document_title: Knossos

question_text: what was the palace of knossos made out of

text: Knossos

text: Spelling[edit]

text: The name Knossos was formerly Latinized as Cnossus or Cnossos, and occasionally Knossus, Gnossus, or Gnossos[9][10] but is now almost always written Knossos.[11]

text: Neolithic period[edit]

text: The site of Knossos has had a very long history of human habitation, beginning with the founding of the first Neolithic settlement c. 7000 BC. Neolithic remains are prolific in Crete. They are found in caves, rock shelters, houses and settlements. Knossos has a thick Neolithic layer indicating the site was a sequence of settlements before the Palace Period. The earliest was placed on bedrock.[12]

text: Arthur Evans, who unearthed the palace of Knossos in modern times, estimated that about 8000 BC a Neolithic people arrived at the hill, probably from overseas by boat, and placed the first of a succession of wattle and daub villages (modern radiocarbon dates have raised the estimate to 7000 – 6500 BC[13]). Large numbers of clay and stone incised spools and whorls attest to local cloth-making. There are fine ground axe and mace heads of colored stone: greenstone, serpentine, diorite and jadeite, as well as obsidian knives and arrowheads along with the cores from which they were flaked. Most significant among the other small items were a large number of animal and human figurines, including nude sitting or standing females with exaggerated breasts and buttocks. Evans attributed them to the worship of the Neolithic mother goddess and figurines in general to religion.[14]

text: John Davies Evans (no relation to Arthur Evans) undertook further excavations in pits and trenches over the palace, focusing on the Neolithic.[15] In the Aceramic Neolithic, 7000–6000 BC, a hamlet of 25–50 persons existed at the location of the Central Court. They lived in wattle and daub huts, kept animals, grew crops, and, in the event of tragedy, buried their children under the floor. In such circumstances as they are still seen today, a hamlet consisted of several families, necessarily interrelated, practicing some form of exogamy, living in close quarters, with little or no privacy and a high degree of intimacy, spending most of their time in the outdoors, sheltering only for the night or in inclement weather, and to a large degree nomadic or semi-nomadic.

text: In the Early Neolithic, 6000–5000 BC, a village of 200–600 persons occupied most of the area of the palace and the slopes to the north and west. They lived in one- or two-room square houses of mud-brick walls set on socles of stone, either field stone or recycled stone artifacts. The inner walls were lined with mud-plaster. The roofs were flat, composed of mud over branches. The residents dug hearths at various locations in the center of the main room. This village had an unusual feature: one house under the West Court contained eight rooms and covered 50 m2 (540 sq ft). The walls were at right angles. The door was centered. Large stones were used for support under points of greater stress. The fact that distinct sleeping cubicles for individuals was not the custom suggests storage units of some sort.

text: The settlement of the Middle Neolithic, 5000–4000 BC, housed 500–1000 people in more substantial and presumably more family-private homes. Construction was the same, except the windows and doors were timbered, a fixed, raised hearth occupied the center of the main room, and pilasters and other raised features (cabinets, beds) occupied the perimeter. Under the palace was the Great House, a 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft) area stone house divided into five rooms with meter-thick walls suggesting a second story was present. The presence of the house, which is unlikely to have been a private residence like the others, suggests a communal or public use; i.e., it may have been the predecessor of a palace. In the Late or Final Neolithic (two different but overlapping classification systems), 4000–3000 BC, the population increased dramatically.

text: Minoan period[edit]

text: It is believed that the first Cretan palaces were built soon after c.2000, in the early part of the Middle Minoan period, at Knossos and other sites including Mallia, Phaestos and Zakro.[16] These palaces, which were to set the pattern of organisation in Crete and Greece through the second millennium, were a sharp break from the Neolithic village system that had prevailed thus far. The building of the palaces implies greater wealth and a concentration of authority, both political and religious. It is suggested that they followed eastern models such as those at Ugarit on the Syrian coast and Mari on the upper Euphrates.[16]

text: The early palaces were destroyed during Middle Minoan II, sometime before c.1700, almost certainly by earthquakes to which Crete is prone. By c.1650, they had been rebuilt on a grander scale and the period of the second palaces (c.1650–c.1450) marks the height of Minoan prosperity. All the palaces had large central courtyards which may have been used for public ceremonies and spectacles. Living quarters, storage rooms and administrative centres were positioned around the court and there were also working quarters for skilled craftsmen.[16]

text: The palace of Knossos was considerably the largest, covering three acres with its main building alone and five acres when separate out-buildings are considered. It had a monumental staircase leading to state rooms on an upper floor. A ritual cult centre was on the ground floor.[16] The palace stores occupied sixteen rooms, the main feature in these being the pithoi which were large storage jars up to five feet tall. They were mainly used for storage of oil, wool, wine and grain. Smaller and more valuable objects were stored in lead-lined cists. The palace had bathrooms, toilets and a drainage system.[16] A theatre was found at Knossos that would have held 400 spectators (an earlier one has been found at Phaestos). The orchestral area was rectangular, unlike later Athenian models, and they were probably used for religious dances.[17]

text: Building techniques at Knossos were typical. The foundations and lower course were stonework with the whole built on a timber framework of beams and pillars. The main structure was built of large, unbaked bricks. The roof was flat with a thick layer of clay over brushwood. Internal rooms were brightened by light-wells and columns of wood, many fluted, were used to lend both support and dignity.[17] The chambers and corridors were decorated with frescoes showing scenes from everyday life and scenes of processions. Warfare is conspicuous by its absence. The fashions of the time can be seen in depictions of women in various poses. They had elaborately dressed hair and wore long dresses with flounced skirts and puffed sleeves. Their bodices were tightly drawn in round their waists and their breasts were exposed.[17]

text: The prosperity of Knossos was primarily based upon the development of native Cretan resources such as oil, wine and wool.[18] Another factor was the expansion of trade.[18] Herodotus wrote that Minos, the legendary king of Knossos, established a thalassocracy (sea empire). Thucydides accepted the tradition and added that Minos cleared the sea of pirates, increased the flow of trade and colonised many Aegean islands.[19] Archaeological evidence supports the tradition because Minoan pottery is widespread, having been found in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Rhodes, the Cyclades, Sicily and mainland Greece. There seem to have been strong Minoan connections with Rhodes, Miletus and Samos. Cretan influence can be seen in the earliest scripts found in Cyprus.[20] The main market for Cretan wares was the Cyclades where there was a demand for pottery, especially the stone vases. It is not known if the islands were subject to Crete or just trading partners but there certainly was strong Cretan influence.[20]

text: This also applies to the mainland because both tradition and archaeology have formed strong links between Crete and Athens. The main legend here is the Minotaur story wherein Athens was subject to Knossos and paying tribute. The legend concerns a creature living in a labyrinth that was half-man and half-bull. Bulls are frequently featured on pottery and frescoes found at Knossos, where the intricate layout of the palace might suggest a labyrinth. One of the most common cult-symbols, often seen on palace walls, is the double-headed axe called the labrys, which is a Carian word for that type of tool or weapon.[21]

text: At the height of Cretan power around 1450 BC, the palaces at Mallia, Phaestus and Zakro were destroyed along with smaller settlements elsewhere. Only Knossos remained and it survived till c.1370. At the time of its destruction, it was occupied by Greeks whose presence is suggested by a new emphasis on weapons and warfare in both art and burial. The Mycenaean-style chamber tombs had been adopted and there was a mainland influence on pottery style.[22] Confirmation came from writing after Michael Ventris deciphered the Linear B tablets and showed them to be written in an early form of Greek which was quite unlike the earlier Linear A. Sir Arthur Evans found the Linear B tablets at Knossos and, although the writing was different from the Linear A ones at Phaestus and elsewhere, he thought they were a development of the first and so called them Linear B.[23]

text: Despite speculation that Knossos was destroyed by the volcanic eruption on Santorini, it is generally accepted that the cause was human violence following an invasion of Crete by Greeks from the Argolid, most probably Mycenaean. Knossos was still prosperous at the time of its destruction c.1370 with trade and art continuing to thrive. Reasons for its destruction are speculative but a likely one is that the Mycenaeans, now prospering on the mainland, decided to remove a rival power.[24]

text: Legends[edit]

text: In Greek mythology, King Minos dwelt in a palace at Knossos. He had Daedalus construct a labyrinth, a very large maze (by some connected with the double-bladed axe, or labrys) in which to retain his son, the Minotaur. Daedalus also built a dancing floor for Queen Ariadne.[25] The name "Knossos" was subsequently adopted by Arthur Evans.

text: As far as is currently known, it was William Stillman, the American consul who published Kalokairinos' discoveries, who, seeing the sign of the double axe on the massive walls partly uncovered by Kalokairinos, first associated the complex with the labyrinth of legend, calling the ruins "labyrinthine".[26] Evans agreed with Stillman. The myth of the Minotaur tells that Theseus, a prince from Athens, whose father is an ancient Greek king named Aegeus, reason for the name of the Greek sea (the Aegean Sea), sailed to Crete, where he was forced to fight a terrible creature called the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a half man, half bull, and was kept in the Labyrinth – a building like a maze – by the king Minos, the ruler of Crete. The king's daughter Ariadne fell in love with Theseus. Before he entered the Labyrinth to fight the Minotaur, Ariadne gave him a ball of thread which he unwound as he went into the Labyrinth so that he could find his way back by following it. Theseus killed the Minotaur, and then he and Ariadne fled from Crete, escaping her angry father.

text: As it turns out, there probably was an association of the word labyrinth, whatever its etymology, with ancient Crete. The sign of the double axe was used throughout the Mycenaean world as an apotropaic mark: its presence on an object would prevent it from being "killed". Axes were scratched on many of the stones of the palace. It appears in pottery decoration and is a motif of the Shrine of the Double Axes at the palace, as well as of many shrines throughout Crete and the Aegean. And finally, it appears in Linear B on Knossos Tablet Gg702 as da-pu2-ri-to-jo po-ti-ni-ja, which probably represents the Mycenaean Greek Daburinthoio potniai, "to the mistress of the Labyrinth," recording the distribution of one jar of honey.[27] A credible theory uniting all the evidence has yet to be formulated.

text: Hellenistic and Roman period[edit]

