document_title: Arlington National Cemetery

question_text: who was the first person to be buried at arlington national cemetery

question_tokens: who was the first person to be buried at arlington national cemetery

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington and adopted son of George Washington, acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802, and began construction of Arlington House, which was ultimately named after the village of Arlington, Gloucestershire, England, where his family was originally from. The estate passed to Custis' daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis' will gave a "life inheritance" to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it.[4] Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee.[4]

text: When Virginia seceded from the Union after the start of the American Civil War at Fort Sumter, Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20, 1861, and took command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia, later becoming commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.[5] On May 7, troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House.[6] With Confederate forces occupying Arlington's high ground, the capital of the Union was left in an untenable military position.[7] Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be recaptured by federal soldiers. So she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sister's estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 14.[8][9] On May 3, General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington and the city of Alexandria, Virginia, of all troops not loyal to the United States.[10] McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24.[11]

text: At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]

text: The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $420,000 today.[18] Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes (equal to $1,400 today) assessed on the estate in a timely manner.[19] The government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfather's will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. On December 9, 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Lee's favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process.[19][20] After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3, 1883, Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 (equal to $3,342,727 in 2018) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln.[18][21] The land then became a military reservation.[22]

text: President Herbert Hoover conducted the first national Memorial Day ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery, on May 30, 1929.[23]

text: Freedmen's Village[edit]

text: Beginning in 1863, the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves, giving the name of "Freedmen's Village" to the land. The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming 1,100 acres (450 ha) of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training during the Civil War and after War ended.[21][24] However, after the land became part of a military reservation, the government asked the Villagers to leave. When some remained, John A. Commerford, the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery, asked the Army's Quartermaster General in 1887 to close the Village on the grounds that people living in the Village had been taking trees at night from the cemetery for use as firewood.[22][25] The Quartermaster General and the Secretary of War then approved Commerford's request.[22] The last of the Village's residents departed after the 56th United States Congress appropriated $75,000 in 1900 to settle the government's debts to them.[22]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: With limited space but large numbers of World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and other veterans dying and wanting to be buried at Arlington, the need for additional burial space at the cemetery became a pressing issue. In 1991, Cemetery superintendent John C. Metzler, Jr., implemented a $1.4 million plan to clear a former 13-acre (5.3 ha) parking lot to create space for about 9,000 new grave sites.[26]

text: The Cemetery received the authority to transfer 12 acres (4.9 ha) of woodland from the NPS-controlled Arlington House in 1996[27][28] and 2001,[29][30] 37 acres (15 ha) of land in 1999 from the DoD that was the site of the Navy Annex building,[31][32] 8 acres (3.2 ha) of land in 1999 from the Department of the Army that was part of Fort Myer,[31][33] 4 acres (1.6 ha) of land from Arlington County's Southgate Road right-of-way in 2004,[34] and just under 10 acres (4.0 ha) of land from Fort Myer in 2005.[29][35][36]

text: In 2007, Metzler implemented the Millennium Project, a $35 million expansion plan to begin utilizing the Arlington woodland, Fort Myer, and Navy Annex land. The project also included converting 40 acres (16 ha) of unused space and 4 acres (16,000 m2) of maintenance property on the cemetery grounds into burial space in 2006 and 2007 to allow an additional 26,000 graves and 5,000 inurnments. The Millennium Project expanded the cemetery's physical boundaries for the first time since the 1960s, and was the largest expansion of burial space at the site since the American Civil War.[35] Several environmental and historical preservation groups criticized Metzler's plans, as did the NPS and the manager of Arlington House.[35][36][37]

text: On March 26, 2013, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (Public Law 113-6) appropriated to the DoD $84 million to plan, design and construct the Millennium Project.[38] The legislation additionally appropriated to the DoD $19 million to study, plan and design a future expansion of the cemetery's burial space.[38]

text: Navy Annex property expansion controversy[edit]

text: In 1998, a Congressional proposal to expand the cemetery onto land that the Navy Annex and Fort Myer then occupied led to concerns that Arlington County officials had not been properly consulted, leading to the withdrawal of the proposal.[39] However, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106-65), which was enacted into law during October 1999, subsequently required the Secretary of Defense to transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction of the 36 acres (15 ha) Navy Annex property. The Act required the Secretary of Defense to demolish the Annex's buildings and prepare the property for use as part of the cemetery, while requiring the Secretary of the Army to incorporate the Annex property into the cemetery.[32]

text: In January 2013, the County Manager of Arlington County, Virginia, and the Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries (consisting of Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery)[40] signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Arlington County Board and the Department of the Army to expand the cemetery even further. Under the tentative plan, Arlington County would give up the easement for Southgate Road (which lies between the Navy Annex property and the cemetery's 2012 boundary), and obtain a narrow easement along the southwest border of the Navy Annex site for a new Southgate Road. In exchange, the Department of Defense would give the Navy Annex parking lot to the county.

text: The Army would also transfer land west of South Joyce Street to Columbia Pike to Arlington County. Additionally, the Commonwealth of Virginia would convey to the cemetery roughly the northern half of the Virginia Department of Transportation land bounded by South Joyce Street, Columbia Pike, and South Washington Boulevard. The cloverleaf interchange between Columbia Pike and S. Washington Blvd. would be eliminated, and the hairpin turn in Columbia Pike straightened, to provide a safer, more natural exit from S. Washington Blvd. onto Columbia Pike. Although exact acreages were not specified and the plan depended upon the Commonwealth of Virginia's cooperation, the MOU if implemented would have created a more contiguous plot of land for the cemetery.[41]

text: However, in December 2016, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114-328) authorized the Secretary of the Army to expand the cemetery by acquiring from Arlington County and the Commonwealth of Virginia by condemnation and other means properties near the cemetery that contain the Southgate Road, South Joyce Street and Washington Boulevard right-of-ways, including the Washington Boulvard-Columbia Pike interchange.[42] The Army then informed the Arlington County government in June 2017 that the Army would no longer pursue a land exchange with the County. The Army told the County that the Army would use the entire Navy Annex site to expand the cemetery and would acquire for the cemetery about 5 acres (2.0 ha) of public land that Arlington County then owned. The Army would also acquire for the cemetery expansion about 7 acres (2.8 ha) of land located between Columbia Pike and Interstate 395 that the Commonwealth of Virginia then owned.[43]

text: Arlington Woods expansion controversy[edit]

text: On February 22, 1995, officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, to the Army a part of Arlington Woods, which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer.[44] The property transfer, which involved 12 acres (4.9 ha) of NPS land, was intended to permit Metzler to start expanding the cemetery beyond its existing boundaries.[28][45]

