document_title: List of Attack on Titan chapters

question_text: when do new issues of attack on titan come out

text: List of Attack on Titan chapters

text: Manga[edit]

text: Attack on Titan[edit]

text: Chapters in the Kodansha USA publications are numbered as episodes.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
March 17, 2010[1]
ISBN 978-4-06-384276-0
June 19, 2012[3]
ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4

"To You, 2,000 Years from Now" (二千年後の君へ, Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e)
"That Day" (その日, Sono Hi)
"Night of the Disbanding Ceremony" (解散式の夜, Kaisanshiki no Yoru)
"First Battle" (初陣, Uijin)

With the advent of giant humanoid beings known as "Titans" that hunt and eat humans on sight, mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls; Wall Maria, Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years, until a 60-meter tall Titan (known henceforth as Colossus Titan) and a strong, armored one (known as Armored Titan) breach the fortified city of Shinganshina. The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans, claiming tens of thousands of lives. After his mother is killed in the attack, Eren Yeager, one of the survivors of Shinganshina, joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert. After completing their training, Eren, Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans.

2
July 16, 2010[6]
ISBN 978-4-06-384338-5
September 11, 2012[7]
ISBN 978-1-61262-025-1

"A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair" (絶望の中で鈍く光る, Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru)
"The World that the Girl Saw" (少女が見た世界, Shōjo ga Mita Sekai)
"Small Blade" (小さな刃, Chiisa na Yaiba)
"Roar" (咆哮, Hōkō)
"The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる, Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru)

While protecting Armin from a Titan, Eren is swallowed, leading his friends to believe he is dead. Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren. When the soldiers are about to lose hope, a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans. After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply, they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body.

3
December 9, 2010[8]
ISBN 978-4-06-384410-8
December 4, 2012[9]
ISBN 978-1-61262-026-8

Side Story: "Captain Levi" (リヴァイ兵士長, Rivai Heishichō)

"Where's the Left Arm?" (左腕の行方, Hidariude no Yukue)
"Response" (応える, Kotaeru)
"Icon" (偶像, Gūzō)
"Wound" (傷, Kizu)

News of Eren's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city. In the end, Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry. However, during the operation, Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned.

4
April 8, 2011[10]
ISBN 978-4-06-384469-6
March 26, 2013[11]
ISBN 978-1-61262-253-8

"Primitive Desire" (原初的欲求, Genshoteki Yokkyū)
"One by One" (個々, Koko)
"Necessity" (必要, Hitsuyō)
"Delusions of Strength" (武力幻想, Buryoku Gensō)
"What Should I Do Now?" (今、何をすべきか, Ima, Nani o Subeki ka)

Recovering his conscience, Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans. The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training.

5
August 9, 2011[12]
ISBN 978-4-06-384513-6
June 4, 2013[13]
ISBN 978-1-61262-254-5

Side Story: "Ilse's Notebook" (イルゼの手帳, Iruze no Techō)

"Still Can't See" (まだ目を見れない, Mada Me o Mirenai)
"Special Operations Squad" (特別作戦班, Tokubetsu Sakusen Han)
"Opening the Gate" (開門, Kaimon)
"Long-Distance Enemy Scouting Formation" (長距離索敵陣形, Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei)

A Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall, a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her. However, she was killed in the process. Back to the present, Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate. Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead, and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria, it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force, led by Levi, the man who is believed to be the army's strongest hero ever. Soon after, the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory, bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them.

6
December 9, 2011[14]
ISBN 978-4-06-384591-4
August 27, 2013[15]
ISBN 978-1-61262-255-2

"The Female Titan" (女型の巨人, Megata no Kyojin)
"The Titan Forest" (巨大樹の森, Kyodaiju no Mori)
"Bite" (噛みつく, Kamitsuku)
"The Easy Path" (好都合な道を, Kōtsugō na Michi o)

The expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female-like features. Figuring that its target is Eren, Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap, using it to capture the Female Titan.

7
April 9, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384652-2 [16]
ISBN 978-4-06-362208-9[17] (limited edition)
September 24, 2013[18]
ISBN 978-1-61262-256-9

"Erwin Smith" (エルヴィン・スミス, Eruvin Sumisu)
"Choices and Consequences" (選択と結果, Sentaku to Kekka)
"Crushing Blow" (鉄槌, Tettsui)
"Losers" (敗者達, Haisha Tachi)

The Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi. Having failed to discover the enemy's identity despite suffering heavy casualties, the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police.