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text: Fieldwork in 2015 revealed that during the early Iron Age, Knossos was rich in imports and was nearly three times larger than indicated by earlier excavations. Whilst archaeologists had previously believed that the city had declined in the wake of a socio-political collapse around 1200 BC, the work found that the city had prospered instead, with its final abandonment coming later.[28]

text: After the fall of the Minoans, Knossus was repopulated around 1000 BC and it remained one of the most important centers of Crete. The city had two ports: Amnisos and Heraklion. According to the geographer Strabo the Knossians colonized the city of Brundisium in Italy.[29] In 343 BC Knossos was allied with Philip II of Macedon. The city employed a Phocian mercenary named Phalaikos against their enemy, the city of Lyttus. The Lyttians appealed to the Spartans who sent their king Archidamus III against the Knossians.[30] In Hellenistic times Knossos came under Egyptian influence, but despite considerable military efforts during the Chremonidean War (267-261 BC) the Ptolemies were not able to unify the warring city states. In the 3rd century BC Knossos expanded its power to dominate almost the entire island, but during the Lyttian War in 220 BC it was checked by a coalition led by the Polyrrhenians and the Macedonian king Philip V.[31]

text: Twenty years later, during the Cretan War (205–200 BC), the Knossians were once more among Philip's opponents and through Roman, and Rhodian aid this time they managed to liberate Crete from the Macedonian influence.[32] With Roman aid, Knossus became once more the first city of Crete, but, in 67 BC, the Roman Senate chose Gortys as the capital of the newly created province Creta et Cyrene.[33] In 36 BC, Knossus became a Roman colony named Colonia Iulia Nobilis.[34] The colony, which was built using Roman-style architecture,[34] was situated within the vicinity of the Palace, but only a small part of it has been excavated.

text: The identification of Knossos with the Bronze Age site is supported the Roman coins that were scattered over the fields surrounding the pre-excavation site, then a large mound named Kephala Hill, elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level. Many of them were inscribed with Knosion or Knos on the obverse and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse.[35] The coins came from the Roman settlement of Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus, a Roman colony placed just to the north of, and politically including, Kephala. The Romans believed they were the first to colonize Knossos.[36]

text: In Christian times Knossos became a titular see, but during the 9th century AD the local population shifted to the new town of Chandax (modern Heraklion). By the 13th century, it was called Makruteikhos 'Long Wall'; the bishops of Gortyn continued to call themselves Bishops of Knossos until the 19th century.[37] Today, the name is used only for the archaeological site now situated in the expanding suburbs of Heraklion.

text: Discovery and modern history of the antiquities[edit]

text: The site of Knossos was discovered in 1878 by Minos Kalokairinos. The excavations in Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team, and continued for 35 years. Its size far exceeded his original expectations, as did the discovery of two ancient scripts, which he termed Linear A and Linear B, to distinguish their writing from the pictographs also present. From the layering of the palace Evans developed an archaeological concept of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan, following the pre-existing custom of labelling all objects from the location Minoan.

text: Since their discovery, the ruins have undergone a history of their own, from excavation by renowned archaeologists, education and tourism, to occupation as a headquarters by governments warring over the control of the eastern Mediterranean in two world wars. This site history is to be distinguished from the ancient.

text: Palace complex[edit]

text: The features of the palace depend on the time period. Currently visible is an accumulation of features over several centuries, the latest most dominant. The palace was thus never exactly as depicted today. In addition, it has been reconstituted in modern materials. The custom began in an effort to preserve the site from decay and torrential winter rain. After 1922, the chief proprietor, Arthur Evans, intended to recreate a facsimile based on archaeological evidence. The palace is not exactly as it ever was, perhaps in places not even close, and yet in general, judging from the work put in and the care taken, as well as parallels with other palaces, it probably is a good general facsimile. Opinions range, however, from most skeptical, viewing the palace as pure fantasy based on 1920s architecture and art deco, to most unquestioning, accepting the final judgements of Arthur Evans as most accurate. The mainstream of opinion falls between.

text: Location[edit]

text: From an archaeological point of view, the terms "Knossos" and "palace" are somewhat ambiguous. The palace was never just the residence of a monarch, although it contained rooms that might have been suitable for a royal family. Most of the structures, however, were designed to serve a civic, religious and economic center. The term palace complex is more accurate. In ancient times, Knossos was a town surrounding and including Kephala Hill. This hill was never an acropolis in the Greek sense. It had no steep heights, remained unfortified, and was not very high off the surrounding ground. These circumstances cannot necessarily be imputed to other Minoan palaces. Phaestos, contemporaneous with Knossos, was placed on a steep ridge, controlling access to the Mesara Plain from the sea, and was walled.[38] To what degree Minoan civilization might be considered warlike remains debatable. It can, however, be said that Knossos bore no resemblance to a Mycenaean citadel, whether before or during Mycenaean Greek occupation.[citation needed]

text: The complex was constructed ultimately around a raised Central Court on the top of Kephala Hill. The previous structures were razed and the top was made level to make way for the court. The court is oblong, with the long axis, which points north-northeast, generally described as pointing "north". Plot plans typically show the court with the long axis horizontal, apparently east-west with the north on the right, or vertical with the north on the top. Either arrangement is confusing unless the compass points are carefully marked. About 5 km (3.1 mi) to the north of the palace complex is the sea at the Port of Heraklion. Directly to the south is Vlychia Stream, an east-west tributary of the north-south Kairatos River. Kephala Hill is an isolated hill at the confluence.[citation needed]

text: The Kairatos River reaches the sea between the port of Heraklion and Heraklion Airport to the east. In ancient times the flow continued without interruption. Today the stream loses itself in the sewers of Heraklion before emerging from under a highway on the shore east of the port. It flows down from higher ground at Arkhanes to the south, where part of it was diverted into the Knossos Aqueduct. The water at that point was clean enough for drinking. When it reached Knossos it became the main drain of the sewer system of a town of up to 100,000 people, according to Pendlebury's estimate.[39] Today the population is mainly to the north, but the sewer function continues, in addition to which much of the river is siphoned off, and the water table is tapped, for irrigation. Looming over the right bank of the Vlychia, on the opposite shore from Knossos, is Gypsades Hill, where the Minoans quarried their gypsum. The limestone was quarried from the ridge on the east.[citation needed]

text: The archaeological site, Knossos, refers either to the palace complex itself or to that complex and several houses of similar antiquity nearby, which were inadvertently excavated along with the palace. To the south across the Vlychia is the Caravanserai. Further to the south are Minoan houses. The Minoan Road crossed the Vlychia on a Minoan Bridge, immediately entering the Stepped Portico, or covered stairway, to the palace complex. Near the northwest corner of the complex are the ruins of the House of the Frescoes. Across the Minoan Road entering from the northwest is the Arsenal. On the north side of the palace is the Customs House and the Northeast House. From there to the northeast is the modern village of Makrotoichos. Between it and the palace complex is the Royal Villa. On the west side is the Little Palace.[40]

text: The Royal Road is the last vestige of a Minoan road that connected the port to the palace complex. Today a modern road, Leoforos Knosou, built over or replacing the ancient roadway, serves that function and continues south. The excavated ancient Royal Road is part of the complex. The junction of the ancient and the modern roads is partly over the Little Palace. Just to the northwest of there, off the modern road, is where Evans chose to have Villa Ariadne built as his home away from home and an administrative center. The villa is on a slope overlooking the ruins. At the edge of the property, on the road, is a pre-excavation house renovated many times as a residence for the official Keeper, called the Taverna. Immediately to the south of the villa, over parts of the Little Palace, is the modern Stratigraphical Museum, a square building. Excavation continues sporadically on its grounds. To the south of the museum is a modern settlement across from the entrance to the west court. Parking facilities are to the north, off Leoforos Knosou.  A band of fields has been left on the northwest between the palace complex and the city streets of Heraklion. The east and west are protected by north-south mountain ridges, between which is the valley of the Kairatos.[citation needed]

text: General features[edit]

text: The great palace was gradually built between 1700 and 1400 BC, with periodic rebuildings after destruction. Structures preceded it on Kephala hill. The features currently most visible date mainly to the last period of habitation, which Evans termed Late Minoan. The palace has an interesting layout[41][42][43] – the original plan can no longer be seen due to the subsequent modifications. The 1,300 rooms are connected with corridors of varying sizes and direction, which differ from other contemporaneous palaces that connected the rooms via several main hallways. The 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the palace included a theater, a main entrance on each of its four cardinal faces, and extensive storerooms (also called magazines). Within the storerooms were large clay containers (pithoi) that held oil, grains, dried fish, beans, and olives. Many of the items were processed at the palace, which had grain mills, oil presses, and wine presses. Beneath the pithoi were stone holes that were used to store more valuable objects, such as gold. The palace used advanced architectural techniques: for example, part of it was built up to five stories high.

text: Water management[edit]

text: The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.

text: Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill from springs at Archanes, about 10 km away. Springs there are the source of the Kairatos river, in the valley in which Kephala is located. The aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity feed through terracotta pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. No hidden springs have been discovered as at Mycenae.

text: Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a sewer apart from the hill. The queen's megaron contained an example of the first water-flushing system latrine adjoining the bathroom. This toilet was a seat over a drain that was flushed by pouring water from a jug. The bathtub located in the adjoining bathroom similarly had to be filled by someone heating, carrying, and pouring water, and must have been drained by overturning into a floor drain or by bailing. This toilet and bathtub were exceptional structures within the 1,300-room complex.

text: As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were covered.

text: Some links to photographs of parts of the water-collection-management system follow.

text:
Runoff system.[44] Sloped channels lead from a catchment basin.
Runoff system.[45] Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.

text: Ventilation[edit]

text: Due to its placement on the hill, the palace received sea breezes during the summer. It had porticoes and air shafts.

text: Minoan columns[edit]

text: The palace also includes the Minoan column, a structure notably different from Greek columns. Unlike the stone columns that are characteristic of Greek architecture, the Minoan column was constructed from the trunk of a cypress tree, common to the Mediterranean. While Greek columns are smaller at the top and wider at the bottom to create the illusion of greater height (entasis), the Minoan columns are smaller at the bottom and wider at the top, a result of inverting the cypress trunk to prevent sprouting once in place.[46] The columns at the Palace of Minos were painted red and mounted on stone bases with round, pillow-like capitals.

