Waltons). Variety's headline on the cancellation stated, "Eight Shows In, Eight Shows Out". In a 2000 episode of E! True Hollywood Story, Dick Van Patten stated that no one contacted him to inform him of the cancellation. Instead, he read about it in a newspaper.[2]

text: The series had two reunion movies on NBC. In An Eight Is Enough Reunion on October 18, 1987, Mary Frann replaced Betty Buckley as Abby; Buckley had been filming Frantic during its production. This was followed by An Eight Is Enough Wedding on October 22, 1989, this time with Sandy Faison as Abby. By coincidence, both movies aired opposite game two of the World Series on ABC.

text: Nielsen Ratings[edit]

text:
1977 - #23
1977-1978 - #12
1978-1979 - #11
1979-1980 - #12
1980-1981 - Not in Top 30

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
9
March 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)
August 10, 1977 (1977-08-10)

2
24
September 14, 1977 (1977-09-14)
May 10, 1978 (1978-05-10)

3
25
September 6, 1978 (1978-09-06)
May 23, 1979 (1979-05-23)

4
26
September 5, 1979 (1979-09-05)
April 30, 1980 (1980-04-30)

5
21
October 29, 1980 (1980-10-29)
May 23, 1981 (1981-05-23)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: All airdates have been compiled from either TV listings in the Los Angeles Times or publicity photos. Unless otherwise specified, all episodes, including the pilot, were standard hour-long ones.

text:
Nº = Overall episode number
Ep = Episode number by season

text: Season 1 (1977)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

1
1
"Never Try Eating Nectarines Since Juice May Dispense"
E.W. Swackhamer
William Blinn
March 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)[3]

Pilot episode: After 15-year-old Elizabeth is arrested for the possession of narcotics, Tom and Joan Bradford are faced with the dual problems of raising money for her defense and trying to understand why 21-year-old David Bradford moved away from home after objecting to the way they handled the drug bust.
Note: In the Pilot, David was played by Mark Hamill, Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck, and Tommy played by Chris English. When ABC picked up the show, they were recast respectively with Grant Goodeve, Dianne Kay, and Willie Aames.

2
2
"Schussboomer"
David Moessinger
Norman Lessing
March 22, 1977 (1977-03-22)

Tom and Joan are reluctant to let Susan go away for an unchaperoned ski weekend.

3
3
"The Gipper Caper"
William F. Claxton
William Blinn
March 29, 1977 (1977-03-29)

Filming date: February 23 – March 4, 1977[4][5]
A football game becomes a blood and guts event.
Note: This episode's working title was "What Hath Roone Arledge Wrought?"

4
4
"Pieces of Eight"
Reza Badiyi
Greg Strangis
April 5, 1977 (1977-04-05)

Tom is forced to face a newspaper strike, a wife who wants a job, and a daughter who wants to become a model.

5
5
"Women, Ducks, and the Domino Theory"
TBA
TBA
April 12, 1977 (1977-04-12)

Tommy falls in love for the first time and learns life's most difficult lesson.

6
6
"Turnabout"
TBA
TBA
April 19, 1977 (1977-04-19)

David's romance with an older woman becomes a topic for argument.
Note: Adrienne Barbeau guest stars.

7
7
"Quarantine"
TBA
TBA
April 26, 1977 (1977-04-26)

When Mary's new boyfriend is hospitalized with an exotic illness, the Bradford family and a visitor are questioned by the health department.

8
8
"V Is for Vivian"
TBA
TBA
May 3, 1977 (1977-05-03)

Tom's swinging sister comes for a visit and the family is impressed.
Note: Janis Paige guest stars.

9
9
"Hit and Run"
TBA
TBA
August 10, 1977 (1977-08-10)[6]

Tom finds that daughter Joanie has been blackmailed into asking for a retraction in his newspaper column after she crumples the fender on a classic sports car.
Notes: Peter Coffield and Molly Dodd guest star. This was held back by ABC until the show moved to Wednesday nights, after a 13-week-hiatus.

text: Season 2 (1977–78)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

10
1
"Is There a Doctor in the House?"
TBA
TBA
September 14, 1977 (1977-09-14)[7]

Tom and the temporary single Doctor Maxwell try their luck as middle-aged swinging singles.

