document_title: Encomienda

question_text: how were some of the indigenous workers able to escape the encomienda system

text: Encomienda

text: History[edit]

text: The heart of encomienda and encomendero lies in the Spanish verb encomendar, "to entrust". The encomienda was based on the reconquista institution in which adelantados were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas that they had conquered and resettled.[6]

text: The encomienda system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution in that encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero; Indian lands were to remain in the possession of their communities.

text: This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and not to the Catholic monarchs as a whole.[7]

text: Encomenderos[edit]

text: The first grantees of the encomienda or encomenderos were usually conquerors who received these grants of labor by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving encomiendas in New Spain (Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.

text: In his study of the encomenderos of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of Hernan Cortes's original expedition, calling them "first conquerors" and those who were members of the later Narváez expedition who were incorporated into Cortes's contingent, calling them "conquerors". He designated as pobladores antiguos (old settlers), a group of undetermined number of encomenderos in New Spain, men who were resident in the Caribbean prior to the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

text: Holders of encomiendas also included women and indigenous notables. The daughter of Doña Marina and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, Doña Maria Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's encomiendas.[8] Two of Moctezuma's daughters, Doña Isabel Moctezuma and her younger sister, Doña Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive encomiendas in perpetuity by Hernan Cortes. Doña Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the encomiendas to her daughter by her second husband.[9][10][11] Vassal Inca rulers established after the conquest also sought and were granted encomiendas.

text: The status of humans as wards of the trustees under the encomienda system served to "define the status of the Indian population": the natives were free men, not slaves or serfs, even though some Spaniards often treated them as poorly as slaves.

text: The encomienda was essential to the Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization, because it was the first major organizational law instituted on a continent where disease, war and turmoil reigned. Indeed, the settler-conquistadors knew the fury of the aroused Indian lords; voyagers, explorers, and the friars did not.[12] Initially, the encomienda system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and Upper Peru. The encomienda lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.[13]

text: In the Philippines, the encomienda was granted also to the local nobles (principalía), through the law enacted by Philip II, on 11 June, 1594. It was used to acquire ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (like Makati) continue to be owned by affluent families.[14]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: In 1503, the crown began to formally grant encomiendas to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of encomiendas was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as reducciones, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.

text: Each reducción had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the laborers in his community. The encomienda system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the encomendero and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major crown reform in 1542, known as the New Laws, encomendero families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, recipients rebelled against the crown, killing the viceroy, Don Blasco Núñez Vela.

text: In Mexico, viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza prudently decided to not institute the reform, citing local circumstances of the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order."[15] The encomienda system did eventually come to a legal end in 1720, when the crown made a new attempt at eradicating the institution. The encomenderos were then required to pay remaining encomienda laborers for their work.

text: The encomiendas became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepcion, north of Santo Domingo, the adelantado of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion.[16] Upon hearing this, the Adelantado captured the caciques involved and had most of them hanged.

text: Later on, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an Indian-Spanish army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana forces under his leadership.[17] Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces and, through sheer exasperation, helped the Spaniards deal with the ignorance to the surrounding environment.[18]

text: Initially, the encomendado was supposed to be returned to the crown after two generations; however, in some regions this was frequently overlooked. In Codice Osuna, one of many colonial era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl there is evidence that indigenous were well aware of the status of indigenous communities as being held by individual encomenderos and those held by the crown.[19] In 1574, the Viceroy of Peru Diego Lopez de Velasco investigated the encomiendas and concluded that there were 32,000 Spanish families in the New World, 4,000 of which had encomiendas. There were 1,500,000 natives paying tribute, and 5 million "civilized" natives.[20]

text: The phrase "sin indios no hay Indias" (without Indians, there are no Indies – i.e. America), popular in America especially in the 16th century, emphasizes the economic importance and appeal of this indentured labor, even above that of precious metals or other natural resources. Land awardees customarily complained about how "worthless" territory was, unless it also comprised a population of encomendados.

text: Abolition[edit]

text: The encomienda system has been the subject of controversy since 1510. When an Hispaniola encomendero named Valenzuela had Native American leaders killed who had turned in for peace talks in full confidence, the Taino Cacique Enriquillo rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. By 1538, Emperor Charles V realized the seriousness of the Taíno revolt and compelled policy changes over the labor of the Indians.[21] Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the audiencia was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also made two failed attempts to end the abuses of the encomienda system, through the Law of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Law of the Indies (1542). Furthermore, these laws were indeed beneficial to the authorities.

text: The priest of Hispaniola and former encomendero Bartolomé de las Casas underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the encomienda system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an important debate, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the encomienda system.[22] The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the Viceroyalty of Peru. When Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the encomienda, many of the encomenderos were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.

text: Nevertheless, the encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-century.[13] Like the encomienda, the new repartimento did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the crown, who, through a local crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The repartimiento was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour".[13] As the number of natives declined and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the hacienda, or large landed estates in which laborers were directly employed by the hacienda owners (hacendados), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labor.[23]

text: The encomienda was strongly based on the encomendado's tribal identity. Mixed-race (Mestizo) individuals, for example, could not by law be subjected to the encomienda. This moved many Amerindians to deliberately seek to dilute their tribal identity and that of their descendants as a way for them to escape the service, by seeking intermarriage with people from different ethnicities, especially Spaniards or Creoles. In this way the encomienda somewhat weakened Amerindians' tribal identification and ethnicity, which in turn diminished the pool of available encomendados.


