document_title: History of New Zealand

question_text: when did the british came to new zealand

question_tokens: when did the british came to new zealand

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text: History of New Zealand

text: Māori arrival and settlement[edit]

text: New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia. Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that humans emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands; after a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.[4] The most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE.[4] Previous dating of some Kiore (Polynesian rat) bones at 50 – 150 CE has now been shown to have been unreliable; new samples of bone (and now also of unequivocally rat-gnawed woody seed cases) match the 1280 CE date of the earliest archaeological sites and the beginning of sustained, anthropogenic deforestation.[5]

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text: The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. The separate settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands in the east of New Zealand about 1500 CE produced the Moriori; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward.[6]

text: The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, which were large flightless ratites pushed to extinction by about 1500. As moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara, horticulture became more important. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land and other resources. In this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare. As elsewhere in the Pacific, cannibalism was part of warfare.[7]

text: Leadership was based on a system of chieftainship, which was often but not always hereditary, although chiefs (male or female) needed to demonstrate leadership abilities to avoid being superseded by more dynamic individuals. The most important units of pre-European Māori society were the whānau or extended family, and the hapū or group of whānau. After these came the iwi or tribe, consisting of groups of hapū. Related hapū would often trade goods and co-operate on major projects, but conflict between hapū was also relatively common. Traditional Māori society preserved history orally through narratives, songs, and chants; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (whakapapa) back for hundreds of years. Arts included whaikōrero (oratory), song composition in multiple genres, dance forms including haka, as well as weaving, highly developed wood carving, and tā moko (tattoo).

text: New Zealand has no native land mammals (apart from some rare bats) so birds, fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein. Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia, including sweet potatoes (called kūmara), taro, gourds, and yams. They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste.

text: Early contact periods[edit]

text: Early European exploration[edit]

text: The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769–1770. Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages.

text: Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted. Peter Trickett, for example, argues in Beyond Capricorn that the Portuguese explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça reached New Zealand in the 1520s, and the Tamil bell[8] discovered by missionary William Colenso has given rise to a number of theories,[9][10] but historians generally believe the bell 'is not in itself proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand'.[11][12][13]

text: From the 1790s, the waters around New Zealand were visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods, including guns and metal tools, for Māori food, water, wood, flax and sex.[14] Māori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders, even though the levels of technology, institutions and property rights differed greatly from the standards in European societies.[15] Although there were some conflicts, such as the killing of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne in 1772 and the destruction of the Boyd in 1809, most contact between Māori and European was peaceful.

text: European settlement[edit]

text: European (Pākehā) settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North Island. Christianity was introduced to New Zealand in 1814 by Samuel Marsden, who travelled to the Bay of Islands where he founded a mission station on behalf of the Church of England's Church Missionary Society.[16] By 1840 over 20 stations had been established. From missionaries, the Māori learnt not just about Christianity but also about European farming practices and trades, and how to read and write.[17] Beginning in 1820, linguist Samuel Lee worked with Māori chief Hongi Hika to transcribe the Māori language into written form.[16]

text: The first full-blooded European infant in the territory, Thomas Holloway King, was born on 21 Feb 1815 at the Oihi Mission Station near Hohi Bay[18] in the Bay of Islands. Kerikeri, founded in 1822, and Bluff founded in 1823, both claim to be the oldest European settlements in New Zealand.[19] Many European settlers bought land from Māori, but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness.[17] In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand.[20] This alarmed the missionaries, who called for British control of European settlers in New Zealand.

text: Māori response[edit]

text: The effect of contact on Māori varied. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngāpuhi in Northland, underwent major changes.[16]

text: Pre-European Māori had no distance weapons except for tao (spears)[21] and the introduction of the musket had an enormous impact on Māori warfare. Tribes with muskets would attack tribes without them, killing or enslaving many.[22] As a result, guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. From 1805 to 1843 the Musket Wars raged until a new balance of power was achieved after most tribes had acquired muskets. In 1835, the peaceful Moriori of the Chatham Islands were attacked, enslaved, and nearly exterminated by mainland Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori.[23] In the 1901 census, only 35 Moriori were recorded although the numbers subsequently increased.[24]

text: Around this time, many Māori converted to Christianity.[16] The reasons for this have been hotly debated, and may include social and cultural disruption caused by the Musket Wars and European contact. Other factors may have been the appeal of a religion that promotes peace and forgiveness, a desire to emulate the Europeans and to gain a similar abundance of material goods, and the Māori's polytheistic culture that easily accepted the new God.

text: British sovereignty[edit]

text: In 1788 the Colony of New South Wales had been founded. According to the future Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April 1787 the colony of New South Wales included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S" which included most of New Zealand except for the southern half of the South Island.[25] In 1825 with Van Diemen's Land becoming a separate colony, the southern boundary of New South Wales was altered[26] to the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean with a southern boundary of 39°12'S which included only the northern half of the North Island. However, these boundaries had no real impact as the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand.[27]

text: New Zealand was first mentioned in British statute in the Murders Abroad Act 1817. It made it easier for a court to punish "murders or manslaughters committed in places not within His Majesty's dominions",[28] and the Governor of New South Wales was given increased legal authority over New Zealand.[29] The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales over New Zealand was initiated in the New South Wales Act 1823, and lesser offences were included at that time.[30][31] In response to complaints from missionaries, about lawless sailors and adventurers in New Zealand, the British government appointed James Busby as Official Resident in 1832. In 1834 he encouraged Māori chiefs to assert their sovereignty with the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1835. This was acknowledged by King William IV. Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the European population.

text: Treaty of Waitangi[edit]

text: In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand. This and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. In reaction to the New Zealand Company's moves, on 15 June 1839 a new Letters patent was issued to expand the territory of New South Wales to include all of New Zealand. Governor of New South Wales George Gipps was appointed Governor over New Zealand. This was the first clear expression of British intent to annexe New Zealand.

text: On 6 February 1840, Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred Māori eventually signed.

text: The Treaty gave Māori sovereignty over their lands and possessions and all of the rights of British citizens. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty that is referred to. The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand but in the Māori version the Crown receives kawanatanga, which, arguably, is a lesser power (see interpretations of the Treaty). Dispute over the true meaning and the intent of either party remains an issue.

text: Britain was motivated by the desire to forestall other European powers (France established a very small settlement at Akaroa in the South Island later in 1840), to facilitate settlement by British subjects and, possibly, to end the lawlessness of European (predominantly British and American) whalers, sealers and traders. Officials and missionaries had their own positions and reputations to protect.

text: Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers, the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand, and to allow for wider settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori.[32]

text: Hobson died in September 1842. Robert FitzRoy, the new governor, took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom.[33] However, his successor, George Grey, promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land ownership, influence and rights of the Māori. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions.

text: The colonisation project[edit]

text: At first New Zealand was administered from Australia as part of the colony of New South Wales. On 1 July 1841 New Zealand became a colony in its own right.[33]

text: British writer Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862) exerted a far-reaching influence. His plans for systematic British colonisation focused on a free labour system, in contrast to the slavery in the United States and the convict labour in Australia. Inspired by evangelical Christianity and abolitionism, Wakefield's essays (1829 to 1849), condemned both slavery and indentured and convict labour as immoral, unjust, and inefficient. Instead, he proposed a government sponsored system in which the price of farm land was set at a high enough level to prevent urban workers from easily purchasing it and thus leaving the labour market. His colonisation programmes were over-elaborate and operated on a much smaller scale than he hoped for, but his ideas influenced law and culture, especially his vision for the colony as the embodiment of post-Enlightenment ideals, the notion of New Zealand as a model society, and the sense of fairness in employer-employee relations.[34][35]

text: Settlement continued under British plans, inspired by a vision of New Zealand as a new land of opportunity; the Pākehā population grew explosively from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. The passage of 120,000 was paid by the colonial government. After 1880 immigration reduced, and growth was due chiefly to the excess of births over deaths.[36]

text: In 1846, the British Parliament drafted eleborate plans for a form of self-government for the 13,000 settlers in New Zealand. The new Governor, George Grey, suspended the plans. He argued that the Pākehā could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority — already there had been Treaty violations – and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years.[37]

text: Growth, conflict and depression[edit]

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text: Colonial self-government, 1850s[edit]

text: When the British settlers petititoned for self-government, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, setting up a central government with an elected General Assembly (Parliament) and six provincial governments.[38] The General Assembly did not meet until 24 May 1854, 16 months after the Constitution Act had come into force. Provinces were reorganised in 1846 and in 1853, when they acquired their own legislatures, and then abolished with effect in 1877.[39] The settlers soon won the right to responsible government (with an executive supported by a majority in the elected assembly). But the governor, and through him the Colonial Office in London, retained control of native policy until the mid-1860s.[40]

text: Farming and mining[edit]

text: The Māori tribes at first sold the land to the settlers, but the government voided the sales in 1840. Now only the government was allowed to purchase land from Māori, who received cash. The government bought practically all the useful land, then resold it to the New Zealand Company, which promoted immigration, or leased it for sheep runs. The Company resold the best tracts to British settlers; its profits were used to pay the travel of the immigrants from Britain.[41][42]

text: Because of the vast distances involved, the first settlers were self-sufficient farmers. By the 1840s, however, large scale sheep stations were exporting large quantities of wool to the textile mills of England. Most of the early settlers were brought over by a programme operated by the New Zealand Company and were located in the central region on either side of Cook Strait, and at Wellington, Wanganui, New Plymouth and Nelson. These settlements had access to some of the richest plains in the country and after refrigerated ships appeared in 1882, they developed into closely settled regions of small-scale farming. Outside these compact settlements were the sheep runs. Pioneer pastoralists, often men with experience as squatters in Australia, leased lands from the government at the annual rate of £5 plus £1 for each 1,000 sheep above the first 5,000. The leases were renewed automatically, which gave the wealthy pastoralists a strong landed interest and made them a powerful political force. In all between 1856 and 1876, 8.1 million acres were sold for £7.6 million, and 2.2 million acres were given free to soldiers, sailors and settlers.[43] With an economy based on agriculture, the landscape was transformed from forest to farmland.