text: Pottery[edit]

text: Pottery at Knossos is prolific, heavily decorated and uniquely styled by period. It is used as a layer diagnostic. Comparing it to similar pottery elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, Evans established a wider chronology, which, on that account, is difficult to question successfully. On the negative side, careful records of the locations of some objects were not always kept, due to the very size of the project and the difficulties under which the archaeologists and workmen had to labor.

text: Frescoes[edit]

text: The palace at Knossos was a place of high color, as were Greek buildings in the classical period, and as are Greek buildings today. In the EM Period, the walls and pavements were coated with a pale red derived from red ochre. In addition to the background coloring, the walls displayed fresco panel murals, entirely of red. In the subsequent MM Period, with the development of the art, white and black were added, and then blue, green and yellow. The pigments were derived from natural materials, such as ground hematite. Outdoor panels were painted on fresh stucco with the motif in relief; indoor, on fresh, pure plaster, softer than the plaster with additives ordinarily used on walls.[47]

text: The decorative motifs were generally bordered scenes: people, mythological creatures, real animals, rocks, vegetation, and marine life. The earliest imitated pottery motifs. Most have been reconstructed from various numbers of flakes fallen to the floor. Evans had various technicians and artists work on the project, some artists, some chemists and restorers.  The symmetry and use of templates made possible a degree of reconstruction beyond what was warranted by only the flakes. For example, if evidence of the use of a certain template existed scantily in one place, the motif could be supplied from the template found somewhere else. Like the contemporary murals in the funerary art of the Egyptians, certain conventions were utilized that also assisted prediction. For example, male figures are shown with darker or redder skin than female figures.

text: Some archaeological authors have objected that Evans and his restorers were not discovering the palace and civilization as it was, but were creating a modern artefact based on contemporary art and architecture.[48]

text: Throne Room[edit]

text: The centerpiece of the "Minoan" palace was the so-called Throne Room or Little Throne Room,[49] dated to LM II. This chamber has an alabaster seat identified by Evans as a "throne" built into the north wall. On three sides of the room are gypsum benches. A sort of tub area is opposite the throne, behind the benches, termed a lustral basin, which means that Evans and his team saw it as a place for ceremonial purification.

text: The room was accessed from an anteroom through two double doors. The anteroom was connected to the central court, which was four steps up through four doors. The anteroom had gypsum benches also, with carbonized remains between two of them thought to possibly be a wooden throne. Both rooms are located in the ceremonial complex on the west of the central court.

text: The throne is flanked by the Griffin Fresco, with two griffins couchant (lying down) facing the throne, one on either side. Griffins were important mythological creatures, also appearing on seal rings, which were used to stamp the identities of the bearers into pliable material, such as clay or wax.

text: The actual use of the room and the throne is unclear. The two main theories are as follows:

text:
The seat of a priest-king or his consort, the queen. This is the older theory, originating with Evans. In that regard Matz speaks of the "heraldic arrangement" of the griffins, meaning that they are more formal and monumental than previous Minoan decorative styles. In this theory, the Mycenaean Greeks would have held court in this room, as they came to power in Knossos at about 1450. The "lustral basin" and the location of the room in a sanctuary complex cannot be ignored; hence, "priest-king."
A room reserved for the epiphany of a goddess,[50] who would have sat in the throne, either in effigy, or in the person of a priestess, or in imagination only. In that case the griffins would have been purely a symbol of divinity rather than a heraldic motif.

text: It is also speculated that the throne was made specifically for a female individual, since the indentation seems to be shaped for a woman's buttocks.  Also, the extensive use of curved edges and the crescent moon carved at its base both symbolize femininity.

text: The lustral basin was originally thought to have had a ritual washing use, but the lack of drainage has more recently brought some scholars to doubt this theory. It is now speculated that the tank was used as an aquarium, or possibly a water reservoir.

text: Society[edit]

text: A long-standing debate between archaeologists concerns the main function of the palace, whether it acted as an administrative center, a religious center, or both, in a theocratic manner. Other important debates consider the role of Knossos in the administration of Bronze Age Crete, and whether Knossos acted as the primary center, or was on equal footing with the several other contemporaneous palaces that have been discovered on Crete. Many of these palaces were destroyed and abandoned in the early part of the 15th century BC, possibly by the Mycenaeans, although Knossos remained in use until it was destroyed by fire about one hundred years later.  Knossos showed no signs of being a military site; for example, it had neither fortifications nor stores of weapons.

text: Notable residents[edit]

text:
Aenesidemus (1st century BC) sceptical philosopher
Chersiphron (6th century BC) architect
Epimenides (6th century BC) seer and philosopher-poet
Ergoteles of Himera (5th century BC) expatriate Olympic runner
Metagenes (6th century BC) architect
Minos (mythical) Father of the Minotaur


document_title: Cardiovascular centre

question_text: where is the cardiac center located in the brain

root

text: Cardiovascular centre

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The cardiovascular centre is a part of the human brain responsible for the regulation of the rate at which the heart beats through the nervous and endocrine systems. It is found in the medulla oblongata.  Normally, the heart beats without nervous control, but in some situations (e.g., exercise, body trauma), the cardiovascular centre is responsible for altering the rate at which the heart beats. It also mediates respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

tag: p

text: When a change of blood pH is detected by central chemoreceptors or by peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic bodies and in carotid bodies, or a change of blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the aortic sinuses or carotid sinuses, the cardiovascular centre affects changes to the heart rate by sending a nerve impulse to the cardiac pacemaker (or SA node) via sympathetic fibres (to cause faster and stronger cardiac muscle contraction) and the vagus nerve (to cause slower and less strong cardiac muscle contraction). The cardiovascular centre also increases the stroke volume of the heart (that is, the amount of blood it pumps). These two changes help to regulate the cardiac output, so that a sufficient amount of blood reaches tissue.

text: Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine can affect the cardiovascular centre and cause it to increase the rate of impulses sent to the sinoatrial node, or  pacemaker, resulting in faster and stronger cardiac muscle contraction and thus increasing the heart rate.

text:
hidevtePhysiology of the cardiovascular systemHeartCardiac output
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
Afterload
Preload
Frank–Starling law
Cardiac function curve
Venous return curve
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound
Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
Aortic valve area calculation
Ejection fraction
Cardiac index
Heart rate
Cardiac pacemaker
Chronotropic (Heart rate)
Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
Inotropic (Contractility)
Bathmotropic (Excitability)
Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction
Conduction system
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potential
cardiac
atrial
ventricular
Effective refractory period
Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/HemodynamicsBlood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell

text: Medulla oblongataCardiovascular physiology

tag: ul

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sources


document_title: Outback Bowl

question_text: how many times has michigan been in the outback bowl

text: Outback Bowl

text: History[edit]

text: Cigar Bowl[edit]

text: The Outback Bowl was not Tampa's first bowl game; the Cigar Bowl was played at old Phillips Field near downtown from 1947 to 1954. However, the earlier event matched small college teams, so the Outback / Hall of Fame Bowl is the first major bowl game to be played in the area.

text: Hall of Fame Bowl[edit]

text: The Hall of Fame Classic was held at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama from 1977 to 1985. In the spring of 1986, the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame decided to discontinue their association with the bowl and realign with a new bowl game to be played in Tampa Stadium which would inherit the Hall of Fame Bowl name. Initially, the Hall of Fame Bowl did not have agreements with any conferences, so it usually matched a school from either the Southeastern Conference or the Atlantic Coast Conference against a team from another region of the country.

text: Outback Bowl[edit]

text: Outback Steakhouse became the game's title sponsor in 1995. At the same time, the newly renamed Outback Bowl signed agreements with the Southeastern Conference and the Big Ten Conference, creating an annual inter-sectional matchup that has continued ever since.

text: In 1999, the Outback Bowl moved from Tampa Stadium into Raymond James Stadium, which had recently been built adjacent to the old stadium.

text: The game[edit]

text: The Outback Bowl is played on New Year's Day unless January 1 falls on a Sunday, in which case it is moved to the following Monday. It is usually the first game to start on a day which is traditionally full of college bowl games, and has kicked off as early as 11AM. ESPN has had television rights to the game since 1993. Under an extension of those rights signed in 2010, ESPN broadcasts the game on either ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2, in conjunction with the Citrus Bowl and the New Year's Six bowl games.[3] Before 1993, the Hall of Fame Bowl aired on NBC.

text: Upon signing agreements with the SEC and Big 10 in 1995, the Outback Bowl had the third pick of teams from each conference after the Bowl Championship Series teams were placed. Since 2014, both the SEC and Big 10 have worked with a group of several bowl games, including the Outback Bowl, to place their bowl-eligible teams after the College Football Playoff and associated bowls have made their selections.[4][5]

text: As of 2017, the Outback Bowl payout was $3.5 million for each team.

text: Game results[edit]

text: Rankings are based on the AP Poll prior to the game being played.

