document_title: FIFA World Cup hosts

question_text: when was the last time the us hosted the world cup

question_tokens: when was the last time the us hosted the world cup

text: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Year
Host
Continent
Winner

1930
 Uruguay
South America
 Uruguay

1934
 Italy
Europe
 Italy

1938
 France
Europe
 Italy

1942
Cancelled due to World War II

1946
Cancelled due to World War II

1950
 Brazil
South America
 Uruguay

1954
  Switzerland
Europe
 West Germany

1958
 Sweden
Europe
 Brazil

1962
 Chile
South America
 Brazil

1966
 England
Europe
 England

1970
 Mexico
North America
 Brazil

1974
 West Germany
Europe
 West Germany

1978
 Argentina
South America
 Argentina

1982
 Spain
Europe
 Italy

1986
 Mexico
North America
 Argentina

1990
 Italy
Europe
 West Germany

1994
 United States
North America
 Brazil

1998
 France
Europe
 France

2002
 South Korea /  Japan
Asia
 Brazil

2006
 Germany
Europe
 Italy

2010
 South Africa
Africa
 Spain

2014
 Brazil
South America
 Germany

2018
 Russia
Europe

2022
 Qatar
Asia

2026
TBD

2030
TBD

2034
TBD

text: 1930 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Hungary
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Nigeria
 Sweden
 Uruguay

text: Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first-ever World Cup host, a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay. The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew, followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy. Then both Italy and Spain withdrew, in favour of the only remaining candidate, Uruguay. The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona, Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision, and Uruguay was chosen without a vote.[citation needed]

text: Results:

text:
Uruguay
 Italy withdrew
 Spain withdrew
 Sweden withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew
 Hungary withdrew

text: Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay. For that reason, the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario.

text: 1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Italy
 Sweden

text: Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote, allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup. The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm, Sweden and Zürich, Switzerland on 14 May 1932. The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932.

text: Results:

text:
Italy
 Sweden withdrew

text: 1938 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 France
 Germany

text: Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote, the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin, Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup. Electing France took only one ballot, as France had more than half of the votes in the first round.[4]

text: Results:

text:
France, 19 votes
 Argentina, 3 votes
 Germany, 1 vote

text: Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946[edit]

text: Bids for 1942:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Germany

text: Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939.

text: Bids for 1946:

text: 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: 1949 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Brazil

text: Brazil, Argentina, and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup, but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II. The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949, but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950.

text: Result:

text: Brazil

text: 1951 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Switzerland

text: The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946, the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup, in Luxembourg City. On 27 July, the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years, deciding it should take place in 1954.

text: Result:

text: Switzerland

text: 1958 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Sweden

text: Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament.[5] Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals.[5] Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950.[6]

text: Result:

text: Sweden

text: 1962 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Chile
 West Germany

text: West Germany withdrew before the vote, which took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 10 June 1956, leaving two remaining bids. In one round of voting, Chile won over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Chile, 32 votes
 Argentina, 11 votes
 West Germany withdrew

text: 1966 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 West Germany
 Spain

text: Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress, held in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960. Again, there was only one round of voting, with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position.

text: Results:

text:
England, 34 votes
 West Germany, 27 votes
 Spain withdrew

text: 1970 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Australia
 Colombia
 Japan
 Mexico
 Peru

text: The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo, Japan on 8 October 1964. One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Mexico, 56 votes
 Argentina, 32 votes
 Australia withdrew
 Colombia withdrew
 Japan withdrew
 Peru withdrew

text: 1974, 1978, 1982 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: Three hosts for the 1974, 1978, and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London, England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress. Spain and West Germany, both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups, agreed to give one another a hosting job. Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process, essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot. Mexico, who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior, agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position.

text: 1974 results[edit]

text:
West Germany
 Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew

text: 1978 results[edit]

text:
Argentina
 Colombia withdrew
 Mexico withdrew, as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970

text: 1982 results[edit]

text:
Spain
 West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew

text: 1986 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Colombia

text: Host voting, handled by the then-FIFA Executive Committee (or Exco), met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid.

text: Result:

text: Colombia

text: However, Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982, less than four years before the event was to start. A call for bids was sent out again, and FIFA received intent from three nations:

text:
Canada
 Mexico
 United States

text: In Zürich on 20 May 1983, Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee, for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history (except those nations who bid unopposed).

text: Results:

text:
Mexico unanimous vote
 United States 0 votes
 Canada 0 votes

text: 1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Austria
 England
 France
 Greece
 Iran
 Italy
 Soviet Union
 West Germany
 Yugoslavia

text: Except Italy and the Soviet Union, all nations withdrew before the vote, which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984. Once again, only one round of voting was required, as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union.

text: Results:

text:
Italy, 11 votes
 Soviet Union, 5 votes
 Austria withdrew
 England withdrew
 France withdrew
 Greece withdrew
 Iran withdrew
 West Germany withdrew
 Yugoslavia withdrew

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 Morocco
 United States
 Chile

text: Despite having three nations bidding for host duties, voting only took one round. The vote was held in Zürich (for the third straight time) on 4 July 1988. The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members.

text: Results:

text:
United States, 10 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
 Brazil, 2 votes
 Chile withdrew

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 France
 Germany
 Morocco
  Switzerland

text: This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco.

text: Result:

text:
France, 12 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
  Switzerland withdrew
 England withdrew
 Germany withdrew

text: 2002 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
South Korea/ Japan
 Mexico

text: On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was "voted by acclamation", an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico.

text: Results:

text:
South Korea/ Japan (joint bid, voted by acclamation)
 Mexico

text: The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially, the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process. But just before the vote, they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event. However, the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems. FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again, and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids.[7]

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 England
 Germany
 Morocco
 South Africa

text: On 6 July 2000, the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich. Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote, and the field was narrowed to four. This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required. Three votes were eventually needed. Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes, and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention (see below).

text:
Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2
Round 3

 Germany
10
11
12

 South Africa
6
11
11

 England
5
2
Eliminated

 Morocco
2
Eliminated
Eliminated

Total votes
23
24
23

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice. The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa, who had been favorites to win. New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey, who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation, abstained from voting at the last minute. If he had voted for the South African bid, the tally would have been 12–12, giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter, who, it was widely believed, would then have voted for South Africa.[8]

text: Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday, the night before the vote, promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany. He argued that the pressure from all sides including "an attempt to bribe" him had become too much for him.[9]

text: On 4 August 2000, consequently, FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations. This was until October 2007, during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy (see below).[10][11]

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Egypt
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 South Africa
 Tunisia /  Libya

text: The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation (the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup,[7] the first World Cup to be held in Africa. On 7 July 2001, during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires, a decision was ratified, which was that the rotation will begin in Africa.[12] On 23 September 2002, FIFA's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations, would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[13]

text: In January 2003, Nigeria entered the bidding process, but withdrew their bid in September.[14][15] In March 2003, Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work.[16] Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

text: After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future, Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004. On 15 May 2004 in Zürich (the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there), South Africa, after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding, defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host, 14 votes to 10. Egypt received no votes.

text:
Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1

 South Africa
14

 Morocco
10

 Egypt
0

 Tunisia /  Libya
Withdrew

 Nigeria
Withdrew

Total votes
24

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On 28 May 2015, media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US$10 million in bribes to then-FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members.[17]

text: On 4 June 2015, FIFA executive Chuck Blazer, having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities, confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups. Blazer stated, "I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup."[18][19]

text: On 6 June 2015, The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes, but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead.[20]

