document_title: Aquatic locomotion

question_text: what part of the fish is used to propel the fish through the water

text: Aquatic locomotion

text: Evolution of swimming[edit]

text: Swimming evolved a number of times in unrelated lineages. Supposed jellyfish fossils occur in the Ediacaran, but the first free-swimming animals appear in the Early to Middle Cambrian. These are mostly related to the arthropods, and include the Anomalocaridids, which swam by means of lateral lobes in a fashion reminiscent of today's cuttlefish. Cephalopods joined the ranks of the nekton in the late Cambrian,[1] and chordates were probably swimming from the Early Cambrian.[2] Many terrestrial animals retain some capacity to swim, however some have returned to the water and developed the capacities for aquatic locomotion. Most apes (including humans), however, lost the swimming instinct.[3]

text: In 2013 Pedro Renato Bender, a research fellow at the University of the Witwatersrand's Institute for Human Evolution, proposed a theory to explain the loss of that instinct. Termed the Saci last common ancestor hypothesis (after Saci, a Brazilian folklore character who cannot cross water barriers), it holds that the loss of instinctive swimming ability in apes is best explained as a consequence of constraints related to the adaptation to an arboreal life in the last common ancestor of apes.[4] Bender hypothesized that the ancestral ape increasingly avoided deep-water bodies when the risks of being exposed to water were clearly higher than the advantages of crossing them.[4] A decreasing contact with water bodies then could have led to the disaappearance of the doggy paddle instinct.[4]

text: Micro-organisms[edit]

text: Bacterial[edit]

text: Ciliates[edit]

text: Ciliates use small flagella called cilia to move through the water. One ciliate will generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. During movement, an individual cilium deforms using a high-friction power stroke followed by a low-friction recovery stroke. Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display collective behavior in a metachronal rhythm. This means the deformation of one cilium is in phase with the deformation of its neighbor, causing deformation waves that propagate along the surface of the organism. These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move. A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the Paramecium, a one-celled, ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia. The cilia beating together allow the Paramecium to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second.[5]

text: Flagellates[edit]

text: Certain organisms such as bacteria and animal sperm have flagellum which have developed a way to move in liquid environments. A rotary motor model shows that bacteria uses the protons of an electrochemical gradient in order to move their flagella. Torque in the flagella of bacteria is created by particles that conduct protons around the base of the flagellum. The direction of rotation of the flagella in bacteria comes from the occupancy of the proton channels along the perimeter of the flagellar motor.[6]

text: Movement of sperm is called sperm motility. The middle of the mammalian spermatozoon contains mitochondria that power the movement of the flagellum of the sperm. The motor around the base produces torque, just like in bacteria for movement through the aqueous environment.[7]

text: Pseudopodia[edit]

text: Movement using a pseudopod is accomplished through increases in pressure at one point on the cell membrane. This pressure increase is the result of actin polymerization between the cortex and the membrane. As the pressure increases the cell membrane is pushed outward creating the pseudopod. When the pseudopod moves outward, the rest of the body is pulled forward by cortical tension. The result is cell movement through the fluid medium. Furthermore, the direction of movement is determined by chemotaxis. When chemoattraction occurs in a particular area of the cell membrane, actin polymerization can begin and move the cell in that direction.[8] An excellent example of an organism that utilizes pseudopods is Naegleria fowleri.[9]

text: A Simple Animation

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text: Among the radiata, jellyfish and their kin, the main form of swimming is to flex their cup shaped bodies. All jellyfish are free-swimming, although many of these spend most of their time swimming passively. Passive swimming is akin to gliding; the organism floats, using currents where it can, and does not exert any energy into controlling its position or motion. Active swimming, in contrast, involves the expenditure of energy to travel to a desired location.

text: In bilateria, there are many methods of swimming. The arrow worms (chaetognatha) undulate their finned bodies, not unlike fish. Nematodes swim by undulating their fin-less bodies. Some Arthropod groups can swim - including many crustaceans. Most crustaceans, such as shrimp, will usually swim by paddling with special swimming legs (pleopods). Swimming crabs swim with modified walking legs (pereiopods). Daphnia, a crustacean, swims by beating its antennae instead.

text: There are also a number of forms of swimming molluscs. Many free-swimming sea slugs, such as sea angels, flap fin-like structures. Some shelled molluscs, such as scallops can briefly swim by clapping their two shells open and closed. The molluscs most evolved for swimming are the cephalopods.

text: Among the Deuterostomia, there are a number of swimmers as well. Feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms [1]. Salps move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies. The deuterosomes most evolved for swimming are found among the vertebrates, notably the fish.

text: Jet propulsion[edit]

text: Jet propulsion is a method of aquatic locomotion where animals fill a muscular cavity and squirt out water to propel them in the opposite direction of the squirting water. Most organisms are equipped with one of two designs for jet propulsion; they can draw water from the rear and expel it from the rear, such as jellyfish, or draw water from front and expel it from the rear, such as salps. Filling up the cavity causes an increase in both the mass and drag of the animal. Because of the expanse of the contracting cavity, the animal’s velocity fluctuates as it moves through the water, accelerating while expelling water and decelerating while vacuuming water. Even though these fluctuations in drag and mass can be ignored if the frequency of the jet-propulsion cycles is high enough, jet-propulsion is a relatively inefficient method of aquatic locomotion.

