document_title: List of most-subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: who is the second most subscribed on youtube

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of October 31, 2017, 29 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (20 from the United States) and 34 are English-language channels.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)
Content

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 Sweden
English
57
Comedy

2.

HolaSoyGerman.[6]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
32
Entertainment

3.

JustinBieberVEVO[7]
Vevo
 Canada
English
Music

4.

T-Series[8]
tseriesmusic
 India
Hindi
26

5.

elrubiusOMG[9]
Mixicom
 Spain
Spanish
Comedy

6.

RihannaVEVO[10]
Vevo
 Barbados
English
25
Music

7.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[11]
 USA

8.

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
News

9.

KatyPerryVEVO[13]
Vevo
Music

10.

Fernanfloo[14]
BroadbandTV
 El Salvador
Spanish
24
Games

11.

whinderssonnunes[15]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese
Comedy

12.

EminemVEVO[16]
Vevo
 USA
English
23
Music

13.

Dude Perfect[17]
N/A
Sports

14.

OneDirectionVEVO[18]
Vevo
 UK
22
Music

15.

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
 USA
Comedy

16.

Ed Sheeran[20]
Warner Music Group
 UK
21
Music

17.

JuegaGerman[21]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
Games

18.

VanossGaming[22]
N/A
 Canada
English

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
 USA
Entertainment

20.

Canal KondZilla[24]
ONErpm
 Brazil
Portuguese
20
Music

21.

nigahiga[25]
N/A
 USA
English
Entertainment

22.

Yuya[26]
 Mexico
Spanish
19
Howto

23.

VEGETTA777[27]
Mixicom
 Spain
Games

24.

Spinnin' Records[28]
Spinnin Records
 Netherlands
English
18
Entertainment

25.

Markiplier[29]
Maker Studios
 USA
Games

26.

WWE[30]
N/A
Sports

27.

ArianaGrandeVevo[31]
Vevo
Music

28.

JennaMarbles[32]
N/A
17
Comedy

29.

Bruno Mars[33]
Warner Music Group
Music

30.

KSI[34]
StyleHaul
 UK
Entertainment

31.

shakiraVEVO[35]
Vevo
 Colombia
English /
Spanish
Music

32.

jacksepticeye[36]
Maker Studios
 Ireland
English
16
Games

33.

DanTDM[37]
StyleHaul
 UK

34.

Skrillex[38]
N/A
 USA
Music

35.

FBE[39]
Entertainment

36.

Trap Nation[40]
Music

37.

SET India[41]
Sony Entertainment Television
 India
Hindi
15
Shows

38.

WatchMojo.com[42]
WatchMojo
 Canada
English
Entertainment

39.

AdeleVEVO[43]
Vevo
 UK
Music

40.

enchufetv[44]
N/A
 Ecuador
Spanish
Comedy

41.

Felipe Neto[45]
 Brazil
Portuguese
Entertainment

42.

David Guetta[46]
Vevo
 France
English
14
Music

43.

Vevo[47]
 USA

44.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]
NBC
 USA
English
Comedy

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
Vevo
Music

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]

47.

ERB[51]
Maker Studios
Entertainment

48.

CanalCanalha[52]
Endemol beyond Brasil
 Brazil
Portuguese
Comedy

49.

Werevertumorro[53]
sevenludus
 Mexico
Spanish
Howto

50.

LuisFonsiVEVO[54]
Vevo
 Puerto Rico
Music

As of October 31, 2017

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[55]
57

2.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[6]
32

3.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[7]
31

4.

 India
T-Series[8]
26

5.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[9]
25

6.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[10]

7.

 USA
TaylorSwiftVEVO[12]

8.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[14]
24

9.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[15]

10.

 UK
OneDirectionVEVO[18]
22

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[26]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[28]
18

13.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[35]
16

14.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[36]

15.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[44]
15

16.

 France
David Guetta[46]
14

17.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[56]
13

18.

 Russia
Get Movies[57]

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[58]
12

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[59]
11

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[60]

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[61]

23.

 Thailand
Workpoint[62]
10

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[63]
9

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[64]

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[65]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[66]
7

28.

 Turkey
netd müzik[67]

29.

 Italy
Marzia[68]

30.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[69]
6

31.

 Austria
Red Bull[70]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[71]

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[72]
5

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[73]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[74]

36.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[75]

37.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[76]
4

38.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[77]

39.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[78]

40.

 Uruguay
dosogas[79]
3

41.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[80]

42.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[81]

43.

 Romania
Cat Music[82]

44.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[83]

45.

 Poland
SA Wardega[84]

46.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[85]

47.

 Denmark
LEGO[86]

48.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[87]

49.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[88]

50.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[89]
2

51.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[90]

52.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[91]

53.

 Egypt
Albernameg[92]

54.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[93]

55.

 Taiwan
TGOP這群人[94]

56.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[95]

57.

  Switzerland
Typhoon Cinema[96]
1

58.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[97]

59.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[98]

60.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[99]

61.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[100]

62.

 China
Hunan Television[101]

63.

 Dominican Republic
El Show de Carlos Durán[102]

64.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[103]

65.

 Slovakia
GoGoManTV[104]

66.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[105]

67.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[106]

68.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[107]

69.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[108]

70.

 Costa Rica
Lonrot[109]

71.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[110]

72.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[111]

73.

 Lebanon
Elissa[112]

74.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[113]

75.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[114]

76.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[115]

77.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[116]

As of October 31, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 22, 2013
1,409
[117]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[118][119]

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 8, 2013
4
[117]

YouTube Spotlight[12]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[120]

PewDiePie[55]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Aug 15, 2013
80
[121]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[122][123]

Ray William Johnson[124]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[125][126]

nigahiga[25]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[127][128]

Fяᴇᴅ[129]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[130]

nigahiga[25]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[130]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[131]

lonelygirl15[132]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[133][134][135]

geriatric1927[136]
Peter Oakley
 UK
Aug 17, 2006
31
[137]

Brookers[138]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[139][140]

Judson Laipply[141]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[117][142]

Smosh[19]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[143]

As of October 31, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Oct 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[144] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[145]


document_title: United Nations Messengers of Peace

question_text: who is recently designated as the un messenger of peace

root

text: United Nations Messengers of Peace

text: Current messengers[edit]

text:
Michael Douglas - designated 1998
Jane Goodall - designated 2002
Yo-Yo Ma - designated 2006
Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein - designated 2007
Daniel Barenboim - designated 2007
Paulo Coelho - designated 2007
Midori Goto - designated 2007
Charlize Theron - designated 2008
Stevie Wonder - designated 2009
Edward Norton - designated 2010
Lang Lang - designated 2013
Leonardo DiCaprio - designated 2014
Scott Kelly - designated 2016[2]
Malala Yousafzai – designated 2017[3]

tag: ul

text: Former messengers[edit]

text:
Enrico Macias - designated 1997
Elie Wiesel - designated 1998
Muhammad Ali - designated 1998
Anna Cataldi - designated 1998
Luciano Pavarotti - designated 1998
Vijay Amritraj - designated 2001
Wynton Marsalis - designated 2001
George Clooney - designated 2008
Wangari Maathai - designated 2009


document_title: Observational error

question_text: errors that consistently cause measurement value to be too large or too small

text: Observational error

text: Science and experiments[edit]

text: When either randomness or uncertainty modeled by probability theory is attributed to such errors, they are "errors" in the sense in which that term is used in statistics; see errors and residuals in statistics.

tag: p

text: Every time we repeat a measurement with a sensitive instrument, we obtain slightly different results. The common statistical model used is that the error has two additive parts:

text:
systematic error which always occurs, with the same value, when we use the instrument in the same way and in the same case, and
random error which may vary from observation to another.

tag: ol

text: Systematic error is sometimes called statistical bias. It may often be reduced with standardized procedures. Part of the learning process in the various sciences is learning how to use standard instruments and protocols so as to minimize systematic error.

text: Random error (or random variation) is due to factors which cannot or will not be controlled. Some possible reason to forgo controlling for these random errors is because it may be too expensive to control them each time the experiment is conducted or the measurements are made. Other reasons may be that whatever we are trying to measure is changing in time (see dynamic models), or is fundamentally probabilistic (as is the case in quantum mechanics — see Measurement in quantum mechanics). Random error often occurs when instruments are pushed to the extremes of their operating limits. For example, it is common for digital balances to exhibit random error in their least significant digit. Three measurements of a single object might read something like 0.9111g, 0.9110g, and 0.9112g.

