document_title: Willow Rosenberg

question_text: when does willow become a witch in buffy the vampire slayer

text: Willow Rosenberg

text: Character history[edit]

text: Pilot and casting[edit]

text: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (often simplified as Buffy) was originally conceived by Joss Whedon for a 1992 feature film. However, in its development Whedon felt it lost some of the quirkiness he considered was the heart of the project, and it was not received as well as he liked. He began to develop for television the concept of a fashion-conscious girl named Buffy, who is imbued with superhuman abilities and attends a high school situated on a portal to hell.[1] Whedon created a group of friends for the main character, including Willow Rosenberg and Xander Harris. A half-hour pilot was filmed starring Riff Regan as Willow, but it was eventually left unaired and network executives requested that Regan be replaced. Willow's character demanded that she be shy and unsure of herself, and the casting department encountered some difficulty finding actors who could portray this effectively and still be likable.[2] After seven auditions, 23-year-old Alyson Hannigan was hired for the role.[3] She was chosen for being able to spin the character's lines with a self-effacing optimism. She later stated in an interview, "I didn't want to do Willow as someone who's feeling sorry for herself. Especially in the first season, she couldn't talk to guys, and nobody liked her. I was like, 'I don't want to play somebody who's down on herself.'"[4]

text: In the beginning of the series, Hannigan used her own experiences in high school—which she called "overwhelmingly depressing"[4]—to guide her portrayal of Willow: "My theory on high school was, get in, get out and hopefully I won't get hurt. Basically it was a miserable experience, because you're a walking hormone in this place that is just so cruel. There were times that were OK, but it's not the little myth that high school is the best years of your life. No way."[5][6] Whedon intended Willow to be realistically introverted, saying, "I wanted Willow to have that kind of insanely colorful interior life that truly shy people have. And Alyson has that. She definitely has a loopiness I found creeping into the way Willow talked, which was great. To an extent, all the actors conform to the way I write the character, but it really stands out in Willow's case."[7]

text: Television series (1997–2003)[edit]

text: Seasons 1–3[edit]

text: The Buffy television series first aired mid-season in March 1997, almost immediately earning positive critical reviews.[8][9] Willow is presented as a bookish nerd with considerable computer skills, dowdily dressed and easily intimidated by more popular girls in school. She grows faint at the sight of monsters, but quickly forms a friendship with Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) and is revealed to have grown up as friends with Xander (Nicholas Brendon). They are mentored by the school librarian who is also Buffy's Watcher, Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head), who often works closely with Willow in researching the various monsters the group encounters. Joss Whedon found that Hannigan was especially gifted reacting with fear (calling her the "king of pain") and viewers responded strongly when she was placed in danger, needing to be rescued by Buffy. Willow in various predicaments became common in early episodes.[10][11] However, Willow establishes herself as integral to the group's effectiveness, often willing to break rules by hacking into highly secure computer systems.[12]

text: In the second season when the characters are in 11th grade, Willow becomes more sure of herself, standing up to the conceited Cordelia Chase (Charisma Carpenter), and approaching Xander, on whom she has had a crush for years, although it is unrequited as Xander is in love with Buffy. Seth Green joined the cast during the second season as Oz, a high school senior who becomes a werewolf, and Willow's primary romantic interest. The show's popularity by early 1998 was evident to the cast members, and Hannigan remarked on her surprise specifically.[3] Willow was noted to be the spirit of the Scooby Gang, and Hannigan attributed Willow's popularity with viewers (she had by May 1998 seven websites devoted to her) to being an underdog who develops confidence and is accepted by Buffy, a strong, popular person in school.[6] Hannigan described her appeal: "Willow is the only reality-based character. She really is what a lot of high-schoolers are like, with that awkwardness and shyness, and all those adolescent feelings."[13]

text: At the end of the second season, Willow begins to study magic following the murder of the computer teacher and spell caster Jenny Calendar (Robia LaMorte). Willow is able to perform a complicated spell to restore the soul of Angel, a vampire who is also Calendar's murderer and Buffy's boyfriend. During the third season three episodes explore Willow's backstory and foreshadow her development. In "Gingerbread", her home life is made clearer: Sunnydale falls under the spell of a demon who throws the town's adults into a moral panic, and Willow's mother is portrayed as a career-obsessed academic who is unable to communicate with her daughter, eventually trying to burn Willow at the stake for being involved in witchcraft;[14] her father is never featured. In "The Wish" a vengeance demon named Anya (Emma Caulfield) grants Cordelia's wish that Buffy never came to Sunnydale, showing what would happen if it were overrun with vampires. In this alternate reality, Willow is an aggressively bisexual vampire. In a related episode, "Doppelgangland", Willow meets "Vamp Willow", who dresses provocatively and flirts with her.[15]

text: Seasons 4–6[edit]

text: Willow chooses to attend college with Buffy in Sunnydale although she is accepted to prestigious schools elsewhere. Her relationships with Buffy and Xander become strained as they try to find their place following high school. Willow becomes much more confident in college, finally finding a place that respects her intellect, while Buffy has difficulty in classes and Xander does not attend school. Willow's relationship with Oz continues until a female werewolf appears on the scene, aggressively pursuing him, and he leaves town to learn how to control the wolf within. She becomes depressed and explores magic more deeply, often with powerful but inconsistent results. She joins the campus Wicca group, meeting Tara Maclay, eventually falling in love with and choosing to be with her even when Oz returns to Sunnydale after apparently getting his lycanthropic tendencies under control.[16]

text: Each season the Scoobies face a villain they call the Big Bad. In the fifth season, this is a goddess named Glory (Clare Kramer) that Buffy is unable to fight by herself.

text: The writers of the series often use elements of fantasy and horror as metaphors for real-life conflicts. The series' use of magic, as noted by religion professor Gregory Stevenson, neither promotes nor denigrates Wiccan ideals and Willow rejects Wiccan colleagues for not practicing the magic she favors. Throughout the series, magic is employed to represent different ideas -— relationships, sexuality, ostracism, power, and particularly for Willow, addiction -— that change between episodes and seasons. The ethical judgment of magic, therefore, lies in the results: performing magic to meet selfish needs or neglecting to appreciate its power often ends disastrously. Using it wisely for altruistic reasons is considered a positive act on the series.[17]

text: Through witchcraft, Willow becomes the only member of the group to cause damage to Glory. She reveals that the spells she casts are physically demanding, giving her headaches and nosebleeds. When Glory assaults Tara, making her insane, Willow, in a magical rage that causes her eyes to turn black, finds Glory and battles her. She does not come from the battle unscathed (after all, Glory is a goddess and Willow "just" a very powerful witch) and must be assisted by Buffy, but her power is evident and surprising to her friends. The final episode of the fifth season sees Willow restoring Tara's sanity and crucially weakening Glory in the process. It also features Buffy's death, sacrificing herself to save the world.[18]

text: Willow and Tara move into the Summers house and raise Buffy's younger sister Dawn (Michelle Trachtenberg). Fearing that Buffy is in hell, Willow suggests at the beginning of the sixth season that she be raised from the dead. In a dark ceremony in which she expels a snake from her mouth, Willow performs the magic necessary to bring Buffy back. She is successful, but Buffy keeps it secret that she believes she was in heaven.

text: Willow's powers grow stronger; she uses telepathy which her friends find intrusive, and she begins to cast spells to manipulate Tara. After Willow fails Tara's challenge to go for one week without performing magic, Tara leaves her, and for two episodes Willow descends into addiction that almost gets Dawn killed. Willow goes for months without any magic, helping Buffy track three geeks called The Trio who grandiosely aspire to be supervillains.