document_title: Ise Grand Shrine

question_text: why is the naiku (inner) shrine at ise rebuilt every twenty years

question_tokens: why is the naiku ( inner ) shrine at ise rebuilt every twenty years

root

text: Ise Grand Shrine

text: Establishment of the Shrine[edit]

text: According to the Nihon Shoki, around 2000 years ago the divine Yamatohime-no-mikoto, daughter of the Emperor Suinin, set out from Mt. Miwa in modern Nara Prefecture in search of a permanent location to worship the goddess Amaterasu, wandering for 20 years through the regions of Ohmi and Mino. Her search eventually brought her to Ise, in modern Mie Prefecture, where she is said to have established Naikū after hearing the voice of Amaterasu saying "(Ise) is a secluded and pleasant land. In this land I wish to dwell."[4] Before Yamatohime-no-mikoto's journey, Amaterasu had been worshiped at the imperial residence in Yamato, then briefly at Kasanui in the eastern Nara basin. When Princess Yamatohime-no-mikoto arrived at the village of Uji-tachi, she set up fifty bells to designate the area as enshrined for the goddess Amaterasu, which is why the river is called the Isuzu, or "fifty bells".[5]

tag: p

text: Besides the traditional establishment date of 4 BCE,[6] other dates of the 3rd and 5th centuries have been put forward for the establishment of Naikū and Gekū respectively. The first shrine building at Naikū was erected by Emperor Tenmu (678-686), with the first ceremonial rebuilding being carried out by his wife, Empress Jitō, in 692.[7]

text: The shrine was foremost among a group of shrines which became objects of imperial patronage in the early Heian period.[8] In 965, Emperor Murakami ordered imperial messengers to be sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These heihaku were initially presented to 16 shrines including the Ise Shrine.[9]

text: Chief priestess / chief priest[edit]

text: From the late 7th century until the 14th century, the role of chief priestess of Ise Shrine was carried out by a female member of the Imperial House of Japan known as a saiō. According to the Man'yōshū, the first saiō to serve at the shrine was Princess Ōku, daughter of Emperor Tenmu, during the Asuka period. Mention of Ise Shrine's saiō is also made in the Aoi, Sakaki and Yugao chapters of The Tale of Genji as well as in the 69th chapter of The Tales of Ise. The saiō system ended during the turmoil of the Nanboku-chō period.

text: During the Empire of Japan and the establishment of State Shinto, the position of chief priest of the Ise Shrine was fulfilled by the reigning emperor and the Meiji, Taisho and Shōwa Emperors all played the role of chief priest during their reigns.

text: Since the disestablishment of State Shinto during the Occupation of Japan, the offices of chief priest and most sacred priestess have been held by former members of the imperial family or their descendants. The current chief priest of the shrine is Takatsukasa Naotake, adoptive son of Takatsukasa Kazuko. He succeeded Kitashirakawa Michihisa, a great-grandson of the Meiji Emperor, in 2007. Kitashirakawa Michihisa succeeded his cousin Kuni Kuniaki, the eldest son of former Prince Kuni Asaakira (brother of Empress Kōjun), in 2001. Kitashirakawa's grandmother, Kitashirakawa Fusako, the seventh daughter of the Meiji Emperor, served as most sacred priestess of the Ise Shrine from 1947 until her death in 1974. She was succeeded in that post by Takatsukasa Kazuko, third daughter of the Emperor Shōwa, who held the post until ill health forced her retirement in 1988. Takatsukasa Kazuko was succeeded by her younger sister, Ikeda Atsuko. In 2012, Ikeda was joined by her niece Kuroda Sayako, sole daughter of reigning Emperor Akihito, to serve as a high priestess under her. On 19 June 2017, Kuroda officially replaced her aunt as supreme priestess.[3]

text: Shrine architecture[edit]

text: The architectural style of the Ise shrine is known as shinmei-zukuri, characterized by extreme simplicity and antiquity: its basic principles date back to the Kofun period (250-538 C.E.).  The shrine buildings use a special variant of this style called Yuitsu-shinmei-zukuri (唯一神明造), which may not be used in the construction of any other shrine. The old shrines are dismantled and new ones built on an adjacent site to exacting specifications every 20 years at exorbitant expense, so that the buildings will be forever new and forever ancient and original. The present buildings, dating from 2013, are the 62nd iteration to date and are scheduled for rebuilding in 2033.

text: The shrine at Naikū is constructed of Japanese cypress. Built on pillars set directly in the ground, the shrine building measures 10.9 by 5.5 meters and includes a raised floor, verandas all the way around the building and a staircase leading to a single central doorway. The roof is made of thatched reed with ten billets (katsuogi) located on the ridge of the roof, the bargeboards of which project beyond the roof to form the distinctive forked finials (chigi) at the ends of the ridge. The roof ridge is supported by two free-standing columns called the munamochi-bashira. The katsuogi, chigi and munamochi-bashira are stylised forms of older storehouse building techniques that pre-date the introduction of Buddhist architecture in Japan.[10]

text: The empty site beside the shrine building, the site where the previous shrine once stood and where the next will be built, is called the kodenchi. This area is strewn with large white pebbles and is left totally empty apart from the oi-ya, a small wooden hut containing a wooden pole a little over 2 metres in height called the shin-no-mihashira (new sacred central pole). When a new shrine is built, it is built around the sacred central pole before the removal of the oi-ya, so that the central pole is never seen. The central pole of the old shrine will then have a new oi-ya erected so that the shin-no-mihashira also remains unseen.[7]

text: The erection of a single post in the center of a sacred area strewn with stones represents the form taken by Japanese places of worship in very ancient times; the shin-no-mihashira would thus be the survival of a symbolism from a very primitive symbolism to the present day.[11]

text: Rebuilding the Shrine[edit]

text: The shrine buildings at Naikū and Gekū, as well as the Uji Bridge, are rebuilt every 20 years as a part of the Shinto belief of the death and renewal of nature and the impermanence of all things and as a way of passing building techniques from one generation to the next. The twenty year renewal process is called the Sengu. In August, in a long-standing tradition, the people who live in Ise are allowed to enter the area around the Inner Sanctum of the Naiku as well as the Geku. Some villages drag a wooden carriage laden with white stones up the Isuzu River onto the grounds of the Naiku. Each participant gets two white stones in a white handkerchief and these allow them to place the stones in the area around the Inner Sanctum. Other villages drag a huge wooden car or Noburi Kuruma laden with white stones to the Uji bridge at the entrance of the grounds of the Naiku.  Participants receive two white stones which are also placed in the sacred space around the Inner Sanctum.  The entire tradition is called Shiraisshiki and it is very colourful with every participant wearing a 'happi' coat representing a particular village. The rebuilding of the main shrine takes place on a site adjacent to the old, and each rebuilding alternates between the two sites. The next scheduled rebuilding of Naikū is due in 2033 on the lower, northern site.

text: In the lead-up to the rebuilding of the shrines, a number of festivals are held to mark special events. The Okihiki Festival is held in the spring over two consecutive years and involves people from surrounding towns dragging huge wooden logs through the streets of Ise to Naikū and Gekū. In the lead-up to the 2013 rebuilding, the Okihiki festival was held in 2006 and 2007. A year after the completion of the Okihiki festival, carpenters begin preparing the wood for its eventual use in the Shrine.