text: Gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population in a short period, from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. The value of trade increased fivefold from £2 million to £10 million. As the gold boom ended Premier Julius Vogel borrowed money from British investors and launched in 1870 an ambitious programme of public works and infrastructure investment, together with a policy of assisted immigration.[44] Successive governments expanded the program with offices across Britain that enticed settlers and gave them and their families one-way tickets.[45]

text: In the 1870s, the economy lapsed into a long depression as a result of Vogel's borrowing and the associated debt burden (especially on land). Despite a brief boom in wheat, prices for farm products sagged. The market for land seized up. Hard times led to urban unemployment and sweated labour (exploitative labour conditions) in industry.[46] The country lost people through emigration, mostly to Australia.

text: Women[edit]

text: Although norms of masculinity were dominant, strong minded women originated a feminist movement starting in the 1860s, well before women gained the right to vote in 1893.[47] Middle class women employed the media (especially newspapers) to communicate with each other and define their priorities. Prominent feminist writers included Mary Taylor,[48] Mary Colclough (pseud. Polly Plum),[49] and Ellen Ellis.[50] The first signs of a politicised collective female identity came in crusades to pass the Contagious Diseases Prevention Act.[51][52]

text: Feminists by the 1880s were using the rhetoric of "white slavery" to reveal men's sexual and social oppression of women. By demanding that men take responsibility for the right of women to walk the streets in safety, New Zealand feminists deployed the rhetoric of white slavery to argue for women's sexual and social freedom.[53] Middle class women successfully mobilised to stop prostitution, especially during the First World War.[54]

text: Māori women developed their own form of feminism, derived from Māori nationalism rather than European sources.[55][56]

text: In 1893 Elizabeth Yates was elected mayor of Onehunga, making her the first woman in the British Empire to hold the office. She was an able administrator: she cut the debt, reorganised the fire brigade, and improved the roads and sanitation. Many men were hostile however, and she was defeated for re-election.[57] Hutching argues that after 1890 women were increasingly well organised through the National Council of Women, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the Women's International League, and the Housewives Union, and others. By 1910 they were campaigning for peace, and against compulsory military training, and conscription. They demanded arbitration and the peaceful resolution of international disputes. The women argued that womenhood (thanks to motherhood) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts.[58]

text: Schools[edit]

text: Prior to 1877 schools were operated by the provincial government, churches, or by private subscription. Education was not a requirement and many children did not attend any school, especially farm children whose labour was important to the family economy. The quality of education provided varied substantially depending on the school. The Education Act of 1877 created New Zealand's first free national system of primary education, establishing standards that educators should meet, and making education compulsory for children aged 5 to 15.

text: Immigration[edit]

text: From 1840 there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and to a lesser extent the United States, India, China, and various parts of continental Europe, including the province of Dalmatia[59] in what is now Croatia, and Bohemia[60] in what is now the Czech Republic. Already a majority of the population by 1859, the number of Pākehā settlers increased rapidly to reach over one million by 1916.[61]

text: In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from Guangdong, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.[62]

text: Māori adaptation and resistance[edit]

text: Māori had welcomed Pākehā for the trading opportunities and guns they brought. However it soon became clear that they had underestimated the number of settlers that would arrive in their lands. Iwi (tribes) whose land was the base of the main settlements quickly lost much of their land and autonomy through government acts. Others prospered – until about 1860 the city of Auckland bought most of its food from Māori who grew and sold it themselves. Many iwi owned flour mills, ships and other items of European technology, some exported food to Australia for a brief period during the 1850s gold rush. Although race relations were generally peaceful in this period, there were conflicts over who had ultimate power in particular areas – the Governor or the Māori chiefs. One such conflict was the Northern or Flagstaff War of the 1840s, during which Kororareka was sacked.

text: As the Pākehā population grew, pressure grew on Māori to sell more land. Land is not only an economic resource, but also one basis of Māori identity and a connection with their ancestor's bones. Land was used communally, but under the mana of chiefs. In Māori culture there was no such idea as selling land until the arrival of Europeans. The means of acquiring land was to defeat another hapu or iwi in battle and seize their land. Te Rauparaha seized the land of many lower North Island and upper South Island iwi during the musket wars. Land was usually not given up without discussion and consultation. When an iwi was divided over the question of selling this could lead to great difficulties as at Waitara.

text: Pākehā had little understanding of all that and accused Māori of holding onto land they did not use efficiently. Competition for land was one important cause of the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, in which the Taranaki and Waikato regions were invaded by colonial troops and Māori of these regions had some of their land taken from them. The wars and confiscation left bitterness that remains to this day. After the conclusion of the Land Wars some iwi, especially in the Waikato, such as Ngati Haua sold land freely. However, only the chiefs and their whanau benefited from this income. The 2013 Ngati Haua treaty settlement recognised that many Ngati Haua had not received any benefit from the large payments in the 1870s hence the government was paying compensation.

text: Some iwi sided with the government and, later, fought with the government. They were motivated partly by the thought that an alliance with the government would benefit them, and partly by old feuds with the iwi they fought against. One result of their co-operation strategy was the establishment of the four Māori electorates in the House of Representatives, in 1867.

text: After the wars, some Māori began a strategy of passive resistance, most famously at Parihaka in Taranaki. Most, such as NgaPuhi and Arawa continued co-operating with Pākehā. For example, tourism ventures were established by Te Arawa around Rotorua. Resisting and co-operating iwi both found that Pākehā desire for land remained. In the last decades of the century, most iwi lost substantial amounts of land through the activities of the Native Land Court. This was set up to give Māori land European-style titles and to establish exactly who owned it. Due to its Eurocentric rules, the high fees, its location remote from the lands in question, and unfair practices by some Pākehā land agents, its main effect was to allow Māori to sell their land without restraint from other tribal members.

text: The combination of war, confiscations, disease,[64] assimilation and intermarriage,[65] land loss leading to poor housing and alcohol abuse, and general disillusionment, caused a fall in the Māori population from around 86,000 in 1769 to around 70,000 in 1840 and around 48,000 by 1874, hitting a low point of 42,000 in 1896.[66] Subsequently, their numbers began to recover.

text: South Island predominance[edit]

text: While the North Island was convulsed by the Land Wars, the South Island, with its lower Māori population, was generally peaceful. In 1861 gold was discovered at Gabriel's Gully in Central Otago, sparking a gold rush. Dunedin became the wealthiest city in the country and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island's wars. In 1865 Parliament defeated a proposal to make the South Island independent by 17 to 31.[67]

text: The South Island contained most of the Pākehā population until around 1911 when the North Island again took the lead and has supported an ever-greater majority of the country's total population through the 20th century and into the 21st.[68]

text: Scottish immigrants dominated the South Island and evolved ways to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many local Caledonian societies were formed. They organised sports teams to entice the young and preserved an idealised Scottish national myth (based on Robert Burns) for the elderly. They gave Scots a path to assimilation and cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.[69]

text: Liberal to Labour[edit]

text: Liberal asendancy, 1890s[edit]

text: The pre-war era saw the advent of party politics, with the establishment of the Liberal Government. The landed gentry and aristocracy ruled Britain at this time. New Zealand never had an aristocracy but it did have wealthy landowners who largely controlled politics before 1891. The Liberal Party set out to change that by a policy it called "populism." Richard Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884: "It is the rich and the poor; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes. That, Sir, shows the real political position of New Zealand."[70] The Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals.

text: To obtain land for farmers the Liberal government from 1891 to 1911 purchased 3.1 million acres of Māori land. The government also purchased 1.3 million acres from large estate holders for subdivision and closer settlement by small farmers. The Advances to Settlers Act of 1894 provided low-interest mortgages, while the Agriculture Department disseminated information on the best farming methods.[71][72]

text: The 1909 Native Land Act allowed the Māori to sell land to private buyers. Māori still owned five million acres by 1920; they leased three million acres and used one million acres for themselves. The Liberals proclaimed success in forging an egalitarian, antimonopoly land policy. The policy built up support for the Liberal party in rural North Island electorates. By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organised opposition in Parliament.[73][74]

text: The state steps in[edit]

text: The Liberal government laid the foundations of the later comprehensive welfare state: introducing old age pensions; maximum hour regulations; pioneering minimum wage laws;[75] and developing a system for settling industrial disputes, which was accepted by both employers and trade unions.[76] In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage.[77]

text: New Zealand gained international attention for its reforms, especially how the state regulated labour relations.[78] The impact was especially strong on the reform movement in the United States.[79]

text: Coleman argues that the Liberals in 1891 lacked a clear-cut ideology to guide them. Instead they approached the nation's problems pragmatically, keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion. To deal with the issue of land distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure, and a graduated tax on unimproved values.[80]

text: Economic developments[edit]

text: During the 1880s, New Zealand's economy grew from one based on wool and local trade to the export of wool, cheese, butter and frozen beef and mutton to Britain. The change was enabled by the invention of refrigerated steamships in 1882 and a result of the large market demands overseas. In order to increase production, alongside a more intensive use of factor inputs a transformation of production techniques was necessary. The required capital came mainly from outside of New Zealand.[81] Refrigerated shipping remained the basis of New Zealand's economy until the 1970s. New Zealand's highly productive agriculture gave it probably the world's highest standard of living, with fewer at the rich and poor ends of the scale.[82]

text: During this era (c. 1880 – c. 1914) the banking system was weak and there was little foreign investment, so businessmen had to build up their own capital. Historians have debated whether the "long depression" of the late 19th century stifled investment, but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions. Hunter has studied the experiences of 133 entrepreneurs who started commercial enterprises between 1880 and 1910. The successful strategy was to deploy capital economising techniques, and reinvesting profits rather than borrowing. The result was slow but stable growth that avoided bubbles and led to long-lived family owned firms.[83][84]

text: Dominion status[edit]

