document_title: Wave base

question_text: the depth of the wave base is approximately

text: Wave base

text: Process[edit]

text: In seawater, the water particles are moved in a circular orbital motion when a wave passes. The radius of the circle of motion for any given water molecule decreases exponentially with increasing depth. The wave base, which is the depth of influence of a water wave, is about half the wavelength.

text: At depths greater than half the wavelength, the water motion is less than 4% of its value at the water surface[2] and may be neglected.

text: For example, in a pool of water 1 metre (3.3 ft) deep, a wave with a 3 metres (9.8 ft) wavelength would be moving the water at the bottom. In the same pool, a wave with a wavelength of 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) would not be able to cause water movement on the bottom.

text: Distinctions[edit]

text: There are typically two wave bases, the fair weather wave base (FWWB) and the storm wave base (SWB).[1]

text: The fair weather wave base refers to the depth beneath the waves under normal conditions and the portion of the seafloor that is agitated by this everyday wave action is known as the Upper shoreface.

text: The storm wave base refers to the depths beneath storm-driven waves and can be much deeper. The portion of the seafloor that is only agitated by storm-driven wave action is known as the Lower shoreface.

text: Note that another classification exists, which considers that the zone affected by both fair weather and storm waves is to be defined as shoreface, whereas Upper offshore is the name given to the zone only affected by storm waves and Lower offshore a zone not disturbed by any surface wave. (e.g. [3])


document_title: Real Time with Bill Maher

question_text: when does the new season of bill maher start

root

text: Real Time with Bill Maher

text: Format[edit]

text: The format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit, followed by the credits and a comedy monologue. Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in-studio before sitting down with the panel guests for an extensive debate. Halfway through the panel session, Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items. Following the comedy bit, Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in-studio. The format varies, with two or three people on the panel. Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews.[3] Near the end of every episode, Maher has a segment called "New Rules" which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics.[4] The final "New Rule" segues into Maher's closing editorial monologue.

tag: p

text: Since the show airs on HBO, the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on Politically Incorrect. Also, pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images.

text: In the first season, Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent. Also, every episode would end with a performance by a stand-up comedian, none of which were political satirists. The segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode. Viewers were also able to call into the live show in the first season and ask questions over the air, but this was also dropped.

text: Starting with episode 67 in February 2006, audio-only episodes were made available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store[5] and as a raw RSS feed.[6] The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal, including New Rules not aired in the final version.

text: During the fall of 2006, Maher began hosting a live chat (now called "Overtime") on HBO's website following each broadcast, usually including some of the show guests. Viewers are invited to submit questions prior to and during the original telecast for Maher and the guests to answer and discuss afterwards.[7] It is also available on the show's YouTube channel.[8]

text: The opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the (now defunct) Los Angeles speaking clock, featuring an (uncredited) Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying "Good Afternoon". The theme song is composed by Christopher "Kid" Reid and his voice is heard saying "Start the clock", "Real Time" and "Bill Maher". A montage of historical events from the beginning of time to election night on November 4, 2008 accompanies the music along with a crawl at the bottom listing the guests for that night's show.[9] According to HBO the show receives an average of 4 million viewers per week.[10]

text: Politics and current events[edit]

text: Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration,[3] the Bush administration and the Trump administration. His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views. Frequently, it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure, a conservative commentator or political figure, and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label, or someone with moderate beliefs. This third individual is often an actor, comedian, musician or other entertainment figure, though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal.

text: On his previous TV series, Politically Incorrect, he used the word "libertarian" to describe his political leanings. Regarding religion, he considers himself a "rationalist", as someone "preaching the gospel of 'I don't know'".[11] Maher identifies himself as politically unaffiliated and disagrees with the Republican party on many issues, and with the Democratic Party on many of their party platform's planks. He endorsed the candidacy of Ralph Nader of the Green Party in the US presidential campaign of 2000. After the 2000 election, Maher was among those who felt that votes cast by progressives for Nader possibly cost Democratic candidate Al Gore the election, and put George W. Bush in the White House. During an episode on which Nader and Michael Moore were guests, both Maher and Moore begged Nader not to run again in 2004 (season 2, episode 11).[12] He endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry leading up to the 2004 presidential election. In 2008, he endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and harshly criticized Republican candidate John McCain's political campaign. He also heavily criticized McCain's vice presidential pick, Sarah Palin, on her qualifications and intelligence. Maher interviewed then-presidential-candidate, Republican Ron Paul, giving him some positive air time. He often cites Paul's views in order to demonstrate the diversity of views on the right.[citation needed]