text: Annual festivals[edit]

text: From the late seventh century, when the festivals and offerings of Ise Shrine became more formalised, a number of annual events have been performed at both Naikū and Gekū. The Tsukinamisai, which was held in June and December, as well as the Kannamesai Festival in September, were the only three offerings performed by the Saiō, an imperial princess who served as high priestess of the shrine until the 14th century.[12] These offerings are based on the cycle of the agricultural year and are still performed today.

text: The first important ceremony of the modern calendar year is the Kinensai, where prayers are offered for a bountiful harvest. Kannamesai, where prayers for fair weather and sufficient rains are made, is held twice a year in May and August at both Naikū and Gekū.

text: The most important annual festival held at Ise Shrine is the Kannamesai Festival (神嘗祭). Held in October each year, this ritual makes offerings of the first harvest of crops for the season to Amaterasu. An imperial envoy carries the offering of rice harvested by the Emperor himself to Ise, as well as five-coloured silk cloth and other materials, called heihaku.[13]

text: Besides the agricultural ceremonies already mentioned, ceremonies and festivals are held throughout the year at both Naikū and Gekū to celebrate things such as the new year, the foundation of Japan, the past emperors, purification rituals for priests and court musicians, good sake fermentation and the Emperor's birthday. There are also daily food offerings to the shrine kami held both in the mornings and evenings.[14]

text: Naikū - the inner shrine[edit]

text: The official name of the main shrine of Naikū is Kotaijingu and is the place of worship of the goddess Amaterasu. The grounds of Naikū contain a number of structures, including the following:[15]

text: The Uji Bridge[edit]

text: This 100 meter wooden bridge, built in a traditional Japanese style, stretches across the Isuzu River at the entrance of Naikū. Like the shrine buildings of Naikū, it is rebuilt every 20 years as a part of the Shikinen Sengū ceremony. On crossing the bridge, the path turns to the right along the banks of the Isuzu river and passes through large landscaped gardens.

text: Temizusha[edit]

text: After crossing a short, wide bridge, pilgrims to the shrine encounter the Temizusha, a small, roofed structure containing a pool of water for use in ritual purification. Visitors are encouraged to wash their hands and rinse their mouths at Temizusha as a symbolic act to clean the mind and body of impurity. The first of two large torii gates stands just beyond the Temizusha.

text: Saikan and Anzaisho[edit]

text: After passing the first large torii gate, the Purification Hall (Saikan), and the hall for visitors from the imperial household (Anzaisho) is located to the left. The Saikan is used by shrine priests to purify themselves before performing ceremonies at the shrine. They are required to spend one or two nights to free their minds of worldly issues, partaking in baths and eating meals cooked with the sacred fire.

text: Kaguraden[edit]

text: This hall for special prayer, located just after the second large torii gate, is open to the public for the offering of individual prayers to the kami, the giving of donations and the purchase of special talisman of protection, amulets and hanging scrolls of Amaterasu Omikami.

text: Imibiyaden[edit]

text: This hall contains the sacred fire used to cook all of the food offerings to the kami of Ise Shrine. Rice and other offerings cooked on the sacred fire are stored in a box made of Japanese cypress, then purified at the Haraedo immediately in front of the Imibiyaden before being offered to the kami.

text: Kotaijingu - the main shrine[edit]

text: The pilgrimage path then approaches the main shrine of Naikū by a set of large stone steps. Visitors are supposed to keep to the sides of the path as the middle is set aside for the goddess Amaterasu. Etiquette is the same as for most Shinto shrines. Though the actual shrine is hidden behind a large fence, pilgrims can approach the gate to offer their prayers. Photographs in this area are prohibited and this restriction is strictly policed.

text: Kotai Jingū is said to hold the Sacred Mirror, one of three Imperial Regalia of Japan said to have been given to the first Emperor by the gods. From a path that follows the line of the outer wall, the distinctive roof of the shrine building can be seen through the trees. In front of the walled shrine compound can be seen an open area which was the location of the rebuilding of the shrine in 2013.

text: Shrines and facilities[edit]

text: Shrines[edit]

text: There are 125 shrines within Ise Shrine.[16]

text:
Shōgū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

Kōtai Jingū (Naikū)

皇大神宮

Amaterasu ŌmikamiAmeno Tajikarao no kamiYorozuhata-Toyoakitsuhime no mikoto

天照大御神天手力男神万幡豊秋津姫命[17]

Ujitachi, Ise city

Toyouke Daijingū (Gekū)

豊受大神宮

Toyouke no Ōmikami3 Mitomo no kami

豊受大御神御伴神3座[18]

Toyokawa, Ise city

tag: table

text:
Betsugū of Kōtai Jingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Aramatsuri no miya

荒祭宮

Amaterasu Ōmikami no Aramitama

天照大御神荒御魂

in Naikū

2

Tsukiyomi no miya

月讀宮

Tsukiyomi no mikoto

月讀尊

Nakamura, Ise city

3

Tsukiyomi no Aramitama no miya

月讀荒御魂宮

Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Aramitama

月讀尊荒御魂

in Tsukiyomi no miya

4

Izanagi no miya

伊佐奈岐宮

Izanagi no mikoto

伊佐奈岐尊

in Tsukiyomi no miya

5

Izanami no miya

伊佐奈弥宮

Izanami no mikoto

伊佐奈弥尊

in Tsukiyomi no miya

6

Takihara no miya

瀧原宮

Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama

天照大御神御魂

Takihara, Taiki town, Watarai district

7

Takihara no narabi no miya

瀧原竝宮

Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama

天照大御神御魂

in Takihara no miya

8

Izawa no miya

伊雑宮

Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama

天照大御神御魂

Isobe-chō-Kaminogō, Shima city

9

Yamatohime no miya

倭姫宮

Yamatohime no mikoto

倭姫命

Kusube, Ise city

10

Kazahinomi no miya

風日祈宮

Shinatsuhiko no mikoto Shinatobe no mikoto

級長津彦命級長戸辺命

in Naikū

text:
Betsugū of Toyouke Daijingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Taka no miya