text: New Zealand initially expressed interest in joining the proposed Federation of the Australian colonies, attending the 1891 National Australia Convention in Sydney. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand decided against joining the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.[85] New Zealand instead changed from being a colony to a separate "Dominion" in 1907, equal in status to Australia and Canada. Dominion status was a public mark of the self-governance that had evolved over half a century through responsible government.[86] Just under one million people lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland and Wellington were growing rapidly.[87]

text: Temperance and prohibition[edit]

text: In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League.[88] It never achieved its goal of national prohibition. It was a middle-class movement which accepted the existing economic and social order; the effort to legislate morality assumed that individual redemption was all that was needed to carry the colony forward from a pioneering society to a more mature one. However, both the Church of England and the largely Irish Catholic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church's domain, while the growing labour movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy. Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organised as in other countries. Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911, but needed a 60% majority to pass.[89] The movement kept trying in the 1920s, losing three more referenda by close votes; it managed to keep in place a 6 pm closing hour for pubs and Sunday closing (leading to the so-called six o'clock swill[90]). The Depression and war years effectively ended the movement.[88]

text: First World War[edit]

text: The country remained an enthusiastic member of the British Empire, and 110,000 men fought in World War I (see New Zealand Expeditionary Force). 16,688 died. Conscription had been in force since 1909, and while it was opposed in peacetime there was less opposition during the war. The labour movement was pacifistic, opposed the war, and alleged that the rich were benefitting at the expense of the workers. It formed the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916. Māori tribes that had been close to the government sent their young men to volunteer. Unlike in Britain, relatively few women became involved. Women did serve as nurses; 640 joined the services and 500 went overseas.[91][92]

text: New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war, and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962.[93] However Samoans greatly resented the imperialism, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on New Zealand rule.[94]

text: The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli Campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation.[95][96]

text: Imperial loyalties[edit]

text: After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919), joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy, while its defence was still controlled by Britain. New Zealand depended on Britain's Royal Navy for its military security during the 1920s and 1930s. Officials in Wellington trusted Conservative Party governments in London, but not Labour. When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929, the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour's foreign policy because of its reliance upon the League of Nations. The League was distrusted and Wellington did not expect to see the coming of a peaceful world order under League auspices. What had been the Empire's most loyal dominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements.[97]

text: The governments of the Reform and United parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a "realistic" foreign policy. They made national security a high priority, were sceptical of international institutions, and showed no interest on the questions of self-determination, democracy, and human rights. However the opposition Labour Party was more idealistic and proposed a liberal internationalist outlook on international affairs.[98]

text: The Labour Party emerged as a force in 1919 with a socialist platform. It won about 25% of the vote. However its appeals to working class solidarity were not effective because a large fraction of the working class voted for conservative candidates of the Liberal and Reform parties. (They merged in 1936 to form the New Zealand National Party.) As a consequence the Labour party was able to jettison its support for socialism in 1927 (a policy made official in 1951), as it expanded its reach into middle class constituencies. The result was a jump in strength to 35% in 1931, 47% in 1935, and peaking at 56% in 1938.[99] From 1935 the First Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy, for example opposing the appeasement of Germany and Japan.[98]

text: Great Depression[edit]

text: Like most other countries, New Zealand was hard hit by the Great Depression of the 1930s, which affected the country via its international trade, with farming export drops then going on to affect the money supply and in turn consumption, investment and imports. The country was most affected around 1930–1932, when average farm incomes for a short time dipped below zero, and the unemployment rates peaked. Though actual unemployment numbers were not officially counted, the country was affected especially strongly in the North Island.[100]

text: Unlike later years, there were no public benefit ('dole') payments – the unemployed were given 'relief work', much of which was however not very productive, partly because the size of the problem was unprecedented. Women also increasingly registered as unemployed, while Māori received government help through other channels such as the land development schemes organised by Āpirana Ngata. In 1933, 8.5% of the unemployed were organised in work camps, while the rest received work close to their homes. Typical occupations in relief work were road work (undertaken by 45% of all part-time and 19% of all full-time relief workers in 1934, with park improvement works (17%) and farm work (31%) being the other two most common types of work for part-time and full-time relief workers respectively).[100]

text: Building the welfare state[edit]

text: Attempts by the United-Reform Coalition to deal with the situation with spending cuts and relief work were ineffective and unpopular. In 1935, the First Labour Government was elected, and the post-depression decade showed that average Labour support in New Zealand had roughly doubled comparable to pre-depression times. By 1935 economic conditions had improved somewhat, and the new government had more positive financial conditions.[100] Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage proclaimed that: "Social Justice must be the guiding principle and economic organization must adapt itself to social needs."[101]

text: The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme. Labour also gained Māori votes by working closely with the Rātana movement. Savage was idolised by the working classes, and his portrait hung on the walls of many houses around the country. The newly created welfare state promised government support to individuals "from the cradle to the grave", according to the Labour slogan. It included free health care and education, and state assistance for the elderly, infirm, and unemployed. The opposition attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies, and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years. However the welfare state system was retained and expanded by successive National and Labour governments until the 1980s.[102]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: When World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealanders saw their proper role as defending their proud place in the British Empire. It contributed some 120,000 troops. They mostly fought in North Africa, Greece/Crete, and Italy, relying on the Royal Navy and later the United States to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces. Japan had no interest in New Zealand in the first place; it had already over-reached when it invaded New Guinea in 1942. (There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions.) The 3rd New Zealand Division fought in the Solomons in 1943–44, but New Zealand's limited manpower meant 2 Divisions could not be maintained, and it was disbanded and its men returned to civilian life or used to reinforce the 2nd Division in Italy. The armed forces peaked at 157,000 in September 1942; 135,000 served abroad, and 10,100 died.[citation needed]

text: New Zealand, with a population of 1.7 million, including 99,000 Māori, was highly mobilised during the war.[103] The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state. Agriculture expanded, sending record supplies of meat, butter and wool to Britain. When American forces arrived, they were fed as well.

text: The nation spent £574 million on the war, of which 43% came from taxes, 41% from loans and 16% from American Lend Lease. It was an era of prosperity as the national income soared from £158 million in 1937 to £292 million in 1944. Rationing and price controls kept inflation to only 14% during 1939–45.[104]

text: Over £50 million was spent on defence works and military accommodation and hospitals, including 292 mi (470 km) of roads.[105]

text: Montgomerie shows that the war dramatically increased the roles of women, especially married women, in the labour force. Most of them took traditional female jobs. Some replaced men but the changes here were temporary and reversed in 1945. After the war, women left traditional male occupations and many women gave up paid employment to return home. There was no radical change in gender roles but the war intensified occupational trends under way since the 1920s.[106][107]

text: The later 20th century[edit]

text: National in power[edit]

text: Labour remained in power after the Second World War and in 1945, Labour Prime Minister Peter Fraser played an important role in the establishment of the United Nations, of which New Zealand was a founding member.[108] However, domestically Labour had lost the reforming zeal of the 1930s and its electoral support ebbed after the war. After Labour lost power in 1949, the conservative National Party began an almost continuous thirty-year stint in government, interrupted by single-term Labour governments in 1957 to 60 and 1972 to 75. National Prime Minister Sidney Holland called a snap election as a result of the 1951 waterfront dispute, an incident that reinforced National's dominance and severely weakened the union movement.[109]

text: Cooperation with the United States set a direction of policy which resulted in the ANZUS Treaty between New Zealand, America and Australia in 1951, as well as participation in the Korean War.[110]

text: The British connection[edit]

text: Fedorowich and Bridge argue that the demands of the Second World War produced long-term consequences for New Zealand's relationship with the government in London. The key component was the office of the high commissioner. By 1950 it was the main line of communications between the British and New Zealand governments.[111]

text: 1950s New Zealand culture was deeply British and conservative, with the concept of "fairness" holding a central role.[112] New immigrants, still mainly British, flooded in while New Zealand remained prosperous by exporting farm products to Britain. In 1953 New Zealanders took pride that a countryman, Edmund Hillary, gave Queen Elizabeth II a coronation gift by reaching the summit of Mount Everest.[113]

text: From the 1890s, the economy had been based almost entirely on the export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain, and in 1961, the share of New Zealand exports going to the United Kingdom was still at slightly over 51%, with approximately 15% more going to other European countries.[114] The 1960s was a decade of rising prosperity for most New Zealanders, but from 1965 there were also protests – in support of women's rights and the nascent ecological movement, and against the Vietnam War.[115] Irrespective of political developments, many New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. In 1973 Britain joined the European Community and abrogated its preferential trade agreements with New Zealand (see below), forcing New Zealand to not only find new markets, but also re-examine its national identity and place in the world.[116]

text: Māori urbanisation[edit]

text: Māori always had a high birth rate; that was neutralised by a high death rate until modern public health measures became effective in the 20th century when tuberculosis deaths and infant mortality declined sharply. Life expectancy grew from 49 years in 1926 to 60 years in 1961 and the total numbers grew rapidly.[117] Many Māori served in the Second World War and learned how to cope in the modern urban world; others moved from their rural homes to the cities to take up jobs vacated by Pākehā servicemen.[118] The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early 20th century, with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs.[118] Māori culture had meanwhile undergone a renaissance thanks in part to politician Āpirana Ngata.[119] By the 1980s 80% of the Māori population was urban, in contrast to only 20% before the Second World War. The migration led to better pay, higher standards of living and longer schooling, but also exposed problems of racism and discrimination. By the late 1960s a protest movement had emerged to combat racism, promote Māori culture and seek fulfilment of the Treaty of Waitangi.[120]

text: Urbanisation proceeded rapidly across the land. In the late 1940s, town planners noted that the country was "possibly the third most urbanised country in the world",[121] with two-thirds of the population living in cities or towns. There was also increasing concern that this trend was badly managed, with it being noted that there was an "ill-defined urban pattern that appears to have few of the truly desirable urban qualities and yet manifests no compensating rural characteristics."[121]

text: The Muldoon years, 1975–1984[edit]

text: The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation.[116] Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister from 1975 to 1984, and his Third National Government responded to the crises of the 1970s by attempting to preserve the New Zealand of the 1950s. He attempted to maintain New Zealand's "cradle to the grave" welfare state, which dated to 1935. His government sought to give retirees 80% of the current wage, which would require large-scale borrowing; critics said it would bankrupt the treasury. Muldoon's response to the crisis also involved imposing a total freeze on wages, prices, interest rates and dividends across the national economy.[122]

