document_title: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)

question_text: where did the filming of harry potter take place

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lord Voldemort is tightening his grip on both the wizarding and Muggle worlds, kidnapping Ollivander from Diagon Alley and destroying the Millennium Bridge. After the Malfoy family is disgraced when Lucius is apprehended and sent to Azkaban for his involvement with the Death Eaters, Voldemort chooses Draco to carry out a secret mission at Hogwarts. Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother, seek help from Severus Snape, who claims to have been acting as a mole within the Order of the Phoenix all along. Snape makes an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa to protect Draco and fulfill the assignment if he fails.

text: Harry accompanies Albus Dumbledore from Surbiton to the village of Budleigh Babberton to visit former Potions professor Horace Slughorn. Professor Slughorn has been in hiding but agrees to return to teach at Hogwarts. Dumbledore then takes Harry to The Burrow, where Harry reunites with his best friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. When the three go visit Fred and George Weasley's new joke shop at Diagon Alley, they see Draco entering Knockturn Alley with a group of Death Eaters including Fenrir Greyback. Harry believes Voldemort has made Draco a Death Eater, but Ron and Hermione are skeptical. On the Hogwarts Express, Harry hides in the Slytherin carriage using his Invisibility Cloak. Harry is spotted by Malfoy, who petrifies him and breaks his nose. Harry is found and saved by Luna Lovegood.

text: At Hogwarts, Harry and Ron borrow textbooks for Slughorn's Potions class, and Harry is stuck with a copy that turns out to be filled with helpful notes and spells left by the "Half-Blood Prince". Harry uses the book to excel in the class and impresses Slughorn, winning a vial of Liquid Luck. Ron becomes Keeper of the Gryffindor Quidditch team and forms a romantic relationship with Lavender Brown, upsetting Hermione. Harry consoles Hermione and reveals that he now has feelings for Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley.

text: Harry spends the Christmas holidays with the Weasleys. On Christmas Eve, Harry discusses his suspicions about Draco to the Order of the Phoenix. Harry's suspicions are dismissed by the Order, but later on Arthur Weasley tells Harry privately that the Malfoys may have been interested in a Vanishing Cabinet. Bellatrix and Greyback attack the Burrow and burn it down, drawing Harry into a battle before the Order arrive and fight them off. At Hogwarts, Dumbledore reveals to Harry that Slughorn possesses a memory of Voldemort that Dumbledore needs desperately. Slughorn gave Dumbledore the memory, but it was an altered version that made it appear that Slughorn didn't know anything. Dumbledore shows Harry the altered memory and asks him to confront Slughorn and retrieve the real one, but when Harry brings it up Slughorn gets angry and refuses to talk any more about it. After Ron accidentally ingests a love potion, Harry brings him to Slughorn for a cure and to smooth over their argument from earlier. After curing Ron, the trio celebrate with mead that Slughorn had intended to gift to Dumbledore. The mead poisons Ron, and Harry is forced to save his life after Slughorn hesitates. Ron murmurs Hermione's name while recovering in the infirmary, causing Lavender to end their relationship. Harry confronts Draco about the poisoned mead and a cursed necklace, and the two duel. Harry uses a curse from the Half-Blood Prince's potion book to severely injure Malfoy, who is rescued and healed by Professor Snape. Fearing the potion book may be filled with more Dark Magic, Ginny and Harry hide it in the Room of Requirement and share their first kiss.

text: Harry decides to use his Liquid Luck potion to convince Slughorn to give up the memory Dumbledore needs. Harry views the memory with Dumbledore and learns that Voldemort wanted information for creating Horcruxes, magical objects that could contain pieces of a wizard's soul and save them from death. Dumbledore concludes that Voldemort successfully created seven Horcruxes, two of which have already been destroyed: Tom Riddle's diary and Marvolo Gaunt's ring. Harry and Dumbledore travel to a seaside cave where Harry aids Dumbledore in drinking a potion that hides another Horcrux, Slytherin's locket. A weakened Dumbledore defends them from Inferi and apparates back to Hogwarts. Bellatrix, Greyback, and more Death Eaters enter Hogwarts with Draco's help through the vanishing cabinet in the Room of Requirement that Draco managed to connect to the one he had been working on in Knockturn Alley.

text: Dumbledore instructs Harry to hide and not to interfere no matter what happens. Draco arrives and disarms Dumbledore revealing that he has been chosen by Voldemort to kill the headmaster. When Draco is unable to bring himself to do it, Snape casts the killing curse instead. Harry confronts and attacks Snape, but Snape overpowers him, and reveals himself as the Half-Blood Prince before escaping. Harry returns to Hogwarts, where the students, staff, and a few guests mourn Dumbledore's death. Harry later reveals to Ron and Hermione that the locket Horcrux was a fake. The locket contains a message from "R.A.B.", stating that he has stolen the real Horcrux with the intent of destroying it. Rather than returning for their final year at Hogwarts, the three decide to hold out, and track down the remaining Horcruxes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, one of Harry's two best friends.
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, one of Harry's two best friends.
Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the headmaster of Hogwarts.
Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, one of Voldemort's principal Death Eaters and Draco Malfoy's aunt.
Jim Broadbent as Horace Slughorn, the newly appointed Potions master who held the position before.
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper and Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts.
Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and head of Ravenclaw.
Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's rival and recipient of Voldemort's secret mission.
Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, the former Potions master, current Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and head of Slytherin.
Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Hogwarts Transfiguration teacher, deputy headmistress and head of Gryffindor.
Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew, the Death Eater who betrayed Harry's parents to Voldemort. Pettigrew has no lines in this film, but appears as a servant at Snape's house.
David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and Harry's ex-Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher.
Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Before David Yates was officially chosen to direct the film, many directors had expressed an interest in taking the helm. Alfonso Cuarón, the director of the third film, stated he "would love to have the opportunity" to return.[13] Goblet of Fire director Mike Newell declined a spot to direct the fifth film, and was not approached for this one.[14] Guillermo del Toro turned down the chance to direct the film in order to direct Hellboy II: The Golden Army.[citation needed] Terry Gilliam was Rowling's personal choice to direct Philosopher's Stone. When asked whether he would consider directing a later film, Gilliam said, "Warner Bros. had their chance the first time around, and they blew it."[15]

text: In an interview with Dark Horizons, Yates said that "I was still working on Order of the Phoenix when they asked me to do Half-Blood Prince. So they were really delighted with the material that they were seeing while we were in post-production, and the conversations happened before the movie was released, because I had to start pre-production on it while Order of the Phoenix was being promoted. It was just something they see in the work that they really liked, and responded to."[16] Yates described Half-Blood Prince as being "a cross between the chills of Prisoner of Azkaban and the fantastical adventure of Goblet of Fire."[17]

text: Emma Watson considered not returning for the film,[18] but eventually decided that, "the pluses outweighed the minuses," and could not bear to see anyone else play Hermione. Composer Nicholas Hooper returned from the last film; he included a reworking of John Williams's Hedwig's Theme, which has recurred in all scores. Also maintained were costume designer Jany Temime, visual effects supervisor Tim Burke, creature and make-up effects designer Nick Dudman, and special effects supervisor John Richardson from the third film.[19]