text: Immediately following Willow's reconciliation with Tara, Warren (Adam Busch), one of the Trio, shoots Buffy; a stray shot kills Tara right in front of Willow. In an explosion of rage and grief, Willow soaks up all the dark magic she can, which turns her hair and eyes black. In the final episodes of the season Willow becomes exceedingly strong, surviving unharmed when Warren hits her in the back with an axe. She hunts Warren, tortures him by slowly pushing a bullet into his body, then kills him by magically flaying him. Unsatisfied, she attempts to kill the other two members of the Trio but is unsuccessful due to her weakening power. She solves this problem by killing her 'dealer' from earlier in the season and draining him of his magic. When she is confronted by Buffy they begin to fight, only to be stopped by Giles who has borrowed magic from a coven of wiccans. Willow successfully drains him of this borrowed magic, fulfilling his plan and causing her to feel all the pain of everyone in the world. She tries to ease the pain by destroying the world, finally to be stopped by Xander.[19]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: The seventh season starts with Willow in England, unnerved by her power, studying with a coven near Giles' home to harness it. She fears returning to Sunnydale and what she is capable of doing if she loses control again, a fear that dogs her the whole season.

text: Buffy and the Scoobies face the First Evil, bent on ending the Slayer line and destroying the world. Potential Slayers from around the globe congregate at Buffy's home and she trains them to battle the First Evil. Willow continues to face her grief over Tara's death and, reluctantly, becomes involved with one of the Potentials, Kennedy (Iyari Limon).

text: In the final episode of the series, "Chosen", Buffy calls upon Willow to perform the most powerful spell she has ever attempted. With Kennedy nearby, cautioned to kill her if she becomes out of control, Willow infuses every Potential Slayer in the world with the same powers Buffy and Faith have. The spell momentarily turns her hair white and makes her glow—Kennedy calls her "a goddess"—and it ensures that Buffy and the Potentials defeat the First Evil. Willow is able to escape with Buffy, Xander, Giles, and Kennedy as Sunnydale is destroyed.[20]

text: Through the gamut of changes Willow endures in the series, Buffy studies scholar Ian Shuttleworth states that Alyson Hannigan's performances are the reason for Willow's popularity: "Hannigan can play on audience heartstrings like a concert harpist... As an actress she is a perfect interpreter in particular of the bare emotional directness which is the specialty of [series writer Marti] Noxon on form."[21]

text: Comic series (since 2007)[edit]

text: Subsequent to Buffy's television finale, Dark Horse Comics collaborated with Joss Whedon to produce a canonical comic book continuation of the series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight (2007–11), written by Whedon and many other writers from the television series. Unfettered by the practical limitations of casting or a television special effects budget, Season Eight explores more fantastic storylines, characters, and abilities for Willow. Willow's cover art is done by Jo Chen, and Georges Jeanty and Karl Moline produce character artwork and provide alternative covers. It was followed by two closely interlinked sequels, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine and Angel & Faith (both 2012–14).[22][23] Willow features at different times in both series, as well as in her own spin-off miniseries.[24] Jeanty continues to provide Willow's likeness in Season Nine, while Rebekah Isaacs and Brian Ching are the primary pencillers of Angel & Faith and Willow: Wonderland respectively. While Season Nine and Angel & Faith are substantially less fantastical in tone than Season Eight,[23] Willow's spin-off is high fantasy and focuses on her journey through magical alternate worlds.[24]

text: Willow appears to Buffy and Xander, who are in charge of thousands of Slayers, a year after the destruction of Sunnydale. Willow reveals a host of new abilities including being able to fly and absorbing others' magic to deconstruct it. The Big Bad of Season Eight is a being named Twilight who is bent on destroying magic in the world.[25] A one-shot comic dedicated to Willow's story was released in 2009 titled Willow: Goddesses and Monsters. It explores the time she took away to discover more about her magical powers, under the tutelage of a half-woman half-snake demon named Aluwyn. Willow is still involved with Kennedy through Season Eight, but becomes intimate with Aluwyn while they are together. She also continues to deal with grief from Tara's death, and struggles with the dark forces of magic that put her in opposition to Buffy.[26] At the conclusion of the season, Buffy destroys an object, a seed, that is the source of the magic in the world, leaving Willow powerless.[27] Whedon divulged that recovering her magical abilities will become Willow's "personal obsession" in a miniseries where she will be the central character.[23]

text: Identities[edit]

text: From the inception of Willow's character in the first season, she is presented with contradictions. Bookish, rational, naive, and sometimes absent-minded, she is also shown being open to magic, aggressively boyish, and intensely focused. Willow is malleable, in continuous transition more so than any other Buffy character. She is, however, consistently labeled as dependable and reliable by the other characters and thus to the audience, making her appear to be stable.[28] She is unsure of who she is; despite all the tasks she takes on and excels at, for much of the series she has no identity.[29] This is specifically exhibited in the fourth season finale "Restless", an enigmatic pastiche of characters' dream sequences. In Willow's dream, she moves from an intimate moment painting a love poem by Sappho on Tara's bare back,[note 1] to attending the first day of drama class to learn that she is to be in a play performed immediately for which she does not know the lines or understand. The dream presents poignant anxieties about how she appears to others, not belonging, and the consequences of people finding out her true self. As Willow gives a book report in front of her high school class, she discovers herself wearing the same mousy outfit she wore in the first episode of the show ("Welcome to the Hellmouth") as her friends and classmates shout derisively at her, and Oz and Tara whisper intimately to each other in the audience. She is attacked and strangled by the First Slayer as the class ignores her cries for help.[30][31]

text: Long a level-headed character who sacrifices her own desires for those of her friends, she gradually abandons these priorities to be more independent and please herself. She is often shown making choices that allow her to acquire power or knowledge and avoid emotional conflict.[32] The story arc of Willow's growing dependence on magic was noted by Marti Noxon as the representation of "adult crossroads" and Willow's inability and unwillingness to be accountable for her own life. Willow enjoys power she is unable to control. She steals to accomplish her vocational goals and rationalizes her amoral behavior. This also manifests itself in a competitive streak and she accuses others who share their concerns that she uses magic for selfish purposes of being jealous. No longer the conscience of the Scooby Gang, Willow cedes this role to Tara then revels in breaking more rules.[33] After Tara leaves Willow, Willow divulges to Buffy that she does not know who she is and doubts her worth and appeal—specifically to Tara—without magic. Contradicting the characterization of Willow's issues with magic as addiction, Buffy essayist Jacqueline Lichtenberg writes "Willow is not addicted to magic. Willow is addicted to the surging hope that this deed or the next or the next will finally assuage her inner pain."[34]

text: Vamp Willow[edit]

text: Vamp Willow appears in the third season episodes "The Wish" and "Doppelgangland". She is capricious and aggressive, the opposite of Willow's usual nature; her bad behavior so exaggerated that it does not instill fear into the viewer like other female vampires in the series, but indicates more about Willow's personality. Shocked upon seeing her alter ego in "Doppelgangland", Willow states "That's me as a vampire? I'm so evil and skanky. And I think I'm kinda gay!" Angel is stopped by Buffy in telling the Scoobies that the vampire self carries many of the same attributes as the human self, at which Willow says that is nothing like her. Many Buffy fans saw this as a funny Easter egg when Willow revealed herself to actually be lesbian in later seasons.[28] As surprised as Willow is with Vamp Willow, she feels bound to her, and does not have the heart to allow Buffy to kill her. Both Willows make the observation that "this world's no fun",[35] before they send Vamp Willow back into the alternate dimension from which she came, whereupon she is staked and dies immediately.[36]