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Colombia

text: FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America. FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept,[21] but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision, after which it was dropped.

text: Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup,[22] but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[23] Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup. CONMEBOL, the South American Football Federation, indicated their preference for Brazil as a host.[24] Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006, as by that time, Colombia, Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn, and Venezuela was not allowed to bid.

text: Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (when Colombia was selected as host, but later withdrew for financial problems). The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision.[25]

text: Result:

text:
2014 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes)

Bidders
Votes

Round 1
Round 2

 Brazil
N/A
N/A

 Argentina

Withdrew

 Colombia

Withdrew

text: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text:
2018 Bids:

 Belgium /  Netherlands
 England
 Spain /  Portugal
 Russia

2022 Bids:

 Australia
 Japan
 South Korea
 Qatar
 United States

text: Wikinews has related news: FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups

text: FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy, implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection. The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup, provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups. For the 2018 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed.

text: For the 2022 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed.[26][27] Also, FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more (after they were banned in 2002), due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid, unlike Korea/Japan, which had two different organizing committees.[28] Countries that announced their interest included Australia, England, Indonesia, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, United States, the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands.[26][29][30]

text: The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup.[31]

text:
2018 Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2

 Russia
9
13

 Spain /  Portugal
7
7

 Netherlands /  Belgium
4
2

 England
2
Eliminated

Total votes
22
22

text:
2022 results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4

 Qatar
11
10
11
14

 United States
3
5
6
8

 South Korea
4
5
5
Eliminated

 Japan
3
2
Eliminated
Eliminated

 Australia
1
Eliminated
Eliminated
Eliminated

Total votes
22
22
22
22

text: Accusations of bribery[edit]

text: Before the vote, allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members, reducing the number of voters to 22.[32]

text: In May 2011, allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar. According to then vice-President Jack Warner, an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar 'bought' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time. Qatar's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing.[33]

text: A whistleblower, revealed to be Phaedra Almajid, alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar.[34] She later retracted her claims of bribery, stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them. She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction. FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction.[35][36]

text: On 1 June 2014, The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails, letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US$5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid. Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges[37]

text: More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner, who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace, and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign. The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid.[38]

text: 2026 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Canada /  USA /  Mexico
 Morocco

text: A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable, with Canada, USA, and Mexico the most likely nations to bid.[39] Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup cannot be in either Europe (UEFA) or Asia (AFC),[40][41] leaving an African (CAF) bid, a North American (CONCACAF) bid, a South American (CONMEBOL) bid or an Oceanian (OFC) bid as other possible options.[42] In March 2017, FIFA's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[43]

text: The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[44][45] On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed.[46][47] However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four-phase process.[48]

text: CONCACAF member federations (Canada, Mexico, United States) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup. Also, FIFA's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada, Mexico and the United States.[40][49] On 14 October 2016, FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament-sharing bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States.[50]

text: According to CONCACAF president, Victor Montagliani, there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada, United States, and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[51]

text: On 10 April 2017, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with three-quarters of the games to be played in the U.S., including the final.[52]

text: On 11 August 2017, Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[53]

text: The host will be announced on June 13, 2018 at the 69th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia.[54]

text: Official 2026 Bids:

text:
CONCACAF:

 Canada /  United States /  Mexico: Canada–United States–Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid[50][55][56][57]

CAF:

 Morocco: Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid[58][59]

text: 2030 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed. The first bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina.[60] The second bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England.[61] Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022.[43][61] Also in June 2017, UEFA's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe (UEFA) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup.[62]

text: The Uruguay–Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final, and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay. The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid, but this is not confirmed or discarded yet. The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association, and Wilmar Valdéz (AUF president) accused some insistence of the CONMEBOL although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event.[63] Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina.[64]

text: A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017.[65] Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts.[66] On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host.[67] CONMEBOL, the South American confederation, confirmed the joint three-way bid in September 2017.[68]

text: English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030, provided that the bidding process is made more transparent.[69] "England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48-nation event in its entirety, while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option."[61] In June 2017, UEFA stated that "it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England."[70] Moreover, a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association.[71]

text: It is expected that countries from "South America (CONMEBOL) and Europe (UEFA) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030."[72]

text: Confirmed 2030 bids:

text:
CONMEBOL:

 Uruguay /  Argentina /  Paraguay: Uruguay–Argentina–Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[73][63][74][60][70]

text: Expressed interest in bidding:

text:
UEFA:

 England: England 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[69][61][70][75]

text: 2034 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011, when the Football Association of Singapore's then-President, Zainudin Nordin, said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting.[76] In 2013, Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President, Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan, recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022.[43][61] Therefore, the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034.[77][78][79][80][81]

text: Later, Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034. In February 2017, ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon, Myanmar.[82]

text: In July 2017, Joko Driyono, the Vice-President of the Indonesia's Football Association, during meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South-East Asian nations in the bid. Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format (48 teams), at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches.[83][84]

text: In September 2017, the Football Association of Thailand's Deputy CEO, Benjamin Tan, at the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) Council meeting, confirmed that his Association has "put in their interest to bid and co-host" the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia.[81][85] On the same occasion, the General Secretary of the AFF, Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad, confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid.[79][80]

text: Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup.[citation needed] The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies.[citation needed] Far from ever having hosting the World Cup, no South-East Asian country ever qualified to the tournament. As of March 2018, Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 162nd place and not a single national team from South-East Asia ranks in the FIFA top 100.[86]

text: China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated "that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034."[72]

text: Expressed interest in bidding:

text:
UEFA:

 Italy (centenary from the first Italian edition 1934 FIFA World Cup)

AFC:

 Indonesia[79][80][81] and  Thailand[79][80][81]
 China[72]

text: Total bids by country[edit]

text: World Cup-winning bids are bolded. Planned but not-yet-official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included.

text:
Country
Bids
Years

 Germany
6
1938, 1962,[a] 1966,[a] 1974,[a] 1982,[a] 2006

 Argentina
5
1938, 1962, 1970, 1978, 2030[b]

 Mexico
1970, 1978, 1986,[c] 2002, 2026[d]

 Morocco
1994, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2026

 Spain
1930, 1966, 1974, 1982, 2018[e]

 Brazil
4
1950, 1994, 2006, 2014

 England
1966, 1990, 2006, 2018

 United States
1986, 1994, 2022, 2026[d]

 Italy
3
1930, 1934, 1990

 Japan
1970, 2002,[f] 2022

 Canada
2
1986, 2026[d]

 Chile
1962, 2014

 Colombia
1986,[c] 2014

 France
1938, 1998

 Netherlands
1930, 2018[g]

 Russia
1990,[h] 2018

 South Africa
2006, 2010

 South Korea
2002,[f] 2022

  Switzerland
1954, 1998

 Uruguay
1930, 2030[b]

 Australia
2022

 Belgium
1
2018[g]

 Egypt
2010

 Greece
1990

 Hungary
1930

 Iran
1990

 Libya
2010[i]

 Paraguay
2030[b]

 Portugal
2018[e]

 Qatar
2022

 Sweden
1958

 Tunisia
2010[i]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bid by West Germany, which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
^ Jump up to: a b Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup, but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns. After a second bidding, Mexico was selected as the replacement host.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Portugal and Spain.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Japan and South Korea.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands.
Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union, which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia.

text: Host country performances[edit]

text: It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup, with the host team usually performing above average.[87] Of the eight countries that have won the tournament, only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home, and both England and France had their only titles as hosts.