text: Yates and Heyman have noted that some of the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows influenced the script of Half-Blood Prince.[20]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Christian Coulson, who played the young Tom Riddle in Chamber of Secrets, expressed an interest in returning in the role for flashback sequences;[21] Yates responded that Coulson was too old, nearing 30, to be playing the role.[22] Jamie Campbell Bower, who appeared in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, previously noted that he had his "fingers crossed" he would be cast as a young Riddle.[23] (Bower was, however, later cast as the teenage Gellert Grindelwald in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.) Thomas James Longley was the original choice to take on the role but Riddle was ultimately played by Hero Fiennes-Tiffin as a child and Frank Dillane as a teenager.[24][25]

text: Helen McCrory appears as Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother and younger sister of Bellatrix. McCrory was originally cast as Bellatrix in Order of the Phoenix, but had to drop out due to pregnancy.[26] Naomi Watts was previously reported as having accepted the role,[27] only for it to be denied by her agency.[28]

text: Both Clémence Poésy, who has played Fleur Delacour, and Chris Rankin, who has played Percy Weasley, were interested in returning, but did not appear in the film.[29][30] After Bill Nighy expressed an interest in appearing,[31] Yates confirmed that Nighy would be his first choice for the role of Minister for Magic Rufus Scrimgeour.[32] Scrimgeour's character was ultimately cut from the film, but Nighy appeared in his role in Deathly Hallows.[33]

text: Sets[edit]

text: Stuart Craig, the production designer of the first five films, stayed on to design all the sets in Half-Blood Prince.[34] Several new sets are introduced, including Tom Riddle's Orphanage, Astronomy Tower and the Cave. Craig noted that the film used several CGI sets, noticeably the interior of the Cave where Harry and Dumbledore both go to hunt Horcruxes. The exterior of the cave scene was filmed at the Cliffs of Moher in the west of Ireland, the only location to be filmed outside of the United Kingdom throughout the film series. The interior of the cave is made up of geometric crystal formations. Craig noted "Apart from the point at which Harry and Dumbledore first arrive and the island formation on which everything inside the cave happens, the set is entirely virtual, designed in the computer. We'd had our first totally virtual set on the last film, so we approached this one with a bit more confidence."[35]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Before filming began, there was belief that filming might move from the UK, where all previous films were shot. The crew also scouted around Cape Wrath in Scotland, for use in the cave scene.[36] Filming returned to Glen Coe and Glenfinnan, both which have appeared in the previous films, to preserve the continuity of the landscape.[37]

text: Following a week of rehearsals, principal photography began on 24 September 2007 and ended on 17 May 2008.[38] Though Radcliffe, Gambon and Broadbent started shooting in late September 2007, some other cast members started much later: Grint did not begin until November 2007, Watson did not begin until December 2007, Rickman until January 2008, and Bonham Carter until February 2008.[39][40]

text: On the weekend of 6 October 2007, the crew shot scenes involving the Hogwarts Express in the misty and dewy environment of Fort William, Scotland.[37] A series of night scenes were filmed in the village of Lacock and the cloisters at Lacock Abbey for three nights starting 25 October 2007. Filming took place from 5 pm to 5 am daily, and residents of the street were asked to black out their windows with dark blinds.[41][42][43] On set reports indicated that the main scene filmed was Harry and Dumbledore's visit to Slughorn's house.[43] Further filming took place in Surbiton railway station in October 2007,[44] Gloucester Cathedral, where the first and second films were shot, in February 2008,[45][46] and at the Millennium Bridge in London in March 2008.[47]

text: Cinematography[edit]

text: Due to cinematographer Bruno Delbonnel's use of de-focussing and soft wipes in the digital grade, Warner Bros. asked director David Yates to add more colours to the film. Yates didn't want to lose the "very European look" of the film, but after retouching the picture, he said, "It's not what you wanted, but we're happy with it." After five minutes of watching the film, the studio were pleased with the changes.[48][49] In an interview with Total Film, Yates said that "the choice of angles, the extreme close-ups, [and] the pacing of the scenes" made the film "incredibly rich".[50] The palette and lighting was heavily inspired by the Dutch painter Rembrandt.[51] Half-Blood Prince is the only film in the series to be nominated for the Best Cinematography accolade at the Academy Awards.[8]

text: One of the major challenges for Delbonnel was lighting the film. In an interview with the Academy, he said, "Some of the sets are there since the very first Potter. How could I light them in a different way? This question brought another one based on the series itself... I thought it would be interesting to have those very intimate stories amidst this very dark mood. As if the school was a dark character. That's when I suggested to go for this (again) dark moody variations of greys. Fortunately David Yates, and the producers liked the idea." In reference to the cave scene Delbonnel said, "I wanted to have some kind of 'dynamism' with the light. I thought it could be interesting and more dramatic if the light was floating, circling above the characters faces: sometimes lighting them, sometimes hiding them in a very random and unpredictable way."[52]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Tim Burke and Tim Alexander were the visual effects supervisors for the film. Tim Alexander said that completing the Inferi-attack scene took several months. He said, "It's certainly much bolder and scarier than we imagined that they'd ever go in a 'Potter' movie. Director David Yates was cautious of not making this into a zombie movie, so we were constantly trying to figure out how not to make these dead people coming up look like zombies. A lot of it came down to their movement – they don't move fast, but they don't move really slow or groan and moan. We ended up going with a very realistic style." He also noted that Inferi are skinnier than zombies, waterlogged and grey.[53]

text: About Dumbledore's ring of fire, he noted that the effect would look as if someone sprayed propane and then lit it. He added, "We did a lot of research on molten volcanoes, which have a lot of heat going on but no actual flames, and collected a bunch of other references, including flares that burn underwater, and showed them to the Potter folks." The visual effects team emulated these six fire parameters: heat ripples, smoke, buoyancy, viscosity, opacity, and brightness. Since the whole fire scene was very time consuming, computer graphics artist Chris Horvath spent eight months finding a faster way to conjure flames.[54][55]

text: The opening scenes of the Death Eaters' attack on Diagon Alley and London was created by Double Negative, led by VFX Supervisor Paul Franklin. Double Negative spent six months surveying and documenting the environment around the River Thames and Trafalgar Square to create the swooping views of the city. Double Negative also contributed the Pensieve sequences, developing complex directed fluid simulations to realise the swirling world of memory and the past.[56]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Nicholas Hooper, who also composed the music for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The soundtrack was released on an Audio CD format on 14 July 2009, a day before the film was released in cinemas.[57]

text: The album debuted at number twenty-nine on the Billboard 200 chart, thus making it the highest-charting soundtrack among all the six movie soundtracks released.[58] It was nominated for the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.[59]

text: Differences from the book[edit]

text: While at the middle of the series in length, the film Half-Blood Prince did add or change events in the literary canon. The book begins with a scene involving the Muggle Prime Minister. Yates and his crew debated over this scene, as well as the character Rufus Scrimgeour, but gave up the beginning of the movie to events described but not seen in the book.[60] Yates thought it would give the audience a feel for what the Death Eaters were doing if they showed the collapse of the Millennium Bridge rather than describe it.[61] As with Goblet of Fire, the Dursleys were cut, which Steve Kloves did to "break the pattern".[60] Further background of Tom Riddle was removed, such as the Gaunts because they felt it more important to concentrate on Riddle as a young boy, and an additional action scene at the Burrow was added to keep with the tone of the franchise.[60] Yates felt that they needed "an injection of jeopardy and danger" and that without it there was too much comedy and lightness.[62] A small battle scene at Hogwarts which happened during the end of the book was cut; Heyman commented that it was removed to "[avoid] repetition" with the forthcoming adaptation of the Battle of Hogwarts in Deathly Hallows.[60] Dumbledore's funeral was removed as it was believed it did not fit with the rest of the film.[63]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Warner Bros. has spent an estimated $155 million to market and distribute the film.[64] The special edition two-disc DVD for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix contained two sneak peeks of the film,[65][66] while the US edition included an additional clip.[67] A 15-second teaser for the film was shown alongside the IMAX release of The Dark Knight.[68] The first full-length US teaser trailer was released on 29 July on AOL's Moviefone website.[69] An international teaser was released on 26 October[70] and another teaser trailer was released. The US theatrical trailer was released on 14 November.[71] Another trailer was screened on the Japanese TV station Fuji TV during a screening of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire on 18 January 2009.[72][73] Scenes from the film were aired during ABC Family's Harry Potter marathon which took place 5–7 December 2008.[74] On 5 February 2009, the first three promotional teaser posters were released, featuring Dumbledore and Harry.[75] On 5 March and 16 April 2009, new trailers were released by Warner Bros.[76]