text: Random errors versus systematic errors[edit]

text: Measurement errors can be divided into two components: random error and systematic error.[2]

text: Random error is always present in a measurement. It is caused by inherently unpredictable fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus or in the experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading. Random errors show up as different results for ostensibly the same repeated measurement. They can be estimated by comparing multiple measurements, and reduced by averaging multiple measurements.

text: Systematic error, however, is predictable and typically constant or proportional to the true value. If the cause of the systematic error can be identified, then it usually can be eliminated. Systematic errors are caused by imperfect calibration of measurement instruments or imperfect methods of observation, or interference of the environment with the measurement process, and always affect the results of an experiment in a predictable direction. Incorrect zeroing of an instrument leading to a zero error is an example of systematic error in instrumentation.

text:
The Performance Test Standard PTC 19.1-2005 “Test Uncertainty”, published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), discusses systematic and random errors in considerable detail. In fact, it conceptualizes its basic uncertainty categories in these terms.
Random error can be caused by unpredictable fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus, or in the experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading; these fluctuations may be in part due to interference of the environment with the measurement process. The concept of random error is closely related to the concept of precision. The higher the precision of a measurement instrument, the smaller the variability (standard deviation) of the fluctuations in its readings.

text: Sources of systematic error[edit]

text: Imperfect calibration[edit]

text: Sources of systematic error may be imperfect calibration of measurement instruments (zero error), changes in the environment which interfere with the measurement process and sometimes imperfect methods of observation can be either zero error or percentage error. If you consider an experimenter taking a reading of the time period of a pendulum swinging past a fiducial marker:  If their stop-watch or timer starts with 1 second on the clock then all of their results will be off by 1 second (zero error). If the experimenter repeats this experiment twenty times (starting at 1 second each time), then there will be a percentage error in the calculated average of their results; the final result will be slightly larger than the true period.

text: Distance measured by radar will be systematically overestimated if the slight slowing down of the waves in air is not accounted for. Incorrect zeroing of an instrument leading to a zero error is an example of systematic error in instrumentation.

text: Systematic errors may also be present in the result of an estimate based upon a mathematical model or physical law. For instance, the estimated oscillation frequency of a pendulum will be systematically in error if slight movement of the support is not accounted for.

text: Quantity[edit]

text: Systematic errors can be either constant, or related (e.g. proportional or a percentage) to the actual value of the measured quantity, or even to the value of a different quantity (the reading of a ruler can be affected by environmental temperature). When it is constant, it is simply due to incorrect zeroing of the instrument. When it is not constant, it can change its sign. For instance, if a thermometer is affected by a proportional systematic error equal to 2% of the actual temperature, and the actual temperature is 200°, 0°, or −100°, the measured temperature will be 204° (systematic error = +4°), 0° (null systematic error) or −102° (systematic error = −2°), respectively. Thus, the temperature will be overestimated when it will be above zero, and underestimated when it will be below zero.

text: Drift[edit]

text: Systematic errors which change during an experiment (drift) are easier to detect. Measurements indicate trends with time rather than varying randomly about a mean. Drift is evident if a measurement of a constant quantity is repeated several times and the measurements drift one way during the experiment. If the next measurement is higher than the previous measurement as may occur if an instrument becomes warmer during the experiment then the measured quantity is variable and it is possible to detect a drift by checking the zero reading during the experiment as well as at the start of the experiment (indeed, the zero reading is a measurement of a constant quantity). If the zero reading is consistently above or below zero, a systematic error is present. If this cannot be eliminated, potentially by resetting the instrument immediately before the experiment then it needs to be allowed by subtracting its (possibly time-varying) value from the readings, and by taking it into account while assessing the accuracy of the measurement.

text: If no pattern in a series of repeated measurements is evident, the presence of fixed systematic errors can only be found if the measurements are checked, either by measuring a known quantity or by comparing the readings with readings made using a different apparatus, known to be more accurate. For example, if you think of the timing of a pendulum using an accurate stopwatch several times you are given readings randomly distributed about the mean. A systematic error is present if the stopwatch is checked against the 'speaking clock' of the telephone system and found to be running slow or fast. Clearly, the pendulum timings need to be corrected according to how fast or slow the stopwatch was found to be running.

text: Measuring instruments such as ammeters and voltmeters need to be checked periodically against known standards.

text: Systematic errors can also be detected by measuring already known quantities. For example, a spectrometer fitted with a diffraction grating may be checked by using it to measure the wavelength of the D-lines of the sodium electromagnetic spectrum which are at 600 nm and 589.6 nm. The measurements may be used to determine the number of lines per millimetre of the diffraction grating, which can then be used to measure the wavelength of any other spectral line.

text: Constant systematic errors are very difficult to deal with as their effects are only observable if they can be removed. Such errors cannot be removed by repeating measurements or averaging large numbers of results. A common method to remove systematic error is through calibration of the measurement instrument.

text: Sources of random error[edit]

text: The random or stochastic error in a measurement is the error that is random from one measurement to the next. Stochastic errors tend to be normally distributed when the stochastic error is the sum of many independent random errors because of the central limit theorem. Stochastic errors added to a regression equation account for the variation in Y that cannot be explained by the included Xs.

text: Surveys[edit]

text: The term "observational error" is also sometimes used to refer to response errors and some other types of non-sampling error.[1] In survey-type situations, these errors can be mistakes in the collection of data, including both the incorrect recording of a response and the correct recording of a respondent's inaccurate response. These sources of non-sampling error are discussed in Salant and Dillman (1995)[5] and Bland and Altman (1996).[6]

text: These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are caused by unintended mistakes by respondents, interviewers and/or coders. Systematic error can occur if there is a systematic reaction of the respondents to the method used to formulate the survey question. Thus, the exact formulation of a survey question is crucial, since it affects the level of measurement error ([7]). Different tools are available for the researchers to help them decide about this exact formulation of their questions, for instance estimating the quality of a question using MTMM experiments or predicting this quality using the Survey Quality Predictor software (SQP). This information about the quality can also be used in order to correct for measurement error ([8][9])

text: Effect on regression analysis[edit]

text: If the dependent variable in a regression is measured with error, regression analysis and associated hypothesis testing are unaffected, except that the R2 will be lower than it would be with perfect measurement.

text: However, if one or more independent variables is measured with error, then the regression coefficients and standard hypothesis tests are invalid.[10]:p. 187


document_title: Elizabeth McCord (character)

question_text: who plays elizabeth mccord's brother on madam secretary

question_tokens: who plays elizabeth mccord 's brother on madam secretary

text: Elizabeth McCord (character)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born in Virginia, Elizabeth attended Houghton Hall Boarding School, where she was co-captain of the debate team alongside Bahrainian Crown Prince Yousif Obaid (Aasif Mandvi).[1] She attended the University of Virginia, and one of her professors was future Chief Justice of the United States Frawley (Morgan Freeman).[2] It was also where she met her future husband.[3]

text: In 1990, Elizabeth married Henry McCord (Tim Daly). They have two daughters, Stephanie "Stevie" (Wallis Currie-Wood) and Alison (Kathrine Herzer), and a son, Jason (Evan Roe). She also has a brother, Dr. Will Adams (Eric Stoltz), who is married to Sophie Adams, and with whom he has a 5-year-old daughter, Annie;[4] both of her parents died when she was young, in a car accident.[3] She speaks fluent French, German, Arabic, Persian and "a year of high school Spanish".[5]

text: Career[edit]

text: Elizabeth worked for the CIA as an analyst for 20 years until she resigned from her position due to an ethical dilemma, just as she was being considered for promotion to Station Chief, Baghdad.[6] She then taught at the University of Virginia as a Political Science Professor. After the death of Vincent Marsh (Brian Stokes Mitchell) in a plane crash, President Conrad Dalton (Keith Carradine) (her former mentor at the CIA) asked her to be the US Secretary of State. Not a natural politician, Elizabeth frequently clashes with the White House Chief of Staff Russell Jackson (Željko Ivanek).[5]

text: As the Secretary of State, her first year in office was spent investigating her predecessor's death.