text: Further, Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament, and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner-up in home soil.[88] The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments, and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage.[89]

text:
#
Performance
Team
Year
Pld
W
D
L
Win%
GF
GA
GD
GD/M
GF/M

1
Champion
 Uruguay
1930
4
4
0
0
100%
15
3
12
3
3.8

2
Champion
 France
1998
7
6
1
0
93%
15
2
13
1.9
2.1

3
Champion
 England
1966
6
5
1
0
92%
11
3
8
1.3
1.8

4
Champion
 Italy
1934
5
4
1
0
90%
12
3
9
1.8
2.4

5
Champion
 West Germany
1974
7
6
0
1
86%
13
4
9
1.3
1.9

6
Champion
 Argentina
1978
7
5
1
1
79%
15
4
9
1.3
2.1

7
Runner-up
 Brazil
1950
6
4
1
1
75%
22
6
16
2.7
3.7

8
Runner-up
 Sweden
1958
6
4
1
1
75%
12
7
5
0.8
2

9
Third place
 Italy
1990
7
6
1
0
93%
10
2
8
1.1
1.4

10
Third place
 Germany
2006
7
5
1
1
79%
14
6
8
1.1
2

11
Third place
 Chile
1962
6
4
0
2
67%
10
8
2
0.33
1.3

12
Fourth place
 South Korea
2002
7
3
2
2
57%
8
6
2
0.3
1.1

13
Fourth place
 Brazil
2014
7
3
2
2
57%
11
14
−3
−0.4
1.57

14
Quarter-final
 Mexico
1986
5
3
2
0
80%
6
2
4
0.8
1.2

15
Quarter-final
 Mexico
1970
4
2
1
1
63%
6
4
2
0.5
1.5

16
Quarter-final
  Switzerland
1954
4
2
0
2
50%
11
11
0
0
2.8

17
Quarter-final
 France
1938
2
1
0
1
50%
4
4
0
0
2

18
Second round
 Spain
1982
5
1
2
2
40%
4
5
−1
−0.2
0.8

19
Round of 16
 Japan
2002
4
2
1
1
63%
5
3
2
0.5
1.25

20
Round of 16
 United States
1994
4
1
1
2
38%
3
4
−1
−0.3
0.8

21
Group stage
 South Africa
2010
3
1
1
1
50%
3
5
−2
−0.7
1

text: Win% → Every draw counted as a half win. Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws.


document_title: 3 Idiots

question_text: 3 idiots movie was shot in which college

root

text: 3 Idiots

text: Plot[edit]

text: On board a departing Air India flight, Farhan Qureshi (R. Madhavan) suddenly receives a call from Chatur Ramalingam (Omi Vaidya) claiming that he has found Rancho. He then causes an emergency landing by feigning a heart attack. Farhan fetches Raju Rastogi (Sharman Joshi) and they meet Chatur at a water tank in their old college campus; Chatur revealing that Rancho is in Shimla.

tag: p

text: As they drive their way to Shimla, an elaborate flashback shows Farhan and Raju beginning their college year in the prestigious Imperial College of Engineering (ICE) in Delhi. They are joined by Ranchoddas Chanchad (Aamir Khan), known as "Rancho" . While Farhan takes engineering over photography to please his father, Raju takes the course to lift his family from poverty. Rancho, on the other hand, believes in hands on learning and tends to give unorthodox answers in class, coming into conflict with professors, in particular with the institution's director, Dr. Viru Sahastrabuddhe (Boman Irani), whom the ICE community nicknames as "Virus", and whose traditional and strict philosophies on education contrast sharply with Rancho's carefree love of learning. Meanwhile, Chatur, nicknamed “Silencer", is an arrogant Ugandan-born Tamil student with little knowledge of Hindi, who is obsessed with topping the exams.

text: Days later, the trio find a student named Joy Lobo (Ali Fazal) hanging in his room; his death caused by depression after Virus tells Joy's father that he will be unable to graduate. Rancho uses this to criticize Virus's method of teaching and show him how much pressure engineers face when they study - angering him further. After Rancho visits his friends' families, the trio then gatecrash a wedding to eat and meet and befriend Virus's daughter, Pia (Kareena Kapoor), who is a residency student at the city's hospital. When Virus spots the trio, he summons Farhan and Raju on the next school day and threatens  their family's income. During a Teachers Day celebration, Chatur is humiliated when he delivers a Hindi speech modified by Rancho, and bets Rancho that ten years later,they would see who is more successful. Sometime later, Rancho saves Raju's dying father with the help of Pia. Pia falls in love with Rancho.

text: One night during their senior year, the three friends drunkenly break into the Sahastrabuddhe residence so that Rancho can propose to Pia. As the three friends escape, Virus recognizes Raju and threatens to expel him unless he writes a letter implicating Rancho in the break-in. Unwilling to betray Rancho or disappoint his family, Raju unsuccessfully attempts suicide and ends up in a coma. With intensive care and support from his friends and Pia, Raju recovers in time for a corporate job interview. Meanwhile, Rancho and Pia post Farhan's letter to his favorite photographer Andre Istvan, who offers him a position as assistant. After advice from Rancho, he communicates his dream to his father, who gives his blessing.

text: Infuriated by Rancho's influence, Virus sets a difficult final exam to fail Raju. Pia tries to help the trio by revealing to them the location of the exam paper, but Virus finds out and expels them. Pia confronts Virus about her brother who committed suicide because he couldn't meet Virus' expectation of clearing the engineering exam. That same night, Virus' pregnant elder daughter Mona goes into labor during a heavy storm which cuts off all traffic and electricity. Rancho and the other students use their engineering knowledge to deliver the baby with the help of Pia over video call. A grateful Virus finally acknowledges Rancho as an extraordinary student, allowing the three to graduate. On graduation day, Rancho disappears shortly after the ceremony ends.

text: Returning to the present, Farhan is a successful wildlife photographer, Raju is married and settled with his family in a comfortable lifestyle with a corporate job, and Chatur is the vice president of a reputed corporation in the United States. None of them have heard from Rancho since graduation. Arriving at Shimla, they meet a man who turns out to be the real Ranchoddas Chanchad. From him, they learn that the Rancho they knew was actually "Chhote", an orphaned servant to the Chanchad family. Ranchoddas' father arranged for Chhote to attend ICE in his son's name, so that his son could take credit for the degree. Ranchoddas provides Chhote's address in Ladakh, where he is a school teacher. On the way, they pass Manali and rescue Pia from marrying her materialistic boyfriend Suhas over Chatur's objections; Chatur hurries to seek a business deal with world-renowned scientist and businessman with 400 patents, Phunsukh Wangdu.