text: Dark Willow[edit]

text: A shadow of Dark Willow appears to fight Glory in the fifth season episode "Tough Love", but she does not come into full force until the sixth season in "Villains", "Two to Go", and "Grave". The transition from Willow into Dark Willow, precipitated by Tara's immediate death when she is shot through the heart, was ambiguously received by audiences, many of whom never foresaw Willow's psychic break. It was simultaneously lauded for being an overwhelming depiction of a powerful woman, and derided as representative of a worn cliché that lesbians are amoral and murderous.[37][38] Dark Willow proved to be exceptionally more powerful than Buffy. She changes visually when she walks into the Magic Box, a store owned by Giles, telekinetically retrieves dozens of dark magic books from the shelves, and leeches the words from the pages with her fingertips. As the words crawl up her arms and soak into her skin, her eyes and hair become black and her posture "aggressively aware and confident".[39]

text: Susan Driver writes that it is "crucial to recognize that never before in a teen series has raw fury been so vividly explored through a young queer girl responding to the sudden death of her lover".[40] Dark Willow is preternaturally focused on revenge, relentless and unstoppable. Lights explode when she walks past. She forcefully takes advantage of any opportunity to further her goals. She saves Buffy by removing the bullet from her chest, but later commandeers a tractor trailer, making it slam into Xander's car while he and Buffy are inside protecting Jonathan and Andrew, the other two members of the Trio. She floats, flies,[41] teleports[when?] and dismantles the local jail where Jonathan and Andrew are held.

text: She is cruelly honest to Dawn and Buffy, and overpowers everyone with whom she comes in contact. When she takes Giles' magic from him, she gains the ability to feel the world's pain, becoming determined to put the world out of its misery. She does not acknowledge her grief, and only Xander can force her to face it when he tells her that he loves her no matter what or who she is, and if she is determined to end the world she must start by killing him. Only then does Willow return, sobbing.[42]

text: At Salon.com, Stephanie Zacharek writes that Dark Willow is "far from being a cut-out angry lesbian, is more fleshed out, and more terrifyingly alive, than she has ever been before. More than any other character, she has driven the momentum of the past few episodes; she very nearly drove it off a cliff."[43] Several writers state that Willow's transition into Dark Willow is inevitable, grounded in Willow's self-hatred that had been festering from the first season.[44][45] Both Dark Willow and even Willow herself state that Willow's sacrifices for her friends and lack of assertiveness are her undoing. In "Doppelgangland", Willow (posing as Vampire Willow) says "It's pathetic. She lets everyone walk all over her and gets cranky at her friends for no reason." In "Two to Go", Dark Willow remarks "Let me tell you something about Willow. She's a loser. And she always has been. People picked on Willow... and now Willow's a junkie." Vamp Willow served as an indicator of what Willow is capable of; immediately before she flays Warren in one violent magical flash, she uses the same line Vamp Willow used in the third season: "Bored now."[45][46]

text: Following the sixth season, Willow struggles to allow herself to perform magic without the darkness within her taking her over. She is no longer able to abstain from magic as it is such an integral part of her that doing so will kill her. In the instances when she is highly emotional the darkness comes out. Willow must control that part of her and is occasionally unable to do so, giving her a trait similar to Angel, a cursed vampire who fears losing his soul will turn him evil. In a redemptive turn, when Willow turns all the Potentials into Slayers, she glows and her hair turns white, astonishing Kennedy and prompting her to call Willow a goddess.[47]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Willow's earliest and most consistent relationships are with Buffy and Xander, both of whom she refers to as her best friends although they have their conflicts, and Giles as a father figure. Willow takes on the leadership role when Buffy is unavailable, and her growing powers sometimes make her resent being positioned as Buffy's sidekick. Some scholars see Willow as Buffy's sister-figure or the anti-Buffy, similar to Faith, another Slayer whose morals are less strict.[48] In early seasons, Willow's unrequited crush on Xander creates some storylines involving the relationships between Xander, Cordelia, and Oz. Willow is part of a powerful quartet: she represents the spirit, Giles intelligence, Xander heart, and Buffy strength of the Scoobies. Although they often drift apart, they are forced to come together and work in these roles to defeat forces they are unable to fight individually.[49]

text: Oz[edit]

text: Willow meets stoic Oz in the second season. Their courtship is slow and patient. Oz is bitten by a werewolf, and just as Willow begins to confront him about why he does not spend time with her, he transforms and attacks her. She must shoot him with a tranquilizer gun several times while he is wild, but her assertiveness in doing so makes her more confident in their relationship.[50] Oz's trials in dealing with a power he cannot control is, according to authors J. Michael Richardson and J. Douglas Rabb, a model for Willow to reference when she encounters her own attraction to evil.[51] When Willow and Oz decide to commit to each other, Willow is enthusiastic that she has a boyfriend, and, as a guitarist in a band, one so cool.[52] Her relationship with Oz endures the high school storylines of exploring her attraction to Xander, which briefly separates them. She worries that she is not as close to Oz as she could be. They stay together through graduation into college, but Oz is drawn to Veruca, another werewolf. He admits an animal attraction to Veruca, which he does not share with Willow. He sleeps with Veruca and leaves shortly after to explore the werewolf part of himself. Willow becomes very depressed and doubts herself. She drinks, her magical abilities are compromised, her spells come out wrong, and she lashes out at her friends when they suggest she get over it ("Something Blue").[53][54]

text: Joss Whedon did not intend to write Oz out of the series. Seth Green came to Whedon early in the fourth season to announce that he wished to work on his film career. Whedon admitted he was upset by Green's announcement and that if he had wanted to continue, Oz would have been a part of the story. However, to resolve the relationship between Oz and Willow Whedon says, "we had to scramble. And out of the heavens came Amber Benson."[55]

text: Tara Maclay[edit]

text: Buffy earned international attention for its unflinching focus on the relationship between Willow and Tara Maclay. Whedon and the writing staff had been considering developing a story arc in which a character explores his or her sexuality as the Scoobies left high school, but no particular effort was made to assign this arc to Willow. In 1999, at the end of the third season, the Boston Herald called Buffy "the most gay show on network TV this year" despite having no overtly gay characters among the core cast. It simply presented storylines that resembled coming out stories.[56] In the fourth season episode "Hush", Willow meets Tara, and to avoid being killed by a group of ghouls, they join hands to move a large vending machine telekinetically to barricade a door. The scene was, upon completion, noticeably sensual to Whedon, the producers, and network executives, who encouraged Whedon to develop a romantic storyline between Willow and Tara, but at the same time placed barriers on how far it could go and what could be shown.[57][58] Two episodes later, Hannigan and Amber Benson were informed that their characters would become romantically involved. The actors were not told the end result of the Willow–Oz–Tara storyline, not sure what the eventual trajectory of the relationship would be, until Hannigan said, "Then finally it was, 'Great! It's official. We're in luurrvvve.'"[59]