text: In "Tamerlane", Elizabeth is in the home of Iranian Foreign Minister Zahed Javani (Usman Ally) when a coup d'état orchestrated by Secretary Marsh, CIA Director Andrew Munsey, and CIA analyst Juliet Humphrey, is attempted; during the attack, both Minister Javani and her personal bodyguard, DS Agent Fred Cole, were killed.[7] In the aftermath, Elizabeth was left with some post-traumatic stress and has been seeing Russell Jackson's personal therapist.[8]

text: In "The Show Must Go On", during a communications blackout on Air Force One with both the President and the Speaker of the House on board, and with the Vice President in surgery and President pro tempore of the Senate found to be incompetent after a series of mini-strokes earlier in the year, Elizabeth is sworn in as Acting President for a number of hours.[2]

text: In "You Say You Want a Revolution", Elizabeth and her Cuban counterpart are instrumental in the restoration of Cuba–United States relations, including the opening of the Cuban embassy in Washington and the U.S. embassy in Havana and the repeal of the embargo against Cuba. This has been viewed as a significant milestone in the Dalton presidency.[9]

text: During the first half of the second season, Elizabeth was instrumental in preventing a potential United States-Russia War (which ultimately was believed to escalate into World War III).

text: In "Vartius", due to the failing health and impending resignation of Mark Delgado (Alex Fernandez), President Dalton offered the position of Vice President of the United States to Elizabeth.[10] She initially accepted, but when President Dalton lost his party's primary, she advised him to run as an independent candidate and ask a popular senator from Pennsylvania to be his Vice President instead, as winning Pennsylvania would increase his chances of ensuring neither major party candidate would achieve a majority in the Electoral College.

text: Staff[edit]

text: With the exception of her personal assistant, Blake Moran (Erich Bergen), Elizabeth inherited her entire senior staff from her predecessor, Vincent Marsh.

text: Her personal staff consists of:

text:
Nadine Tolliver (Bebe Neuwirth) – Chief of staff (Ret. 2017)
Jay Whitman (Sebastian Arcelus) – Policy advisor (2014–2017); Chief of staff (2017–Present)
Daisy Grant (Patina Miller) – Press secretary
Matt Mahoney (Geoffrey Arend) – Speechwriter
Blake Moran (Erich Bergen) – Personal assistant

text: In "Blame Canada", she fired Allen Bollings (John Finn), the chief negotiator responsible for peace talks with Iran for threatening military action rather than the trade ban relaxations she authorized, and then lying to herself and the President about it.[11]

text: Starting in "Whisper of the Ax", Elizabeth recruited veteran political operative Michael "Mike B." Barnow (Kevin Rahm) as a special advisor to help her politically strategize; another politician once referred to Mike B. as her "personal hatchet man".[12][13]

text: In "The Essentials", Nadine retires from the State Department upon learning that she's about to become a grandmother in order to spend time with her family in San Francisco.[14] After her departure, Elizabeth names Jay her new Chief of Staff.[15]


document_title: Exploration of North America

question_text: who was the first european to reach america

text: Exploration of North America

text: Pre-Columbian exploration[edit]

text: According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Norse sailors (often called Vikings) from Iceland first settled Greenland in the 980s. Erik the Red explored and settled southwestern Greenland, which he named to entice potential Icelandic settlers, eventually establishing the Eastern and Western Settlements, which were abandoned around 1350.

text: L'Anse aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, and a second site in southwestern Newfoundland, are the only known sites of a Norse village in North America outside of Greenland. These sites are notable for their possible connections with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson in 1003.

text: Age of Discovery and the search for the Northwest Passage[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

European colonization
of the Americas

First wave of European colonization
British
Couronian
Danish
Dutch
French
German
Hospitaller (Maltese)
Norse
Portuguese
Russian
Scottish
Spanish
Swedish
Colonization of Canada
Colonization of the United States
Decolonization

 Colonialism portal

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas as a whole, until the first decades following the year 1492. Many expeditions were launched from European nations in search of a Northwest Passage to East Asia (or "the Indies" as the region was called) in order to establish a shorter trade route to China than the Silk Road, a trade route which had become desperately needed and yet exacerbated by the Fall of Constantinople. Also, the Castilian crown needed an alternative to the Portuguese controlled eastern maritime trade route around Africa to India and East Asia.

text: On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the Port of Palos de la Frontera in the Province of Huelva, from the newly los Reyes Católicos coordinated Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, in present-day Spain, financed by Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World.

text: Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500.

text: In 1499 João Fernandes Lavrador was licensed by the King of Manuel I of Portugal and together with Pêro de Barcelos they reached Greenland and sighted Labrador for the first time since Leif Erikson, which was granted and named after Lavrador. After returning he possibly went to Bristol to sail in the name of England.[1] Nearly at the same time, between 1499 and 1502 the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explored and named the coasts of Greenland, Labrador and also Newfoundland, naming "Terra Verde" the explored North American coasts.[2] Both explorations were signaled in 1502 Cantino planisphere.

text: It was soon understood that Columbus had not reached Asia, but rather found what was to Europeans a New World, which in 1507 was named "America", probably after Amerigo Vespucci, on the Waldseemüller map.

text: Further nautical explorations[edit]

text: In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral was sent by Portugal to explore South America. He is considered to be the discoverer of Brazil.

text: Aragon King Ferdinand II sent Juan Ponce de León from the fledgling colony on Hispaniola to verify rumors of undiscovered land to the northwest. On April 2, 1513, Ponce de León disembarked on the northeast coast of what he named Florida for the crown. The exact location is disputed, but historians have offered the possibilities of St. Augustine, Ponce de León Inlet, and Melbourne Beach. He encountered the powerful Gulf Stream and found a passage through the Florida Keys to land on the southwestern Gulf Coast of Florida on the Gulf of Mexico. Again, the exact location is disputed.[3] While it is true that Columbus visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1493, Ponce de Leon was the first known European to reach the present-day United States (mainland).[4]

text: On September 25, 1513, Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean once he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. He claimed all the territory touching it for the Crown, later to affect colonization of Las Californias.

text: Around 1519-1521, Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador and Nova Scotia, with a mission to create colonies.

text: In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for King Francis I of France and is known as the first European since the Norse to explore the Atlantic coast of North America. Arriving near the Cape Fear River delta, he explored the coastlines of present-day states of South Carolina and North Carolina, entering the Pamlico Sound, and bypassing entrances to the Chesapeake Bay. Believing the New York Harbor to be a lake, he sailed past Long Island, exploring Narragansett Bay and Newfoundland.

text: In 1524-1525, Portuguese explorer Estevão Gomes, on behalf of Charles I of Spain, explored present-day Nova Scotia sailing South along the Maine coast. Gomes entered New York Harbor and saw the Hudson River(which he named the "San Antonio River"). Because of his expedition, the 1529 Diogo Ribeiro world map outlines the East coast of North America almost perfectly.

text: In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula, on the Gulf Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claimed the land in the name of Francis I. In 1535 Cartier explored the St. Lawrence river and also claimed the region for France.

text: After two failed attempts to reach East Asia by circumnavigating Siberia, Henry Hudson sailed west in 1609 under the Dutch East India Company. He, too, passed Cape Cod, Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware Bay, instead sailing up the Hudson River on September 11, 1609 in search of a fabled connection to the Pacific via what was actually the Great Lakes. In Hudson's fourth and final voyage, he discovered, mapped, and explored the Hudson Strait, Hudson Bay and James Bay.

text: Other major sea-based explorers were Captain James Cook, George Vancouver, and Charles Wilkes.

text: Overland exploration of the West[edit]

text: 16th to 17th centuries[edit]

text: There were numerous Spanish explorers and conquistadors who explored the Southwest of North America (including present-day west and central United States) and cross the continent (east to west) in its southern regions, mainly from the second quarter to the middle of the 16th century, such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, but also the North American Southeast and south-central regions, s Soto]].

text: In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France. He took personal administration over the city and its affairs, and sent out expeditions to explore the interior. Champlain himself discovered Lake Champlain in 1609. By 1615, he had travelled by canoe up the Ottawa River through Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the centre of Huron country near Lake Simcoe. During these voyages, Champlain aided the Wendat (aka 'Hurons') in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts.

text: From 1679 to 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, and the entire course of Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.

text: From 1697 to 1702 Eusebio Kino explored the Sonoran Desert and on his journey to the Colorado River Delta discovered an overland route to Baja California that was then commonly believed to be an island. In 1683 Kino lead the first European overland crossing of Baja California.

text: European exploration of western Canada was largely motivated by the fur trade and the search for the elusive Northwest Passage. Hudson's Bay Company explorer Henry Kelsey has the distinction of being the first European to see the northern Great Plains in 1690.

text: 18th century[edit]

text: Anthony Henday was the first to have seen the Rocky Mountains, in 1754, but curiously did not mention it in his journals. From his westernmost geographic position (roughly near the town of Olds, Alberta, halfway between Calgary and Red Deer, Alberta) the Rockies should have been quite conspicuous, but he was likely trying to disguise the disappointing fact that an unknown range of seemingly impassible mountains now stood between the HBC and the Pacific. Samuel Hearne found the Coppermine River in 1769-71 in his failed search for copper ore deposits. Burned by these shortfalls, the HBC largely quit exploration.