11
2
"Trial Marriage"
TBA
TBA
September 21, 1977 (1977-09-21)

Tom disapproves when his oldest daughter moves in with her new boyfriend. Enter a teacher named Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott (Betty Buckley's first appearance), who is needed to sort all this out, and is also Tommy's tutor who wants to teach Tom a thing or two.

12
3
"Triangles"
TBA
TBA
September 28, 1977 (1977-09-28)

David's roommate dates both Joanie and Susan.

13
4
"Double Trouble"
TBA
TBA
October 5, 1977 (1977-10-05)

Problems develop when Tom and Abby break up and he begins dating Ellen Manning, a divorcee.

14
5
"Mortgage Burnin' Blues"
TBA
TBA
October 19, 1977 (1977-10-19)

A party at the Bradfords' spirals out of control.

15
6
"Dark Horse"
TBA
TBA
October 26, 1977 (1977-10-26)

Tom and Abby decide to get married after having put aside their own problems to help Mary run for the board of education.

16
7
"The Bard and the Bod"
TBA
TBA
November 2, 1977 (1977-11-02)

Joanie is all excited about winning the lead in a Shakesperean production, but Tom is not.

17
8
"Children of the Groom"
TBA
TBA
November 9, 1977 (1977-11-09)[8]

Tom and Abby decide to marry despite complications caused by his children.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

18
9
"I Quit"
TBA
TBA
November 16, 1977 (1977-11-16)[9]

Tom Bradford "resigns" as father when the kids accuse him of being a dictator.

19
10
"All's Fair in Love and War"
TBA
TBA
November 23, 1977 (1977-11-23)

Tom's liberal attitudes are put to the test when he surprises a romance between Mary and the black son of his old Navy friend.

20
11
"The Return of Auntie V"
TBA
TBA
November 30, 1977 (1977-11-30)

Turmoil strikes the Bradford household when Tom's flamboyant sister gives the newlyweds the down payment of a new mansion.
Note: Janis Paige guests.

21
12
"Yes, Nicholas, There Is a Santa Claus"
TBA
TBA
December 14, 1977 (1977-12-14)

A present hidden by Joan before her death restores the Bradfords' spirit after a Christmas burglar (dressed up as Santa Claus) steals their gifts.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Will Geer and Judy Strangis guest star.

22
13
"Dear Miss Dinah"
TBA
TBA
December 21, 1977 (1977-12-21)

Tom doles out sage advice in the hometown newspaper's advice to the lovelorn column, but loses his cool when Elizabeth asks if she should take "The Pill".

23
14
"A Hair of the Dog"
TBA
TBA
January 11, 1978 (1978-01-11)

Tommy Bradford and his father Tom have a man-to-man talk on his father's birthday.

24
15
"Author! Author!"
TBA
TBA
January 18, 1978 (1978-01-18)

Tom Bradford decides to write a novel and receives unexpected resistance from his family.

25
16
"Much Ado About Garbage"
TBA
TBA
January 25, 1978 (1978-01-25)[10]

Tom has been suspended from his job without pay after accusing the city officials and garbage company of corruption and refusing to reveal his sources to a grand jury.

26
17
"Seven Days in February"
TBA
TBA
February 1, 1978 (1978-02-01)

Nancy decides to convert to Judaism when she falls in love with a man she thinks is Jewish.

27
18
"Hard Hats and Hard Heads"
TBA
TBA
February 8, 1978 (1978-02-08)

Encouraged by his friend's success, David trades in his hard hat for a newsman's notepad.

28
19
"The Boyfriend"
TBA
TBA
February 15, 1978 (1978-02-15)

Abby and Susan's boyfriend are suspected of having an affair when they work together on a project.

29
20
"Great Expectations"
TBA
TBA
February 22, 1978 (1978-02-22)[11]

Tommy cheats in school in order to meet his father's expectations.

30
21
"Long Night's Journey into Day"
TBA
TBA
March 1, 1978 (1978-03-01)[12]

Members of the Bradford family are forced to take shifts to keep Abby awake for 24 hours after she falls and suffers a concussion.

31
22
"Poor Little Rich Girl"
TBA
TBA
March 22, 1978 (1978-03-22)

Filming date: February 8–17, 1978[13]
The self-assured daughter of a prominent contractor showers David Bradford with expensive gifts in an attempt to buy his affections.

32
23
"The Lost Weekend"
TBA
TBA
May 3, 1978 (1978-05-03)

The Bradford children quickly transform an idyllic holiday away from parents.