text: Warner Bros and MSN ran an online Order of the Phoenix quiz, with the prize being a walk-on part in the Half-Blood Prince.[77] As with the previous films, EA Games produced a video game based on the film.[78] On 10 March 2009, it was announced that there would be a video game soundtrack, which was released on 17 March 2009.[79] On 27 March six character posters were released: Harry, Dumbledore, Ron, Hermione, Draco, and Professor Snape.[80] An English version of the international trailer and a Japanese version of the international trailer were released online 10 April.[81] On 8 May, CW Channel aired 30-second TV Spot, which focused on the romantic side of the film.[82] On 20 May, first clip from the film was released through The Ellen DeGeneres Show's official website, showing love-struck Ron.[83] Another clip of the film, showing Dumbledore visiting Tom Riddle's Orphanage was released on 31 May 2009, at MTV Awards.[84]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Spain and Mexico on 15 July 2009.[85] It was originally set to be released on 21 November 2008,[86] but was pushed back by eight months to 17 July, despite being completed. Warner Bros. executive Alan F. Horn noted that the move was meant "to guarantee the studio a major summer blockbuster in 2009," with other films being delayed due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[87] The box-office success of summer WB films Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and The Dark Knight also motivated the decision.[88] An unnamed rival studio executive told Entertainment Weekly that the move was to "stop next year's profits from looking seriously underwhelming after the phenomenal success of The Dark Knight," as "they don't need the money this year anymore."[89] Dan Fellman, WB head of distribution, said that the studio had considered the date change for three to four weeks prior to the announcement, but gave it serious consideration a week before they came to their final decision.[90] Three months before its release in July, the date was again changed by 2 days from 17 to 15 July, so it could open on a Wednesday like most tentpole summer movies.[91]

text: The date change was met with a heavily negative reaction by Harry Potter fans, as the Los Angeles Times noted: "Petitions were circulating, rumors were flying and angry screeds were being posted on Internet sites within minutes of the Thursday announcement."[88] The move was mocked by Entertainment Weekly which had Half-Blood Prince on the cover on its "Fall Preview Issue". Despite each being owned by Time Warner Inc., EW was unaware of the change until it was publicly announced by WB and noted that readers would now be in possession of a "Dewey Defeats Truman collectible".[89] Several days after the announcement, Horn released a statement in response to the "large amount of disappointment" expressed by fans of the series.[92] Following the date change, Half-Blood Prince's release slot was taken by Summit Entertainment's Twilight[93] and Walt Disney Pictures' Bolt.[94]

text: The sixth film was simultaneously released in regular cinemas and IMAX 3D everywhere but the United States, due to a conflicting agreement in which Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen was given a four-week window by itself in IMAX in that country. Therefore, the IMAX 3D version of the film was released on 29 July 2009 there.[95] The film's opening sequence featuring the destruction of the Millennium Bridge was in 3D.[96] The film had been chosen to be screened at the 2008 Royal Film Performance on 17 November,[97] but was not shown. Cinema and Television Benevolent Fund chief executive Peter Hore noted he was "very disappointed" with Warner Bros' decision.[87]

text: Advance ticket sales on Fandango.com for Half-Blood Prince surpassed advance ticket sales for Transformers 2 at the same point in sale cycles. It is also in MovieTickets.com's top 25 advance sellers of all time.[98]

text: Running 153 minutes (2 hours 33 minutes and 19 seconds) long,[99] Half-Blood Prince is the third longest film in the series, behind Chamber of Secrets (161 minutes)[100] and Goblet of Fire (157 minutes).[101]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Like the previous films, a 1-Disc and 2-Disc Special Edition for the film was released on Blu-ray Disc with a Digital Copy and DVD on 7 December 2009 in the United Kingdom,[102] and 8 December 2009 in the United States.[103] The Blu-ray and DVD includes an 11-minute 38 second feature on the new Wizarding World of Harry Potter mini theme park[104] which opened on 18 June 2010 at Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida. Also included are deleted scenes comprising 8 scenes with a running length of 6 minutes and 31 seconds,[105] and a sneak peek of the next Harry Potter movie, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010).[106] The Blu-ray and DVD released in India,[107] the Philippines, South Africa, Czech Republic and Israel on 16 November 2009, making them the first countries to get the Half Blood Prince DVD release before the UK and the US. The release date for Australia and New Zealand was 18 November and for Brazil[108] and Chile, 19 November. The Blu-ray and 2-disc DVD editions in North America includes a digital copy of the film.[103] In the United Kingdom, the DVD release became the fastest selling DVD of the year with an estimated 840,000 copies of the film sold in a few hours.[109] In the US, the DVD made a strong debut at number one in both the DVD and Blu-Ray markets widely beating out any competition with sales of 4,199,622 copies. Worldwide DVD and Blu-ray sales of the film show that it is the fastest selling film of 2009.[110]

text: On 14 June 2011, an Ultimate Edition was released simultaneously with the Ultimate Edition of the Order of the Phoenix film on both Blu-ray and DVD, containing new bonus features, documentaries, and collectables.[111]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince broke the then-record for biggest midnight showings, making $22.8 million in 3,000 cinemas; The Twilight Saga: New Moon bested this with $26.3 million. Half-Blood Prince opened in the same Wednesday slot that Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix did in 2007, which grossed $12 million in midnight runs, on its way to $139.7 million in its five-day debut in the US.[112] The film's box office run was over on 17 December 2009.[113]

text: The film opened in 4,325 cinemas (rising to 4,455 three weeks later, becoming the largest number of cinemas until The Twilight Saga: Eclipse surpassed it with the 4,468 cinemas)[114] and grossed $58.2 million on its opening day at the top of the United States and Canadian box office, the third-highest Wednesday opening of all time behind Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. It is also the nineteenth-highest single-day gross of all time and the third-highest for a film in the Harry Potter franchise behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2's $91.1 million[115] and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, which made $61.1 million.[116] It earned an additional $46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $104 million, breaking the record for highest single-day worldwide gross, previously held by The Dark Knight.[117] By 20 July, the film had taken in $158.7 million in the US and $236 million from 85 other markets, for a worldwide tally of $394.7 million.[118] This broke the record for biggest ever worldwide five-day opening, surpassing Spider-Man 3's $381 million; this makes the film the fastest to reach the $350 million mark in worldwide box office of all time. In the US, it surpassed all of its predecessors by a wide margin, achieving the sixth largest ever five-day opening in that country.[119] The film held this record for two years until it was topped by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($483.2 million).[120] In the UK, the film grossed £19.75 million (equivalent to about $38.13 million), the highest opening for both the series and releases of 2009.[121] At the end of the film's US and Canadian box office run the total ticket sales of the film were $302 million,[2] making it the third most successful film in the franchise, after Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[122] as well as the third-highest-grossing film of 2009 in these regions behind Avatar and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.[123] As with all of the previous films in the franchise, Half-Blood Prince proved to be extremely successful globally with an estimated non-US total gross of $632.5 million, totalling approximately $934.4 million worldwide,[2] making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2009, behind Avatar, and the 34th-highest-grossing film of all time, unadjusted for inflation. It is the fifth-highest-grossing film in the franchise, behind Philosopher's Stone, both parts of Deathly Hallows, and Order of the Phoenix.[7]