text:
Season
Date Played
Winning Team
Losing Team
Attnd.[6]
Notes

1986
December 23, 1986
Boston College
27
#17 Georgia
24
41,000
notes

1987
January 2, 1988
Michigan
28
Alabama
24
61,075
notes

1988
January 2, 1989
#17 Syracuse
23
#16 LSU
10
51,112
notes

1989
January 1, 1990
#9 Auburn
31
#21 Ohio State
14
68,085
notes

1990
January 1, 1991
#14 Clemson
30
#16 Illinois
0
63,154
notes

1991
January 1, 1992
Syracuse
24
Ohio State
17
57,789
notes

1992
January 1, 1993
Tennessee
38
Boston College
23
52,056
notes

1993
January 1, 1994
Michigan
42
NC State
7
52,649
notes

1994
January 2, 1995
Wisconsin
34
Duke
20
61,384
notes

1995
January 1, 1996
Penn State
43
Auburn
14
65,313
notes

1996
January 1, 1997
Alabama
17
Michigan
14
53,161
notes

1997
January 1, 1998
Georgia
33
Wisconsin
6
56,186
notes

1998
January 1, 1999
Penn State
26
Kentucky
14
66,005
notes

1999
January 1, 2000
Georgia
28
Purdue
25 (OT)
54,059
notes

2000
January 1, 2001
South Carolina
24
Ohio State
7
65,229
notes

2001
January 1, 2002
#14 South Carolina
31
Ohio State
28
66,249
notes

2002
January 1, 2003
#11 Michigan
38
Florida
30
65,101
notes

2003
January 1, 2004
#13 Iowa
37
#15 Florida
17
65,657
notes

2004
January 1, 2005
#7 Georgia
24
#17 Wisconsin
21
62,414
notes

2005
January 2, 2006
#16 Florida
31
#25 Iowa
24
65,881
notes

2006
January 1, 2007
Penn State
20
#17 Tennessee
10
65,601
notes

2007
January 1, 2008
#16 Tennessee
21
#18 Wisconsin
17
60,121
notes

2008
January 1, 2009
Iowa
31
South Carolina
10
55,117
notes

2009
January 1, 2010
Auburn
38
Northwestern
35 (OT)
49,383
notes

2010
January 1, 2011
Florida
37
Penn State
24
60,574
notes

2011
January 2, 2012
#17 Michigan State
33
#16 Georgia
30 (3OT)
49,429
notes

2012
January 1, 2013
#10 South Carolina
33
#18 Michigan
28
54,527
notes

2013
January 1, 2014
#14 LSU
21
Iowa
14
51,296
notes

2014
January 1, 2015
#18 Wisconsin
34
#19 Auburn
31 (OT)
44,023
notes

2015
January 1, 2016
#23 Tennessee
45
#13 Northwestern
6
53,202
notes

2016
January 2, 2017
#20 Florida
30
#21 Iowa
3
51,119
notes

2017
January 1, 2018
South Carolina
26
Michigan
19
45,687
notes

text: MVPs[edit]

text:
Date
MVP(s)[6]
Team
Position

December 23, 1986
James Jackson
Georgia
QB

Garry Moss
Georgia
CB

January 2, 1988
Jamie Morris
Michigan
TB

January 2, 1989
Robert Drummond
Syracuse
RB

January 1, 1990
Reggie Slack
Auburn
QB

January 1, 1991
DeChane Cameron
Clemson
QB

January 1, 1992
Marvin Graves
Syracuse
QB

January 1, 1993
Heath Shuler
Tennessee
QB

January 1, 1994
Tyrone Wheatley
Michigan
RB

January 2, 1995
Terrell Fletcher
Wisconsin
RB

January 1, 1996
Bobby Engram
Penn State
WR

January 1, 1997
Dwayne Rudd
Alabama
LB

January 1, 1998
Mike Bobo
Georgia
QB

January 1, 1999
Courtney Brown
Penn State
DE

January 1, 2000
Drew Brees
Purdue
QB

January 1, 2001
Ryan Brewer
South Carolina
RB

January 1, 2002
Phil Petty
South Carolina
QB

January 1, 2003
Chris Perry
Michigan
TB

January 1, 2004
Fred Russell
Iowa
RB

January 1, 2005
David Pollack
Georgia
DE

January 2, 2006
Dallas Baker
Florida
WR

January 1, 2007
Tony Hunt
Penn State
RB

January 1, 2008
Erik Ainge
Tennessee
QB

January 1, 2009
Shonn Greene
Iowa
RB

January 1, 2010
Darvin Adams
Auburn
WR

January 1, 2011
Ahmad Black
Florida
S

January 2, 2012
Brandon Boykin
Georgia
CB

January 1, 2013
Ace Sanders
South Carolina
WR/PR

January 1, 2014
Jeremy Hill
LSU
RB

January 1, 2015
Melvin Gordon
Wisconsin
RB

January 1, 2016
Jalen Hurd
Tennessee
RB

January 2, 2017
Chauncey Gardner
Florida
DB

January 1, 2018[7]
Jake Bentley
South Carolina
QB

text: Most appearances[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Appearances
Record

1
Michigan
6
3–3

T2
South Carolina
5
4–1

T2
Florida
5
3–2

T2
Georgia
5
3–2

T2
Iowa
5
2–3

T2
Wisconsin
5
2–3

3
Penn State
4
3–1

T3
Tennessee
4
3–1

T3
Auburn
4
2–2

T3
Ohio State
4
0–4

4
Syracuse
2
2–0

T4
Alabama
2
1–1

T4
LSU
2
1–1

T4
Boston College
2
1–1

T4
Northwestern
2
0–2

text:
Won: Clemson, Michigan State
Lost: Duke, Illinois, Kentucky, NC State, Purdue

text: Appearances by conference[edit]

text: Through the January 2018 playing, there have been 32 games (64 total appearances).

text:
Rank
Conference
Appearances
Wins
Losses
Pct.

1
Big Ten
29
11
18
.379

2
SEC
28
17
11
.607

3
ACC
3
1
2
.333

T4
Independents[n 1]
2
2
0
1.000

T4
Big East[n 2]
2
1
1
.500

text:
Jump up ^ Boston College (1986) and Syracuse (1988) were not affiliated with a conference during their first appearance.
Jump up ^ Syracuse (1992) and Boston College (1993) later participated as members of the original Big East Conference.

tag: ol


document_title: List of FA Cup Finals

question_text: when did man u last win fa cup

question_tokens: when did man u last win fa cup

text: List of FA Cup Finals

text: History[edit]

text: The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers, a team of former public schoolboys based in London, who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons. The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England,[5] but in 1883, Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup, defeating Old Etonians. Upon his team's return to Blackburn, Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed: "The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire. It'll have a good home and it'll never go back to London."[6]

text: With the advent of professionalism at around the same time, the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition.[5] The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888.[7] Since then, one non-league team has won the cup. Tottenham Hotspur, then of the Southern League, defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final.[8] A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup, which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921.[2] In 1927, Cardiff City, a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales, won the cup, the only non-English club to do so.[9] Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition.[2]

text: Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s, winning the trophy three times in five years,[2] and in the 1960s, Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success, with three wins in seven seasons. This marked the start of a successful period for London-based clubs, with 11 wins in 22 seasons.[10] Teams from the second tier of English football, at the time called the Second Division, experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980.[10] Sunderland won the cup in 1973, Southampton repeated the feat in 1976, and West Ham United won in 1980, the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division.[2][8]

text: Finals[edit]

text: Until 1999, a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date;[11] since then the final has always been decided on the day, with a penalty shootout as required.[12] As of 2017 a penalty shoot-out has been required on only two occasions, in the 2005 and 2006 finals. The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars, other than in the 1914–15 season, when it was completed, and the 1939–40 season, when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds.[2]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to list of winners

(R)
Replay

*
Match went to extra time

Match decided by a penalty shoot-out after extra time

Winning team won the Double

Italics
Team from outside the top level of English football
(since the formation of The Football League in 1888)

text: All teams are English, except where marked  (Scottish) or   (Welsh).

text: Results[edit]

text:
FA Cup winners

Season
Winners[2]
Score[2]
Runners–up[2]
Venue[13]
Attendance[13]

1871–72 FA Cup (1) !1871–72
Wanderers
1–0
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
2,000

1872–73 FA Cup (1) !1872–73
Wanderers
2–0
Oxford University
Lillie Bridge
3,000

1873–74 FA Cup (1) !1873–74
Oxford University
2–0
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
2,000

1874–75 FA Cup (1) !1874–75
Royal Engineers
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
2,000

1874–75 FA Cup (2) !1874–75 (R)
Royal Engineers
2–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
3,000

1875–76 FA Cup (1) !1875–76
Wanderers
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
3,500

1875–76 FA Cup (2) !1875–76 (R)
Wanderers
3–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
1,500

1876–77 FA Cup (1) !1876–77
Wanderers
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Oxford University
Kennington Oval
3,000

1877–78 FA Cup (1) !1877–78
Wanderers
3–1
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
4,500

1878–79 FA Cup (1) !1878–79
Old Etonians
1–0
Clapham Rovers
Kennington Oval
5,000

1879–80 FA Cup (1) !1879–80
Clapham Rovers
1–0
Oxford University
Kennington Oval
6,000

1880–81 FA Cup (1) !1880–81
Old Carthusians
3–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
4,000

1881–82 FA Cup (1) !1881–82
Old Etonians
1–0
Blackburn Rovers
Kennington Oval
6,500

1882–83 FA Cup (1) !1882–83
Blackburn Olympic
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
8,000

1883–84 FA Cup (1) !1883–84
Blackburn Rovers
2–1
 Queen's Park
Kennington Oval
4,000

1884–85 FA Cup (1) !1884–85
Blackburn Rovers
2–0
 Queen's Park
Kennington Oval
12,500

1885–86 FA Cup (1) !1885–86
Blackburn Rovers
0–0
West Bromwich Albion
Kennington Oval
15,000

1885–86 FA Cup (2) !1885–86 (R)
Blackburn Rovers
2–0
West Bromwich Albion
Racecourse Ground !Racecourse Ground
12,000

1886–87 FA Cup (1) !1886–87
Aston Villa
2–0
West Bromwich Albion
Kennington Oval
15,500

1887–88 FA Cup (1) !1887–88
West Bromwich Albion
2–1
Preston North End
Kennington Oval
19,000

1888–89 FA Cup (1) !1888–89
Preston North End
3–0
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Kennington Oval
22,000

1889–90 FA Cup (1) !1889–90
Blackburn Rovers
6–1
The Wednesday
Kennington Oval
20,000

1890–91 FA Cup (1) !1890–91
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
Notts County
Kennington Oval
23,000

1891–92 FA Cup (1) !1891–92
West Bromwich Albion
3–0
Aston Villa
Kennington Oval
32,810

1892–93 FA Cup (1) !1892–93
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–0
Everton
Fallowfield Stadium
45,000

1893–94 FA Cup (1) !1893–94
Notts County
4–1
Bolton Wanderers
Goodison Park
37,000

1894–95 FA Cup (1) !1894–95
Aston Villa
1–0
West Bromwich Albion
Crystal Palace
42,560

1895–96 FA Cup (1) !1895–96
The Wednesday
2–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Crystal Palace
48,836