text: Muldoon's conservatism and antagonistic style exacerbated an atmosphere of conflict in New Zealand, most violently expressed during the 1981 Springbok Tour.[123] In the 1984 elections Labour promised to calm down the increasing tensions, while making no specific promises; it scored a landslide victory.[122]

text: However, Muldoon's government was not entirely backward looking. Some innovations did take place, for example the Closer Economic Relations (CER) free-trade programme with Australia to liberalise trade, starting in 1982. The aim of total free trade between the two countries was achieved in 1990, five years ahead of schedule.[124]

text: The radical 1980s reforms[edit]

text: In 1984, the Fourth Labour Government, led by David Lange, was elected amid a constitutional and economic crisis. The crisis led the incoming government to review New Zealand's constitutional structures, which resulted in the Constitution Act 1986.[125] In power from 1984 to 1990, the Labour government launched a major policy of restructuring the economy, radically reducing the role of government.[126] A political scientist reports:

text: "Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum."[127]

text: The economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (1984–1988). Dubbed Rogernomics, it was a rapid programme of deregulation and public-asset sales. Subsidies were phased out to farmers and consumers. High finance was partly deregulated. Restrictions on foreign exchange were relaxed and the dollar was allowed to float and seek its natural level on the world market. The tax on high incomes was cut in half from 65% to 33%. The shares exchange entered a bubble, which then burst. Shares had a total value of $50 billion in 1987 and only $15 billion in 1991; at one point the crash was "the worst in world."[128] Overall the economic growth fell from 2% a year to 1%.[129] Douglas's reforms resembled the contemporaneous policies of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in the United States.[130]

text: Strong criticism of Rogernomics came from the left, especially from Labour's traditional trade union support-base; Lange broke with Douglas's policies in 1987; both men were forced out and Labour was in confusion.[131]

text: In keeping with the mood of the 1980s[132] the government sponsored liberal policies and initiatives in a number of social areas; this included Homosexual Law Reform,[133] the introduction of 'no-fault divorce', reduction in the gender pay gap[132] and the drafting of a Bill of Rights.[134] Immigration policy was liberalised, allowing an influx of immigrants from Asia; previously most immigrants to New Zealand had been European and especially British.[132]

text: The Fourth Labour Government also revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone and effectively leaving the ANZUS alliance.[135] The French intelligence service's sinking of the Rainbow Warror, and the diplomatic ramifications following the incident, did much to promote the anti-nuclear stance as an important symbol of New Zealand's national identity.[136][137]

text: Continuing reform under National[edit]

text: Voters unhappy with the rapid speed and far-reaching extent of reforms elected a National government in 1990, led by Jim Bolger. However the new government continued the economic reforms of the previous Labour government, in what was known as Ruthanasia.[138] Unhappy with what seemed to be a pattern of governments failing to reflect the mood of the electorate, New Zealanders in 1992 and 1993 voted to change the electoral system to mixed-member proportional (MMP), a form of proportional representation.[139] New Zealand's first MMP election was held in 1996. Following the election National was returned to power in coalition with the New Zealand First Party.[140]

text: With the end of the Cold War in 1991, the nation's foreign policy turned increasingly to issues of its nuclear-free status and other military issues; its adjustment to neoliberalism in international trade relations; and its involvement in humanitarian, environmental, and other matters of international diplomacy.[141][142]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The Fifth Labour Government led by Helen Clark was elected in 1999.[143] In power for nine years, it maintained most of the previous governments' economic reforms – restricting government intervention in the economy much more so than previous governments – while putting more of an emphasis on social policy and outcomes. For example, employment law was modified to give more protection to workers,[144] and the student loan system was changed to eliminate interest payments for New Zealand resident students and graduates.[145]

text: New Zealand retains strong but informal links to Britain, with many young New Zealanders travelling to Britain for their "OE" (overseas experience)[146] due to favourable working visa arrangements with Britain. Despite New Zealand's immigration liberalisation in the 1980s, Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand, due in part to recent immigration law changes which privilege fluent speakers of English. One constitutional link to Britain remains – New Zealand's head of State, the Queen in Right of New Zealand, is a British resident. However, British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996, the Governor-General has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas, and appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003. There is public debate about whether New Zealand should became a republic, and public sentiment is divided on the issue.[147]

text: Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid-1980s. Under Prime Minister Clark, foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism. She stressed the promotion of democracy and human rights; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations; the advancement of anti-militarism and disarmament; and the encouragement of free trade.[148] She sent troops to the War in Afghanistan, but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War although some medical and engineering units were sent.[149]

text: John Key led the National Party to victory in the November 2008.[150] Key became Prime Minister of the Fifth National Government which entered government at the beginning of the late-2000s recession. In February 2011, a major earthquake in Christchurch, the nation's second largest city, significantly impacted the national economy and the government formed the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority in response.[151] In foreign policy, Key announced the withdrawal of New Zealand Defence Force personnel from their deployment in the war in Afghanistan, signed the Wellington Declaration with the United States[152] and has pushed for more nations to join the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership.[153]

text: Tourism and agriculture are now the major industries that contribute to New Zealand's economy. The traditional agricultural products of meat, dairy and wool has been supplemented by other products such as fruit, wine and timber as the economy has diversified.[154]


document_title: Nobel Peace Prize

question_text: which organisation got 3 times nobel prize for peace

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: Background[edit]

text: According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".[5]

text: Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.

text: Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.[6] Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war[7] and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.[8] Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.

text: It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden.  It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.[6]

text: Nomination and selection[edit]

text: The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

text: Nomination[edit]

text: Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.[9] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.[10] These nominators are:

text:
Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague
Members of Institut de Droit International
University professors of history, social sciences, philosophy, law, and theology, university presidents, and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes
Former recipients, including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize
Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute

tag: ul

text: Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year.  Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.[10]

text: In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,[11] but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.[12] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.[13] Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.[14] Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain.[15] Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have been released in a database.[16]

text: Selection[edit]

text: Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created.  This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize.  Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate.  The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.[17]

text: Awarding the prize[edit]

text: The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.[18] As of  2013[update], the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall.

text: From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament).[19]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,[20] or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.[20][21] Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.[22]

text: In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.[23]

text: In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.[24] Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize.[25]

text: Criticism of individual conferments[edit]

text: The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev,[26] Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat,[27][28] Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger,[29] Jimmy Carter,[30] Al Gore,[31] the IPCC,[32] Liu Xiaobo,[33][34][35] Aung San Suu Kyi[36][37][38] Barack Obama,[39][40][41][42] and the European Union[43] have all been the subject of controversy.

text: The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.[44] Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[45] and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later.[45]

text: Notable omissions[edit]

text:
Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who "never won the prize, but should have".[46][47] Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II,[48] Hélder Câmara,[49], Zilda Arns[50] and
Dorothy Day.[51]
Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award.

text: The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.[52][53] The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.[54] The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.[52] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question".[55] In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".[56]

text: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates[edit]

text: As of  2016[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[57] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[58] Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.[59]


document_title: A Bushel and a Peck

question_text: who sings i love you a bushel and a peck

text: A Bushel and a Peck

text:
"A Bushel and a Peck"

Song

Published
1950

Songwriter(s)
Frank Loesser

text: "A Bushel and a Peck" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser and published in 1950. The song was introduced in the Broadway musical Guys and Dolls, which opened at the 46th Street Theater on November 24, 1950. It was performed on stage by Vivian Blaine, who later reprised her role as Miss Adelaide in the 1955 film version of the play. "A Bushel and a Peck," however, was not included in the film, and instead replaced by a new song, titled "Pet Me, Poppa."

text: A popular recording by Perry Como and Betty Hutton (made on September 12, 1950, and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 47-3930) first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 27, 1950, and lasted 18 weeks on the chart, peaking at #6.[1]

text: Another contemporary recording that had some popularity was by Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (recorded on September 13, 1950, and released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1234). The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on October 20, 1950, and lasted 13 weeks on the chart, peaking at #13.[1]

text: Doris Day's recording (made on September 13, 1950, and released by Columbia Records as 78rpm catalog number 39008 and 45rpm catalog number 6-838) made the chart on January 5, 1951, at #30 for one week.[1] Day's rendition of the song enjoyed a surge in popularity due to its usage in a 2017 State Farm Insurance TV commercial.[2]

text: Many other recording artists also did versions of the song.

text: On Cash Box magazine's Best-Selling Record charts, where all versions of the song are combined, the song reached #5 on December 2, 1950.

text: The song gained so much popularity before the musical actually opened that it was moved from its original spot at the start of the second act into the first act.[citation needed]

text: The number, in context of the show, can be performed either as "Miss Adelaide and her Chick Chick Chickedies," where the girls are dressed in yellow feathers, or as "Miss Adelaide and the Hot Box Farmerettes," where skimpy plantation outfits are worn (often jean cutoffs and checkered racing shirts or short gingham sundresses).[citation needed]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
The Andrews Sisters (1953)
Vivian Blaine (1953)
Perry Como and Betty Hutton (1950)
Doris Day (1950)
Johnny Desmond (1953)
Connie Haines (1950)
Frankie Laine and Jo Stafford (1953)
Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely (1950)
Sharon, Lois & Bram From In The Schoolyard(1981)T.V recording (1987)
VeggieTales Junior's Bedtime Songs (2002)
Dan Zanes & Friends Rocket Ship Beach (1990)
Faith Prince Guys and Dolls 1992 Broadway Revival Cast Recording


document_title: List of Inner Hebrides

question_text: island of the inner hebrides west of mull crossword clue

text: List of Inner Hebrides

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Various Gaelic names are used repeatedly. The suffix ay or aigh or aidh is generally from the Norse øy meaning "island". Eilean (plural: eileanan) also means "island". Beag and mòr (also bheag and mhòr) mean "little" and "big" and are often found together. Sgeir is "skerry" and often refers to a rock or rocks that lie submerged at high tide. Dubh is "black", dearg is "red" and glas means "grey" or "green". Orasaigh is from the Norse Örfirirsey meaning "tidal" or "ebb island".[5]

text: Inhabited islands[edit]

text: The inhabited islands of the Inner Hebrides had a population of 18,257 in 2001,[7] and 18,948 at the time of the 2011 census.[8] The highest peaks of the islands have names deriving from both Gaelic and Old Norse, indicating the historical importance of these two cultures. The archaeological record for the period of Viking domination during the Early Historic period is, however, limited.