text: All cephalopods can move by jet propulsion, but this is a very energy-consuming way to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish.[10] The relative efficiency of jet propulsion decreases further as animal size increases. Since the Paleozoic, as competition with fish produced an environment where efficient motion was crucial to survival, jet propulsion has taken a back role, with fins and tentacles used to maintain a steady velocity.[11] The stop-start motion provided by the jets, however, continues to be useful for providing bursts of high speed - not least when capturing prey or avoiding predators.[11] Indeed, it makes cephalopods the fastest marine invertebrates,[12]:Preface and they can out accelerate most fish.[13] Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills and through muscular contraction of this cavity, the spent water is expelled through the hyponome, created by a fold in the mantle. Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out anteriorly through the hyponome, but direction can be controlled somewhat by pointing it in different directions.[14] Most cephalopods float (i.e. are neutrally buoyant), so do not need to swim to remain afloat.[10] Squid swim more slowly than fish, but use more power to generate their speed. The loss in efficiency is due to the amount of water the squid can accelerate out of its mantle cavity.[15]

text: Jellyfish use a one-way water cavity design which generates a phase of continuous cycles of jet-propulsion followed by a rest phase. The Froude efficiency is about 0.09, which indicates a very costly method of locomotion. The metabolic cost of transport for jellyfish is high when compared to a fish of equal mass.

text: Other jet-propelled animals have similar problems in efficiency. Scallops, which use a similar design to jellyfish, swim by quickly opening and closing their shells, which draws in water and expels it from all sides. This locomotion is used as a means to escape predators such as starfish. Afterwards, the shell acts as a hydrofoil to counteract the scallop’s tendency to sink. The Froude efficiency is low for this type of movement, about 0.3, which is why it’s used as an emergency escape mechanism from predators. However, the amount of work the scallop has to do is mitigated by the elastic hinge that connects the two shells of the bivalve. Squids swim by drawing water into their mantle cavity and expelling it through their siphon. The Froude efficiency of their jet-propulsion system is around 0.29, which is much lower than a fish of the same mass.

text: Much of the work done by scallop muscles to close its shell is stored as elastic energy in abductin tissue, which acts as a spring to open the shell. The elasticity causes the work done against the water to be low because of the large openings the water has to enter and the small openings the water has to leave. The inertial work of scallop jet-propulsion is also low. Because of the low inertial work, the energy savings created by the elastic tissue is so small that it’s negligible. Medusae can also use their elastic mesoglea to enlarge their bell. Their mantle contains a layer of muscle sandwiched between elastic fibers. The muscle fibers run around the bell circumferentially while the elastic fibers run through the muscle and along the sides of the bell to prevent lengthening. After making a single contraction, the bell vibrates passively at the resonant frequency to refill the bell. However, in contrast with scallops, the inertial work is similar to the hydrodynamic work due to how medusas expel water - through a large opening at low velocity. Because of this, the negative pressure created by the vibrating cavity is lower than the positive pressure of the jet, meaning that inertial work of the mantle is small. Thus, jet-propulsion is shown as an inefficient swimming technique.[15]

text: Fish[edit]

text: Many fish swim through water by creating undulations with their bodies or oscillating their fins. The undulations create components of forward thrust complemented by a rearward force, side forces which are wasted portions of energy, and a normal force that is between the forward thrust and side force. Different fish swim by undulating different parts of their bodies. Eel-shaped fish undulate their entire body in rhythmic sequences. Streamlined fish, such as salmon, undulate the caudal portions of their bodies. Some fish, such as sharks, use stiff, strong fins to create dynamic lift and propel themselves. It is common for fish to use more than one form of propulsion, although they will display one dominant mode of swimming [16] Gait changes have even been observed in juvenile reef fish of various sizes. Depending on their needs, fish can rapidly alternate between synchronized fin beats and alternating fin beats [17]

text: According to Guinness World Records 2009, Hippocampus zosterae (the dwarf seahorse) is the slowest moving fish, with a top speed of about 5 feet (150 cm) per hour.[18] They swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins (located behind their eyes) to steer. Seahorses have no caudal fin.

text: Body-caudal fin (BCF) propulsion[edit]

text:
Anguilliform: Anguilliform swimmers are typically slow swimmers. They undulate the majority of their body and use their head as the fulcrum for the load they are moving. At any point during their undulation, their body has an amplitude between 0.5-1.0 wavelengths. The amplitude that they move their body through allows them to swim backwards. Anguilliform locomotion is usually seen in fish with long, slender bodies like eels, lampreys, oarfish, and a number of catfish species.
Subcarangiform, Carangiform, Thunniform: These swimmers undulate the posterior half of their body and are much faster than anguilliform swimmers. At any point while they are swimming, a wavelength <1 can be seen in the undulation pattern of the body. Some Carangiform swimmers include nurse sharks, bamboo sharks, and reef sharks. Thunniform swimmers are very fast and some common Thunniform swimmers include tuna, white sharks, salmon, jacks, and mako sharks[citation needed]. Thunniform swimmers only undulate their high aspect ratio caudal fin, so they are usually very stiff to push more water out of the way.
Ostraciiform: Ostraciiform swimmers oscillate their caudal region, making them relatively slow swimmers. Boxfish, torpedo rays, and momyrs employ Ostraciiform locomotion. The cow fish uses Osctraciiform locomotion to hover in the water column.[19]