1896–97 FA Cup (1) !1896–97
Aston Villa
3–2
Everton
Crystal Palace
65,891

1897–98 FA Cup (1) !1897–98
Nottingham Forest
3–1
Derby County
Crystal Palace
62,017

1898–99 FA Cup (1) !1898–99
Sheffield United
4–1
Derby County
Crystal Palace
73,833

1899–1900 FA Cup (1) !1899–1900
Bury
4–0
Southampton
Crystal Palace
68,945

1900–01 FA Cup (1) !1900–01
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2
Sheffield United
Crystal Palace
110,820

1900–01 FA Cup (2) !1900–01 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1
Sheffield United
Burnden Park
20,470

1901–02 FA Cup (1) !1901–02
Sheffield United
1–1
Southampton
Crystal Palace
76,914

1901–02 FA Cup (2) !1901–02 (R)
Sheffield United
2–1
Southampton
Crystal Palace
33,068

1902–03 FA Cup (1) !1902–03
Bury
6–0
Derby County
Crystal Palace
63,102

1903–04 FA Cup (1) !1903–04
Manchester City
1–0
Bolton Wanderers
Crystal Palace
61,374

1904–05 FA Cup (1) !1904–05
Aston Villa
2–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
101,117

1905–06 FA Cup (1) !1905–06
Everton
1–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
75,609

1906–07 FA Cup (1) !1906–07
The Wednesday
2–1
Everton
Crystal Palace
84,594

1907–08 FA Cup (1) !1907–08
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
74,697

1908–09 FA Cup (1) !1908–09
Manchester United
1–0
Bristol City
Crystal Palace
71,401

1909–10 FA Cup (1) !1909–10
Newcastle United
1–1
Barnsley
Crystal Palace
77,747

1909–10 FA Cup (2) !1909–10 (R)
Newcastle United
2–0
Barnsley
Goodison Park
69,000

1910–11 FA Cup (1) !1910–11
Bradford City
0–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
69,068

1910–11 FA Cup (2) !1910–11 (R)
Bradford City
1–0
Newcastle United
Old Trafford
58,000

1911–12 FA Cup (1) !1911–12
Barnsley
0–0
West Bromwich Albion
Crystal Palace
54,556

1911–12 FA Cup (2) !1911–12 (R)
Barnsley
1–0 !* 1–0 *
West Bromwich Albion
Bramall Lane
38,555

1912–13 FA Cup (1) !1912–13
Aston Villa
1–0
Sunderland
Crystal Palace
121,919

1913–14 FA Cup (1) !1913–14
Burnley
1–0
Liverpool
Crystal Palace
72,778

1914–15 FA Cup (1) !1914–15
Sheffield United
3–0
Chelsea
Old Trafford
49,557

1919–20 FA Cup (1) !1919–20
Aston Villa
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Huddersfield Town
Stamford Bridge
50,018

1920–21 FA Cup (1) !1920–21
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Stamford Bridge
72,805

1921–22 FA Cup (1) !1921–22
Huddersfield Town
1–0
Preston North End
Stamford Bridge
53,000

1922–23 FA Cup (1) !1922–23
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
126,047[A]

1923–24 FA Cup (1) !1923–24
Newcastle United
2–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,695

1924–25 FA Cup (1) !1924–25
Sheffield United
1–0
 Cardiff City
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,763

1925–26 FA Cup (1) !1925–26
Bolton Wanderers
1–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,447

1926–27 FA Cup (1) !1926–27
 Cardiff City
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,206

1927–28 FA Cup (1) !1927–28
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,041

1928–29 FA Cup (1) !1928–29
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,576

1929–30 FA Cup (1) !1929–30
Arsenal
2–0
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,488

1930–31 FA Cup (1) !1930–31
West Bromwich Albion
2–1
Birmingham
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,406

1931–32 FA Cup (1) !1931–32
Newcastle United
2–1
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,298

1932–33 FA Cup (1) !1932–33
Everton
3–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,950

1933–34 FA Cup (1) !1933–34
Manchester City
2–1
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,258

1934–35 FA Cup (1) !1934–35
Sheffield Wednesday
4–2
West Bromwich Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,204

1935–36 FA Cup (1) !1935–36
Arsenal
1–0
Sheffield United
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,384

1936–37 FA Cup (1) !1936–37
Sunderland
3–1
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,495

1937–38 FA Cup (1) !1937–38
Preston North End
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,497

1938–39 FA Cup (1) !1938–39
Portsmouth
4–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,370

1945–46 FA Cup (1) !1945–46
Derby County
4–1 !* 4–1 *
Charlton Athletic
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1946–47 FA Cup (1) !1946–47
Charlton Athletic
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Burnley
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,000

1947–48 FA Cup (1) !1947–48
Manchester United
4–2
Blackpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,000

1948–49 FA Cup (1) !1948–49
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,500

1949–50 FA Cup (1) !1949–50
Arsenal
2–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1950–51 FA Cup (1) !1950–51
Newcastle United
2–0
Blackpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1951–52 FA Cup (1) !1951–52
Newcastle United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1952–53 FA Cup (1) !1952–53
Blackpool
4–3
Bolton Wanderers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1953–54 FA Cup (1) !1953–54
West Bromwich Albion
3–2
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1954–55 FA Cup (1) !1954–55
Newcastle United
3–1
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1955–56 FA Cup (1) !1955–56
Manchester City
3–1
Birmingham City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1956–57 FA Cup (1) !1956–57
Aston Villa
2–1
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1957–58 FA Cup (1) !1957–58
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1958–59 FA Cup (1) !1958–59
Nottingham Forest
2–1
Luton Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1959–60 FA Cup (1) !1959–60
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1960–61 FA Cup (1) !1960–61
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1961–62 FA Cup (1) !1961–62
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1
Burnley
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1962–63 FA Cup (1) !1962–63
Manchester United
3–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1963–64 FA Cup (1) !1963–64
West Ham United
3–2
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1964–65 FA Cup (1) !1964–65
Liverpool
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1965–66 FA Cup (1) !1965–66
Everton
3–2
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1966–67 FA Cup (1) !1966–67
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1967–68 FA Cup (1) !1967–68
West Bromwich Albion
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1968–69 FA Cup (1) !1968–69
Manchester City
1–0
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1969–70 FA Cup (1) !1969–70
Chelsea
2–2 !* 2–2 *
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1969–70 FA Cup (2) !1969–70 (R)
Chelsea
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Leeds United
Old Trafford
62,078

1970–71 FA Cup (1) !1970–71
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1971–72 FA Cup (1) !1971–72
Leeds United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1972–73 FA Cup (1) !1972–73
Sunderland
1–0
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1973–74 FA Cup (1) !1973–74
Liverpool
3–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1974–75 FA Cup (1) !1974–75
West Ham United
2–0
Fulham
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1975–76 FA Cup (1) !1975–76
Southampton
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1976–77 FA Cup (1) !1976–77
Manchester United
2–1
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1977–78 FA Cup (1) !1977–78
Ipswich Town
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1978–79 FA Cup (1) !1978–79
Arsenal
3–2
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1979–80 FA Cup (1) !1979–80
West Ham United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1980–81 FA Cup (1) !1980–81
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1980–81 FA Cup (2) !1980–81 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,000

1981–82 FA Cup (1) !1981–82
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Queens Park Rangers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1981–82 FA Cup (2) !1981–82 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0
Queens Park Rangers
Wembley Stadium (original)
90,000

1982–83 FA Cup (1) !1982–83
Manchester United
2–2 !* 2–2 *
Brighton & Hove Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1982–83 FA Cup (2) !1982–83 (R)
Manchester United
4–0
Brighton & Hove Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1983–84 FA Cup (1) !1983–84
Everton
2–0
Watford
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1984–85 FA Cup (1) !1984–85
Manchester United
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1985–86 FA Cup (1) !1985–86
Liverpool
3–1
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1986–87 FA Cup (1) !1986–87
Coventry City
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Tottenham Hotspur
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1987–88 FA Cup (1) !1987–88
Wimbledon
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,203

1988–89 FA Cup (1) !1988–89
Liverpool
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,500

1989–90 FA Cup (1) !1989–90
Manchester United
3–3 !* 3–3 *
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1989–90 FA Cup (2) !1989–90 (R)
Manchester United
1–0
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1990–91 FA Cup (1) !1990–91
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Nottingham Forest
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1991–92 FA Cup (1) !1991–92
Liverpool
2–0
Sunderland
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1992–93 FA Cup (1) !1992–93
Arsenal
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,347

1992–93 FA Cup (2) !1992–93 (R)
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
62,267

1993–94 FA Cup (1) !1993–94
Manchester United
4–0
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,634

1994–95 FA Cup (1) !1994–95
Everton
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,592

1995–96 FA Cup (1) !1995–96
Manchester United
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,007

1996–97 FA Cup (1) !1996–97
Chelsea
2–0
Middlesbrough
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,160

1997–98 FA Cup (1) !1997–98
Arsenal
2–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,183

1998–99 FA Cup (1) !1998–99
Manchester United
2–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,101

1999–2000 FA Cup (1) !1999–2000
Chelsea
1–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (original)
78,217

2000–01 FA Cup (1) !2000–01
Liverpool
2–1
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
72,500

2001–02 FA Cup (1) !2001–02
Arsenal
2–0
Chelsea
Millennium Stadium
73,963

2002–03 FA Cup (1) !2002–03
Arsenal
1–0
Southampton
Millennium Stadium
73,726

2003–04 FA Cup (1) !2003–04
Manchester United
3–0
Millwall
Millennium Stadium
71,350

2004–05 FA Cup (1) !2004–05
Arsenal
0–0 ! 0–0
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
71,876

2005–06 FA Cup (1) !2005–06
Liverpool
3–3 ! 3–3
West Ham United
Millennium Stadium
71,140

2006–07 FA Cup (1) !2006–07
Chelsea
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,826

2007–08 FA Cup (1) !2007–08
Portsmouth
1–0
 Cardiff City
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,874

2008–09 FA Cup (1) !2008–09
Chelsea
2–1
Everton
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,391

2009–10 FA Cup (1) !2009–10
Chelsea
1–0
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,335

2010–11 FA Cup (1) !2010–11
Manchester City
1–0
Stoke City
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,643