text: Upon arrival in Ladakh, the four find the village school, witnessing young students' inventions that resemble Rancho's own college projects. Raju, Farhan, and Pia then happily reunite with Rancho, Pia and Rancho kiss, but Chatur insults Rancho, and asks him to sign a statement that he is the less successful one. Without comment, Rancho does so. As Chatur walks away in triumph, Rancho reveals himself to be Phunsukh Wangdu much to his friends' and Pia's surprise. A horrified Chatur accepts his defeat and begs him to sign the contract while Pia and the three friends run away laughing.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Aamir Khan as Ranchoddas "Rancho" Shamaldas Chanchad / Chhote / Phunsukh Wangdu, one of the titular trio in the engineering college who vanishes after graduation and whom his two friends hunt him for 10 years, while telling stories of their time in college together. Rancho, as a student, was conspicuously ingenious and angry at the inhumanity of the school system. At the end of the film, he is shown to be a famous scientist, entrepreneur and business magnate who also teaches young children when he takes a break from researching.
R. Madhavan as Farhan Qureshi, the film's narrator and one of the trio whose father persuades him to study engineering over his dream career of wildlife photography; in the end he is shown to have published several books of photographs.
Sharman Joshi as Raju Rastogi, another of the trio who comes from an impoverished family with a mother who is a retired school teacher and a paralyzed father who worked as a postman. In the flashback story, his family was unable to afford the car that would be demanded as a dowry for his sister. In the present story, he is a settled married man in Delhi who has freed his family from poverty by becoming a wealthy executive.
Kareena Kapoor as Pia Sahastrabuddhe, Virus' younger daughter, an intelligent and capable doctor. Despite her father's disapproval, she and Rancho fall in love.
Boman Irani as Dr. Viru Sahastrabuddhe, the college's strict director known as "Virus" and Pia and Mona's father who acts as the film's antagonist. He stubbornly sticks to a doctrinal method of teaching, putting him at odds with Rancho. At the end, he is shown to have changed his doctrinal methods of teaching.
Omi Vaidya as Chatur Ramalingam, a Ugandan-Indian educated in Tamil-speaking  Pondicherry who has little knowledge of Hindi. His habit of being gassy due to consumption of pills to enhance his memorization earns him the nickname Silencer. In the present story, he is vice-president of an American company who only discovers his success being overshadowed by Rancho in the end of the film. Baradwaj Rangan of the New Indian Express wrote that Chatur being a Tamil from Uganda makes him "twice removed from the North Indians around him — a stranger to the nation as well as the national language."[26]
Rahul Kumar as young Manmohan (nicknamed Millimetre), and Dushyant Wagh as adult Manmohan (Centimetre). As an adolescent, he earns a small living by doing errands for students, such as laundry, finishing assignments, and getting groceries. Rancho persuades him to buy a school uniform and sneak into school to gain an education. Later he becomes an assistant to Rancho/Phunsukh Wangdu in Ladakh.
Mona Singh as Mona Sahastrabuddhe, Pia's elder sister and Virus's first daughter.
Parikshit Sahni as Mr Qureshi, Farhan's father, a strict but loving parent who just wants his son to be happy.
Farida Dadi as Mrs Qureshi, Farhan's mother, a loving and caring parent.
Amardeep Jha as Mrs Rastogi, Raju's mother, a retired schoolteacher and dedicated mother.
Javed Jaffrey as the real Ranchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad. It is from him that Raju and Farhan learns the truth: the Chanchad's father sponsored an orphaned servant boy called 'Chhote', who had demonstrated his intelligence and love of learning, to earn a degree in his name, while the real Ranchoddas was in London. He does appreciate what Chhote did for him, and tells Raju and Farhan where to find him.
Arun Bali as Shamaldas Chanchad, father of Ranchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad.
Ali Fazal as Joy Lobo, a student with a passion for machines. After Virus tells him that he will not graduate, he commits suicide.
Akhil Mishra as Librarian Dubey
Rohitash Gaud as Ranchoddas'( Real Ranchodas) servant
Achyut Potdar as Machine Class Professor
Madhav Vaze as Joy Lobo's father.
Olivier Sanjay Lafont as Suhas Tandon, Pia's ex-fiancé, who cares only about money and ostentation.
Jayant Kripalani as a company head who conducts Raju's job interview.
Atul Tiwari as Minister in Auditorium
Rajeev Ravindranathan as ragging senior student

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography began on July 28, 2008. Hirani and his team left in late August for the shoot with the principal cast. The film was shot in Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Ladakh, Chail and Shimla.[27] Aamir and rest of the cast began shooting in early September. Hirani planned to wrap up the film by December.[28] The first scene was shot in an aircraft with Madhavan. From Mumbai, the crew and cast comprising Aamir and Kareena went to Ladakh for a 20-day schedule.[29] Filming of the ICE college scenes took place at the Indian Institute of Management  Bangalore campus for 33 days as a part of the second schedule of production. The dormitory scenes were filmed at the institution's female dormitory block.[30]

text: The film is distinctive for featuring real inventions by little-known people in India's backyards. The brains behind these innovations include Remya Jose, a student from Kerala, who created the pedal operated washing-machine;[9][31][32] Mohammad Idris, a barber from Hasanpur Kalan in Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh, who invented a bicycle-powered horse clipper;[10] and Jahangir Painter, a painter from Maharashtra, who made the scooter-powered flour mill.[11] The character Phunsuk Wangdu may have also drawn inspiration from Ladakhi inventor Sonam Wangchuk.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
3 IdiotsSoundtrack album by Shantanu MoitraGenre
Feature film soundtrackLabel
T-SeriesProducer
Shantanu Moitra

tag: table

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingBollywood Hungama[33]Behindwoods[34]Rediff[35]Planet Bollywood[36]

text: The film's soundtrack is composed by Shantanu Moitra with lyrics penned by Swanand Kirkire.

text: Track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Aal Izz Well"Sonu Nigam, Shaan, Swanand Kirkire4:342."Zoobi Doobi"Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal4:063."Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh"Shaan, Shantanu Moitra4:594."Give Me Some Sunshine"Suraj Jagan, Sharman Joshi4:055."Jaane Nahin Denge Tujhe"Sonu Nigam3:306."Zoobi Doobi" (Remix)Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal3:277."Aal Izz Well" (Remix)Sonu Nigam, Shaan, Swanand Kirkire, Jaive Samsun4:41Total length:29:22

text: Release[edit]

text: The film initially opened up on 1550 prints worldwide.[37] 3 Idiots was released in 1800 theaters in India, which was at that time a big domestic release.[38] 3 Idiots was released in 415 screens overseas.[39] 3 idiots was released in 2,215 theaters worldwide.

text: It was expected to be the first Indian film to be officially released on YouTube on 25 March 2010, only 12 weeks after its initial theatrical release. Officially, it was released on YouTube in May 2012, but its access has since been restricted.[40]

text: The film released in Taiwan on December 2010, followed by Hong Kong on 1 September 2011.[41] In China, it was released as San Geshagua ("Three Idiots"),[7] in December 2011.[42] In South Korea, it was released in 2011.[8] Alongside the original Hindi version, a Mandarin Chinese dubbed version was also released, with the popular actress Tang Wei (known for Lust, Caution) voicing Kareena Kapoor's role[43] and Huang Bo voicing Aamir Khan's role (Khan and Bo later collaborated again on Secret Superstar).[44]

text: Following its success in other Asian markets, Japanese distributor Nikkatsu announced plans to release the film in Japan.[45] It was released there in June 2013,[15] with the title きっと、うまくいく (Kitto, Umaku Iku).[46]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's worldwide lifetime gross was ₹459.96 crore (US$90 million),[a][4][5] making it the highest-grossing Indian film ever at the time.[16][50] The film was listed in Guinness World Records for the record of highest box office film gross for a Bollywood film.[51][52]

text: India[edit]

