document_title: List of Psych characters

question_text: who plays young shawn in season 5 of psych

text: List of Psych characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Name
Portrayed by
Occupation/Status
Seasons
TV movie

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Psych: The Movie

Shawn Spencer
James Roday
Fake psychic; private consultant to the SBPD
Main
Starring

Burton "Gus" Guster
Dulé Hill
Former pharmaceutical salesman; private consultant to the SBPD; Shawn's best friend
Main
Starring

Carlton "Lassie" Lassiter
Timothy Omundson
SBPD Head Detective (2006-2014); SBPD Chief (2014-present)
Main
Starring[1]

Juliet "Jules" O'Hara
Maggie Lawson
SBPD Junior Detective and Lassiter's partner (2006-2014); Shawn's love interest
Main
Starring

Henry Spencer
Corbin Bernsen
Shawn's father; former SBPD sergeant/detective; SBPD Head of Consultants (2010–2012)
Main
Starring

Chief Karen Vick
Kirsten Nelson
SBPD Interim Chief (2006–2008); SBPD Chief (2008–2014)
Recurring
Main
Starring

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Name
Portrayed by
Occupation/Status
Seasons
TV movie

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Psych: The Movie

Young Shawn
Liam James & Skyler Gisondo
Young version of Shawn Spencer
Recurring

Young Gus
Carlos Mcgullers
Young version of Burton Guster
Recurring
Guest

Buzz McNab
Sage Brocklebank
Junior Detective for the SBPD
Recurring
Starring

Winifred "Winnie" Guster
Phylicia Rashad
Gus's mother

Guest

Guest

Madeleine Spencer
Cybill Shepherd
Police Psychiatrist / Shawn's mother

Guest
Recurring

Guest

Guest

Abigail Lytar
Rachael Leigh Cook
Shawn's ex-girlfriend

Guest
Recurring

Mary Lightly
Jimmi Simpson
Criminal Psychologist

Guest

Guest

Starring

Mr. Yang
Ally Sheedy
Serial Killer

Guest

Guest

Woodrow "Woody" Strode
Kurt Fuller
Coroner for the SBPD

Recurring
Starring

Pierre Desperaux
Cary Elwes
Art Thief

Guest

Guest

Ewan O'Hara
John Cena
Juliet O'Hara's brother

Guest

Starring

Curt Smith
Curt Smith
British Singer

Guest

Guest

Marlowe Vicellio
Kristy Swanson
Lassiter's wife

Guest

Rachael
Parminder Nagra
Gus's former girlfriend

Recurring

Maximus
Mateen Devji
Rachael's son

Recurring

Harris Trout
Anthony Michael Hall
Former Special Consultant for the SBPD

Guest

Betsy Brannigan
Mira Sorvino
SBPD Head Detective

Recurring

text: Young Shawn[edit]

text: Young Shawn (portrayed by Liam James and Skyler Gisondo in the majority of appearances) is the younger version of Shawn Spencer. He is almost always shown learning life lessons from his father, usually tying into the main events of the episode. The character usually appears in flashbacks to the late 80s or early 90s. Young Shawn first appeared in the pilot episode, and has appeared in nearly every episode since.

text: In "The Polarizing Express" (5.14), Young Shawn appears in adult Shawn's dream in 2010. The character makes light of the rotating actors in the role when Tony Cox comments that Shawn and his younger self look nothing alike. Young Shawn (portrayed by Skyler Gisondo) replies, "Well, we changed!" Then, looking at adult Shawn he says, "Sometimes from week to week, huh?," which adult Shawn confirms.

text: In "And Down the Stretch Comes Murder" (2.05), Young Shawn occurs in multiple flashbacks in which Shawn tries to find the culprit that shot a spit ball at the teachers head, ending in getting Jimmy (Bully) kicked out of school. Jimmy, now a horse jockey, returns in the beginning of the episode, to hire Psych to talk to his horse.

text: Young Gus[edit]

text: Young Gus (portrayed by Carlos McCullers II in the majority of appearances) is the younger version of Gus. He almost always appears with Young Shawn, occasionally learning life lessons from Henry as well. The character always appears in flashbacks to the late 80s or early 90s. Young Gus first appeared in "Spellingg Bee" (1.02) and has appeared in many episodes since.

text: Buzz McNab[edit]

text: Officer (Junior Detective (season 8)) Buzz McNab (Sage Brocklebank) is a member of the SBPD, who occasionally works with Detectives Lassiter and O'Hara, as well as Shawn and Gus. McNab is a naive, lovable cop who is always eager to please Lassiter, even though Lassiter doesn't always treat him well. He first appeared in the pilot episode, and has been shown occasionally.

text: He has a wife, Francine, whom he marries in the first season, and a pet cat.

text: In the first-season episode "9 Lives" (1.05), McNab, in preparation for his wedding, calls a 1-800 stress-line, leading to almost be a victim in a murder. By the fourth season, he has already had two more brushes with death, including being wounded by an exploding mailbox in "Shawn Gets the Yips" (4.05) and knocked unconscious by a serial killer in "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16).

text: In the seventh season episode "Deez Nups", It is revealed that McNab has been moonlighting as a stripper. At the end of Season 7 he is fired by interim Chief Harris Trout.