2011–12 FA Cup (1) !2011–12
Chelsea
2–1
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,041

2012–13 FA Cup (1) !2012–13
Wigan Athletic
1–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
86,254

2013–14 FA Cup (1) !2013–14
Arsenal
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Hull City
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,345

2014–15 FA Cup (1) !2014–15
Arsenal
4–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,283

2015–16 FA Cup (1) !2015–16
Manchester United
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,619

2016–17 FA Cup (1) !2016–17
Arsenal
2–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,472

2017–18 FA Cup (1) !2017–18
Chelsea
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
87,647

text: A. ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047, but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000.[14][15]

text: Results by team[edit]

text: Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.[16]

text:
Results by team

Club
Wins
First final won
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total final appearances

Arsenal
13
1930
2017
7
2001
20

Manchester United
12
1909
2016
8
2018
20

Chelsea
8
1970
2018
5
2017
13

Tottenham Hotspur
8
1901
1991
1
1987
9

Liverpool
7
1965
2006
7
2012
14

Aston Villa
7
1887
1957
4
2015
11

Newcastle United
6
1910
1955
7
1999
13

Blackburn Rovers
6
1884
1928
2
1960
8

Everton
5
1906
1995
8
2009
13

Manchester City
5
1904
2011
5
2013
10

West Bromwich Albion
5
1888
1968
5
1935
10

Wanderers
5
1872
1878
0
–
5

Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
1893
1960
4
1939
8

Bolton Wanderers
4
1923
1958
3
1953
7

Sheffield United
4
1899
1925
2
1936
6

Sheffield Wednesday[A]
3
1896
1935
3
1993
6

West Ham United
3
1964
1980
2
2006
5

Preston North End
2
1889
1938
5
1964
7

Old Etonians
2
1879
1882
4
1883
6

Portsmouth
2
1939
2008
3
2010
5

Sunderland
2
1937
1973
2
1992
4

Nottingham Forest
2
1898
1959
1
1991
3

Bury
2
1900
1903
0
–
2

Huddersfield Town
1
1922
1922
4
1938
5

Derby County
1
1946
1946
3
1903
4

Leeds United
1
1972
1972
3
1973
4

Oxford University
1
1874
1874
3
1880
4

Royal Engineers
1
1875
1875
3
1878
4

Southampton
1
1976
1976
3
2003
4

Blackpool
1
1953
1953
2
1951
3

Burnley
1
1914
1914
2
1962
3

Cardiff City
1
1927
1927
2
2008
3

Charlton Athletic
1
1947
1947
1
1946
2

Barnsley
1
1912
1912
1
1910
2

Clapham Rovers
1
1880
1880
1
1879
2

Notts County
1
1894
1894
1
1891
2

Blackburn Olympic
1
1883
1883
0
–
1

Bradford City
1
1911
1911
0
–
1

Coventry City
1
1987
1987
0
–
1

Ipswich Town
1
1978
1978
0
–
1

Old Carthusians
1
1881
1881
0
–
1

Wigan Athletic
1
2013
2013
0
–
1

Wimbledon[B]
1
1988
1988
0
–
1

Leicester City
0

4
1969
4

Birmingham City
0

2
1956
2

Crystal Palace
0

2
2016
2

Queen's Park
0

2
1885
2

Brighton & Hove Albion
0

1
1983
1

Bristol City
0

1
1909
1

Fulham
0

1
1975
1

Hull City
0

1
2014
1

Luton Town
0

1
1959
1

Middlesbrough
0

1
1997
1

Millwall
0

1
2004
1

Queens Park Rangers
0

1
1982
1

Stoke City
0

1
2011
1

Watford
0

1
1984
1

text:
Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday.
Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons, but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours (including the FA Cup win) of Wimbledon.[17]


document_title: Walt Disney World

question_text: when did disney start buying land in florida

text: Walt Disney World

text: History[edit]

text: Planning and construction[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5% of Disneyland's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River, where 75% of the population of the United States lived. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project.[3]

text: Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. After witnessing the well-developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida's Turnpike into account, with McCoy Air Force Base (later Orlando International Airport) to the east, Disney selected a centrally-located site near Bay Lake.[4] To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres (48 sq mi; 123 km2) of land.[4] In May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold, and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically-named companies such as the "Ayefour Corporation", "Latin-American Development and Management Corporation" and the "Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation". Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom. The smaller parcels of land acquired were called "outs". They were 5-acre (2 ha) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors. Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the mineral rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of these rights, Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals. Eventually, Disney's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000.[5]

text: Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their client's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties. The agents were careful not to reveal the extent of their intentions, and they were able to negotiate numerous land contracts with some including large tracts of land for as little as $100 an acre.[6] With the understanding that the recording of the first deeds would trigger intense public scrutiny, Disney delayed the filing of paperwork until a large portion of the land was under contract.[7]

text: Early rumors and speculation about the land purchases assumed possible development by NASA in support of the nearby Kennedy Space Center, as well as references to other famous investors such as Ford, the Rockefellers, and Howard Hughes.[7] An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20, 1965, acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an "East Coast" version of Disneyland. However, the publication denied its accuracy based on an earlier interview with Disney at Kennedy Space Center, in which he claimed a $50 million investment was in the works for Disneyland, and that he had no interest in building a new park.[7] In October 1965, editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park's 10th-anniversary celebration. In an interview with Disney, she asked him if he was behind recent land purchases in Central Florida; Bavar later described that Disney "looked like I had thrown a bucket of water in his face" before denying the story.[7] His reaction, combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit, led Bavar to author a story on October 21, 1965, where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida.[7] Three days later after gathering more information from various sources, the Sentinel published another article headlined, "We Say: 'Mystery Industry' Is Disney".[7]

text: Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15, 1965, but in light of the Sentinel story, Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25. His announcement called the new theme park "the greatest attraction in the history of Florida".[7] The official reveal was kept on the previously-planned November 15 date, and Disney joined Burns in Orlando for the event.[7]

text: Roy Disney's oversight of construction[edit]

text: Walt Disney died from circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer on December 15, 1966, before his vision was realized. His brother and business partner, Roy O. Disney, postponed his retirement to oversee construction of the resort's first phase.

text: On February 2, 1967, Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park, Florida. The role of EPCOT was emphasized in the film that was played. After the film, it was explained that for Disney World, including EPCOT, to succeed, a special district would have to be formed: the Reedy Creek Improvement District with two cities inside it, Bay Lake and Reedy Creek, now Lake Buena Vista. In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city, which include the issuance of tax-free bonds, the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land-use laws. The only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections.[3] The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967.[8] The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax-exempt bonds for public projects within the district, despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions.

text: The district soon began construction of drainage canals, and Disney built the first roads and the Magic Kingdom. The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park's opening on October 1, 1971.[9][10] The Palm and Magnolia golf courses near Magic Kingdom had opened a few weeks before, while Fort Wilderness opened a month later. 24 days after the park opened, Roy O. Disney dedicated the property and declared that it would be known as "Walt Disney World" in his brother's honor. In his own words: "Everyone has heard of Ford cars. But have they all heard of Henry Ford, who started it all? Walt Disney World is in memory of the man who started it all, so people will know his name as long as Walt Disney World is here." After the dedication, Roy Disney asked Walt's widow, Lillian, what she thought of Walt Disney World. According to biographer Bob Thomas, she responded, "I think Walt would have approved." Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20, 1971, less than three months after the property opened.[11]

text: Admission prices in 1971 were $3.50 for adults, $2.50 for juniors under age 18, and one dollar for children under twelve.[9]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: Much of Walt Disney's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city. The concept evolved into the resort's second theme park, EPCOT Center,which opened in 1982 (renamed EPCOT in 1996). While still emulating Walt Disney's original idea of showcasing new technology, the park is closer to a world's fair than a "community of tomorrow". One of EPCOT's main attractions is their world's showcase which highlights 11 countries across the globe. Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later. The resort's third theme park, Disney-MGM Studios (renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2008), opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business. The resort's fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened in 1998.

text: George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012, replacing Meg Crofton, who had overseen the site since 2006.

text: On January 21, 2016, the resort's management structure was changed, with general managers within a theme park being in charge of an area or land, instead of on a functional basis as previously. Theme parks have already had a vice-president overseeing them. Disney Springs and Disney Sports were also affected. Now hotel general managers manage a single hotel instead of some managing multiple hotels.[12]

text: On October 18, 2017, it was announced that resort visitors could bring dogs to Disney’s Yacht Club Resort, Disney Port Orleans Resort – Riverside, Disney’s Art of Animation Resort and Disney’s Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground.[13]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
[hide]Year
Event

1965
Walt Disney announces Florida Project

1966
Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at age 65

1967
Construction of Walt Disney World Resort begins

1971
Magic Kingdom Opened
Palm and Magnolia Golf Courses Opened
Disney's Contemporary Resort Opened
Disney's Polynesian Resort Opened
Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Opened
Roy O. Disney dies at age 78

1972
Disney's Village Resort opens

1973
The Golf Resort opens

1974
Discovery Island opens

1975
Walt Disney Village Marketplace opens

1976
Disney's River Country opens

1980
Walt Disney World Conference Center opens

1982
EPCOT Center opens

1986
The Golf Resort is expanded and renamed The Disney Inn

1988
Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens
Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort opens

1989
Disney-MGM Studios opens
Disney's Typhoon Lagoon opens
Pleasure Island opens

1990
Disney's Yacht and Beach Club resorts open
Walt Disney World Swan opens
Walt Disney World Dolphin opens

1991
Disney's Port Orleans Resort French Quarter opens
Disney Vacation Club is launched
Disney's Old Key West Resort opens

1992
Disney's Port Orleans Resort Riverside (Dixie Landings) opens
Bonnet Creek Golf Club opens

1994
Disney's All-Star Sports Resort and Disney's All Star Music Resort opens
Disney's Wilderness Lodge opens
The Disney Inn is Shades of Green

1995
Disney's Blizzard Beach opens
Disney's Wedding Pavilion opens
Walt Disney World Speedway opens

1996
EPCOT Center is renamed Epcot
Disney Institute opens
Disney's BoardWalk Inn and BoardWalk Villas open

1997
Disney's Coronado Springs Resort opens
Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex opens
Downtown Disney West Side opens