多賀宮

Toyouke no Ōmikami no Aramitama

豊受大御神荒御魂

in Gekū

2

Tsuchi no miya

土宮

Ōtsuchi no mioya no kami

大土御祖神

in Gekū

3

Tsukiyomi no miya

月夜見宮

Tsukiyomi no mikotoTsukiyomi no mikoto no Aramitama

月夜見尊月夜見尊荒御魂

Miyajiri, Ise city

4

Kaze no miya

風宮

Shinatsuhiko no mikotoShinatobe no mikoto

級長津彦命級長戸辺命

in Gekū

text:
Sessha of Kōtai Jingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Asakuma jinja

朝熊神社

Ōtoshi no kamiKokemushi no kamiAsakuma no mizu no kami

大歳神苔虫神朝熊水神

Asama, Ise city

2

Asakuma mimae jinja

朝熊御前神社

Asakuma no mimae no kami

朝熊御前神

in Asakuma jinja

3

Sonai (Sonō[19]) jinja

園相神社

Sonahihiko no mikotoMimae no kami

曾奈比比古命御前神

Tsumura, Ise city

4

Kamo jinja

鴨神社

Ishikorowake no mikotoMimae no kami

石己呂和居命御前神

Yamagammi, Tamaki, Watarai district

5

Tanoe jinja

田乃家神社

Ōkami no Misamukawa no kami

大神御滄川神

Yano, Tamaki, Watarai district

6

Tanoe mimae jinja

田乃家御前神社

Mimae no kami

御前神

same as Tanoe jinja

7

Kano jinja

蚊野神社

Ōkami no mikage no- kawa no kami

大神御蔭川神

Kano, Tamaki, Watarai district

8

Kano mimae jinja

蚊野御前神社

Mimae no kami

御前神

same as Kano jinja

9

Yuta jinja

湯田神社

Ōtoshi no mioya no mikotoMimae no kami

大歳御祖命御前神

Obata-chō-Yuta, Ise city

10

Ōtsuchi mioya jinja

大土御祖神社

Ōkunitama no mikotoMizusasarahiko no mikotoMizusasarahime no mikoto

大国玉命水佐佐良比古命水佐佐良比賣命

Kusube, Ise city

11

Kunitsu mioya jinja

国津御祖神社

Ujihime no mikotoTamurahime no mikoto

宇治比賣命田村比賣命

in Ōtoshi mioya jinja

12

Kuchira jinja

朽羅神社

Chiyorihime no mikotoChiyorihiko no mikoto

千依比賣命千依比古命

Hara, Tamaki, Watarai district

13

Ujiyōda jinja

宇治山田神社

Yamatahime no mikoto[20]

山田姫命

Nakamura, Ise city

14

Tsunaga jinja

津長神社

Sunagahime no mikoto

栖長比賣命

Uji-Imazaike, Ise city (in front of Kōtai Jingū)

15

Katada jinja

堅田神社

Samitsuhime no mikoto

佐見都比女命

Futami-chō-Chaya, Ise city[21]

16

Ōmizu jinja

大水神社

Ōyamazumi no mioya no mikoto

大山祇御祖命

Uji-imazaike, Ise city (in front of Kōtai Jingū)

17

E jinja

江神社

Nagakuchime no mikotoŌtoshi no mioya no mikotoUkano mitama no mikoto

長口女命大歳御祖命宇加乃御玉命

Futami-chō-E, Ise city

18

Kōzaki jinja

神前神社

Arasakihime no mikoto

荒崎比賣命

Futami-chō-Matsushita, Ise city

19

Awamiko jinja

粟皇子神社

Susanō no mikoto no Mitama no- michinushi no mikoto

須佐乃乎命御玉道主命

Futami-chō-Matsushita, Ise city

20

Kawara jinja

川原神社

Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Mitama

月讀尊御魂

Sōchi, Ise city

21

Kugutsuhime jinja

久具都比賣神社

kugutsuhime no mikotokugutsuhiko no mikotoMImae no kami

久具都比賣命久具都比古命御前神

Kamikugu, Watarai town, Watarai district

22

Narahara jinja

奈良波良神社

Naraharahime no mikoto

那良原比女命

Miyako, Tamaki town, Watarai district

23

Sugihara jinja

棒原神社

Ama no subarume no mikoto- no MitamaMimae no kami

天須婆留女命御魂御前神

Kami-Tanui, Tamaki town, Watarai district

24

Mifune jinja

御船神社

Ōkami no mikage no- kawa no mikoto

大神御蔭川神

Toba, Taki town, Taki district

25

Sakatekunari jinja

坂手国生神社

Takaminakami no mikoto (Takaminakami no kami[22])

高水上命 (高水上神)

Kami-Tanui, Tamaki town, Watarai district

26

Satakunari jinja

狭田國生神社

Hayakawahiko no mikotoHayakawahime no mikotoYamazue no Mitama

速川比古命速川比女命山末御魂

Sata, Tamaki town, Watarai district

27

Takihara jinja

多岐原神社

Manako no Kami

真奈胡の神

Misegawa, Taiki town, Watarai district

text:
Sessha of Toyouke Daijingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Kusanagi jinja

草奈伎神社

Mishirushi no tsurugi no kami

御剣仗神 (標劔仗神[23])

Tokiwa, Ise city

2

Ōmakunari jinja

大間国生神社

Ōwakako no mikotoOtowakako no mikoto

大若子命乙若子命

Tokiwa, Ise city

3

Watarai kuimii jinja

度会国御神社

Hikokunimigakitakeyotsuka no mikoto

彦国見賀岐建與束命

in Gekū

4

Watarai ōkunitamahime jinja

度会大国玉比賣神社

Ōkunitama no mikotoMizusasarahime no mikoto

大国玉姫命弥豆佐佐良比賣命

in Gekū

5

Tanoe ōmizu jinja

田上大水神社

Ogoto kan-nushi

小事神主

Fujisato, Ise city

6

Tanoe ōmizu mimae jinja

田上大水御前神社

Miyako

宮子

in Tanoe ōmizu jinja

7

Shitomi jinja

志等美神社

Kukunochi no kami

久久能智神

Tsujikuru, Ise city

8

Ōkōchi jinja

大河内神社

Ōyamazumi no kami

大山祇神

in Shitomi jinja

9

Kiyonoiba jinja

清野井庭神社

Kayanohime no mikoto

草野姫命

Tokiwa, Ise city

10

Takagawara jinja

高河原神社

Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Mitama

月夜見尊御魂

in Tsukiyomi no miya(Gekū, 月夜見宮)