33
24
"Who's on First?"
TBA
TBA
May 10, 1978 (1978-05-10)

The Bradfords stage a show to support a local orphanage.
Note: The first appearance of the season three theme song.

text: Season 3 (1978–79)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

34
1
"Nine Is Too Much"
TBA
TBA
September 6, 1978 (1978-09-06)[14]

When Abby manages Nicholas' Little League team, Tom provides unwanted coaching from the bleachers, and America's favorite pastime becomes the Bradford's biggest headache.

35
2
"Here We Go Again!"
"Oh No--Not Again!"
TBA
TBA
September 13, 1978 (1978-09-13)

All the Bradfords wonder if there is going to be a new Bradford.

36
3
"Who's Crazy Here?"
TBA
TBA
September 20, 1978 (1978-09-20)[15]

Abby is convinced Tom is having an affair with another woman.

37
4
"Cinderella's Understudy"
TBA
TBA
September 27, 1978 (1978-09-27)[16]

Joanne's debut as an actress becomes a conflict of interests for Tom, torn between his role of proud parent, and his unexpected role as theater critic.

38
5
"Milk and Sympathy"
TBA
TBA
October 11, 1978 (1978-10-11)

Nicholas falls head-over-heels in puppy love with his fourth grade teacher.

39
6
"The Flunked and the Funked"
TBA
TBA
October 18, 1978 (1978-10-18)

Nancy drops out of school to get a job and finds that excitement and wealth are not part of the life of an unskilled worker.

40
7
"Cops and Toddlers"
TBA
TBA
October 25, 1978 (1978-10-25)

Nancy brings home a group of toddlers, and Susan goes into basic training as a police cadet.

41
8
"The Hipbone's Connected to the Thighbone"
TBA
TBA
November 1, 1978 (1978-11-01)

Mary is banished from the Bradford household after making her father angry.

42
9
"Fast and Loose"
TBA
TBA
November 8, 1978 (1978-11-08)

David struggles to cope with the loss of a close friend, and ends up being arrested for bar-room brawling.

43
10
"War Between the Bradfords"
TBA
TBA
November 15, 1978 (1978-11-15)

Abby's schoolboard speech on modern women in society creates a Bradford battle of the sexes.

44
11
"All the Vice-President's Men"
TBA
TBA
November 22, 1978 (1978-11-22)

Thanksgiving for the Bradford clan arrives in a storm of red tape when the nation's Vice-President accepts an invitation from Nicholas to visit their home for the holiday.

45
12
"You Won't Have Nicholas to Kick Around Anymore"
TBA
TBA
November 29, 1978 (1978-11-29)

When Nicholas accidentally starts a fire that destroys the celebration of Tom and Abby's first anniversary, the unhappy youngster leaves home in search of a new family.
Notes: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Jack Elam guest stars.

46
13
"Alone at Last"
TBA
TBA
December 6, 1978 (1978-12-06)

After bundling their brood off to the mountains for a camping trip, Tom and Abby soon find their romantic weekend alone disturbed by too much peace and quiet.

47
14
"The Yearning Point"
TBA
TBA
January 10, 1979 (1979-01-10)

Elizabeth's dream of going to a posh Eastern school conflicts with the Bradford household budget.

48
15
"Moving Out"
"Mother's Rule"
TBA
TBA
January 17, 1979 (1979-01-17)

When Tom gets upset about Susan's boyfriend taking a shower in the upstairs bedroom, Joannie coming in after curfew, and Nancy sunbathing topless in the backyard, the girls move out of the house into their own apartment.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

49
16
"Inlaws and Outlaws"
TBA
TBA
January 24, 1979 (1979-01-24)[17]

The mutiny by Susan, Joannie, and Nancy continues, and Abby's parents announce their marital estrangement.

50
17
"Horror Story"
TBA
TBA
January 31, 1979 (1979-01-31)

When a thunderstorm causes power failure, the Bradford children use their vivid imaginations to transform the old homestead into a hysterical Haunted House.

51
18
"Just the Ten of Us"
TBA
TBA
February 14, 1979 (1979-02-14)

When David and his girlfriend decide to live together, their decision threatens Tom's chance to win the "Father of the Year" award, along with an all-expense-paid-trip to Hawaii for the entire Bradford family.

52
19
"Best of Friends"
TBA
TBA
February 21, 1979 (1979-02-21)

Tommy rocks the Bradford family foundation with the shocking news of his impending marriage and fatherhood.