8
August 9, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384712-3 [19]
ISBN 978-4-06-362227-0[20] (limited edition)
October 29, 2013[21]
ISBN 978-1-61262-547-8

"Grin" (微笑み, Hohoemi)
"Mercy" (慈悲, Jihi)
"Wall" (壁, Kabe)
"Soldiers Dance" (戦士は踊る, Senshi wa Odoru)

Stationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District, Annie Leonhart, an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends, is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape. However, it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition. After failing to capture Eren once again, Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible, crystal-like structure to protect herself. After the battle, it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it. As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren, the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose.

9
December 7, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384776-5 [22]
ISBN 978-4-06-362239-3[23] (limited edition)
November 26, 2013[24]
ISBN 978-1-61262-548-5

"The Beast Titan" (獣の巨人, Kemono no Kyojin)
"I'm Home" (ただいま, Tadaima)
"Southwestward" (南西へ, Nansei e)
"Utgard Castle" (ウトガルド城, Utogarudo-jō)

The Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose. A beast-like Titan, who is able to converse, confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans. The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages. Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans, recalls her past, and reunites with her father. On the way to Ehrmich District, Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren's Titan form. Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls. Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him. The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one. They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard, but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises.

10
April 9, 2013
ISBN 978-4-06-384839-7 [25]
ISBN 978-4-06-362243-0[26] (limited edition)
December 31, 2013[27]
ISBN 978-1-61262-676-5

"Soldier" (兵士, Heishi)
"Ymir" (ユミル, Yumiru)
"Historia" (ヒストリア, Hisutoria)
"Warrior" (戦士, Senshi)

The Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans. Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower, but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans. As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans, Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan, and uses that to beat down the attackers. Eren, Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans. Krista reveals her real name: Historia Reiss, an illegitimate child within the royal lineage. Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause, but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans, Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other.

11
August 9, 2013
ISBN 978-4-06-394901-8 [28]
ISBN 978-4-06-362256-0[29] (special edition)
January 28, 2014[30]
ISBN 978-1-61262-677-2

"The Armored Titan" (鎧の巨人, Yoroi no Kyojin)
"Strike, Throw, Submit" (打・投・極, Da Tō Kyoku)
"The Hunters" (追う者, Ou Mono)
"Opening" (開口, Kaikō)

Face to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina, Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan, while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others. Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa, he defeats the Armored Titan, but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion. Ymir and Eren are captured. Five hours later, Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others, who organize a party to chase after them.

12
December 9, 2013[31]
December 6, 2013[32] (limited edition)
ISBN 978-4-06-394976-6
ISBN 978-4-06-358465-3 (limited edition)
April 29, 2014[33]
ISBN 978-1-61262-678-9

"Children" (子供達, Kodomo Tachi)
"Someone" (誰か, Dareka)
"Charge" (突撃, Totsugeki)
"Scream" (叫び, Sakebi)

Reiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side, claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista's safety, but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys. While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans, their rescue party approaches. Ymir transforms and captures Krista. Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir, Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them. Amid the chaos of the battle, Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother. He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding, using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers. Eren and his friends then return home safely, but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt.

13
April 9, 2014[34]
April 3, 2014[35] (limited edition)
ISBN 978-4-06-395044-1
ISBN 978-4-06-358488-2 (limited edition)
August 26, 2014[36]
ISBN 978-1-61262-679-6

"Squad Levi" (リヴァイ班, Rivai Han)
"Krista Lenz" (クリスタ・レンズ, Kurisuta Renzu)
"Smoke Signal" (狼煙, Noroshi)
"Location of the Counterattack" (反撃の場所, Hangeki no Basho)

The Survey Corps take Eren and Krista, who now assumes her birth name, Historia Reiss, to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria. Furthermore, Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once, but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form, unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters. When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself, Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference.

14
August 8, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-395141-7 [37]
ISBN 978-4-06-358703-6[38] (limited edition)
November 4, 2014[39]
ISBN 978-1-61262-680-2

"Pain" (痛み, Itami)
"Actors" (役者, Yakusha)
"Kenny the Ripper" (切り裂きケニー, Kirisaki Kenī)
"Gunshots" (銃声, Jūsei)

After learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia's father, Rod Reiss, who is the true ruler inside the walls, Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen. To draw the attention of their enemies, Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait, but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman, a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi. Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces, who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans, appear to stop them.