11

Kawara jinja

河原神社

Kawa no kami[24]

川神

Misono-chō-Shingai, Ise city

12

Kawarabuchi jinja

河原淵神社

Sawahime no mikoto

澤姫命

Funae, Ise city

13

Yamazue jinja

山末神社

Ōyamatsuhime no mikoto

大山津姫命

in Gekū

14

Usunono jinja

宇須乃野神社

Usunome no mikoto

宇須乃女命

Misono-chō-Takabuku, Ise city

15

Mike jinja

御食神社

Minato no miketsu kami

水戸御饗都

Kamiyashiro, Ise city

16

Obata jinja

小俣神社

Uka no Mitama no kami

宇賀御魂神

Obata-chō-motomachi, Ise city

text:
Massha of Kōtai Jingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Kamoshimo jinja

鴨下神社

Ishikorowake no mikotoKamohiko no mikotoKamohime no mikoto

石己呂和居命鴨比古命鴨比賣命

Katsuta, Tamaki, Watarai district

2

Tsubura jinja

津布良神社

Tsuburahiko no mikotoTsuburahime no mikoto

津布良比古命津布良比賣命

Tsubura, Tamaki, Watarai district

3

Ashihara jinja

葦原神社

Sasatsuhiko no mikotoUkano Mitama no mioya no mikoto Ikarihime no mikoto

佐佐津比古命宇加乃御魂御祖命伊加利比売命

in Tsukiyomi no miya (Naikū, 月讀宮)

4

Ogoso jinja

小社神社

Takaminakami mikoto[26])

高水上命

Ogoso-Sone, Tamaki, Watarai district

5

Komori jinja

許母利神社

Awashima no kami no mitama

粟嶋神御魂

same as Kōzaki jinja

6

Niikawa jinja

新川神社

Niikawahime no mikoto

新川比賣命

same as Tsunaga jinja

7

Iwai jinja

石井神社

Takaminakami no mikoto[27]

高水上命

same as Tsunaga jinja

8

Uji no nuki jinja

宇治乃奴鬼

Takaminakami no mikoto[28]

高水上命

Ōtoshi mioya jinja

9

Kanumi jinja

加努弥神社

Inayorihime no mikoto

稲依比女命

Kanome (Kanomi), Ise citywithout building

10

Kawaai jinja

川相神社

Hosokawa no mizu no kami

細川水神

same as Ōmizu jinja

11

Kumabuchi jinja

熊淵神社

Takiōtoji no kami

多支大刀自神

same as Ōmizu jinja

12

Arasaki jinja

荒前神社

Arasakihime no mikoto

荒前比賣命

same as Kōzaki jinja

13

Najime jinja

那自売神社

Ōminakami no mioya no mikotoMimonosusohime no mikoto

大水上御祖命御裳乃須蘇比賣命

same as Ujiyōda jinja

14

Ashidate jinja

葦立弖神社

Tamayarahime no mikoto

玉移良比女命

same as Kunitsu mioya jinja

15

Mumino jinja

牟弥乃神社

Samukawahiko no mikotoSamukawahime no mikoto

寒川比古命寒川比女命

same as Mifune jinja

16

Kagaminomiya jinja

鏡宮神社

Iwanoue no futatsu no mikagami no mitama

岩上二面神鏡霊

Asama, Ise city

text:
Massha of Toyouke Daijingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Igari jinja

伊我理神社

Igarihime no mikoto

伊我理比女命

in Gekū

2

Agata jinja

縣神社

Agata no kami[29]

縣神

same as Usuno no jinja

3

Inaka jinja

井中神社

Inaka no kami

井中神

same as Ikari jinja

4

Uchikake jinja

打縣神社

Uchikake myōjin[30]

打縣名神

in Shitomi jinja

5

Akasaki jinja

赤崎神社

Arasakihime no mikoto

荒崎姫命

Toba, Toba city

6

Mori jinja

毛理神社

Ki no kami[31]

木神

same as Kawara jinja(河原神社)

7

Ōtsu jinja

大津神社

Ashihara kami(Ashihara no kami[32])

葦原神

in Gekū

8

Shioya jinja

志宝屋神社

Shiotsuchi no oji

塩土老翁

Ōminato, Ise city

text:
Shokansha of Kōtai Jingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Takimatsuri no kami

滝祭神

Takimatsuri no Ōkami[33]

瀧祭大神

in Naikūwithout building

2

Okitama no Kami

興玉神

Okitama no Kami

興玉神

in Naikū Shogūwithout building

3

Miyabi no kami

宮比神

Miyabi no kami

宮比神

in Naikū Shogūwithout building

4

Yanohahiki no kami

屋乃波比伎神

Yanohahiki no kami

屋乃波比伎神

in Naikū Shogūwithout building

5

Misakadono

御酒殿

Misakadono no kami[34]

御酒殿神

in Naikū

6

Mishine no mikura

御稲御倉

Mishine no mikura no kami

御稲御倉神

in Naikū

7

Yuki no mikura

由貴御倉

Yuki no mikura no kami

由貴御倉神

inNaikū

8

Miya no meguri no kami

四至神

Miya no meguri no kami

四至神

in Naikūwithout building

9

Kan-Hatori hatadono jinja

神服織機殿神社

Kan-hatori hatadono no- mamori no kami[35]

神服織機殿神社鎮守神

Ōgaito, Matsusaka city

10

Massha of Kan-Hatori hatadono jinja; 8 shrines

神服織機殿神社末社8所

Kan-hatori hatadono no- mamori no mimae no kami

神服織機殿神社鎮守御前神

in Kan-Hatori hatadono jinja

11

Kan-Omi hatadono jinja

神麻績機殿神社

Kan-Omi hatadono no- mamori no kami[36]

神麻績機殿神社鎮守神

Iguchinaka, Matsusaka city

12

Massha of Kan-Omi hatadono jinja; 8 shrines

神麻績機殿神社末社8所

Kan-Omi hatadono no mamori no- mimae no kami

神麻績機殿神社鎮守御前神

in Kan-Omi hatadono jinja

13

Mishiodono jinja

御塩殿神社

Mishiodono no mamori no kami

御塩殿神社鎮守神[37]

