document_title: Dirty Dancing

question_text: who got penny pregnant in dirty dancing 2017

text: Dirty Dancing

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances "Baby" Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman's,[5] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby, the younger of two daughters, plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake, is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman, the resort proprietor. Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny, and meets his cousin, Billy. The staff holds secret after-hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by their "dirty dancing". Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny.

text: Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny Johnson, is pregnant by Robbie Gould, a philandering waiter who is cheating on Baby's older sister, Lisa. When Robbie refuses to help Penny, Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny's illegal abortion without explaining why. Penny eventually accepts the money but identifies another issue. Penny will miss her weekly dance performance if she goes for the abortion, forfeiting Penny's and Johnny's salary for the season. Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her. Johnny's scoffing overcomes Baby's initial resistance. Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance. Johnny teaches Baby the mambo, and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together. Baby gradually improves, and they develop a romantic attraction.

text: Billy takes Penny to an abortionist. Johnny's and Baby's performance is mostly successful, although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance's climactic lift. Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman's and find Penny in agony. Billy explains that the "doctor" turned out to be a back-alley hack. Baby brings her father to help Penny. Johnny claims responsibility for her pregnancy out of fear that Penny will be fired if her relationship with Robbie is revealed. Jake treats Penny but forbids Baby from associating with Johnny or his friends. After Baby apologizes to Johnny for her father's behavior, they dance and have sex. At breakfast, Jake tells his family they will be leaving the resort early but relents when they object. Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father's warning. She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby, and Johnny is hurt that she will not stand up for him. After Robbie taunts them, Johnny assaults him.

text: Due to his growing feelings for Baby, Johnny refuses payment for sex with another guest, Vivian Pressman. Vivian has sex with Robbie in his cabin, and Lisa accidentally interrupts them. When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning, she sees Baby leave Johnny's cabin. Over breakfast, Max and his grandson Neil reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman's wallet was stolen. Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of jealousy. Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi, to protect his relationship with Baby. To save Johnny from being fired, Baby confesses she was with him. Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests, Mr and Mrs Schumacher, stole several guests' wallets. Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby. Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other, saying they will never regret their affair. Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny but not for the relationship itself.

text: Baby and her parents watch the end-of-season talent show. Jake gives Robbie a tip for Medical School in an envelope. Robbie thanks Jake, then reveals that he got Penny pregnant, and insults her and Baby, causing Jake to yank the envelope back. Staff and guests (including Lisa) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season. Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how "Frances" has made him a better man. Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet, and the other "dirty dancers" join in. Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced. The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration. Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby. All dance joyously to "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Grey as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle
Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson
Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman
Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman
Jack Weston as Max Kellerman
Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman
Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman
Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid
Max Cantor as Robbie Gould
Charles Coles as Tito Suarez
Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki
Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman
Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman
Wayne Knight as Stan
Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher
Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Be My Baby" – The Ronettes
"Big Girls Don't Cry" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
"Where Are You Tonight?" – Tom Johnston
"Do You Love Me" – The Contours
"Love Man" – Otis Redding
"Stay" – Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
"Hungry Eyes" – Eric Carmen
"Overload" – Zappacosta
"Hey! Baby" – Bruce Channel
"De Todo Un Poco" – Melon
"Some Kind of Wonderful" – The Drifters
"These Arms of Mine (Otis Redding song)" – Otis Redding
"Cry to Me" – Solomon Burke
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"Love Is Strange" – Mickey & Sylvia
"You Don't Own Me" – The Blow Monkeys
"Yes" – Merry Clayton
"In the Still of the Night" – The Five Satins
"She's Like the Wind" – Patrick Swayze
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes

tag: ol

text: Note: Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song "Hula Hana", which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in "Dirty Dancing" competitions, and was herself nicknamed "Baby" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to her dismay. She then conceived a new story, focused almost exclusively on dancing. In 1984, she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb. They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story.[citation needed] She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.

text: Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected, until she brought it to Vestron Pictures, the newly formed studio division of Stamford, Connecticut, based Vestron Inc., the leading independent home video distribution company.[citation needed] While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never directed a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty, insisting that he was the best choice as director. The team of Gottlieb, Bergstein, and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron's president, Jon Peisinger, and the company's vice president for production, Mitchell Cannold. By the end of the meeting, Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron's first feature film production. The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million, at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million.[9]

text: For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[10] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the "stand-in" method that had been used with Flashdance (1983). For the female lead of Frances "Baby" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey (e.g., of the film Cabaret (1972)), who, like her father, was a trained dancer. They then sought a male lead, initially considering 20-year-old Billy Zane, who had the visual look desired (originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look), but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) and Red Dawn (1984). He was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers were thrilled with him, but his agent was opposed to the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-level character of Johnny, and took the part anyway, and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish. Grey was initially not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn, but when they did their dancing screen test, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as "breathtaking".[12]

text: Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman, her older sister. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief. The role went instead to 89-year-old Paula Trueman, and Joel Grey was not cast. Another role went to Bergstein's friend, New York radio personality "Cousin Brucie". She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame).[13] The part of Baby's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton, who is briefly visible in the beginning, when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman's (she is in the front seat for a few seconds; her blonde hair is the only indication), but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop, who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman, the highly sexed resort guest. Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman, and the film's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian.[14][15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous "water lift" scene, dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]

text: The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]

text: The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and, immersed in the environment, the lead actors, Grey and Swayze, began identifying with their characters. Bergstein built upon this, encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes. She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or "grinding" the dance steps, that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months.[12]

text: Filming started on September 5, 1986 but was plagued by the weather, which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The outside temperature rose to 105 °F (41 °C), and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming, the temperature inside could be as high as 120 °F (49 °C). According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit; insisting on doing his own stunts, he repeatedly fell off the log during the "balancing" scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling.[12]

text: Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spray-paint the autumn leaves green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 °F (4 °C), causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October. The crew wore warm coats, gloves, and boots. Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing, to repeatedly dive into the cold water.[11] Despite her character's enjoyment, Grey later described the water as "horrifically" cold, and she might not have gone into the lake, except that she was "young and hungry".[14]

text: Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production. They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project, Red Dawn (1984), and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test, but that initial cooperation soon faded, and they were soon "facing off" before every scene.[12] There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes. To address this, producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen-tests—the ones with the "breathtaking" chemistry. This had the desired effect, and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm.[14]

text: Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling, even if actors went "off script". One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm (similar to the pose seen in the movie poster). Though it was written as a serious and tender moment, Grey was exhausted, found the move ticklish, and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it, no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for. Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey's behavior annoying. However, the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film, complete with Grey's giggling and Swayze's annoyed expression. It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie, turning out, as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it, "as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film."[12]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The shooting wrapped on October 27, 1986, both on-time and on-budget. No one on the team, however, liked the rough cut that was put together, and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop. Thirty-nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot. In May 1987, the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo. According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold, Russo's reaction at the end was to say simply, "Burn the negative, and collect the insurance."[12]

text: Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film. Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film, seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience. However, when they learned the film contained an abortion scene, they asked for that part of the plot to be cut. As Bergstein refused, the Clearasil promotion was dropped. Consequently, Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16, 1987. The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend, and then send it to home video, since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production.[6] Considering how many people disliked the film at that point, producer Gottlieb's recollection of her feelings at the time was, "I would have only been grateful, if when it was released, people didn't yell at me."[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72% based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Like its winsome characters, Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles."[16] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: For the film's opening, The New York Times published a review titled "Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat". The Times reviewer called the film "a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 – orderly, prosperous, bursting with good intentions, a sort of Yiddish-inflected Camelot."[19] Other reviews were more mixed: Gene Siskel gave the film a "marginal Thumbs Up" as he liked Jennifer Grey's acting and development of her character, while Roger Ebert gave it "Thumbs Down" due to its "idiot plot",[20] calling it a "tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds."[21] TIME magazine was lukewarm, saying, "If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein's script is too neat and inspirational, the rough energy of the film's song and dance does carry one along, past the whispered doubts of better judgment."[22] In a retrospective review, Jezebel's Irin Carmon called the film "the greatest movie of all time" as "a great, brave movie for women" with "some subtle, retrospectively sharp-eyed critiques of class and gender."[23]

text: Abortion rights advocates have called the film the "gold standard" for cinematic portrayals of abortion,[24] which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a "compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision, a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films."[25]

text: The  film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens, with viewers rating the film highly.[14] Many filmgoers, after seeing the film once, went right back into the theater to watch it a second time.[14] Word-of-mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States, and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark. By November, it was also achieving international fame. Within seven months of release, it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America.[12] It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1987, earning $170 million worldwide.[26][27]

text: The film's popularity continued to grow after its initial release. It was the number one video rental of 1988[28] and became the first film to sell a million copies on video. When the film was re-released in 1997, ten years after its original release, Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame,[29] and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month.[29] As of  2005[update], it was selling a million DVDs per year,[30] with over ten million copies sold as of  2007[update].[31]

text: A May 2007 survey by Britain's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on "Women's most-watched films", above the Star Wars trilogy, Grease, The Sound of Music, and Pretty Woman.[32] The film's popularity has also caused it to be called "the Star Wars for girls."[7][33][34] An April 2008 article in Britain's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of "most romantic movie quotes ever", for Baby's line: "I'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I'm with you."[35]

text: The film's music has also had considerable impact. The closing song, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", has been listed as the "third most popular song played at funerals" in the UK.[7]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref

1988

60th Academy Awards

Academy Award for Best Original Song

Won

[36]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Original Song

Won

[37]

Best Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Grammy Awards

Best Pop Performance by a Duo

Won

[39]

Best Song written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Nominated

[37]

tag: table

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #93[40]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – #86[41]
"Do You Love Me" – Nominated[42]
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Johnny Castle: "Nobody puts Baby in a corner." – #98[43]
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: Rehearsals for the dancing, and some filming, used music from Bergstein's personal collection of gramophone records. When it came time to select actual music for the film, Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor. Ienner, who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night, opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein's collection. He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song "She's Like the Wind". Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz, originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview, U.S.A. (1984).[12]

text: John Morris composed the film's score. The lyrics for the Kellermans' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film[14] and were sung to the tune of "Annie Lisle", a commonly used theme for school alma maters.[45] Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes, listening to each one. According to Ortega, literally the last tape they listened to had "The Time of My Life", which they saw as the obvious choice.[37] Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it. The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group, an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[37][39]

text: The film's soundtrack started an oldies music revival,[46] and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise. According to Franke Previte, before a single had even been released, there were a million albums on back-order.[12] The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times, selling more than 32 million copies worldwide.[47][48] It spawned a follow-up multi-platinum album in February 1988, entitled More Dirty Dancing.[49]

text: Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included:[37]

text:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life", performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, composed by Franke Previte, John deNicola, and Donald Markowitz – this song rose to #1 on the pop charts.[50]
"She's Like the Wind", performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze, composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz; this song peaked at #3 in 1988.
"Hungry Eyes", performed by Eric Carmen, composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola; this song peaked at #4 in 1988.
"Yes", performed by Merry Clayton, composed by Neal Cavanaugh, Terry Fryer and Tom Graf; this song peaked #45 in 1988.

text: Additionally, the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours' single "Do You Love Me". "Do You Love Me" was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack; it was included on More Dirty Dancing. Upon being re-released, "Do You Love Me" became a surprise hit all over again, this time peaking at #11 (it originally hit #3 back in 1962).[citation needed]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As for the studio, despite the film's huge monetary success, Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money. Vestron's parent company, Vestron Inc., went bankrupt in 1989,[12] and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million. The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment,[30] which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003.

text: Orbach, already known as a successful Broadway actor, continued in different genres. He was the voice of the candelabrum "Lumiere" in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991), before taking on his best known role, detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order, which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004.[52]

text: Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies (1992)[10] and starting in 2006, the High School Musical series.[53] He also became a director of film and television, including several episodes of Gilmore Girls, in which Dirty Dancing's Kelly Bishop had a starring role.[54]

text: Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers, soul singer Maurice Williams (whose song "Stay" was featured in the film), and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets. Today, Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival.[55]

text: Kellerman's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel, and it now offers "Dirty Dancing Weekends".[56]

text: Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture. Johnny Castle's line, "Nobody puts Baby in a corner", has been used in song lyrics, as the title of the "Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner" episode of the TV series Veronica Mars, and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song. "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" was also quoted in Supernatural: when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie; Dean responds: "Swayze always gets a pass". The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard, one of the primary characters, uttered a variation involving his own name, and in Family Guy, where the scene is parodied by Baby's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth. In Sweden, feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" (in English) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square (2008) and at Karlstad University (2012).[57]

text: Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff. In the TV series How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story; the original "Love is Strange" scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny.

text: The French film Heartbreaker (2010) pays homage to the film, as a plot detail, with some clips from the film shown and a "recreation" by the two main characters of the "lift" scene.

text: In the first episode of the TV series New Girl, the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up.

text: Since 2009, there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure, North Carolina.[58]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: Stage version[edit]

text: The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim (one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney), and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. Although reviews were mixed,[34] the production was a commercial success, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[27] It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London's West End, where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23, 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history, earning £6 million ($US12 million).[6][7][34] As of March 2011[update], over 1 million people have seen the musical in London, selling out 6 months in advance.[59] The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five-year run, prior to a two-year national tour.[60] The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13, 2013 to February 22, 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.[61]

text: A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006,[34] with the show first starting in other North American cities. It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue, selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The production opened on November 15, 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, with an all-Canadian cast, except for Monica West (Baby Housman), Britta Lazenga (Penny), and Al Sapienza (Jake Housman). After Toronto, the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28, 2008 and officially on October 19, 2008, running through January 17, 2009,[62] followed by Boston (February 7 – March 15, 2009) and Los Angeles.[63][64][65]

text: An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington, DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities. Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2.[66]

text: Tours and TV show[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version. In 1988, a music tour named Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert, featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen,[37] played 90 cities in three months.[12] Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series, however with none of the original cast or crew. The series was canceled after only a few episodes.

text: Prequel[edit]

text: In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance, when her family relocates to Havana, Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher[67] —considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film.[68]

text: 20th anniversary releases[edit]

text: For the 20th anniversary in 2007, the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage, while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes, and included writer commentary.[69] At the same time, Codemasters released Dirty Dancing: The Video Game.[70] In the United Kingdom, the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film; titled Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort.

text: In the UK, to mark the 20th anniversary of the film, Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing. It was presented by Dawn Porter, an investigative journalist and a self-confessed Dirty Dancing addict. The documentary was very successful, being Channel Five's highest rated documentary of 2007. Porter visited the set of the film, met other Dirty Dancing fanatics, and learned the last dance, which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In August 2011, Lionsgate, who owns the film rights, announced their plan to remake the film. It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film's choreographer, Kenny Ortega, to direct. "We believe that the timing couldn't be better to modernize this story on the big screen, and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm," Joe Drake, president of Lionsgate's Motion Picture Group, explained about the project. A miniseries version of "Dirty Dancing" had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina.[71] As of July 29, 2015, the miniseries has been put on hold.[72]

text: In December 2015, ABC ordered a three-hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing, starring Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Nicole Scherzinger, Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper.[73][74][75][76][77] It aired on May 24, 2017.[4] It received negative reviews from a majority of critics.[78]


document_title: Absorption (pharmacology)

question_text: where does the majority of drug absorption occur

root

text: Absorption (pharmacology)

text: Dissolution[edit]

text: In the most common situation, a tablet is ingested and passes through the esophagus to the stomach.

tag: p

text: The rate of dissolution is a key target for controlling the duration of a drug's effect, and as such, several dosage forms that contain the same active ingredient may be available, differing only in the rate of dissolution. If a drug is supplied in a form that is not readily dissolved, the drug may be released more gradually over time with a longer duration of action. Having a longer duration of action may improve compliance since the medication will not have to be taken as often. Additionally, slow-release dosage forms may maintain concentrations within an acceptable therapeutic range over a long period of time, as opposed is quick-release dosage forms which may result in sharper peaks and troughs in serum concentrations.

text: The rate of dissolution is described by the Noyes–Whitney equation as shown below:

text: Where:

text:
d
W

d
t

{\displaystyle {\frac {dW}{dt}}}

 is the rate of dissolution.
A is the surface area of the solid.
C is the concentration of the solid in the bulk dissolution medium.

C

s

{\displaystyle C_{s}}

 is the concentration of the solid in the diffusion layer surrounding the solid.
D is the diffusion coefficient.
L is the diffusion layer thickness.

tag: ul

text: As can be inferred by the Noyes-Whitney equation, the rate of dissolution may be modified primarily by altering the surface area of the solid. The surface area may be adjusted by altering the particle size (e.g. micronization). For many drugs, reducing the particle size leads to a reduction in the dose that is required to achieve the same therapeutic effect. The reduction of particle size increases the specific surface area and the dissolution rate, and it does not affect solubility.

text: The rate of dissolution may also be altered by choosing a suitable polymorph of a compound. Different polymorphs exhibit different solubility and dissolution rate characteristics. Specifically, crystalline forms dissolve slower than amorphous forms, since crystalline forms require more energy to leave lattice during dissolution. The most stable crystalline polymorph has the lowest dissolution rate. Dissolution is also different for anhydrous and hydrous forms of a drug. Anhydrous often dissolve faster than hydrated; however, anhydrous forms sometimes exhibit lower solubility.

text: Chemical modification by esterification is also used to control solubility. For example, stearate and estolate esters of a drug have decreased solubility in gastric fluid. Later, esterases in the GIT wall and blood hydrolze these esters to release the parent drug.