15
December 9, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-395253-7 [40]
ISBN 978-4-06-358722-7[41] (limited edition)
March 17, 2015[42]
ISBN 978-1-61262-979-7

"Soul of a Heretic" (外道の魂, Gedō no Tamashii)
"Trust" (信頼, Shinrai)
"Reply" (回答, Kaitō)
"Sin" (罪, Tsumi)

Levi and the others escape from Kenny's troops, but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death. However, false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility's unwillingness to protect its own subjects, leading the army to revolt against them. Meanwhile, Eren's friends prepare to rescue him, who is restrained by Historia's father and the true monarch, Rod Reiss. Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father, revealing that in the occasion, he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him.

16
April 9, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395358-9 [43]
ISBN 978-4-06-358723-4[44] (limited edition)
August 25, 2015[45]
ISBN 978-1-61262-980-3

"Chains" (鎖, Kusari)
"Welcome Party" (歓迎会, Kangeikai)
"Dreams and Curses" (夢と呪い, Yume to Noroi)
"Wish" (願い, Negai)

The Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia, while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren's powers by eating him. Despite Eren's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family's death at his father's hands, Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place. However, Rod's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size, larger than the Colossal Titan itself, and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed, Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask.

17
August 7, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395446-3 [46]
ISBN 978-4-06-362303-1[47] (limited edition)
December 15, 2015[48]
ISBN 978-1-63236-112-7

"Outside the Walls of Orvud District" (オルブド区外壁, Orubudo-ku Gaiheki)
"Ruler of the Walls" (壁の王, Kabe no Ō)
"Friends" (友人, Yūjin)
"A Dream I Once Had" (いつか見た夢, Itsuka Mita Yume)

The Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District, ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls. Historia then is crowned queen, but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans. Afterwards, Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis, the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers. Meanwhile in Shinganshina, the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form, and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others, certain that they will eventually appear there.

18
December 9, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395549-1 [49]
ISBN 978-4-06-358783-8[50] (limited edition)
April 5, 2016[51]
ISBN 978-1-63236-211-7

"Bystander" (傍観者, Bōkansha)
"Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall" (奪還作戦の夜, Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru)
"The Town Where Everything Began" (はじまりの街, Hajimari no Machi)
"Mission Objectives" (作戦成功条件, Sakusen Seikō Jōken)

Eren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren's father and the night of his death. After that, the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina, where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans. However, the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence, assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control, putting the Corps in disarray, while Bertolt lays low, waiting for his time to strike.

19
April 8, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395636-8 [52]
ISBN 978-4-06-362328-4[53] (limited edition)
August 2, 2016[54]
ISBN 978-1-63236-259-9

"War on Two Fronts" (二つの戦局, Futatsu no Senkyoku)
"The Thunder Spears" (雷槍, Raisō)
"The World They Saw" (彼らが見た世界, Karera ga Mita Sekai)
"Descent" (光臨, Kōrin)

Eren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form, the "Thunder Spear". With his friend in trouble, Bertolt joins the battle, transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him.

20
August 9, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395720-4 [55]
ISBN 978-4-06-362335-2[56] (limited edition)
December 27, 2016[57]
ISBN 978-1-63236-309-1

"Perfect Game" (完全試合, Pāfekuto Gēmu)
"The Unknown Soldiers" (名も無き兵士, Na mo Naki Heishi)
"Promise" (約束, Yakusoku)
"Hero" (勇者, Yūsha)

To break the enemy encirclement, Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces. The Beast Titan's forces are defeated, but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded. Meanwhile, Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt, but Armin's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him.

21
December 9, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395815-7 [2]
ISBN 978-4-06-362347-5[58] (limited edition)
April 18, 2017[59]
ISBN 978-1-63236-327-5

"Falling Axe" (大鉈, Ōnata)
"Midnight Sun" (白夜, Byakuya)
"Basement" (地下室, Chikashitsu)
"That Day" (あの日, Ano Hi)

Zeke, the Beast Titan, rescues Reiner and flees, while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin, both almost dying, with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession. In the end, they decide to use the serum on Armin, and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him, in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers, while Erwin passes away. With Shinganshina secured, Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty, but is thriving instead. Grisha also reveals that their race, the Eldians, are oppressed outside the walls by the dominant race, the Marleyans, and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them, until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son, who was actually Zeke.