text: Median paired fin (MPF) propulsion[edit]

text:
Tetraodoniform, Balistiform, Diodontiform: These swimmers oscillate their median fins. They are typically slow swimmers, and some notable examples include the oceanic sunfish (which has extremely modified anal and dorsal fins), puffer fish, and triggerfish.
Rajiform, Amiiform, Gymnotiform: This locomotory mode is accomplished by undulation of the pectoral and median fins. During their undulation pattern, a wavelength >1 can be seen in their fins. They are typically slow to moderate swimmers, and some examples include rays, bowfin, and knife fishes. The black ghost knife fish is a Gymnotiform swimmer that has a very long ventral ribbon fin. Thrust is produced by passing waves down the ribbon fin while the body remains rigid. This also allows the ghost knife fish to swim in reverse.
Labriform: Labriform swimmers are also slow swimmers. They oscillate their pectoral fins to create thrust. Oscillating fins create thrust when a starting vortex is shed from the trailing edge of the fin. As the foil departs from the starting vortex, the effect of that vortex diminishes, while the bound circulation remains, producing lift. Labriform swimming can be viewed as continuously starting and stopping. Wrasses and surf perch are common Labriform swimmers [19]

text: Hydrofoils[edit]

text: Hydrofoils, or fins, are used to push against the water to create a normal force to provide thrust, propelling the animal through water. Sea turtles and penguins beat their paired hydrofoils to create lift. Some paired fins, such as pectoral fins on leopard sharks, can be angled at varying degrees to allow the animal to rise, fall, or maintain its level in the water column. The reduction of fin surface area helps to minimize drag, and therefore increase efficiency. Regardless of size of the animal, at any particular speed, maximum possible lift is proportional to (wing area) x (speed)2. Dolphins and whales have large, horizontal caudal hydrofoils, while many fish and sharks have vertical caudal hydrofoils. Porpoising (seen in cetaceans, penguins, and pinnipeds) may save energy if they are moving fast. Since drag increases with speed, the work required to swim unit distance is greater at higher speeds, but the work needed to jump unit distance is independent of speed. Seals propel themselves through the water with their caudal tail, while sea lions create thrust solely with their pectoral flippers.[16]

text: Drag powered swimming[edit]

text: As with moving through any fluid, friction is created when molecules of the fluid collide with organism. The collision causes drag against moving fish, which is why many fish are streamlined in shape. Streamlined shapes work to reduce drag by orienting elongated objects parallel to the force of drag, therefore allowing the current to pass over and taper off the end of the fish. This streamlined shape allows for more efficient use of energy locomotion. Some flat-shaped fish can take advantage of pressure drag by having a flat bottom surface and curved top surface. The pressure drag created allows for the upward lift of the fish.[16]

text: Appendages of aquatic organisms propel them in two main and biomechanically extreme mechanisms. Some use lift powered swimming, which can be compared to flying as appendages flap like wings, and reduce drag on the surface of the appendage. Others use drag powered swimming, which can be compared to oars rowing a boat, with movement in a horizontal plane, or paddling, with movement in the parasagittal plane.

text: Drag swimmers use a cyclic motion where they push water back in a power stroke, and return their limb forward in the return or recovery stroke. When they push water directly backwards, this moves their body forward, but as they return their limbs to the starting position, they push water forward, which will thus pull them back to some degree, and so opposes the direction that the body is heading. This opposing force is called drag. The return-stroke drag causes drag swimmers to employ different strategies than lift swimmers. Reducing drag on the return stroke is essential for optimizing efficiency. For example, ducks paddle through the water spreading the webs of their feet as they move water back, and then when they return their feet to the front they pull their webs together to reduce the subsequent pull of water forward. The legs of water beetles have little hairs which spread out to catch up and move water back in the power stroke, but lay flat as the appendage moves forward in the return stroke. Also, the water beetle’s legs have a side that is wider and is held perpendicular to the motion when pushing backward, but the leg is then rotated when the limb is to return forward, so that the thinner side will catch up less water.[20]

text: Drag swimmers experience a lessened efficiency in swimming due to resistance which affects their optimum speed. The less drag a fish experiences, the more it will be able to maintain higher speeds. Morphology of the fish can be designed to reduce drag, such as streamlining the body. The cost of transport is much higher for the drag swimmer, and when deviating from its optimum speed, the drag swimmer is energetically strained much more than the lift swimmer. There are natural processes in place to optimize energy use, and it is thought that adjustments of metabolic rates can compensate in part for mechanical disadvantages.[21]

text: Semi-aquatic animals compared to fully aquatic animals exhibit exacerbation of drag. Design that allows them to function out of the water limits the efficiency possible to be reached when in the water. In water swimming at the surface exposes them to resistive wave drag and is associated with a higher cost than submerged swimming. Swimming below the surface exposes them to resistance due to return strokes and pressure, but primarily friction. Frictional drag is due to fluid viscosity and morphology characteristics. Pressure drag is due to the difference of water flow around the body and is also affected by body morphology. Semi-aquatic organisms encounter increased resistive forces when in or out of the water, as they are not specialized for either habitat. The morphology of otters and beavers, for example, must meet needs for both environments. Their fur decreases streamlining and creates additional drag. The platypus may be a good example of an intermediate between drag and lift swimmers because it has been shown to have a rowing mechanism which is similar to lift-based pectoral oscillation. The limbs of semi-aquatic organisms are reserved for use on land and using them in water not only increases the cost of locomotion, but limits them to drag-based modes.[22] Although they are less efficient, drag swimmers are able to produce more thrust at low speeds than lift swimmers. They are also thought to be better for maneuverability due to the large thrust produced.[23]