1998
Disney's Animal Kingdom opens
DisneyQuest opens

1999
Disney's All-Star Movies Resort opens
Discovery Island closes
Hurricane Floyd closes the resort for September 15.[14]

2000
The Villas at Disney's Wilderness Lodge opens

2001
Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge opens
Disney's River Country closes
September 11 attack causes all parks on property to evacuate early due to national safety concerns.[14]

2002
Disney's Beach Club Villas opens

2003
Disney's Pop Century Resort opens

2004
Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa opens
Hurricane Frances causes the second closure on both Sept. 4 and 5.[14]
Hurricane Jeanne closes the resort for its third time on September 26.[14]

2007
Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas opens

2008
Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios

2009
Bay Lake Tower at Disney's Contemporary Resort opens
Treehouse Villas opens

2011
Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort opens

2012
Disney's Art of Animation Resort
Phase 1 of Magic Kingdom's Fantasyland expansion opens

2013
The Villas at Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens

2014
Phase 2 of Magic Kingdom's Fantasyland expansion opens

2015
Disney's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows open
Downtown Disney is expanded and renamed Disney Springs

2016
Disney Springs finishes construction
Hurricane Matthew forced the resort to close for its fourth time on October 7.[14]

2017
Pandora – The World of Avatar opens at Disney's Animal Kingdom
Hurricane Irma forced the resort to close for its fifth time on September 10 and 11.[15]
DisneyQuest closes permanently for the NBA experience

text: Future expansion[edit]

text: The resort has a number of expansion projects planned or ongoing, including:

text:
Toy Story Land due to open at Disney's Hollywood Studios on June 30 2018. This plans to feature various rides and attractions including a Slinky Dog Roller Coaster and the park is Toy Story themed
Star Wars Hotel (opening date to be announced)
Disney Riviera Resort an all new Disney resort opening fall 2019
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge due to open at Disney's Hollywood Studios in 2019
A Tron themed ride at Magic Kingdom due to open in 2021
Expansion at Epcot including new attractions related to Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille due to open by the end of 2021
Disney Skyliner, a new gondola lift style transportation system. Select cabins will feature iconic Disney characters on the exterior and will transport guests across Disney property[16]

text: Location[edit]

text: The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits but is southwest of Downtown Orlando. Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County, with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County. The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District. The site is accessible from Central Florida's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B (World Drive), 64B (US 192 West), 65B (Osceola Parkway West), 67B (SR 536 West), and 68 (SR 535 North), and Exit 8 on SR 429, the Western Expressway. At its founding, the park occupied approximately 30,500 acres (48 sq mi; 123 km2). Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed, including land now occupied by the Disney-built community of Celebration. Now the resort occupies 27,258 acres (43 sq mi; 110 km2),[17] about the size of San Francisco, or twice the size of Manhattan.

text: Attractions[edit]

text:
Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom

Spaceship Earth at Epcot

The Chinese Theatre at Disney's Hollywood Studios

Tree of Life at Disney's Animal Kingdom

text: Theme parks[edit]

text:
Magic Kingdom, opened October 1, 1971
Epcot, opened October 1, 1982
Disney's Hollywood Studios, opened May 1, 1989
Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened April 22, 1998

text: Water parks[edit]

text:
Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened June 1, 1989
Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened April 1, 1995

text: Other attractions[edit]

text: Multiple resorts across Disney property offer a variety of spa treatments including Disney's Grand Floridian and Disney's Coronado Springs Resort

text: Disney's Boardwalk is located outside of their Boardwalk Inn and is a quarter-mile of shopping, entertainment, dining, and nightlife options that are fun for a variety of ages[18]

text: EPCOT has annual festivals that run for limited amounts of time throughout the year like the EPCOT Flower and Garden Festival, EPCOT Festival of the Arts, and the EPCOT Food and Wine Festival

text: Disney does special ticketed events throughout the year including the Mickey's Not So Scary Halloween Party, which usually runs late August through October, and Mickey's Very Merry Christmas Party

text:
Disney Springs, opened March 22, 1975 (Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, Disney Village Marketplace, and Downtown Disney)[19]
Disney's Wedding Pavilion, opened July 15, 1995
ESPN Wide World of Sports, opened March 28, 1997

text: Golf and recreation[edit]

text: Disney's property includes four golf courses. The three 18-hole golf courses are Disney's Palm (4.5 stars), Disney's Magnolia (4 stars), and Disney's Lake Buena Vista (4 stars). There is also a nine-hole walking course (no electric carts allowed) called Oak Trail, designed for young golfers. The Magnolia and Palm courses played home to the PGA Tour's Children's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic. Arnold Palmer Golf Management manages the Disney golf courses.[20]

text: Additionally, there are two themed miniature golf complexes, each with two courses, Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland.[21] The two courses at Fantasia Gardens are Fantasia Garden and Fantasia Fairways. The Garden course is a traditional miniature-style course based on the "Fantasia" movies with musical holes, water fountains and characters. Fantasia Fairways is a traditional golf course on miniature scale having water hazards and sand traps.[22]

text: The two courses at Winter Summerland are Summer and Winter, both themed around Santa. Summer is the more challenging of the two 18-hole courses.[22]

text: Former attractions[edit]

text:
Discovery Island — an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds. It opened on April 8, 1974, and closed on April 8, 1999.
Disney's River Country — the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort. It opened on June 20, 1976, and closed on November 2, 2001.
Walt Disney World Speedway — a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience. It opened November 28, 1995, and closed on August 9, 2015.
DisneyQuest — an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions. It opened June 19, 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks. It closed on July 2, 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience.[23]
La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil — opened December 23, 1998, and closed after December 31, 2017.[24]

text: Resorts[edit]

text: Of the thirty-four resorts and hotels on the Walt Disney World property, twenty-eight are owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products. These are classified into four categories — Deluxe, Moderate, Value, and Disney Vacation Club Villas — and are located in one of five resort areas: the Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Wide World of Sports, Animal Kingdom, or Disney Springs resort areas.

text: While all of the Deluxe resort hotels have achieved an AAA Four Diamond rating, Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa is considered the highest tier flagship luxury resort on the Walt Disney World Resort complex.[25]

text: On-site Disney resorts[edit]

text:
Name
Opening date
Theme
Number of rooms
Resort Area

Deluxe resorts

Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge
April 16, 2001
African Wildlife preserve
1,307
Animal Kingdom

Disney's Beach Club Resort
November 19, 1990
Newport Beach cottage
576
Epcot

Disney's BoardWalk Inn
July 1, 1996
Early 20th Century Atlantic and Ocean City
378

Disney's Contemporary Resort
October 1, 1971
Modern
655
Magic Kingdom

Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
July 1, 1988
Early 20th Century Florida
867

Disney's Polynesian Village Resort
October 1, 1971
South Seas
492

Disney's Wilderness Lodge
May 28, 1994
Pacific Northwest, National Park Service rustic
729

Disney's Yacht Club Resort
November 5, 1990
Martha's Vineyard Resort
621
Epcot

Moderate resorts

Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort
October 1, 1988
Caribbean Islands
2,112
Epcot

Disney's Coronado Springs Resort
August 1, 1997
Mexico, American Southwest
1,915
Animal Kingdom

Disney's Port Orleans Resort – French Quarter
May 17, 1991
New Orleans French Quarter
1,008
Disney Springs

Disney's Port Orleans Resort – Riverside
February 2, 1992
Antebellum South
2,048

Value resorts

Disney's All-Star Movies Resort
January 15, 1999
Disney films
1,920
Animal Kingdom

Disney's All-Star Music Resort
November 22, 1994
Music
1,604

Disney's All-Star Sports Resort
April 24, 1994
Sports
1,920

Disney's Art of Animation Resort
May 31, 2012
Disney and Pixar animated films
1,984
Wide World of Sports

Disney's Pop Century Resort
December 14, 2003
20th Century American pop culture
2,880

Disney Vacation Club

Bay Lake Tower at Disney's Contemporary Resort
August 4, 2009
Modern
428
Magic Kingdom

Disney's Animal Kingdom Villas
August 15, 2007
African safari lodge
708
Animal Kingdom

Disney's Beach Club Villas
July 1, 2002
Newport resort
282
Epcot

Disney's BoardWalk Villas
July 1, 1996
Early 20th Century Atlantic City
530

Disney's Old Key West Resort
December 20, 1991
Early 20th Century Key West
761
Disney Springs

Disney's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows
April 1, 2015
South Seas
380
Magic Kingdom

Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa
May 17, 2004
1880s Upstate New York resort
1,320
Disney Springs

The Villas at Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
October 23, 2013
Early 20th Century Florida
147
Magic Kingdom

Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney's Wilderness Lodge
November 15, 2000
Pacific Northwest
181

Copper Creek Villas and Cabins at Disney's Wilderness Lodge
July 17, 2017
Pacific Northwest
184

Disney Riviera Resort
Fall 2019
Riviera
300
Epcot

Cabins and campgrounds

Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground
November 19, 1971
Rustic Woods Camping
800 campsites
409 cabins
Magic Kingdom

Residential areas

Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort
Fall 2011
Varies
450 homes
Magic Kingdom

text:
The Grand Floridian Resort & Spa, Walt Disney World's flagship resort

Disney's Polynesian Resort, a deluxe level resort

Caribbean Beach Resort, the first moderate resort at Walt Disney World

Fort Wilderness, Disney's campground and cabin resort

Disney's All Star Movies Resort, one of five value resorts

text: On-site non-Disney hotels[edit]

text:
Hotel name
Opening date
Theme
Number of rooms
Owner
Area

Best Western Lake Buena Vista Resort Hotel
November 21, 1972
None
325
Drury Hotels
Hotel Plaza Boulevard, close to Disney Springs

Doubletree Guest Suite Resort
March 15, 1987
229
Hilton Hotels Corporation

Wyndham Lake Buena Vista
October 15, 1972
626
Wyndham Hotels & Resorts

Hilton Walt Disney World
November 23, 1983
787
Hilton Hotels Corporation

Holiday Inn in the Walt Disney World Resort
February 8, 1973
323
InterContinental Hotels Group