22
April 7, 2017
ISBN 978-4-06-395909-3 [60]
ISBN 978-4-06-362355-0[61] (limited edition)
August 1, 2017[62]
ISBN 978-1-63236-425-8

"Boundary" (境界線, Kyōkaisen)
"The Attack Titan" (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin)
"Meeting" (会議, Kaigi)
"To the Other Side of the Wall" (壁の向こう側へ, Kabe no Mukōgawa e)

After Zeke's betrayal, his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island, where the walls are situated, and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away, but was saved by Eren Kruger, an undercover agent known as "Owl", who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces. After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before, and will soon die because of them, Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him. Upon looking at Grisha's memories inside his mind, Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live, but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina. Meanwhile, Historia receives a letter from Ymir, who reveals that she will soon be killed, and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while. After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha's documents to the public, the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans. However, Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina, a member of the royal family turned titan, and, fearing for Historia's safety, decides to keep that information to himself.

23
August 9, 2017
ISBN 978-4-06510-100-1 [63]
ISBN 978-4-06510-007-3[64] (limited edition)
December 19, 2017[65]
ISBN 978-1-63236-463-0

"The Other Side of the Ocean" (海の向こう側, Umi no Mukōgawa)
"Marley's Soldiers" (マーレの戦士, Māre no Senshi)
"Midnight Train" (闇夜の列車, Yamiyo no Ressha)
"The Boy Inside The Wall" (壁の中の少年, Kabe no Naka no Shōnen)

text: Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]

text:
"Liar" (嘘つき, Usotsuki)
"Gate of Hope" (希望の扉, Kibō no Tobira)
"From One Hand to Another" (手から手へ, Te kara Te e)

text: Junior High[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Junior High (進撃!巨人中学校, Shingeki! Kyojin Chūgakkō) is a parody manga written and illustrated by Saki Nakagawa, serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine since its May 2012 issue.[66] The first tankōbon volume was released April 9, 2013,[67] and as of December 9, 2015, 9 volumes have been released.[68] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, who published the first volume on March 11, 2014.[69][a]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 9, 2013[67]
ISBN 978-4-06-384841-0
March 11, 2014[69]
ISBN 978-1-61262-916-2

2
August 9, 2013[70]
ISBN 978-4-06-394903-2
March 11, 2014[69]
ISBN 978-1-61262-916-2

3
December 9, 2013[71]
ISBN 978-4-06-394979-7
November 25, 2014[72]
ISBN 978-1-61262-918-6

4
April 9, 2014[73]
ISBN 978-4-06-395046-5
November 25, 2014[72]
ISBN 978-1-61262-918-6

5
August 8, 2014[74]
ISBN 978-4-06-395143-1
April 28, 2015[75]
ISBN 978-1-61262-961-2

6
December 9, 2014[76]
ISBN 978-4-06-395254-4
April 28, 2015[75]
ISBN 978-1-61262-961-2

7
April 9, 2015[77]
ISBN 978-4-06-395359-6
November 24, 2015[78]
ISBN 978-1-63236-113-4

8
August 7, 2015[79]
ISBN 978-4-06-395445-6
November 24, 2015[78]
ISBN 978-1-63236-113-4

9
December 9, 2015[68]
ISBN 978-4-06-395550-7
September 13, 2016[80]
ISBN 978-1-63236-410-4

10
April 8, 2016[81]
ISBN 978-4-06-395637-5
September 13, 2016[80]
ISBN 978-1-63236-410-4

11
August 9, 2016[82]
ISBN 978-4-06-395721-1
—
—

text: Before the Fall[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Before the Fall (進撃の巨人 Before the fall) is a spinoff manga illustrated by Satoshi Shiki, based on the prequel light novel series of the same name written by Ryō Suzukaze. The series has been serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius since August 2013.[83] The first tankōbon volume was released December 9, 2013.[84] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, who published the first volume on March 11, 2014.[85]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 9, 2013[84]
ISBN 978-4-06-376439-0
March 11, 2014[85]
ISBN 978-1-61262-910-0