text: Also, coatings on a tablet or a pellet may act as a barrier to reduce the rate of dissolution. Coating may also be used to modify where dissolution takes place. For example, enteric coatings may be applied to a drug, so that the coating only dissolves in the basic environment of the intestines. This will prevent release of the drug before reaching the intestines.

text: Since solutions are already dissolved, they do not need to undergo dissolution before being absorbed. Lipid-soluble drugs are less absorbed than water-soluble drugs, especially when they are enteral.

text: Ionization[edit]

text: The gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells. Drugs must pass or permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system. One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug is the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small, uncharged solutes. Hence, whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged. Solubility favors charged species, and permeability favors neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.

text: Ions cannot passively diffuse through the gastrointestinal tract because the epithelial cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids in which the charged hydrophilic heads face outwards and the non-charged hydrophobic fatty acid chains are in the middle of the layer. The uncharged fatty acid chains repel ionized, charged molecules. This means that the ionized molecules cannot pass through the intestinal membrane and be absorbed.

text: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation offers a way to determine the proportion of a substance that is ionized at a given pH. In the stomach, drugs that are weak acids (such as aspirin) will be present mainly in their non-ionic form, and weak bases will be in their ionic form. Since non-ionic species diffuse more readily through cell membranes, weak acids will have a higher absorption in the highly acidic stomach.

text: However, the reverse is true in the basic environment of the intestines-- weak bases (such as caffeine) will diffuse more readily since they will be non-ionic.

text: This aspect of absorption has been targeted by medicinal chemistry. For example, a suitable analog may be chosen so that the drug is more likely to be in a non-ionic form. Also, prodrugs of a compound may be developed by medicinal chemists-- these chemical variants may be more readily absorbed and then metabolized by the body into the active compound. However, changing the structure of a molecule is less predictable than altering dissolution properties, since changes in chemical structure may affect the pharmacodynamic properties of a drug.

text: Other factors[edit]

text: Other facts that affect absorption include, but are not limited to, bioactivity, resonance, the inductive effect, isosterism, bio-isosterism, and consideration.


document_title: 2002–03 Washington Wizards season

question_text: how many points did michael jordan average with the washington wizards

text: 2002–03 Washington Wizards season

text: Offseason[edit]

text: NBA Draft[edit]

text:
Round

Pick

Player

Position

Nationality

College

1

11

Jared Jeffries

Forward

 United States

Indiana

1

17

Juan Dixon

Guard

 United States

Maryland

2

38

Rod Grizzard

Guard

 United States

Alabama

2

39

Juan Carlos Navarro

Guard

 Spain

FC Barcelona (Spain)

text: Roster[edit]

text:
2002-03 Washington Wizards roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

F/C

7000500000000000000♠5

Brown, Kwame

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

270 lb (122 kg)

Glynn Academy

G

7000300000000000000♠3

Dixon, Juan

7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

164 lb (74 kg)

Maryland

C

5000000000000000000♠00

Haywood, Brendan

7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)

268 lb (122 kg)

North Carolina

G/F

7001200000000000000♠20

Hughes, Larry

7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

184 lb (83 kg)

Saint Louis

F

7000100000000000000♠1

Jeffries, Jared

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

230 lb (104 kg)

Indiana

G/F

7001230000000000000♠23

Jordan, Michael

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

195 lb (88 kg)

North Carolina

F/C

7001440000000000000♠44

Laettner, Christian

7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

235 lb (107 kg)

Duke

G

7001100000000000000♠10

Lue, Tyronn

7000182880000000000♠6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)

175 lb (79 kg)

Nebraska

F/C

7001340000000000000♠34

Oakley, Charles

7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

Virginia Union

F

7000200000000000000♠2

Russell, Bryon

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

225 lb (102 kg)

Long Beach

G/F

7001210000000000000♠21

Simmons, Bobby

7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

210 lb (95 kg)

DePaul

G/F

7001420000000000000♠42

Stackhouse, Jerry

7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

218 lb (99 kg)

North Carolina

F/C

7001360000000000000♠36

Thomas, Etan

7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)

256 lb (116 kg)

Syracuse

F/C

7001550000000000000♠55

White, Jahidi

7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)

290 lb (132 kg)

Georgetown

Head coach

  Doug Collins  (Illinois State)
Assistant coach(es)

  Larry Drew  (Missouri)

  Patrick Ewing  (Georgetown)

  Brian James  (Illinois State)

Legend
(C) Team captain(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured

text: Michael Jordan[edit]

text: Jordan announced he would return for the 2002–03 season, and this time he was determined to be equipped with reinforcements, as he traded for All-Star Jerry Stackhouse and signed budding star Larry Hughes.  Jordan even accepted a sixth-man role on the bench in order for his knee to survive the rigors of an 82-game season.  However, a combination of numerous team injuries and uninspired play led to Jordan’s return to the starting lineup, where he tried to rebound the franchise from its early-season struggles.  The move led to mixed results, as several of Jordan’s younger teammates complained about playing in Jordan’s shadow and his unfair expectations of them.[2] By the end of the season, the Wizards finished with a 37-45 record once again.  Jordan ended the season as the only Wizard to play in all 82 games, as he averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals in 37.0 minutes per game.

text: After the season, Wizards' majority owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as team president, much to the shock of teammates, associates, and the public. Michael Jordan felt he was betrayed, thinking that he would get his ownership back after his playing days ended, but Pollin justified Jordan's dismissal by noting that Jordan had detrimental effects on the team, such as benching Larry Hughes for Tyronn Lue, making poor trades, and squandering the teams' 2001 1st round draft pick on high schooler Kwame Brown who never panned out.  Without Michael in the fold the following year, the Washington Wizards were not expected to win, and they didn’t.  Despite the signing of future All-Star point guard Gilbert Arenas, which had been made possible by Jordan's previous cap-clearing maneuvers as a team executive, the team stumbled to a 25-57 record in the 2003-04 season.

text: Jordan's stint with the Washington Wizards was closely watched by both fans and the media.  While the team failed to qualify for the playoffs in either of Jordan’s two seasons as a player, the team was competitive and sold out arenas around the league.[3]

text: The Wizards replaced Jordan's managerial role with General Manager Ernie Grunfeld. Though the organization fielded a competitive team built around Gilbert Arenas for several years, the team again stumbled into the lower echelon of the league in the years following Arenas' numerous off the court issues.

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Atlantic Division vte

W

L

PCT

GB

Home

Road

Div

y-New Jersey Nets

49
33
.598
–
33–8
16–25
16–8

x-Philadelphia 76ers

48
34
.585
1
25–16
23–18
17–7

x-Boston Celtics

44
38
.537
5
25–16
19–22
13–12

x-Orlando Magic

42
40
.512
7
26–15
16–25
14–11

Washington Wizards

37
45
.451
12
23–18
14–27
11–13

New York Knicks

37
45
.451
12
24–17
13–28
9–15

Miami Heat

25
57
.305
24
16–25
9–32
5–19

text: Record vs. opponents[edit]

text:
2002-03 NBA Records

Team

ATL

BOS

CHI

CLE

DAL

DEN

DET

GSW

HOU

IND

LAC

LAL

MEM

MIA

MIL

MIN

NJN

NOH

NYK

ORL

PHI

PHO

POR

SAC

SAS

SEA

TOR

UTA

WAS

Atlanta

—
0–3
2–2
4–0
0–2
2–0
1–3
0–2
1–1
2–2
2–0
1–1
1–1
1–3
2–2
0–2
1–3
2–2
1–3
2–1
3–1
0–2
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–3
1–1
2–2

Boston

3–0
—
2–2
4–0
0–2
1–1
2–2
1–1
0–2
2–2
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
1–2
2–0
1–3
3–1
4–0
3–2
2–2
0–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
2–0
1–2
1–1
1–3

Chicago

2–2
2–2
—
3–1
0–2
1–1
0–4
1–1
1–1
2–2
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–2
2–2
0–2
2–2
1–3
2–1
1–3
1–3
1–1
1–1
0–2
0–2
0–2
2–2
1–1
1–3

Cleveland

0–4
0–4
1–3
—
0–2
1–1
0–4
1–1
1–1
0–4
2–0
1–1
0–2
1–2
0–4
0–2
2–2
1–3
1–2
0–4
0–4
0–2
0–2
0–2
0–2
1–1
3–1
1–1
0–4

Dallas

2–0
2–0
2–0
2–0
—
4–0
2–0
4–0
4–0
1–1
4–0
1–3
4–0
2–0
0–2
2–2
2–0
2–0
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–2
1–3
2–2
2–2
2–0
2–2
2–0

Denver

0–2
1–1
1–1
1–1
0–4
—
0–2
0–4
0–4
1–1
1–3
0–4
2–2
2–0
1–1
0–4
0–2
0–2
0–2
0–2
0–2
1–3
2–2
0–4
1–3
1–3
1–1
0–4
1–1

Detroit

3–1
2–2
4–0
4–0
0–2
2–0
—
1–1
2–0
2–2
1–1
1–1
2–0
3–1
1–3
1–1
2–1
2–2
2–2
2–1
2–2
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–1
2–0
3–1