text: Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24-acre (9.7 ha) remnant of a historically important stand of native trees.[37][46] A historical marker near the woodland notes that, while visiting Arlington House in 1825, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette had warned Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, the wife of George Washington Parke Custis: "Cherish these forest trees around your mansion. Recollect how much easier it is to cut a tree than to make one grow." The marker further notes that the Virginia Native Plant Society had recognized the woodland as being one of the best examples of old growth terraced gravel forest remaining in Virginia.[47]

text: On September 23, 1996, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104-201) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an "Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone" and some of the land in the Section that was within a "Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone".[27][28]

text: On March 5, 1998, the NPS, which is a component of the Department of the Interior, informed the National Capital Planning Commission that it wanted to transfer only 4 acres (1.6 ha) to the cemetery, rather than the 12 acres (4.9 ha) that the 1995 agreement had described. In response, Metzler stated: "I was surprised. But we will continue to work with the Department of Interior and see what happens."[28]

text: On July 12, 1999, the NPS issued a Federal Register notice that announced the availability of an environmental assessment (EA) for the transfer.[45][48] The EA stated that the Interment Zone contained the oldest and largest tract of climax eastern hardwood forest in Arlington County. This forest was the same type that once covered the Arlington estate, and had regenerated from trees that were present historically. A forestry study determined that a representative tree was 258 years old. The Interment Zone was also determined to contain significant archeological and cultural landscape resources, in addition to those in the Preservation Zone.[48] The EA described four alternative courses of action.[48]

text: In contrast to the NPS's March 1998 statement to the National Capital Planning Commission, the 1999 EA stated that the preferred alternative (Alternative 1) would transfer to the cemetery approximately 9.6 acres (3.9 ha), comprising most of the Interment Zone and the northern tip of the Preservation Zone.[48] Another alternative (Alternative 3) would transfer to the cemetery the 12 acres (4.9 ha) Interment Zone, while keeping the 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) Preservation Zone under NPS jurisdiction.[48] The EA concluded: "Public Law 104-201 directed the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army jurisdiction over the Interment Zone, which is the plan in Alternative 3. Adoption of any of the other alternatives would require legislative action to amend the existing law."[48]

text: On December 28, 2001, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107-107) repealed the "obsolete" part of Public Law 104-201 that had authorized the transfer of portions of Section 29 to the Secretary of the Army.[30] The new legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army within 30 days the approximately 12 acres (4.9 ha) Interment Zone.[30] The transfer therefore involved the entire 12 acres (4.9 ha) of NPS land that the 1995 agreement and Alternative 3 in the 1999 EA had described.

text: The 2001 legislation required the Secretary of the Army to use the Interment Zone for in-ground burial sites and columbarium.[30] In addition, the legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to manage the remainder of Section 29 "in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial."[30]

text: On December 12, 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers asked for comments on a draft EA that described a further expansion of Arlington National Cemetery as part of the Millennium Project.[49][50][51] The 2012 draft EA was intended to implement conversion into burial space of the 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Ft. Myer grounds as well as 10 acres (4.0 ha) of Section 29 woodland. The draft EA described seven alternatives. The preferred alternative (Alternative E) called for the removal of about one-half of the 1,700 trees with a diameter of 6 inches (15 cm) or greater on the site. About 640 of the trees were within a 135-year-old portion of Arlington Woods.[52] The draft EA concluded: "Based on the evaluation of environmental impacts....., no significant impacts would be expected from the Proposed Action; therefore, an Environmental Impact Statement will not be prepared and a Finding of No Significant Impact will be prepared and signed."[52]

text: On March 12, 2013, the Corps of Engineers released a revised EA for the Millennium Project.[53][54] The revised EA contained copies of a number of public comments on the draft EA that had criticized the project and parts of the EA while proposing alternative locations for new military burials near the cemetery and elsewhere.[55] However, the Department of Forestry of the Commonwealth of Virginia found that, based on information in the draft EA, the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the Commonwealth's forest resources.[56] The revised EA did not change the preferred alternative (Alternative E) or the Army's plans to prepare and sign the Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) that the draft EA had described.[57]

text: On June 5, 2013, after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on the revised EA, the Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed FONSI for the Millennium Project.[58][59] The Final EA and the FONSI retained Alternative E as the preferred alternative.[58] The final EA stated that, of the 905 trees to be removed, 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches.[60][61] The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acres (1.06 ha) area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966.[60][62] About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old.[60] Approximately 203 trees with ages of 50 to 145 years would be removed from a former picnic area.[60] At a public hearing on July 11, 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the Millennium Project.[63]

text: 2010 mismanagement controversy[edit]

text: On June 9, 2010, United States Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh reprimanded the cemetery's superintendent, John C. Metzler, Jr., and his deputy, Thurman Higgenbotham, after a DOD inspector general's report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs, buried coffins in shallow graves, and buried bodies on top of one another.[64] Metzler, who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2, 2010, admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement.[64] The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day-to-day work by "dysfunctional management, lack of established policy and procedures, and an overall unhealthy organizational climate."[65][66] Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced.[67]

text: In March 2011, as a result of the problems discovered, Kathryn Condon, the recently appointed Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries, announced that the cemetery's staff had been increased from 102 to 159. She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because, "They didn't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do."[68]

text: The mismanagement controversy included a limitation on mass media access to funerals, which also proved controversial. Until 2005, the cemetery's administration gave free access, with the family's permission, to the press to cover funerals at the cemetery. According to the Washington Post in 2008, the cemetery gradually imposed increasing restrictions on media coverage of funerals beginning about 2005.[69]

text: Management turnover[edit]

text: After the cemetery's management controversy began to end, the Army appointed Patrick K. Hallinan the acting superintendent of the cemetery in June 2010. He was promoted permanently to the position in October 2010. Hallinan had previously worked for the Office of Field Programs in the National Cemetery Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Veterans' Affairs. In that capacity, Hallinan had oversight of 131 national cemeteries, national cemetery policy, procedures, and operations.[70] Hallinan was promoted to Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries upon the retirement of Kathryn Condon in spring 2014.[71]

text: In May 2014, Hallinan stepped down and was replaced by Jack E. Lechner, Jr. as superintendent of the cemetery. Lechner had been a funeral director for 10 years in the private sector before joining the U.S. Army. He rose to the rank of colonel (retiring in November 2011), having spent 2008 to 2010 as chief of the Supply Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, overseeing the equipping of Iraqi and Afghanistan national security forces. Since June 2010, he had served as executive officer and deputy superintendent of the cemetery under Hallinan.[71]

text: The Army removed Lechner as superintendent of the cemetery in early August 2015 after a performance review "called into question his ability to serve successfully as a senior leader". The Army declined to elaborate further and appointed Hallinan to be the temporary Cemetery superintendent until the Army could find a successor.[72]