2
April 9, 2014[86]
ISBN 978-4-06-376460-4
August 19, 2014[87]
ISBN 978-1-61262-912-4

3
August 8, 2014[88]
ISBN 978-4-06-376486-4
December 9, 2014[89]
ISBN 978-1-61262-914-8

4
December 9, 2014[90]
ISBN 978-4-06-376515-1
March 31, 2015[91]
ISBN 978-1-61262-981-0

5
April 9, 2015[92]
ISBN 978-4-06-376537-3
August 25, 2015[93]
ISBN 978-1-61262-982-7

6
August 7, 2015[94]
ISBN 978-4-06-376564-9
December 29, 2015[95]
ISBN 978-1-63236-224-7

7
December 9, 2015[96]
ISBN 978-4-06-376590-8
April 12, 2016[97]
ISBN 978-1-63236-225-4

8
April 8, 2016[98]
ISBN 978-4-06-390619-6
August 9, 2016[99]
ISBN 978-1-63236-260-5

9
August 9, 2016[100]
ISBN 978-4-06-390641-7
December 13, 2016[101]
ISBN 978-1-63236-320-6

10
December 9, 2016[102]
ISBN 978-4-06-390667-7
April 18, 2017[103]
ISBN 978-1-63236-381-7

text: No Regrets[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: No Regrets (進撃の巨人 悔いなき選択, Shingeki no Kyojin Kuinaki Sentaku) is a spinoff manga written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga, serialized in the Aria magazine from its start in the November 28, 2013 issue to June 28, 2014. The manga is an adaptation of the visual novel of the same name. It focuses on the origin story of Levi, before he was a part of the Survey Corps Special Operations Squad. In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, which released both volumes in 2014.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 9, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-376961-6 [104]
ISBN 978-4-06-362271-3[105] (special edition)
June 24, 2014[106]
ISBN 978-1-61262-941-4

2
August 8, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-377046-9 [107]
ISBN 978-4-06-362277-5[108] (special edition)
October 28, 2014[109]
ISBN 978-1-61262-943-8

text: Spoof on Titan[edit]

text: Sungeki no Kyojin (寸劇の巨人, "Titan Short Skits") is a comedic yonkoma manga written and illustrated by hounori, released on Kodansha's "Manga Box" smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30, 2014, in both Japanese and English.[110] The first tankōbon was published on August 8, 2014, and the second on April 9, 2015.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

01
August 8, 2014[111]
ISBN 978-4-06-395152-3
September 13, 2016[112]
ISBN 9781632364081

02
April 9, 2015[113]
ISBN 978-4-06-395360-2
December 13, 2016[114]
ISBN 9781632364098

text: Lost Girls[edit]

text: A manga adaptation by Ryōsuke Fuji of visual and light novel by the same name, that began serialization in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9, 2015.[115] The series ended in the June 2016 issue of the magazine on May 9, 2016.[116] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, which released both volumes in 2016.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 8, 2016[117]
ISBN 978-4-06-395638-2
August 30, 2016[118]
ISBN 9781632363855

2
August 9, 2016[119]
ISBN 978-4-06-395722-8
November 15, 2016[120]
ISBN 9781632364180

text: Novels[edit]

text: Before the Fall[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Before the Fall (進撃の巨人 Before the fall) is a light novel written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto.[121] It initially follows the story of Angel, the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment, before focusing on a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan. Three volumes of Before the Fall were published between December 2, 2011, and June 29, 2012.[121][122] Vertical licensed the light novels in October 2013 for distribution in English.[123][124]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 2, 2011[121]
ISBN 978-4-06-375202-1
September 16, 2014[125]
ISBN 978-1-939130-86-0

2
March 30, 2012[126]
ISBN 978-4-06-375228-1
May 26, 2015[127]
ISBN 978-1-939130-87-7

3
June 29, 2012[122]
ISBN 978-4-06-375243-4
May 26, 2015[127]
ISBN 978-1-939130-87-7

text: Harsh Mistress of the City[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Harsh Mistress of the City (進撃の巨人　隔絶都市の女王, Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō) is written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata.[128] It depicts the aftermath of the fall of Wall Maria first shown at the beginning of the manga. The first volume of Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joou was published on August 1, 2014.[128]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
August 1, 2014[129]
ISBN 978-4-06-375296-0
August 25, 2015[130]
ISBN 978-1-941220-62-7

2
May 1, 2015[131]
ISBN 978-4-06-375299-1
September 29, 2015[132]
ISBN 978-1-942993-29-2

text: Lost Girls[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Lost Girls (進撃の巨人 Lost Girls)[133] is written by Hiroshi Seko.[134] It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa Ackerman and Annie Leonhart, titled "Lost in the cruel world", "Wall Sina, Goodbye",[b] and "Lost Girls".[135] It was published in Japan on December 9, 2014,[134] and in North America on June 28, 2016 by Vertical.[135]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 9, 2014[136]
ISBN 978-4-06-377096-4
June 28, 2016[137]
ISBN 9781942993353

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Kodansha USA is releasing Junior High volumes in a 2-in-1 omnibus format.
Jump up ^ The Japanese version of Attack on Titan: Lost Girls uses an English title "Wall Sina, Goodbye". This is subject to change after the official English release[133]


document_title: Playoff berth

question_text: how does an nba team clinch a playoff spot

root

text: Playoff berth

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In a sports league, a playoff berth is a position in the playoffs secured ("clinched") ahead—and sometimes well ahead—of the season's conclusion. In close races, some teams will not make the playoffs until they have played the final game of the season, but other teams will clinch a spot in the playoffs when they have mathematically qualified for the playoffs. A team mathematically qualifies for the playoffs when they have won enough games to qualify even if they lose all their remaining regular season games and all trailing teams win all their remaining games.