text: Maher has strong opinions on US drug policy, advocating for the legalization of marijuana. He is against censorship, often citing his own dismissal from ABC and the backlash against the Dixie Chicks for their comments on the Iraq War. He is also against conservative attitudes towards sex and sexuality, mocking outrages over Bill Clinton's infidelity and Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction". He is also not shy about his lack of religious beliefs and he frequently criticizes religion. He is widely known for his support of animal rights groups such as PETA. Hot-button political issues such as health care, corporate influence in government, illegal immigration, the environment, entitlement programs, and human service regulations are frequently discussed on the show.[citation needed]

text: Christine O'Donnell[edit]

text: On September 17, 2010, Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29, 1999, episode of his prior TV series Politically Incorrect,[13] where she discussed that she had "dabbled in witchcraft". This was perhaps the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle.[14] O'Donnell went on to film a rebuttal commercial claiming "I'm not a witch, I'm you." This ad inspired many video parodies[15][16][17] and O'Donnell later said that the ad backfired and focused attention on her decade-old statement.[18] O'Donnell lost to her Democratic opponent, Chris Coons, in the general election. On the September 7, 2012, episode of Real Time with Bill Maher, O'Donnell appeared on the show for the first time and resolved the issue with Maher, who apologized for the amount of publicity that the clip garnered. Maher said that he would not have aired the clip if he knew that it would have taken away from the message of her campaign.[19]

text: Changes in 2008[edit]

text: The show returned on January 11, 2008, and began broadcasting in high definition, with updates to the set for HD display.

text: As a result of the writers' strike, the opening skit, the "New Rules" segment, and the closing monologue were eliminated for five episodes at the beginning of the year. The ice breaker used in the middle of the show (normally a fake products sketch tying into a current event) was also eliminated due to the strike. The announcement that Real Time would return without writers indicated that the opening monologue would also be cut, but every episode included a full monologue.[citation needed]

text: During the strike, the "Overtime" concept became part of the live show itself, through a new segment called "Blogga, Please!" Using HBO's website, viewers were able to leave comments or questions during the live show. Maher and the panel then responded to selected postings at the end of the show. The "Blogga, Please!" segment was discontinued, and "New Rules" brought back, on February 15 following the resolution of the strike. Additionally, during the strike, Maher aired pre-recorded interviews by himself with everyday people about the election and other issues after the opening monologue.[citation needed]

text: Established early on, the final "New Rule" served as a segue into the closing monologue. On the March 7 episode, the closing monologue returned to the format of the show. The opening skits have not reappeared, except for April 4 and 11, 2008.[citation needed]

text: Instead of doing a second satellite interview near the forty-minute mark, the January 11 episode also featured the debut of the "Real Time Real Reporter", a blogger or political pundit who is brought on midway through the show as an extra panelist to offer opinions on the latest election campaign happenings. Such correspondents have included Matt Taibbi, Frank Luntz, Amy Holmes, P. J. O'Rourke, and Dan Savage.[citation needed]

text: Changes in 2009[edit]

text: The 2009 premiere was on February 20 at the earlier time of 10:00 pm EST. The opening sequence was also slightly changed to include then President-elect Barack Obama and his family waving to a crowd of supporters on election night in November 2008.

text: Also, the show aired one continuous season as opposed to airing episodes in the spring and fall with a summer break in between.

text: For a short time the Real Time panel was reduced from three panelists to two for the new season. Maher jokingly attributed the new panel line-up to the economic crisis, stating that it was a means of reining in spending for the HBO show; Maher later stated that there is no connection between the failing economy and the producers' decision to remove the third guest. During his show on March 13, 2009, Maher reacted to the confusion sparked by his remarks from his previous show regarding the panel stating, "I said as a joke that we had cut down the panel to two people because of economic times, and people took me seriously. No. It's just because I'm tired of talking to three people sometimes." The panel was once again at three panelists for the show one week later, on March 20. In addition to the panel reconfiguration, Maher has instituted a one-on-one in-studio interview segment in lieu of the past seasons' satellite interviews. The interview with James Carville on the May 8 show, however, was conducted via satellite.