Golden State

2–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
0–4
4–0
1–1
—
1–3
1–1
2–2
2–2
2–2
1–1
0–2
1–3
1–1
1–1
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
0–4
0–4
1–3
2–2
2–0
2–2
2–0

Houston

1–1
2–0
1–1
1–1
0–4
4–0
0–2
3–1
—
1–1
2–2
2–2
3–1
1–1
1–1
2–2
1–1
1–1
0–2
2–0
2–0
3–1
1–3
2–2
1–3
2–2
2–0
1–3
1–1

Indiana

2–2
2–2
2–2
4–0
1–1
1–1
2–2
1–1
1–1
—
2–0
0–2
1–1
4–0
3–1
2–0
1–2
3–1
3–1
2–1
2–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
0–2
2–0
3–1
1–1
2–2

L.A. Clippers

0–2
0–2
2–0
0–2
0–4
3–1
1–1
2–2
2–2
0–2
—
0–4
2–2
2–0
1–1
1–3
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
0–2
1–3
1–3
1–3
1–3
1–3
1–1
1–3
0–2

L.A. Lakers

1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
4–0
1–1
2–2
2–2
2–0
4–0
—
4–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
2–2
2–2
0–4
2–2
2–0
3–1
1–1

Memphis

1–1
0–2
1–1
2–0
0–4
2–2
0–2
2–2
1–3
1–1
2–2
0–4
—
2–0
2–0
0–4
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–0
0–2
1–3
1–3
0–4
1–3
1–3
1–1
1–3
1–1

Miami

3–1
2–2
2–1
2–1
0–2
0–2
1–3
1–1
1–1
0–4
0–2
1–1
0–2
—
1–3
1–1
0–4
0–4
2–2
0–4
0–4
2–0
0–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
4–0
0–2
1–3

Milwaukee

2–2
2–1
2–2
4–0
2–0
1–1
3–1
2–0
1–1
1–3
1–1
0–2
0–2
3–1
—
0–2
2–2
2–2
3–1
2–2
2–2
0–2
2–0
0–2
0–2
1–1
2–2
0–2
2–1

Minnesota

2–0
0–2
2–0
2–0
2–2
4–0
1–1
3–1
2–2
0–2
3–1
2–2
4–0
1–1
2–0
—
0–2
1–1
2–0
1–1
1–1
3–1
3–1
2–2
2–2
2–2
1–1
1–3
2–0

New Jersey

3–1
3–1
2–2
2–2
0–2
2–0
1–2
1–1
1–1
2–1
1–1
2–0
1–1
4–0
2–2
2–0
—
2–2
3–1
2–2
1–3
1–1
2–0
0–2
1–1
1–1
4–0
0–2
3–1

New Orleans

2–2
1–3
3–1
3–1
0–2
2–0
2–2
1–1
1–1
1–3
1–1
1–1
1–1
4–0
2–2
1–1
2–2
—
3–1
1–3
2–1
2–0
0–2
1–1
0–2
2–0
4–0
2–0
2–1

New York

3–1
0–4
1–2
2–1
0–2
2–0
2–2
0–2
2–0
1–3
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–2
1–3
0–2
1–3
1–3
—
2–2
2–2
2–0
0–2
1–1
2–0
1–1
3–1
1–1
2–2

Orlando

1–2
2–3
3–1
4–0
1–1
2–0
1–2
1–1
0–2
1–2
1–1
1–1
0–2
4–0
2–2
1–1
2–2
3–1
2–2
—
2–2
0–2
0–2
1–1
0–2
2–0
2–2
1–1
2–2

Philadelphia

1–3
2–2
3–1
4–0
0–2
2–0
2–2
0–2
0–2
2–2
2–0
1–1
2–0
4–0
2–2
1–1
3–1
1–2
2–2
2–2
—
0–2
2–0
0–2
1–1
1–1
3–0
1–1
4–0

Phoenix

2–0
2–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
3–1
1–1
2–2
1–3
1–1
3–1
1–3
3–1
0–2
2–0
1–3
1–1
0–2
0–2
2–0
2–0
—
3–1
2–2
3–1
1–3
1–1
1–3
1–1

Portland

2–0
1–1
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–2
2–0
4–0
3–1
2–0
3–1
2–2
3–1
2–0
0–2
1–3
0–2
2–0
2–0
2–0
0–2
1–3
—
1–3
2–2
4–0
2–0
1–3
1–1

Sacramento

1–1
2–0
2–0
2–0
3–1
4–0
1–1
4–0
2–2
2–0
3–1
2–2
4–0
1–1
2–0
2–2
2–0
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–0
2–2
3–1
—
1–3
3–1
1–1
3–1
2–0

San Antonio

1–1
2–0
2–0
2–0
2–2
3–1
2–0
3–1
3–1
2–0
3–1
4–0
3–1
2–0
2–0
2–2
1–1
2–0
0–2
2–0
1–1
1–3
2–2
3–1
—
3–1
2–0
4–0
1–1

Seattle

1–1
0–2
2–0
1–1
2–2
3–1
1–1
2–2
2–2
0–2
3–1
2–2
3–1
2–0
1–1
2–2
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–1
0–4
1–3
1–3
—
2–0
2–2
1–1

Toronto

3–1
2–1
2–2
1–3
0–2
1–1
1–3
0–2
0–2
1–3
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–4
2–2
1–1
0–4
0–4
1–3
2–2
0–3
1–1
0–2
1–1
0–2
0–2
—
0–2
3–1

Utah

1–1
1–1
1–1
1–1
2–2
4–0
0–2
2–2
3–1
1–1
3–1
1–3
3–1
2–0
2–0
3–1
2–0
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
3–1
1–3
0–4
2–2
2–0
—
1–1

Washington

2–2
3–1
3–1
4–0
0–2
1–1
1–3
0–2
1–1
2–2
2–0
1–1
1–1
3–1
1–2
0–2
1–3
1–2
2–2
2–2
0–4
1–1
1–1
0–2
1–1
1–1
1–3
1–1
—

text: Player stats[edit]

text: Note: GP= Games played; MPG= Minutes per Game; STL= Steals; RPG = Rebounds per Game; APG. = Assists per Game; BLK = Blocks; PPG = Points per Game

text:
Player

GP

MPG

STL

RPG

APG

BLK

PPG

Jerry Stackhouse
70

65
3.7
4.5
28
21.5

Michael Jordan
82

123
6.1
3.8
39
20.0

Larry Hughes
67

86
4.6
3.1
24
12.8

Tyronn Lue
75

47
2.0
3.5
1
8.6

Christian Laettner
76

82
6.6
3.1
40
8.3

Kwame Brown
80

50
5.3
0.7
80
7.4

Juan Dixon
42

26
1.7
1.0
3
6.4

Brendan Haywood
81

32
5.0
0.4
119
6.2

Etan Thomas
38

8
4.3
0.1
23
4.8

Bryon Russell
70

70
3.0
1.0
7
4.5

Jahidi White
16

1
4.6
0.1
12
4.2

Jared Jeffries
20

8
2.9
0.8
5
4.0

Bobby Simmons
36

10
2.1
0.6
3
3.3

Anthony Goldwire
5

0
0.6
0.2
0
2.6

Charles Oakley
42

13
2.5
1.0
6
1.8

Brian Cardinal
5

0
1.0
0.2
0
0.8

text: Award winners[edit]

text: All-Star: Michael Jordan (14th)


document_title: BMW

question_text: when it built production lines in the united states bmw

question_tokens: when it built production lines in the united states bmw

text: BMW

text: History[edit]

text: 1916—1923: Aircraft engine production[edit]

text: BMW's origins can be traced back to three separate German companies: Rapp Motorenwerke, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke and Automobilwerk Eisenach. The history of the name itself begins with Rapp Motorenwerke, an aircraft engine manufacturer. In April 1917, following the departure of the founder Karl Friedrich Rapp, the company was renamed Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW).[3](p11). BMW's first product was the BMW IIIa aircraft engine. The IIIa engine was known for good fuel economy and high-altitude performance.[4] The resulting orders for IIIa engines from the German military caused rapid expansion for BMW.

text:
After the end of World War I in 1918, BMW was forced to cease aircraft-engine production by the terms of the Versailles Armistice Treaty.[5] To maintain in business, BMW produced farm equipment, household items and railway brakes. In 1922, former major shareholder Camillo Castiglioni purchased the rights to the name BMW, which led to the company descended from Rapp Motorenwerke being renamed Süddeutsche Bremse AG (known today as Knorr-Bremse). Castiglioni was also an investor in another aircraft company, called "Bayerische Flugzeugwerke", which he renamed BMW.[6]
Automobilwerk Eisenach The disused factory of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke was re-opened to produce engines for busses, trucks, farm equipment and pumps, under the brand name BMW. BMW's corporate history considers the founding date of Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (7 March 1916) to be the birth of the company.