text: The North West Company, on the other hand, used a business model that required constant expansion into untapped areas. Under the auspices of the NWC, Alexander Mackenzie discovered the Mackenzie River in 1789 and was the first European to reach the North-American Pacific overland, via the Bella Coola River, in 1793. Simon Fraser reached the Pacific in 1808 via the Fraser River.

text: David Thompson, widely regarded as the greatest land geographer that ever lived, traveled over 90,000 km during his lifetime. In 1797, Thompson was sent south by his employers to survey part of the Canada-U.S. boundary along the water routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods to satisfy unresolved questions of territory arising from the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. By 1798 Thompson had completed a survey of 6,750 km (4,190 mi) from Grand Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, as well as two sides of Lake Superior.[5] In 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake (in present-day Alberta) to establish a trading post. The English translation of Lac La Biche-Red Deer Lake-first appeared on the Mackenzie map of 1793.[6] Thompson spent the next few seasons trading based in Fort George (now in Alberta), and during this time led several expeditions into the Rocky Mountains. In 1811/1812 he followed the Columbia River to the Pacific, and in 1814 used his notes and measurements to draft the first European-style map of western Canada, covering 3.9 million square kilometres.

text: 19th century to present[edit]

text: Lewis and Clark were the first Americans to venture into the newly acquired territory of the Louisiana Purchase, at the order of President Thomas Jefferson. They discovered many new geographical features, Indian tribes, and animal and plant species. John Colter was a member of the expedition who subsequently became a guide for others in the 'Old West,' and did some explorations of his own.

text: John C. Frémont led many important explorations in the Great Plains, Great Basin, Oregon territory, and Mexican Alta California.

text: Joseph Reddeford Walker was one of the most prominent of the explorers, and charted many new paths through the West, which often were then utilized by emigrants crossing to settle in Western towns and communities. In 1833, his exploring party discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, ascending the Sierra Nevada following the Carson River and descending via Stanislaus River drainages to Monterey. His return route across the southern Sierra was via Walker Pass, named after Walker by John Charles Fremont. The approach of the Sierra via the Carson River route later became known as the California Trail, the primary route for the emigrants to the gold fields during the California gold rush.

text: As the American population of the West increased, the US government launched ongoing official explorations mainly through the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. One of the main officers and explorers in this unit was George Wheeler. In 1872, the US Congress authorized an ambitious plan to map the portion of the United States west of the 100th meridian at a scale of 8 miles to the inch. This plan necessitated what became known as the Wheeler Survey, along with the Clarence King and John Wesley Powell Surveys, and expeditions by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden. In 1879, all such efforts were reorganized as the United States Geological Survey.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Maps of the New World

Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, depicts the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas.

The Vinland map surfaced in 1965 and is claimed, though widely discredited, to be a 15th-century map depicting the Norse colony of Vinland.


document_title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

question_text: who played the mom in the original parent trap

text: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, which leads to the camp dance being crashed by their mischief. As punishment, they must live together in the isolated "Serendipity" cabin (and eat together at an "isolation table") for the remainder of their time at summer camp. After finding out that they both come from single parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitch (Brian Keith) and Maggie (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, switch places. They drill each other on the other's behavior and lives, and Susan cuts Sharon's hair into the same style as hers. While Susan is in Boston, Massachusetts masquerading as Sharon, Sharon goes to Carmel, California pretending to be Susan.

text: Sharon telephones Susan in Boston with news that their father is planning to remarry, and that their mother needs to be rushed to California to stop the wedding. In Boston, Susan reveals to her mother the truth about the switched identities and the two fly to California.

text: In California, the twins (with mild approval from their mother) scheme to sabotage their father's marriage plans. Mitch's money-hungry - and much younger - fiancée Vicky Robinson (Joanna Barnes) receives rude, mischievous treatment from the girls and some veiled cattiness from Maggie. One evening, the girls recreate their parents' first date at an Italian restaurant with a gypsy violinist. The former spouses are gradually drawn together, though they quickly begin bickering over minor things and Vicky.

text: To delay Maggie's return to Boston with Sharon, the twins dress and talk alike so their parents are unable to tell them apart. They will reveal who is who only after returning from the annual family camping trip. Mitch and Maggie reluctantly agree, but when Vicky discovers and consequently objects to the plan of them spending alone time together in the woods, Maggie tricks her into taking her place instead (knowing full well that she's not made for 'the great outdoors', which might very well prove her undoing). The girls effect the coup de grâce; Vicky spends her time swatting mosquitoes (being tricked by the girls to use sugared water instead of mosquito repellent) and being awakened in terror by two bear cubs licking honey off her feet which the twins had previously placed there. Exasperated, Vicky finally has a shouting tantrum destroying everything in her path and culminating in angrily slapping one of the girls, leaving Mitch with a whole new-found view of her. When she runs off to escape back to the city in a great huff, Mitch seems none too worried to be rid of her. When Mitch and the girls return from the trip, Maggie greets them with a sumptuous home-cooked meal, and Mitch is immediately reminded and recaptured by her charms. They are soon reminiscing about their past and Mitch admits that he's missed her dearly which leads to them embracing with a kiss. They admit to each other that neither want nor need grow old alone, which is slowly creeping up on them; they have no more time to lose. With this they rekindle their love, and the two remarry in the final scene, with the twins, members of the wedding party, elated their plan worked out exactly as they'd hoped.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hayley Mills as Sharon McKendrick/Susan Evers
Brian Keith as Mitch Evers
Maureen O'Hara as Maggie McKendrick
Joanna Barnes as Vicky Robinson
Charlie Ruggles as Charles McKendrick
Cathleen Nesbitt as Louise McKendrick
Una Merkel as Verbena
Leo G. Carroll as Reverend Dr. Mosby
Linda Watkins as Edna Robinson
Ruth McDevitt as Miss Abbey Inch
Crahan Denton as Hecky
Nancy Kulp as Miss Grunecker
Susan Henning as Susan/Sharon double

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The film originally called for only a few trick photography shots of Hayley Mills in scenes with herself; the bulk of the film was to be shot using a body double. The film used Disney's proprietary sodium vapor process for compositing rather than the usual chroma key technique. When Walt Disney saw how seamless the processed shots were, he ordered the script reconfigured to include more of the special effect. Disney also wanted Mills to appear on camera as much as possible, knowing that she was having growth spurts during filming.

text: The film was shot mostly at various locales in California. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Bluff Lake Camp (then owned by the Pasadena YMCA, now by Habonim Dror's Camp Gilboa) and the family camping scenes later in the movie at Cedar Lake Camp, both in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's 5,200 acres (21 km2) ranch in Carmel and Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at the studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built.[5] It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design.[6] In fact, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Richard and Robert Sherman provided the songs, which, besides the title song "The Parent Trap", includes "For Now, For Always", and "Let's Get Together". "Let's Get Together" (sung by Annette Funicello) is heard playing from a record player at the summer camp; the tune is reprised by the twins when they restage their parents' first date and that version is sung double-tracked by Hayley Mills. (Hayley's own single of the song, credited to "Hayley Mills and Hayley Mills," reached #8 on the US charts.) The film's title song was performed by Tommy Sands and Annette Funicello, who were both on the studio lot shooting Babes in Toyland at the time.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: one for Sound by Robert O. Cook, and the other for Film Editing by Philip W. Anderson.[7] The film and its editor, Philip W. Anderson, won the inaugural 1962 Eddie Award of the American Cinema Editors. [8]

text: Subsequent developments[edit]

text: In 1961 a comic book version of the film was published, adapted and illustrated by Dan Spiegle.[9][10]

text: The film was theatrically re-released in 1968 and earned $1.8 million in rentals.[11]

text: The Disney Studios produced three television sequels The Parent Trap II (1986), Parent Trap III (1989) and Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon (1989). The original was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan, Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson.

text: In India, there have been several films inspired by The Parent Trap. In 1965, a Tamil language version of the story called Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum, starring Kutty Padmini was released. The following year, it was remade into Telugu as Leta Manasulu also starring Kutty Padmini. A Hindi version Do Kaliyaan starring Neetu Singh in the double role was made in 1968.[12] The 1987 film Pyar Ke Kabil also has a similar storyline, as does the 2001 film Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi which has Kajol playing the double role of 23-year-old twins.[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on a 2-disc special edition DVD in 2005.