text: Changes in 2012[edit]

text: HBO renewed the show on April 24, 2012, for two more seasons through 2013–14.[20] The first episode of Season 11 aired on January 18, 2013,[21] retaining its format of an initial monologue from Maher, a one-on-one interview with a guest, then turning to a discussion panel of three guests, and ending with "New Rules".

text: A new addition to the format is that of a fourth or "mid-guest", who comes in at approximately the halfway point of the show, bringing their own issue to the table and discussing it with the entire panel.[22]

text: Changes in 2017[edit]

text: In 2017, Real Time debuted a new theme song and a new set. The new theme song continues in the path of its predecessor by showcasing important political events including the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States. The new season retained the basic format of the show – a top of the show guest, a table discussion and a mid-show guest. The biggest change in terms of set design has been that the main table where Bill Maher and two–three guests discuss current political events is moved closer to the audience after the top of the show interview is completed. In addition to this, some mid-show guests including Leah Remini and Jake Tapper have been interviewed on a separate side table. This has meant that the mid-show guest has not taken part in any discussion on the main show after their interview and Tapper and Remini have also not appeared on Overtime, the segment which is broadcast on YouTube.[23]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
February 21, 2003 (2003-02-21)
September 26, 2003 (2003-09-26)

2
23
January 16, 2004 (2004-01-16)
November 5, 2004 (2004-11-05)

3
23
February 18, 2005 (2005-02-18)
November 4, 2005 (2005-11-04)

4
24
February 17, 2006 (2006-02-17)
November 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)

5
24
February 16, 2007 (2007-02-16)
November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)

6
27
January 11, 2008 (2008-01-11)
November 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)

7
31
February 20, 2009 (2009-02-20)
October 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)

8
25
February 19, 2010 (2010-02-19)
November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)

9
35
January 14, 2011 (2011-01-14)
November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)

10
35
January 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)
November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)

11
35
January 18, 2013 (2013-01-18)
November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)

12
35
January 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)

13
35
January 9, 2015 (2015-01-09)
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

14
38
January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)

15
TBA
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
TBA

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Larry King calls Real Time "one of the best shows on television".[24] Maher was a regular guest on Larry King Live as well as co-host at various times, and co-emcee of the final show, along with Ryan Seacrest.[25][26]

text: Common Sense Media's website says, "Comedian Bill Maher is very funny, very well-informed, and very insightful, but he's also very crass." It later says, "Maher also expects his audience to have plenty of tolerance for blue humor. His jokes are profane and riddled with explicit sexual references, and he often pokes fun at the use and abuse of alcohol and other intoxicants. It's funny, but it's very much aimed at adults." The site gives Real Time with Bill Maher an "overall quality" rating of 4 out of 5 stars.[27]

text: Ruthless Reviews was also positive, saying, "Maher's show is as good as ever, which means that the sacred and the profane continue to be discussed with intelligence, humor, and the occasional silliness" and that it "works so well because he selects provocative guests and I can't remember the panel ever having a dull conversation. Maher is smart and witty (and clearly in control), which means that he won't let his guests get away with bullshit."[28]

text: Fareed Zakaria has referred to Maher as "one of the most astute political observers of our time".[29]

text: Books[edit]

text: Two books by Maher based on the show have been published, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer, by Rodale Books in 2005 and The New New Rules: A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass, by Blue Rider Press in 2011.

text: Award nominations[edit]

text: The show has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series every year from 2005 through 2014 and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Talk Series in 2016 & 2017.[30]


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who becomes the vice president if the president is impeached

text: Current order[edit]

text: The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended (3 U.S.C. § 19).[1] The order is determined by the offices. However, the individual in an office must still satisfy the constitutional requirements for the office in order to serve as Acting President. In the table, the absence of a number in the first column indicates that the incumbent is ineligible, or is of uncertain eligibility.[2] In such cases, a note explains the detail.

text:
No.