text: In South Africa the film opened with the number one position grossing $789,176,[124] it maintained a number one position during the second week too, with a total of $242,336.[125] In Australia, as in most of the world, the film broke records with a debut of $11,492,142 and opening at number one, maintaining a second week at number one with a total of $5,278,096 (down 54%), and grossed a total of $24,208,243.[126] In France the film debuted at $20,541,239 from 949 cinemas.[127]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 268 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Dark, thrilling, and occasionally quite funny, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is also visually stunning and emotionally satisfying."[128] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating to reviews, the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favourable" reviews.[129] The film scored an 87 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association; it is the first Harry Potter film to receive a Critic's Choice certificate.[130] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[131]

text: The first review of the film came three weeks before the official release. Paul Dergarabedian of Hollywood.com ranked the film with The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and called the film a "possible Oscar contender". He highly praised the performance of Sir Michael Gambon, Alan Rickman and Daniel Radcliffe. He commented, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a tour-de-force that combines style and substance, special effects and heart and most importantly great performances from all of the actors young and not-so-young".[132] Another early review came from the UK tabloid The Sun, whose anonymous reviewer called the film "masterful" and "very emotional". The reviewer praised David Yates' directing and called Jim Broadbent's portrayal of Horace Slughorn "perfect".[133] Devin Faraci of Chud.com called the film not only the best Harry Potter film yet, but also one of the best films of the year.[134]

text: Andrew Pulver of The Guardian wrote a positive review, and gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars rating.[135] Todd McCarthy of the trade magazine Variety said that the film is "dazzlingly well made" and "less fanciful than the previous entries". He praised Alan Rickman's performance and he described Helena Bonham Carter as "mesmerising" and Jim Broadbent as a "grand eccentric old professor".[136] BBC News's Tim Masters praised the film's cinematography, visual effects, production design, improved acting and darker plotline.[137] The Hollywood Reporter's Kirk Honeycutt noted that the film's first half is "jerky and explosive", but in the second half, the film finds better footing. He adds, "Composer Nicholas Hooper, cinematographer Bruno Delbonnel and designer Stuart Craig deliver a singularly muscular and vigorous chapter".[138] Screen Daily called the film "[s]tunningly shot by Bruno Delbonnel in metallic hues leavened by buttery tones and the thumping beats of Nicholas Hooper's score bear little resemblance to the original and the overall effect is much less tween, much more grown-up".[139]

text: Chris Tilly of IGN UK commented on the length of the film, saying "while on occasion it drags, the 153-minute run-time never feels too long, thanks in no small part to the astonishing visuals and (largely) marvellous performances," and goes on to say, "This is by far the best-looking of the Potter films thus far," commending the "beautiful" Quidditch match and the "stunning" finale.[140] However, Dave Golder of SFX magazine found some aspects of the film to be a disappointment, largely due to the large number of opportunities the director and screenwriter had sacrificed to devote "huge swathes of the film to subplots of Harry and his chums' teenage romances," but nevertheless found the film to be a large enjoyment, praising the performances of Jim Broadbent and Alan Rickman.[141]

text: David Stratton, of Margaret and David at the Movies, gave the film a 2.5 out of a possible 5 stars, remarking, "For non-readers [of the Harry Potter series] the films are now borderline incomprehensible", and that the film was "a little tedious" and "generally less interesting visually than its predecessors." He praised the cast, describing them as "consummate", adding Sir Michael Gambon "really makes Dumbledore an imposing character" and Jim Broadbent was "wonderful". Margaret Pomeranz, the co-host of the television show, gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.[142]

text: At the time of its release, Rowling stated that Half-Blood Prince was her "favourite one" of the six film adaptations.[62] Radcliffe, however, was critical of his own performance in the film, stating in an interview in 2014 that he was "just not very good in it", and calling it "hard to watch".[143]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects,[9] and was in the longlists for five other categories, including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman.[144] Bruno Delbonnel was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 82nd Academy Awards.[8] The film was also one of the final seven contenders for Best Visual Effects.[145]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Result
Recipient
Source

82nd Academy Awards
Best Cinematography
Nominated
Bruno Delbonnel
[8]

Art Directors Guild Award
Excellence in Production Design For a Feature Film
Nominated
Stuart Craig
[146]

63rd BAFTA Awards
Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig
Stephenie McMillan
[9]

Best Special Visual Effects
Nominated
John Richardson
Tim Burke
Tim Alexander
Nicolas Aithadi

BAFTA Britannia Awards
Artistic Excellence in Directing
Won
David Yates (for Harry Potter films 5–8)
[147]

BAFTA Kids' Vote
Best Film
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[148]

Digital Spy Movie Award
Best Family Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[149]

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in a Foreign Feature Film
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[150]

Grammy Award
Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture
Nominated
Nicholas Hooper
[59]

IFTA Award
Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Michael Gambon
[151]

IGN
Best Fantasy Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[152]

MTV Movie Awards
Best Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[153]

Best Female Performance
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Male Performance
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Villain
Won
Tom Felton

Best Global Superstar
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

National Movie Awards
Best Family Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[154]

Best Performance
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Nominated
Emma Watson

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[155]

Favourite Franchise
Nominated
Harry Potter

Best On-Screen Team
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Live Action Family Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[156]

RAAM Awards
Film of the Year
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[157]

RAFA Awards
Alan Titchmarsh Show British Film of the Year Award
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[158]

Classic FM Film Music of the Year Award
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Best Use of UK Locations in a Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Film of the Year sponsored by The List
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Satellite Awards
Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[159]

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[160]

Best Costume
Nominated
Jany Temime

Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig

Best Special Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke
John Richardson
Nicholas Aithadi
Tim Alexander

Scream Award
Best Fantasy Film
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[161]

Best Fantasy Actress
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Fantasy Actor
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
Evanna Lynch

Best Villain
Nominated
Helena Bonham Carter

Best F/X
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Best Sequel
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Holy Shit! Scene of the Year
Won
"Death Eaters Attack London" Scene

Best Ensemble
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

SFX Awards
Best Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[162]

Switch Live Award
Favourite Flick
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[163]

2009 Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure
Won
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[164]

2010 Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Fantasy
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
[165]

Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy
Nominated
Emma Watson
[165]

VES Awards
Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
David Basalla
Emily Cobb
Tania Richard
[166]

Young Artist Award
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
Evanna Lynch
[167]


document_title: The Death of Stalin

question_text: who played georgy zhukov in the death of stalin

root

text: The Death of Stalin

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with Radio Moscow broadcasting an orchestral performance of Mozart. Once the performance is complete Joseph Stalin (Adrian Mcloughlin) personally calls the head of the radio station (Paddy Considine) to tell him he wants a recording. Since the performance had not been recorded, the radio station head re-stages it, going to such lengths as bringing in people off the street to replicate the acoustics, bribing the disgruntled lead pianist Maria Yudina (Olga Kurylenko) and pressing into service a nearby conductor, after the original, Spartak Sokolov (Justin Edwards) faints and knocks himself unconscious on a fire bucket.