text: 1923—1939: Motorcycle and car production[edit]

text: As the restrictions of the Armistice Treaty began to be lifted, BMW began production of motorcycles in 1923,[7] with the R32 model.

text: BMW's production of automobiles began in 1928, when the company purchased the Automobilwerk Eisenach car company. Automobilwerk Eisenach's current model was the Dixi 3/15, a licensed copy of the Austin 7 which had begun production in 1927. Following the takeover, the Dixi 3/15 became the BMW 3/15, BMW's first production car.[8][9][10]

text: In 1932, the BMW 3/20 became the first BMW automobile designed entirely by BMW. It was powered by a four-cylinder engine, which BMW designed based on the Austin 7 engine.

text: BMW's first automotive straight-six engine was released in 1933, in the BMW 303. Throughout the 1930s, BMW expanded its model range to include sedans, coupes, convertibles and sports cars.

text: 1939—1945: World War II[edit]

text: With German rearmament in the 1930s, the company again began producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe. The factory in Munich made ample use of forced labour: foreign civilians, prisoners of war and inmates of the Dachau concentration camp.[11] Among its successful World War II engine designs were the BMW 132 and BMW 801 air-cooled radial engines, and the pioneering BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet, which powered the tiny, 1944–1945–era jet-powered "emergency fighter", the Heinkel He 162 Spatz. The BMW 003 jet engine was first tested as a prime power plant in the first prototype of the Messerschmitt Me 262, the Me 262 V1, but in 1942 tests the BMW prototype engines failed on takeoff with only the standby Junkers Jumo 210 nose-mounted piston engine powering it to a safe landing.[12][13] The few Me 262 A-1b test examples built used the more developed version of the 003 jet, recording an official top speed of 800 km/h (497 mph). The first-ever four-engine jet aircraft ever flown were the sixth and eighth prototypes of the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance-bomber, which used BMW 003 jets for power. Through 1944 the 003's reliability improved, making it a suitable power plant for air frame designs competing for the Jägernotprogramm's light fighter production contract. which was won by the Heinkel He 162 Spatz design. The BMW 003 aviation turbojet was also under consideration as the basic starting point for a pioneering turboshaft powerplant for German armored fighting vehicles in 1944–45, as the GT 101.[14] Towards the end of the Third Reich, BMW developed some military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe, the BMW Strahlbomber, the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljäger, but none of them were built.[15][16]

text: 1945—1959: Post-war rebuilding[edit]

text: During World War II, many BMW production facilities had been heavily bombed. BMW's facilities in East Germany were seized by the Soviet Government and the remaining facilities were banned by the Allies from producing motorcycles or automobiles. During this ban, BMW used basic secondhand and salvaged equipment to make pots and pans, later expanding to other kitchen supplies and bicycles.

text: In 1947, BMW was granted permission to resume motorcycle production and its first post-war motorcycle - the R24 - was released in 1948. BMW was still forbidden from producing automobiles, however the Bristol Aeroplane Company (BAC) was producing cars in England based on BMW's pre-war models, using plans that BAC had taken from BMW's German offices.

text: Production of automobiles resumed in 1952, with the BMW 501 large sedan. Throughout the 1950s, BMW expanded their model range with sedans, coupes, convertibles and sports cars. In 1954, the BMW 502 was BMW's first to use a V8 engine. To provide an affordable model, BMW began production of the Isetta micro-car (under licence from Iso) in 1955. Two years later, the four-seat BMW 600 was based on a lengthened version of the Isetta design. In 1959, the BMW 600 was replaced by the larger BMW 700 coupe/sedan.

text: 1959—1968: Near bankruptcy and New Class[edit]

text: By 1959, BMW was in debt and losing money.[17] The Isetta was selling well but with small profit margins.[18] Their 501-based luxury sedans were not selling well enough to be profitable and were becoming increasingly outdated.[19] Their 503 coupé and 507 roadster were too expensive to be profitable.[19] Their 600, a four-seater based on the Isetta, was selling poorly.[20] The motorcycle market imploded in the mid-1950s with increased affluence turning Germans away from motorcycles and toward cars.[21] BMW had sold their Allach plant to MAN in 1954.[22] American Motors and the Rootes Group had both tried to acquire BMW.[23]

text: At BMW's annual general meeting on 9 December 1959, Dr. Hans Feith, chairman of BMW's supervisory board, proposed a merger with Daimler-Benz. The dealers and small shareholders opposed this suggestion and rallied around a counter-proposal by Dr. Friedrich Mathern, which gained enough support to stop the merger.[18][23] At that time, the Quandt Group, led by half-brothers Herbert and Harald Quandt, had recently increased their holdings in BMW and had become their largest shareholder.[23] In 1960, the development program began for a new range of models, called the "Neue Klasse" (New Class) project. The resulting New Class four-door sedans, introduced in 1962, are credited for saving the company financially and establishing BMW's identity as a producer of leading sports sedans.

text: In 1965, the New Class range was expanded with the 2000 C and 2000 CS luxury coupes. The range was further expanded in 1966 with the iconic BMW 02 Series compact coupes.

text: BMW acquired the Hans Glas company based in Dingolfing, Germany, in 1966. Glas vehicles were briefly badged as BMW until the company was fully absorbed. It was reputed that the acquisition was mainly to gain access to Glas' development of the timing belt with an overhead camshaft in automotive applications,[24] although some saw Glas' Dingolfing plant as another incentive. However, this factory was outmoded and BMW's biggest immediate gain was, according to themselves, a stock of highly qualified engineers and other personnel.[25] The Glas factories continued to build a limited number of their existing models, while adding the manufacture of BMW front and rear axles until they could be closer incorporated into BMW.[26]

text: 1968—1978: New Six, 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series[edit]

text: In 1968, BMW began production of its first straight-six engine since World War II. This engine coincided with the launch of the New Six large sedans (the predecessor to the 7 Series) and New Six CS large coupes (the predecessor to the 6 Series).

text: The first 5 Series range of mid-size sedans were introduced in 1972, to replace the New Class sedans. The 5 Series platform was also used for the 6 Series coupes, which were introduced in 1976. In 1975, the first model of the iconic 3 Series range of compact sedans/coupes was introduced. The 7 Series large sedans were introduced in 1978.

text: 1978—1989: M division[edit]

text: The 1978 BMW M1 was BMW's first mid-engined sports car and was developed in conjunction with Lamborghini. It was also the first road car produced by BMW's motorsport division, BMW M. In 1980, the M division produced its first model based on a regular production vehicle, the E12 M535i. The M535i is the predecessor to the BMW M5, which was introduced in 1985 based on the E28 plaftorm.

text: In 1983, BMW introduced its first diesel engine, the M21. The first all-wheel drive BMW - the E30 325iX - began production in 1985, and in 1987 the E30 was BMW's first model produced in a wagon/estate body style.

text: The 1986 E32 750i was BMW's first V12 model. The E32 was also the first sedan to be available with a long-wheelbase body style (badged "iL" or "Li").

text: The BMW M3 was introduced in 1985, based on the E30 platform.

text: 1989—1994: 8 Series, hatchbacks[edit]

text: The 8 Series range of large coupes was introduced in 1989 and in 1992 was the first application of BMW's first V8 engine in 25 years, the M60. It was also the first BMW to use a multi-link rear suspension, a design which was implemented for mass-production in the 1990 E36 3 Series.

text: The E34 5 Series, introduced in 1988, was the first 5 Series to be produced with all-wheel drive or a wagon body style.

text: In 1989, the limited-production Z1 began BMW's line of two-seat convertible Z Series models.

text: In 1993, the BMW 3 Series Compact was BMW's first hatchback model (except for the limited production 02 Series "Touring" models). These hatchback models formed a new entry-level model range below the other 3 Series models.

text: In 1992, BMW acquired a large stake in California-based industrial design studio DesignworksUSA, which they fully acquired in 1995.

text: The 1993 McLaren F1 is powered by a BMW V12 engine.

text: 1994—1999: Rover ownership, Z3[edit]

text: In 1994, BMW bought the British Rover Group[27] (which at the time consisted of the Rover, Land Rover, Mini and MG brands as well as the rights to defunct brands including Austin and Morris), and owned it for six years. By 2000, Rover was incurring huge losses and BMW decided to sell off several of the brands. The MG and Rover brands were sold to the Phoenix Consortium to form MG Rover, while Land Rover was taken over by Ford. BMW, meanwhile, retained the rights to build the new Mini, which was launched in 2001.

text: In 1995, the E38 725tds was the first 7 Series to use a diesel engine. The E39 5 Series was also introduced in 1995, and was the first 5 Series to use rack-and-pinion steering and a significant number of suspension parts made from lightweight aluminium.

text: The BMW Z3 two-seat convertible and coupe models were introduced in 1995. These were the first mass-produced models outside of the 1/3/5 Series and the first model to be solely manufactured outside Germany (in the United States, in this case).

text: In 1998, the E46 3 Series was introduced, with the M3 model featuring BMW's most powerful naturally aspirated engine to date.