Office

Current officer

Party

1

Vice President

Mike Pence

Republican

2

Speaker of the House of Representatives

Paul Ryan

Republican

3

President pro tempore of the Senate

Orrin Hatch

Republican

4

Secretary of State

Mike Pompeo

Republican

5

Secretary of the Treasury

Steven Mnuchin

Republican

6

Secretary of Defense[A]

Jim Mattis

Independent

7

Attorney General

Jeff Sessions

Republican

8

Secretary of the Interior

Ryan Zinke

Republican

9

Secretary of Agriculture

Sonny Perdue

Republican

10

Secretary of Commerce

Wilbur Ross

Republican

11

Secretary of Labor

Alexander Acosta

Republican

12

Secretary of Health and Human Services[B]

Alex Azar

Republican

13

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Ben Carson

Republican

 —[C]

Secretary of Transportation

Elaine Chao

Republican

14

Secretary of Energy

Rick Perry

Republican

15

Secretary of Education

Betsy DeVos

Republican

16

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Robert Wilkie

Republican

17

Secretary of Homeland Security

Kirstjen Nielsen

Independent

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: Presidential eligibility[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: be a natural-born U.S. citizen of the United States; be at least thirty-five years old; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.[6][D]

text: A person who meets the above qualifications, however, would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

text:
Under the 22nd Amendment, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once.[7][8]
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of president.[9]
Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.[10]

tag: ul

text: Presidential succession[edit]

text: The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve.[11]
The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that, just as they would due to the president's death or disability, the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if—following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College—the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president's term.[12]
The 20th Amendment, Section 3, supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision, by declaring that if the president-elect dies before his term begins, the vice president-elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president-elect was elected, and also that, if on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the president-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the vice president-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president-elect qualifies. It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect have qualified.[13]
The 25th Amendment, Section 1, clarifies Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president, and becomes president if the incumbent dies, resigns or is removed from office. It also, in sections 3 and 4, provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit. Additionally, in Section 2, the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress.[E] Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967.[15]

text: Succession acts[edit]

text: Act of 1792[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 (Full text
) provided for succession to the presidency, in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant, by, first, the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by, if need be, the speaker of the House.[16] Various framers of the Constitution, such as James Madison, criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent. The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate. In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker, both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested. Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists, who did not want the then secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic-Republicans, to follow the vice president in the succession, and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns.[11][17]

text: The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity, holding office only until a new president could be elected.[18] A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year; no such election ever took place.

text: Act of 1886[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 (Full text
) established a line of succession that included the members of the president's cabinet, the order of the establishment of the various departments, beginning with the Secretary of State,[F] and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office.[18] The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose.

text: The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress, for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession. In September 1881, When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield's death, there was no vice President, no president pro tempore of the Senate, and no Speaker of the House of Representatives.[12] Then, in November 1885, Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers.[19]

text: Act of 1947[edit]

text:
The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (Full text
) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession—but in reverse-order from their 1792 positions—and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet, who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department.[5][G] Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore (both elected officials) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members (all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate), was Harry S. Truman's idea. Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945, two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt's death, the proposal reflected Truman's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office "the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act," and that the presidency should, whenever possible, "be filled by an elective officer."[18][20]

text: The Act, which the president signed into law on July 18, 1947,[18] has been modified several times, with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years. Its most recent change came about in 2006, when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession.[1][H]

text: Ambiguities regarding succession and inability[edit]

text: Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability, left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession.[11] Some historians, including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick,[22] have argued that the framers' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until a new president could be elected.[23]

text: The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841, when President William Henry Harrison died in office, only 31 days into his term. Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency, asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president, by taking the presidential oath of office.[24]

text: Many around him—including John Quincy Adams,[22][25] Henry Clay[26] and other members of Congress,[25][26] along with Whig party leaders,[26] and even Tyler's own cabinet[25][26]—believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself. He was nicknamed "His Accidency" and excoriated as a usurper.[24] Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[27] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[26] setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president's death,[24] one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[23]

text: Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president's death was set, the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear. What constituted an "inability"? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President"?  Due to this lack of clarity, later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability.[28] Two situations are noteworthy:

text: On July 2, 1881, James Garfield was shot; hit from behind by two bullets (one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back).[29] The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability.[12] Most disconcerting, especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress, was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation. No one was sure who, if anyone, should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step-up, but he declined, fearful of being labeled a usurper. Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny, Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer. Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president's doctors, and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president's condition.[29]