text: In the Outer Hebrides all of the inhabited islands are now connected to at least one other island by a land transport route, but only four Inner Hebridean islands are connected by road, all to the mainland. The Clachan Bridge from Argyll to Seil was designed by Thomas Telford and dates from 1792.[6] Skye has been connected to Kyle of Lochalsh by the Skye Bridge since 1995.[9] Danna is also connected to the Tayvallich peninsula in Argyll by a stone causeway; and tiny Eilean Donan, dominated by its castle, has had a connection to the mainland perhaps from as early as the 13th century. The arched bridge in use today was constructed in the early 20th century.[10]

text:
Island
Gaelic name
Group[Note 2]
Area (ha)[11]
Population[8]
Highest point[12]
Height (m)[13]

Canna
Canaigh
Small Isles
7003113000000000000♠1,130
7001120000000000000♠12
Càrn a' Ghaill
7002210000000000000♠210

Coll
Cola
Mull
7003768500000000000♠7,685
7002195000000000000♠195
Ben Hogh
7002104000000000000♠104

Colonsay
Colbhasa
Islay
7003407400000000000♠4,074
7002124000000000000♠124
Carnan Eoin
7002104000000000000♠104

Danna
Danna
Islay
7002315000000000000♠315[14]
7000100000000000000♠1
Cruiadh Bharr
7001540000000000000♠54

Easdale
Eilean Èisdeal
Slate Islands
7001200000000000000♠20
7001590000000000000♠59
–
7001380000000000000♠38

Eigg
Eige
Small Isles
7003304900000000000♠3,049
7001830000000000000♠83
An Sgurr
7002393000000000000♠393

Eilean Bàn
An t-Eilean Bàn
Skye
7000240000000000000♠2.4
5000000000000000000♠0
–
7000600000000000000♠c. 6

Eilean dà Mhèinn
Eilean dà Mhèinn
Knapdale
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
–
7001160000000000000♠16

Eilean Donan
Eilean Donnain
Loch Duich
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
–
7000300000000000000♠3

Eilean Shona
Eilean Seona
Loch Moidart
7002525000000000000♠525[14]
7000200000000000000♠2
Beinn a' Bhàillidh
7002265000000000000♠265

Eilean Tioram
Eilean Tioram
Loch Moidart
7000200000000000000♠2[14]
7000600000000000000♠6
–
7001100000000000000♠10

Eriska
Aoraisge !Aoraisge
Loch Linnhe
7002310000000000000♠310[14]
5000000000000000000♠?[Note 3]
Ceann Garbh
7001470000000000000♠47

Erraid
Eilean Earraid
Mull
7002187000000000000♠187
7000600000000000000♠6
Cnoc Mòr
7001750000000000000♠75

Gigha
Giogha
Islay
7003139500000000000♠1,395
7002163000000000000♠163
Creag Bhàn
7002100000000000000♠100

Gometra
Gòmastra
Mull
7002425000000000000♠425
7000200000000000000♠2
–
7002155000000000000♠155

Isle of Ewe
Eilean Iùbh
North Highland
7002309000000000000♠309
7000700000000000000♠7
Creag Streap
7001720000000000000♠72

Iona
I Chaluim Chille !Ì Chaluim Chille
Mull
7002877000000000000♠877
7002177000000000000♠177
Dùn Ì
7002101000000000000♠101

Islay
Ile !Ìle
Islay
7004619560000000000♠61,956
7003322800000000000♠3,228
Beinn Bheigeir
7002491000000000000♠491

Jura
Diùra
Islay
7004366920000000000♠36,692
7002196000000000000♠196
Beinn an Òir
7002785000000000000♠785

Kerrera
Cearrara
Firth of Lorn
7003121400000000000♠1,214
7001340000000000000♠34
Carn Breugach
7002189000000000000♠189

Lismore
Lios Mòr
Firth of Lorn
7003235100000000000♠2,351
7002192000000000000♠192
Barr Mòr
7002127000000000000♠127

Luing
Luinn
Slate Islands
7003143000000000000♠1,430
7002195000000000000♠195
Beinn Furachail
7001940000000000000♠94

Lunga
Lunga
Slate Islands
7002254000000000000♠254
5000000000000000000♠0
Bidean na h-Iolaire
7001980000000000000♠98

Muck
Eilean nam Muc
Small Isles
7002559000000000000♠559
7001270000000000000♠27
Beinn Airein
7002137000000000000♠137

Mull
Muile
Mull
7004875350000000000♠87,535
7003280000000000000♠2,800
Ben More
7002966000000000000♠966

Oronsay
Orasaigh
Islay
7002543000000000000♠543
7000800000000000000♠8
Beinn Orasaigh
7001930000000000000♠93

Raasay
Ratharsair
Skye
7003623100000000000♠6,231
7002161000000000000♠161
Dùn Caan
7002444000000000000♠444

Rona
Rònaigh
Skye
7002930000000000000♠930
7000300000000000000♠3
Meall Acairseidh
7002125000000000000♠125

Rùm
Rùm
Small Isles
7004104630000000000♠10,463
7001220000000000000♠22
Askival
7002812000000000000♠812

Sanday
Sandaigh
Small Isles
7002184000000000000♠184
7000900000000000000♠9
Tallabric
7001590000000000000♠59

Scalpay
Sgalpaigh
Skye
7003248300000000000♠2,483
7000400000000000000♠4
Mullach na Càrn
7002396000000000000♠396

Seil
Saoil
Slate Islands
7003132900000000000♠1,329
7002551000000000000♠551
Meall Chaise
7002146000000000000♠146

Shuna
Siuna
Slate Islands
7002451000000000000♠451
7000300000000000000♠3
Druim na Dubh Ghlaic
7001900000000000000♠90

Skye
An t-Eilean Sgitheanach
Skye
7005165625000000000♠165,625
7004100080000000000♠10,008
Sgurr Alasdair
7002993000000000000♠993

Soay
Sòdhaigh
Skye
7003103600000000000♠1,036
7000100000000000000♠1
Beinn Bhreac
7002141000000000000♠141

Tanera Mòr
Tannara Mòr
Summer Isles
7002310000000000000♠310
7000400000000000000♠4
Meall Mòr
7002124000000000000♠124

Tiree
Tiriodh
Mull
7003783400000000000♠7,834
7002653000000000000♠653
Ben Hynish
7002141000000000000♠141

Ulva
Ulbha
Mull
7003199000000000000♠1,990
7001110000000000000♠11
Beinn Chreagach
7002313000000000000♠313

text: Lunga in the Firth of Lorn had a population of 7, Eilean Bàn a population of 2 and Eilean Donan a single resident in 2001 but none recorded a usually resident population in 2011.[8]

text: Castle Stalker, Eilean Horrisdale, Eilean Loain and Inch Kenneth are "included in the NRS statistical geography for inhabited islands but had no usual residents at the time of either the 2001 or 2011 censuses".[8]

text: Uninhabited islands[edit]

text: There are 43 uninhabited Inner Hebrides with an area greater than 30 hectares (approximately 74 acres). Records for the last date of settlement for the smaller uninhabited islands are incomplete, but most of the islands listed here would have been inhabited at some point during the Neolithic, Iron Age, Early Historic or Norse periods.

text: In common with the other main island chains of Scotland many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since prehistoric times. These places had been perceived as relatively self-sufficient agricultural economies,[15] but both island residents and outsiders later came to consider that the more remote islands lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy.[16]

text: Some of the islands continue to contribute to modern culture. Staffa came to prominence in the late 18th century after a visit by Sir Joseph Banks. He and his fellow travellers extolled the natural beauty of the basalt columns in general, and in particular of the island's main sea cavern, which Banks renamed "Fingal's Cave". Many other prominent personalities visited Staffa over the next two centuries, including Felix Mendelssohn, whose Hebrides Overture brought further fame to the island.[17] During the Second World War, Gruinard was the site of a biological warfare test by British military scientists.[18] At that time there was an investigation by the British government to test both the vulnerability of Britain to attack and the possibility of attacking Germany using anthrax.[19]

text: The difficulties of definition are considerable in some cases. For example, Haswell-Smith (2004) treats Lunga[Note 4] as a single island, although during high tides it becomes one inhabited island and numerous uninhabited tidal islets. Another example is the smaller island of Eilean Mòr in Loch Dunvegan, which joins with nearby Eilean Dubh and Garay Island at low tides.[Note 5]

text:
Island
Gaelic name
Group[Note 2]
Area (ha)[20]
Last inhabited[Note 6]
Highest point[12]
Height (m)[13]

Calbha Beag
Calbha Beag
Eddrachillis Bay
7001310000000000000♠31
01 !Unknown
–
7001410000000000000♠41

Calbha Mor
Calbha Mòr
Eddrachillis Bay
7001700000000000000♠70[22]
01 !Unknown
–
7001670000000000000♠67

Calve Island
Eilean Chailbhe
Mull
7001720000000000000♠72
01 !Unknown
–
7001200000000000000♠20

Cara
Cara
Gigha
7001660000000000000♠66
1940s !1940s
–
7001560000000000000♠56

Càrna
Càrna
Loch Sunart
7002213000000000000♠213
1970s !1970s
Cruachan Chàrna
7002169000000000000♠169

Eileach an Naoimh
Eileach an Naoimh
Garvellachs
7001560000000000000♠56
10th century
–
7001800000000000000♠80

Eilean an Ròin Mòr
Eilean an Ròin Mòr
North Highland
7001330000000000000♠33
02 !Unknown
–
7001630000000000000♠63