Futami-chō-Shō, Ise city

14

Aedohashihime jinja

饗土橋姫神社

Ujibashi no mamori no kami[33]

宇治橋鎮守神

Uji-Imazaike, Ise city (in front of Kōtai Jingū)

15

Ōyamatsumi jinja

大山祇神社

Ōyamazumi no kami

大山祇神

in Naikū

16

Koyasu jinja

子安神社

Konohanasakuyahime no mikoto

木華開耶姫命

in Naikū (side of Ōyamatsumi jinja)

text:
Shokansha of Toyouke Daijingū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Misakadono

御酒殿

Misakadono no kami[32]

御酒殿神

in Gekū

2

Miya no meguri no kami

四至神

Miya no meguri no kami

四至神

in Gekūwithout building

3

Kami no mii no jinja

上御井神社

Kami no mii no mamori no kami[32]

上御井鎮守神

in Gekū

4

Shimo no mii no jinja

下御井神社

Shimo no mii no mamori no kami[32]

下御井鎮守神

in Gekū

text:
Shokansha of Betsugū

name

kanji

enshrined

kanji

location

1

Wakamiya jinja

若宮神社

Wakamiya no kami[38]

若宮神

in Takihara no miya

2

Nagayuke jinja

長由介神社

Nagayuke no kami[38]

長由介神

in Takihara no miya

3

Kawashima jinja

川島神社

Kawashima no kami[38]

川島神

same as Nagayuke jinja

4

Saminaga jinja

佐美長神社

Shimonomii no mamori no kami[39]

大歳神

Isobe-chō-Erihara, Shima city

5

Saminaga mimae jinja; 4 shrines

佐美長御前神社

Saminaga mimae no kami[39]

佐美長御前神

in Saminaga jinja

text: Facilities[edit]

text:
Facilities of Ise Shrine (not shrine)[40]

name

kanji

articles

kanji

location

1

Yahirodono of Kan-Hatori hatadono jinja

神服織機殿神社八尋殿

Nigitae (silk)

和妙

in Kan-Hatori hatadono jinja

2

Yahirodono of Kan-Omi hatadono jinja

神服麻績殿神社八尋殿

Aratae (hemp)

荒妙

in Kan-Omi hatadono jinja

3

Jingu shinden (30,000 m²)

神宮神田

Goryō-mai (rice)

御料米

Kusube-chō, Ise city

4

Izawa no miya no omita (1,646 m²)

伊雑宮の御神田

Goryō-mai (rice)

御料米

Isobe-chō-Erihara, Shima city(side of Izawa no miya)

5

Mishiohama (6,609 m²)

御塩浜

brine

御塩

Futami-chō-Nishi, Ise city

6

MishiodonoMishio kumiireshoMishio yakisho (27,785 m²)

御塩殿御塩汲入所御塩焼所

Mishio (salt)

御塩

in Mishiodono jinja

7

Jingū misono (19,751 m²)

神宮御園

vegetables and fruits

野菜・果物

Futami-chō-Mizoguchi, Ise city

8

Awabi chōseisho (5,946 m²)

鰒調製所

noshi awabi (dried abalone)

熨斗鰒

Kuzaki-chō, Toba city

9

Hidai chōseisho (11,242 m²)

干鯛調製所

Hidai (dried sea bream)

干鯛

Shinojima, Minamichita town, Chita District, Aichi Prefecture

10

Doki chōseisho (2,878 m²)

土器調製所

earthenwares

土器

Minomura, Meiwa town, Taki District


document_title: Mining industry of Egypt

question_text: where did all the gold come from in egypt

text: Mining industry of Egypt

text: History[edit]

text: Gold mining in Upper Egypt can be traced back to predynastic times,[6] and the earliest map known in the world from the Ramesside Period dating to about 1160 BCE, shows the route to the gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert.[7] Gold mining started with alluvial workings in Egypt and was followed by shallow underground vein mining in Nubia about 1300 BCE, during the New Kingdom period.[8] The methods of working included fire-setting to weaken rocks by thermal shock, a method described by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica written about 60 BCE.

text: The technique of quarrying granite and limestone was an advanced technology by the time the pyramids were being built.[5] Marble, alabaster and diorite were used for making statues, basalt for making sarcophagi, and dolomite for hammers to work hard stones. Precious and semi-precious stones that were extensively mined and worked as well included turquoise, beryl, amethyst, lapis lazuli and malachite. Hathor was the miner's patron goddess, and her temples, statues or inscriptions were found in many rediscovered mining locations.[5] A major temple to Hathor constructed by Seti II was found at the copper mines in Timna valley; another temple was discovered in Serabit el-Khadim, where turquoise was mined in antiquity, in an expedition led by Sir Flinders Petrie.

text: Egypt became a major gold-producer during the Old Kingdom and remained so in the next 1,500 years, with interruptions when the kingdom broke down.[9] During the New Kingdom, the production of gold steadily increased, and mining became more intensive as new fields were developed.[9] British historian Paul Johnson says that it was gold rather than military power which sustained the Egyptian empire and made it the world power throughout the third quarter of the second millennium BCE.[10] Most gold mines known today in Egypt have been exploited for high-grade gold (15 g/t gold or greater) by the ancient Egyptians.,[5] however there has been limited exploration that applies modern day techniques where deposits can be viable based on gold grades as low as 0.5 g/t (provided there is sufficient tonnage and readily available infrastructure).

text: The earliest known beryl mine in the world is located in the mountain valley of Wadi Sikait, Eastern Desert. Its mining started during the Ptolemaic period, although most of mining activities date to the Roman and Byzantine periods.[11] All the other beryl mining sites such as Gebel Zabara, Wadi Umm Debaa and Wadi Gimal are Roman-Byzantine or Islamic (mid-6th century onward) in date. Beryl mining ceased in Egypt when the Spanish Empire discovered superior-quality emeralds in Colombia in the 16th century.[11]

text: Modern technology and gold exploration[edit]