text: Whedon made a conscious effort to focus on Willow and Tara's relationship instead of either's identity as a lesbian or the coming out process. When Willow discloses to Buffy what she feels for Tara, she indicates that she has fallen in love with Tara, not that she is a lesbian, and avoids categorizing herself. Some critics regard this as a failure on Willow's part to be strong;[60] Em McAvan interprets this to mean that Willow may be bisexual.[61] Scholar Farah Mendlesohn asserts that Willow's realization that she is in love with Tara allows viewers to re-interpret Willow's relationship with Buffy; in the first three seasons, Willow is often disappointed that she is not a higher priority to Buffy, and even after Willow enters a relationship with Tara, still desires to feel integral to Buffy's cause and the Scooby Gang.[62]

text: Willow's progression has been noted to be unique in television. Her relationship with Tara coincides with the development of her magical abilities becoming much more profound. By the seventh season, she is the most powerful person in Buffy's circle. Jessica Ford at PopMatters asserts that Willow's sexuality and her magical abilities are connected and represented by her relationships. In her unrequited attraction to Xander, she has no power. With Oz, she has some that gives her the confidence she sorely lacks, but his departure leaves her unsure of herself. Only when she meets Tara do her magical abilities flourish; to Ford, sexuality and magic are both empowering agents in Willow's story arc.[63] David Bianculli in the New York Daily News writes that Willow's progression is "unlike anything else I can recall on regular prime-time television: a character evolving naturally over four seasons of stories and arriving at a place of sexual rediscovery".[64]

text: Not all viewers considered Willow and Tara's relationship a positive development. Some fans loyal to Willow reacted angrily as she chose to be with Tara when Oz made himself available, and they lashed out at Tara and Amber Benson on the fansite message boards. Whedon replied sardonically, "we're going to shift away from this whole lifestyle choice that Willow has made. Just wipe the slate. From now on, Willow will no longer be a Jew. And I think we can all breathe easier." However, he seriously explained his motivation, writing "My show is about emotion. Love is the most powerful, messy, delightful and dangerous emotion... Willow's in love. I think it's cool."[55] Hannigan was also positive about the way the character and her relationship with Tara was written: "It is not about being controversial or making a statement. I think the show is handling it really nicely. It's about two people who care about each other."[65]

text: Contrasting with some of the more sexual relationships of the other characters, Willow and Tara demonstrate a sentimental, soft, and consistent affection for each other. Some of this was pragmatic: the show was restricted in what it could present to viewers. Willow and Tara did not kiss until the fifth season in an episode that diverted the focus away from the display of affection when Buffy's mother dies in "The Body". Before this, much of their sexuality is represented by allusions to witchcraft; spells doubled for physical affection such as an erotic ritual in "Who Are You?" where Willow and Tara chant and perspire in a circle of light until Willow falls back on a pillow gasping and moaning.[note 2] Within the Buffy universe, magic is portrayed in a mostly female realm. As opposed to it being evil, it is an earth-bound force that is most proficiently harvested by women.[63] The treatment of the lesbian relationship as integral to magic, representative of each other (love is magic, magic is love), earned the series some critical commentary from conservative Christians.[51] To avoid large-scale criticism, scenes had to be shot several different ways because censors would not allow some types of action on screen. In the fourth and fifth seasons, the characters could be shown on a bed, but not under the covers. Hannigan noted the inconsistent standards with the other relationships on the show: "you've got Spike and Harmony just going at it like rabbits, so it's very hypocritical".[66] As a couple, Willow and Tara are treated by the rest of the Scoobies with acceptance and little fanfare. Susan Driver writes that younger viewers especially appreciate that Willow and Tara are able to be affectionate without becoming overly sexual, thus making them objects of fantasy for male enjoyment. Willow and Tara's influence on specifically younger female viewers is, according to Driver, "remarkable".[67]

text: Academics, however, comment that Willow is a less sexual character than the others in the show. She is displayed as "cuddly" in earlier seasons, often dressing in pink fuzzy sweaters resulting in an innocent tomboyishness. She becomes more feminine in her relationship with Tara, who is already feminine; no issues with gender are present in their union.[68][69] Their relationship is sanitized and unthreatening to male viewers. When the series moved broadcast networks from the WB to UPN in 2001, some of the restrictions were relaxed. Willow and Tara are shown in some scenes to be "intensely sexual", such as in the sixth season episode "Once More, with Feeling" where it is visually implied that Willow performs cunnilingus on Tara.[70] When Willow and Tara reconcile, they spend part of the episode in "Seeing Red" unclothed in bed, covered by red sheets.

text: Willow is more demonstrative in the beginning of her relationship with Tara. Where in her relationship with Oz she described herself as belonging to him, Tara states that she belongs to Willow. Willow finds in Tara a place where she can be the focus of Tara's attention, not having to appease or sacrifice as she has in the past. Tara, however, eclipses Willow's role as the moral center of the Scoobies, and as Willow becomes more powerful and less ethical, Tara becomes a maternal figure for the group.[71] Willow acts as a sort of middle child between Xander's immaturity and Buffy's weighty responsibilities. She becomes completely devoted to and enamored of Tara, and then manipulates her to avoid conflict when Tara does not conform to what she wants.[28] Displeased with how Willow abuses her power, especially toward herself, Tara leaves Willow while continuing to counsel Dawn and Buffy. Long after Tara's death, Willow faces the choices she made: in the Season Eight episode "Anywhere But Here", Willow tells Buffy that she is responsible for Tara's death. Her ambition to bring back Buffy from the dead inevitably led to Tara getting shot and killed. In the one-shot comic, Willow is offered Tara as a guide for her mystical path to understanding her own powers, but rejects her as being an illusion, too much of a comfort, and not a guide who will force her to grow. She begins a relationship with Kennedy.

text: Kennedy[edit]

text:
Following protests angry about the death of Tara, Whedon and the writing team made a decision to keep Willow gay. In 2002, he told The Advocate about the possibility of Willow having a relationship with a man, "We do that now, and we will be burned alive. And possibly justifiably. We can't have Willow say, 'Oh, cured now, I can go back to cock!' Willow is not going to be straddling that particular fence. She will just be gay."[37] Kennedy is markedly different from Tara. She is younger, outspoken, and aggressively pursues Willow, who hesitates to become involved again.[72] When they first kiss in the episode "The Killer in Me", Willow's realization that she let Tara go reacts with a curse put upon her by another witch named Amy Madison (Elizabeth Anne Allen), turning Willow into Warren, Tara's murderer. The spell is broken when Willow acknowledges her guilt and Kennedy kisses her again. Kennedy expresses that she does not understand the value of magic and assumes it involves tricks, not the all-consuming energy that Willow is capable of. When Willow eventually exhibits what power she has, it briefly frightens Kennedy. Willow worries about becoming sexually intimate with Kennedy, unsure of what may transpire if she loses control of herself.[73]
In season 7 episode 20, "Touched", in which practically all the main cast has sex (two by two) Willow and Kennedy take part in the first lesbian sex scene on primetime television.[74]

text:
In Season Eight, Kennedy and Willow are still romantically involved, but separated during Willow's self-exploration. Unlike her relationship with Tara, Willow is able to hold a separate identity while with Kennedy.[75] When she realizes her powers have gone at the end of Season Eight, however, Willow ends her relationship with Kennedy, saying that there is someone else Willow is in love with, who she will never see again.[76]
Kennedy's role split many Buffy fans into two groups. Many viewers hated Kennedy, because they saw her as a way of saying; "Tara's dead, let's move on." and they weren't ready to. After the emotional death of Tara and Willow's reaction (nearly ending all life on Earth) many fans thought that it was ridiculous for Willow to recover and move on so quickly. Kennedy overall, has received much hate, but there is the other side who say that she was exactly what Willow needed to recover and continue a happy life.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text:
Willow Rosenberg is undoubtedly the most complexly represented girl in love and lust with other girls to be developed within a mainstream network television series.
Susan Driver in Queer Girls and Popular Culture[77]