text: After Lassiter is promoted to SBPD Chief, McNab is rehired in the seventh episode of Season 8. In the series finale McNab is promoted to junior Detective.

text: Woody the Coroner[edit]

text: Dr. Woodrow "Woody" Strode (Kurt Fuller) is the quirky coroner for Santa Barbara. He shares many character traits with Shawn. He first appeared in "High Top Fade Out" (4.07) and then became a frequently recurring character.

text: In "Shawn 2.0" (5.08), he reveals that he had a wife. Shawn soon points out that she was cheating on him with her personal trainer, and Woody responds that he had approved. When Shawn points out other men in her life, Woody states that he hadn't approved those particular men.

text: He is apparently wanted in the Philippines, as made evident in "Dead Bear Walking"' (5.15). While being filmed for a documentary by Lassiter's sister, he attempts to alter his voice for "legal purposes."

text: Madeleine Spencer[edit]

text: Dr. Madeleine Spencer (Cybill Shepherd) is Shawn's mother and Henry's ex-wife. She has an eidetic memory, which she passed on to her son. She first appeared in a cameo appearance in "Shawn (and Gus) of the Dead" (2.16), and made her first major appearance in "Ghosts" (3.01).

text: In her first main appearance, "Ghosts" (3.01), she returns to Santa Barbara as a police psychologist. She explains to Shawn that she left his father in 1992 to pursue a job opportunity, a surprise to Shawn, who had always believed Henry left her. By her second appearance, in "Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?" (3.02), she has begun to spend more time with Henry; they even attend their son's high school reunion together.

text: In the third season finale, "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16), she is kidnapped by Yang and almost killed by a car bomb. However, she is saved when Shawn identifies Yang and has her arrested. After the ordeal, she shares a brief kiss with Henry.

text: In the sequel to "An Evening with Mr. Yang," "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16), she is revealed to be at a conference in New York, where she is safe from Yin's murderous rampage. However, she does not appear in the episode.

text: She appears in "Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16), where it is revealed that Yang lived three blocks down from the Spencers, and that she had taken a picture of Shawn with Yang.

text: Abigail Lytar[edit]

text: Abigail Lytar (Rachael Leigh Cook) is Shawn's ex-girlfriend. She is an elementary school teacher. She first appeared in "Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?" (3.02) and most recently in "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16).

text: She first appears in "Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?" (3.02) at Shawn and Gus's high school reunion. It is revealed that she had been stood-up by Shawn at a high school dance, when he left her standing alone on a pier. Together, they solve the murder of one of their former classmates. In "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16), Gus accuses Shawn of not being able to keep a steady relationship. He then proceeds to call Abigail, immediately asking her on a date. Over the course of the episode, however, he is forced to keep pushing the time back as he struggles to capture Yang. Finally, the two share their first real date at a drive-in theater in Gus's car (though Gus stays in the backseat the entire time).

text: Abigail returns in the fourth season in the episode "He Dead" (4.02), wanting to meet Henry for the first time. However, Shawn attempts to prevent it, claiming that his relationship with his father is already strained. Despite his attempts, the two finally meet, and get along very well, much to Shawn's surprise. Abigail returned again in "Bollywood Homicide" (4.06), in which Shawn invites her to a crime scene. When Lassiter embarrasses Shawn in front of Abigail, Shawn becomes determined to solve the case, and eventually does. In the summer finale, "You Can't Handle This Episode" (4.10), Abigail reveals to Shawn that she is moving to Uganda for six months, and that she wants to put their relationship on hold until she visits in February.

text: When Abigail returns from Uganda in "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16), she is met with an unwelcome surprise. Upon her arrival at the airport, Officer McNab picks her up, due to Shawn's preoccupation with catching Yin. Immediately, McNab is drugged, and Abigail is kidnapped by Yin. After Yin ties her to the bottom of the pier (where Shawn stood her up in high school), Shawn is issued an ultimatum: rescue Juliet or rescue Abigail. He chooses Abigail, and barely succeeds in saving her life. However, immediately afterward, she tells Shawn she can't take the stress of his job any longer, and breaks up with him. However, she did tell Shawn to call her if he ever gave up "chasing psychos."

text: Winnie Guster[edit]

text: Winnifred "Winnie" Guster (Phylicia Rashad) is the mother of Gus and Joy Guster, and the wife of Bill Guster. She first appeared in "Gus's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy" (2.10) followed by "Christmas Joy" (3.09) and most recently, "A Nightmare on State Street" (8.09).

text: She first appeared in "Gus's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy" (2.10), in which Shawn and Henry visit the Gusters for Christmas. She, along with her husband, was arrested for the murder of their neighbor. It was believed that they murdered him after it was revealed that she was being blackmailed for insurance fraud, and that Mr. Guster had been having an ongoing feud with the deceased. Shawn is determined to solve the case, due to their dislike of him. They blame him for being a negative influence on Gus. However, he solves the murder, revealing that it was not in any way connected to them. They are grateful, and finally accept Shawn.

text: Mrs. Guster returns in "Christmas Joy" (3.09). Shawn, Gus, and her daughter Joy all stay with the Gusters for the holidays. It is made known that she had used a bookie to place one bet, and had lost most of her savings. However, her family forgives her, and she forgives her family for all the mistakes that they had made as well.