text: The film broke all box office records upon release. It created the highest collection record for paid previews with ₹27.5 million that time, which was broken by Chennai Express (2013).[53][54] In its four-day first weekend, the film netted ₹38 crore (equivalent to ₹68 crore or US$9.5 million in 2017), and broke the record held by Ghajini for the first weekend collections.[55] By the first week, the film netted ₹79 crore (equivalent to ₹141 crore or US$20 million in 2017), again breaking the box office record held by Ghajini.[56] 3 Idiots had nett grossed ₹56 crore (equivalent to ₹100 crore or US$14 million in 2017) in its 2nd week, ₹302.5 million (US$4.2 million) during the third week, ₹16 crore (equivalent to ₹29 crore or US$4.0 million in 2017) in its fourth week and ₹9.75 crore (equivalent to ₹17 crore or US$2.4 million in 2017) in fifth to make a total of ₹202 crore in five weeks,[57] first Indian film ever to collect this huge amount, hence established the ₹200 crore (US$28 million) Club.[58] Its final domestic gross in India was ₹273.82 crore (US$57.05 million).[a]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: 3 Idiots became the then highest-grossing Indian film in overseas markets, with an overseas gross of US$30.5 million (₹186 crore).[a] Its first weekend opening collection overseas was $4 million.[59][60] It set record collections for Indian-produced films in territories such as the United States[61] and Australia.[62] In the United States, the film earned $6.5 million since its opening,[61][62] in addition to over $2.5 million in the United Kingdom, over $2 million in Canada, and nearly $1 million in Australia.[62] 3 Idiots has the biggest first week total in the US with around $3 million over its first four days.[63]

text: East Asia[edit]

text: Unusual for an Indian film at the time, 3 Idiots became a success in East Asian markets.[7] 3 Idiots had a wide release in East Asian markets including China, South Korea and Hong Kong.[64] The film had the longest showing period at cinemas in Taiwan, for more than two months from December 2010, breaking the record of Avatar, with over NT$10 million (US$629,024)[62] grossed. 3 Idiots was the first aired Indian film in Hong Kong, where it grossed HK$22 million at the box office since its showing from 1 September 2011 through January 2012,[41] the equivalent of US$3.02 million.[65][62] It was the 14th highest-grossing film of 2011 at the Hong Kong box office.[66]

text: In South Korea, where it was released in 2011, the film grossed ₩3,416,415,900[67] (US$3,084,647).[68] The film was number-one at the South Korean box office for five weeks,[8] drawing an audience of 459,686 viewers.[69][70]

text: In China, where it is known as San Geshagua ("Three Idiots"),[7] the film grossed ₹11 crore in 2 weeks in December 2011,[42] eventually crossing the $2 million mark within 18 days,[14] and nearly $3 million within a month, as of 5 January 2012.[71]

text: Upon its release in the Japanese market in June 2013, it went on to collect around ¥100 million (₹61 million) in its first two weeks of run – that makes the film the highest grossing Hindi film ever in Japan. Its final gross in Japan was ¥150 million[72] (US$1.6 million).[15] The film's final gross in East Asian markets was US$11,333,671 (₹69.2 crore).[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: Subhash K. Jha stated: "It's not that 3 Idiots is a flawless work of art. But it is a vital, inspiring and life-revising work of contemporary art with some heart imbued into every part. In a country where students are driven to suicide by their impossible curriculum, 3 Idiots provides hope. Maybe cinema can't save lives. But cinema, sure as hell, can make you feel life is worth living. 3 Idiots does just that, and much more. The director takes the definition of entertainment into directions of social comment".[73] Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave it four and a half stars and suggests that, "The film is a laugh riot, despite being high on fundas […] Hirani carries forward his simplistic 'humanism alone works' philosophy of the Lage Raho Munna Bhai series in 3 Idiots too, making it a warm and vivacious signature tune to 2009. The second half of the film does falter in parts, specially the child birth sequence, but it doesn't take long for the film to jump back on track."[74] Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave the film three and a half out of five stars and comments that "this is the sort of movie you'll take home with a smile and a song on your lips."[75] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 3 Idiots four and a half out of five stars and states: "On the whole, 3 Idiots easily ranks amongst Aamir, Rajkumar Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra's finest films. Do yourself and your family a favour: Watch 3 Idiots. It's emotional, it's entertaining, it's enlightening. The film has tremendous youth appeal and feel-good factor to work in a big way."[76] Kaveree Bamzai of India Today gave 3 Idiots five stars and argues that "it's a lovely story, of a man from nowhere who wanted to learn, told like a fairy tale, with the secret heart carrying its coded message of setting all of us free."[77]

text: Sonia Chopra of Sify gave the film 3 stars and said "Though a bit too calculated and designed, 3 Idiots is still an ok option for the significant message, interesting cast and scattered breezy moments."[78] Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film three out of five stars and states: "Going home after watching 3 Idiots I felt like I'd just been to my favorite restaurant only to be a tad under-whelmed by their signature dish. It was a satisfying meal, don't get me wrong, but not the best meal I'd been expecting."[79] Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express also gave it 3 stars, stating "'3 Idiots' does not do as much for me. The emotional truth that shone through both the 'Munnabhai' movies doesn't come through strongly enough."[80] Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film two out of five stars and states: "Rajkumar Hirani's one of the directors of the decade, a man with immense talent and a knack for storytelling. On his debut, he hit a hundred. With his second, he hit a triple century. This time, he fishes outside the offstump, tries to play shots borrowed from other batters, and hits and misses to provide a patchy, 32*-type innings. It's okay, boss, *chalta hai*. Even Sachin has an off day, and we still have great hope."[81]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: The film has received praise overseas. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rare 100% "Fresh" critics' rating based on 11 reviews.[13] Derek Elley of Variety wrote that "3 Idiots takes a while to lay out its game plan but pays off emotionally in its second half." Robert Abele of Los Angeles Times wrote that there's an "unavoidable joie de vivre (symbolized by Rancho's meditative mantra 'All is well') and a performance charm that make this one of the more naturally gregarious Bollywood imports." Louis Proyect described it as a "fabulous achievement across the board. A typical Bollywood confection but also social commentary on a dysfunctional engineering school system that pressures huge numbers of students into suicide."[82]

text: The film was praised by critics in East Asia and Southeast Asia. South China Morning Post wrote that the film "wraps a heavy message in light comedy. It is satire at its best, a powerful indictment of India's education system in which students cram for exams while stifling their dreams."[6] Chaerim Oh of KAIST Herald wrote that "the film never harshly denounces the educational system but instead uncovers disturbing truths and unseen consequences of tremendous pressure upon students" and that "if you don't end up crying like I did (or won't admit that you did), you'll still enjoy the movie."[8] In Japan, Yuri Wakabayashi of Eiga also gave the film a positive review.[83] In the Philippines, Sha Nachino praised the film's social commentary on themes such as friendship, success, and education, noting how Rancho questions the education system and the grading system, and said the film is "beautifully crafted, with some exciting twists".

text: In 2013, renowned Hollywood filmmaker Steven Spielberg praised 3 Idiots, which he had seen three times and said he "loved the emotional undertones." He listed it as one of five films that he connects with, along with The Godfather (1972) and his own work on E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Saving Private Ryan (1998) and Jaws (1975).[84]

text: Pre-release business[edit]

text:
3 Idiots Pre-release business[85]

Territories and ancillary revenues

Price

Satellite rights with a TV channel [Sony]

₹22 crore (US$3.1 million)

Worldwide distribution rights

₹65 crore (US$9.1 million)

Music rights (T~Series)

₹12 crore (US$1.7 million)

Total

₹99 crore (US$14 million)

text: The figures don't include the Print and Advertising (P&A) costs.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film won 52 accolades from Indian film awards; among these are six Filmfare Awards including Best Film and Best Director, three National Film Awards including Best Popular Film, ten Star Screen Awards, sixteen IIFA Awards, five GIMA Awards, two Apsara Awards and seven Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards.