tag: p

text: In some leagues, only the leader of each division qualifies for the playoffs, thereby requiring clinching the division in order to clinch a playoff berth. But in many large sports leagues, additional wild card teams that have not finished at the top of their division will also participate in the playoffs, and these positions will also be sought by teams that are unable to reach the top.

text: Ranking watchers, such as the media, keep track of when teams have clinched, or how close they are to achieving this (see Magic number (sports)). In standing charts displayed in newspapers and on websites, teams that have clinched a berth or even their division are generally indicated with various letters and symbols.

text: A team's ranking among playoff teams is known as a seed. Teams with a higher seed are generally afforded greater privileges during the playoffs, including home advantage and byes. A team that has simply clinched a playoff berth may continue to try to win if they have a chance to obtain a higher seed. A team that has already clinched the highest possible seed during the regular season, or a team that cannot improve upon its seed, may be able to rest their starters during the remainder of the season.


document_title: The Dragon Prince

question_text: when does season 2 of the dragon prince come on netflix

text: The Dragon Prince

text: Setting and synopsis[edit]

text: The series is set in a fantasy world where humans and elves are in conflict. Long ago, the humans used dark magic, and were driven off by the dragons and elves to one end of the continent. Now, after humans killed the dragon king and his egg, war is imminent. As forces gather, the elves attempt to assassinate the human king Harrow and his heir, the young prince Ezran. One among the elves, the young Rayla, along with Ezran and his brother Callum, discover that the dragon king's egg wasn't in fact destroyed, but stolen. Together they undertake to return the egg to the dragons to prevent war. But the mage Viren, King Harrow's advisor, is intent on war. He seizes power after the king dies in the assassination attempt, and sends his children Claudia and Soren after the fugitives.

text: Voice cast and characters[edit]

text:
Jack De Sena as Callum, the artistic older half-brother[3] of Ezran and the king's stepson.
Paula Burrows as Rayla, a young moonshadow elf assassin who hesitates during her first mission.
Sasha Rojen as Ezran, crown prince of Katolis, the cheerful younger half-brother of Callum.
Bait, Ezran's pet glow toad.
Racquel Belmonte as Claudia, Viren's daughter, a friendly and bookish dark mage.
Jesse Inocalla as Soren, Viren's son, a dim but talented Crownsguard.
Jason Simpson as Viren, King Harrow's advisor, a pragmatic dark mage.
Jonathan Holmes as Runaan, the zealous leader of the moonshadow elf assassins.
Luc Roderique as King Harrow of Katolis, Ezran's father and Callum's stepfather.
Pip, Harrow's pet bird.
Erik Todd Dellums as Aaravos, the prologue's narrator
General Amaya, the deaf[4] aunt of Callum and Ezran, a skilled warrior and commander who guards the breach between the human and elf nations whilst grieving her fallen sister.
Adrian Petriw as Gren, Amaya's deputy and interpreter who remains upbeat and focused even under the harshest conditions.
Omari Newton as Corvus, Amaya's tracker who is the lone member of her squad sent to hunt down the fugitives.
Nahanni Mitchell as Ellis, a young girl with a fierce bond to her animal.
Ava, Ellis' wolf companion.
Ellie King as Lujanne, an elven illusionist
Azymondias ("Zym"), an infant dragon, the Dragon Prince