text:
Alteration zones are considered the most promising areas for mineral exploration in the Central Eastern Desert (CED). Ancient gold miners in Egypt were only targeting the smoky quartz veins that contain large amounts of gold; however, they left the alteration areas untouched. Remote sensing and geophysical techniques can provide cost-effective tools that can give valuable information about the new mineralization sites. Mapping of the
potential mineralized alteration zones is a critical task to enhance mineral exploration in the CED. Previously, such mapping works had utilized standard remote-sensing techniques such as image rationing, principal component analysis, and image classifications. Recent study implemented the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification, surface structure, aeromagnetic data, and the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to aid for better mapping results of the prospective mineralized alterations in CED [12]. For instances, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification is one of the powerful classification techniques that can be integrated with aeromagnetic data to map the potential gold sites associated within the alteration zone in CED. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) spectral signature data for alteration minerals can be used as an end-member for the SAM classification. To aid in better mapping, the SAM result can be constrained by the structural elements that restrict the mapping to the actual alteration sites. The surface lineation layer from digital remote sensing data and the geophysical information such as total magnetic intensities can be deployed to understand the tectonic regimes in the CED and to detect the structural patterns that control the existence of the gold deposits. For more details please see [13]

text: See more[edit]

text: Economy of Egypt

tag: ul


document_title: History of rugby union matches between Scotland and Wales

question_text: when did scotland last beat wales in rugby

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 Scotland
Won by
 Wales
Drawn
Scotland points
Wales points

In Scotland
61
33
25
3
745
722

In Wales
61
16
45
0
515
918

Neutral venue
1
0
1
0
13
19

Overall
123
49
71
3
1273
1659

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
Scotland
Wales

Longest winning streak
5 (3 Feb 1923–3 Feb 1927)
9 (9 Feb 2008–13 Feb 2016)

Largest points for

Home
35 (2 February 1924)
51 (15 March 2014)

Away
34 (20 March 1982)
46 (13 March 2005)

Largest winning margin

Home
25 (2 February 1924)
48 (15 March 2014)

Away
16 (20 March 1982)
24 (13 March 2005)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition
Match report

1
8 January 1883
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
3G–1G
 Scotland
1883 Home Nations Championship

2
12 January 1884
Rodney Parade, Newport
0–1G
 Scotland
1884 Home Nations Championship

3
10 January 1885
Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow
0–0
draw
1885 Home Nations Championship

4
9 January 1886
National Stadium, Cardiff
0–2G
 Scotland
1886 Home Nations Championship

5
26 February 1887
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
4G–0
 Scotland
1887 Home Nations Championship

6
4 February 1888
Rodney Parade, Newport
(1T) 0G–0
 Wales
1888 Home Nations Championship

7
2 February 1889
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
(2T) 0G–0
 Scotland
1889 Home Nations Championship

8
1 February 1890
National Stadium, Cardiff
2–8
 Scotland
1890 Home Nations Championship

9
7 February 1891
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
15–0
 Scotland
1891 Home Nations Championship

10
6 February 1892
St Helen's, Swansea
2–7
 Scotland
1892 Home Nations Championship

11
4 February 1893
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0–9
 Wales
1893 Home Nations Championship

12
3 February 1894
Rodney Parade, Newport
7–0
 Wales
1894 Home Nations Championship

13
26 January 1895
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
5–4
 Scotland
1895 Home Nations Championship

14
25 January 1896
National Stadium, Cardiff
6–0
 Wales
1896 Home Nations Championship

15
4 March 1899
Inverleith, Edinburgh
21–10
 Scotland
1899 Home Nations Championship

16
27 January 1900
St Helen’s, Swansea
12–3
 Wales
1900 Home Nations Championship

17
9 February 1901
Inverleith, Edinburgh
18–8
 Scotland
1901 Home Nations Championship

18
1 February 1902
National Stadium, Cardiff
14–5
 Wales
1902 Home Nations Championship

19
7 February 1903
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6–0
 Scotland
1903 Home Nations Championship

20
6 February 1904
St Helen’s, Swansea
21–3
 Wales
1904 Home Nations Championship

21
4 February 1905
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3–6
 Wales
1905 Home Nations Championship

22
3 February 1906
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–3
 Wales
1906 Home Nations Championship

23
2 February 1907
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6–3
 Scotland
1907 Home Nations Championship

24
1 February 1908
St Helen’s, Swansea
6–5
 Wales
1908 Home Nations Championship

25
6 February 1909
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3–5
 Wales
1909 Home Nations Championship

26
5 February 1910
National Stadium, Cardiff
14–0
 Wales
1910 Five Nations Championship

27
4 February 1911
Inverleith, Edinburgh
10–32
 Wales
1911 Five Nations Championship

28
3 February 1912
St Helen’s, Swansea
21–6
 Wales
1912 Five Nations Championship

29
1 February 1913
Inverleith, Edinburgh
0–8
 Wales
1913 Five Nations Championship

30
7 February 1914
National Stadium, Cardiff
24–5
 Wales
1914 Five Nations Championship

31
7 February 1920
Inverleith, Edinburgh
9–5
 Scotland
1920 Five Nations Championship

32
5 February 1921
St Helen’s, Swansea
8–14
 Scotland
1921 Five Nations Championship

33
4 February 1922
Inverleith, Edinburgh
9–9
draw
1922 Five Nations Championship

34
3 February 1923
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–11
 Scotland
1923 Five Nations Championship

35
2 February 1924
Inverleith, Edinburgh
35–10
 Scotland
1924 Five Nations Championship

36
7 February 1925
St Helen’s, Swansea
14–24
 Scotland
1925 Five Nations Championship

37
6 February 1926
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
8–5
 Scotland
1926 Five Nations Championship

38
5 February 1927
National Stadium, Cardiff
0–5
 Scotland
1927 Five Nations Championship

39
4 February 1928
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0–13
 Wales
1928 Five Nations Championship

40
2 February 1929
St Helen’s, Swansea
14–7
 Wales
1929 Five Nations Championship

41
1 February 1930
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12–9
 Scotland
1930 Five Nations Championship

42
7 February 1931
National Stadium, Cardiff
13–8
 Wales
1931 Five Nations Championship

43
6 February 1932
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0–6
 Wales
1932 Home Nations Championship

44
4 February 1933
St Helen's, Swansea
3–11
 Scotland
1933 Home Nations Championship

45
3 February 1934
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6–13
 Wales
1934 Home Nations Championship

46
2 February 1935
National Stadium, Cardiff
10–6
 Wales
1935 Home Nations Championship

47
1 February 1936
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3–13
 Wales
1936 Home Nations Championship

48
6 February 1937
St Helen’s, Swansea
6–13
 Scotland
1937 Home Nations Championship