text: 1999—2006: SUV models, Rolls-Royce[edit]

text: BMW's first SUV, the BMW X5, was introduced in 1999. The X5 was a large departure from BMW's image of sporting "driver's cars", however it was a very successful and resulted in other BMW X Series being introduced. The smaller BMW X3 was released in 2003.

text: The 2001 E65 7 Series was BMW's first model to use a 6-speed automatic transmission.

text: In 2002, the Z4 two-seat coupe/convertible replaced the Z3. In 2004, the 1 Series hatchbacks replaced the 3 Series Compact models as BMW's entry level models.

text: The 2003 Rolls-Royce Phantom was the first Rolls-Royce vehicle produced under BMW ownership. This was the end result of complicated contractual negotiations that began in 1998 when Rolls-Royce plc licensed use of the Rolls-Royce name and logo to BMW, but Vickers sold the remaining elements of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars to Volkswagen. In addition, BMW had supplied Rolls-Royce with engines since 1998 for use in the Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph.

text: In 2005, BMW's first V10 engine was introduced in the E60 M5. The E60 platform is also used for the E63/E64, which reintroduced the 6 Series models after a hiatus of 14 years.

text: 2006—2013: Shift to turbocharged engines[edit]

text: BMW's first turbocharged petrol engine was the six-cylinder N54, which debuted in the 2006 E92 335i. In 2011, the F30 3 Series was released, with turbocharged engines being used on all models. This shift to turbocharging and smaller engines was reflective of general automotive industry trends. The M3 model based on the F30 platform is the first M3 to use a turbocharged engine.

text: BMW's first turbocharged V8 engine, the BMW N63, was introduced in 2008. Despite the trend to downsizing, in 2008 BMW began production of its first turbocharged V12 engine, the BMW N74. In 2011, the F10 M5 became the first M5 model to use a turbocharged engine.

text: In 2007, the production rights for Husqvarna Motorcycles was purchased by BMW for a reported 93 million euros.

text: The BMW X6 SUV was introduced in 2008. The X6 attracted controversy for its unusual combination of coupe and SUV styling cues.

text: In 2009, the BMW X1 compact SUV was introduced. The BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo fastback body style was also introduced in 2009, based on the 5 Series platform.

text: Controversial designer Chris Bangle announced his departure from BMW in February 2009, after serving on the design team for nearly seventeen years.[28]

text: BMW's first hybrid-powered car, the F01 ActiveHybrid 7, was introduced in 2010.

text: 2013—present: Electric/hybrid power[edit]

text: BMW released their first electric car, the BMW i3 city car, in 2013. The i3 is also the first mass-production car to have a structure mostly made from carbon-fibre. BMW's first hybrid sportscar (and their first mid-engined car since the M1) is called the BMW i8 and was introduced in 2014. The i8 is also the first car to use BMW's first inline-three engine, the BMW B38.

text: In 2013, the BMW 4 Series replaced the coupe and convertible models of the 3 Series. Many elements of the 4 Series remained shared with the equivalent 3 Series model. Similarly, the BMW 2 Series replaced the coupe and convertible models of the 1 Series in 2013. The 2 Series was produced in coupe (F22), five-seat MPV (F45) and seven-seat MPV (F46) body styles. The latter two body styles are the first front-wheel drive vehicles produced by BMW. The F48 X1 also includes some front-wheel drive models.

text: The BMW X4 compact SUV was introduced in 2014.

text: The 2016 G11 740e and F30/F31 330e are the first plug-in hybrid versions of the 7 Series and 3 Series respectively.

text: Company name and logo[edit]

text: The name BMW is an abbreviation for Bayerische Motoren Werke (German pronunciation: [ˈbaɪ̯ʁɪʃə mɔˈtʰɔʁn̩ ˈvɛɐ̯kə] ( listen)). The German name is not grammatically correct, because motorenwerke is a single word in German. The term Bayerische Motorenwerke (which has been used in several German publications and advertisements in the past[29][30]) translates into English as Bavarian Motor Works, which has been used by BMW for marketing products in English-speaking countries.[31] The suffix AG, short for Aktiengesellschaft, signifies an incorporated entity which is owned by shareholders.

text: The terms Beemer, Bimmer and Bee-em are commonly used slang for BMW in the English language[32][33] and are sometimes used interchangeably for cars and motorcycles.[34][35]

text: In the United States, some people prescribe that "beemer" should be used specifically for motorcycles and "bimmer" should be used for cars.[36][37][38][39][40] Some of these people claim that "true aficionados" make this distinction[41] and those who don't are "uninitiated."[42] Usage in North American mainstream media also varies, for example the Canadian Globe and Mail prefers Bimmer and calls Beemer a "yuppie abomination",[43] and the Tacoma News Tribune says that it is "auto snobs" who use the terms to distinguish between cars and motorcycles.[44] An editor of Business Week was satisfied in 2003 that the question was resolved in favor of Bimmer by noting that a Google search yielded 10 times as many hits compared to Beemer,[45] though googling gives very different results today.[46]

text: The circular blue and white BMW logo or roundel evolved from the circular Rapp Motorenwerke company logo, from which the BMW company grew, combined with the blue and white colors of the flag of Bavaria.[47] The BMW logo still used today was created in 1917, albeit with various minor styling changes.[48]

text: The origin of the logo is often thought to be a portrayal of the movement of an aircraft propeller with the white blades cutting through a blue sky. However, this portrayal was first used in a BMW advertisement in 1929 - twelve years after the logo was created - so this is not the origin of the logo itself.[49]

text: Motorcycles[edit]

text: BMW began production of motorcycle engines and then motorcycles after World War I.[50] Its motorcycle brand is now known as BMW Motorrad. Their first successful motorcycle after the failed Helios and Flink, was the "R32" in 1923, though production originally began in 1921.[51] This had a "boxer" twin engine, in which a cylinder projects into the air-flow from each side of the machine. Apart from their single-cylinder models (basically to the same pattern), all their motorcycles used this distinctive layout until the early 1980s. Many BMW's are still produced in this layout, which is designated the R Series.

text: The entire BMW Motorcycle production has, since 1969, been located at the company's Berlin-Spandau factory.

text: During the Second World War, BMW produced the BMW R75 motorcycle with a sidecar attached. Having a unique design copied from the Zündapp KS750, its sidecar wheel was also motor-driven. Combined with a lockable differential, this made the vehicle very capable off-road, an equivalent in many ways to the Jeep.

text: In 1982, came the K Series, shaft drive but water-cooled and with either three or four cylinders mounted in a straight line from front to back. Shortly after, BMW also started making the chain-driven F and G series with single and parallel twin Rotax engines.

text: In the early 1990s, BMW updated the airhead Boxer engine which became known as the oilhead. In 2002, the oilhead engine had two spark plugs per cylinder. In 2004 it added a built-in balance shaft, an increased capacity to 1,170 cc and enhanced performance to 100 hp (75 kW) for the R1200GS, compared to 85 hp (63 kW) of the previous R1150GS. More powerful variants of the oilhead engines are available in the R1100S and R1200S, producing 98 and 122 hp (73 and 91 kW), respectively.

text: In 2004, BMW introduced the new K1200S Sports Bike which marked a departure for BMW. It had an engine producing 167 hp (125 kW), derived from the company's work with the Williams F1 team, and is lighter than previous K models. Innovations include electronically adjustable front and rear suspension, and a Hossack-type front fork that BMW calls Duolever.

text: BMW introduced anti-lock brakes on production motorcycles starting in the late 1980s. The generation of anti-lock brakes available on the 2006 and later BMW motorcycles pave the way for the introduction of electronic stability control, or anti-skid technology later in the 2007 model year.

text: BMW has been an innovator in motorcycle suspension design, taking up telescopic front suspension long before most other manufacturers. Then they switched to an Earles fork, front suspension by swinging fork (1955 to 1969). Most modern BMWs are truly rear swingarm, single sided at the back (compare with the regular swinging fork usually, and wrongly, called swinging arm). Some BMWs started using yet another trademark front suspension design, the Telelever, in the early 1990s. Like the Earles fork, the Telelever significantly reduces dive under braking.

text: BMW Group, on 31 January 2013, announced that Pierer Industrie AG has bought Husqvarna for an undisclosed amount, which will not be revealed by either party in the future. The company is headed by Stephan Pierer (CEO of KTM). Pierer Industrie AG is 51% owner of KTM and 100% owner of Husqvarna.

text: Automobiles[edit]

text: The current model lines of BMW automobiles are:

text: The 1 Series (F20/F21) is the entry level to BMW's current model range. It is produced in 3-door and 5-door hatchback body styles. A 4-door sedan variant (F52) is also sold in China.

text:
F20 1 Series

F52 1 Series

text: The 2 Series (F22/F23) is BMW's entry level coupes and convertibles. The 2 Series range also consists of the "Active Tourer" (F45) and "Gran Tourer" (F46) body styles, which are 5-seat and 7-seat MPVs respectively.