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Most of the Amphibia have a larval state, which has inherited anguilliform motion, and a laterally compressed tail to go with it, from fish ancestors. The corresponding tetrapod adult forms, even in the tail-retaining sub-class Urodeles, are sometimes aquatic to only a negligible extent (as in the genus Salamandra, whose tail has lost its suitability for aquatic propulsion), but the majority of Urodeles, from the newts to the giant salamander Megalobatrachus, retain a laterally compressed tail for a life that is aquatic to a considerable degree, which can use in a carangiform motion.[24]

text: Of the tailless amphibians (the frogs and toads of the sub-class Anura) the majority are aquatic to an insignificant extent in adult life, but in that considerable minority that are mainly aquatic we encounter for the first time the problem of adapting the tailless-tetrapod structure for aquatic propulsion. The mode that they use is unrelated to any used by fish. With their flexible back legs and webbed feet they execute something close to the leg movements of a human 'breast stroke,' rather more efficiently because the legs are better streamlined.[24]

text: Reptiles[edit]

text: From the point of view of aquatic propulsion, the descent of modern members of the class Reptilia from archaic tailed Amphibia is most obvious in the case of the order Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), which use their deep, laterally compressed tails in an essentially carangiform mode of propulsion (see fish carangiform propulsion).[24]

text: Terrestrial snakes, in spite of their 'bad' hydromechanical shape with roughly circular cross-section and gradual posterior taper, swim fairly readily when required, by an anguilliform propulsion (see fish anguilliform propulsion) [24]

text: Cheloniidae (true turtles) have found a beautiful solution to the problem of tetrapod swimming through the development of their forelimbs into flippers of high-aspect-ratio wing shape, with which they imitate a bird's propulsive mode more accurately than do the eagle-rays themselves.

text: Fin and flipper locomotion[edit]

text: Aquatic reptiles such as sea turtles and extinct species like Pliosauroids predominantly use their pectoral flippers to propel themselves through the water and their pelvic flippers for maneuvering. During swimming they move their pectoral flippers in a dorso-ventral motion, causing forward motion. During swimming, they rotate their front flippers to decrease drag through the water column and increase efficiency. Newly hatched sea turtles exhibit several behavioral skills that help orientate themselves towards the ocean as well as identifying the transition from sand to water. If rotated in the pitch, yaw or roll direction, the hatchlings are capable of counteracting the forces acting upon them by correcting with either their pectoral or pelvic flippers and redirecting themselves towards the open ocean.

text: Among mammals otariids (fur seals) swim primarily with their front flippers, using the rear flippers for steering, and phocids (true seals) move the rear flippers laterally, pushing the animal through the water.

text: Escape reactions[edit]

text: Some arthropods, such as lobsters and shrimps, can propel themselves backwards quickly by flicking their tail, known as lobstering or the caridoid escape reaction.

text: Varieties of fish, such as teleosts, also use fast-starts to escape from predators. Fast-starts are characterized by the muscle contraction on one side of the fish twisting the fish into a C-shape. Afterwards, muscle contraction occurs on the opposite side to allow the fish to enter into a steady swimming state with waves of undulation traveling alongside the body. The power of the bending motion comes from fast-twitch muscle fibers located in the central region of the fish. The signal to perform this contraction comes from a set of Mauthner cells which simultaneously send a signal to the muscles on one side of the fish.[25] Mauthner cells are activated when something startles the fish and can be activated by visual[26] or sound-based stimuli.

text: Fast-starts are split up into three stages. Stage one, which is called the preparatory stroke, is characterized by the initial bending to a C-shape with small delay caused by hydrodynamic resistance. Stage two, the propulsive stroke, involves the body bending rapidly to the other side, which may occur multiple times. Stage three, the rest phase, cause the fish to return to normal steady-state swimming and the body undulations begin to cease. Large muscles located closer to the central portion of the fish are stronger and generate more force than the muscles in the tail. This asymmetry in muscle composition causes body undulations that occur in Stage 3. Once the fast-start is completed, the position of the fish has been shown to have a certain level of unpredictability, which helps fish survive against predators.[26]

text: The rate at which the body can bend is limited by resistance contained in the inertia of each body part. However, this inertia assists the fish in creating propulsion as a result of the momentum created against the water. The forward propulsion created from C-starts, and steady-state swimming in general, is a result of the body of the fish pushing against the water. Waves of undulation create rearward momentum against the water providing the forward thrust required to push the fish forward.[27]

text: Efficiency[edit]

text: The Froude propulsion efficiency is defined as the ratio of power output to the power input:

text: nf = 2U1 / (U1 + U2)

text: where U1 = free stream velocity and U2 = jet velocity. A good efficiency for carangiform propulsion is between 50 and 80%.[16]

text: Minimizing drag[edit]

text: Pressure differences occur outside the boundary layer of swimming organisms due to disrupted flow around the body. The difference on the up- and down-stream surfaces of the body is pressure drag, which creates a downstream force on the object. Frictional drag, on the other hand, is a result of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer. Higher turbulence causes greater frictional drag.[15]