49
5 February 1938
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
8–6
 Scotland
1938 Home Nations Championship

50
4 February 1939
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–3
 Wales
1939 Home Nations Championship

51
1 February 1947
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
8–22
 Wales
1948 Five Nations Championship

52
7 February 1948
National Stadium, Cardiff
14–0
 Wales
1948 Five Nations Championship

53
5 February 1949
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6–5
 Scotland
1949 Five Nations Championship

54
4 February 1950
St Helen’s, Swansea
12–0
 Wales
1950 Five Nations Championship

55
3 February 1951
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
19–0
 Scotland
1951 Five Nations Championship

56
2 February 1952
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–0
 Wales
1952 Five Nations Championship

57
7 February 1953
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0–12
 Wales
1953 Five Nations Championship

58
10 April 1954
St Helen’s, Swansea
15–3
 Wales
1954 Five Nations Championship

59
5 February 1955
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14–8
 Scotland
1955 Five Nations Championship

60
4 February 1956
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–3
 Wales
1956 Five Nations Championship

61
2 February 1957
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9–6
 Scotland
1957 Five Nations Championship

62
1 February 1958
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–3
 Wales
1958 Five Nations Championship

63
7 February 1959
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6–5
 Scotland
1959 Five Nations Championship

64
6 February 1960
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–0
 Wales
1960 Five Nations Championship

65
11 February 1961
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3–0
 Scotland
1961 Five Nations Championship

66
3 February 1962
National Stadium, Cardiff
3–8
 Scotland
1962 Five Nations Championship

67
2 February 1963
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0–6
 Wales
1963 Five Nations Championship

68
1 February 1964
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–3
 Wales
1964 Five Nations Championship

69
6 February 1965
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12–14
 Wales
1965 Five Nations Championship

70
5 February 1966
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–3
 Wales
1966 Five Nations Championship

71
4 February 1967
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
11–5
 Scotland
1967 Five Nations Championship

72
3 February 1968
National Stadium, Cardiff
5–0
 Wales
1968 Five Nations Championship

73
1 February 1969
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3–17
 Wales
1969 Five Nations Championship

74
7 February 1970
National Stadium, Cardiff
18–9
 Wales
1970 Five Nations Championship

75
6 February 1971
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18–19
 Wales
1971 Five Nations Championship

76
5 February 1972
National Stadium, Cardiff
35–12
 Wales
1972 Five Nations Championship

77
3 February 1973
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
10–9
 Scotland
1973 Five Nations Championship

78
19 January 1974
National Stadium, Cardiff
6–0
 Wales
1974 Five Nations Championship

79
1 March 1975
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12–10
 Scotland
1975 Five Nations Championship

80
7 February 1976
National Stadium, Cardiff
28–6
 Wales
1976 Five Nations Championship

81
19 March 1977
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9–18
 Wales
1977 Five Nations Championship

82
18 February 1978
National Stadium, Cardiff
22–14
 Wales
1978 Five Nations Championship

83
20 January 1979
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13–19
 Wales
1979 Five Nations Championship

84
1 March 1980
National Stadium, Cardiff
17–6
 Wales
1980 Five Nations Championship

85
7 February 1981
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15–6
 Scotland
1981 Five Nations Championship

86
20 March 1982
National Stadium, Cardiff
18–34
 Scotland
1982 Five Nations Championship

87
19 February 1983
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15–19
 Wales
1983 Five Nations Championship

88
21 January 1984
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–15
 Scotland
1984 Five Nations Championship

89
2 March 1985
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
21–25
 Wales
1985 Five Nations Championship

90
1 February 1986
National Stadium, Cardiff
22–15
 Wales
1986 Five Nations Championship

91
21 March 1987
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
21–15
 Scotland
1987 Five Nations Championship

92
20 February 1988
National Stadium, Cardiff
25–20
 Wales
1988 Five Nations Championship

93
21 January 1989
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
23–7
 Scotland
1989 Five Nations Championship

94
3 March 1990
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–13
 Scotland
1990 Five Nations Championship

95
2 February 1991
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
32–12
 Scotland
1991 Five Nations Championship

96
21 March 1992
National Stadium, Cardiff
15–12
 Wales
1992 Five Nations Championship

97
20 February 1993
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
20–0
 Scotland
1993 Five Nations Championship

98
15 January 1994
National Stadium, Cardiff
29–6
 Wales
1994 Five Nations Championship

99
4 March 1995
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
26–13
 Scotland
1995 Five Nations Championship

100
17 February 1996
National Stadium, Cardiff
14–16
 Scotland
1996 Five Nations Championship

101
18 January 1997
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
19–34
 Wales
1997 Five Nations Championship

102
7 March 1998
Wembley Stadium, London, England
19–13
 Wales
1998 Five Nations Championship

103
6 February 1999
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
33–20
 Scotland
1999 Five Nations Championship

104
18 March 2000
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
26–18
 Wales
2000 Six Nations

105
17 February 2001
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
28–28
Draw
2001 Six Nations

106
6 April 2002
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
22–27
 Scotland
2002 Six Nations

107
8 March 2003
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
30–22
 Scotland
2003 Six Nations

108
30 August 2003
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
23–9
 Wales
2003 Rugby World Cup warm-up

109
14 February 2004
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
23–10
 Wales
2004 Six Nations

110
13 March 2005
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
22–46
 Wales
2005 Six Nations

111
12 February 2006
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
28–18
 Wales
2006 Six Nations

112
10 February 2007
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
21–9
 Scotland
2007 Six Nations

113
9 February 2008
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
30–15
 Wales
2008 Six Nations

114
8 February 2009
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13–26
 Wales
2009 Six Nations

115
13 February 2010
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
31–24
 Wales
2010 Six Nations

116
12 February 2011
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6–24
 Wales
2011 Six Nations
BBC

117
12 February 2012
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
27–13
 Wales
2012 Six Nations

118
9 March 2013
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18–28
 Wales
2013 Six Nations

119
15 March 2014
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
51–3
 Wales
2014 Six Nations

120
15 February 2015
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
23–26
 Wales
2015 Six Nations

121
13 February 2016
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
27–23
 Wales
2016 Six Nations

122
25 February 2017
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
29–13
 Scotland
2017 Six Nations

123
3 February 2018
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
34–7
 Wales
2018 Six Nations