text: In October 1919, Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke. Nearly blind and partially paralyzed, he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House.[30] Vice President Thomas Marshall, the cabinet, and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president's illness for several months. Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson's health, or to preside over cabinet meetings, fearful that he would be accused of "longing for his place."  Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency, Marshall declined to act, or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson.[31] At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax, and domestic issues such as strikes, unemployment, inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action, the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function.[32]

text: When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955, he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower's recovery. Although it did not have the force of law, the plan helped to reassure the nation. The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and, if unable to do so, empowered Nixon, with appropriate consultation, to make the decision.[28] Had it been invoked, Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery. Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy's November 1963 assassination, this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability.[15]

text: Presidential succession by vice presidents[edit]

text: Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term, eight due to the president's death, and one due to the president's resignation from office.[1][12]

text:
Successor[33]

Party[33]

Date and reason for succession[33][34]

John Tyler

Whig

April 4, 1841, William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency.[35]

Millard Fillmore

Whig

July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died 1 year, 4 months and 5 days into his presidency.[36]

Andrew Johnson

Republican

April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln died 4 years, 1 month and 11 days into his presidency.[37]

Chester A. Arthur

Republican

September 19, 1881, James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency.[38]

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican

September 14, 1901, William McKinley died 4 years, 6 months and 10 days into his presidency.[39]

Calvin Coolidge

Republican

August 2, 1923, Warren G. Harding died 2 years, 4 months and 29 days into his presidency.[40]

Harry S. Truman

Democratic

April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years, 1 month and 8 days into his presidency.[41]

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic

November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy died 2 years, 10 months and 2 days into his presidency.[42]

Gerald Ford

Republican

August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years, 6 months and 20 days into his presidency.[43]

text: Additionally, two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president, as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment: George H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007.[44]

text: Presidential succession beyond the vice president[edit]

text: While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president, and a number of them have died or resigned, the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant;[I] thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president. The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln's 1865 assassination, as Vice President Andrew Johnson (along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth's plot to destabilize the Union government. It was also there three years later, when, as president and with the vice presidency vacant, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.[2][47]

text: Ratification of the 25th Amendment, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.[14] Only a few years after it went into effect, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure, and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.[48] Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford's choice to succeed him as vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.[12]

text: Next in line[edit]

text: The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789;[34] during those periods, the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States:

text: Under the 1792 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

1

William H. Crawford[49]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic-Republican

April 20, 1812 –March 4, 1813

Death of Vice President George Clinton

Madison

2

Langdon Cheves[50]

Speaker of the House

Democratic-Republican

November 23, 1814 –November 25, 1814

Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate

Madison

John Gaillard[50]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic-Republican

November 25, 1814 –March 4, 1817

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

3

Hugh Lawson White[50]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 28, 1832 –March 4, 1833

Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun

Jackson

4

Samuel L. Southard[51]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Whig

April 4, 1841 –May 31, 1842

Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency

Tyler

Willie Person Mangum[51]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Whig

May 31, 1842 –March 4, 1845

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

5

Vacant[52]

July 9, 1850 –July 11, 1850

Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate; and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb who was not yet 35 years old

Fillmore

William R. King[53]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

July 11, 1850 –December 20, 1852

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

David Rice Atchison[54]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 20, 1852 –March 4, 1853

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

6

David Rice Atchison[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

April 18, 1853 –December 4, 1854

Death of Vice President William R. King

Pierce

Lewis Cass[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 4, 1854 –December 5, 1854

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Jesse D. Bright[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

December 5, 1854 –June 9, 1856

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Charles E. Stuart[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

June 9, 1856 –June 10, 1856

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Jesse D. Bright[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

June 11, 1856 –January 6, 1857

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

James Murray Mason[52]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

January 6, 1857 –March 4, 1857

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

7

Lafayette S. Foster[55]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

April 15, 1865 –March 2, 1867

Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to the presidency

A. Johnson

Benjamin Wade[55]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

March 2, 1867 –March 4, 1869

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

8

Thomas W. Ferry[56]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

November 22, 1875 –March 4, 1877

Death of Vice President Henry Wilson

Grant

9

Vacant[57]