text: Bill Guster[edit]

text: William "Bill" Guster (Ernie Hudson and Keith David) is the father of Gus and Joy Guster, and the husband of Winnie Guster. He first appeared in "Gus's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy" (2.10) and most recently in "Christmas Joy" (3.09).

text: He first appears in "Gus's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy" (2.10), in which Shawn and Henry visit the Gusters for Christmas. He, along with his wife, is arrested for the murder of their neighbor. It is believed that they had murdered him after it was revealed that he was having an ongoing feud with the deceased. Shawn is determined to solve the case, due to their dislike of him. They blame him for being a negative influence on Gus. However, he solves the murder, revealing that it was not in any way connected to them. They are grateful, and finally accept Shawn.

text: Mr. Guster returns in "Christmas Joy" (3.09). Shawn, Gus, and his daughter Joy all stay with the Gusters for the holidays. It is made known that he had lost his job months earlier, and had been looking for a job during the days ever since. However, his family forgives him, and he forgives his family for all the mistakes that they had made as well.

text: Mr. Yang[edit]

text: Mr. Yang (Ally Sheedy) was a serial killer who murdered her first victim in 1995. That year, she killed six people after a game of cat-and-mouse with each of them. Over the next 14 years, she killed two others, and was still not caught, nor her identity revealed. She first appeared in "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16) and most recently in Psych: The Musical (7.15).

text: In "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16), she returns, this time, to play her game with Shawn Spencer. After Henry's adamant protests to the contrary, Shawn accepts her proposition, vowing to bring her to justice. She first kidnaps Shawn and Gus's waitress and holds her hostage. After leaving several cryptic clues for Shawn, the hostage is finally returned, but replaced with Shawn's mother, Madeleine. After strapping a bomb to Madeleine, Yang sits and watches as the SBPD swarms a drive-in theater looking for her. Shawn finds her car, and she finally comes face-to-face with her target. She reveals to Shawn that she is going to write a book about them, and is finally arrested.

text: When Shawn and Gus speak to Mary (a psychologist who helped bring Yang to justice) a year later, in "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16), he reveals that it would be impossible for Yang to work alone, and proposed that she was working with a Yin. He discerns this from Yang's book, entitled From Serial Dater to Serial Killer: How Murder Kept Me Skinny. Mary's theory proves to be true, and Shawn, Gus, and Mary proceed to visit Yang in her tiny cell at an asylum. She is being held in a completely white and grey cell, due to her tendencies toward violence when exposed to color (to which Gus responds, "What about my face?!"). While there, Yang admits to working with a Yin. She says, "If you think I'm sick, you ain't seen nothing yet." This proves to be true, as Yin (representing chaos) has no rules.

text: In "Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16), it is revealed that Yang had lived only three blocks from the Spencers. It was there that she had her picture taken with Shawn by Madeleine. After briefly letting Yang out of the asylum to help capture Yin, Shawn and Gus discover that Yang is actually Yin's daughter, and that Yin had actually committed each of the murders attributed to Yang (including the attempted murders of "An Evening with Mr. Yang"). They watch helplessly as she murders her father for trying to harm Shawn. She is subsequently taken back into custody.

text: Yang's sexuality is questionable, as Yin, her father, says that she "developed an unhealthy crush" for Shawn in "Yang 3 in 2D." However, Yang says in Mr. Yin Presents..." that she "has the googly eyes" for her "lady guard friend," a woman in charge of escorting visitors to Yang's cell during her incarceration. The guard, however, is "playing hard to get." Yang also says in "Yang 3 in 2D" that "hosting The View and making out with Elisabeth Hasselbeck is impossible," indicating that this might have been a fantasy of some sort of hers.

text: Yang appears in Psych: The Musical (7.15), in which she becomes the main informant for information on an escaped murderer being chased by the SBPD. She is later stabbed to death by the actual murderer (Ben) after saving Shawn's life. This is followed by an after-death duet between her and Mary, in which the latter reveals that she probably won't get into heaven.

text: Mr. Yin[edit]

text: Mr. Yin (Christopher Turner and Peter Weller) was Yang's counterpart and former partner and was even more murderous than she. He was evidently obsessed with the films of Alfred Hitchcock, as his murders were almost always taken right out of a Hitchcock film. Yin first appeared in "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16) and last in "Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16).

text: Yin's existence is unknown until "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16), when Mary Lightly proposes that Yang had a partner during the events of "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16). He begins murdering people, starting with the waitress who served Shawn, Gus, and Mary pie. He arranges the body (with two rocks) into a Yin/Yang symbol. Mary warns that, while Yang followed a set of rules, Yin would not. He said that once a person discovered the rules of Yin, the rules would change. This proves to be true very soon, when Yin murders Mary, just as "Mother" kills Detective Arbogast in Psycho. Yin flees, and then "casts" Shawn, Gus, Lassiter, Juliet, and Henry as "archetypal characters from Hitchcock's canon." While there, he kidnaps Juliet. He then travels to the airport, where McNab is picking up Abigail. Yin drugs McNab and kidnaps Abigail, forcing Shawn to choose which one he wants to save. Yin ties Abigail to the bottom of a pier and forces Shawn to make another decision: catch Yin or save Abigail. Shawn picks Abigail and Henry helps him while Gus and Lassiter save Juliet, but Yin flees once again. The episode ends with Yin stroking a picture of Yang with a young Shawn Spencer.