tag: p

text: When the recording is complete, Maria hides a note to Stalin, telling him that he has ruined the country. Stalin receives the recording, and as he reads the note, he begins laughing but then suffers a cerebral haemorrhage. The next day, Stalin is discovered and the members of the Central Committee are alerted. The first to arrive are rapacious NKVD head Lavrentiy Beria (Simon Russell Beale), who discovers Maria's note, and Deputy General Secretary Georgy Malenkov (Jeffrey Tambor). As Malenkov panics, Beria begins subtly guiding him to take command in Stalin's absence, hoping to use the weak-willed Malenkov as a puppet.

text: Nikita Khrushchev (Steve Buscemi) arrives, followed by the rest of the Committee except for Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov (Michael Palin), who had been unknowingly added to one of Stalin's enemy lists the night before. Two factions swiftly emerge, Beria and Malenkov, and Khrushchev and Minister of Labour Lazar Kaganovich (Dermot Crowley), with the other Committee members remaining neutral but leaning towards Malenkov as his position seems strongest. Beria begins exerting his influence, closing off Moscow and having the NKVD take over all security duties in the city from the Red Army, as well as replacing Stalin's NKVD enemy lists with his own, reprieving Molotov. The two sides struggle for symbolic victories such as control over Stalin's children (Rupert Friend and Andrea Riseborough), until Stalin finally expires. The Committee members all desperately rush back to Moscow, as the NKVD loot Stalin's dacha and execute witnesses.

text: Khrushchev goes to Molotov's home and attempts to enlist his support, but Molotov, as a true believer in Stalinism, opposes any factionalism within the Party, as Beria predicted he would when he chose to spare him. Beria further buys Molotov's loyalty by releasing his wife (Diana Quick) from confinement. Malenkov is named as nominal Premier while being largely controlled by Beria. At the first Committee meeting following Stalin's death, Beria strengthens his own position and sidelines Khrushchev by putting him in charge of Stalin's funeral. He also unexpectedly suggests many of the liberal reforms which Khrushchev himself had planned to introduce. Khrushchev feels compelled to argue against the reforms, but Beria and Malenkov railroad them through.

text: Stalin's body is laid in state in the Hall of Columns for three days, while many political prisoners are released and restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church are loosened, earning Beria more popular support. Meanwhile, Field Marshal Georgy Zhukov (Jason Isaacs), the leader of the Red Army, arrives and demands to know why the Army has been confined to barracks within Moscow. On the third night, Beria learns that Khrushchev has a passing acquaintance with Maria, who was hired to play at the funeral, and threatens her with the note. Realising that Beria could potentially tie him to treasonous activities, Khrushchev approaches Zhukov, who agrees to provide the Army's support in a coup to overthrow Beria, but only if he has the entire Committee with him. In an attempt to undermine Beria's popularity, Khrushchev orders the trains into Moscow to resume, allowing the thousands of mourners who wish to see Stalin's body into the city, hoping to provoke the NKVD. Sure enough, the NKVD guards manning the barricades around the Hall fire on the crowd, killing 1,500 people. The Committee suggests pinning the blame on some low-level NKVD officers, causing Beria to break down and indirectly threaten the Committee by revealing the incriminating documents he has collected on all of them, as he believes any blame attached to the security services will ultimately tarnish him. Beria is able to calm himself and agrees to the plan, but the other members are visibly shaken, except Malenkov, who remains convinced that Beria is his ally.

text: The next day, Molotov secretly meets Khrushchev and Kaganovich, and tells them he will support them but only if they can enlist the support of the others, including Malenkov, as he still opposes any factionalism and desires the Committee to be united. The day of the funeral, Khrushchev fails to gain Malenkov's support, but tells the others and Zhukov that he has, winning the support of the Committee and the Army. The Red Army overwhelms the NKVD and takes up positions in the toilets next to the conference room the Committee will meet in after the funeral. At the meeting, Zhukov and his men take Beria into custody and Khrushchev coerces Malenkov into signing the necessary papers for Beria's arrest and trial. Krushchev and his allies find Beria guilty of treason and hundreds of sex crimes in a kangaroo court, and summarily execute him. As Beria's body is burnt, Khrushchev gives Stalina a one-way plane ticket to Vienna and assurances that her brother will be cared for (as it would be dangerous for him to spread his wild conspiracy theories).

text: Several years later, Khrushchev, now supreme leader of the Soviet Union after removing his co-conspirators, attends a concert given by Maria, while Leonid Brezhnev (Gerald Lepkowski) meaningfully watches him.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Buscemi as Nikita Khrushchev
Simon Russell Beale as Lavrentiy Beria
Paddy Considine as Comrade Andreyev
Rupert Friend as Vasily Stalin
Jason Isaacs as Georgy Zhukov
Michael Palin as Vyacheslav Molotov
Andrea Riseborough as Svetlana Stalina
Jeffrey Tambor as Georgy Malenkov
Adrian Mcloughlin as Joseph Stalin
Olga Kurylenko as Maria Yudina
Paul Whitehouse as Anastas Mikoyan
Paul Chahidi as Nikolai Bulganin
Dermot Crowley as Lazar Kaganovich
Justin Edwards as Spartak Sokolov, conductor
Richard Brake as Tarasov
Jonathan Aris as Mezhnikov
Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Musician
James Barriscale as The General

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The project began development during the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Armando Iannucci was set as director and co-writer, alongside regular collaborators David Schneider,[2] The Thick of It co-writer Ian Martin, and Peter Fellows. Production began 20 June 2016, with Jeffrey Tambor, Steve Buscemi, Olga Kurylenko, Michael Palin, Simon Russell Beale, Paddy Considine, Andrea Riseborough, Adrian Mcloughlin, Rupert Friend, Jason Isaacs, and Paul Whitehouse in the cast.[3][4]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: the film was released by eOne Films in the United Kingdom on 20 October 2017 and is set to be released in the United States by IFC Films on 9 March 2018.[5][6][1] The film was screened in the Platform section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[7] The film received critical acclaim.[8]

text: Ban in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan[edit]

text: Nikolai Starikov, head of the Russian Great Fatherland Party, said the film was an "unfriendly act by the British intellectual class", and said it was very clear that the film was part of an "anti-Russian information war" aimed at discrediting the figure of Stalin.[9]

text: In September 2017, the head of the Public Council of the Russian Ministry of Culture said the Russian authorities were considering a ban on the film which, they alleged, could be part of a "western plot to destabilise Russia by causing rifts in society".[10] On 23 January 2018, two days before film's scheduled release,[11] Russia's Ministry of Culture withdrew the film's distribution certificate, following a screening of the film, attended by film industry figures, State Duma (lower house of Parliament) MPs, representatives of the Russian Historical Society together with members of the Culture Ministry’s Public Board.