text: Wreaths Across America[edit]

text: In 1992, the Morrill Worcester wreath company in Harrington, Maine, had a surplus at the end of the holiday season. Recalling a boyhood trip to the cemetery, Worcester donated to the cemetery 5,000 wreaths to honor the cemetery's dead, with the help of volunteers and a local trucking company. After thirteen years of similar donations, in 2005 a photo of snowy gravestones covered with wreaths at the cemetery received widespread circulation on the Internet. Thousands of people called Worcester, wanting to replicate the wreath-laying service at their own veteran cemeteries.[73]

text: In 2006, over 150 different locations simultaneously held ceremonies with Arlington's. Additionally, the project had its first "Veterans Honor Parade" with "Patriot Guard Riders" who escorted the wreaths from Maine to the cemetery. The parade, which is held each year, now visits schools, monuments, veterans' homes and communities along its route.[73]

text: At the end of 2006, Worcester's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country.[74] Assisted by veterans and truckers, Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named "Wreaths Across America".[73] In December 2008, the United States Senate agreed to a resolution that designated December 13, 2008, as "Wreaths Across America Day".[75]

text: In 2014, volunteers placed over 700,000 memorial wreaths at 1,000 locations in the United States and overseas, including the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Bunker Hill, Valley Forge, and the National September 11 Memorial at the World Trade Center site in New York City. During that year, volunteers were able to place wreaths in all sections of the cemetery for the first time.[73] In 2016, this number increased to 1.2 million wreaths being placed at more than 1,230 cemeteries across the nation.[76]

text: Conflict of interest charges have been made against Wreaths Across America because this charity has an exclusive for-profit supplier, Worcester Wreath Company, also run by the Morrill family in the same town. The charity's purchases of wreaths from this company account for most of the company's revenue and profits. In late 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported serious conflicts of interest with potential malfeasance in governance and contracting.[77] In 2015 alone the Journal reported profits of over $1 million on sales of over 850,000 wreaths to the charity raising concerns about competitive bidding, reporting that several competitors had asked to bid significantly below the price offered by Worcester Wreath Company but were denied access.

text: 150th anniversary[edit]

text: During May and June 2014, the cemetery celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding with a month-long series of events, tours, and lectures.[78] During these celebrations, cemetery officials formally re-designated the Old Amphitheater as the James Tanner Amphitheater. James R. Tanner was a Union Army officer who lost both legs during the war. He later became a War Department stenographer, and recorded much of the early evidence in the investigation into the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He later was active in the Grand Army of the Republic, a Union Army veterans group. Tanner is buried a few yards from the amphitheater.[79]

text: Sections[edit]

text: The Cemetery is divided into 70 sections, with some sections in the southeast and western part of the cemetery reserved for future expansion.[80] Section 60, in the southeast part of the cemetery, is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Global War on Terror since 2001.[81] Section 21, also known as the Nurses Section, is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried and is the site of the Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial and the Nurses Memorial.[82] Another section—Chaplains Hill—includes monuments to Jewish, Protestant, and Roman Catholic military chaplains.

text: In 1901, Confederate soldiers buried at the Soldiers' Home and various locations within Arlington were reinterred in a Confederate section that was authorized by Congress in 1900. On June 4, 1914, the United Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated the Confederate Memorial designed by Moses Ezekiel. Upon his death in 1917, Ezekiel was buried at the base of the monument as he was a veteran of the Confederate army.[83] All Confederate headstones in this section are peaked rather than rounded.[84]

text: More than 3,800 former slaves, called "Contrabands" during the Civil War, are buried in Section 27. Their headstones are designated with the word "Civilian" or "Citizen".[85]

text: Grave markers, niches, and headstones[edit]

text: The United States Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the National Cemetery Administration's orders[86] for placement of inscriptions and faith emblems at no charge to the estate of the deceased, submitted with information provided by the next of kin[87] that is placed on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers. The Department of Veterans Affairs currently offers 63 authorized faith emblems for placement on markers to represent the deceased's faith.[88] This number has grown in recent years due to legal challenges to policy.[89]

text: Prior to 2007, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) did not allow the use of the pentacle as an "emblem of belief" on tombstones in military cemeteries. This policy was changed following an out-of-court settlement on April 23 following a series of lawsuits by the family of Patrick Stewart against the VA.[90][91][92]

text: Between 1947 and 2001, privately purchased markers were permitted in the cemetery. The sections in which the cemetery permitted such markers are nearly filled and the cemetery generally does not allow new burials in these sections.[93] Nevertheless, the older sections of the cemetery have a wide variety of private markers placed prior to 2001, including an artillery piece.[94]

text: There are 32 Commonwealth war dead burials and some headstones are Commonwealth War Graves Commission style.

text: Arlington Memorial Amphitheater[edit]

text: The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies. Ceremonies are also held for Easter. About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year. The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont. The Memorial Display room, between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns, uses Botticino stone, imported from Italy. The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America's servicemen/women. Congress authorized the structure on March 4, 1913. Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15, 1915. The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution.[95]

text: Before the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater was completed in 1921, important ceremonies were held at what is now known as the "Old Amphitheater." This structure sits where Robert E. Lee once had his gardens. The amphitheater was built in 1868 under the direction of Civil War General John A. Logan. Gen. James A. Garfield was the featured speaker at the Decoration Day dedication ceremony, May 30, 1868, later being elected as President of the United States 1881. The amphitheater has an encircling colonnade with a latticed roof that once supported a web of vines. The amphitheater has a marble dais, known as "the rostrum", which is inscribed with the U.S. national motto found on the Great Seal of the United States, E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one"). The rostrum was designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, then Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army.[96] The amphitheater seats 1,500 people and has hosted speakers such as William Jennings Bryan.[97]

text: Memorials[edit]

text: Tomb of the Unknowns[edit]

text: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington, D.C. One of the more well-attended sites at the cemetery, the tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado. It consists of seven pieces, with a total weight of 79 short tons (72 metric tons). The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9, 1932, at a cost of $48,000.

text: It was initially named the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier." Other unknown servicemen were later entombed there, and it became known as the "Tomb of the Unknowns", though it has never been officially named. The soldiers entombed there are:

text:
Unknown Soldier of World War I, interred November 11, 1921; President Warren G. Harding presided
Unknown Soldier of World War II, interred May 30, 1958; President Dwight D. Eisenhower presided
Unknown Soldier of the Korean War, also interred May 30, 1958; President Dwight Eisenhower presided again, Vice President Richard Nixon acted as next of kin
Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War, interred May 28, 1984; President Ronald Reagan presided. The remains of the Vietnam Unknown were disinterred, under the authority of President Bill Clinton, on May 14, 1998, and were identified as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie, whose family had them reinterred near their home in St. Louis, Missouri. It has been determined that the crypt at the Tomb of the Unknowns that contained the remains of the Vietnam Unknown will remain empty.