53
20
"The Kid Who Came to Dinner"
TBA
TBA
February 28, 1979 (1979-02-28)

When Nicholas Bradford discovers that his new playmate has no parents, the youngest Bradford tries to turn friendship into brotherhood.

54
21
"The Better Part of Valor"
TBA
TBA
March 7, 1979 (1979-03-07)

Abby finds her relationship with Tommy threatened when she returns to teaching and flunks a failed basketball star, causing Tommy peer-group problems.

55
22
"Dads, Daughters, Different Drummers"
TBA
TBA
March 28, 1979 (1979-03-28)

When Tom forbids Joannie to see her new boyfriend, she runs away from home to be with the handsome young writer she loves.

56
23
"The Final Days"
TBA
TBA
May 2, 1979 (1979-05-02)

Tom's editorial, on "Passing the torch to a younger generation", ignites a Grey Power demonstration by Sacramento's indignant senior citizens.

57
24
"Marriage and Other Flights of Fancy"
"The Two of Us"
TBA
TBA
May 9, 1979 (1979-05-09)[18]

David, despite the family's concern and his father's objections, teams up with an outspoken female in a cross-country quest for new beginnings.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

58
25
"The Graduates"
TBA
TBA
May 23, 1979 (1979-05-23)

Graduation is hardly what the Bradfords expected -- with Joanne upset over her future and Elizabeth suspended from her commencement exercises where her father is to be the guest speaker.

text: Season 4 (1979–80)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

59
1
"Merle the Pearl"
TBA
TBA
September 5, 1979 (1979-09-05)[19]

Nicholas' plan to impress his little girlfriend backfires when star pitcher Merle (Brian Patrick Clarke) ignores him at the ballpark.

60
2
"The Cupid Crisis"
TBA
TBA
September 12, 1979 (1979-09-12)

When Tom makes a "losers pay for the dinners" bet on a touch football game between his family and his neighbor's, it's a wild "hut, hut, hut".

61
3
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
TBA
TBA
September 19, 1979 (1979-09-19)[20]

David and Janet set a wedding night, which turns out to be the same day Merle and Susan accommodate Merle's ball-playing career move.

62
4
"Ten Ships in the Night"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

63
5
"The Night They Raided Bradfords"
TBA
TBA
October 3, 1979 (1979-10-03)[21]

Merle's sister, Linda Mae, pays the Bradfords a visit. However, she is shocked when she finds out they are not who they seem.

64
6
"Letter to One Bradford"
TBA
TBA
October 17, 1979 (1979-10-17)[22]

Because he broke a chain letter, Nicholas believes he is to blame for Tommy being rushed to the hospital for surgery.

65
7
"The Devil and Mr. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
October 24, 1979 (1979-10-24)[23]

Tom Bradford makes a hasty exit from a movie theater with little Nicholas in tow after he discovers too late that the movie – "Snow White..." – is X-rated.

66
8
"Big Shoes, Little Feet"
TBA
TBA
October 31, 1979 (1979-10-31)[24]

Nicholas plays hooky because his new teacher is holding him to ridicule because she feels he has not lived up to the academic standards of a Bradford.

67
9
"Fathers and Other Strangers"
TBA
TBA
November 7, 1979 (1979-11-07)[25]

Aunt Vivian comes up with a plan to take the entire Bradford clan to Hawaii.
Notes: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Janis Paige and David Wayne guest star.

68
10
"Separate Ways"
TBA
TBA
November 21, 1979 (1979-11-21)[26]

Susan and Merle reach an impasse regarding their careers when he wants to fly to Puerto Rico to play winter baseball and she wants to finish her last semester of college at home.

69
11
"Arrivals"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

70
12
"Brotherhood, Sisterhood"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

71
13
"Mary, He's Married"
TBA
TBA
December 12, 1979 (1979-12-12)

Mary's friendship with a doctor begins to develop into a romance. Nicholas dabbles in sales with face cream. Joannie tries to produce a documentary on her family for a promotion at work.

72
14
"My Son, The Prom Queen"
TBA
TBA
January 9, 1980 (1980-01-09)[27]

When Tommy gets embroiled in a battle of the sexes - he runs for the title of Prom Queen at high school – he gets some unexpected help from the female population at the school.