document_title: New Brunswick

question_text: where did the name new brunswick come from

question_tokens: where did the name new brunswick come from

text: New Brunswick

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-history[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples have been present in the area since about 7000 BC. At the time of European contact, inhabitants were the Mi'kmaq, the Maliseet, and the Passamaquoddy. Although these tribes did not leave a written record, their language is present in many placenames, such as Aroostook, Bouctouche, Petitcodiac, Quispamsis, and Shediac.

text: New Brunswick may have been part of Vinland, the area explored by Vikings, and the Bay of Fundy may have been visited in the early 1500s by Basque, Breton, and Norman fishermen.[8]

text: French colony[edit]

text: The first documented European visits were by Jacques Cartier in 1534. A party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain visited the mouth of the Saint John River on the eponymous Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day in 1604. Now Saint John, this was later the site of the first permanent European settlement in New Brunswick.[8] French settlement extended up the river to the site of present-day Fredericton.

text: Other settlements in the southeast extended from Beaubassin, near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, and extending to Baie Verte, and up the Petitcodiac, Memramcook, and Shepody Rivers.[9]

text: By the early 1700s the area that is now New Brunswick was part of the French colony of Acadia, which was in turn part of New France. Acadia comprised most of what is now the Maritimes, as well as parts of Québec and Maine. The peace and prosperity of the colony was ended by rivalry between Britain and France for control of territory in Europe and North America starting in the early 1700s. With the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, the part of Acadia today known as peninsular Nova Scotia became another British colony on the eastern seaboard. Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) remained French. The ownership of New Brunswick was disputed, with an informal border on the Isthmus of Chignecto.

text: To defend the area, the French built Fort Nashwaak, Fort Boishebert, Fort Menagoueche in Bay of Fundy, and in the southeast Fort Gaspareaux and Fort Beauséjour. The latter was captured by British and New England troops in 1755, followed soon after by the Expulsion of the Acadians.

text: British colony[edit]

text: Present-day New Brunswick became part of the colony of Nova Scotia. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, and Acadians returning from exile discovered several thousand immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands. Some settled around Memramcook and along the Saint John River.[10]

text: Settlement was initially slow. Pennsylvanian immigrants founded Moncton in 1766. An American settlement also developed at Saint John, and English settlers from Yorkshire arrived in the Sackville area.

text: After the American Revolution, about 10,000 loyalist refugees settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy,[11] commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope restored"). In 1784 New Brunswick was partitioned from Nova Scotia, and that year saw its first elected assembly.[12] The colony was named New Brunswick in honour of George III, King of Great Britain, King of Ireland, and prince-elector of the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg in what is now Germany.[13] In 1785 Saint John became Canada's first incorporated city.[14]

text: Although New Brunswick has limited arable land, the 1800s saw an age of prosperity based on wood export and shipbuilding,[14] bolstered by The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 and demand from the American Civil War. St. Martins became the third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes, producing over 500 vessels.[15]

text: The first half of the 1800s saw large-scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland, with the population reaching 252,047 by 1861.

text: In 1848, responsible home government was granted[12] and the 1850s saw the emergence of political parties largely organised along religious and ethnic lines.[14]

text: Confederation[edit]

text: The notion of unifying the separate colonies of British North America was discussed increasingly in the 1860s. Many felt that the American Civil war was the result of weak central government, and wished to avoid such violence and chaos.[16] The 1864 Charlottetown Conference had been intended to discuss a Maritime Union, but concerns over possible conquest by the Americans coupled with a belief that Britain was unwilling to defend its colonies against American attack led to a request from the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) to expand the scope of the meeting. In 1866 the US cancelled the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty leading to loss of trade with New England and prompting a desire to build trade within British North America,[17] while Fenian raids increased support for union.[18]

text: On 1 July 1867 New Brunswick entered the Canadian Confederation along with Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario.

text: Modern New Brunswick[edit]

text: Confederation brought into existence the Intercolonial Railway in 1872, a consolidation of the existing Nova Scotia Railway, European and North American Railway, and Grand Trunk Railway. In 1879 John A. Macdonald's Conservatives enacted the National Policy which called for high tariffs and opposed free trade, disrupting the trading relationship between the Maritimes and New England. The economic situation was worsened by the decline of the wooden ship building industry. The railways and tariffs did foster the growth of new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron mills, and sugar refineries,[10] many of which eventually failed to compete with better capitalized industry in central Canada.

text: In 1937 New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada.[19] At the end of the Great Depression the New Brunswick standard of living was much below the Canadian average. In 1940 the Rowell–Sirois Commission reported that federal government attempts to manage the depression illustrated grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of the revenue gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of equalization payments, implemented in 1957.

text: The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931.[20] Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In 1960 Premier Louis Robichaud embarked on the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program, in which education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system.

text: The flag of New Brunswick, based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the time the coat of arms was assigned.[21]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by Quebec, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Bay of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of Maine. The southeast corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the isthmus of Chignecto.

text: Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement, but are home to enormous forests.[22]

text: Topography[edit]

text: New Brunswick is within the Appalachian Mountains and is divided into:[23]

text:
The Chaleur Uplands, extending from Maine to the north of the province and drained by the Saint John and Restigouche rivers.
The Notre Dame Mountains in the northwest corner, where elevation varies from 150 to 610m, there are many small lakes and steep slopes.
The New Brunswick Highlands, which includes the Caledonia, St. Croix, and Miramichi Highlands.
The Lowlands in the central and eastern parts. This low-lying area is mostly under 100m above sea level, and altitudes rarely exceed 180m.

text: All of the rivers of New Brunswick drain either into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the east, or into the Bay of Fundy to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.[23]

text: During the glacial period New Brunswick was covered by thick layers of ice. It cut U-shaped valleys in the Saint John and Nepisiguit River valleys, and pushed granite boulders from the Mirimachi highlands south and east, leaving them as erratics when the ice receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation, along with deposits such as the eskers between Woodstock and St George, today sources of sand and gravel.

text: Flora & fauna[edit]

text: Most of New Brunswick[23] is forested, nearly all tertiary or secondary forest. Some boreal forest exists in the uplands of the extreme of the province, and in the central highlands. This area is characterized by spruce and fir. Most of the forest is Acadian forest. Hillsides are dominated by hardwoods like yellow birch, beech, and sugar maple, while moister soils are dominated by red spruce and other conifers. Red spruce and tamarack are often subjected to outbreaks of spruce budworm, and over 3,600,000 hectares were sprayed at least once between 1952 and 1967.

text: Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as the bobcat, Canada lynx, and black bear, and the large herbivores moose and white-tailed deer.

text: Fiddlehead greens are harvested from the Ostrich fern which grows on riverbanks.

text: Furbish's lousewort a perennial herb endemic to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an endangered species threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.[24] Many wetlands are being disrupted by the highly invasive Introduced species purple loosestrife.[25]

text: Climate[edit]

text: New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a humid continental climate, with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a subarctic climate.

text: Fredericton 1981–2010[edit]

text: Below is data for Fredericton from 1981 to 2010. The climate if similar across the province, although places near the coast are slightly cooler in July (Saint John's maximum 22 to Fredericton's 25) and milder in January (Saint John's minimum −2 to Fredericton's −4).

text: On average Fredericton gets 130 frost free days from 18 May to 24 September.[26]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Fredericton 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
−3.8
(25.2)
−2
(28)
3.0
(37.4)
10.0
(50)
17.6
(63.7)
22.7
(72.9)
25.5
(77.9)
24.8
(76.6)
20.0
(68)
13.2
(55.8)
6.0
(42.8)
−0.7
(30.7)
11.4
(52.4)

Daily mean °C (°F)
−9.4
(15.1)
−7.9
(17.8)
−2.4
(27.7)
4.5
(40.1)
11.1
(52)
16.2
(61.2)
19.3
(66.7)
18.4
(65.1)
13.6
(56.5)
7.5
(45.5)
1.5
(34.7)
−5.7
(21.7)
5.6
(42)

Average low °C (°F)
−15
(5)
−13.7
(7.3)
−7.8
(18)
−1
(30)
4.6
(40.3)
9.7
(49.5)
9.7
(49.5)
12.1
(53.8)
7.1
(44.8)
1.6
(34.9)
−3
(27)
−10.7
(12.7)
−0.5
(31.1)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
95.3
(3.752)
73.1
(2.878)
93.2
(3.669)
85.9
(3.382)
96.2
(3.787)
82.4
(3.244)
88.3
(3.476)
85.6
(3.37)
87.5
(3.445)
89.1
(3.508)
106.3
(4.185)
94.9
(3.736)
1,077.8
(42.432)