Eilean Dubh Mòr
An t-Eilean Dubh Mòr
Slate Islands
7001650000000000000♠65
05 !No census records
–
7001530000000000000♠53

Eilean Fladday
Eilean Fhladaigh
Skye
7002137000000000000♠137
1970s
–
7001390000000000000♠39

Eilean Horrisdale
Eilean Thòireasdal
North Highland
7001320000000000000♠32
19 !20th century
Carn Garbh
7001380000000000000♠38

Eilean Ighe
Eilean Ighe
Sound of Arisaig
7001350000000000000♠35
02 !Unknown
–
7001200000000000000♠20

Eilean Macaskin
Eilean MhicAsgain
Loch Craignish
7001500000000000000♠50
1880s !1880s
–
7001650000000000000♠65

Eilean Meadhonach
An t-Eilean Meadhanach
Crowlin Islands
7001770000000000000♠77
02 !Unknown
–
7001540000000000000♠54

Eilean Mhic Chrion
Eilean MhicChrìon
Loch Craignish
7001540000000000000♠54[14]
02 !Unknown
–
7001630000000000000♠63

Eilean Mòr
An t-Eilean Mòr
Crowlin Islands
7002170000000000000♠170
19 !circa 1920
Meall a' Chòis
7002114000000000000♠114

Eilean Rìgh
Eilean Rìgh
Loch Craignish
7001860000000000000♠86
1939 !1939
Dùn Righ
7001550000000000000♠55

Eilean Tigh
Eilean an Taighe
Skye
7001580000000000000♠58
02 !Unknown
Meall Mòr
7002111000000000000♠111

Eilean Trodday
Eilean Throdaigh
Skye
7001420000000000000♠42[13]
02 !Unknown
–
7001450000000000000♠45

Eorsa
Eòrsa
Mull
7002122000000000000♠122
06 !No census records
–
7001980000000000000♠98

Garbh Eileach
Garbh Eileach
Garvellachs
7002142000000000000♠142
03 !Pre-modern[Note 7]
–
7002110000000000000♠110

Gruinard
Eilean Ghruinneart
North Highland
7002196000000000000♠196
1920 !1920s
An Eilid
7002106000000000000♠106

Gunna
Gunnaigh
Mull
7001690000000000000♠69
04 !Pre-modern[Note 8]
–
7001350000000000000♠35

Handa
Eilean Shannda
North Highland
7002309000000000000♠309
1848
Sithean Mòr
7002123000000000000♠123

Harlosh Island
Eilean Heàrrlois
Skye
7001340000000000000♠34
02 !Unknown
–
7001510000000000000♠51

Horse Island
Eilean nan Each
Summer Isles
7001530000000000000♠53
18 !19th century
Sgurr nan Uan
7001600000000000000♠60

Inch Kenneth
Innis Choinnich
Mull
7001550000000000000♠55
1970s
–
7001490000000000000♠49

Insh
An Innis
Slate Islands
7001360000000000000♠36
02 !Unknown
–
7001690000000000000♠69

Isay
Iosaigh !Ìosaigh
Skye
7001600000000000000♠60
1860
–
7001280000000000000♠28

Isle Martin
Eilean Mhàrtainn
Summer Isles
7002157000000000000♠157
1948[Note 9]
–
7002120000000000000♠120

Isle Ristol
Eilean Ruisteil
Summer Isles
7002225000000000000♠225
17 !18th century?
–
7001710000000000000♠71

Little Colonsay
Colbhasa Beag
Mull
7001880000000000000♠88
1940s
–
7001610000000000000♠61

Longa Island
Longa
North Highland
7002126000000000000♠126
189 !late 19th century
Druim am Eilean
7001700000000000000♠70

Longay
Longaigh
Skye
7001500000000000000♠50
16 !16th century
–
7001670000000000000♠67

Lunga
Lungaigh
Mull
7001810000000000000♠81
1857
Cruachan
7002103000000000000♠103

Oldany Island
Eilean Alltanaidh
Eddrachillis Bay
7002200000000000000♠200
02 !Unknown
Sidhean nan Ealachan
7002104000000000000♠104

Ornsay
Eilean Iarmain
Skye
7001350000000000000♠c. 35[14]
02 !Unknown
–
7001460000000000000♠46

Oronsay
Orasaigh
Loch Sunart
7002230000000000000♠230[14]
02 !Unknown
Druim Mòr
7001580000000000000♠58

Pabay
Pabaigh
Skye
7002122000000000000♠122
1980s !1980s
–
7001280000000000000♠28

Priest Island
Eilean a' Chlèirich
Summer Isles
7002122000000000000♠122
07 !No census records
–
7001780000000000000♠78

Scarba
Sgarba
Islay
7003147400000000000♠1,474
1960s
Cruach Scarba
7002449000000000000♠449

Shuna
Siuna
Mull
7002155000000000000♠155
1960s
Tom an t-Seallaidh
7001710000000000000♠71

Staffa
Stafa
Mull
7001330000000000000♠33
17 !18th century
–
7001420000000000000♠42

Tanera Beag
Tannara Beag
Summer Isles
7001660000000000000♠66
08 !No census records
–
7001830000000000000♠83

Texa
Teacsa [Note 10]
Islay
7001480000000000000♠48
181 !Early 19th century
Ceann Garbh
7001480000000000000♠48

Torsa
Torsa
Slate Islands
7002113000000000000♠113
1960 !1960s
–
7001620000000000000♠62

Wiay
Fuidheigh
Skye
7002148000000000000♠148
18 !19th century
–
7001600000000000000♠60

text: Smaller islets and skerries[edit]

text: Smaller islands, tidal islets only separated at higher stages of the tide, and skerries which are only exposed at lower stages of the tide pepper the seas surrounding the main islands. Many of them are obscure and only a few have ever been inhabited. Nonetheless, some have a significant degree of notability. Lady's Rock, a skerry in Loch Linnhe, was the site of the attempted murder of Lady Catherine Campbell by her husband Lachlan Maclean of Duart in 1527. He rowed out to the rock one night at low tide and left his wife stranded on the rock to die.[29][30] Nearby Castle Stalker was in the possession of Clan Stewart of Appin at this time, but its more recent claim to fame is as a location in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

text: Remote Dubh Artach and Skerryvore are the sites of two unmanned lighthouses; the latter reaches 48 metres (157 ft) in height and is the tallest in the United Kingdom.[31] Belnahua supported a population of slate workers in its substantial and now flooded central quarry during the 19th century.[32] Nearby Eilean-a-beithich once stood in the Easdale Sound between Easdale and Seil. However, it was quarried to a depth of 76 metres (249 ft) below sea level leaving only the outer rim of the island. This was eventually swept away by the sea and little visible sign of the island now remains.[33]

text: In addition to being a hazard to navigation, the Torran Rocks south of Erraid are one of the locations featured in the novel Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was here that Alan Breck Stewart and David Balfour were ship-wrecked.[34]

text: The smaller Inner Hebridean islands, grouped by location (from south to north), in the vicinity of:

text: South Argyll Coast[edit]

text:
Kintyre: Mull, Scart Isle, The Merchants
Gigha: Còrr Eilean, Craro, Eilean á Chuill, Eilean Leim, Eilean Liath, Eilean na h-Aird, Eilean na h-Uilinn, Gamhna Giogha, Gigalum

Cara: Coire Cara, Sgeir à Bhuntata, Sgeir Buideil

West Loch Tarbert: Eilean Ceann na Creige, Eilean da Ghallagain, Eilean Eòghainn, Eilean nan Craobh, Eilean Traighe
Loch Stornoway: Carriag Mhaidean, Eilean Clach nan Uamhannan, Sgeir Choigreach
Loch Caolisport: Eilean Fada, Eilean na h-Uamhaidh, Eilean nam Muc, Eilean Naomhachd, Glas Eilean, Liath Eilein
MacCormaig Isles: Corr Eilean, Eilean Ghamna, Eilean Mòr, Eilean nan Leac, Eilean Puirt Leithe
Loch Sween: Cala, Eilean Loain, Eilean Mhartan, Eilean na Circe, Taynish Island, Ulva Islands

Danna: Eilean à Chapuill, Eilean nan Uan, Liath Eilean
Fairy Islands: Eilean a' Bhrein

West Taynish: Carsaig Island, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Fraoich, Eilean nan Coinean, Eilean Traighe, Leth Sgeir, Ruadh Sgeir
Loch Crinan: An-unalin, Black Rock, Eilean Glas, Eilean nan Coinean
Loch Craignish: Eilean na Cille, Eilean na-h Eairne, Garbh Rèisa, Sgeir na Maoile

Eilean Macaskin: Liath-sgeir Bheag, Liath-sgeir Mhòr
Eilean Mhic Chrion: Eilean Buidhe, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Inshaig, Eilean na Nighinn, Eilean Traighte
Eilean Rìgh: Eilean nan Gabhar,

West Craignish: Coiresa, Creagach Chrosgach, Culbhaic, Eilean Ona, Reisa an t-Sruith, Reisa Mhic Phaidean
Craobh Haven: Eich Donna, Eilean an Duin, Eilean Arsa, Eilean Buidhe, Eilean Creagach, Fraoch Eilean, Liath Sgeir
Loch Melfort: Eilean Coltair, Eilean Gamhna, Scoul Eilean

text: Islay group[edit]

text:
Islay:

Mull of Oa and Laggan Bay: Eileanan Mòra, Sgeirean Buidhe Ghil
Loch Indaal: Carraig Dhubh
Rinns of Islay: Am Ballan, Eilean Liath, Eilean Mhic Coinnich, Frenchman's Rocks, Orsay, Sgeiran Dubha
North west coast: Boghachan Mòra, Eilean an Tannais-sgeir, Eilean Beag, Eilean Mòr, Nave Island, Post Rocks
East coast: Eilean Liath
Kildalton: Ceann nan Sgieran, Eilean á Chùirn, Eilean an Droighinn, Eilean Bhride, Eilean Craobhach, Eilean Mhic Mhaolmhoire, Outram, Sgeir nam Ban
Ardbeg: Carmichael's Rocks, Cleit Buidhe, Corr Sgeir, Eilean an t-Sluic, Eilean Imersay, Iseanach Beag, Iseanach Mòr
Carraig Fhada: Am Plodan, An Gànradh, Eilean nan Caorach, Sgeir Fhada, Sgeir Phlocach