73
15
"The Courage to Be"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

74
16
"Semi-Centennial Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

75
17
"The Commitment"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

76
18
"Seven More Days in February"
TBA
TBA
February 6, 1980 (1980-02-06)[28]

Cupid runs amok in the Bradford household during Spring Break, causing Mary to fall for a young psychiatrist who really wants to be a stand-up comic, Nancy to swoon over an archaeologist on his way to his first dig, and Joannie to be swept away by an SAP (self-analysis programmer).

77
19
"The Return of Joe Simons"
TBA
TBA
February 13, 1980 (1980-02-13)[29]

When Joe Simons returns promising Nicholas gold nuggets, Tom questions the motives of both Joe and his secretary (Mary Betten) as well.

78
20
"Bradford vs. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
February 27, 1980 (1980-02-27)[30]

Janet and David's marriage is threatened when she starts working in overtime at the office with a handsome lawyer.

79
21
"Memories"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

80
22
"Official Positions"
TBA
TBA
March 19, 1980 (1980-03-19)[31]

Merle recruits the girls for a charity basketball team, Tom is jealous when a publisher offers to publish Abby's thesis and Tom can't get his accepted, and Nicholas gets his friend's mom a job helping with the book.

81
23
"A Matter of Mentors"
TBA
TBA
March 26, 1980 (1980-03-26)

Joannie gets an important assignment at work but Jeffrey believes that the boss will be expecting a favor in return. Joannie blows her chance at a big story. An experienced reporter makes her his partner and the result is an important scoop. Meanwhile, Nicholas has a problem with a bully that he can't hit back, and fed up with the way that Tom divvies up the family's discretionary funds, Tommy takes over budgeting for it.

82
24
"Roll Over Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

83
25
"A Little Triangle"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

84
26
"Grad Night"
TBA
TBA
April 30, 1980 (1980-04-30)[32]

The Bradford clan vacates the house for Tommy, Ernie and their girlfriends on Graduation Night.

text: Season 5 (1980–81)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

85
1
"And Baby Makes Nine"
TBA
TBA
October 29, 1980 (1980-10-29)[33]

A very pregnant Susan is in an automobile accident; Elizabeth moves in with her boyfriend and Merle pitches for the New York Mets.
Notes: This was a special 90-minute episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. This season started later than normal due to the actors' strike of 1980.

86
2
"Jeremy"
TBA
TBA
November 5, 1980 (1980-11-05)[34]

There's trouble brewing when the newest member of the Bradford household (Ralph Macchio) shares a smoke with Nicholas.

87
3
"Welcome to Memorial Dr. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

88
4
"Generations"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

89
5
"Holly"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

Tommy falls for a girl who's a lyricist. The garage is transformed into a small nursery for Susan & her baby.

90
6
"The Maltese Airline Bag"
TBA
TBA
December 10, 1980 (1980-12-10)[35]

Nicholas and his friend Marvin (John Louie) split up the loot when they come into possession of an airlines bag a mysterious woman in a blonde wig gave them to deliver to an equally mysterious red-haired woman who ran off before they could finish their mission.

91
7
"Strike"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

92
8
"Bradfordgate"
TBA
TBA
January 7, 1981 (1981-01-07)[36]

Tom's nomination to the Board of Education makes him compromise his beliefs. Meanwhile, Joannie goes undercover as a TV reporter, and Nicholas tries to change his "cute" image.

93
9
"The Darlene Dilemma"
TBA
TBA
January 14, 1981 (1981-01-14)[37]

Tommy has a new girlfriend; unfortunately, he isn't her only boyfriend - in fact, he isn't even her only boyfriend in his own house.

94
10
"Second Thoughts"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

95
11
"David's Rib"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

96
12
"Vows"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

97
13
"The Way We Were"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

Tommy tries to get back with Jill when she starts liking Ernie. David's depressed over his new bachelor apartment complex. Nicholas & Jeremy deliver papers for the Sacramento Tribune.

98
14
"If the Glass Slipper Fits"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

99
15
"The Best Little Telethon in Sacramento"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

Joanie organizes a telethon for Cannel 8. Jeremy tries to be Tommy's manager.
The episode features performances by Willie Aames, Connie Needham, Betty Buckley, Grant Goodeve, Dianne Kay & Adam Rich.

100
16
"Yet Another Seven Days in February"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

This time, the boys get weird dates.

101
17
"The Idolbreaker: Part 1"
TBA
TBA
April 11, 1981 (1981-04-11)[38]

Tommy's band gets the biggest gig of its career when the group's agent signs them for a national tour with a top star.