Average snowfall cm (inches)
69.9
(27.52)
47.5
(18.7)
49.4
(19.45)
18.6
(7.32)
1.4
(0.55)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.8
(0.31)
14.3
(5.63)
50.5
(19.88)
252.4
(99.36)

Source: Environment and Natural Resources Canada

text: Climate change[edit]

text: Evidence of climate change in New Brunswick includes: more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter thaws, and one quarter to half the amount of snowpack.[27]

text: Today the sea level is about 30 cm higher than it was 100 years ago, and is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.[27]

text: Geology[edit]

text: Bedrock types range from 1 billion to 200 million years old.[28] Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the Ordovician, which were then subject to folding and igneous intrusion, and were eventually covered with lava during the Paleozoic, peaking during the Acadian orogeny.[10]

text: During the Carboniferous era, about 340 million years ago, New Brunswick was in the Maritimes Basin, a sedimentary basin near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there and after being compressed, producing the Albert oil shales of southern New Brunswick. Eventually sea water from the Panthalassic Ocean invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, conglomerates, sandstones, and shales accumulated. The rust colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.[29] Such late carboniferous rock formed the Hopewell Rocks, which have been shaped by the extreme tidal range of the Bay of Fundy.

text: In the early Triassic, as Pangea drifted north it was rent apart, forming the rift valley that is the Bay of Fundy. Magma pushed up through the cracks, forming basalt columns on Grand Manan.[30]

text: People[edit]

text: New Brunswick is the eighth-most populous province in Canada with 751,171 residents as of the Canada 2011 Census.

text: The urban-rural split has been, since 1951, roughly even, whereas previously the province had been largely rural.[31] Since 1971, the year in which the overall Canadian rural population fell below 25%, the province has been an outlier in this statistical category, along with the other Atlantic provinces.[32]

text: New Brunswick's 107 municipalities[33] cover 7000860000000000000♠8.6% of the province's land mass but are home to 7001653000000000000♠65.3% of its population. The three major urban areas are in the south of the province and are:

text:
Greater Saint John, population 122,389. One of the busiest shipping ports in Canada in terms of gross tonnage. It is the home of Canada's biggest oil refinery, a liquefied natural gas terminal, Moosehead, Canada's oldest independent brewery, and the headquarters of Irving Oil.
Greater Moncton, population 126,424. Moncton's economy is based on the transportation, distribution, retail and commercial sectors, with strengths in banking, insurance, healthcare and education. The Université de Moncton is the provincial francophone university.
Greater Fredericton (the provincial capital) population 85,688. The economy of Fredericton is tied to the governmental, military, and university sectors.

text: Ethnicity & language[edit]

text: In the 2001 census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were French Canadian or Acadian 31%, British Isles 60%, other European 7%, First Nations 3%, Asian Canadian 2%. There is also a significant Irish population in coastal areas such as Miramichi and Saint John where 33.6% of the Saint John residents reported in the census as being. Each person could choose more than one ethnicity.[34]

text: According to the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick,[35] making it the only officially bilingual province. Anglophone New Brunswickers make up roughly two-thirds of the population, with about one-third being Francophone. Recently there has been growth in the numbers of people reporting themselves as bilingual, with 34% reporting that they speak both English and French. This reflects a trend across Canada.[36]

text: Religion[edit]

text: In the 2011 census, 15 per cent of New Brunswickers declared themselves unaffiliated with any religion, while 84 per cent reported themselves as Christian,[10] of which 52% were Roman Catholic, 8% Baptist, 8% United Church of Canada, and 7% Anglican.

text: Economy[edit]

text: As of October 2017 seasonally-adjusted employment is 73,400 for the goods-producing sector, and 280,900 for the services-producing sector.[37]

text: Those in the goods producing industries are mostly employed in manufacturing or construction, while those in services work in social assistance, trades, and health care.

text: The US is the province's largest export market, accounting for 92% of a foreign trade valued in 2014 at almost $13 billion, with refined petroleum making up 63% of that, followed by seafood products, pulp, paper and sawmill products and non-metallic minerals (chiefly potash).

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: More than 13,000 New Brunswickers work in agriculture, shipping products worth over $1 billion, half of which is from crops, and half of that from potatoes, mostly in the Saint John River valley. McCain Foods is one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen potato products. Other products include apples, cranberries, and maple syrup.[38] New Brunswick was in 2015 the biggest producer of wild blueberries in Canada.[39]

text: The value of the livestock sector is about a quarter of a billion dollars, nearly half of which is dairy. Other sectors include poultry, fur, and goats, sheep, and pigs.

text: Fisheries[edit]

text: The value of exports, mostly to the United States, was $1.6 billion in 2016. About half of that came from lobster. Other products include salmon, crab, and herring.[40]

text: Forestry[edit]

text: About 83% of New Brunswick is forested. Historically important, it accounted for more than 80% of exports in the mid 1800s. By the end of the 1800s the industry, and shipbuilding, were declining due to external economic factors. The 1920s saw the development of a pulp and paper industry. In the mid-1960s, forestry practices changed from the controlled harvests of a commodity to the cultivation of the forests.[20]

text: The industry employs nearly 12,000, generating revenues around $437 million.[10]

text: Mining[edit]

text: Mining was historically unimportant in the province, but since the 1950s has grown and in 2012 was an estimated $1.1 billion. Mines in New Brunswick produce lead, zinc, copper, and potash.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: In 2015, spending on non-resident tourism in New Brunswick was $441 million, which provided $87 million in tax revenue.[41]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: The Department of Transportation and Infrastructure maintains government facilities and the province's highway network and ferries. The Trans-Canada Highway is not under federal jurisdiction, and traverses the province from Edmundston following the Saint John River Valley, through Fredericton, Moncton, and on to Nova Scotia and PEI.

text: Rail[edit]

text: Via Rail's Ocean service, which connects Montreal to Halifax, is currently the oldest continuously operated passenger route North America, with stops from west to east at Campbellton, Charlo, Jacquet River, Petit Rocher, Bathurst, Miramichi, Rogersville, Moncton, and Sackville.

text: Canadian National Railway operates freight services along the same route, as well as a subdivision from Moncton to Sain John.

text: The New Brunswick Southern Railway, a division of J. D. Irving Limited, together with its sister company Eastern Maine Railway form a continuous 305 km (190 mi) main line connecting Saint John and Brownville Junction, Maine.

text: Energy[edit]

text: Energy Capacity by source in NB

text: Publicly-owned NB Power operates 13 of New Brunswick's generating stations, deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW), hydro (889 MW), nuclear (660 MW), and coal (467 MW). There were 30 active natural gas production sites in 2012.[10]

text: Government[edit]

text: Under Canadian federalism, power is divided between federal and provincial governments. Among areas under federal jurisdiction are citizenship, foreign affairs, national defence, fisheries, criminal law, Indian policies, and many others. Provincial jurisdiction covers public lands, health, education, and local government, among other things. Jurisdiction is shared for immigration, pensions, agriculture, and welfare.[42]

text: The parliamentary system of government is modelled on the British Westminster system. Forty-nine representatives, nearly always members of political parties, are elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. The head of government is the Premier of New Brunswick, normally the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly. Governance is handled by the executive council (cabinet), with about 32 ministries.[43]

text: Ceremonial duties of the Monarchy in New Brunswick are mostly carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.

text: Under amendments to the province's Legislative Assembly Act in 2007, a provincial election is held every four years. The two main political parties are the New Brunswick Liberal Association and the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick.

text: Judiciary[edit]

text: The Court of Appeal of New Brunswick is the highest provincial court. It hears appeals from:

text:
The Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over family law and major criminal and civil cases, and is divided accordingly into two divisions: Family and Trial. It also hears administrative tribunals.[44]
The Probate Court of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over estates of deceased persons.
The Provincial Court of New Brunswick: nearly all cases involving the criminal code start here.

text: The system consists of eight Judicial Districts, loosely based on the counties.[45] The Chief Justice of New Brunswick serves at the apex of this court structure.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: Ninety-two per cent of the land in the province, inhabited by about 35% of the population, is under provincial administration and has no local, elected representation. The 51% of the province that is Crown land is administered by the Department of Energy and Resource Development.

text: Most of the province is administrated as a local service district (LSD), an unincorporated unit of local governance. As of 2017 there are 237 LSDs. Services, paid for by property taxes, include a variety of services such as fire protection, solid waste management, street lighting, and dog regulation. LSDs may elect advisory committees[46] and work with the Department of Local Government to recommend how to spend locally collected taxes.