tag: div

text: Willow's religion and sexuality have made her a role model for audiences. Whedon, however, has compared her Jewish identity to her sexuality, stating that they are rarely made a significant focus of the show.[78] Willow at times reminds the other characters of her religion, wondering what her father might think of the crucifixes she must apply to her bedroom wall to keep out vampires, and commenting that Santa Claus misses her house every Christmas because of the "big honkin' menorah". Buffy essayist Matthew Pateman criticizes the show for presenting Willow's Jewish identity only when it opposes Christian declarations of holidays and other traditions.[79] The New York Times, however, named her as a positive example of a depiction of a Jewish woman, who stood out among portrayals of Jews as harsh, unfeminine, and shallow. Producer Gail Berman states that as a Jew, Willow "handles herself just fine, thank you".[80]

text: In Queer Girls and Popular Culture, Susan Driver states that television ascribes to viewers what lesbians look and act like, and that realistic portrayals of girls outside the norm of white, upper or middle class, and heterosexual are extremely rare. Realistic depictions of lesbians are so rare that they become strong role models and enable "hope and imagination" for girls limited by the conditions of their immediate surroundings, who may know of no other gay people.[81] The time and space given to Willow to go from being a shy scared girl into a confident woman who falls in love with another woman is, as of 2007, unique in television; it does not occur in one flash or single moment. It is a progression that defies strict definition. Manda Scott in The Herald states that Willow's lack of panic or self-doubt when she realizes she is in love with Tara makes her "the best role model a teen could ask for".[82]

text: When viewers realized that Willow was falling in love with Tara, Whedon remembered that some threatened to boycott the show, complaining "You made Willow a fag", to which he responded, "Bye. We'll miss you a whole lot."[83] However, he also said, "For every (negative) post, there's somebody saying, 'You made my life a lot easier because I now have someone I can relate to on screen'."[58] Gay characters had been portrayed before on television, and at the time the popular sitcom Will & Grace was on the air. Lesbian-themed HBO special If These Walls Could Talk 2 won an Emmy. Twenty-three television shows depicted a gay character of some kind in 2000.[84] However, these other characters were mostly desexualized, none were partnered or shown consistently affectionate towards the same person. Willow and Tara's relationship became the first[citation needed] long-term lesbian relationship on U.S. television. Jane magazine hailed Willow and Tara as a bold representation of gay relationship, remarking that "they hold hands, slow-dance and lay in bed at night. You won't find that kind of normalcy on Will and Grace."[85] Despite Whedon's intentions of not making Buffy about overcoming issues, he said Willow's exploration of her sexuality "turned out to be one of the most important things we've done on the show".[83]

text: Although the show's writers and producers received a minimal negative reaction from Willow choosing Tara over Oz, the response from viewers and critics alike was overwhelming towards Whedon for killing Tara, accusing him of homophobia. Particularly because Tara's death came at a point where Willow and Tara had reconciled and were shown following an apparent sexual encounter, the writers were criticized for representing the consequences of lesbian sex as punishable by death. Series writer and producer Marti Noxon—whose mother fell in love with another woman when Noxon was 13 years old—was unable to read some of the mail the writing team received because it was so upsetting. To her, the pain expressed in viewers' letters was a logical reaction to the lack of realistic lesbian role models on television.[37]

text: Willow's cultural impact has been noted in several other ways. Patrick Krug, a biologist at California State University, Los Angeles named a sea slug with traits of sexual flexibility Alderia willowi partly for his grandmother and partly after Willow's character.[86] Willow was included in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters, ranking at No. 7.[87] She was also ranked No. 12 in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[88] UGO.com named her one of the best TV nerds.[89] AOL also listed her as the #1 TV witch of all time, and one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.[90]


document_title: Life as a House

question_text: he played sam in life as a house

question_tokens: he played sam in life as a house

root

text: Life as a House

text: Plot[edit]

text: George Monroe, an architectural model fabricator, is fired when he refuses to use computer technology. At his boss's refusal to let George keep a few models, he destroys all but one of the models with a spindle from an architectural drawing. As he exits the building with the remaining model, he collapses and is rushed to the hospital, where it is revealed he has advanced stage cancer and any treatment would be futile.

tag: p

text: George decides to demolish the home left by his father and replace it with a house in keeping with the neighborhood. He enlists his son, Sam, who is alienated from his stepfather Peter and his mother Robin. Sam must spend the summer with George, who has not revealed his terminal condition, and help him with the house, but Sam makes it a point not to help him. When George refuses to give Sam money unless he works for it, Sam toys with becoming a male prostitute, but is nearly caught and flees from his first encounter. This leads him to steal George's Vicodin.

text: George slowly reconnects with Sam. Robin decides to assist as well, and she finds herself rediscovering George. Also joining in the construction are Alyssa, Sam's classmate who lives next door with her mother Colleen; local policeman Kurt Walker, George's childhood friend; Sam's young half-brothers Adam and Ryan; various neighbors; and eventually Peter, even after separating from Robin when she tells him that her feelings for George have re-awakened. George tells Robin of his disease, sending her into shock. George tells Sam, who is betrayed and accuses George of being selfish and takes refuge at Alyssa's house. George collapses and is found by Robin the following morning. Complications arise when neighbor David Dokos tries to halt construction because the building's height exceeds the allowable limit by six inches. His plans to halt the project are stopped by Sam, who recognizes him from his prostitution attempt and blackmails him.

text: Sam puts Christmas lights all over the unfinished house and shows George the gleaming house from his hospital window. The next morning, Sam returns to finish the house and Robin sits beside George until his death. Robin goes to the house and tells Sam about his father's death. Sam inherits the house he finished building. Sam gives the property to a woman who has been living in a trailer park. As a girl, she was injured in a car crash caused by his grandfather.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Kline as George Monroe
Kristin Scott Thomas as Robin Kimball
Hayden Christensen as Sam Monroe
Jena Malone as Alyssa Beck
Mary Steenburgen as Colleen Beck
Jamey Sheridan as Peter Kimball
Ian Somerhalder as Josh
Scott Bakula as Kurt Walker
Sam Robards as David Dokos
John Pankow as Bryan Burke
Mike Weinberg as Adam Kimball
Scotty Leavenworth as Ryan Kimball

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In Character Building: Inside Life as a House, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, director Irwin Winkler confesses he never realized the rekindling love between George and Robin was a key aspect of the script until he saw the emotion displayed by Kevin Kline and Kristin Scott Thomas in their scenes together. Winkler encouraged his cast to improvise moments leading into and following their scripted dialogue, many of which were included in the final film.

text: In From the Ground Up, another DVD bonus feature, production designer Dennis Washington discusses how he was required to construct an entire street of houses leading to Sam's house, which was perched on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Palos Verdes, California. The new house was built on another site, then dismantled and transported to the film set as each section was needed. Because the film tracked the progress of the dismantling of the old house and the construction of the new one, it had to be shot in sequence. When the film was completed, the house was dismantled, moved, reconstructed, and enlarged to become a library for the Kenter Canyon Elementary School in Brentwood.

text: The soundtrack includes "What You Wish For" and "Rainy Day" by Guster, "That's the Way" by Gob, "Live a Lie" and "Somewhere" by Default, "Sweet Dreams" by Marilyn Manson, "Water" by ohGr, "Rearranged" by Limp Bizkit, "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell, "Gramercy Park" by Deadsy, and "How to Disappear Completely" by Radiohead.