text: The Tomb of the Unknowns has been perpetually guarded since July 2, 1937, by the U.S. Army. The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard") began guarding the Tomb on April 6, 1948. There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[98] The Tomb Guard:

text:
Marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb
Turns, faces east for 21 seconds
Turns and faces north for 21 seconds
Takes 21 steps down the mat
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the changing of the guard

tag: ol

text: After each turn, the Guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the Guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.

text: Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.

text: Each turn the guard makes precise movements and followed by a loud click of the heels as he snaps them together. The guard is changed every half-hour during daylight in the summer, and every hour during daylight in the winter and every two hours at night (when the cemetery is closed to the public), regardless of weather conditions.

text: A commemorative stamp was issued on November 11, 1922, the first anniversary of the first entombment picturing the Amphitheater. It encompasses the original Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The remains of an unidentified WW I American soldier was entombed on Armistice Day, November 11, 1921, later covered in 1931 by a more elaborate marble sarcophagus.[99]

text: Other memorials[edit]

text: There are several memorials on the grounds of the cemetery. However, due to the lack of space for burials and the large amount of space that memorials take up, the U.S. Army now requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials at Arlington.

text: Near the Tomb of the Unknowns stands the USS Maine Mast Memorial, which commemorates the 266 men who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine. The memorial is built around a mast salvaged from the Maine's wreckage. The USS Maine Memorial served as the temporary resting place for foreign heads of state or government, Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines and Ignacy Jan Paderewski of Poland, who died in exile in the United States during World War II.

text: The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20, 1986, in memory of the crew of flight STS-51-L, who died during launch on January 28, 1986. Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee, Jr. poem High Flight, which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster. Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial, some were not, and were laid to rest under the marker. Two crew members, Scobee and Smith, are buried in Arlington. On February 1, 2004, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1, 2003.[100] Astronauts Laurel Clark, David Brown and Michael Anderson, who were killed in the Columbia disaster, are also buried in Arlington.

text: The Lockerbie Cairn is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. The memorial is constructed of 270 stones, one for each person killed in the disaster. In section 64, a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon was dedicated September 11, 2001. The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon, and lists the names of all the victims that were killed. Unidentified remains from the victims are buried beneath it.[101]

text: On June 25, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge approved a request to erect a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during World War I. The monument was dedicated November 11, 1927 and after the Korean War and World War II the names of US citizens who died in those conflicts were added.

text: The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is adjacent to the Ceremonial Entrance to the cemetery.

text: The Laos Memorial, or Lao Veterans of America memorial, dedicated to Lao and Hmong veterans who served with US Special Forces and CIA advisors during the Vietnam War, to defend the Royal Kingdom of Laos from the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos by selling opium to the CIA in exchange for weapons and promises for their own country, is located on Grant Avenue near the eternal flame memorial to U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[102]

text: In 2012, legislation began moving through Congress to approve a "Place of Remembrance" at the cemetery. The memorial will be an ossuary designed to contain fragments of remains which are unidentifiable through DNA analysis. The remains will be cremated before placement in the memorial.[103]

text: Burial procedures[edit]

text: The flags in the cemetery are flown at half-staff from a half-hour before the first funeral until a half hour after the last funeral each day. Funerals are normally conducted five days a week, excluding weekends.[104][105]

text: Funerals, including interments and inurnments, average between 27–30 per day. The Cemetery conducts approximately 6,900 burials each year.[85]

text: With more than 400,000 interments,[1] the cemetery has the second-largest number of burials of any national cemetery in the United States. The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the Calverton National Cemetery, on Long Island, near Riverhead, New York, which conducts more than 7,000 burials each year.

text: In addition to in-ground burial, the cemetery also has one of the larger columbaria for cremated remains in the country. Four courts are currently in use, each with 5,000 niches. When construction is complete, there will be nine courts with a total of 50,000 niches; capacity for 100,000 remains. Any honorably discharged veteran is eligible for inurnment in the columbarium, if s/he served on active duty at some point in her/his career (other than for training).[106]

text: Burial criteria[edit]

text: Part 553 (Army National Military Cemeteries) of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) establishes regulations for the cemetery, including eligibility for interment (ground burial) and inurnment.[107] Due to limited space, the criteria for ground burial eligibility are more restrictive than at other national cemeteries, as well as more restrictive than for inurnment in the columbarium.

text: The persons specified below are eligible for ground burial in the cemetery, unless otherwise prohibited.[108] The last period of active duty of former members of the armed forces must have ended honorably. Interment may be of casketed or cremated remains.

text:
Any active-duty member of the armed forces (except those members serving on active duty for training only)
Any veteran who is retired and eligible for retirement pay from service in the armed forces (including service members retired from a reserve component who served a period of active duty (other than for training))
Any former member of the armed forces separated honorably prior to October 1, 1949, for medical reasons and who was rated at 30% or greater disabled effective on the day of discharge
Any former member of the armed forces who has been awarded one of the following decorations:
Medal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross, or Air Force Cross
Silver Star
Purple Heart
Any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty (other than for training) and who held any of the following positions:
An elective office of the U.S. Government (such as a term in Congress)
Office of the Chief Justice of the United States or of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
An office listed, at the time the person held the position, in 5 USC 5312 or 5313 (Levels I and II of the Executive Schedule)
The chief of a mission who was at any time during his/her tenure classified in Class I under the provisions of Section 411, Act of August 13, 1946, 60 Stat. 1002, as amended (22 USC 866) or as listed in State Department memorandum dated March 21, 1988
Any former prisoner of war who, while a prisoner of war, served honorably in the active military, naval, or air service, whose last period of military, naval or air service terminated honorably and who died on or after November 30, 1993
The spouse, widow or widower, minor child, or permanently dependent child, and certain unmarried adult children of any of the above eligible veterans

text:
The widow or widower of:
a member of the armed forces who was lost or buried at sea or fell out of a plane or officially determined to be permanently absent with a status of either missing or missing in action
a member of the armed forces who is interred in a US military cemetery overseas that is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission
The spouse, minor child, or permanently dependent child of any person already buried in Arlington National Cemetery
The parents of a minor child, or permanently dependent child whose remains, based on the eligibility of a parent, are already buried at Arlington. A spouse divorced from the primary eligible, or widowed and remarried, is not eligible for interment
Provided certain conditions are met, a former member of the armed forces may be buried in the same grave with a close relative who is already buried and is the primary eligible

text: Inurnment criteria for columbarium[edit]

text: Due at least partly to the lack of space at the cemetery for ground burial, standards for inurnment (burial of cremated remains) in the columbarium are currently much less restrictive than for ground burial at the cemetery. In general, any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty (other than for training) and whose last service terminated honorably is eligible for inurnment. Eligibility for inurnment is described fully in 32 C.F.R. § 553.15a.