text: In "Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16), it is revealed that he is actually Yang's father and had committed all of the murders attributed to her. His true identity is revealed as Professor Karl Rotmensen. He has also taken on a new apprentice (Allison Cowley), replacing Yang. After a brief reconciliation with Yang, he is killed by her.

text: Mary Lightly[edit]

text: Dr. Mary Lightly III (Jimmi Simpson) was a criminal psychologist who was obsessed with the Yin/Yang cases. He also had a disdain for racquetball because he "would not wear short pants". He first appeared in "An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16) and last in "Psych: The Musical" (7.15).

text: In his very first scene, he is forced to explain his name, saying that his "father was named Mary, his father before him was named Mary, and his father before him was named Craig". He has very odd quirks, including a "creepy handshake." After studying the Yang case for 13 years, he returned to Santa Barbara when Yang resurfaced. He provided several insights that were invaluable in catching Yang and bringing her to justice.

text: In "Mr. Yin Presents..." (4.16), he visits Shawn and Gus, revealing that he never left Santa Barbara, and reveals his theory that Yang was not working alone. He believes that a Yin exists, and that he is even more murderous than Yang. After following Yin's clues, Shawn and Gus are led to believe that Mary is, in fact, Yin. However, after following him to (what appears to be) an abandoned building, they see him stabbed, just as Martin Balsam in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho. He dies in Shawn's arms. In the final scenes of the episode, Shawn, Gus, and Mary's mother are shown attending his racquetball-themed funeral.

text: In "Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16), the team discovers a videotape made by Mary days before his murder. It mostly consisted of random poetry and thoughts (including questioning the popularity of One Tree Hill), but eventually included valuable insight to the Yin/Yang relationship. Mary stated that he believed Yin would be jealous of Yang's popularity, and that Yin would attempt to take "revenge of the highest malevolence". During the video he refers to himself as "Marion", which is probably his full name.

text: Mary makes a brief appearance in "Psych: The Musical" (7.15) in an after-death sequence. In a duet between himself and Yang, he implies that Yang will probably not go to heaven. Yang suggests he might advocate on her behalf, and he says he knows someone who knows someone who might be able to help.

text: Mary also makes another brief appearance in "Psych: The Movie" in Shawn's dream, during which he performs an acoustic version of 'Allison Road' by Gin Blossoms. Shawn joins in, and they are later joined by Juliet (as Holographic Leia) and Gus (as Prince). It isn't until near the end of the episode that Shawn realizes Mary was trying to give him a hint about who the villain of the movie is: Allison Cowley.

text: Pierre Despereaux[edit]

text: Pierre Despereaux (Cary Elwes) is an extremely elusive Canadian art thief. He first appeared in "Extradition: British Columbia" (4.01), when Shawn and Gus travel to Canada on vacation and recognized him. Shawn called Lassiter and confirmed his identity. However, it is revealed that he, in fact, is simply an insurance fraudster. Lassiter had boasted of being in a long cat-and-mouse game with Despereaux for years and gloated over the arrest...only to discover Despereaux had no idea who Lassiter was.

text: Despereaux returns in "Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10), in which he is accused of multiple murders after his escape from prison. He is later cleared of the murder charges and finally extradited to the United States.

text: He returns again in the episode "Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy, Rusty Old Dagger" (6.10), in which he races with Shawn and Gus against a gang of art thieves to find an old dagger that opens a secret stash of paintings. Over the course of the investigation, he is forced to fake his own death in order to avoid prison. Despereaux, along with Shawn and Gus, uncovers the art, revealing many seemingly worthless paintings. He later steals one of these and removes the paint, revealing a Rembrandt underneath. He is now believed by the SBPD to be deceased, though Shawn and Gus know that this is false.

text: Elwes reprised his role in the episode "Lock, Stock, Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster's Goblet of Fire" (8.01) which was a British themed episode.

text: Declan Rand[edit]

text: Declan Rand (Nestor Carbonell) is a fake criminal profiler who briefly dated Juliet. With the exception of Gus, Madeleine and Henry, he is the only character who knows Shawn is not psychic at the time of his appearance. He first appeared in "Shawn 2.0" (5.08) and last in "One, Maybe Two, Ways Out" (5.09).

text: Declan first appears in "Shawn 2.0" (5.08), in which he was hired by the SBPD to a case Shawn and Gus were already working. He quickly surpassed them, and was given all the credit for the case. Later, however, they discover that he is not really a criminal profiler; he is just extremely rich and is working "for fun." Declan is aware that Shawn is not really a psychic, while Shawn is aware that Declan is not really a criminal profiler. Declan, like Shawn, soon falls for Juliet. Just as Shawn goes to confess to Juliet that he is not really a psychic and ask her out, Declan confesses that he is not really a criminal profiler. Juliet appreciates his honesty, and begins to date him.