text: In China, it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film prize at the first Beijing International Film Festival in 2011.[22] In Japan, it was nominated in the Best Outstanding Foreign Language Film category at the 37th Japan Academy Awards in 2014;[20][21][86][87] the award was eventually won by Les Miserables. In addition, 3 Idiots won the Grand Prize at the 4th Videoyasan Awards,[18][19] held by a Japanese organisation of home video retailers in 2014;[15] 3 Idiots was selected as 2013's best video release, beating thousands of films, anime and television shows,[19] including domestic Japanese and foreign Hollywood productions.[15]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Prior to the release of the film director Rajkumar Hirani commented on the relationship between Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat and 3 Idiots stating:

text: The day after the film opened, Chetan also noted:

text: A controversy developed a few days after the release, however, over the fact that Chetan's credit, "Based on the novel Five Point Someone by Chetan Bhagat" appeared in the closing credits rather than in the opening ones.[90] At that time, Bhagat stated that he "was expecting an opening credit and I was quite surprised on not seeing it. They had bought the rights, made the payment and committed to a credit in the contract. It's there, but it's not about it being there, it's about the placement and the prominence."[91] In a 31 December 2009 blog post on his personal website, Bhagat stated that he was told the movie was only 2–5% based on the book, but when he saw it, he felt that it was 70% of the book. He also argued that he was misled by the makers of the film, though he noted, that "this has nothing to do with Mr Aamir Khan […] I am a big fan of Aamir and he has made my story reach people. However, he was told by the makers not to read the book, and he hasn't. Thus, he cannot comment on the issue in a meaningful manner."[92]

text: A few people responded to Chetan's statements. According to the Indo-Asian News Service (IANS), during a press conference with reporters producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra "clarified that in the agreement between the producer and Bhagat, it was clearly mentioned that the author's name would be put in the closing credits." IANS also reported that Chopra "lost his cool" and "asked a reporter to shut up after being questioned whether his hit 3 Idiots was lifted from author Chetan Bhagat's book Five Point Someone."[93] Chopra later apologised, stating: "I really think I'm silly. I was provoked, but I shouldn't have done this. I saw myself on TV and saw how I was shouting 'shut up, shut up' like an animal. I told myself — 'what nonsensical behaviour'."[94] Aamir Khan also responded to these claims.[90][95] Rajkumar Hirani stated that "We have officially bought the rights for the film. We drew a contract with him and it clearly mentions about the position of his credit. With open eyes he had seen the contract, consulted his lawyer and signed the agreement […] In the contract, we have said that the title would be given in the rolling credits. We haven't changed the font size. We haven't increased the speed of the title. It's exactly there where it was agreed to be."[96] Chetan Bhagat later apologised stating, "I definitely do not have anything against team 3 Idiots. I may have some issues on the mistake they may have made but nothing about their personality or the kind of people they are. I apologise to their families if there was any distress caused to them. I also want to thank all my fans, who stood by me but I don't want them to turn against anyone especially Aamir."[97]

text: Latika Gupta in an article published in the weekly journal Economic and Political Weekly mentions that the film has serious problems when seen from the gender perspective, in  particular that it follows the trend set by the 2007 film Jab We Met in their use of women's sexual vulnerability to create sensation and humor. In a scene of the movie, students, professors and the chief guest are seen bursting with laughter hearing a speech where the word balatkar (rape) figures 21 times and the word stan (breast) four times (in the English subtitles for international release, the words "screwed" and "bosom" are used instead)..[98]

text: Remakes[edit]

text: Tamil/Telugu remake[edit]

text: This film was remade into Tamil entitled Nanban, in January 2012.[23][24][99]

text: Its dubbed version in Telugu, Snehithudu, released on 26 January 2012 in Andhra Pradesh to positive reviews.[100][101]

text: Mexican remake[edit]

text: A Mexican film remake named 3 Idiotas was released in 2017.[102][103]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Impact[edit]

text: When 3 Idiots made its television debut in July 2010, it drew an audience of 39 million viewers in India.[5]

text: When 3 Idiots released in China, the country was only the 15th largest film market, partly due to China's widespread pirate DVD distribution at the time. However, it was the pirate market that introduced 3 Idiots to most Chinese audiences, becoming a cult hit in the country. Aamir Khan gained a large growing Chinese fanbase as a result. By 2013, China grew to become the world's second largest film market (after the United States), paving the way for Aamir Khan's Chinese box office success, with Dhoom 3 (2013), PK (2014), Dangal (2016)[104] and Secret Superstar (2017).

text: 3 Idiots has been ranked China's 12th favorite film of all time according to ratings on popular Chinese film review site Douban, with only one domestic Chinese film (Farewell My Concubine) ranked higher.[104][105] The film holds an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 on Douban,[105] with over 700,000 votes.[106] On the Korean site Naver, the most popular web portal in South Korea, audiences gave the film an average rating of 9.4 out of 10,[8] and it is one of the top 30 highest-rated films on the site.[107]

text: One reason for its success in East Asian markets such as China and Hong Kong is because of their similar education systems, thus many students were able to identify with the characters.[7] Chaerim Oh of KAIST Herald wrote that the "popularity of the movie, particularly in South Korea, can be traced back to the national background of the overly competitive education system. In Korea, students of all ages - from young elementary children to university graduate students - are trained to study under overwhelming pressure and extremely high academic standards. In short, this movie is, really, our own story."[8]

text: The film had a social impact on attitudes to education in Asia, including education in India[17] as well as other Asian countries.[7] Chinese universities were "even prescribing the film in their coursework as a kind of stress-relief in their classrooms."[43]

text: Big in Bollywood[edit]

text: Big in Bollywood (2011) is a documentary film about American actor Omi Vaidya's journey from a struggling Hollywood actor to a successful Bollywood breakthrough with 3 Idiots.[108]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: When asked about plans of a 3 Idiots sequel in an interview with Hindustan Times, screenwriter Abhijat Joshi replied, saying, "Honestly, I don't know. We have an idea for the 3 Idiots sequel, a Munna Bhai part three, and also for a PK sequel; but the PK and Munna Bhai sequels interest me the most. So, I think the 3 Idiots sequel may happen in the future, but these two I really want to work on."[109]

text: In January 2016, director Rajkumar Hirani and actor Aamir Khan confirmed that they were considering a 3 Idiots sequel. Khan told reporters, ""Raju Hirani has given me a hint about '3 Idiots' sequel and I am giving you all a hint. The film will happen if and whenever he will write the script." Hirani agreed, saying "this is one film that I really want to do."[110]

text:
In June 2018, Hirani was asked a question while promoting his upcoming film Sanju and he was quoted as saying,
“I definitely want to make a sequel to 3 Idiots, But it’s still in the initial stage and we will take a fair amount of time to develop the script.”