September 19, 1881 –October 10, 1881

Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to the presidency; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House

Arthur

Thomas F. Bayard[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Democratic

 October 10, 1881 –October 13, 1881

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

David Davis[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Independent

October 13, 1881 –March 3, 1883

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

George F. Edmunds[58]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

March 3, 1883 –March 3, 1885

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

10

Vacant[57]

November 25, 1885 –December 7, 1885

Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House

Cleveland

John Sherman[57]

President pro tempore of the Senate

Republican

December 7, 1885 –January 19, 1886

Elected President pro tempore of the Senate; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

text: Under the 1886 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

10

Thomas F. Bayard[25]

Secretary of State

Democratic

January 19, 1886 –March 4, 1889

Succession Act of 1886 is enacted; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Cleveland

11

John Hay[59]

Secretary of State

Republican

November 21, 1899 –March 4, 1901

Death of Vice President Garret Hobart

McKinley

12

John Hay[59]

Secretary of State

Republican

September 14, 1901 –March 4, 1905

Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency

T. Roosevelt

13

Philander C. Knox

Secretary of State

Republican

October 30, 1912 –March 4, 1913

Death of Vice President James S. Sherman

Taft

14

Charles Evans Hughes

Secretary of State

Republican

August 2, 1923 –March 4, 1925

Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency

Coolidge

15

Edward Stettinius Jr.[60]

Secretary of State

Democratic

April 12, 1945 –June 27, 1945

Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency

Truman

Henry Morgenthau Jr.[60]

Secretary of the Treasury

Democratic

June 27, 1945 –July 3, 1945

Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr.; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

James F. Byrnes[60]

Secretary of State

Democratic

July 3, 1945 –January 21, 1947

Confirmed as Secretary of State; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

George Marshall[59]

Secretary of State

Democratic

January 21, 1947 –July 18, 1947

Confirmed as Secretary of State; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

text: Under the 1947 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official

Office

Party

Dates

Reason

President

15

Joseph William Martin Jr.[59]

Speaker of the House

Republican

July 18, 1947 –January 3, 1949

Succession Act of 1947 is enacted; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

Truman

Sam Rayburn[61]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

January 3, 1949 –January 20, 1949

Elected Speaker of the House; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States

16

John W. McCormack[62]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

November 22, 1963 –January 20, 1965

Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency

L. Johnson

17

Carl Albert[48]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

October 10, 1973 –December 6, 1973

Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew

Nixon

18

Carl Albert[12]

Speaker of the House

Democratic

August 9, 1974 –December 19, 1974

Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency

Ford

text: Contemporary issues and concerns[edit]

text: In 2003, the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party".  For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the president, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as president, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president).[63]

tag: ol

text: In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term "Officer" in the 1947 statute,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[64]

text: In 2016-17, the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to "resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions" over the past several decades. The clinic's recommendations included:

text:
Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials, or "Standing Successors," outside of Washington, D.C. The line of succession would be: 1st–Secretary of State, 2nd–Secretary of Defense, 3rd–Attorney General, 4th–Secretary of Homeland Security, 5th–Secretary of the Treasury, 6th–Standing Successor 1, 7th–Standing Successor 2, 8th–Standing Successor 3, and 9th–Standing Successor 4;
If legislators are not removed from the line of succession, only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled (to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily) or removed from office;
Eliminate the "bumping provision" in the Succession Act of 1947;
Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession;
That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day, which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession;
Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1–a dual inability of the President and the Vice President, including where there is no Vice President and 2–a sole inability of the Vice President.[2]


document_title: Dadasaheb Phalke Award

question_text: who won the 2016 dada saheb phalke award

text: Dadasaheb Phalke Award

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
List of award recipients by year[1]

Year(Ceremony)

Image

Recipient

Film industry

Notes

1969(17th)

Devika Rani

Hindi

Widely acknowledged as "the first lady of Indian cinema",[15] the actress debuted in Karma (1933), which was the first Indian English-language film and the first Indian film to feature an on-screen kiss.[16] She also founded the first Indian public limited film company, Bombay Talkies, in 1934.[17]

1970(18th)