text: Reynolds number (Re) is the measure of the relationships between inertial and viscous forces in flow ((animal's length x animal's velocity)/kinematic viscosity of the fluid). Turbulent flow can be found at higher Re values, where the boundary layer separates and creates a wake, and laminar flow can be found at lower Re values, when the boundary layer separation is delayed, reducing wake and kinetic energy loss to opposing water momentum.[28]

text: The body shape of a swimming organism affects the resulting drag. Long, slender bodies reduce pressure drag by streamlining, while short, round bodies reduce frictional drag; therefore, the optimal shape of an organism depends on its niche. Swimming organisms with a fusiform shape are likely to experience the greatest reduction in both pressure and frictional drag.[28]

text: Wing shape also affects the amount of drag experienced by an organism, as with different methods of stroke, recovery of the pre-stroke position results in the accumulation of drag.

text: High-speed ram ventilation creates laminar flow of water from the gills along the body of an organism.

text: The secretion of mucus along the organism's body surface, or the addition of long-chained polymers to the velocity gradient, can reduce frictional drag experienced by the organism.

text: Buoyancy[edit]

text: Many aquatic/marine organisms have developed organs to compensate for their weight and control their buoyancy in the water. These structures, make the density of their bodies very close to that of the surrounding water. Some hydrozoans, such as siphonophores, has gas-filled floats; the Nautilus, Sepia, and Spirula (Cephalopods) have chambers of gas within their shells; and most teleost fish and many lantern fish (Myctophidae) are equipped with swim bladders. Many aquatic and marine organisms may also be composed of low-density materials. Deep-water teleosts, which do not have a swim bladder, have few lipids and proteins, deeply ossified bones, and watery tissues that maintain their buoyancy. Some sharks' livers are composed of low-density lipids, such as hydrocarbon squalene or wax esters (also found in Myctophidae without swim bladders), which provide buoyancy.[16]

text: Swimming animals that are denser than water must generate lift or adapt a benthic lifestyle. Movement of the fish to generate hydrodynamic lift is necessary to prevent sinking. Often, their bodies act as hydrofoils, a task that is more effective in flat-bodied fish. At a small tilt angle, the lift is greater for flat fish than it is for fish with narrow bodies. Narrow-bodied fish use their fins as hydrofoils while their bodies remain horizontal. In sharks, the heterocercal tail shape drives water downward, creating a counteracting upward force while thrusting the shark forward. The lift generated is assisted by the pectoral fins and upward-angle body positioning. It is supposed that tunas primarily use their pectoral fins for lift.[16]

text: Buoyancy maintenance is metabolically expensive. Growing and sustaining a buoyancy organ, adjusting the composition of biological makeup, and exerting physical strain to stay in motion demands large amounts of energy. It is proposed that lift may be physically generated at a lower energy cost by swimming upward and gliding downward, in a "climb and glide" motion, rather than constant swimming on a plane.[16]

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Temperature can also greatly affect the ability of aquatic organisms to move through water. This is because temperature not only affects the properties of the water, but also the organisms in the water, as most have an ideal range specific to their body and metabolic needs.

text: Q10 (temperature coefficient), the factor by which a rate increases at a 10 °C increase in temperature, is used to measure how organisms’ performance relies on temperature. Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer, but some have limits to this and others find ways to alter such effects, such as by endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.[29]

text: For example, Crocodylus porosus, or estuarine crocodiles, were found to increase swimming speed from 15 °C to 23 °C and then to have peak swimming speed from 23 °C to 33 °C. However, performance began to decline as temperature rose beyond that point, showing a limit to the range of temperatures at which this species could ideally perform.[30]

text: Submergence[edit]

text: The more of the animal's body that is submerged while swimming, the less energy it uses. Swimming on the surface requires two to three times more energy than when completely submerged. This is because of the bow wave that is formed at the front when the animal is pushing the surface of the water when swimming, creating extra drag.[31]

text: Secondary evolution[edit]

text: While tetrapods lost many of their natural adaptations to swimming when they evolved onto the land, many have re-evolved the ability to swim or have indeed returned to a completely aquatic lifestyle.

text: Primarily or exclusively aquatic animals have re-evolved from terrestrial tetrapods multiple times: examples include amphibians such as newts, reptiles such as crocodiles, sea turtles, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, marine mammals such as whales, seals and otters, and birds such as penguins. Many species of snakes are also aquatic and live their entire lives in the water. Among invertebrates, a number of insect species have adaptations for aquatic life and locomotion. Examples of aquatic insects include dragonfly larvae, water boatmen, and diving beetles. There are also aquatic spiders, although they tend to prefer other modes of locomotion under water than swimming proper.

text: Even though primarily terrestrial tetrapods have lost many of their adaptations to swimming, the ability to swim has been preserved or re-developed in many of them. It may never have been completely lost.[citation needed]

text: Examples are: Some breeds of dog swim recreationally. Umbra, a world record-holding dog, can swim 4 miles (6.4 km) in 73 minutes, placing her in the top 25% in human long-distance swimming competitions.[32] Although most cats hate water, adult cats are good swimmers. The fishing cat is one wild species of cat that has evolved special adaptations for an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle – webbed digits. Tigers and some individual jaguars are the only big cats known to go into water readily, though other big cats, including lions, have been observed swimming. A few domestic cat breeds also like swimming, such as the Turkish Van.