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Season 1 ("Book 1: Moon")No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Echoes of Thunder"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
A prologue explains the setting: Long ago, humans used dark magic and were driven off by dragons and elves. Now, after humans killed the dragon king and his egg, war is imminent. Elven assassins assemble to kill the human king Harrow and his heir Ezran. The youngest among them, Rayla, is disavowed after she shows mercy to a guard.
2"What Is Done"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Harrow rejects his advisor Viren's plan to foil the assassins by swapping the king's soul into another body. Rayla infiltrates the castle on her own, intent on killing Harrow and Ezran, but relents after Ezran shows her the dragon king's egg that was believed destroyed.
3"Moonrise"Villads SpangsbergDevon Giehl
Iain HendrySeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Rayla, Ezran and Callum decide to return the egg to the dragons to prevent war, but they can convince neither Viren's daughter, the mage Claudia, nor the leader of the assassins, Runaan, of their plan. They are forced to flee with the egg as the other assassins begin their assault. They are defeated and Runaan is captured.
4"Bloodthirsty"Villads SpangsbergDevon Giehl
Iain HendrySeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
King Harrow is buried and Viren, appointing himself Lord Protector, declares war on the Elves. Callum discovers his magic talents, and that he carries a rare primal stone of sky magic. The three fugitives arrive at the royal winter lodge, where General Amaya, their aunt, catches up with them. Rayla's presence incites conflict, and the three flee again.
5"An Empty Throne"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
The fugitives continue their journey to the elven lands. Beset by a river monster, Callum electrocutes it with magic. Rayla admits she's trying to redeem her parents, who fled instead of protecting the dragon king. Amaya visits the grave of her sister, the queen. After she leaves for the border garrison, Viren imprisons her deputy Gren.
6"Through the Ice"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Rayla fights off a human searching for the boys. As the fugitives cross the mountains, she reveals that her ritual armband will eventually cut off her hand if Ezran doesn't die. The egg falls into icy water and loses its luster. Viren orders his son Soren to find and kill the princes, so that Viren can seize the throne.
7"The Dagger and the Wolf"Villads SpangsbergDevon Giehl
Iain HendrySeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Disguised as a human, Rayla tries to cut off her armband with a human's magic blade, but fails. The boys seek help for the egg, and the young girl Ellis tells them of a healer who saved Ellis's wolf companion Ava. Soren and Claudia set out to find the princes.
8"Cursed Caldera"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
Chased out of town, the fugitives and Ellis seek out the healer atop the Cursed Caldera. A monster leech chases them up a rock, but working together, they manage to defeat it. Viren fails to extract information about his magic mirror from the captive Runaan, and traps him in a coin with dark magic.
9"Wonderstorm"Villads SpangsbergAaron Ehasz
Justin RichmondSeptember 14, 2018 (2018-09-14)
The fugitives are set upon by a giant spider, but Ezran recognizes it as an illusion. The "healer" is revealed as Lujanne, an elven illusionist. Callum sacrifices his primal stone to save the egg by hatching it. The baby dragon Azymondias emerges, chewing off Rayla's constricting armband. Using magic, Claudia and Soren locate the fugitives' position.

text: Production[edit]

text: Aaron Ehasz was the head writer and co-executive producer of the animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender, and a longtime writer and story editor for Futurama. Richmond co-directed the video game Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception.[5] The two co-founded the multimedia production studio Wonderstorm in 2017, along with Justin Santistevan, to work both on The Dragon Prince and a related video game. Ehasz and Richmond are co-creators and writers on the series, while Giancarlo Volpe, a former director for Avatar, is an executive producer.[5]

text: The Dragon Prince is created using three-dimensional computer animation. A reduced frame rate is applied to offset "floatiness".[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was announced on July 10, 2018.[5] A trailer was released in July 2018 at the San Diego Comic-Con.[1] The first season of The Dragon Prince was released on Netflix on September 14, 2018.[1] In October 2018, a second season was confirmed for a 2019 release.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: An advance review of the first episode by IGN concluded that the series "surprises by comfortably exploring dark story elements while giving audiences an assortment of lovable characters to engage with. In short, it's a worthwhile animated series for audiences of all ages."[8] On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a score of 100% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10.[9]


document_title: Articles of Confederation

question_text: who helped to draft the articles of confederation during the revolutionary war

question_tokens: who helped to draft the articles of confederation during the revolutionary war

text: Articles of Confederation

text: Background and context

text: The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken, particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown. With civil disobedience resulting in coercive, and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament, and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King's protection, any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence.

text: It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution, even though other nations did not. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.[5]

text: To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation,  the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "[t]he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."[6]

text: Beyond improving their existing association, the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.[7]

text: Drafting

text: On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states.  The committee met repeatedly, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776.  There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.[8]  The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate.[9] Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government, with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states.

text: Ratification

text: The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777. The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process.[10] The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially Virginia, had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union.[11] It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.[10][12][13]

text: The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:[14]

text:
State

Date

1

 Virginia

December 16, 1777

2

 South Carolina

February 5, 1778

3

 New York

February 6, 1778

4

 Rhode Island

February 9, 1778

5

 Connecticut

February 12, 1778

6

 Georgia

February 26, 1778

7

 New Hampshire

March 4, 1778

8

 Pennsylvania

March 5, 1778

9

 Massachusetts

March 10, 1778

10

 North Carolina

April 5, 1778

11

 New Jersey

November 19, 1778

12

 Delaware

February 1, 1779

13

 Maryland

February 2, 1781

text: Article summaries

text: The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble, thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central  government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "the Union shall be perpetual".