B Resort
October 1, 1972
394
B Hotels & Resorts

Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa
March 10, 1983
1,014
Hilton Hotels Corporation

Four Seasons Orlando at Walt Disney World Resort
August 3, 2014
450
Four Seasons
Magic Kingdom

Bonnet Creek Resort
Various
Various, 3,000 total
Hilton Worldwide, Wyndham Worldwide
Epcot

Walt Disney World Dolphin
June 1, 1990
Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea
1509
Sheraton

Walt Disney World Swan
January 13, 1990
Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea
756
Westin

Shades of Green
February 1, 1994
Upscale Country Club
586
United States Department of Defense
Magic Kingdom

text:
Shades of Green Resort, owned and operated by the United States Military

The Walt Disney World Dolphin

The Walt Disney World Swan

The Hilton at Walt Disney World, located at Hotel Plaza Boulevard

text: Former resorts[edit]

text:
The Golf Resort — Became The Disney Inn, and later became Shades of Green.
Disney's Village Resort — Became the Villas at Disney Institute and then Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa. The "Tree House" Villas were decommissioned for a time because they were not accessible to disabled guests. Until early 2008, they were used for International Program Cast Member housing. In February 2008, Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas.[26] The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009.
Celebration — a town designed and built by Disney, now managed by a resident-run association.
Lake Buena Vista — Disney originally intended this area to become a complete community with multiple residences, shopping, and offices, but transformed the original homes into hotel lodging in the 1970s, which were demolished in the early 2000s to build Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa)

text: Proposed resorts[edit]

text: Star Wars Hotel — planned to be built just outside of the under-construction Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge land of Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park planning to open in 2019.

text: Never-built resorts[edit]

text:
Disney's Asian Resort
Disney's Persian Resort
Disney's Venetian Resort
Disney's Mediterranean Resort
Fort Wilderness Junction

text: Disney's Magical Express[edit]

text: Guests with a Disney Resort reservation (excluding the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin) that arrive at Orlando International Airport can be transported to their resort from the airport using the complimentary Disney Magical Express service, which is operated by Mears Destination Services. Guests can also have their bags picked up and transported to their resort for them through a contract with BAGS Incorporated on participating airlines. Many resorts feature Airline Check-in counters for guests returning to the airport. Here their bags will be checked all the way through to their final destination and they can also have boarding passes printed for them. Some participating airlines are Delta, United, American, Jet Blue, and Alaska Airlines.

text: Attendance[edit]

text: In 2014, the resort's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world; (1st) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors, (6th) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors, (7th) Disney's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors, and (8th) Disney's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors.[27]

text:
Year
Magic Kingdom
Epcot
Disney's Hollywood Studios
Disney's Animal Kingdom
Overall
Ref.

2008
17,063,000
10,935,000
9,608,000
9,540,000
47,146,000
[28]

2009
17,233,000
10,990,000
9,700,000
9,590,000
47,513,000
[29]

2010
16,972,000
10,825,000
9,603,000
9,686,000
47,086,000
[30]

2011
17,142,000
10,826,000
9,699,000
9,783,000
47,450,000
[31]

2012
17,536,000
11,063,000
9,912,000
9,998,000
48,509,000
[32]

2013
18,588,000
11,229,000
10,110,000
10,198,000
50,125,000
[33]

2014
19,332,000
11,454,000
10,312,000
10,402,000
51,500,000
[34]

2015
20,492,000
11,798,000
10,828,000
10,922,000
54,040,000
[35]

2016
20,395,000
11,712,000
10,776,000
10,844,000
53,727,000
[36]

Total overall
1,347,096,000

text: Operations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The Walt Disney World Resort is serviced by Disney Transport, a complimentary mass transportation system allowing guest access across the property. The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transportation at Walt Disney World. Guests can aboard the monorail from select on property resorts including The Grand Floridian and The Polynesian. The system operates on three routes that interconnect at the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC), adjacent to the Magic Kingdom's parking lot. A fleet of Disney-operated buses on property, branded Disney Transport, is also complimentary for guests.

text: Disney Transport also operates a fleet of watercraft, ranging in size from water taxis, up to the ferries that connect the Magic Kingdom to the Transportation and Ticket Center. Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams that are used for shuttling visitors between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances.

text: Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport: the Walt Disney World Airport which was also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport. During the early 1970s, scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops which had STOL (short take off and landing) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando.[37][38] The airport is no longer in operation.

text: Employment[edit]

text: When the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971, the site employed about 5,500 "cast members".[39] Today, Walt Disney World employs more than 74,000 cast members,[40] spending more than $1.2 billion on payroll and $474 million on benefits each year. The largest single-site employer in the United States,[41][42] Walt Disney World has more than 3,700 job classifications. The resort also sponsors and operates the Walt Disney World College Program, an internship program that offers American college students (CP's) the opportunity to live about 15 miles (24 km) off-site in four Disney-owned apartment complexes and work at the resort, and thereby provides much of the theme park and resort "front line" cast members. There is also the Walt Disney World International College Program, an internship program that offers international college students (ICP's) from all over the world the same opportunity.

text: Corporate culture[edit]

text: Walt Disney World’s corporate culture uses jargon based on theatrical terminology.[43][44] For example, park visitors are always “guests”, employees are called “cast members”, rides are “attractions” or “adventures”, cast members costumed as famous Disney characters in a way that does not cover their faces are known as “face characters”, jobs are “roles”, and public and nonpublic areas are respectively labeled “onstage” and “backstage”.[43][44]

text: Security[edit]

text: Disney's security personnel are generally dressed in typical security guard uniforms, though some of the personnel are dressed as tourists in plain clothes. Since September 11, 2001, uniformed security has been stationed just outside each Disney park in Florida to search guests' bags as they enter the parks.

text: The land where Walt Disney World resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID), a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney. RCID provides 911 services, fire, environmental protection, building code enforcement, utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services. The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company. Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads. Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares, traffic cones, and chalk commonly used by police officers. These security personnel are charged with traffic control by the RCID and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees, not the general public.[45][46]

text: Despite the appearance of the uniformed security personnel, they are not considered a legal law enforcement agency. Disney and The Reedy Creek Improvement District were sued for access to Disney Security records by Bob and Kathy Sipkema following the death of their son at the resort in 1994. The court characterized Disney security as a "night watchman" service not a law enforcement agency and was not subject to Florida's open records laws. An appeals court later upheld the lower court's ruling.[47]

text: In late 2015, Disney confirmed the addition of randomized secondary screenings and dogs trained to detect body-worn explosives within parks, in addition to metal detectors at entrances. It has also increased the number of uniformed security personnel at Walt Disney World and Disneyland properties.[48]

text: Disney Security personnel in Florida have investigated traffic accidents and issued accident reports. The forms used by Disney Security may be confused with official, government forms by some.[citation needed]

text: The Orange County Sheriff maintains an office on Disney property, but this is primarily to process guests accused of shoplifting by Disney security personnel.[49]


document_title: Patrick Henry Hughes

question_text: why was the hughes family back on family feud

text: Patrick Henry Hughes

text: Biography[edit]

text: Patrick Henry Hughes was born March 10, 1988 to Patrick John and Patricia Hughes. Upon his delivery, the medical staff noticed physical anomalies. These were diagnosed as bilateral anophthalmia with pterygium syndrome and congenital bilateral hip dysplasia.[1]

text: His father, Patrick John Hughes, introduced him to the piano at the age of nine months. Patrick has studied piano in the years since and later began the study of trumpet. He has two younger brothers, Jesse and Cameron.

text: Patrick Henry's national fame began in 2006 while a student at the University of Louisville.  At the suggestion of Louisville's marching band director, Dr. Greg Byrne, Patrick Henry joined the Louisville Marching Band, playing trumpet while his father pushed him in his wheelchair through the marching routines.  This visible commitment attracted increasing crowd and media attention throughout the fall football season, and the pair of Patricks were featured in a variety of television and newspaper coverage. Patrick Henry was subsequently invited to play piano and sing in musical performances throughout the country, including two performances at the Grand Ole Opry, and onstage performances with Pam Tillis, Lonestar, Lane Brody, Chad Brock, Faith Hill, and Bryan White. Also in 2007 he played solo trumpet on stage in performance with the Louisville Orchestra.

text: Hughes graduated from Atherton High School, where he participated in the International Baccalaureate program and was a member of National Honor Society. He has graduated from the University of Louisville, magna cum laude where he majored in Spanish and played trumpet in the marching band.[2]

text: In November 2007, the members of the Hughes family were chosen to be the recipients of a complete home renovation for the show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.[3] The episode aired on February 15, 2008.[4]

text: During late 2012, Patrick Henry and his family competed on Family Feud, remaining champions for four days before being defeated on their fifth and final day; the family was later brought back because of a technical error and given another chance to retire undefeated, but were again unsuccessful.

text: His story was dramatized in the 2015 movie I Am Potential, written and directed by Zach Meiners and starring Jimmy Bellinger as Patrick Henry, and Burgess Jenkins as his father.[5][6]

text: Published works[edit]

text: I Am Potential: Eight Lessons on Living, Loving, and Reaching Your Dreams with Bryant Stamford (ISBN 0738212989; Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2008)[7]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Most Requested From Me to You (2006?)
Look Within (2009)

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2001: Olympic torchbearer, December 17, 2001
2001-2005: VSA arts of Kentucky Young Soloist Award
2003, 2006: Breaking Barriers Spotlight Award
2005: VSA arts Panasonic Young Soloist International winner
2006: Disney Wide World of Sports Spirit Award[8]

text:
showvteDisney Sports Spirit Award winners
1996: Daniel Huffman
1997: Dwight Collins
1998: Matt Hartl
1999: East Carolina University
2000: Hameen Ali
2001: United States Air Force Academy; United States Military Academy; United States Naval Academy
2002: Dewayne White
2003: Neil Parry
2004: Tim Frisby
2005: Tulane University
2006: Patrick Henry Hughes
2007: Zerbin Singleto
2008: Tim Tebow
2009: Mark Herzlich
2010: D. J. Williams
2011: Alabama Crimson Tide football team
2012: Nate Boyer
2013: Devon Walker
2014: Sterling Shepard
2015: Hank Goff
2016: James Conner
2017: University of Iowa