text: Horses, moose, and elk are very powerful swimmers, and can travel long distances in the water. Elephants are also capable of swimming, even in deep waters. Eyewitnesses have confirmed that camels, including dromedary and Bactrian camels, can swim,[33] despite the fact that there is little deep water in their natural habitats.

text: Both domestic and wild rabbits can swim. Domestic rabbits are sometimes trained to swim as a circus attraction. A wild rabbit famously swam in an apparent attack on U.S. President Jimmy Carter's boat when it was threatened in its natural habitat.[34]

text: The guinea pig (or cavy) is noted as having an excellent swimming ability.[35] Mice can swim quite well. They do panic when placed in water, but many lab mice are used in the Morris water maze, a test to measure learning. When mice swim, they use their tails like flagella and kick with their legs.

text: Many snakes are excellent swimmers as well. Large adult anacondas spend the majority of their time in the water, and have difficulty moving on land.

text: Many monkeys can naturally swim and some, like the proboscis monkey, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque swim regularly.

text: Human swimming[edit]

text: Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago. Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events. It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.[36]


document_title: Sonny with a Chance (season 2)

question_text: sonny with a chance season 2 last episode

root

text: Sonny with a Chance (season 2)

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The opening sequence for season two remains virtually the same, with only the portion where Sonny knocks the title logo into place being reshot.

tag: p

text: Production[edit]

text: Disney Channel initially renewed Sonny for a second season on June 1, 2009, alongside the fourth season of Hannah Montana.[1] Production for the series moved from NBC Studios in Burbank, California to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California. Episodes were taped from November 2, 2009 and ended on June 4, 2010.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
The season consisted of 26 episodes.
This season was filmed from November 2009 to June 2010

tag: ul

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"Walk a Mile in My Pants"
Eric Dean Seaton
Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg
March 14, 2010 (2010-03-14)
202
6.3[2]

Sonny is hosting a Walk-a-Thon For Books where all the participants will be wearing Tawni's Extreme Skinny Jeans, although Sonny and the rest of So Random! have trouble walking in the jeans while Tawni was comfortable with the jeans. Chad finds out about the upcoming event, so he and the rest of Mackenzie Falls decide to host a Walk-A-Thon Against Books where all the contestants will also be wearing Tawni's Extreme Skinny Jeans. However, the next day, Tawni becomes incapacitated, and is sent to hospital, accompanied by Sonny. Upon arriving the hospital, Tawni is diagnosed with SPS (Skinny Pants Syndrome), an infection that cuts the blood circulation, where it affects your ability to walk. Then, a TV network broadcasts the "Walk-A-Thon" events, where both teams also become incapacitated, because of the SPS, so they all end up in hospital and have their pants cut off, much to Tawni's dismay. Later that day, Tawni is given the balloon pants, a medicine that she has to wear until her legs are healed. Tawni becomes fed up with her balloon pants, and she tries to wear the skinny jeans, only to learn that all her fans also suffered SPS, so Tawni and everyone decide to make charity music video "Stop SPS", in order to fight against SPS.
So Random! sketches:

"Sicky Vicky": Sonny plays Vicky, a sick girl who hosts a TV show from her bed giving tips about fun things to do when you are sick.
Untitled Hula Sketch: The cast rehearses a hula sketch.
"Stop SPS": The casts of So Random! and Mackenzie Falls unite to film the music video to stop Skinny Pants Syndrome.

Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Note: On this episode's first broadcast, the 16:9 widescreen picture seen on Disney Channel HD was mistakenly compressed into the 4:3 center cut picture on Disney Channel's SD feed; the rebroadcast on March 21, 2010 corrected this. This is the first episode broadcast that was taped at Hollywood Center Studios, joining Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck and Jonas at the lot; the series was shot at NBC Studios in Burbank for the first season. The series' record breaking season premiere was led in by the season finale for Hannah Montana, which topped the week with 7.6 million viewers.[2]

23
2
"Sonny Get Your Goat"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dava Savel
March 21, 2010 (2010-03-21)
204
3.2[3]

Sonny and Tawni are invited on an exchange program to Glendovia because of the success of their "Check-it-Out Girls" sketch, but refuse to go together due to an unknown argument. When Tawni goes she is shocked to discover that it is a cultural wasteland and that the Glendovians think the characters are real check out girls. Meanwhile, an exchange student impresses a girl Nico and Grady like, and they both think it is because of his mustache. They then wear a mustache trying to impress her, but they get themselves stuck in their own mustaches because of the glue.
So Random! sketch:

"The Check-it-out Girls": A popular sketch which was a recurring segment in Season 1.