text: The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Boston Film Festival before going into limited release in the US on October 26, 2001.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Life as a House received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in twenty-nine theaters in the US and grossed $294,056 on its opening weekend. It eventually earned $15,667,270 in the US and $8,236,521 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $23,903,791.[1]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Hayden Christensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and won the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance by an Actor. Kevin Kline was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. The film won the Audience Award for Favorite Feature at Aspen Filmfest.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: New Line Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on March 26, 2002. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track and subtitles in English. Bonus features include commentary by director/producer Irwin Winkler, producer Rob Cowan, and screenwriter Mark Andrus; Character Building: Inside Life as a House and From the Ground Up, documentaries about the making of the film; four deleted and/or alternate scenes (one with William Russ, originally cast as Kurt Walker but replaced when he was injured in a motorcycle accident after filming began) with optional commentary; a theatrical press kit; and the original trailer.


document_title: I Am Jazz

question_text: how many episodes in season 3 i am jazz

question_tokens: how many episodes in season 3 i am jazz

text: I Am Jazz

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Jazz Jennings, a South Florida teen, was born a male. Aged 4, Jennings was diagnosed with gender dysphoria in childhood, making her one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as gender dysphoric.[4] Her parents, Greg and Jeanette, decided to support her female gender identity by her fifth birthday. Jazz has been in the spotlight since 2007, when at age 6, she did an interview with Barbara Walters discussing her gender identity. She did follow-up interviews, launched a foundation, and co-wrote a book, also called I Am Jazz. She has also posted videos about her life on YouTube.

text: I Am Jazz focuses on the "Jennings" family (the surname "Jennings" is a pseudonym, and any reference to the family's exact location is obscured)[5][6] and their day-to-day lives. Jazz, who is about to go into high school, grapples with the usual teen angst in addition to her own challenges as a transgender girl. Her family, which includes her three siblings, parents and grandparents, also talk about their experiences.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: The 11-part series involved filming five days a week, including both days on the weekend.[7] The series was initially called All That Jazz, but was retitled to I Am Jazz. The show takes its title from a 2011 documentary, I Am Jazz: A Family in Transition, that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network.[8][9]

text: The one-hour series premiere of I Am Jazz first aired at the same time Caitlyn Jenner was giving her acceptance speech for the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 ESPY Awards on ABC.[10]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15)
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)

2
8
June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

3
8
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"All About Jazz"
July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15)
1.36[11]

One-hour series premiere. Jazz's family talk about Jazz's life and her insistence from an early age that she was a girl, and the struggles and confusion they faced. Jazz goes bathing suit shopping with Ari, and struggles to find a flattering suit; Jazz talks with her brothers about her insecurities over her body. Jazz's maternal grandparents stop by and talk about their shock in learning Jazz was transgender. Jazz and Jeanette visit the doctor to discuss results of Jazz's hormone tests.

2
"Boys Aren't Nice to Her"
July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22)
1.02[13]

Ari is coming back from college for the summer, and the twins have to go back to sharing a room; their parents let them and Jazz makeover their rooms. Jazz feels her room is too girly and needs to match her age. Jeanette is emotional about Jazz growing up and no longer being her "baby." Jazz and her friends host a coed bowling night, but few boys come. She is hurt when she finds out one boy refused to come because she is transgender; Jazz talks about facing rejection as her friends start dating and how boys come up to her friends but ignore her. Jeanette is very worried about the social situations Jazz will face in high school.[12]

3
"High School Is Wild Fire"
July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22)
1.08[13]

Jazz attends a soccer conditioning clinic in preparation for high school. Her parents and coach discuss whether she should try out for the varsity or junior varsity squad when she enters high school. Greg stresses that he just wants Jazz to be happy. Jeanette worries that Jazz, who was barred from playing in the girls' league for several years, is scarred from the experience.[14]

4
"I Thought It Was a Choice"
July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29)
0.911[15]

Jazz believes she chose to be a girl, but she finds out it was not the case, when she was still a boy she would wear dresses in private, revealing that without knowing or remembering, Jazz had always truly been a girl.[citation needed]

5
"Am I Doing the Right Thing?"
July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29)
0.886[15]

6
"Happy Mother's Day!"
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
0.870[16]

7
"I'm Ready to Explore Boys"
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
0.897[16]

8
"So the Dad is Now Mom?"
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)
0.766[17]

9
"We Don't Read the Comments"
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)
0.690[17]

10
"Baby Jazz Is Growing Up"
August 19, 2015 (2015-08-19)
0.698[18]

11
"The Family Tells All"
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)
0.780[19]

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Hate is Real"
June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)
1.048[20]

2
"I Looked Like a Man in a Dress"
June 15, 2016 (2016-06-15)
0.971[21]

3
"It's Either Surgery or Male Puberty"
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)
0.987[22]

4
"Your Body May Be Rejecting the Implant"
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)
1.334[23]

5
"Confronted with Hate"
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)
1.181[24]

6
"She's Too Young for Breast Surgery"
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)
0.996[25]

7
"We Scare Most Boys"
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)
1.022[26]

8
"Teenage Angst and Broken Hearts"
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)
1.110[27]

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Bottoms Up"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.386[28]

2
"Double Trouble"
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
0.942[29]

3
"Getting to the Bottom of It"
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)
0.886[30]

4
"Sweet Sixteen"
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)
0.982[31]

5
"Dating in the Dark"
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
0.759[32]

6
"Face Your Demons"
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
0.832[33]

7
"Dating in the Light"
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
0.863[34]

8
"In the Line of Fire"
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
0.850[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critic Brian Lowry of Variety praised I Am Jazz, calling it a "sensitively constructed series (in an admirable departure for the attention-seeking network)... Simply told and heartfelt, the show should add a welcome dimension to the education process, capturing the challenges associated with sexual identity at such a vulnerable age."[36] James Poniewozik, in his review for Time magazine, stated that the reality show airing on the same network that recently pulled 19 Kids and Counting off the air feels like a "change of an era." Poniewozik writes, "I Am Jazz is an engaging story of a teen girl who has transitioned. But it is also the story of everyone else, transitioning."[9] Marc Silver of the Washington Post wrote about the boom of transgender-theme shows on TV, including Jenner's upcoming reality show, I Am Cait: "I Am Cait will surely attract more viewers because of Jenner's fame. It's too soon to say how Jazz will fare. But with her humor and honesty, she's a tough act for Caitlyn Jenner to follow."[37]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The show tied for best Outstanding Reality Program at the 27th annual GLAAD Media Awards.[38][39]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on TLC on December 10, 2015.[40]


document_title: The Originals (season 5)

question_text: the orginals season 5 episode 6 air date

text: The Originals (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.

Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]
Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Where You Left Your Heart"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
0.97[12]
0.3
0.67
0.7
1.64[25]

2

"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.03[13]
0.4
0.79
0.8
1.82[26]

3

"Ne Me Quitte Pas"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
0.90[14]
0.4
0.91
0.8
1.80[27]

4

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"

May 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.76[15]
0.4
0.85
0.7
1.61[28]

5

"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"

May 16, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[16]
0.4
0.81
0.7
1.61[29]

6

"What, Will, I, Have, Left"

May 30, 2018
0.3/1
0.82[17]
0.3
0.80
0.6
1.62[30]

7

"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"

June 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.77[18]
0.4
0.79
0.6
1.56[31]

8

"The Kindness of Strangers"

June 13, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[19]
0.4
0.93
0.7
1.79[32]

9

"We Have Not Long to Love"

June 20, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[20]
0.4
0.84
0.7
1.61[33]

10

"There in the Disappearing Light"

July 11, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[21]
0.3
0.81
0.6
1.57[34]

11

"'Til the Day I Die"

July 18, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[22]
0.3
0.72
0.5
1.40[35]

12

"The Tale of Two Wolves"

July 25, 2018
0.3/1
0.85[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

August 1, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Glycogenolysis

question_text: where does glycogenolysis take place in the cell

text: Glycogenolysis

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The overall reaction for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate is:

text: Here, glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the bond linking a terminal glucose residue to a glycogen branch by substitution of a phosphoryl group for the α[1→4] linkage. Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. Glucose residues are phosphorolysed from branches of glycogen until four residues before a glucose that is branched with a α[1→6] linkage. Glycogen debranching enzyme then transfers three of the remaining four glucose units to the end of another glycogen branch. This exposes the α[1→6] branching point, which is hydrolysed by α[1→6] glucosidase, removing the final glucose residue of the branch as a molecule of glucose and eliminating the branch. This is the only case in which a glycogen metabolite is not glucose-1-phosphate. The glucose is subsequently phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase.

text: Function[edit]

text: Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of the muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals. In particular, glycogenolysis plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

text: In myocytes (muscle cells), glycogen degradation serves to provide an immediate source of glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis, to provide energy for muscle contraction.

text: In hepatocytes (liver cells), the main purpose of the breakdown of glycogen is for the release of glucose into the bloodstream for uptake by other cells. The phosphate group of glucose-6-phosphate is removed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which is not present in myocytes, and the free glucose exits the cell via GLUT2 facilitated diffusion channels in the hepatocyte cell membrane.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Glycogenolysis is regulated hormonally in response to blood sugar levels by glucagon and insulin, and stimulated by epinephrine during the fight-or-flight response. In myocytes, glycogen degradation may also be stimulated by neural signals.[2]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Parenteral (intravenous) administration of glucagon is a common human medical intervention in diabetic emergencies when sugar cannot be given orally. It can also be administered intramuscularly.

text: Pathology[edit]

text: Mutations at the liver enzyme glycogen phosphorylase (GPLL, 847 aa) lead to glycogen storage disease VI (Hers disease). Mutations at the muscle enzyme glycogen phosphorylase (GPMM, 842 aa) lead to McArdle's disease. Deficiencies at the glycogen debranching enzyme lead to glycogen storage disease III (Oxford Dictionary of BioMedicine, 2010).


document_title: Jane the Virgin

question_text: who plays jane's dad on jane the virgin

question_tokens: who plays jane 's dad on jane the virgin

text: Jane the Virgin

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Miami, the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood, in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend. As the series evolves, in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion, the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler, her writing career moves forward, and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a 23-year-old, religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake. After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation, she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra, but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them. But, as the pregnancy grows, they both start to have feelings for each other. Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. She marries Michael Cordero in the Season 2. In Season 3 Episode 10, she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound. She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again. Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez "was literally the third person that came in" during the casting.[8]

Jenna Ortega as Young Jane, at age 10, is the most frequent (21 chapters as of season 3) of the four younger "Janes" seen in flashbacks.

Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's outgoing mother. She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane, which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did. She is a dance teacher, but dreams of having a singing career. She marries Jane's father in the Season 3 finale.
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano (birthname: Natalia), Rafael's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth, though over time she did fall in love with him. She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2, she gives birth to their twin daughters, Anna and Elsa.
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano, the 31-year-old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane's child who has fallen out of love with his wife. As the series progresses, he develops growing feelings for Jane, and divorces Petra after discovering her affair. In Season 2 he has two daughters with Petra and in Season 3 briefly goes to jail.
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's pious maternal grandmother. She is highly religious, and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage. Although she rarely speaks English, she understands it, since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English. She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season 2.
Brett Dier as Michael Cordero, Jr., Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale. He dies in season three.
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale.
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva, Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.

Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. Joseph Sanders played the role in season 3.

Anthony Mendez (voice over) as the Latin Lover Narrator; Third-person omniscient.[9] The narration features both metanarration and metafiction.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver, Rafael's lesbian, neurotic, recovering alcoholic sister, and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane.
Bridget Regan as Rose, a former lawyer, former girlfriend of Luisa, and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit. She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro, and is arrested in season 3.

Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett, Michael's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise. After being discovered, she shot Michael in the chest.
Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen, the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years. In the meantime, the real Eileen murdered Scott.

Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano, Petra and Rafael's twin daughters as a result of Petra's artificial insemination.
Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano, Luisa's biological father and Rafael's adopted father. He is murdered by his wife, Rose.
Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore, Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé.
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan, Jane's best friend and co-worker.
Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival, partner, and brief lover to Michael. She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael, after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro.
Camille Collard as Frankie, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Brian Dare as Luca, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria, twins and Rogelio's former step-daughters.
Priscilla Barnes as Magda, Petra's mother. She is confined to a wheelchair (but only pretends to be paraplegic) and she is Petra's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael's hotel and wealth. She is currently imprisoned, but still working against Petra from inside.
Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka, Petra's long-lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic. At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra, this is so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella.
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez, one of Jane's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest.
Alano Miller as Roman Zazo, Rafael's best friend and Petra's lover. He is believed to be murdered in the hotel, causing tension for everyone, including Petra and Rafael.

Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo, Roman's twin brother, who appears from "Chapter Fourteen" onwards investigating his brother's murder, is later revealed to be Roman; it was Aaron who was murdered. Roman is later killed, in self-defense, by Petra.

Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandmother. She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio's relationship.
Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandfather. He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay.
Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva, Alba's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane. His great-grandson is named in honor of him.
Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora, Jane's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael.
Ricardo Chavira as Bruce, Xiomara's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to, only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio.
Justina Machado as Darci Factor, Rogelio's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio's unborn daughter. She runs a matchmaking business.
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge, Alba's love interest and later boyfriend.
Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser, the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra.
Francisco San Martin as Fabian, Rogelio's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17[10]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
TBA

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On June 27, 2013, American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen.[11] On February 23, 2014, Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva.[12][13] On May 8, 2014, during The CW's 2014–2015 upfronts, the series was officially picked up.[14] On July 18, 2014, an extended trailer was released by The CW. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that White Collar's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose, a former lawyer, and Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival to Dier's character.[15] On August 10, 2014, TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens, M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan.[16] Filming for season one commenced on July 28, 2014.[17] The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles[17][18] and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach, California.[19] On October 21, 2014, the show was given a full season order.[20] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season, set to air during the 2015–16 television season.[21] Its second season premiered on October 12, 2015.[22] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season,[23] which premiered on October 17, 2016.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season.[24] Unique to the CW, it is the network's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel; however, as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need, this is more limited than the major networks, which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track, which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry.

text: The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1, 2014.[25] The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4.[26], with the first-run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards.[27] Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region (including BeTV in the Philippines). In Canada, new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi, in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates (Chicago's WGN-TV, available as a superstation in Canada, carried the series' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016-17 television season). The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime.