text: Prohibitions against interment or memorialization[edit]

text: Congress has from time to time created prohibited categories of persons that, even if otherwise eligible for burial, lose that eligibility. One such prohibition is against certain persons who are convicted of committing certain state or federal capital crimes, as defined in 38 U.S. Code § 2411. Capital crime is a specifically defined term in the statute, and for state offenses can include offenses that are eligible for a life sentence (with or without parole). The reasoning for this provision originally was to prevent Timothy McVeigh from being eligible at Arlington National Cemetery, but it has since been amended to prevent others.[109]

text: Also prohibited under the same statute are those determined, with clear and convincing evidence, to have avoided such conviction by death or flight.

text: Notable burials[edit]

text: The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13, 1864.[110] There are 396 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery,[111] nine of whom are Canadian.

text: Five state funerals have been held at Arlington: those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy, his two brothers, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward "Ted" Kennedy, and General of the Armies John J. Pershing. Whether or not they were wartime service members, U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington, since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders-in-chief.

text: Among the most frequently visited sites in the cemetery is the grave of President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who is buried nearby along with their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella. Kennedy's remains were interred there on March 14, 1967, a reinterment from his original Arlington burial site, some 20 feet (6.1 m) away, where he was buried in November 1963. The grave is marked with an "eternal flame". The remains of his brothers, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy, are buried nearby. The latter two graves are marked with simple crosses and footstones. On December 1, 1971, Robert Kennedy's body was re-interred 100 feet (30 m) from its original June 1968 burial site.

text: Two of the astronauts who were killed in January 27, 1967 flash fire inside the Apollo 1 Command Module, Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee, are buried at the cemetery. John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and a longtime U.S. Senator from Ohio, was buried at the cemetery in April 2017.[112]

text: British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II.[113] He became the first non-american to be buried at this cemetery.[114] The equestrian statue on Dill's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery; the other is Major General Philip Kearny's.[115]

text: Visitor requirements[edit]

text: The cemetery has within recent years announced policies and procedures that limit visitor access to the cemetery's grounds. The Cemetery's executive director has stated that some of these may create delays for visitors. Some have become controversial.

text: Bicycle use policy[edit]

text: On August 6, 2013, Patrick Hallinan, Executive Director, Army National Military Cemeteries, issued an official memorandum that contained the cemetery's then-current bicycle use policy.[116][117] The memorandum permitted cyclists to travel in only one direction on only one route unless otherwise authorized by the executive director.[117] This "White Line" route traveled from the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall towards the main entrance of the cemetery at Memorial Avenue, using Meigs Drive, Sherman Drive and Schley Drive.[117] The memorandum stated without explanation: "Bicycle traffic will not be permitted to travel in the reverse direction."[117]

text: Cyclists could only use this route between 8:00 a.m. and 6:45 p.m. from April 1 to September 30 and between 8:00 a.m. and 4:45 p.m. from October 1 to March 31.[117] Cyclists had to wear bicycle helmets that certain designated organizations had approved.[117] Bicycles had to be equipped with headlights, tail lights or red reflectors in lieu of tail lights, regardless of the time of travel.[117]

text: On May 11, 2016, the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would, among other things, prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery (Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative's gravesite or columbarium niche.[118] After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery (including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions), the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26, 2016, that implemented the proposed rule, effective October 26, 2016.[119]

text: In accordance with the final rule, the cemetery issued a new bicycle use policy, effective October 26, 2016. The policy stated that bicycling would no longer be allowed on Cemetery grounds without a family pass. The policy further stated that "bicyclists traversing the cemetery grounds do impact funeral services and the experience that families expect and deserve as they visit their loved one's grave. ... As there are no bike paths on the cemetery grounds, mixing cyclists with pedestrians and vehicles creates a safety hazard."[120]

text: Security procedures[edit]

text: In September 2016, Hallinan announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors. In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place, the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points: the main entrance on Memorial Avenue, the Ord and Weitzel gate, and the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall. Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance, all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery's Welcome Center. All vehicle access will require presenting valid, government-issued photo identification, such as a driver's license or passport, when entering the cemetery. Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections. Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery.[121]


document_title: Southern Nevada

question_text: what is the name of the large city in southeastern nevada

root

text: Southern Nevada

text: Economy[edit]

text: A major part of Southern Nevada's economy is based on tourism, including gambling.[citation needed] The primary drivers of the Las Vegas economy have been the confluence of tourism, gaming, and conventions which in turn feed the retail and dining industries. The city serves as world headquarters for the world's two largest Fortune 500 gaming companies, Harrah's Entertainment and MGM Mirage.[2]

tag: p

text: Tourism also benefits the areas around Pahrump, which as served as a bedroom community of Las Vegas. Prostitution is also legal in areas of Southern Nevada, outside of Clark County.

text: Topography[edit]

text: The Mojave Desert and Great Basin Desert cover all or most of Southern Nevada. Man made lakes, seasonal, and dry lakes periodically dot the landscape. Examples of these are Lake Mead, Lake Las Vegas and the Ivanpah Dry Lake.


document_title: List of female Nobel laureates

question_text: who was the first american woman to win a nobel prize

text: List of female Nobel laureates

text:
Part of a series onWomen in society
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 Feminism portalvte

tag: table

text: As of 2018, Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 853 men, 51 women (Marie Curie won it twice), and 24 unique organizations.[1]

text: The distribution of female Nobel Laureates is as follows:

text:
seventeen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize,
fourteen have won the Nobel Prize in Literature,
twelve have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,
five have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry,
three have won the Nobel Prize in Physics,
and one, Elinor Ostrom, has won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[2][3]

tag: ul

text: The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel.[2][4] Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; in 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie's daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making the two the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes.[2]

text: The most Nobel Prizes awarded to women in a single year was in 2009, when five women became laureates.

text: The most recent women to be awarded a Nobel Prize were Donna Strickland in Physics, Frances Arnold in Chemistry, and Nadia Murad for Peace (2018).

text: Laureates[edit]

text:
Year
Image
Laureate
Country
Category
Rationale

1903

Marie Skłodowska Curie(shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel)

Poland and France

Physics

"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[4]

1905

Bertha von Suttner

Austria–Hungary

Peace

Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Bern, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.[5]

1909

Selma Lagerlöf

Sweden

Literature

"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[6]

1911

Marie Skłodowska Curie

Poland and France

Chemistry

"for her discovery of radium and polonium"[7]