Colonsay: Eilean à Chladaich, Eilean Dubh, Eilean na Brathan, Eilean Leathann, Eilean Mhártain, Eilean na Bilearach, Eilean nam Ban, Eilean nam Feannaig, Eilean Olmsa, Glas Eilean
Jura:

East coast: Eilean à Bhorra, Eilean an Rubha, Eilean Buidhe Mòr, Eilean na h-Aorinn, Eilean Traigh an Airgid, Liath Eilean, Na Cuiltean
Small Isles: Eilean Bhride, Eilean Diomhain, Eilean nan Coinnean, Eilean nan Gabhar, Pladda
Sound of Islay: Am Fraoch Eilean, Brosdale Island, Glas Eilean
Loch Tarbert: Eilean an Easbuig, Eilean Ard, Eilean Dubh à Cumhainn Bhig, Eilean Dubh à Cumhainn Mhoir, Eileanan Gleann Righ, Eilean Iosal
West coast: Eilean Beag, Eilean Mòr, Shian Island

Oronsay: Dubh Eilean, Eileanan à Chuir, Eilean Ghaoideamal, Eilean Mhic Iain Ruaidh, Eilean Mhugaig, Eilean nam Uan, Eilean nan Ron
Scarba: Eilean à Bhealach, Eilean Ard, Sgeiran à Mhaoil, Sgeir nan Gobhar
Texa: Sgeiran an Lòin, Tarr Sgeir

text: Firth of Lorn[edit]

text:
Slate Islands:

Easdale: None
Eilean Dubh Mòr: Eilean Dubh Beag, Liath Sgeir, Sgeir à Gheòidh, Sgeir nan Taod
Insh: Dubh-sgeir, Eilean Bàn-leac
Luing: Diar Sgeir, Dubh-fheith, Dubh Sgeir, Eilean Loisgte, Fraoch Eilean (2), Funaich Mhòr, Glas Eilean, Rubh Aird Luing, Sgeir Bhuidhe
Lunga: An Tudan, Belnahua, Eilean Ioasal, Eilean nan Ceann, Fiola an Droma, Fiola Meadhonach, Fladda, Guirasdeal, Liath Sgeir, Ormsa, Rubha Fiola, Sgeir Mhic an Altair, Sgeir Poll nan Corran
Torsa: Eilean Fraoch, Glas Eilean, Torsa Beag
Seil: Eilean à Chomraidh, Eilean Buidhe, Eilean Dùin, Eilean nam Beathach, Eilean nam Freumha, Eilean Tornal, Henderson's Rock,
Shuna: None

Garvellachs:

Eileach an Naoimh: Sgeiran Dubha, Sgeir Leth à Chuain
Garbh Eileach: À Chùli, Dùn Channuill

text: Loch Linnhe[edit]

text:
Loch Feochan: Eilean an Ruisg
Kerrera: Bach Island, Eilean nan Gamhna, Eilean nan Uan, Eilean Orasaig, Heather Island,[Note 11] Maiden Island, Rubh'a Cruidh, Sgeir à Gheòidh
Loch Etive: Abbot's Isle, Eilean Beag, Eilean Mòr, Eilean nam Meann, Eilean Traighe, Kilmaronag Islands
Eriska: Glas Eilean, Sgeir Caillich,
Lismore: Bernera Island, Branra, Creag Island, Eilean Dubh (2), Eilean Loch Oscair, Eilean Musdile, Eilean na Cloich, Eilean nam Bàn, Eilean nam Meann, Eilean nan Caorach, Eilean nan Chaorainn, Eilean nan Gamhna, Eilean Ramsay, Inn Island, Lady's Rock, Pladda Island,
Shuna: Eilean Balnagowan, Castle Stalker
Loch Leven: Eilean à Chòmraidh, Eilean Coinneach, Eilean Munde, Eilean nam Ban
Loch Eil: Eilean à Bhealaidh, Eilean na Creich, Eilean nan Craobh, Rubha Dearg

text: Mull group[edit]

text:
Coll: A' Chairidhe, Airne na Sgeire, An Glas-eilean, Eag na Maoile, Eilean an Eith, Eilean an t-Sean Chaisteil, Eilean Ascaoineach, Eilean Bhoramuil, Eilean Bhuigistile, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Eatharna, Eilean Halum, Eilean Iomallach, Eilean Mòr, Eilean na Bà, Eilean nam Muc, Eilean Odhar, Eilean Ornsay, Eilean Tomaluam, Soa, Sùil Ghorm
Eorsa: None
Gometra: Eilean Dioghlum, Màisgier
Gunna: Eilean nam Maidean, Eilean nan Gamhna
Iona: Corr Eilean, Eilean Annraidh, Eilean Chalbha Eilean Didil, Eilean Musimul, Eilean na h-Aon Chaorach, Reidh Eilean, Soa Island, Stac an Aoineidh, Stac Mhic Muhurchaidh
Inch Kenneth: Samalan Island
Little Colonsay: None
Mull:

Calve Island: Cnap à Chailbe, Eilean na Beithe
Sound of Mull: Am Brican, Dearg Sgeir, Eileanan Bàna, Eileanan Glasa, Eilean Bàn
Loch Don: Eilean Bàn, Eilean a' Mhadaidh, Eileanan nan Caorach
Loch Spelve: Eilean Amalaig
Loch Buie: Eilean Mòr, Eilean Uamh Ghuaidhre, Frank Lockwood's Island[Note 12]
Ross of Mull south: Eilean à Chròtha, Eilean Imheir, Eilean Liath, Eilean Mòr, Eilean Nam Boc, Eilean nan Caorann, Gamhnach Mhòr, Garbh Eilean, Na Minn, Na Maoil Mhòra
Erraid: Am Baister, Eilean a' Chalmain, Eilean Dubh (2), Eilean Ghomain, Eilean nam Muc, Eilean na Seamair, Livingston's Rocks, Rankin's Rocks, Sgeir à Chobhain, Sgeir na Caillich

Torran Rocks: Dearg Sgeir, MacPhail's Anvil, Na Torrain, Torran Sgoilte, Torr an t-Saothaid

Sound of Iona: Eilean à Ghearrain, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Dubh na Ciste, Eilean Gainmheinich, Eilean nam Ban, Liath Eilean
Loch na Làthaich: Eilean an Fheòir, Eilean Bàn, Na Liathanaich
Loch Scridain: Eilean nan Caorach, Sgeir Leathan
Ardmeanach: Eilean Dubh Cruinn, Erisgeir
Loch na Keal: Eilean Casach, Eilean Feòir,
Mishnish: Cuan Mòr, Eilean an Tairt, Eilean nan Gabhar

Staffa: Am Buchaille
Tiree: Ceann Mòr, Chreachasdal Mòr, Eilean Ghreasamuill (2), Eilean Ghreusgain, Eilean nan Siolag, Eilean Shomhairle, Fadamull, Rubha Liath, Sgeir Mhòr, Soa
Lunga: Bac Beag, Bac Mòr, Cairn na Burgh Beag, Cairn na Burgh Mòr, Fladda, Sgeir an Eirionnaich, Sgeir a' Chaisteil
Ulva: Eilean à Bhuic, Eilean à Chaolais, Eilean an Dusain, Eilean an Righ, Eilean na Creiche, Eilean na h-Uamha, Eilean Reilean, Garbh Eilean, Geasgill Beag, Geasgill Mòr, Sgeir Feòir, Trealbhan
Outliers: Dubh Artach, Skerryvore

text: Small Isles[edit]

text:
Canna: Alman, An Stéidh, Eilean à Bhaird, Haslam
Eigg: Eilean Chathastail, Eilean Thuilm
Muck: Eagamol, Eilean nan Each
Rùm: None
Sanday: Dùn Mòr
Outliers: Garbh Sgeir, Humla, Hyskeir

text: North Argyll coast[edit]

text: From Ininmore Bay in Morvern to the River Sheil.[Note 13]

text:
Sound of Mull: Eilean na Beitheiche, Eilean Rubha an Ridire, Glas Eileanan, Sgeir Chorrach
Loch Sunart: Dun Ghallain, Eilean an t-Sionnaich, Eilean à Chuilinn, Eilean à Mhuirich, Eilean Mòr, Eilean mo Shlinneag, Garbh Eilean, Glas Eilean

Càrna: Eilean an Fheidh, Eilean nan Eildean, Eilean nan Gabhar, Eilean nan Gad, Risga
Oronsay: Eilean Mòr, Sligneach Mòr

Ardnamurchan:

South coast: Eilean nan Seachd Seisrichean, Glas Eilean
North coast: Eilean Carrach, Eilean Chaluim Cille, Eilean Dubh, Eilean na h-Acairseid, Sanna Island, Sgeir à Chàm Eilein, Sgeir an Eididh, Sgeir an Rathaid, Sgeir nam Meann
Kentra Bay: Eilean an Eididh Eilean Dhònuill, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Loisgte, Eilean nan Gad

text: South Highland coast[edit]

text:
Eilean Shona: An Glas-eilean, Eilean à Choire, Eilean an Feheidh, Eilean an t-Sabhail, Eilean Coille, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Mhic Neill, Eilean Raonuill, Eilean Tioram, Eilean Uaine, Riska
Sound of Arisaig:

Loch Ailort: Eilean à Bhuic, Eilean à Chaolais, Eilean Buidhe, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Dubh an Aonaich, Eilean na Gualinn, Eilean nam Bairneach, Eilean nan Gabhar, Eilean nan Trom, Samalaman Island, Sgeir Glas
Loch nan Uamh: Am Fraoch-eilean, An Garbh-eilean, An Glas-eilean, Còrr Eilean, Eilean à Ghaill, Eilean Aird nam Bùth, Eilean an t-Snidhe, Eilean Ceann Fèidh, Eilean Gobhlach, Eilean nan Cabar, Eilean Port nam Murrach