Birendranath Sircar

Bengali

The founder of two production companies, International Filmcraft and New Theatres, Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta, one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films.[18]

1971(19th)

Prithviraj Kapoor[b]

Hindi

Kapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India's first sound film, Alam Ara (1931). He founded Prithvi Theatre, a travelling theatre company in 1944 "to promote Hindi stage productions".[5]

1972(20th)

Pankaj Mullick

 • Bengali • Hindi

A composer, singer and actor, Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films.[20] He is best known for Mahishasuramardini, a radio musical composed in 1931.[21]

1973(21st)

Ruby Myers (Sulochana)

Hindi

One of the highest-paid actresses of her time, Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala (1925) and is considered to be "the first sex symbol of Indian cinema".[22]

1974(22nd)

 –

Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy

Telugu

The director of fifteen feature films in Telugu, Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.[23]

1975(23rd)

Dhirendra Nath Ganguly

Bengali

Considered one of the founders of Bengali film industry, Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat (1921). He established three production companies - Indo British Film Company (1918), Lotus Film Company (1922) and British Dominion Films Studio (1929) - to direct several Bengali films.[24]

1976(24th)

Kanan Devi

Bengali

Acknowledged as "the first lady of Bengali cinema", Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s. She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company, Shrimati Pictures.[25]

1977(25th)

 –

Nitin Bose

 • Bengali • Hindi

A cinematographer, director and screenwriter, Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon.[26][27]

1978(26th)

 –

Raichand Boral

 • Bengali • Hindi

Considered one of the pioneers of Indian film music, Boral was a music director who, in collaboration with director Nitin Bose, introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema.[28]

1979(27th)

Sohrab Modi

Hindi

An actor and film-maker, Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue.[29]

1980(28th)

Paidi Jairaj

 • Hindi • Telugu

Initially having worked as a body double, actor-director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards.[30]

1981(29th)

Naushad

Hindi

Music director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar (1940),[31] and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema.[32]

1982(30th)

 –

L. V. Prasad

 • Telugu • Tamil • Hindi

Actor-director-producer L. V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages: the  Hindi Alam Ara, Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada, all released in 1931.[33] He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976.[34] Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages.[35]

1983(31st)

Durga Khote

 • Hindi • Marathi

Having acted in the first Marathi-language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema.[36] She set up two production companies, Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions, which produced short films and documentaries.[37]

1984(32nd)

Satyajit Ray

Bengali

Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[38] the film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[39]

1985(33rd)

V. Shantaram

 • Hindi • Marathi

Actor and film-maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India's first colour film, Sairandhri (1931).[40] He also produced and direct the first Marathi-language talkie, Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years.[41]

1986(34th)

 –

B. Nagi Reddy

Telugu

Reddy produced more than 50 films, beginning in the 1950s. He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia.[10]

1987(35th)

Raj Kapoor

Hindi

Often revered as "The Show Man",[42] actor and film-maker Kapoor's performance in the Hindi film Awara (1951) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010.[43]

1988(36th)

Ashok Kumar

Hindi

Popularly known as "Dadamoni" (the grand old man), Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya (1936), Bandhan (1940) and Kismet (1943), the first blockbuster in Indian cinema.[44]

1989(37th)

Lata Mangeshkar

 • Hindi • Marathi

Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[45] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[46]

1990(38th)

Akkineni Nageswara Rao

Telugu

Having debuted in Dharma Pathini (1941), Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films, mostly in the Telugu language.[47]

1991(39th)

 –

Bhalji Pendharkar

Marathi

Film-maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films. He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films.[48]

1992(40th)

Bhupen Hazarika

Assamese

Popularly referred to as "the Bard of Brahmaputra", musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language.[49]

1993(41st)

Majrooh Sultanpuri

Hindi

Lyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan (1946) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films.[50]

1994(42nd)

Dilip Kumar

Hindi

Debuting in Jwar Bhata (1944), the "Tragedy King" Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades.[51]

1995(43rd)

Rajkumar

Kannada

In a career spanning over 45 years, Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada-language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992.[52]

1996(44th)

Sivaji Ganesan

Tamil

Ganesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi (1952) and went on to appear in more than 300 films. He is known for his "expressive and resonant voice".[53]

1997(45th)