text: Russian Culture Ministry’s lawyers, such as the daughter of Marshal Zhukov, Era Zhukova, cinematographers Nikita Mikhalkov, Vladimir Bortko, Sergei Miroshnichenko, Igor Ugolnikov, Alexander Galibin, Head of the Russian State Historical Museum Alexey Levykin and others, petitioned Culture Minister Vladimir Medinsky to withdraw the film's certification, saying "The Death of Stalin is aimed at inciting hatred and enmity, violating the dignity of the Russian (Soviet) people, promoting ethnic and social inferiority, which points to the movie’s extremist nature. We are confident that the movie was made to distort our country’s past so that the thought of the 1950s Soviet Union makes people feel only terror and disgust."[12] The authors defined the movie as insulting, parodying the history of Russia, and denigrating the memory of Russian citizens who fought in World War II. They also pointed out that the National Anthem was accompanied with obscene expressions and offensive attitude, decorations were historically inaccurate, "and the release of the film on the eve of the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad is a spit in the face of all those who died there, and all those who are still alive".[13]

text: The movie was banned in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan.[14] Armenia is the only member of the Eurasian Economic Union to show the comedy.[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Death of Stalin received critical acclaim. The review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 97% rating with an average score of 8.3/10 sampled from 66 reviews, saying: "The Death of Stalin finds director/co-writer Arnando Iannucci in riotous form, bringing his scabrous political humor to bear on a chapter in history with painfully timely parallels".[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 88 out of 100, calculated from 13 critics' reviews, signifying "universal acclaim".[16]

text: Donald Clarke, writing for The Irish Times, wrote that the film "starts in a state of mortal panic and continues in that mode towards its inevitably ghastly conclusion". In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote that "fear rises like gas from a corpse in Armando Iannucci's brilliant horror-satire".

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: A number of academics commented on the historical accuracy of The Death of Stalin. Historian Richard Overy noted in The Guardian that the film "is littered with historical errors", which can be "viewed as cinematic licence",[17] but was most critical that the film did not appropriately honour Stalin's victims. Director Iannucci stated that he "chose to tone down real-life absurdity" to make the work more believable.[18]

text: Samuel Goff, at the Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Cambridge, cited several justifiable historical inaccuracies with the ranks and roles of Stalin's inner circle, but found the film missed the overall point and was unable to locate any of the inherent humour contained in Stalinism.[19]


document_title: History of the periodic table

question_text: the first list of elements and their characteristics was written by

text: History of the periodic table

text: Antiquity to the 18th century[edit]

text: A number of physical elements (such as platinum, mercury, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.

text: Hennig Brand[edit]

text: The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1669 (or later), his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he called "cold fire" (kaltes Feuer).[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.

text: In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed, and into which they are ultimately resolved."[5]

text: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]

text: Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction.[6] This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles. Lavoisier's book contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He has classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: William Prout[edit]

text: In 1815, the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen.[7]

text: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]

text: In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a chemist, began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements.[8] In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.[9]

text: Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.

text:
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium

tag: ol

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[10][11] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds,[12] in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[13]

text: John Newlands[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[14][15][16][11]

text: Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial.[17]

text: The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[18][19][20] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]

text: He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.

text: Mendeleev[edit]

text: The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:

text:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.

text: Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table

text:
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium, discovered in 1885), eka-aluminium (gallium, 1875), and eka-boron (scandium, 1879).[11] Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.

text: Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table

text:
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[24]
The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table.[11]
Polonium and radium, discovered by Marie Curie in 1898, also were difficult to fit into the table.[11]

text: Lothar Meyer[edit]

text: Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table.[11] Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.

text: Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.

text: William Odling[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev.[25] Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.[17]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Frederick Soddy[edit]

text: By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements were found, too many for the periodic table. Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation, many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table.[26] They became known as isotopes, from the Greek eisos topos ("same place").[11][27]

text: Henry Moseley[edit]

text: In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number.[28] He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.

text: Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.

text: Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.

text: Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]

text: During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.

text: Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.


document_title: Ides of March

question_text: who was told beware the ides of march

question_tokens: who was told beware the ides of march

text: Ides of March

text: Ides[edit]

text: The Romans did not number days of a month from the first to the last day. Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st of the following month). The Ides occurred near the midpoint, on the 13th for most months, but on the 15th for March, May, July, and October. The Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar. On the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year.[3]

text: Religious observances[edit]

text: The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high priest, led the "Ides sheep" (ovis Idulius) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx, where it was sacrificed.[4]

text: In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin annus) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry.[5] One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March.[6] This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos ritual, involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year.[7][8]

text: In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis,[9][10][11] being the day Canna intrat ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river.[12] He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the Magna Mater ("Great Mother") (narratives differ).[13] A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemmoration of Arbor intrat ("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the dendrophoroi ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree,[14] hung from it an image of Attis,[15] and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius (d. 54 AD).[16] A three-day period of mourning followed,[17] culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar.[18]

text: Assassination of Caesar[edit]

text: In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch,[19] a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March. On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, "The Ides of March are come", implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied "Aye, Caesar; but not gone."[19] This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to "beware the Ides of March."[20][21] The Roman biographer Suetonius[22] identifies the "seer" as a haruspex named Spurinna.

text: Caesar's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic, and triggered the civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian (later known as Augustus).[23] Writing under Augustus, Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege, since Caesar was also the Pontifex Maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta.[24] On the fourth anniversary of Caesar's death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 senators and knights who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony.[25] The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death. Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice,[26][27] noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius.


document_title: Stone Mountain

question_text: what type of geologic feature is stone mountain

text: Stone Mountain

text: Geology[edit]

text: Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion. Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago (during the Carboniferous period), part of the Appalachian Mountains.[6] It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.

text: The Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles (14 km) at its longest point into Gwinnett County. Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".[7] This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration. Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite[8] to granite and granodiorite.[9]

text: The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline. The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal[10] crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.

text: The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, both in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain.

text: Natural history[edit]

text: The top of the mountain is a landscape of bare rock and rock pools, and it provides views of the surrounding area including the skyline of downtown Atlanta, often Kennesaw Mountain, and on very clear days even the Appalachian Mountains. On some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet. The clear freshwater pools on the summit form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions, and are home to unusual clam shrimp and fairy shrimp. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season. Through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs (or cysts) can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions.

text: The mountain's lower slopes are wooded. The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy (Helianthus porteri) flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas.

text: Confederate Memorial[edit]

text: The largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, the Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Confederate leaders of the Civil War: President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (and their favorite horses, "Blackjack", "Traveller", and "Little Sorrel", respectively). The entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres (6,400 m2). The carving of the three men towers 400 feet (120 m) above the ground, measures 76 by 158 feet (23 by 48 m), and is recessed 42 feet (13 m) into the mountain. The deepest point of the carving is at Lee's right elbow, which is 12 feet (3.7 m) to the mountain's surface.[11]

text: The carving was conceived by Mrs. C. Helen Plane,[12] a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). The Venable Brothers, owners of the mountain, deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916. The UDC was given 12 years to complete a sizable Civil War monument. Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to do the carving. Borglum abandoned the project in 1925 (and later went on to begin Mount Rushmore). The US Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative silver US half dollar, bearing the words "Stone Mountain", as part of a fundraiser for the monument.[13] American sculptor Augustus Lukeman continued until 1928, when further work stopped for thirty years. In 1941 segregationist Governor Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) to continue work on the memorial, but the project was delayed once again by the U.S. entry into World War II (1941–45).[14]

text: In response to Brown v. Board of Education of 1954, and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement, in 1958, at the urging of segregationist Governor Marvin Griffin,[5]:21 the Georgia legislature approved a measure to purchase Stone Mountain at a price of $1,125,000. In 1963, Walker Hancock was selected to complete the carving, and work began in 1964. The carving was completed by Roy Faulkner, who later operated the Stone Mountain Carving Museum (now closed) on nearby Memorial Drive commemorating the carving's history.[15] The carving was completed on March 3, 1972.[16] An extensive archival collection related to the project is now at Emory University, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1915 to 1930; the finding aid provides a history of the project, and an index of the papers contained in the collection.[12]