Eilean Ighe: Am Fraoch-eilean, Eilean Ban, Luinga Beag, Luinga Mhòr
North Arisaig coast: An Glas-eilean, Bogh' Oitir, Rubha dà Chuain, Sgeirean na Corra-gribhich
Morar Bay: Eilean Ruadh, Eilean Toigal
Mallaig: Eilean na h-Acairseid
Loch Nevis: An Corr-eilean, Eilean Giubhais, Eilean Maol, Eilean na Glaschoille,
West Knoydart coast: Airor Island, Eilean an t-Sionnach, Eilean Dearg, Eilean na Gàmhna, Eilean Shamadalain, Glas Eilean, Sgeir Glas
Loch Hourn: Corr Eileanan, Eilean à Chuilinn, Eilean à Gharb-Iain, Eilean à Mhuineil, Eilean à Phiobaire, Eilean Chamas nan Doth, Eilean Chlamial, Eilean Choinnich, Eilean Mhartain, Eilean Mhogh-sgeir, Eilean Ràrsaidh, Eilean Tioram, Fraoch Eilean, Glas Eilean
Sandaig Islands: An Gurraban, Eilean Carach, Eilean Mòr Fraoich Eilean

text: Skye group[edit]

text:
Crowlin Islands:

Eilean Mòr: None
Eilean Meadhonach: Eilean Beag,

Eilean Bàn: None
Eilean Trodday: None
Isay: Clett, Mingay
Longay: None
Pabay: None
Raasay: Eilean Aird nan Gobhar, Eilean an Inbhire, Holoman Island, Manish Island

Eilean Fladday: Fraoch Eilean, Glas Eilean, Griana-sgeir
Eilean Tigh: Eilean an Fhraoich

Rona: Cow Rock, Eilean Garbh, Eilean Seamraig, Garbh Eilean, Sgeirean Buidhe Borlum, Sgeir Shuas
Scalpay: Eilean Leac na Gainimh, Guillamon Island, Sgeir Dhearg
Skye:

Sleat: Eilean Dubh, Eilean Ruairidh, Eilean Sgorach
Ornsay: Eilean an Eòin, Eilean Sionnach
Loch Eishort north coast: Eilean Gaineamhach Boreraig, Eilean Heast
Strathaird: Eilean na h-Àirde
Minginish: An Dubh-sgeir, Eilean Glas, Eilean Reamhar, Stac à Mheadais
Loch Bracadale: Oronsay, Sula Skerry, Tarner Island

Harlosh Island: None

Duirinish: An Dubh Sgeir, An Stac, Macleod's Maidens
Loch Dunvegan: Carraig Shleamhuinn, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Dubh Beag, Eilean Glas, Eilean Grianal, Eilean Mòr, Eilean na h-Eigheach, Eilean Traigh, Garay Island, Garbh Eilean, Lampay
Waternish: Caisteal an Fhithich
Loch Snizort: Eilean Beag, Eilean Mòr

Ascrib Islands: Eilean Creagach, Eilean Garave, Eilean Iosal, Sgeir à Chapuill, Sgeir à Chuin, South Ascrib

Trotternish: An t-Iasgair, Eilean Chaluim-chille, Eilean Flodigarry, Holm Island, Sgeir na Eireann, Staffin Island, Tulm Island,

Fladda-chùain group: Fladaigh Chuain, Gaeilavore Island, Gearran, Lord MacDonald's Table (Am Bord), The Cleats, Thon Eilean

Broadford Bay: Eilean na Ruadhaich, Glas Eilean, Sgeir Dubh
Loch Alsh: Sgeir na Caillich

Soay: Na Gamhnaichean
Wiay: None

text: North Highland coast[edit]

text:
Wester Ross:

Loch Alsh: Glas Eilean

Loch Long: À Ghlas-sgeir, Sheep Island
Eilean Donan: Eilean Tioram
Loch Duich: Am Fraoch-eilean

Kyle of Lochalsh: Black Islands, Eilean à Mhal, Eileanan Dubha, Eilean na Crèadha, Eilean nan Gobhar Beag, Eilean nan Gobhar Mòr
Loch Carron: An Garbh-Eilean, Eilean an-t-Sratha, Eilean Glasiach, Eilean na Beinne, Eilean na Creige Duibhe, Eilean nan Fraoich, Eilean nan Stac, Kishorn Island, Sgeir Bhuidhe, Sgeir Fhada, Strome Islands,

Plockton: À Ghlas-leac, An Garbh-Eilean, Eilean à Bhata, Eilean à Chait, Eilean an Duine, Eilean Dubh, Eilean Dubh Dhurinis, Eilean Lagach, Eilean na Bà Beag, Eilean na Bà Mòr, Eilean nam Fiadh, Eilean na Sgeir-Feor, Eilean nan Gamhainn, Eilean Stacan, Eilean Sgreabach, Sgeir Bhuidhe

Inner Sound: An Ruadh-Eilean, Eilean Chuaig, Eilean na Bà, Eilean nan Naomh,
Loch Torridon: Eilean à Chaoil, Eilean an Inbhire Bhàin, Eilean Dùghaill, Eilean Mòr, Eilean Tioram, Sgeir Ghlas, Sgeir na Trian, Shieldaig Island
Eilean Horrisdale: Eilean Tioram, Sgeir Glas
Gairloch: Eilean an t-Sabhail, Eilean Shieldaig, Fraoch-eilean, Glas Eilean, Na Dùnain
Longa Island: None
Rubha Rèidh: An Sean Sgeir, Stac Buidhe, Stac Dubh
Isle of Ewe: Boor Rocks, Eilean Furadh Beag, Eilean Furadh Mòr, Sgeir an Araig, Sgeir Maol Mhoraidh, Sgeir Maol Mhoraidh Shuas, Stac Ruadh
Gruinard: Fraoch, Eilean Beag, Fraoch Eilean Mòr
Summer Isles:

Horse Island: Càrn nan Sgeir, Meall nan Caorach, Meall nan Gabhar
Isle Martin: None
Isle Ristol: Bò Bhùiridh, Eilean Glas, Eilean Mullagrach
Priest Island: Bottle Island, Carn Deas, Carn Iar, Eilean Dubh, Glas-leac Beag, Sgeirean Glasa, Sgeir nam Mult
Tanera Beag: Eilean à Chàr, Eilean Choinaid, Eilean Fada Beag, Eilean Fada Mòr, Glas-leac Mòr, Sgeir an Aon Iomairt, Sgeir Loisgte, Sgeir nam Feusgan, Sgeir Ribhinn, Stac Mhic Aonghais
Tanera Mor: Eilean à Bhuic, Eilean Beag, Eilean Mòr, Eilean na Saille

Enard Bay: À Chleit, Eilean Mòineseach, Eilean Mòr, Fraochlan, Green Island, Rubha à Bhrocaire, Sgeir Bhuidhe, Sgeir Ghlas Bheag, Sgeir Ghlas Mhòr, Sgeir nam Boc

Sutherland:

text:
Loch Inver: Glas Leac, Soyea Island
Stoer: Old Man of Stoer
Oldany: Bogh' an Tairbh, Eilean Chrona, Eilean na Ligheach, Eilean nam Boc, Eilean nan Gobhar, Eilean nan Uan, Mòr Eilean, Sgeir nan Gall
Eddrachillis Bay: An Calbh, Eilean à Bhuic, Eilean Rairidh, Meall Beag, Meall Mòr, Sgeir à Chlaidheimh

Badcall Bay: Dubh Sgeir, Eilean à Bhreitheimh, Eilean Garbh, Eilean na Bearachd, Eilean na Rainich, Eilean Riabhach, Glas Leac, Meall Earca, Ox Rock
Loch a' Chàirn Bhàin: Eilean à Ghamhna, Eilean na Furaradh, Eilean na Rainich, Garbh Eilean
Loch Glencoul: Creag Bàgh an Liath Bhaid, Eilean à Chon' à Chreige, Eilean à Chumhainn, Eilean an Tighe, Eilean an Tuim, Eilean Àrd, Eilean na Moine

Loch Dhrombaig: Cul Eilean, Eilean an Achaidh, Sgeir Liath,
Handa: Eilean an Aigeich, Glas Leac, Sgeirean Glasa
Loch Laxford: Dubh Sgeirean, Eilean à Chadh-fi, Eilean à Mhadaidh, Eileanan Dubha, Eilean an Eireannaich, Eilean an t-Sithein, Eilean Àrd, Eilean Dubh an Teoir, Eilean Dubh na Fionndalach Bige, Eilean Dubh nam Boc, Eilean Meall à Chaorainn, Eilean na Carraig, Eilean na Saille, Eilean Port à Choit, Glas Leac, Rubh' à Cheathraimh Ghairbh, Sgeirean Cruaidhe, Sgeir Eorna, Sgeir Fhanda, Sgeir Iosal, Sgeir Ruadh
Kinlochbervie: Eilean à Chonnaidh, Eilean Dubh, Glas Leac, Na Clusnadh
Eilean an Ròin Mòr: Dubh Sgeir, Eilean an Ròin Beag, Eilean na h-Aiteg, Na Stacan, Seana Sgeir
Sandwood Bay and Cape Wrath: Am Balg, Am Bodach, Am Buchaille, Goedha Ruadh na Fola

text: Small archipelagos[edit]

text: There are various small island groups within the Inner Hebrides that are included above. The largest of these mini-archipelagos are:

text:
The Ascrib Islands in Loch Snizort off the northwest coast of Skye.
The Crowlin Islands in the Inner Sound between Skye and Applecross.
The Garvellachs north of Scarba in the Firth of Lorne.
The MacCormaig Isles off Kintyre south of Danna.
The Sandaig Islands south of Glenelg in the Sound of Sleat.
The Slate Islands north of Jura and southwest of Oban.
The Small Isles south of Skye and west of Mallaig.
The Summer Isles in Loch Broom northwest of Ullapool.
The Treshnish Isles west of Mull and north of Iona.

text: There is another group of islets off Craighouse on the east coast of Jura called the Small Isles.[37]