text:
The report also said that Hirani will begin shooting for Munna Bhai 3 with Sanjay Dutt once Sanju releases. Work on 3 Idiots will begin only after Hirani is done with Munna Bhai 3.
[111]


document_title: Dharma & Greg

question_text: who played greg's mother in dharma & greg

question_tokens: who played greg 's mother in dharma & greg

text: Dharma & Greg

text: Show summary[edit]

text: Free-spirited yoga instructor/dog walker Dharma Finkelstein and straight-laced lawyer Greg Montgomery marry on their first date despite being complete opposites. Their conflicting views lead to comical situations. Ivy League Greg was raised by wealthy, conservative parents. After graduation from Harvard and Stanford, he went to work with the U.S. Attorney's Office as a federal prosecutor in San Francisco. He then meets Dharma, who was raised by hippie parents. They fall in love immediately and elope. Despite being totally different, their parents eventually learn to tolerate each other.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jenna Elfman as Dharma Freedom Montgomery, née Finkelstein, Greg's wife and a flower child. She is overly cheerful and sensitive, but she is also more compassionate and forgiving than most people. Despite her trust in the goodness of people and persistent good intentions, Dharma is not naive. She understands the real world, employs sarcasm and receives it well. Dharma perseveres in expressing her personality and her identity even in the face of an overwhelmingly opposing world. Dharma encourages Greg to seek happiness rather than fret about practical issues like money. She is named after the concept of dharma in Indian philosophy. A Native American friend of her father gave her the name "Crazy Man's Daughter". She addresses both of her parents by their first names. According to Chuck Lorre's eleventh vanity card (see below), he and Dottie Dartland originally conceived Dharma & Greg as "a series revolving around a woman whose personality is not a neurotic product of societal and parental conditioning, but of her own free-flowing, compassionate mind".
Thomas Gibson as lawyer Gregory Clifford "Greg" Montgomery, Dharma's husband. He is an upright, uptight, decent, though sometimes surprisingly open-minded man. Greg grew up in a conservative Republican family. Greg's life was hopelessly banal before he met Dharma and married her on their first date. Since then, he has played straight man to the antics of his eccentric wife. Though his relationship with Dharma has been rocky at times, Greg has never been shown to regret their marriage. He is an alumnus of elite schools, Phillips Exeter Academy, Harvard University, and Stanford Law School.
Susan Sullivan as Katherine "Kitty" Montgomery, Greg's extravagant mother. In the beginning of the first season Kitty was generally represented as a manipulative, controlling woman who only had higher aspirations for her son. As an elite socialite, Kitty was initially quite displeased to have Dharma and her parents join the family, but over the course of the series, Kitty broadens her limited country club world to become part of a larger family, becoming a major part of Dharma's life, while remaining lovingly manipulative. Despite their vast differences, she recognizes Dharma's place in their family's life, once telling her "We both know you're not the girl I would have picked for Greg. What matters is that you are the girl that Greg did pick."
Mitchell Ryan as Edward Montgomery, Greg's eccentric father. His philosophy for dealing with his wife, Kitty, involves remaining as uninvolved as possible. Head of Montgomery Industries (though he keeps working only because he can see little tugboats out the window) and at odds with Dharma's father, who calls him "Ed" and whom he calls "Finkelstein" in the English custom of gentry's addressing manservants by their last names alone. Edward is a graduate of the University of Notre Dame, of which he is fiercely proud, and partially resents Greg for considering Notre Dame to not be "good enough" for him. Ed is often seen drinking martinis and Scotch.
Mimi Kennedy as Abigail Kathleen "Abby" O'Neil, Dharma's free-spirited, caring mother, who encourages her daughter and son-in-law to produce children: "Feel free to have sex anywhere." Although they have a grown daughter and later a son, she and Dharma's father are not married. She and Larry were engaged and held the wedding ceremony but still did not marry to "stay under the radar". Unlike her "lifemate" Larry, she immediately accepted Greg, though she still constantly annoys and conflicts with his parents. She is a militant vegan, which is a never-ending source of trouble. During her pregnancy in season 4, however, she did make exceptions because of her food cravings. It was mentioned in Invasion of the Buddy Snatcher that she has a degree in ornithological psychology from Berkeley.
Alan Rachins as Myron Lawrence "Larry" Finkelstein, Dharma's "hippie" father. He is a stereotypical sixties radical who frequently rants about various conspiracies, a lot of which revolve around Richard Nixon. He also thinks he's wanted by the FBI, but when Greg discovers he's not, his family goes to great lengths to prove to him that he still is because this is a source of great pride to him. Despite this, he manages to get along with Edward, often when both are sick of dealing with their wives. He homeschooled Dharma in American history, passing on his conspiracy theories, such as the latest Apollo mission secretly burying the missing minutes of the Watergate tapes on the moon. It is often alluded to that Larry is a chronic user of marijuana, though never shown. In the season 4 episode Mother Daughter Reunion, Dharma mentions that Larry has a resistance against most drugs after frequent use. In the pilot episode Abby introduces his usual cluelessness with "he blew out his short term memory back in 1972". He sometimes becomes a "pothead savant" and reveals skills such as his talent for carpentry and his music.
Shae D'Lyn as Jane Deaux, Dharma's friend. She considers all men more or less evil; over the course of the show, her hair went from black, to red, to blonde. She is Canadian and married Pete Cavanaugh in Season 2, and made an attempt to divorce him after six weeks. They eventually divorced in the premiere of the fourth season. She and Dharma met when Dharma dialed a wrong number. D'Lyn left at the end of the fourth season, though she had one "guest appearance" in season five.
Joel Murray as Peter James "Pete" Cavanaugh, Greg's friend and colleague at the Justice Department. A particularly bad, lazy lawyer, he was married to Jane for a time. His entire life can be summed up by the interior of his apartment: a massage chair surrounded by empty take-out containers, next to which is a small refrigerator and a stack of porno tapes. A high-class entertainment center is in front of this. It is said he wears adult diapers to football games. Greg once said of his friend: "Pete went to law school in Barbados; he failed the Bar eight times. The last time because he threw up on the exam." In season 1, he mentions that he worked as a plumber's assistant during college. Pete marries Jane in the second season because neither of them wants to be alone on Valentine's Day.
Helen Greenberg as Marcie, one of Dharma's Co-Op friends; nasal-voiced receptionist, whose vocabulary primarily consists of the words "I'm sorry". Greenberg joined the main cast in season five; she also played a different character in the episode "Drop Dead Gorgeous".
Susan Chuang as Susan Wong, one of Dharma's friends from the Co-Op, she is seen as Marcie's counterpart. Susan also pulls a "Dharma & Greg" with a lawyer, Darrell Gottlieb, hired by Kitty in a community garden spat (her wedding, along with Dharma's accident, was the Season 4 finale). Chuang joined the main cast in season five; she also played a different character in the episode "Looking for the Goodbars".

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lillian Hurst as Celia: Kitty and Edward's Hispanic maid. She is given constant support from Larry, who views her as "oppressed". When Kitty and Edward are out of town, Celia and her family move into the Montgomerys' mansion and invite their friends over, pretending it is their house.
Yeardley Smith as Marlene: Greg's legal secretary whom he fired and then re-hired. She is snide, rude, and a bad secretary in general, though a better "lawyer" than Pete.
Floyd Westerman as George: an elderly Native American, who came to live with Dharma and Greg in the episode "Indian Summer"; he died at the end of the episode, but his ghost sometimes appears to Dharma to offer her advice.
Kathryn Joosten as Claire: an elderly woman who works in Dharma's co-op, along with Susan and Marcie.
J.D. Walsh as Donald: a high school (later college) student who lives in Dharma and Greg's building. He is often given (occasionally unsolicited) advice from Dharma, and sometimes Greg.
Kevin Sorbo as Charlie: a university professor going through a divorce who falls in love with Dharma. His affections, particularly a love letter and offering to drive Dharma home on a rainy day, cause Dharma and Greg to briefly separate in a story arc that alienated many viewers of the show.[citation needed]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
23
September 24, 1997 (1997-09-24)
May 20, 1998 (1998-05-20)

2
24
September 23, 1998 (1998-09-23)
May 26, 1999 (1999-05-26)

3
24
September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21)
May 16, 2000 (2000-05-16)

4
24
October 10, 2000 (2000-10-10)
May 22, 2001 (2001-05-22)