1926

Grazia Deledda

Italy

Literature

"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[8]

1928

Sigrid Undset

Norway

Literature

"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[9]

1931

Jane Addams(shared with Nicholas Murray Butler)

United States

Peace

Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[10]

1935

Irène Joliot-Curie(shared with Frédéric Joliot-Curie)

France

Chemistry

"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[11]

1938

Pearl S. Buck

United States

Literature

"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[12]

1945

Gabriela Mistral

Chile

Literature

"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[13]

1946

Emily Greene Balch(shared with John Raleigh Mott)

United States

Peace

Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[14]

1947

Gerty Theresa Cori(shared with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Bernardo Houssay)

United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[15]

1963

Maria Goeppert-Mayer(shared with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner)

United States

Physics

"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[16]

1964

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

United Kingdom

Chemistry

"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[17]

1966

Nelly Sachs(shared with Samuel Agnon)

Sweden and Germany

Literature

"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[18]

1976

Betty Williams

United Kingdom

Peace

Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[19]

Mairead Maguire

1977

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow(shared with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally)

United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[20]

1979

Mother Teresa

India and Yugoslavia

Peace

Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.[21]

1982

Alva Myrdal(shared with Alfonso García Robles)

Sweden

Peace

Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer.[22]

1983

Barbara McClintock

United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[23]

1986

Rita Levi-Montalcini(shared with Stanley Cohen)

Italy and United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discoveries of growth factors"[24]

1988

Gertrude B. Elion(shared with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings)

United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[25]

1991

Nadine Gordimer

South Africa

Literature

"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[26]

Aung San Suu Kyi

Burma

Peace

"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[27]

1992

Rigoberta Menchú

Guatemala

Peace

"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[28]

1993

Toni Morrison

United States

Literature

"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[29]

1995

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard(shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus)

Germany

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[30]

1996

Wisława Szymborska

Poland

Literature

"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[31]

1997

Jody Williams(shared with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines)

United States

Peace

"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[32]

2003

Shirin Ebadi

Iran

Peace

"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"[33]

2004

Elfriede Jelinek

Austria

Literature

"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[34]

Wangari Maathai

Kenya

Peace

"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[35]

Linda B. Buck(shared with Richard Axel)

United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[36]

2007

Doris Lessing

United Kingdom

Literature

"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[37]

2008

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi(shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier)

France

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discovery of HIV, human immunodeficiency virus"[38]

2009

Elizabeth Blackburn(shared with Jack W. Szostak)

Australia and United States

Physiology or Medicine

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[39]

Carol W. Greider(shared with Jack W. Szostak)

United States

Ada E. Yonath(shared with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz)

Israel

Chemistry

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[40]

Herta Müller

Germany and Romania

Literature

"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[41]

Elinor Ostrom(shared with Oliver E. Williamson)

United States

Economics

"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[42]

2011

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Liberia

Peace

"For their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[43]

Leymah Gbowee

Tawakel Karman

Yemen

2013

Alice Munro

Canada

Literature

"master of the contemporary short story"[44]

2014

May-Britt Moser(shared with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe)

Norway

Physiology or Medicine

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"[45]

Malala Yousafzai(shared with Kailash Satyarthi)

Pakistan and India

Peace

"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".[46]

2015

Tu Youyou(shared with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura)

China

Physiology or Medicine

"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"[47]

Svetlana Alexievich

Belarus

Literature

"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[48]

2018

Donna Strickland(shared with Gérard Mourou and Arthur Ashkin)

Canada

Physics

"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"[49]

Frances Arnold(shared with Gregory Winter and George Smith)

United States

Chemistry

"for the directed evolution of enzymes"[50]

Nadia Murad(shared with Denis Mukwege)

Iraq

Peace

"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"[51]


document_title: O'Reilly Auto Parts 500

question_text: who won the oreilly auto parts 500 last year

text: O'Reilly Auto Parts 500

text: Race history[edit]

text: The first two runnings of the race were controversial, crash-strewn affairs, with universal criticism that the track's design was one groove; Kenny Wallace argued, "They're so busy building condos they don't have time to fix the racetrack."

text: There were 10 different winners in the first ten races, the longest such streak for any NASCAR track in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. This list includes Texas Native Terry Labonte, who won in 1999, and Dale Earnhardt Jr winning his first race in 2000. Jeff Burton, the winner of the inaugural race, broke that streak by getting his second Texas win in a last lap pass in 2007. In 2011, the race became a Saturday night event, whereas before it was always a Sunday afternoon race. This was done since the night race at Phoenix was moved to February and became a day race. The 2011 race was run on April 9, 2011 and was the first scheduled night race of the season, and in Texas Motor Speedway history for the Cup Series.

text: In 2013, NASCAR became involved in controversy when the National Rifle Association (NRA) began to sponsor the race; although race sponsorships are negotiated with the track owner, not NASCAR itself, the sanctioning organization has final approval and did not object to the sponsorship.[1][2][3][4] Both NASCAR's acceptance of this sponsorship, and its timing, has been controversial, and offensive to gun control activists.[5][6][7][8] Because of the sponsorship, Senator Chris Murphy asked Rupert Murdoch, whose News Corporation owns Fox Sports, which was scheduled to air the race, to not broadcast it.[9] Fox broadcast the race as scheduled, not least because failure to do so would have been a breach of the network's contract with NASCAR. However, Fox only used the official sponsored name once per hour (the minimum mandated by NASCAR) and otherwise referred to it generically (in this case as the "Texas 500"), the network's usual practice when a race's title sponsor does not buy ads during the race broadcast; the NRA reportedly did not seek to purchase any such ads.[1] The NRA would return as a race sponsor in 2016 for the Bristol Night Race in August at Speedway's owned Bristol Motor Speedway.[10]

text: In 2014, the race returned to being a Sunday afternoon race because of the NCAA Men's basketball Final Four games being held at AT&T Stadium in nearby Arlington, so that the race occurs on a day in between tournament games.[11] On February 6, 2014, Duck Commander, the business that is the subject of the TV show Duck Dynasty, bought the naming rights for the race.[12] The race returned to its Saturday night date in 2015.[13] In 2017, the race would once again return to Sunday afternoon and the race was renamed under a new sponsorship deal with O'Reilly Auto Parts.[14]

text: Grandfather clause[edit]

text: Samsung sponsored the race from 2002–2012, while RadioShack was previously a co-sponsor. The joint sponsorship was grandfathered in 2003 by NASCAR's grandfather clause when Nextel became a NASCAR sponsor, as they banned rival wireless sponsorships (Nextel used Motorola exclusively); the ban was lifted after the 2005 merger of Sprint and Nextel because Sprint is sold at RadioShack, and Sprint offers Samsung products.