text: In "One, Maybe Two, Ways Out" (5.09), Shawn and Gus need Declan's assistance in another case. He agrees, but must confess to Juliet every time he helps, to Shawn and Gus's vehement protests. After discovering that Declan is taking Juliet on a two-week vacation, Shawn tells Gus how he feels about Juliet. Juliet overhears everything he says. While visiting Declan, Shawn ends up alone with Juliet, and she kisses him. Declan reenters the room, and Shawn leaves.

text: By the next episode, "Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10), it is revealed that Juliet has broken up with Declan.

text: Marlowe Viccellio Lassiter[edit]

text: Marlowe Viccellio Lassiter (Kristy Swanson) is introduced as a murder suspect in "This Episode Sucks" (6.03), in which the SBPD discovers that she has been stealing blood in order to help her dying brother. She is then sent to prison, but not before creating a connection with Lassie. Their relationship grows throughout the sixth season and she appears later in "Let's Doo-Wop It Again" (6.13). She and Lassiter were engaged (7.06) and were married in "Deez Nups" (7.07). In "S.E.I.Z.E The Day" (8.02), she revealed to Lassiter that she was pregnant.

text: In "Shawn and Gus Truck Things Up" (8.07), Marlowe gives birth to her daughter Lily, in the back of Shawn and Gus's "Smash & Grab" food truck. In the series finale, "The Break Up" (8.10), Lassiter tells Marlowe put the baby on the phone and says "Hi, Lily. This is your daddy."

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: The following are characters appearing in multiple episodes in small roles.

text:
Det. Lucinda Barry (Anne Dudek) is a detective who worked in the SBPD until it was revealed (by Shawn) that she was having a relationship with Lassiter. Barry appeared in the Pilot episode. Dudek did not return to the show for a main role, and the character was written out (without her presence) in the second episode, "Spellingg Bee". She was replaced by Juliet O'Hara, but was later mentioned by Lassiter in "Shawn Rescues Darth Vader" (6.01). In "Santabarbaratown 2" (7.01), there is a plaque at the firing range Shawn visits and it says Carlton Lassiter won first place in the second event of the Lucinda Barry Memorial Tournament confirming that sometime between leaving and Season 7, she supposedly died.
Corporal Robert Mackintosh (Peter Oldring) is a Canadian police officer who first appeared in "Extradition: British Columbia" (4.01). Due to events that transpired in the episode, he was demoted to traffic duty. He returned in "Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10), in which it is revealed that he has been re-promoted.
Deputy Commissioner Ed Dykstra (Ed Lauter) is a Canadian law-enforcement officer, and Mackintosh's superior. He first appeared in "Extradition: British Columbia" (4.01) and returned in "Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10).
Father Peter Westley (Ray Wise) is a priest at a Catholic church. He first appeared in "The Devil is in the Details... and the Upstairs Bedroom" (4.04) when he was suspected of the murder of a young college girl. However, he is not the killer. He returned in "Dual Spires" (5.12), a homage to Wise's previous television series Twin Peaks, in which he saves the lIves of Shawn and Gus. He is also said to have blessed a bottle of holy water over the phone for Gus in "This Episode Sucks" (6.03).
Gina Repach (Sarah Edmondson) is a former girlfriend of Shawn. She appeared in "Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark" (4.09), in which he called her in an attempt to save his own life. However, she hung up on him, angry that he would call after dumping her. She later appeared in "Shawn 2.0" (5.08) when Shawn cannot find a date to a friend's wedding.
Ken Wong (Jerry Shea) is Psych's former assistant. He appeared in "Romeo and Juliet and Juliet" (5.01), in which he was immediately fired due to monetary problems. He later appeared again in "In Plain Fright" (5.11) when he is again coerced to work for Psych for free.
Officer Martha Allen (Patricia Idlette) is a desk sergeant with the SBPD. She believes Shawn can speak to her dead grandmother. She appeared in the pilot episode and "Woman Seeking Dead Husband: Smokers Okay, No Pets" (1.04).