text:
F22 2 Series

F45 2 Series

F46 2 Series

text: The 3 Series (F30/F31/F34) range is produced in 4-door sedan, 4-door wagon (estate) and 5-door fastback ("Gran Turismo") body styles. A long-wheelbase sedan variant (F35) is also sold in China.

text:
F30 3 Series

F31 3 Series

F34 3 Series

F35 3 Series

text: The 4 Series (F32/F33/F36) range is produced in 2-door coupe, 2-door convertible and 5-door fastback ("Gran Coupe") body styles.

text:
F32 4 Series

F33 4 Series

F36 4 Series

text: The 5 Series (G30/G31) range is produced in sedan and wagon body styles. A long-wheelbase sedan variant (G38) is also sold in China.

text:
G30 5 Series

G31 5 Series

text: The 6 Series (F06/F12/F13) range is produced in 2-door coupe, 2-door convertible and 4-door fastback ("Gran Coupe") body styles.

text:
F06 6 Series

F12 6 Series

F13 6 Series

text: The 7 Series (G11/G12) range is produced in the 4-door sedan and long-wheelbase sedan body styles.

text:
G11 7 Series

G12 7 Series

text: The X models consist of the X1 (F48), X3 (G01), X4 (F26), X5 (F15) and X6 (F16).

text:
F84 X1

G01 X3

text:
F26 X4

F15 X5

F16 X6

text: The Z Series consists of the Z4 (E89) 2-seat roadster.

text: E89 Z4- front

text: Sometimes the model series are referred to by their German pronunciation: "Einser" ("One-er") for the 1 Series, "Dreier" ("Three-er") for the 3 Series, "Fünfer" ("Five-er") for the 5 Series, "Sechser" ("Six-er") for the 6 Series and "Siebener" ("Seven-er") for the 7 Series. These are not actually slang, but are the normal way that such letters and numbers are pronounced in German.[52]

text: i models[edit]

text: The BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug-in electric vehicles.[53][54] The sub-brand initial plans called for the release of two vehicles; series production of the BMW i3 all-electric car began in September 2013,[55] and the market launch took place in November 2013 with the first retail deliveries in Germany.[56] The BMW i8 sports plug-in hybrid car was launched in Germany in June 2014.[57]

text: In 2014, BMW developed a prototype of street lights equipped with power sockets to charge electric cars, called Light and Charge.[58] Two of these charging facilities were installed at BMW's headquarters in Munich.[59] In 2015, BMW in cooperation with SCHERM Group has started deploying electric trucks on European roads, making it the first company to ever do so. The truck itself is manufactured by the Terberg Group, one of the world's largest independent specialist vehicle suppliers.[60][61][62]

text: Combined sales of the BMW i brand models reached the 50,000 unit milestone in January 2016.[63] Two years after its introduction, the BMW i3 ranked as the world's third best selling all-electric car in history.[64] Global sales of the BMW i3 achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in July 2016.[65]

text: In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the latest BMW 7 Series.[66] Global sales of all BMW plug-in electrified models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016, consisting of more than 60,000 BMW i3s, over 10,000 BMW i8s, and about 30,000 from combined sales of all BMW iPerformance plug-in hybrid models.[67]

text: As of November 2016[update], four BMW electrified models have been released, the BMW X5 xDrive40e iPerformance, BMW 225xe iPerformance Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and the BMW 740e iPerformance.[68] The BMW 530e iPerformance is scheduled to be released in Europe March 2017 as part of the upcoming seventh generation BMW 5 Series lineup.[69] Global sales of all plug-in electrified models achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in early November 2016, consisting of more than 60,000 i3s, over 10,000 i8s, and about 30,000 from combined sales of all BMW iPerformance plug-in hybrid models.[67] Combined global sales of BMW’s electrified models totaled more than 62,000 units in 2016,[70] and 103,080 in 2017, including MINI brand electrified vehicles.[71] BMW cumulative sales of BMW Group's electrified vehicles passed the 200,000 unit milestone in December 2017.[72]

text: M models[edit]

text: BMW produce a number of high-performance derivatives of their cars developed by their BMW M GmbH (previously BMW Motorsport GmbH) subsidiary.

text: The current M models are:

text:
M2 – F87 Coupé (2015 to present)
M3 – F80 Sedan (2013 to present)
M4 – F82 Coupé/F83 Convertible (2014 to present)
M5 – F10 Saloon (2011 to present)
M6 – F06 Gran Coupé/F12 Convertible/F13 Coupé (2012 to present)
X5 M – F15 SAV (2014 to present)
X6 M – F16 SAV (2014 to present)

text: Naming convention for models[edit]

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: BMW has a long history of motorsport activities, including:

text:
Touring cars, such as DTM, WTCC, ETCC and BTCC
Formula One
Endurance racing, such as 24 Hours Nürburgring, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24 Hours of Daytona and Spa 24 Hours
Isle of Man TT
Dakar Rally
American Le Mans Series
Formula BMW – a junior racing Formula category.
Formula Two

text:
2016 BMW M4 DTM

2016 BMW M6 GT3

2016 BMW S1000RR

text: Involvement in the arts[edit]

text: Manufacturers employ designers for their cars, but BMW has made efforts to gain recognition for exceptional contributions to and support of the arts, including art beyond motor vehicle design. These efforts typically overlap or complement BMW's marketing and branding campaigns.[73]

text: Art Cars[edit]

text: In 1975, Alexander Calder was commissioned to paint the 3.0CSL driven by Hervé Poulain at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, which became the first in the series of BMW Art Cars. This led to more BMW Art Cars, painted by artists including Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer, Roy Lichtenstein and others. The cars, currently numbering 17, have been shown at the Louvre, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Los Angeles County Museum of Art and New York's Grand Central Terminal.[74]

text:
1975 Art Car by Alexander Calder

1979 Art Car by Andy Warhol

2010 Art Car by Jeff Koons

text: Architecture[edit]

text: BMW's Munich headquarters represents the cylinder head of a 4-cylinder engine. It was designed by Karl Schwanzer and was completed in 1972. The building has become a European icon[74] and was declared a protected historic building in 1999. The main tower consists of four vertical cylinders standing next to and across from each other. Each cylinder is divided horizontally in its center by a mold in the facade. Notably, these cylinders do not stand on the ground; they are suspended on a central support tower.

text: BMW Museum is a futuristic cauldron-shaped building, which was also designed by Karl Schwanzer and opened in 1972.[75] The interior has a spiral theme and the roof is a 40-metre diameter BMW logo.

text: BMW's exhibition space in Munich, BMW Welt, was designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au and opened in 2007. It includes a showroom and lifting platforms where a customer's new car is theatrically unveiled to the customer.[76]

text: The BMW Central Building in Leipzig was designed by Zaha Hadid.

text:
BMW Museum interior

BMW Welt

text: Film[edit]

text: In 2001 and 2002, BMW produced a series of 8 short films called The Hire, which had plots based around BMW models being driven to extremes by Clive Owen.[77] The directors for The Hire included Guy Ritchie, John Woo, John Frankenheimer and Ang Lee. In 2016, a ninth film in the series was released.

text: The 2006 "BMW Performance Series" was a marketing event geared to attract black car buyers. It included the "BMW Pop-Jazz Live Series" - a tour headlined by jazz musician Mike Phillips - and the "BMW Blackfilms.com Film Series" highlighting black filmmakers.[78]

text: Visual arts[edit]

text: BMW was the principal sponsor of the 1998 The Art of the Motorcycle exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and other Guggenheim museums, though the financial relationship between BMW and the Guggenheim was criticised in many quarters.[79][80]

text: In 2012, BMW began sponsoring Independent Collectors production of the BMW Art Guide, which is the first global guide to private and publicly accessible collections of contemporary art worldwide.[81] The 2016 edition features 256 collections from 43 countries.

text: Production[edit]

text: BMW produces complete automobile at its factories in Germany (Munich, Dingolfing, Regensburg and Leipzig), United States (Greer), South Africa (Rosslyn) and China (Shenyang). BMW also has local assembly operation using complete knock down components in Thailand, Russia, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India (Chennai), for 3, 5, 7 series and X3.[82]

text: In 2006, the BMW group (including Mini and Rolls-Royce) produced 1,366,838 four-wheeled vehicles, which were manufactured in five countries.[83] In 2010, it manufactured 1,481,253 four-wheeled vehicles and 112,271 motorcycles (under both the BMW and Husqvarna brands).[84]

text: BMW Motorcycles are being produced at the company's Berlin factory, which earlier had produced aircraft engines for Siemens.