text: Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 — 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination.[5] Four flags of the Confederacy are flown.[17] The Stone Mountain Memorial Lawn "contains...thirteen terraces — one for each Confederate state.... Each terrace flies the flag that the state flew as member of the Confederacy."[18]

text: Carving and the Ku Klux Klan[edit]

text: The revival of the Ku Klux Klan was emboldened by the release of D. W. Griffith's Klan-glorifying film The Birth of a Nation (1915).[19] It was followed in August by the highly publicized lynching of Leo Frank in nearby Marietta, Georgia. On November 25 of the same year, Thanksgiving Day, a small group, including fifteen robed and hooded "charter members" of the new organization, met at the summit of Stone Mountain to create a new iteration of the Klan. They were led by William J. Simmons, and included two elderly members of the original Klan. As part of their ceremony, they set up on the summit an altar covered with a flag, opened a Bible, and burned a 16-foot cross.[5]:20[20]

text: Fundraising for the monument resumed in 1923. In October of that year, Venable granted the Klan easement with perpetual right to hold celebrations as they desired.[21] The influence of the UDC continued, in support of Mrs. Plane's vision of a carving explicitly for the purpose of creating a Confederate memorial. She suggested in a letter to the first sculptor, Gutzon Borglum:

text: I feel it is due to the Klan[,] which saved us from Negro dominations [sic] and carpetbag rule, that it be immortalized on Stone Mountain. Why not represent a small group of them in their nightly uniform approaching in the distance?[5]:21[14]

text: The UDC established the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association (SMCMA) for fundraising and on-site supervision of the project. Venable and Borglum, who were both closely associated with the Klan, arranged to pack the SMCMA with Klan members.[22] The SMCMA, along with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, continued fundraising efforts. Of the $250,000 raised, part came from the federal government, which in 1925 issued special fifty-cent coins with the soldiers Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on them.[23] The image on the verso of the coin was based upon 'The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson'[24] executed in 1869 by Everett B. D. Fabrino Julio (American, b. St. Helena 1843 – 1879, emigrated to US 1860) itself an icon of 'Lost Cause' mythology, now in the American Civil War Museum (until 2012 the Museum of the Confederacy), Richmond VA. [25] When the state completed the purchase in 1960, it condemned the property to remove Venable's agreement to allow the Klan perpetual right to hold meetings on the premises.[22]

text: Confederate Memorial controversy[edit]

text: After the Charleston church shooting in the summer of 2015, Stone Mountain was the subject of a political debate related to the removal of symbols of the Confederacy.[26] This controversy was stimulated by a movement in other states to remove the Confederate battle flag and statues of Confederate leaders from public areas.

text: A proposal was made to remove the Confederate carving from Stone Mountain Park.[27] However, according to Georgia state law, no one is allowed to alter the figures carved upon the stone face. Any changes within the state park would require approval by the state legislature.[28]

text: On October 11, 2015, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported the park is considering a proposal of a permanent "Freedom Bell" honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. and the line "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia" as part of King's "I Have A Dream" speech of 1963.[29] The proposed monument is inspired by a bell-ringing ceremony held in 2013 honoring the 50th anniversary of King's speech. It is not supported by the NAACP or King-founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who want the Confederate symbols removed.[30]

text: In August 2017, after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia - a white nationalist protest against the removal of a Confederate monument - turned violent, many people across the country again demanded the removal of many Confederate monuments and memorials as a part of a national political debate.[31][32][33] Georgia State Representative and gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams called for the removal of Stone Mountain's carving.[34]

text: History[edit]

text: Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory. When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers, its summit was encircled by a rock wall, similar to that still to be found on Georgia's Fort Mountain. The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area, although its purpose remains unclear. By the beginning of the 20th century, the wall had disappeared, the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs, rolled down the rockface, or removed by the commercial quarrying operation. The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail, a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area.

text: Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1567, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was "very high, shining when the sun set like a fire."[further explanation needed] By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.

text: In the early 19th century, the area was known as Rock Mountain. After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822, Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area; it was common for young couples on dates to ride to the mountain on horseback. The mountain is easy to climb and there has been a path since the nineteenth century.

text: Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a 165 feet (50 m) wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838, but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851. Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road, and then walk up the 1.1-mile (1.8 km) mountaintop trail to the top, where Cloud also had a restaurant and club.

text: Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s, but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847. This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869. Over the years, Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures, including the locks of the Panama Canal, the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. In recent years, granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King's honor; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China.[35] Unfortunately, quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain.

text: In 1887 Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta, who quarried the mountain for 24 more years, and descendents of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in the 1950s.

text: Martin Luther King, Jr. mentioned the monument in his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., when he said "let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!"[36]

text: During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis, archery and track cycling.[37][38] The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail.[39]

text: Some of the outdoor scenes for the Netflix series Stranger Things were filmed in the park.[40]

text: Aviation incidents[edit]

text: According to George Weiblen's annotated calendar for Monday, May 7, 1928: "Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8:00 P.M."[citation needed] The pilot, Johnny S. Kytle (1905–1931), not only survived the crash, but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain.

text: Around dusk on September 16, 2003, in clear weather, a small airplane circled the mountain five times, then crashed headlong into the south side, burst into flames and killed the pilot. A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot, a 69-year-old accountant, had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain. The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as "The pilot's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol."[41]

text: Governance[edit]

text: Stone Mountain Park, which surrounds the Confederate Memorial, is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, a Georgia state authority. The Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation currently has a long-term contract to operate park attractions while the Stone Mountain Memorial Association retains ownership and the right to reject any project deemed unfit.

text: Places of interest[edit]

text: Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA, is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area. A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called "The Battle for Georgia".

text: The education department is host to thousands of students each school year, teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history. Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.

text: The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open-air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, which have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation. The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations. The farm features a petting zoo.

text: A 732-bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair provides a daily concert.

text: A covered bridge, dating from 1892, which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.[42]

text: A grist mill, dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965.

text: Broadcast tower[edit]

text: The short broadcast tower on the top of the mountain transmits two non-commercial stations: television station WGTV TV 8, and weather radio station KEC80 on 162.55 MHz. FM radio station WABE FM 90.1 was located on this tower from 1984 until 2005, when it was required to relocate to accommodate WGTV's digital conversion.[citation needed] W266BW FM 101.1 now has a permit as well. Atop the tower also sits the W4BOC Amateur Radio repeater, which operates on a frequency of 146.760 mhz.

text: The tower is also used for the park's Project 25 two-way radio systems.[43][44]

text: Scenic Railroad[edit]

text: Stone Mountain trails[edit]

text: Walk Up Trail: A 1.3-mile (2.1 km) trail to the top of Stone Mountain ascending 786 ft (240 m) in elevation to a height of 1,686 ft (514 m). The trail is steep, but spectacular panoramic views and cool winds await hikers at the top.

text: Cherokee Trail: A 5-mile (8 km) National Recreation Trail, the Cherokee Trail loops around the mountain base, with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain (crosses Walk Up Trail). It passes primarily through an oak-hickory forest, but views of the lakes, streams, and mountain are common.[45]

text: Nature Garden Trail: A scenic 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) loop trail through a mature oak-hickory forest community, it is excellent for viewing shade-loving native plants. A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail.