5
24
September 25, 2001 (2001-09-25)
April 30, 2002 (2002-04-30)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

1998
BMI Film & TV Awards
BMI TV Music Award
Dennis C. Brown
Won

Casting Society of America's Artios Award
Best Casting for TV, Comedy Pilot
Nikki Valko
Won

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series
James Burrows (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

Golden Globe Award
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Online Film & Television Association Award[3][4][5]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Best New Comedy Series

Nominated

People's Choice Award
Favorite Television New Comedy Series

Won

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
James Burrows (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

Outstanding Art Direction for a Series
John Shaffner and Anne H. Ahrens (For episode "Invasion of the Buddy Snatcher")
Nominated

Television Critics Association Award
Outstanding New Program

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Viewers for Quality Television Award
Best Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series
Susan Sullivan
Nominated

1999
American Comedy Award
Funniest Female Performer in a TV Series (Leading Role) Network, Cable or Syndication
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

BMI Film & TV Awards
BMI TV Music Award
Dennis C. Brown
Won

Golden Globe Award
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Susan Sullivan
Nominated

Online Film & Television Association Award
Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
TV - Choice Comedy

Nominated

TV Guide Award
Favorite Actress in a Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Won

Viewers for Quality Television Award
Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series
Susan Sullivan
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Award
Episodic Comedy
Dottie Dartland and Chuck Lorre (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

2000
BMI Film & TV Awards
BMI TV Music Award
Dennis C. Brown
Won

Golden Globe Award
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Online Film & Television Association Award
Best Costume Design in a Series

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series
John Shaffner and Anne H. Ahrens (For episode "Hell to the Chief")
Nominated

Satellite Award
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Thomas Gibson
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

TV Guide Award
Favorite Actress in a Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Won

Viewers for Quality Television Award
Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series
Susan Sullivan
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Award
Episodic Comedy
Bill Prady, Eric Zicklin and Chuck Lorre (For episode "The Paper Hat Anniversary")
Nominated

2001
Satellite Award
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

TV Guide Award
Favorite Actress in a Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

2002
Genesis Awards
Television - Comedy Series
"A Fish Tale"
Won

Satellite Award
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jenna Elfman
Nominated

Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

text: Ratings and cancellation[edit]

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The series was a top-25 fixture in the US during its first three seasons, first airing Wednesday at 8:30 p.m., then at 8:00. It was moved to Tuesdays at 9 p.m. during its third season where it experienced a dramatic ratings lift thanks to a lead-in of the then red-hot Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. As ratings for that series waned in 2000/2001, Dharma & Greg suffered a similar fate, compounded by NBC moving Frasier into the same time slot. As Millionaire fell even further and was moved off the night in the fall of 2001, ABC tried to rebuild a Tuesday night comedy block consisting of Dharma & Greg, What About Joan?, Bob Patterson, and Spin City. Bob Patterson and What About Joan? were quickly cancelled while Dharma & Greg and Spin City shared the 8 p.m. hour for the rest of the season.

text: The final episode aired on April 30, 2002 to 6.8 million viewers, compared to the 20 million the series had peaked two years previously. Along with Ally McBeal, Dharma & Greg was one of the last two surviving shows to debut during the 1997–98 season.

text:
Season
Season Premiere
Season Finale
TV Season
Ranking
Viewers
(in millions)

1st
September 24, 1997
May 20, 1998
1997–1998
#25[6]
13.9[6]

2nd
September 23, 1998
May 26, 1999
1998–1999
#25[7]
13.5[7]

3rd
September 21, 1999
May 16, 2000
1999–2000
#14[8]
15.76[8]

4th
October 10, 2000
May 22, 2001
2000–2001
#38[9]
12.3[9]

5th
September 25, 2001
April 30, 2002
2001–2002
#82[10]
8.1[10]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox has released the first two seasons of Dharma & Greg on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete 1st Season
23
June 13, 2006
June 20, 2007
January 11, 2007

The Complete 2nd Season
24
November 11, 2014
April 1, 2008
January 22, 2008

text: Season 2 was released in Australia as a Region 4 PAL on January 22, 2008, with a picture of Dharma and Greg dancing on the cover.[11] It is available in Japan as a Region 2 NTSC format with a picture of them sitting down for the cover art.[12] In the spring of 2008, the second season was released in Europe (Netherlands) as a Region 2 PAL as well. All countries have different covers, and all are using the "dance shot".

text: On November 11, 2014, 20th Century Fox released season 2 in Region 1 via Amazon.com's CreateSpace program. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Amazon.com.[13]

text: Vanity cards[edit]

text: The vanity card for Chuck Lorre Productions at the end of each episode included a message written by producer and show co-creator Chuck Lorre, expressing his personal views on a variety of subjects. Because the card only appeared on the screen for a brief moment, it was usually readable only by those who recorded the program and paused it (although the complete collection of cards has now been posted on Lorre's website).[14]

text: Messages were also included on the vanity cards for later Chuck Lorre Productions shows, such as Two and a Half Men, Mike & Molly, and The Big Bang Theory.

text: Crossovers[edit]

text: Elfman and Gibson had a cameo appearance in the 2011–12 season premiere episode Two and a Half Men "Nice to Meet You, Walden Schmidt". Their characters are not named either in the dialogue or the credits (possibly for legal reasons due to Men's being produced by a different studio),[15] but they appear to be based on Dharma and Greg. While the couple remain married, Greg seems overly tired by his responsibilities and marriage, even going so far as to sarcastically hint at divorce to Evelyn Harper (along with a self-inflicted gunshot gesture) when leaving. Joel Murray also makes a cameo appearance in the episode.[16]


document_title: History of contract bridge

question_text: why is the game of bridge called bridge

question_tokens: why is the game of bridge called bridge

text: History of contract bridge

text: Origins[edit]

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word bridge is the English pronunciation of the game called "biritch". It followed on from whist, which initially was the dominant trick-playing game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. The oldest known reference to the rules of the game dates from 1886 and calls it "Biritch, or Russian Whist".[1] The game featured several significant developments from whist: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so; there was a call of no trumps (biritch); and the dealer's partner's hand became dummy. There were other similarities to bridge: points were scored above and below the line; the score could be doubled and redoubled; scoring a game in one deal required 3 odd tricks in no trumps, 4 in hearts, or 5 in diamonds (although it could not be done at all, undoubled, in clubs or spades); and there were slam bonuses.

text: Despite the popularity of whist,[2] this game, and variants of it, bridge [3] and bridge-whist,[4] became popular in the United States and the UK in the 1890s.

text: In 1904 auction bridge, known for a time as royal auction bridge,[5] was developed where the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for and penalties were introduced for failing to do so.

text: The modern game of contract bridge was the result of innovations to the scoring of auction bridge made by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. The most significant change was that only the tricks contracted for were counted below the line towards game and slam. That made bidding much more challenging and interesting. Another innovation was the concept of vulnerability, a difference in the sizes of penalties incurred by partnerships that have or have not won one game. That discouraged sacrifice bidding to protect the lead in a rubber. Some other scores were adjusted to produce a more balanced game. Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925, and within a few years contract bridge had so supplanted other forms of the game that "bridge" became synonymous with "contract bridge."

text: Boom years[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)

text: Led by Ely Culbertson, contract bridge enjoyed a boom in popularity in the USA and the UK in the 1930s.

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: In the USA and Australia today, bridge is usually duplicate bridge played at clubs, at tournaments, and online. In the UK, bridge is still widely played in private homes (rubber or Chicago) as well as at clubs (duplicate and rubber) and tournaments (duplicate).