102
18
"The Idolbreaker: Part 2"
TBA
TBA
April 18, 1981 (1981-04-18)[38]

Tommy moves into Ellen's apartment and makes plans for their future wedding; a new sexy female reporter stirs jealousy in Joanie; Jeremy celebrates his 16th birthday.

103
19
"Starting Over"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

104
20
"Goals"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

105
21
"Father Knows Best?"
TBA
TBA
May 23, 1981 (1981-05-23)

Filming date: March 21-27, 1981[39]
Jeremy's father shows up to assert his parental rights. David's old high school classmates arrive for their reunion.

text: Post-series movies[edit]

text:
Eight Is Enough: A Family Reunion (1987)
An Eight Is Enough Wedding (1989)

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Reruns of all 112 episodes of Eight is Enough have aired sporadically since the show's syndication debut in September 1982.[40] The show aired on FX in 1994, on PAX in 1998, and as part of a 50th-anniversary Warner Bros. marathon on TV Land in 2005. Eight Is Enough also aired on the Chicago-based MeTV and MeToo, a sister station of MeTV, from 2008 to 2010[41][42][43] before MeTV spread to other markets around the U.S.

text: During its network run, the show was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises (also internationally in rebroadcasts), and later by Lorimar-Telepictures. All syndication rights are now held by (Lorimar successor) Warner Bros. Television.

text: International[edit]

text: In Italy, RAI public networks aired the first season of Eight Is Enough under the title Otto Bastano in 1978,[44] the literal Italian translation of the original title. The remaining seasons were aired in the 1980s on Retequattro, a commercial network from Fininvest (now Mediaset), under the title La Famiglia Bradford. The Italian version excludes the laugh track.

text: The French version, Huit, ça suffit! was a big success in the 1980s both in France and Quebec, Canada, and among all Francophone (French-speaking) Canadians.

text: In Spain, Eight Is Enough was aired also in the 1980s. RTVE (public network) aired all the seasons under the title Con Ocho Basta (the Spanish translation) in Friday's evening time.

text: In the Philippines, Eight Is Enough aired on GMA 7 from 1978 to 1981.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On April 17, 2012, Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Eight Is Enough on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.[45] The release includes the pilot episode (featuring Mark Hamill in the role of eldest son David) and a cast reunion special. Several of the episodes have the wrong end credits, and the Lorimar Productions logo has also been edited out of the end credits.

text: On November 13, 2012, Warner Bros. released Season 2, Parts one and two on DVD-R via their Warner Archive Collection.[46] These are Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases and are available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. Season 3, Parts One and Two were released on April 30, 2013.[47]

text: Season 4, Parts one and two were released on August 13, 2013.[48] The fifth and final season was released on March 11, 2014.[49]

text:
DVD name
Episodes
Release date

The Complete First Season
9
April 17, 2012

The Complete Second Season, Part 1
14
November 13, 2012

The Complete Second Season, Part 2
12
November 13, 2012

The Complete Third Season, Part 1
14
April 30, 2013

The Complete Third Season, Part 2
14
April 30, 2013

The Complete Fourth Season, Part 1
14
August 13, 2013

The Complete Fourth Season, Part 2
13
August 13, 2013

The Complete Fifth Season
22
March 11, 2014


document_title: Cricket ball

question_text: when do you get a new ball in cricket

question_tokens: when do you get a new ball in cricket

text: Cricket ball

text: Manufacture[edit]

text: British Standard BS 5993 specifies the construction details, dimensions, quality and performance of cricket balls.

text: A cricket ball is made with a core of cork, which is layered with tightly wound string, and covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam. In a top-quality ball suitable for the highest levels of competition, the covering is constructed of four pieces of leather shaped similar to the peel of a quartered orange, but one hemisphere is rotated by 90 degrees with respect to the other. The "equator" of the ball is stitched with string to form the ball's prominent seam, with six rows of stitches. The remaining two joins between the leather pieces are stitched internally. Lower-quality balls with a two-piece covering are also popular for practice and lower-level competition due to their lower cost.

text:
Cricket ball specifications[3]

Weight
Circumference

Men, and boys 13 and over
5.5 to 5.75 oz (156 to 163 g)
8.81 to 9 in (224 to 229 mm)

Women, and girls 13 and over
4.94 to 5.31 oz (140 to 151 g)
8.25 to 8.88 in (210 to 226 mm)