text: Songbird Habitat Trails: Comprising two loop trails each running 1 mile (1.6 km), the field trail is an excellent birding spot and the woodland trail provides shade and numerous native plants. Dogs are not allowed.

text: Attractions[edit]

text: The Park features several attractions that are operated by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation.

text: On summer evenings the mountain hosts the Stone Mountain Laser Show Spectacular, a fireworks and laser light display. The laser lightshow projects moving images of the Deep South as well as Georgia history onto the Confederate Memorial carving on the side of the mountain. During Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, Stone Mountain unveiled its overhaul of the laser show, dubbed Mountainvision. This incorporates digital projectors, lasers, special effects, and pyrotechnics.[46]

text: The Skyride, a Swiss-built cable car to the summit of the mountain, passes by the carving on the way up.

text: The Riverboat offered a scenic cruise aboard a reproduction of a Mississippi riverboat on 363-acre (147 ha) Stone Mountain Lake. It has been retired.

text: The Antebellum Plantation is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia, including three plantation manor-houses dating from 1794, 1850, and 1845; two slave cabins; a barn; and other outbuildings. The Plantation Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep, goats, and pigs that guests can pet.

text: Crossroads is a recreation of an 1872 southern town with several attractions that include a modern 4-D movie theater, an adventure mini-golf course, a duck tour ride, stores and restaurants. Craft demonstrators include glass blowing and candy-making. Among other attractions in this area:

text: The Great Barn is a children's activity area that features 65 interactive games, climbing structures, trampoline floors, slides and more.

text: Sky Hike is a family ropes adventure course. Guests can choose their own path and level of challenge.

text: Geyser Towers is a playground featuring a large fountain at the entrance, so guests have the option of climbing through the course or getting wet.


document_title: National Alliance to End Homelessness

question_text: who founded the national alliance to end homelessness

text: National Alliance to End Homelessness

text: Founding and Structure[edit]

text: In 1983, the National Citizens Committee for Food and Shelter was established to meet the emergency needs of the homeless population. In 1987, the Committee determined that a more comprehensive approach was necessary and created the National Alliance to End Homelessness.[1]

text: The current President and CEO is Nan Roman. Ms. Roman works with the Board of Directors and the Alliance's staff to execute its mission. Current members of the Board include  Susan Baker, Co-Founder,Elizabeth Boyle, Co-Founder; Mike Lowry, Gary M. Parsons, Robert Villency, President Nan Roman, Henry Cisneros, Stephen Coyle, Kenneth M. Duberstein, Jeffery Hayward, G. Allan Kingston, The Honorable John J. LaPalce, Tim Marx, Irene Mabry Moses, D. William Moreau, Norman B. Rice, Michael R. Steed, Robert D. Stillman, and Judy Woodruff.[3]

text: In addition to its board and staff, the Alliance partners with over 10,000 public agencies and community providers.

text: In 2000 Ms. Roman launched A Plan, Not a Dream: How to End Homelessness in Ten Years, – a revolutionary nationwide initiative that provided a step-by-step community-based plan to end homelessness in a decade.[5] By 2010, there are 234 completed plans to end homelessness across the United States.[6]

text: Charity Watch rates the National Alliance to End Homelessness an "A+".[7] Ending Homelessness Through Public Policy: Nan Roman, CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness

text:
When Nan Roman first worked for the Institute for Poverty Studies, the concept of homelessness was not discussed. There was a phenomenon called "residential displacement" and there was a concern that "if we keep tearing down all this affordable housing and converting apartments into condos and co-ops, there won’t be enough housing for low-income people." At the time the federal government was not concerned because they believed "widespread homelessness would never be accepted in the U.S." She later turned her focus to alleviating poverty by impacting public policy.[8]
Ms. Roman is a valued resource person for the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness(USICH)[9]

text: Publications[edit]

text: The Homelessness Research Institute (HRI), the research branch of the Alliance, publishes an annual report, the State of Homelessness in America [10][11]

text: Definition of homelessness[edit]

text:
The Homelessness Research Institute (HRI), the research arm of the National Alliance to End Homelessness uses the definition for "homelessness" or "homeless" set by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which considers an individual homeless if he or she lives in an emergency shelter, transitional housing program, haven, or a place not meant for human habitation, such as a car, abandoned buildings, or on the street.
Continuums of Care (CoCs) are the local or regional planning bodies that coordinate services and funding for individuals and families experiencing homelessness."[11]

text: Conferences[edit]

text: The Alliance hosts two conferences, the National Conference on Ending Homelessness and the National Conference on Ending Family and Youth Homelessness [12][13] The 2015 National Conference on Ending Family and Youth Homelessness took place on February 18 to 20 at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel and Marina.[14] The 2015 National Conference on Ending Homelessness will take place at the Renaissance Hotel in Washington DC from July 15 to 17.[15]

text: Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness[edit]

text: In 2012 the Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness was formed with Alex Himelfarb as the Chair, Tim Richter as Vice- Chair and Stephen Gaetz as secretary. Their objectives are similar to those National Alliance to End Homelessness, and they are actively supporting 10-year plans in Canada. In 2008 Alberta became the first Canadian province to adopt a 10-year plan with its two major cities, Calgary and Edmonton. Other cities soon followed.[16] As President and CEO of the Calgary Homeless Foundation, Tim Richter led the implementation of Calgary, Alberta's 10 Year Plan to End Homelessness from 2008 to 2012 which included the introduction of the Housing First program including the Pathways to Housing program.[17]


document_title: Straight from the Heart (song)

question_text: who sings the song straight from the heart

text: Straight from the Heart (song)

text:
"Straight from the Heart"

7" Cover

Single by Bryan Adams

from the album Cuts Like a Knife

B-side
"One Good Reason"

Released
February 1983 (US)

Format
7"

Genre
Soft rock

Length
3:32

Label
A&M

Songwriter(s)
Bryan Adams, Eric Kagna

Producer(s)
Bryan Adams and Bob Clearmountain

Bryan Adams singles chronology

"Lonely Nights"
(1982)
"Straight from the Heart"
(1983)
"Cuts Like a Knife"
(1983)

"Lonely Nights"
(1982)
"Straight from the Heart"
(1983)
"Cuts Like a Knife"
(1983)

CD Single

Audio sample

file
help

tag: table

text: "Straight from the Heart" is a song by Canadian rock musician Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1983 as the lead single from his third studio album, Cuts Like a Knife. It was his breakthrough song in the U.S., the first to make the top 40, reaching number 10.[1] It also peaked at #32 on the Adult Contemporary chart, the first Bryan Adams single to appear on that chart.

text: Background[edit]

text: Adams wrote the song when he was 18 in the late 1970s. Although Adams did not release his version of the song until 1983, the song was first recorded by Ian Lloyd in 1980, on his album Third Wave Civilization.[2] Australian singer Jon English recorded the song for his 1981 album, In Roads. The song peaked at number 72 in Australia. Later, the song was covered by teen band Rosetta Stone in 1982 (issued as a single in November that year, a month before Adams' version came out as a single). Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler released it on a 45 in the US in May 1983. It was featured on her 1983 album Faster Than the Speed of Night.

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Chart (1983)
Peak
position

Australia (Kent Music Report)[3]
98

Canada Top Singles (RPM)
20

UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)
51

US Billboard Hot 100[4]
10

US Billboard Adult Contemporary[5]
29

US Billboard Mainstream Rock[4]
32