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Kevin Alejandro ("Ferry Tale")
Mädchen Amick ("Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy, Rusty Old Dagger")
John Amos ("Meat Is Murder, But Murder Is Also Murder")
Anthony Anderson ("True Grits")
Curtis Armstrong ("The Old and the Restless")
Dana Ashbrook ("Dual Spires")
Mackenzie Astin ("Tuesday the 17th")
Diedrich Bader ("The Tao of Gus")
Diora Baird ("The Tao of Gus")
Christine Baranski ("He Dead")
Malcolm Barrett ("Zero to Murder in Sixty Seconds")
Justine Bateman ("Tuesday the 17th")
Garcelle Beauvais ("Dead Air")
Jim Beaver ("High Noon-ish")
Doron Bell Jr. ("We’d Like to Thank the Academy")
Rob Benedict ("True Grits")
The Big Show ("Lassie Jerky")[2]
Bre Blair ("Shawn vs. the Red Phantom")
Wade Boggs ("Dead Man’s Curve Ball")
Katrina Bowden ("Scary Sherry: Bianca's Toast")
John Ross Bowie ("Weekend Warriors")
April Bowlby ("Dead Bear Walking")
Wayne Brady ("Shawn and the Real Girl")
James Brolin ("High Noon-ish")
Jere Burns ("Disco Didn't Die. It Was Murdered!")
John Cena ("You Can't Handle This Episode"”Psych: The Movie”)
Faune Chambers ("Christmas Joy")
Jay Chandrasekhar ("Bollywood Homicide")
Claire Coffee ("Weekend Warriors")
Gary Cole ("Gus Walks Into a Bank")
Catherine E. Coulson ("Dual Spires")
Tony Cox ("The Polarizing Express")
Tim Curry ("American Duos")
Don S. Davis ("Pilot")
Lolita Davidovich ("Santabarbaratown")
Cristián de la Fuente ("American Duos")
Amanda Detmer ("Black and Tan: A Crime of Fashion")
William Devane ("Viagra Falls")
Brooke D'Orsay ("Six Feet Under the Sea")
Brad Dourif ("Shawn, Interrupted")
Nora Dunn ("In Plain Fright")
Rob Estes ("Santabarbaratown")
Jeff Fahey ("Daredevils!")
Corey Feldman ("This Episode Sucks")
Sherilyn Fenn ("Dual Spires")
Jennifer Finnigan ("Neil Simon’s Lover’s Retreat")
Sutton Foster ("A Nightmare on State Street")
Lee Garlington ("Chivalry Is Not Dead... But Someone Is")
Gina Gershon ("American Duos")
Danny Glover ("Dead Man’s Curve Ball")
Louis Gossett Jr. ("Heeeeere’s Lassie")
Milena Govich ("Earth, Wind and... Wait for It")
Jon Gries ("One, Maybe Two, Ways Out")
Greg Grunberg ("Shawn and the Real Girl")
Ernie Grunwald ("Death Is in the Air")
Tony Hale ("Neil Simon’s Lover’s Retreat")
Anthony Michael Hall[3]
Philip Baker Hall ("Dis-Lodged")
Van Hansis ("This Episode Sucks")
John Hawkes ("Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark")
Glenne Headly ("Autopsy Turvy")
Howard Hesseman ("And Down the Stretch Comes Murder")
John Michael Higgins ("Chivalry Is Not Dead... But Someone Is")
Michael Hogan ("The Head, the Tail, the Whole Damn Episode")
Scott Holroyd ("He Dead")
C. Thomas Howell ("One, Maybe Two, Ways Out")
Steve Howey ("Thrill Seekers and Hell-Raisers")
Pascale Hutton ("Pilot")
Stoney Jackson ("True Grits")
Mickie James ("Talk Derby to Me")
Vinnie Jones ("Lock, Stock, Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster's Goblets of Fire")
Stacy Keibler ("Thrill Seekers and Hell-Raisers")
Val Kilmer ("The Break-Up")
Richard Kind ("From the Earth to the Starbucks")
Suzanne Krull ("The Tao of Gus")
Rob LaBelle ("In Plain Fright")
Stephen Lang ("Shawn Gets the Yips")
Ted Lange ("Disco Didn't Die. It Was Murdered!")
Dan Lauria ("Poker? I Barely Know Her")
Sheryl Lee ("Dual Spires")
Robyn Lively ("Dual Spires")
Christopher Lloyd ("100 Clues")[4]