Guest Stars: Michael Kostroff as Marshall, Sam Lerner as Dinka
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Title Reference: Annie Get Your Gun

24
3
"Gassie Passes"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dava Savel
March 28, 2010 (2010-03-28)
205
2.9[4]

Feeling that Gassie doesn't get the affection that he deserves, Sonny takes it upon herself to show the dog love, love that it doesn't get from its trainer. Sonny then finds out that giving the dog affection effects Gassie's mood to flatulate on command when filming the "Gassie" sketches as well jeopardizing the feature film "Gassie and We". Sonny then gives Gassie too many dog treats that may have killed him. In the end it turns out Gassie was in shock from too many meatball treats and gets the love he deserves, also putting Chad into shock by pretending to be dead. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady borrow money from Dakota Condor to invest in fart noise lunch boxes for "Gassie and We".
So Random! sketch:

"Gassie the Toot'n Pooch"

Guest star: Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Bella, Gassie's trainer

25
4
"Sonny with a Song"
John Fortenberry
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
April 11, 2010 (2010-04-11)
209
3.2[5]

Sonny’s favorite musician, Trey Brothers, is visiting and she would like to spend time with him to show him some songs she has written. However, Tawni likes Trey and thinks Sonny is trying to steal him from her. So she says that Sonny's song is her song. But then things get more complicated when Trey steals "Tawni's song". Meanwhile, Nico and Grady try to find out how to work a magic box.
Guest star: Guy Burnet as Trey Brothers
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Songs featured: "Me, Myself and Time"
Note: This episode is Sonny's first time performing a song.

26
5
"High School Miserable"
Carl Lauten
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
April 18, 2010 (2010-04-18)
206
5.4[6]

Sonny and her fellow cast members are disappointed with their studio perks, they then write a letter to Mr. Condor expressing their dissatisfaction. Mr. Condor becomes upset by this and fires the cast forcing them to attend public high school and hires his daughter Dakota as the one and only star of So Random!.
Title reference: High School Musical
So Random! sketches:

"The Real Princesses of New Jersey": A parody of both The Real Housewives of New Jersey reality-show and the Disney Princess franchise, performed by Sonny (Snow-White/"Snowy"), Tawni (Cinderella/"Cindy"), Zora (Sleeping-Beauty/"Beauty"), and Grady (the Magic Mirror).
"Sally Jenson: Kid Lawyer": The cast rehearses this sketch, with Dakota later replacing Zora.
"Rappin' Pirate": A sketch mentioned by the other cast members, normally performed by Nico, later replaced by Dakota.

Guest star: E. E. Bell as Principal

27
6
"The Legend of Candy Face"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt
May 2, 2010 (2010-05-02)
203
3.5[7]

When the casts of So Random! and Mackenzie Falls keep doing ridiculous things to each other, Sonny tries to make peace so Ms. Bitterman decides do take them to the woods so they can start trusting each other. While on a team building retreat in the woods, Ms. Bitterman tells the group about the legend of "Candyface". When mysterious events start happening and personal items are found broken, the So Random! cast is convinced that "Candyface" is responsible.
So Random! sketch:

"Mackenzie Stalls": The cast of So Random! parody Mackenzie Falls, but instead of the setting being by a waterfall, the setting of the sketch is in a school bathroom.

Guest stars: Vicki Lewis as Mrs. Bitterman, William Jonathan Georges as Devon, Leslie-Anne Huff as Penelope, Ashley Jackson as Chloe and DeVaughn Nixon as Trevor
Note: Chad's hair is short in the beginning, but after the theme, it's long again. Ms. Bitterman makes a joke about a guy named Bernie who "made off" with her money, referencing Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme scandal of 2008.

28
7
"Gummy with a Chance"
Carl Lauten
Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz
May 9, 2010 (2010-05-09)
207
3.4[8]

Tawni bans gum from the set after "almost dying" from tripping over Sonny's leftover pieces. Even though Sonny has a ritual of chewing gum just before going on stage and feels she can't be funny without it. Meanwhile, Chad invites Nico and Grady to exercise in his personal gym as a ploy to use their workouts to power his new "green" dressing room.
So Random! sketches: "Sicky Vicky" and "Toe-nail Fairy" (played by Tawni)

29
8
"Random Acts of Disrespect"
Leslie Kolins Small
Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt
May 16, 2010 (2010-05-16)
208
5.5[9]

When Grace, an elderly woman, wins the "Be So Random! for a Day" contest, the So Random! cast ends up planning an "old geezer" sketch that not only offends Grace and her entire retirement home, but all elderly people. Grace and her friends turn the tables and play a practical joke on the cast. Meanwhile, Chad attempts to help a group of kids with their fear of clowns and ends up looking like one himself.
References

During one sketch, other Disney Channel shows are (verbally) parodied, including That's So Raven, Wizards of Waverly Place, and Hannah Montana.
The end-credits sequence features parodies of routines from The Benny Hill Show (the "Yakety Sax" chase-sequences, and patting Jackie Wright's bald head), and Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (Arte Johnson's "man on a tricycle").

Guest stars: Estelle Harris as Grace Gallagher, Carol Locatell as Edith and Larry Gelman as Buddy
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora

30
9
"Grady with a Chance of Sonny"
Eric Dean Seaton
Lanny Horn & Josh Silverstein
May 23, 2010 (2010-05-23)
216
5.5[9]

When Grady's brother, Grant, makes fun of him for not having a girlfriend, Sonny steps in and pretends to be his girlfriend. They try to keep the act going when Grant visits and Sonny tries to squeeze in a date with Tridark, star Blake Radisson. Meanwhile, Nico and Tawni pull a prank on Chad just before he gets ready to shoot a commercial for his self-titled energy bar.
Guest star: Preston Jones as Grant Mitchell
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora

31
10
"Falling for the Falls" (Part 1)
Eric Dean Seaton
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
June 13, 2010 (2010-06-13)
201
3.6[10]

Sonny and her mom start watching Mackenzie Falls and eventually become addicted to it. When the season finale is coming up, Sonny can't wait for it and just asks Chad what happens between Mackenzie and Chloe in the finale, though she words it as if she wants him to ask her out instead, which he does. When the other the So Random! cast members finds out Sonny is watching Mackenzie Falls, they disapprove and Sonny is afraid to tell them about her and Chad. Meanwhile, the cast are working on Astronomy projects and Grady and Nico try to find a way to get Sonny to do it for them.