text: Past winners[edit]

text:
Year
Date
No.
Driver
Team
Manufacturer
Race Distance
Race Time
Average Speed
(mph)
Report

Laps
Miles (km)

1997
April 6
99
Jeff Burton
Roush Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
4:00:16
125.111
Report

1998
April 5
6
Mark Martin
Roush Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:39:47
136.771
Report

1999
March 28
5
Terry Labonte
Hendrick Motorsports
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:28:21
144.276
Report

2000
April 2
8
Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Dale Earnhardt, Inc.
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:49:12
131.152
Report

2001
April 1
88
Dale Jarrett
Robert Yates Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:31:59
141.804
Report

2002
April 8*
17
Matt Kenseth
Roush Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:31:01
142.453
Report

2003
March 30
12
Ryan Newman
Penske Racing
Dodge
334
501 (806.281)
3:43:28
134.517
Report

2004
April 4
38
Elliott Sadler
Robert Yates Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:36:30
138.845
Report

2005
April 17
16
Greg Biffle
Roush Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:51:08
130.055
Report

2006
April 9
9
Kasey Kahne
Evernham Motorsports
Dodge
334
501 (806.281)
3:37:55
137.943
Report

2007
April 15
31
Jeff Burton
Richard Childress Racing
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:39:41
143.359
Report

2008
April 6
99
Carl Edwards
Roush Fenway Racing
Ford
339*
508.5 (818.351)
3:30:41
144.814
Report

2009
April 5
24
Jeff Gordon
Hendrick Motorsports
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:25:22
146.372
Report

2010
April 19*
11
Denny Hamlin
Joe Gibbs Racing
Toyota
334
501 (806.281)
3:25:34
146.23
Report

2011*
April 9
17
Matt Kenseth
Roush Fenway Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:21:26
149.231
Report

2012
April 14
16
Greg Biffle
Roush Fenway Racing
Ford
334
501 (806.281)
3:07:12
160.577
Report

2013
April 13
18
Kyle Busch
Joe Gibbs Racing
Toyota
334
501 (806.281)
3:27:40
144.751
Report

2014
April 7*[15]
22
Joey Logano
Team Penske
Ford
340*
510 (820.765)
3:39:02
134.191
Report

2015
April 11
48
Jimmie Johnson
Hendrick Motorsports
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:33:57
140.5
Report

2016
April 9–10*
18
Kyle Busch
Joe Gibbs Racing
Toyota
334
501 (806.281)
3:37:16
138.355
Report

2017
April 9
48
Jimmie Johnson
Hendrick Motorsports
Chevrolet
334
501 (806.281)
3:24:18
147.137
Report

2018
April 8
18
Kyle Busch
Joe Gibbs Racing
Toyota
334
501 (806.281)
3:32:07
141.714
Report

text: Notes[edit]

text:
2002, 2010, & 2014: Race moved from Sunday afternoon to Monday afternoon due to rain.
2008 and 2014: Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish
2011: First scheduled night event in Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series history at Texas Motor Speedway.
2016: Race was delayed by rain for 2 hours. Race was completed early Sunday morning at 2:45 am CT.

text: Multiple winners (drivers)[edit]

text:
# Wins
Driver
Years Won

3
Kyle Busch
2013, 2016, 2018

2
Jeff Burton
1997, 2007

Matt Kenseth
2002, 2011

Greg Biffle
2005, 2012

Jimmie Johnson
2015, 2017

text: Multiple winners (teams)[edit]

text:
# Wins
Team
Years Won

7
Roush Fenway Racing
1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012

4
Hendrick Motorsports
1999, 2009, 2015, 2017

Joe Gibbs Racing
2010, 2013, 2016, 2018

2
Robert Yates Racing
2001, 2004

Team Penske
2003, 2014

text: Manufacturer wins[edit]

text:
# Wins
Manufacturer
Years Won

10
Ford
1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014

6
Chevrolet
1999, 2000, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2017

4
Toyota
2010, 2013, 2016, 2018

2
Dodge
2003, 2006

text: Television broadcasters[edit]

text:
Year
Network
Lap-by-lap
Color commentator(s)

1997
CBS
Ken Squier
Ned Jarrett
Buddy Baker

1998
Mike Joy

1999

2000

2001
Fox
Darrell Waltrip
Larry McReynolds

2002
Fox
FX

2003
Fox

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016
Darrell Waltrip
Jeff Gordon

2017

2018
FS1

text: Notes[edit]

text: The 2002 race, which was to be shown on Fox, was postponed to Monday on FX due to Fox's weekday programming. Some Fox affiliates aired the race despite this.


question_text: who is the chief officer of the house of representatives of the senate

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United States House
of Representatives

History of the United States
House of Representatives

Members

Current members

(by seniority
by age
non-voting)

Former members

Hill committees

(DCCC
NRCC)

Congressional districts

Speaker of the United States
House of Representatives (list)

Party leaders
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure

Committee of the Whole

Closed session (list)
Saxbe fix

Committees (list)
Procedures

Origination Clause
Quorum call

Unanimous consent
Salaries

Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method)

Redistricting
Gerrymandering

Articles of impeachment

Self-executing rule
Rules suspension

General ticket
Plural district

Places

United States Capitol

House office buildings

(Cannon
Ford
Longworth
Rayburn)

v
t
e

text: The Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives (CAO) is the chief administrative officer of the United States House of Representatives, charged with carrying out administrative functions for the House, including human resources, information resources, payroll, finance, procurement, and other business services.

text: Along with the other House officers, the Chief Administrative Officer is elected every two years when the House organizes for a new Congress. The majority and minority party conferences (the Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives and Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives) nominate candidates for the House officer positions after the election of the Speaker of the House. The full House adopts a resolution to elect the officers, who will begin serving the Membership after they have taken the oath of office.

text: The office of the CAO was first created during the 104th Congress, which met from January 3, 1995 to January 3, 1997. It replaced the position of the Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives, which was abolished at the same time. Scot Faulkner of West Virginia served as the first CAO. During his tenure he led the reform of the scandal-plagued House financial system, abolished the Folding Room, and privatized Postal operations, printing, and shoe repair. Mr. Faulkner's office also implemented the first House Intranet (CyberCongress) and expanded digital camera coverage of the House Chamber and committee rooms. Faulkner's reform efforts are chronicled in the books "Naked Emperors" [Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. February 2008; ISBN 0-7425-5881-9] and "Inside Congress" [Pocket Books August 1998 ISBN 0-671-00386-0].