text: In the Philippines, Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS-CBN on March 28, 2016, dubbed in Filipino.[28] The show replaced the local drama series You're My Home on a late-night timeslot, as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block.[29] Days before the premiere, a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released.[30] ABS-CBN only aired the first two seasons, locally editing and splitting the episodes into half-hour segments similar to the network's teleserye and anime programs. For a total of 74 modified episodes, the season-two finale aired on July 8, 2016.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
100% (50 reviews)
80% (23 reviews)

2
100% (11 reviews)
87% (4 reviews)

3
100% (12 reviews)
-

4
100% (9 reviews)
-

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim, with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez's performance. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a "certified fresh" rating of 100% based on 50 reviews, with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Jane the Virgin's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm – along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez."[31] Metacritic, another review aggregator, gives the show a score of 80 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[32]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a 87 out of 100, based on four reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[33] Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100% based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the-top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling."[34] Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show, saying that the series "is envisioned, edited and curated with great deftness and economy, and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer."[35]

text: Critics' top ten lists[edit]

text:
[show]2014[36]

No. 3 TV Guide
No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 TV.com
No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 8 Sioux City Journal
No. 10 Boston Globe
 – American Film Institute
 – Associated Press
 – Chicago Reader
 – Huffington Post
 – Los Angeles Times
 – Philadelphia Daily News
 – ScreenCrush

text:
[show]2015[37]

No. 3 Village Voice
No. 4 Vulture
No. 4 Slate
No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 7 TV.com
 – Boob Tube Dude
 – Criticwire
 – Variety
 – The Week

text:
[show]2016[38]

No. 1 Variety
No. 2 Boob Tube Dude
No. 8 MTV
 – CNN

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Monday 9:00 pm
22
October 13, 2014
1.61[39]
May 11, 2015
1.24[40]
2014–15
177
1.55
0.6[41]

2
22
October 12, 2015
1.06[42]
May 16, 2016
0.97[43]
2015–16
180
1.48
0.6[44]

3
20
October 17, 2016
1.09[45]
May 22, 2017
0.96[46]
2016–17
155
1.60
0.7[47]

4
Friday 9:00 pm
17[48]
October 13, 2017
0.68[49]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The show has been acknowledged by the People's Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Outcome

2014
America Film Institute Award[50]
AFI Television Program Of The Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Award[51]
Favorite New TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Golden Globe Award[52]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Peabody Award[53]
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

Critics' Choice Award[54]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[55]
Honoree
Jaime Camil ("Chapter Twelve")
Won

TV Line Performer of the Week[56]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Twenty")
Won

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV Actor: Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Star
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Liplock
Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Television Critics Association Award[57]
Outstanding New Program
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Television
Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Ivonne Coll
Nominated

Andrea Navedo
Won

Gold Derby Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Comedy Lead Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Breakthrough Performer
Gina Rodriguez
Won

EWwy Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Emmy Award[58]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

Voice Arts Award
Outstanding Narration – TV or Film, Best Voice over
Anthony Mendez
Won

Gotham Award
Breakthrough Series – Long Form
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Dorian Award
Campy TV Show of the Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

Online Film and Television Association Award
Best Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Guest Actress
Rita Moreno
Won

Maxwell Weinberg Award

Arpi Ketendjian
CBS Studios
Won

NHMC Impact Gala Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

HOLA Award
Breakthrough Performance
Andrea Navedo
Won

GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Honoree
Andrea Navedo
Won

Honoree
Ivonne Coll
Won

International Drama Award
Best Mini-Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Director
Brad Silberling
Nominated

Paleyfest LA
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

2016
Satellite Award[59]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

NAACP Image Award[60]
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series
Jennie Snyder Urman
Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series
Brad Silberling
Nominated

Golden Globe Award[61]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Critics' Choice Award[62]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[63]
Honoree
Yael Grobglas ("Chapter Thirty-Six")
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing
Susan Ham, Sharyn Gersh
Nominated

GMS Award
Best Music Supervision
Kevin J. Edelman
Nominated

The Women's Image Award
Best Actress in a Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Series
Jennie Snyder Urman ("Chapter One: Pilot")
Nominated

Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy
Alyson Silverberg, Jonathan Clay Harris
Nominated

Frijolywood Award /Frijoldeoro Award
Screenwriter in Comedy
Carolina Rivera
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

NHMC Impact Award
Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Won

Cine Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Ivonne Coll
Won

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Series
Madison Rojas
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV: Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV: Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Emmy Award[64]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

EWwy Award
Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[65]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Forty-Seven")
Won

2017
Golden Globe Award[66]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

People's Choice Award[67]
Favorite TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Favorite TV Comedy Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Black Reel Award
Outstanding Actress, Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

MTV Award
Best American Story
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actor in a Show
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

GMS Award
Best Music Supervision
Kevin J. Edelman
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Comedy TV Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Ivonne Coll
Nominated

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Name
Release date
Ep #
Additional information

The Complete First Season
September 29, 2015
22

Features

Immaculate Creation - 'Behind the Scenes'
Getting to Know the Cast
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Second Season[68]

22

Features

text: Novel[edit]

text: A tie-in novel, based on the book Jane writes in the show, is being published through Simon & Schuster.

text: The story will be a historical romance set in Miami during 1902 and feature "railroad tycoons, hotel booms, and exciting expansion for The Magic City."[69] In the series, the book's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael.

text:
Title
Release date

Snow Falling
November 14, 2017


document_title: Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song)

question_text: who sings the song welcome to my world

question_tokens: who sings the song welcome to my world

text: Welcome to My World (Jim Reeves song)

text:
"Welcome to My World"

Single by Jim Reeves

from the album A Touch of Velvet

B-side

"Good Morning Self" (U.S.);
"My Juanita" (U.K.)

Released

May 1963 (U.K.);[1]
January 1964 (U.S.)

Genre
Country

Label
RCA

Songwriter(s)
Ray Winkler
John Hathcock

Jim Reeves singles chronology

"Guilty"
(1963)
"Welcome to My World"
(1963)
"Love Is No Excuse"
(1964)

"Guilty"
(1963)
"Welcome to My World"
(1964)
"Love Is No Excuse"
(1964)

text: "Welcome to My World" is a popular music standard written by Ray Winkler and John Hathcock (1919-2000)[2] and recorded by many artists, most notably Jim Reeves. Though the song is credited to Winkler and Hathcock, the melody was likely written by Eddie McDuff rather than Winkler.[3] A traditional love song, the bridge includes lyrics taken from Matthew 7:7–8 ("Knock and the door will open; seek and you will find; ask and you'll be given ... ," from the Sermon on the Mount).

text: Jim Reeves version[edit]

text: The most famous version was performed by country music singer Jim Reeves, whose version was included on his 1962 album A Touch of Velvet. Reeves' version, styled in the then-prevalent Nashville Sound-style, was released as a single in the U.S. in early 1964, and reached No.2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that spring, and also gained sporadic airplay on pop radio stations, reaching the No.2 spot on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. The song would become one of Reeves' last major hits in the U.S. during his lifetime, as he was killed in a plane crash on July 31, 1964.

text: Reeves' version of "Welcome to My World" had been a hit single in the United Kingdom prior to its release as a single in the U.S., peaking at No.6 in July 1963,[4] and reaching No.60 on the list of the top 100 best-selling singles of 1963 in the U.K.[5]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position

U.K. Singles Chart
6 (1963)

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles[6]
2 (1964)

U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100
2 (1964)

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Dean Martin (1965)
Faron Young (1966)
Wilma Burgess (May 1966)
Ricky Nelson (May 30, 1966)
Kitty Wells (1967)
Eddy Arnold (June 1971)
Elvis Presley (January 1973)
John Grenell (1990)
Giant Sand (Ramp album, 1991)