text: By 2011, about 56% of BMW-brand vehicles produced are powered by petrol engines and the remaining 44% are powered by diesel engines. Of those petrol vehicles, about 27% are four-cylinder models and about nine percent are eight-cylinder models.[85] On average, 9,000 vehicles per day exit BMW plants, and 63% are transported by rail.[86]

text: Annual production since 2005 is as follows:

text:
Year
BMW
MINI
Rolls-Royce
Motorcycle*

2005
1,122,308
200,119
692
92,013

2006
1,179,317
186,674
847
103,759

2007
1,302,774
237,700
1,029
104,396

2008
1,203,482
235,019
1,417
118,452

2009
1,043,829
213,670
918
93,243

2010
1,236,989
241,043
3,221
112,271

2011
1,440,315
294,120
3,725
110,360

2012
1,547,057
311,490
3,279
113,811

2013
1,699,835
303,177
3,354
110,127

2014
1,838,268
322,803
4,495
133,615

2015
1,933,647
342,008
3,848
151,004

text: Sales[edit]

text: Vehicles sold in all markets according to BMW's annual reports.

text:
Year
BMW
MINI
Rolls-Royce
Motorcycle*

2005
1,126,768
200,428
797
97,474

2006
1,185,089
188,077
805
100,064

2007
1,276,793
222,875
1,010
102,467

2008
1,202,239
232,425
1,212
115,196

2009
1,068,770
216,538
1,002
100,358

2010
1,224,280
234,175
2,711
110,113

2011
1,380,384
285,060
3,538
113,572

2012
1,540,085
301,525
3,575
117,109

2013
1,655,138
305,030
3,630
115,215**

2014
1,811,719
302,183
4,063
123,495**

2015
1,905,234
338,466
3,785
136,963**

text:
* Since 2008, motorcycle productions and sales figures include Husqvarna models.
** Excluding Husqvarna, sales volume up to 2013: 59,776 units.

text: In China, BMW sold 415,200 vehicles between January and November 2014, through a network of over 440 BMW stores and 100 Mini stores.[87]

text: Industry collaboration[edit]

text: BMW has collaborated with other car manufacturers on the following occasions:

text:
McLaren Automotive: BMW designed and produced the V12 engine that powered the McLaren F1.[88][89]
Peugeot and Citroën: Joint production of four-cylinder petrol engines, beginning in 2004.[90]
Daimler Benz: Joint venture to produce the hybrid drivetrain components used in the ActiveHybrid 7.[91][92]
Toyota: Three-part agreement in 2013 to jointly develop fuel cell technology, develop a joint platform for a sports car (the 2018 BMW Z4/Toyota Supra) and research lithium-air batteries.[93][94][95]
Audi and Mercedes: Joint purchase of Nokia's Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps) in 2015.[96]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text: In soccer (football), BMW sponsors Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt.[97]

text: At the London 2012 Olympic games, BMW's sponsorship included providing 4000 BMWs and Minis.[98] BMW also made a six-year sponsorship deal with the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) in July 2010.[99][100]

text: In golf, BMW has sponsored various events,[101] including the PGA Championship,[102][103] the BMW Italian Open, the BMW Masters in China[104][105] and the BMW International Open in Germany.[106]

text: In rugby, BMW sponsored the South Africa national rugby union team from 2011 to 2015.[107][108]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: The company is a charter member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Environmental Achievement Track, which recognizes companies for their environmental stewardship and performance.[109] It is also a member of the South Carolina Environmental Excellence Program.[110]

text: Since 1999, BMW has been named the world's most sustainable automotive company every year by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.[111] The BMW Group is one of three automotive companies to be featured every year in the index.[112] In 2001, the BMW Group committed itself to the United Nations Environment Programme, the UN Global Compact and the Cleaner Production Declaration. It was also the first company in the automotive industry to appoint an environmental officer, in 1973.[113] BMW is a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.[114]

text: In 2012, BMW was the highest automotive company in the Carbon Disclosure Project's Global 500 list, with a score of 99 out of 100.[115][116] The BMW Group was rated the most sustainable DAX 30 company by Sustainalytics in 2012.[117]

text: To reduce vehicle emissions, BMW is improving the efficiency of existing fossil-fuel powered models, while researching electric power, hybrid power and hydrogen for future models.[118]

text: Bicycles[edit]

text: BMW branded bicycles are sold online and through dealerships.[119] The BMW Turbo Levo FSR 6Fattie electric mountain bike was produced in partnership with Specialized and the BMW Cruise e-Bike NBG III uses a Bosch motor and battery.[120][121]

text: Car-sharing services[edit]

text: DriveNow is a joint-venture between BMW and Sixt that was launched in Munich in June 2011, and now operates in thirteen cities around Europe. As of December 2012, DriveNow operates over 1,000 vehicles, which serve five cities worldwide and over 60,000 customers.[122]

text: In the United States, BMW launched the ReachNow car-sharing service in Seattle in April 2016.[123] ReachNow currently operates in Seattle, Portland and Brooklyn.

text: Overseas subsidiaries[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: On 9 October 2014, BMW's new South American automobile plant in Araquari, Santa Catarina assembled its first car, an F30 3 Series.[124] The cars assembled at Araquari are the F20 1 Series, F30 3 Series, F48 X1, F25 X3 and Mini Countryman.[125] Cars are assembled from complete knock-down components.[126]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The first BMW dealership in Canada was opened in 1969.[127] In 1986, BMW established a head office in Canada.[128]

text: BMW sold 28,149 vehicles in Canada in 2008.[129]

text: China[edit]

text: Signing a deal in 2003 for the production of sedans in China,[130] May 2004 saw the opening of a factory in the North-eastern city of Shenyang where Brilliance Auto produces BMW-branded automobiles[131] in a joint venture with the German company.[132]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Bavarian Auto Group became sole importer of the BMW and Mini brands in 2003.

text: At the BMW assembly plant in 6th of October City, the 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X1 and X3 are assembled from complete knock-down components.[125]

text: India[edit]

text: BMW India was established in 2006 as a sales subsidiary in Gurugram.

text: A BMW assembly plant was opened in Chennai in 2007, assembling 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series, X1, X3, X5, Mini Countryman and motorcycle models from complete knock-down components.[125][133]

text: Japan[edit]

text: BMW Japan Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary, imports and distributes BMW vehicles in Japan.[134]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In July 2014, BMW announced it was establishing a plant in Mexico, in the city and state of San Luis Potosi involving an investment of $1 billion. The plant will employ 1,500 people, and produce 150,000 cars annually, commencing in 2019.[135]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: BMWs have been assembled in South Africa since 1968,[136] when Praetor Monteerders' plant was opened in Rosslyn, near Pretoria. BMW initially bought shares in the company, before fully acquiring it in 1975; in so doing, the company became BMW South Africa, the first wholly owned subsidiary of BMW to be established outside Germany. Unlike United States manufacturers, such as Ford and GM, which divested from the country in the 1980s, BMW retained full ownership of its operations in South Africa.

text: Following the end of apartheid in 1994, and the lowering of import tariffs, BMW South Africa ended local production of the 5 Series and 7 Series, in order to concentrate on production of the 3 Series for the export market. South African–built BMWs are now exported to right hand drive markets including Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa. Since 1997, BMW South Africa has produced vehicles in left-hand drive for export to Taiwan, the United States and Iran, as well as South America.

text: Three unique models that BMW Motorsport created for the South African market were the E23 M745i (1983), which used the M88 engine from the BMW M1, the BMW 333i (1986), which added a six-cylinder 3.2-litre M30 engine to the E30,[137] and the E30 BMW 325is (1989) which was powered by an Alpina-derived 2.7-litre engine.

text: BMWs with a VIN starting with "NC0" are manufactured in South Africa.

text: United States[edit]

text: BMW cars have been officially sold in the United States since 1956[138] and manufactured in the United States since 1994.[139] The first BMW dealership in the United States opened in 1975.[140] In 2016, BMW was the twelfth highest selling brand in the United States.[141]

text: The manufacturing plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina has the second highest production of the BMW plants worldwide,[142] currently producing approximately 1,400 vehicles per day.[143] The models produced at the Spartanburg plant are the X3, X4 and X5 SUV models.

text: In addition to the South Carolina manufacturing facility, BMW's North American companies include sales, marketing, design, and financial services operations in the United States, Mexico, Canada and Latin America.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Slogan[edit]

text: The slogan 'The Ultimate Driving Machine' was first used in North America in 1974.[144][145] In 2010, this long-lived campaign was mostly supplanted by 'Joy', a campaign intended to make the brand more approachable and to better appeal to women, but by 2012 BMW had returned to 'The Ultimate Driving Machine'.[146]

text: April Fools[edit]

text: BMW has garnered a reputation over the years for its April Fools pranks, which are printed in the British press every year. In 2010, they ran an advertisement in The Guardian announcing that customers would be able to order BMWs with different coloured badges to show their affiliation with the political party they supported.[147]

text: Audio logo[edit]

text: In 2013, BMW replaced the 'double-gong' sound used at the end of TV and radio advertisements since 1999.[148] The new sound was described as "introduced by a rising, resonant sound and underscored by two distinctive bass tones that form the sound logo's melodic and rhythmic basis."[149] The new sound was first used in the BMW 4 Series Concept Coupe TV commercial.[150][151]