text: In 2007 then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) appointed Daniel P. Beard of Maryland as CAO. She tasked him to carrying out her Green the Capitol initiative, a move that would later prove not too popular with some Congressional Members. Beard also restructured divisions within CAO that handled such administrative functions as House payroll and benefits.[1][2]|-In July 2010 he handed the reins of the position over to Dan Strodel of Virginia, who prior to becoming CAO served as a senior adviser on the House Administration Committee. Strodel held the position until early 2014 when Ed Cassidy took over responsibilities. Cassidy retired from the position on December 31, 2015, and was replaced by Will Plaster. Plaster served as CAO until July 31, 2016. The current CAO, Phil Kiko, took office on August 1, 2016.

text: List of Chief Administrative Officers[edit]

text: This table represents those who have served as Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives. The table lists the CAO who began each Congress; Term of Service may end before the sitting Congress if they resigned early.

text:
United States Congress
Chief Administrative Officer
State or Territory
Term of Service

104th
Scot Faulkner
West Virginia
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997

105th
Jeff Trandahl
South Dakota
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999

106th
James M. Eagen, III
Maryland
January 3, 1999 – February 15, 2007

107th
Virginia

108th

109th

110th

111th
Daniel P. Beard
Maryland
February 15, 2007 – July 1, 2010

112th
Daniel J. Strodel
Virginia
July 15, 2010 – January 3, 2012

113th
Daniel J. Strodel
Virginia
January 3, 2012 – January 6, 2014

113th
Ed Cassidy
Virginia
January 6, 2014 – January 3, 2015

114th
Ed Cassidy
Virginia
January 3, 2015 – December 31, 2015

114th
Will Plaster
Virginia
January 1, 2016 – July 31, 2016

114th
Philip G. Kiko
Ohio
August 1, 2016 - January 3, 2017

115th
Philip G. Kiko
Ohio
January 3, 2017 - Present


document_title: Cry-Baby

question_text: who did the singing for johnny depp in cry baby

text: Cry-Baby

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1954 Baltimore, Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker is the leader of a gang of "drapes", which includes his sister Pepper, a teenage mother; Mona "Hatchet Face" Malnorowski, who is facially disfigured; Wanda Woodward, who is constantly embarrassed by her post World War II normal parents; and Milton Hackett, Hatchet Face's devoted boyfriend. Walker's ability to shed a single tear drives all the girls wild. One day after school, he is approached by Allison Vernon-Williams, a pretty girl tired of being a "square", and the two fall in love. That same day, Cry-Baby approaches the "square" part of town to a talent show at the recreation center where Allison's grandmother hosts events, and introduces himself to her, who is skeptical of his motives. Cry-Baby invites Allison to a party at Turkey Point, a local hangout spot for the drapes.

text: Despite her grandmother's skepticism, Allison accompanies Cry-Baby to Turkey Point and sings with the drapes. As Cry-Baby and Allison tell each other about their orphan lives; Cry-Baby's father was sent to the electric chair after being the "Alphabet Bomber" – a killer who bombed places in alphabetical order and his mother tried to stop him, but also got sent to the electric chair as a result; Allison's parents took separate flights to avoid orphaning her if they crashed, but both their planes went down. Allison's jealous square boyfriend, Baldwin, then starts a riot. Cry-Baby is blamed for the fight and sent to a penitentiary, outraging all his friends and even Allison's grandmother, who is impressed by Cry-Baby's posture, manners, and musical talent.

text: As Lenora Frigid, a loose girl with a crush on Cry-Baby, but constantly rejected by him, claims to be pregnant with his child, Allison feels betrayed and returns to Baldwin and the squares, though her grandmother advises her against rushing into a decision. Meanwhile, in the penitentiary, Cry-Baby gets a teardrop tattoo. He tells the tattoo artist, fellow drape Dupree (Robert Tyree): "I've been hurt all my life, but real tears wash away. This one's for Allison, and I want it to last forever!".

text: Eventually after performing with Baldwin and the Whiffles, Allison is persuaded by the newly established alliance between the Drapes and her grandmother to stand by Cry-Baby and join the campaign for his release. Cry-Baby is released, but immediately insulted by Baldwin, who after revealing that his grandfather is the one who electrocuted Cry-Baby's father, challenges him to a chicken race. Cry-Baby wins, as Baldwin chickens out, and is reunited with Allison.

text: The film ends with all watching the chicken race crying a single tear, except for Allison and Cry-Baby, who has finally let go of the past, enabling him to cry from both eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Depp as Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker

James Intveld as Cry-Baby's singing voice

Amy Locane as Allison Vernon-Williams

Rachel Sweet as Allison's singing voice

Polly Bergen as Mrs. Vernon-Williams
Ricki Lake as Pepper Walker
Traci Lords as Wanda Woodward
Kim McGuire as Mona "Hatchet-Face" Malnorowski
Darren E. Burrows as Milton Hackett
Susan Tyrrell as Ramona Rickettes
Iggy Pop as Belvedere Rickettes
Kim Webb as Lenora Frigid
Stephen Mailer as Baldwin
Alan J. Wendl as Toe-Joe Jackson
Jonathan Benya as Snare-Drum
Jessica Raskin as Susie Q
Troy Donahue as Mr. Malnorowski
Mink Stole as Mrs. Malnorowski
Joe Dallesandro as Mr. Hackett
Joey Heatherton as Mrs. Hackett
David Nelson as Mr. Woodward
Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Woodward
Robert Tyree as Dupree
Robert Walsh as Judge
Willem Dafoe as Hateful guard

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Women in Cadillacs" – Doc Starkes and The Night Riders *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby
"Gee" – The Crows *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Sh-Boom" – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"A Teenage Prayer" – Allison
"King Cry-Baby" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Teardrops Are Falling" – Cry-Baby, Dupree, Prisoners
"Doin' Time for Bein' Young" – Cry-Baby, Prisoners
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane" (Director's Cut) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Mr. Sandman" – Allison, Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Please, Mr. Jailer" – Allison, Cry-Baby, Company, Prisoners
"Chicken" (deleted scene) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"High School Hellcats" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Pepper, Company

text: Release[edit]

text: Cry-Baby was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.[4]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 73% score, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "John Waters' musical ode to the teen rebel genre is infectious and gleefully camp, providing star Johnny Depp with the perfect vehicle in which to lampoon his pin-up image."[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on April 6, 1990 in 1,229 North American cinemas — an unprecedented number for a John Waters film. In its opening weekend, it grossed a soft $3,004,905 ($2,445 per screen) and grossed $8,266,343 by the end of its theatrical run,[3] making it a box office flop from its $12 million budget.[2]

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: Cry-Baby is the second of Waters' films to be adapted for the stage as a musical comedy (following Hairspray).

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Cry-Baby was the main inspiration for It Was Romance frontperson Lane Moore's music video to her first single, "Philadelphia", with Moore playing both Traci Lords and Johnny Depp's characters from the film.[7]