text: Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles:

text:
Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"
Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated."
Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."
Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.
Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation (the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years.
Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped militia.
Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.
Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.
Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled.
Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant letters of marque and reprisal (documents authorizing privateers) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states.
The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.
Congress shall regulate the post offices; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces.
The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.
Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.
Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.
When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute.
If "Canada" (as the British-held Province of Quebec was also known) accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted.[15] No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.
Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles.
Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.

tag: ol

text: Congress under the Articles

text: The Army

text: Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food.[16] Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote:

text: George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.[17]

text: The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General Henry Knox, who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.[18] Knox wrote:

text: The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the Union".[19]

text: As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution."[19]

text: Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.[20]

text: The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.[21]

text: Foreign policy

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a quorum. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, John Adams, John Hancock, and Benjamin Franklin, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence.[22]

text: Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates, wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."[23]

text: Furthermore, the 1786 Jay–Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil — forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay's Treaty in 1795, after the federal Constitution came into force.

text: Taxation and commerce

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures.[24]

text: Congress was denied any powers of taxation: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to John Jay, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions."[25] Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity."[26] He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith."[27] The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them.

text: Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.

text: Accomplishments

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty.[28]

text: The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River.  Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the township (36 square miles), the section (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 acres). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire). Then, when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers.

text: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims, organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. While it didn't happen under the articles, the land north of the Ohio River and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.

text: No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit Frankland (later modified to Franklin),  Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union were considered, but none were approved.

text: Presidents of Congress

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled—chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.[29]

text: There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779.

text:
President
Term

Samuel Huntington
March 1, 1781 – July 10, 1781

Thomas McKean
July 10, 1781 – November 5, 1781

John Hanson
November 5, 1781 – November 4, 1782

Elias Boudinot
November 4, 1782 – November 3, 1783

Thomas Mifflin
November 3, 1783 – June 3, 1784

Richard Henry Lee
November 30, 1784 – November 4, 1785

John Hancock
November 23, 1785 – June 5, 1786

Nathaniel Gorham
June 6, 1786 – November 3, 1786

Arthur St. Clair
February 2, 1787 – November 4, 1787

Cyrus Griffin
January 22, 1788 – November 15, 1788

text: The U.S. under the Articles

text: The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.[30][31] Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.[32]

text: By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87, Shays' Rebellion, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.[33]

text: The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.[34]

text: When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.[35]

text: By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.[36]

text: The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.[37]

text: Signatures

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson, who were the President and Secretary to the Congress.

text: The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification.

text: On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it, and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could not, since their states had not ratified. North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.

text: After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.

text: The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. Chevalier de La Luzerne, French Minister to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also “sharply pressed” Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.[38]

text: On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis.[39] As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.

text: Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.

text: Signers

text: The signers and the states they represented were:

text:
Connecticut

Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
Delaware

Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Georgia

John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy

Maryland

John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Massachusetts Bay

John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
New Hampshire

Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.

New Jersey

John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
New York

James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
North Carolina

John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams

Pennsylvania

Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins

South Carolina

Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Virginia

Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee

text: Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution).

text: Gallery

text: Images of an original draft[clarification needed] of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive.

text:
Preamble through Article V, ¶1

Article V, ¶2 through Article VI

Article VII through Article IX, ¶2

Article IX, ¶2 through ¶5

Article IX, ¶5 through Article XIII, ¶2

Article XIII, ¶2 through signatures

text: Revision and replacement

text: On January 21, 1786, the Virginia Legislature, following James Madison's recommendation, invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis, Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict. At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention, the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a "Grand Convention." Although the states' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, the representatives held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39, describes the change this way:

text: The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.[40]

text: In May 1786, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.

text: Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry, George Mason, and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:

text: Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.[41]

text: Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.

text: Rakove (1988) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace."[42] The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power.

text: When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.[43]

text: Legitimacy of closing down

text: Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."[44]

text: According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:

text: [T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

text: On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:

text: The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

text: The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion.  In 1788, James Madison remarked (in Federalist No. 40) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection...has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation."  Nevertheless, it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground.  At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply.[45]  Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.[45]

text: Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule".[46]  In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.[47]

text: Final months

text: On July 3, 1788, the Congress received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution".[48]

text:
By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October.[49][50] On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end.[51][52]
On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.[51]