Children under 13
4.69 to 5.06 oz (133 to 143 g)
8.06 to 8.69 in (205 to 221 mm)

Younger children
A plastic ball such as a "Kwik cricket ball" is often used

text: The nature of the cricket ball slightly varies with its manufacturer. White Kookaburra balls are used in one-day and Twenty20 international matches, while red Kookaburras are used in test matches played in most of the ten test-playing nations,[4] except for the West Indies and England, who use Dukes, and India, who use SG balls.[5]

text: Use[edit]

text: Cricket balls are traditionally red, and red balls are used in Test cricket and First-class cricket.

text: White balls were introduced when one-day matches began being played at night under floodlights, as they are more visible at night; all professional one-day matches are now played with white balls, even when they are not played at night. The white balls have been found to behave differently to the red balls, most notably that they swing a lot more during the first half of an innings than the red ball, and that they deteriorate more quickly. Manufacturers claim that white and red balls are manufactured using the same methods and materials,[1] other than the dying treatment of the leather. Another problem associated with white cricket balls used in One Day Internationals is that they quickly become dirty or dull in colour, which makes it more difficult for batsmen to sight the ball after 30-40 overs of use.[6][7] Since October 2012, this has been managed by the use of two new white balls in each innings, with a different ball used from each bowling end; the same strategy was used in the 1992 and 1996 Cricket World Cups. Between October 2007 and October 2012, the issue had been managed using one new ball from the start of the innings, then swapping it at the end of the 34th over with a "reconditioned ball", which was neither new nor too dirty to see. Before October 2007, except during 1992 and 1996 World Cups, only one ball was used during an innings of an ODI and it was the umpires discretion to change the ball if it was difficult to see.[8]

text: Pink balls were developed in the 2000s to enable Tests and first-class matches played at night. The red ball is unsuited to night tests due to poor visibility, and the white ball is unsuited to first-class cricket because its rapid deterioration makes it unable to be used for eighty overs as specified in the rules, so the pink ball was designed to provide a satisfactory compromise on both issues. It is still considered more difficult to see than a white ball; and the leather is more heavily dyed than in a red ball, which better preserves its colour and visibility as it wears but also gives it slightly different wear characteristics. It has performed well enough in testing and first-class cricket to be approved for use in international cricket.[9] A pink ball was used for the first time in an international match in July 2009 when the England Woman's team defeated Australia in a one-day match at Wormsley,[10] and a pink ball was used in a day-night Test match for the first time in November 2015. Other colours were also experimented with, such as yellow and orange (glowing composite), for improved night visibility, but pink proved to be the preferred option.

text: As of 2014, the ball used in Test match cricket in England has a recommended retail price of 100 pounds sterling.[11] In test match cricket this ball is used for a minimum of 80 overs (theoretically five hours and twenty minutes of play), after which the fielding side has the option of using a new ball. In professional one day cricket, at least two new balls are used for each match. Amateur cricketers often have to use old balls, or cheap substitutes, in which case the changes in the condition of the ball may not be experienced in the same manner as that which occurs during an innings of professional cricket.

text: There are three main manufacturers of cricket ball used in international matches: Kookaburra, Dukes and SG. The manufacturer of the red (or pink) balls used for Tests varies depending on location: India uses SG, England and the West Indies use Dukes, and all other countries use Kookaburra. The different manufacturers' balls behave differently – e.g. Dukes balls have a prouder seam and will tend to swing more than a Kookaburra ball[12] – providing a home advantage when playing against a team unfamiliar with the ball. All limited overs international matches, regardless of location, are played with white Kookaburra balls.[13] White Dukes balls were used at the 1999 Cricket World Cup, but the ball behaved more erratically than the Kookaburra and has not since been used. Domestic competitions may use a domestic manufacturer: for example, Pakistan uses Grays balls in its first-class competitions.[14][15]

text: Cricket balls can be bowled at close to 160 km/h (100 mph) by pace bowlers and made to deviate from a straight course, both in the air (known as 'swinging') and off the ground (known as 'seaming'). A spin bowler imparts lateral revolutions on the ball at the point of delivery, so that when it bounces it deviates from a straight course. As cricket bats have become thicker, the ball can now be hit well over 100 metres before touching the ground.