Ed Lover ("Last Night Gus")
Jessica Lucas ("Last Night Gus")
Jane Lynch ("There Might Be Blood")
Ralph Macchio ("We’d Like to Thank the Academy")
Joshua Malina ("Let's Get Hairy")
Cheech Marin ("Let’s Doo-Wop It Again")
Chi McBride ("Ferry Tale")
Christopher McDonald ("Ghosts")
Ryan McDonald ("Dual Spires")
Malcolm McDowell ("Shawn Rescues Darth Vader")
Bruce McGill ("Earth, Wind and... Wait for It")
Ted McGinley ("Six Feet Under the Sea")
Joey McIntyre ("The Amazing Psych-Man and Tap Man, Issue #2")
Kate Micucci ("Autopsy Turvy")
Ivana Miličević ("Autopsy Turvy")
The Miz ("Shawn and the Real Girl")
Meredith Monroe ("Shawn 2.0")
Garrett Morris ("100 Clues")
Oliver Muirhead ("Santabarbaratown 2")
Martin Mull ("100 Clues")[4]
Brian Doyle Murray ("The Old and the Restless")
David Naughton ("Let's Get Hairy")
Judd Nelson ("Death Is in the Air")
Larisa Oleynik ("Let's Get Hairy")
Meghan Ory("Viagra Falls")
Kelly Overton ("There Might Be Blood")
Robert Patrick ("You Can't Handle This Episode")
Amanda Pays ("Black and Tan: A Crime of Fashion")
Mekhi Phifer ("Let’s Doo-Wop It Again")
Lou Diamond Phillips ("Psy vs. Psy")
Tony Plana ("No Country for Two Old Men")
Franka Potente ("One, Maybe Two, Ways Out")
Jason Priestley ("Neil Simon’s Lover’s Retreat")
Freddie Prinze Jr. ("Not Even Close... Encounters")
Keshia Knight Pulliam ("The Polarizing Express")
Sendhil Ramamurthy ("Bollywood Homicide")
John Rhys-Davies ("Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy, Rusty Old Dagger")
Deon Richmond ("The Break-Up")
Molly Ringwald ("Shawn, Interrupted")
Adam Rodriguez ("Shawn and Gus in Drag (Racing)")
Michael Rooker ("Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark")
Saul Rubinek ("Lights, Camera... Homicidio")
Alan Ruck ("Gus Walks Into a Bank")
Sara Rue ("Heeeeere’s Lassie")
Mercedes Ruehl ("Scary Sherry: Bianca's Toast")
Jeri Ryan ("The Head, the Tail, the Whole Damn Episode")
Amanda Schull ("Santabarbaratown")
Brent Sexton ("High Noon-ish")
Sarah Shahi ("Thrill Seekers and Hell-Raisers")
Jonathan Silverman ("Truer Lies")
Jean Smart ("Chivalry Is Not Dead... But Someone Is")
Kurtwood Smith ("Forget Me Not")
Kevin Sorbo ("Bounty Hunters!")
Todd Stashwick ("Ghosts")
French Stewart ("Autopsy Turvy")
Peter Stormare ("Someone's Got a Woody")
Mena Suvari ("Yang 3 in 2D")
George Takei ("Shawn vs. the Red Phantom")
Jeffrey Tambor ("No Country for Two Old Men")[5]
Kenan Thompson ("High Top Fade-Out")
Tony Todd ("High Top Fade-Out")
Keegan Connor Tracy ("Cloudy... Chance of Murder")
Michael Trucco ("Dead Man’s Curve Ball")
Beverley Turner ("Mr. Yin Presents...")
Steve Valentine ("100 Clues")
Jacob Vargas ("The Polarizing Express")
Lenny Von Dohlen ("Dual Spires")
Arnold Vosloo ("A Very Juliet Episode")
Polly Walker ("Shawn Rescues Darth Vader")
Lesley Ann Warren ("100 Clues")[4]
Kerry Washington ("There's Something About Mira")
Carl Weathers ("Viagra Falls")
Steven Weber ("The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable")
Michael Weston ("Cloudy... Chance of Murder", "Remake A.K.A. Cloudy... With a Chance of Improvement")
Frank Whaley ("Who Ya Gonna Call?")
Jaleel White ("High Top Fade-Out," "Let's Doo-Wop It Again")
Christopher Wiehl ("Any Given Friday Night at 10pm, 9pm Central")
Mykelti Williamson ("Any Given Friday Night at 10pm, 9pm Central")
Shannon Woodward ("Scary Sherry: Bianca's Toast")
Calum Worthy ("If You're So Smart, Then Why Are You Dead?")
Billy Zane ("The Break Up")


document_title: Lymphatic vessel

question_text: structure that prevents backflow of fluid in lymphatic vessels

root

text: Lymphatic vessel

text: Structure[edit]

text: The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of blood vessels. There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) composed of a type of epithelium that is called endothelium, and the cells are called endothelial cells. This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the basement membrane on which it rests is discontinuous; it leaks easily.[1] The next layer is that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium, which by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the diameter (caliber) of the lumen. The outermost layer is the adventitia that consists of fibrous tissue. The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers. The smallest vessels (lymphatic or lymph capillaries) lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries, they grow larger and first take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.

tag: p

text: The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the initial lymphatics, the prelymphatics or lymph capillaries that specialize in collection of the lymph from the ISF, and the larger lymph vessels that propel the lymph forward.

text: Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump. Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.[2]

text: Lymph capillaries[edit]

text: The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high.[3] These button-like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the ISF. There is another system of semilunar (semi=half; lunar=related to the Moon) valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel.[3] Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (anastomoses) between them and form a very fine network.[4]

text: Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels, capillaries. If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell; this is called edema. As the circular path through the body's system continues, the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the right lymphatic duct (for lymph from the right upper body) and the thoracic duct (for the rest of the body); both ducts drain into the circulatory system at the right and left subclavian veins. The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria. This is known as a secondary circulatory system.

text: Lymph vessels[edit]

text: The lymph capillaries drain the lymph to larger contractile lymphatics, which have valves as well as smooth muscle walls. These are called the collecting lymphatics.[2] As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries in its course, it becomes larger and is called the afferent lymph vessel as it enters a lymph node. Here the lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and is removed by the efferent lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel.[4] Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins

text: The functional unit of a lymph vessel is known as a lymphangion, which is the segment between two valves. Since it is contractile, depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius, it can act either like a contractile chamber propelling the fluid ahead, or as a resistance vessel tending to stop the lymph in its place.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Without functioning lymph vessels, lymph cannot be effectively drained and edema typically results.

text: Afferent vessels[edit]

text: The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part. It carries unfiltered lymph into the node. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths.

text: Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen.

text: Efferent vessels[edit]

text: The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum, either to veins or greater nodes. It carries filtered lymph out of the node.

text: Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in lymph nodes.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.


document_title: Mandy Harvey

question_text: how did the girl on americas got talent lose her hearing

text: Mandy Harvey

text:
Mandy Harvey

Born
(1988-01-02) January 2, 1988 (age 29)
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Genres
Jazz, Pop

Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter

Instruments
Vocals, Ukulele

tag: table

text: Mandy Harvey (born January 2, 1988)[1] is an American jazz and pop singer and songwriter.

text: Biography[edit]

text: Harvey was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She had hearing problems and underwent several surgeries as a child to try to correct them.[1] Her family moved to Colorado when she was a young child. She sang throughout her childhood and her talent was recognized at Longmont High School, where she graduated in 2006.[1][2] Harvey gradually lost her hearing as a result of the connective tissues disorder Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[3] She lost her remaining hearing when she was nineteen, while she was majoring in vocal music education at Colorado State University; as a result she left the university.[2]

text: In 2008 she met jazz pianist Mark Sloniker at Jay's Bistro in Fort Collins, where she began performing regularly.[1] She later performed at Dazzle Jazz Lounge in Denver[4] and recorded several jazz albums.[5] JazzTimes wrote of her debut album, Smile, "The vocals are rich and captivating."[1] In 2011 Harvey won VSA's International Young Soloist Award.[2] She later returned to perform at the Kennedy Center.[4][5] She is an Ambassador for the nonprofit organization No Barriers to help people with disabilities overcome obstacles.[4] Harvey uses "visual tuners" to help her find pitches.[5][6]

text: In 2017, Harvey appeared on America's Got Talent, season 12, where she took 4th place,[7][8] using her ukulele while performing original songs during the competition.[6][9][10] The same year, she published a memoir with co-author Mark Atteberry, Sensing the Rhythm: Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound.[11]

text: In a 15 November 2017 interview for the BBC, Harvey described how she was accused of promoting oralism when she first took to the stage and has received death threats from within the Deaf community for promoting a "hearing" activity.[3]


document_title: Gun laws in Texas

question_text: what age do you have to be to own a gun in texas

text: Gun laws in Texas

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Carry license required?
No
Yes
GC Ch. 411.172[1]
Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02
Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.

Concealed carry on college campus?
No
Yes

May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
LGC §229.001.
State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
PC 46.01, PC 46.05
Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]

Peaceable journey laws?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02, PC 46.15
A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).

Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?
Yes
Yes
PC 9.32
A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

text: Firearms possession[edit]

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.

text: Firearms carry[edit]

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.

text: License to Carry[edit]

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.

text: The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:

text:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]

tag: ul

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]

text: College Carry Laws[edit]

text: Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]

text: While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:

text:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)

text: 30.06 signage[edit]

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.

text: Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".

text:
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:

In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:

"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]

In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".

Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:

License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.

Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.

text: Open Carry[edit]

text: As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.

text: Exceptions to Open Carry

text:
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]

text: 30.07 signage[edit]

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):

text:
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:

Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).

text: Stand Your Ground[edit]

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).

text: Civil Immunity[edit]

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.

text: Motorists Protection Act[edit]

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.

text: National Firearms Act[edit]

text: Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]


document_title: Centi-

question_text: in the metric system the prefix centi- means

question_tokens: in the metric system the prefix centi - means

text: Centi-

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Look up centi- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Centi- (symbol c) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one hundredth. Proposed in 1793[1] and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin centum, meaning "hundred". Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI). It is mainly used in combination with metre to form centimetre, a common unit of length.

text: Example:

text: A honey bee is about 1.3 centimetres long.[2]

text:
SI prefixes

v
t
e

Prefix
Base 1000
Base 10
Decimal
English word
Adoption[nb 1]

Name
Symbol
Short scale
Long scale

yotta
Y
 10008
 1024
1000000000000000000000000
 septillion
 quadrillion
1991

zetta
Z
 10007
 1021
1000000000000000000000
 sextillion
 trilliard
1991

exa
E
 10006
 1018
1000000000000000000
 quintillion
 trillion
1975

peta
P
 10005
 1015
1000000000000000
 quadrillion
 billiard
1975

tera
T
 10004
 1012
1000000000000
 trillion
 billion
1960

giga
G
 10003
 109
1000000000
 billion
 milliard
1960

mega
M
 10002
 106
1000000
 million
1873

kilo
k
 10001
 103
1000
 thousand
1795

hecto
h
 10002/3
 102
100
 hundred
1795

deca
da
 10001/3
 101
10
 ten
1795

 10000
 100
1
 one
–

deci
d
 1000−1/3
 10−1
0.1
 tenth
1795

centi
c
 1000−2/3
 10−2
0.01
 hundredth
1795

milli
m
 1000−1
 10−3
0.001
 thousandth
1795

micro
µ
 1000−2
 10−6
0.000001
 millionth
1873

nano
n
 1000−3
 10−9
0.000000001
 billionth
 milliardth
1960

pico
p
 1000−4
 10−12
0.000000000001
 trillionth
 billionth
1960

femto
f
 1000−5
 10−15
0.000000000000001
 quadrillionth
 billiardth
1964

atto
a
 1000−6
 10−18
0.000000000000000001
 quintillionth
 trillionth
1964

zepto
z
 1000−7
 10−21
0.000000000000000000001
 sextillionth
 trilliardth
1991

yocto
y
 1000−8
 10−24
0.000000000000000000000001
 septillionth
 quadrillionth
1991

text: Jump up ^ Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. 1873 was the introduction of the CGS system.

tag: ol