text: In 2006 there were three rural communities. This is a relatively new entity, and to be created requires a population of 3,000 and a tax base of $200 million.[47]

text: In 2006 there were 101 municipalities.

text: Regional Service Commissions, which number 12, were introduced in 2013 to regulate regional planning and solid waste disposal, and provide a forum for discussion on a regional level of police and emergency services, climate change adaptation planning, and regional sport, recreational and cultural facilities. The commissions' administrative councils are populated by the mayors of each municipality or rural community within a region.[48]

text: Historically the province was divided into counties with elected governance, but this was abolished in 1966. These were subdivided into 152 parishes which also lost their political significance in 1966, but are still used as census subdivisions by Statistics Canada.

text: Provincial finances[edit]

text: New Brunswick has the most poorly-performing economy of any Canadian province, with a per capita income of $28,000.[49] The government has historically run at a large deficit. With about half of the population being rural, it is expensive for the government to provide education and health services, which account for 60 per cent of government expenditure. Thirty-six per cent of the provincial budget is covered by federal cash transfers.[50]

text: The government has frequently attempted to create employment through subsidies, which has often failed to generate long-term economic prosperity and resulted in bad debt,[50] examples of which include Bricklin, Atcon,[51] and the Marriott call centre in Fredericton.[52]

text: According to a 2014 study by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies the large public debt is a very serious problem. Government revenues are shrinking because of a decline in federal transfer payments. Though expenditures are down (through government pension reform and a reduction in the number of public employees), they have increased relative to GDP,[53] necessitating further measures to reduce debt in the future.

text: In the 2014–15 fiscal year, provincial debt reached $12.2 billion or 37.7 per cent of nominal GDP, an increase over the $10.1 billion recorded in 2011–12.[53] The debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to reach 41.9% in 2017–2018, compared to a ratio of 25% in 2007–2008.[54]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Education[edit]

text: Public education in the province is administered by the NB Department of Education. New Brunswick has a parallel system of Anglophone and Francophone public schools. There are also secular and religious private schools in the province, such as the Moncton Flight College.

text: The New Brunswick Community College system has campuses in all regions of the province.

text: The two comprehensive provincial universities are the University of New Brunswick (Fredericton and Saint John) and the Université de Moncton (Moncton, Shippegan and Edmundston). These have extensive postgraduate programs and Law schools. Medical education programs have also been established at both the Université de Moncton and at UNBSJ in Saint John (affiliated with Université de Sherbrooke and Dalhousie University respectively). Other public funded universities include Mount Allison University in Sackville and Saint Thomas University in Fredericton. Mount Allison University is a highly regarded undergraduate university with over 50 Rhodes Scholars to its credit. There are several private universities in the province as well, the largest being Crandall University in Moncton.

text: Literature[edit]

text: Julia Catherine Beckwith born in Fredericton, was Canada's first published novelist. Charles G. D. Roberts was one of the first Canadians to achieve international fame. Antonine Maillet was the first non-European winner of France’s Prix Goncourt. Other modern writers include Alfred Bailey, Alden Nowlan, John Thompson, Douglas Lochhead, K. V. Johansen, David Adams Richards, Raymond Fraser, and France Daigle. A recent New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor, Herménégilde Chiasson, is a poet and playwright.

text: The Fiddlehead, established in 1945 at UNB, is Canada’s oldest literary magazine.

text: Visual arts[edit]

text: Mount Allison University in Sackville began offering classes in 1854. The program came into its own under John A. Hammond, from 1893 to 1916. Alex Colville and Lawren Harris later studied and taught art there and both Christopher Pratt and Mary Pratt were trained at Mount Allison. The University’s art gallery – which opened in 1895 and is named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John – is Canada's oldest. Modern New Brunswick artists include landscape painter Jack Humphrey, sculptor Claude Roussel, and Miller Brittain.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music of New Brunswick includes artists such as Henry Burr, Roch Voisine, Lenny Breau, and Édith Butler. Symphony New Brunswick, based in Saint John, tours extensively in the province.

text: Performing arts, events, and festivals[edit]

text: Symphony New Brunswick based in Saint John and the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada (based in Moncton), tours nationally and internationally. Theatre New Brunswick (based in Fredericton), tours plays around the province. Canadian playwright Norm Foster saw his early works premiere at TNB. Other live theatre troops include the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in Caraquet, and Live Bait Theatre in Sackville. The refurbished Imperial and Capitol Theatres are found in Saint John and Moncton, respectively; the more modern Playhouse is located in Fredericton.

text: Media[edit]

text: New Brunswick has four daily newspapers: the Times & Transcript, serving eastern New Brunswick, the Telegraph-Journal, based in Saint John and distributed province-wide, The Daily Gleaner, based in Fredericton, and L'Acadie Nouvelle, based in Caraquet. The three English-language dailies and the majority of the weeklies are owned and operated by Brunswick News, privately owned by J. K. Irving.

text: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has Anglophone television and radio operations in Fredericton. Télévision de Radio-Canada is based in Moncton.

text: Historic sites[edit]

text: There are about 61 historic places in New Brunswick, including Fort Beauséjour, Kings Landing Historical Settlement and the Village Historique Acadien, and many New Brunswick museums.


document_title: History of organizational changes in the NHL

question_text: who was the last nhl expansion team before las vegas

text: Early   years[edit]

text: Four/three teams (1917–19)[edit]

text: The four teams that began the inaugural NHL season were the Montreal Canadiens, the Montreal Wanderers, the original Ottawa Senators, and the Toronto Arenas. However, after completing four games out of the scheduled 22, the Wanderers withdrew from the league due to their arena burning down, and the NHL continued this season and the next with only three teams.

text: Four teams (1919–24)[edit]

text: In its third season, 1919–20, the NHL underwent its first expansion, adding the Quebec Bulldogs. Toronto changed its name to Toronto St. Patricks. The next season, however, Quebec relocated to Hamilton, becoming the Hamilton Tigers. These same four teams continued playing for four seasons, up to 1923–24.

text: Six teams (1924–25)[edit]

text: Two new teams joined the NHL in its eighth season, the Boston Bruins, and the Montreal Maroons.

text: Seven teams (1925–26)[edit]

text: The next season, the NHL added two new teams, the Pittsburgh Pirates and the New York Americans. The Americans were stocked by purchasing the contracts of the Hamilton Tigers players, and the Tigers franchise was subsequently revoked by the league.

text: Ten teams (1926–31)[edit]

text: The NHL continued to expand the following season, adding the Chicago Black Hawks, the Detroit Cougars, and the New York Rangers, growing to ten teams, thus more than doubling its size in its first decade of existence. During the 1926–27 season, Toronto was renamed the Toronto Maple Leafs, taking effect next season. For the 1930–31 season, the Pirates moved from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, becoming the Philadelphia Quakers, and Detroit was renamed the Detroit Falcons.

text: Eight teams (1931–32)[edit]

text: After fourteen seasons of steady expansion, the NHL contracted to eight teams, dropping the Philadelphia Quakers and the original Ottawa Senators for the 1931–32 season.

text: Nine teams (1932–35)[edit]

text: For the 1932–33 season, after missing one season, the original Ottawa Senators rejoined the NHL, and the Detroit Falcons were renamed the Detroit Red Wings. Two seasons later, for the 1934–35 season, the Ottawa Senators relocated, becoming the St. Louis Eagles.

text: Eight teams (1935–38)[edit]

text: The Eagles folded after one season, and the NHL was once again an eight-team league for three seasons.

text: Seven teams (1938–42)[edit]

text: The Montreal Maroons withdrew from the league for the 1938–39 season, further reducing the number of teams in the NHL to seven, shrinking to the size the league was in 1925–26. Play continued for four seasons with seven teams, with the New York Americans changing their name to the Brooklyn Americans for the 1941–42 season, their last.

text: Original Six  (1942–67)[edit]

text: The 1942–43 season saw the folding of the Brooklyn Americans, thus ushering in the Original Six era of the NHL, which lasted without any organizational changes for twenty-five seasons.

text: Expansion years (1967–91)[edit]

text: Twelve teams (1967–70)[edit]

text: The 1967 expansion doubled the number of teams in the league, with an upfront expansion fee of $2 million each ($14.7 million today).[1] For the 1967–68 season, six new teams were added to the NHL: the California Seals, the Los Angeles Kings, the Minnesota North Stars, the Philadelphia Flyers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and the St. Louis Blues. During their first season, the California Seals were renamed the Oakland Seals.