text: Cricket commentator and former Test bowler Simon Doull noted that cricket balls produced after Cricket World Cup 2015 produced a lot less swing regardless of manufacturer. This was said to be apparent in 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, even in traditionally swing-friendly British pitches, particularly with white balls, but the former West-Indian bowler Ian Bishop was unwilling to support this.[16]

text: Condition of a cricket ball[edit]

text: In test cricket, a new ball is used at the start of each innings in a match. In Limited Over Internationals, two new balls, one from each end, are used at the start of each innings in a match. A cricket ball may not be replaced except under specific conditions described in the Laws of Cricket:

text: Because a single ball is used for an extended period of play, its surface wears down and becomes rough. The bowlers may polish it whenever they can - usually by rubbing it on their trousers, producing the characteristic red stain that can often be seen there. However, they will usually only polish one side of the ball, in order to create 'swing' as it travels through the air. They may apply saliva or sweat to the ball as they polish it.

text: The seam of a cricket ball can also be used to produce different trajectories through the air, with the technique known as swing bowling, or to produce sideways movement as it bounces off the pitch, with the technique known as seam bowling.

text: Since the condition of the cricket ball is crucial to the amount of movement through the air a bowler can produce, the laws governing what players may and may not do to the ball are specific and rigorously enforced. The umpires will inspect the ball frequently during a match. If the ball is out of shape due to normal wear and tear due to batting and ball hitting the pitch, a ball of similar usage rate and condition will be replaced (ie a ball of about 30-overs old will be replaced by a ball about the same 'age').

text: It is illegal for a player to:

text:
rub any substance apart from saliva or sweat onto the ball
rub the ball on the ground
scuff the ball with any rough object, including the fingernails
pick at or lift the seam of the ball.

text: Despite these rules, it can be tempting for players to gain an advantage by breaking them. There have been a handful of incidents of so-called ball tampering at the highest levels of cricket.

text: A new cricket ball is harder than a worn one, and is preferred by fast bowlers because of the speed and bounce of the ball off the pitch. Older balls tend to spin more as the roughness grips the pitch more when the ball bounces, so spin bowlers prefer to use a worn ball, though a ball of about 8-10 overs old is still useful to a spinner as it can get more drift in the air. Uneven wear on older balls may also make reverse swing possible. A captain may delay the request for a new ball if he prefers to have his spin bowlers operating, but usually asks for the new ball soon after it becomes available.

text: Dangers of cricket balls[edit]

text: Cricket balls are hard and potentially lethal, hence most of today's batsmen and close fielders often wear protective equipment. Numerous injuries are reported to health institutions worldwide in relation to cricket ball injuries, including eye (with some players having lost eyes),[17] head and face,[18] finger and toe,[19] teeth[20] and testicular injuries.[19]

text: Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707–1751) is often said to have died of complications after being hit by a cricket ball, although the connection between the incident and his official cause of death is unproven. Glamorgan player Roger Davis was almost killed by a ball in 1971 when he was hit on the head while fielding.[21] The Indian batsman Nariman 'Nari' Contractor had to retire from the game after being hit by a ball on the head in the West Indies in 1962.[22]

text: In 1998, Indian cricketer Raman Lamba died when a cricket ball hit his head in a club match in Dhaka.[23] Lamba was fielding at forward short-leg without wearing a helmet when a ball struck by batsman Mehrab Hossain hit him hard on the head and rebounded to wicket-keeper Khaled Mashud.

text: A cricket umpire, Alcwyn Jenkins, died in 2009 in Swansea, Wales after being hit on the head by a ball thrown by a fielder.[18]

text: In November 2014, Australia and South Australia batsman Phillip Hughes died at the age of 25 at a Sydney hospital after succumbing to an injury sustained from being hit on the side of the neck by a bouncer bowled by Sean Abbott during a Sheffield Shield game.[24] The same week, Hillel Oscar, an umpire and former captain of Israel's national cricket team died after being hit in the neck by a ball.[25]

text: On 14 August 2017, Zubair Ahmed died after being hit on the head while batting in a club match played in the Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.[26]

text: Alternatives to cricket balls[edit]

text: Sometimes alternatives to a real cricket ball may be preferred for reasons of safety, availability and cost. Examples include a tennis ball and a plastic version of the cricket ball.

text: Many casual players use a tennis ball wrapped in layers of some type of adhesive tape (often electrical tape), which makes the relatively soft tennis ball harder and smoother. This is commonly referred to as a tape ball. A common variant is to tape only half the tennis ball, to provide two different sides and make it easy to bowl with prodigious amounts of swing.