Kavi Pradeep

Hindi

Best known for the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo", lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs, hymns and fiery nationalistic poems, including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films.[54]

1998(46th)

B. R. Chopra

Hindi

Film-maker B. R. Chopra established his own production house, B. R. Films, in 1956,[55] and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur (1957) and Hamraaz (1967), as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly-titled epic of Hindu literature.[56]

1999(47th)

Hrishikesh Mukherjee

Hindi

Having directed 45 Hindi films, film-maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising "middle-of-the-road cinema" through films like Anuradha (1960), Anand (1971) and Gol Maal (1979).[57]

2000(48th)

Asha Bhosle

 • Hindi • Marathi

A playback singer of "extraordinary range and versatility",[58] Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the "most recorded artist in music history".[59]

2001(49th)

Yash Chopra

Hindi

The founder of Yash Raj Films, Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool (1959). He directed 22 Hindi films.[60]

2002(50th)

Dev Anand

Hindi

Widely revered as "evergreen star of Hindi cinema",[61] actor and film-maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films.[62]

2003(51st)

Mrinal Sen

Bengali

Regarded as one of "India's most important film-makers",[63] Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore (1955) and made 27 films in 50 years.[64]

2004(52nd)

Adoor Gopalakrishnan

Malayalam

Credited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema, director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film, Swayamvaram (1972). He has been acclaimed for his "ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way".[65]

2005(53rd)

Shyam Benegal

Hindi

Benegal started his career by making advertising films. He directed his first feature film, Ankur, in 1973. His films have focused on women and their rights.[66]

2006(54th)

 –

Tapan Sinha

 • Bengali • Hindi

Film-maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali, Hindi and Oriya languages. Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people.[67]

2007(55th)

Manna Dey

 • Bengali • Hindi

In a career spanning over five decades, playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages. He is also credited with "pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework".[68]

2008(56th)

V. K. Murthy

Hindi

Best known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt, cinematographer Murthy shot India's first cinemascope film, Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959).[69] He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa (1957) and the "beam shot" in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history.[70]

2009(57th)

 –

D. Ramanaidu

Telugu

In a career spanning over 50 years, D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu.[71] He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages.[72]

2010(58th)

K. Balachander

 • Tamil • Telugu

Film-maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi (1965). In a career that spanned over forty years, he directed and produced (through his production house, Kavithalayaa Productions, established in 1981) over 100 films in various Indian languages.[73]

2011(59th)

Soumitra Chatterjee

Bengali

Best known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray,[74] Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar (1959) and worked with other directors, such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha, in a career lasting over 50 years.[75]

2012(60th)

Pran

Hindi

Known for his "compelling and highly stylized performances", actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years.[76]

2013(61st)

Gulzar

Hindi

Gulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini (1963) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne (1971). Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R. D. Burman and A. R. Rahman, Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years.[77][78]

2014(62nd)

Shashi Kapoor

Hindi

Winner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985, Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra. In 1978, Kapoor set up his production house Film "Valas" and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group, set up by his father.[11]

2015(63rd)

Manoj Kumar

Hindi

Known for his image as the patriotic hero, Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion. The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies, Kumar is fondly called as "Bharat Kumar".[14]

2016(64th)

 –

Kasinathuni Viswanath

Telugu

Viswanath started his career as a sound recordist. In a film career spanning sixty years, Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres, including films based on performing arts, visual arts, and aesthetics. Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards, and has received international recognition for his works.[79][80]

2017(65th)

Vinod Khanna[c]

Hindi

Debuted in Man Ka Meet (1968), Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s.[82] He took a brief break from the films (1982–1987) and joined politics in 1997.[83]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ In 1972, Raj Kapoor received the posthumous award given to his father, Prithviraj Kapoor. However, on 1 May 1988, when he was being conferred the award by the then President of India, R. Venkataraman, Kapoor had an asthmatic attack and was rushed in the President's ambulance. Kapoor died a month later on 2 June 1988.[8][9]

Jump up ^ Prithviraj Kapoor died on 29 May 1972, at the age of 65.[19] He was posthumously awarded for the year 1971.

Jump up ^ Vinod Khanna died on 27 April 2017, at the age of 70.[81] He was posthumously awarded for the year 2017.