text: Fourteen teams (1970–72)[edit]

text: The Oakland Seals were renamed the Bay Area Seals for two games before changing their name again to the California Golden Seals for their fourth season in 1970–71. The same season the NHL added two new teams, the Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks, paying an expansion fee of $6 million each ($37.8 million today).[1]

text: Sixteen teams (1972–74)[edit]

text: Two more teams joined for the 1972–73 NHL season, the New York Islanders and the Atlanta Flames. With the competing World Hockey Association (WHA) starting that same season, the NHL was not able to raise its expansion fee from the price of two years earlier, $6 million ($35.1 million today), with the Islanders paying an additional $5 million ($29.3 million today) to the New York Rangers for infringing on their territory.[2]

text: Eighteen teams (1974–78)[edit]

text: Two more teams joined for the 1974–75 NHL season, the Washington Capitals and the Kansas City Scouts, but the ongoing competition from the WHA meant that the overall revenue stream of the NHL had not improved, so the league kept the expansion fee for new owners at the $6 million ($29.8 million today) of two years and four years earlier.[2] The earnings situation for the new franchises was so poor that (at least) the Capitals were able to negotiate a reduction to a total fee of $2.85 million ($14.1 million today).[2]

text: Going into the 1977–78 NHL season, the California Golden Seals relocated and became the Cleveland Barons, and the Kansas City Scouts moved as well, becoming the Colorado Rockies.

text: Seventeen teams (1978–79)[edit]

text: For the first time since the 1942–43 season the NHL contracted, merging the Cleveland Barons into the Minnesota North Stars.

text: Twenty-one teams (1979–91)[edit]

text: Following seven seasons of revenue draining competition, the NHL–WHA merger was completed for the start of the 1979–80 NHL season. Four teams came over from the WHA, paying an expansion fee of $7.5 million each ($25.3 million today).[1] These new NHL teams were the Edmonton Oilers, the Hartford Whalers, the Quebec Nordiques, and the (original) Winnipeg Jets. This also doubled the number of Canadian teams in the league. The following season, Atlanta relocated and became the Calgary Flames. In turn, for the 1982–83 season, the Colorado Rockies moved, becoming the New Jersey Devils. Chicago changed the spelling of their name from the Black Hawks to the Blackhawks for the 1986–87 season, based on its original franchise documents. Standing at 21 teams for twelve seasons, this was one of the longer stable periods of NHL history, though surpassed by the twenty-five seasons of the Original Six period, when no additions, moves nor name changes occurred.

text: Further expansion[edit]

text: Twenty-two teams (1991–92)[edit]

text: The 1991–92 season saw the dawn of rapid expansion and relocation in the NHL, which lasted for the next ten years, starting with the addition of the San Jose Sharks, paying an expansion fee of $45 million ($80.9 million today).[1]

text: Twenty-four teams (1992–93)[edit]

text: Two new teams joined the league the following season, the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning, paying an expansion fee of $45 million each ($78.5 million today).[1]

text: Twenty-six teams (1993–98)[edit]

text: The next season, another two teams were added, the Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, paying an expansion fee of $50 million each ($84.7 million today), with Anaheim paying an additional $25 million ($42.4 million today) to the Los Angeles Kings for infringing on their region.[1] The Minnesota North Stars relocated, becoming the Dallas Stars. Two seasons later, for the 1995–96 season, the Quebec Nordiques relocated and became the Colorado Avalanche. The following season, the Winnipeg Jets also moved, becoming the Phoenix Coyotes. The season after that, the Hartford Whalers relocated, becoming the Carolina Hurricanes.

text: Twenty-seven teams (1998–99)[edit]

text: The Nashville Predators joined the league for the 1998–99 season, paying an expansion fee of $80 million ($120.1 million today).[1]

text: Twenty-eight teams (1999–2000)[edit]

text: The following season, another team started play, the Atlanta Thrashers, paying the same expansion fee of $80 million ($117.5 million today) as the Predators paid a year earlier.[1]

text: Thirty teams (2000–2017)[edit]

text: For its 2000–01 season, the NHL added the Columbus Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild, each paying the same expansion fee of $80 million ($113.7 million today) as Nashville and Atlanta paid in the previous two years.[1]  The NHL had reached a slate of 30 teams, entering the second longest period (after the Original Six period) of membership stability in its history. While it stayed at 30 teams for eighteen seasons, there were some moves and name changes. The Mighty Ducks of Anaheim changed their name to the Anaheim Ducks in the 2006–07 season. The Atlanta Thrashers moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, becoming the second version of the Winnipeg Jets in the 2011–12 NHL season. The Phoenix Coyotes changed their name to Arizona Coyotes for the 2014–15 NHL season.

text: Thirty-one teams (2017–present)[edit]

text: On June 22, 2016, the Board of Governors voted 30-0 to add an expansion franchise in Las Vegas for the 2017–18 season, charging an expansion fee of $500 million ($509.8 million today).[1] An announcement was made the same day by Gary Bettman in Las Vegas.

text: Expansion and dispersal drafts[edit]

text:
Draft

Location

City

Date

Expansion team(s)

Players drafted

#1 pick(s)

1967

Queen Elizabeth Hotel

Montreal, Quebec

June 6, 1967

California SealsLos Angeles KingsMinnesota North StarsPhiladelphia FlyersPittsburgh PenguinsSt. Louis Blues

120

Terry Sawchuk (Toronto Maple Leafs)

1970

N/A

N/A

June 10, 1970

Buffalo Sabres  Vancouver Canucks

40

Tom Webster (Boston Bruins)  Gary Doak (Boston Bruins)

1972

N/A

N/A

June 6, 1972

Atlanta Flames  New York Islanders

42

Phil Myre (Montreal Canadiens)  Gerry Desjardins (Chicago Black Hawks)

1974

N/A

N/A

June 12, 1974

Kansas City Scouts  Washington Capitals

48

Michel Plasse (Montreal Canadiens)  Ron Low (Toronto Maple Leafs)

1978  (dispersal)

N/A

N/A

June 15, 1978

Cleveland Barons  Minnesota North Stars

2

N/A

1979

N/A

N/A

June 13, 1979

Edmonton Oilers  Hartford Whalers  Quebec Nordiques  Winnipeg Jets

65

Cam Connor (Montreal Canadiens)  Alan Hangsleben (Montreal Canadiens)  Dave Farrish (New York Rangers)  Peter Marsh (Montreal Canadiens)

1991

N/A

N/A

May 30, 1991

Minnesota North Stars  San Jose Sharks

44

Shane Churla (Minnesota North Stars; dispersal)  Jeff Hackett (New York Islanders)  Rob Ramage (Toronto Maple Leafs)

1992

N/A

N/A

June 18, 1992

Ottawa Senators  Tampa Bay Lightning

42

Peter Sidorkiewicz (Hartford Whalers)  Wendell Young (Pittsburgh Penguins)

1993

Quebec Coliseum

Quebec City, Quebec

June 24–25, 1993

Florida Panthers  Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

51

John Vanbiesbrouck (Vancouver Canucks)  Guy Hebert (St. Louis Blues)

1998

Marine Midland Arena

Buffalo, New York

June 26, 1998

Nashville Predators

26

N/A

1999

FleetCenter

Boston, Massachusetts

June 25, 1999

Atlanta Thrashers

26

N/A

2000

Pengrowth Saddledome

Calgary, Alberta

June 23, 2000

Columbus Blue Jackets  Minnesota Wild

52

Rick Tabaracci (Colorado Avalanche)  Jamie McLennan (Florida Panthers)

2017

T-Mobile Arena

Paradise, Nevada

June 21, 2017

Vegas Golden Knights

30

Calvin Pickard (Colorado Avalanche)

text: Possible expansion[edit]

text: Despite statements from the NHL in recent years that no further expansion or even relocation was planned for the foreseeable future (a statement partially contradicted by the relocation of the Thrashers to Winnipeg), there have been rumors and talks of potential new sites for existing or new teams in various locations in the United States and Canada[citation needed]. Since Winnipeg (the previous frontrunner) received the Jets in 2011, Quebec City and Seattle have been the most-discussed potential relocation sites; other potential markets for relocation that have seen action in recent years include Houston, Saskatoon, Kansas City, and Southern Ontario (which would be Hamilton, Toronto or Markham, although the league has actively blocked all of the Southern Ontario efforts to date, citing territorial concerns with the Buffalo Sabres and Toronto Maple Leafs). On February 13, 2018, a Seattle group placed a bid to start play in the 2020 season.