32
11
"Falling for the Falls" (Part 2)
Eric Dean Seaton
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
June 20, 2010 (2010-06-20)
217
3.8[11]

Sonny and Chad try to keep their relationship a secret from their fellow So Random! and Mackenzie Falls cast members. However, they keep slipping up and saying the words "Chad" and "Sonny" during their rehearsals. This makes the cast members of both shows suspicious. When they go on their first date, Chad messes up because he is nervous and ends up spitting water on Sonny. The cast of So Random! then finds out about their date when the incident is posted on the cover of "Tween Weekly" magazine. Chad blames Sonny for what happened and Sonny, infuriated, "breaks up" with him. He then climbs through her window into her house to apologize, and shows Sonny a billboard he had made that says he is a fool for her. They then restart their relationship and have a "second first date" as the rest of So Random! watches angrily.
Last Appearance of: Connie Munroe

33/34
12/13
"Sonny with a Secret"
Eric Dean Seaton
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
July 18, 2010 (2010-07-18)
212–213
6.1[12]

Sonny celebrating her one-year anniversary with So Random! is hindered when is she accused of being of thief. From stealing a necklace at a department store, to stealing Nico and Grady's gold coin and possibly stealing the idea of the "Sicky Vicky" sketch. When proof of the contrary is to no avail, she is fired from the show. Sonny is eventually cleared of accusations and re-hired after it's revealed that one of the members from Mackenzie Falls was the one to frame Sonny because of her relationship with Chad. Meanwhile, Tawni is annoyed at the fact that she is constantly ignored.
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora (in part one only)
Guest stars: Leslie-Anne Huff as Penelope and Regan Burns as Ryan Loughlin
Note: This episode was broadcast in a 4:3 letterbox format on Disney Channel's standard definition feed. Also, when showing Sonny back in Wisconsin, she is wearing a brown wig, because in season 1, her hair is brown in contrast to season 2, where her hair is black. She had to wear a wig because they were filmed together, but one was before her hair changed to black.

35
14
"The Problem with Pauly"
Shelley Jensen
Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz
August 8, 2010 (2010-08-08)
214
4.5[13]

Sonny meets Pauly the star of their favorite childhood show, Pauly and Pals. She agrees to wear the Pauly suit at fan meet and greet so that Hank (Bobby Slayton), the actor that plays Pauly, can get a break. But Sonny's commitment to being Pauly hinders a seven-week anniversary date she planned with Chad, in addition Hank does not want to return to his job.
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora

36
15
"That's So Sonny"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dava Savel
August 29, 2010 (2010-08-29)
215
4.0[14]

Chad is upset that he does not have 1,000,000 fans on Flitter (a parody of Twitter) and things get worse when they start to decrease. Sonny enlists the help of Amber Algoode, the president of his fan club and a master of disguise to fix things. Amber uses her disguises to spy on the other So Random! cast members to hear what they think of Chad. When she finds out that they like Chad now that he is dating Sonny, Amber insists that Chad dump Sonny, so that people will find him interesting again and to reach his 1,000,000 fans mark.
Guest star: Raven-Symoné as Amber Algoode
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora

37
16
"Chad Without a Chance"
Eric Dean Seaton
Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg
September 19, 2010 (2010-09-19)
210
4.0[15]

When Sonny catches the flu, Chad agrees to substitute for her with other So Random! cast members. The cast members have arranged a daily chart in which they are allowed to spend individual time with Sonny. With Chad substituting, he agrees to dump Tawni's dates over the phone, help Nico get a date with the studio masseuse, assist Zora with her martial arts and offers to be Grady's therapist, all leading to disastrous results.
So Random! sketch: "Sicky Vicky": In this sketch Sicky Vicky talks to the audience about ways to have fun when you are sick with Pink eye.

38
17
"My Two Chads"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt
September 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)
211
4.0[15]

Sonny finds out that Chad has sent his stunt double Chaz on every "dangerous" date with her, so she breaks up with him. Nico and Grady worry about being bored all the time. Tawni becomes the celebrity host of a pirate-themed friendship game show, with Sonny pairing with Chad and Nico pairing with Grady. In the end, Sonny gave Chad a second chance.
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Special guest star: Lou Ferrigno as Himself

39
18
"A So Random! Halloween Special"
Eric Dean Seaton
Josh Herman & Adam Schwartz
October 17, 2010 (2010-10-17)
226
4.0[16]

The first of two specials in the season, the show features a full episode of the show within a show, So Random!. Segments include "Check It Out Girls", "Halloween Do's and Don'ts" and "Roadkill McGill's Roadside Diner". The show also features musical performances from Sonny Munroe and Allstar Weekend; and celebrity host, Shaquille O'Neal.
So Random! sketches:

"Check-it-out girls"
"The Monster Under My Bed": A sketch from the Halloween Special. Sonny plays a mother and Zora is her daughter who gets attacked by a monster under her bed (Grady).
"Halloween Party Do's and Dont's": A Halloween sketch with all the casts being at a Halloween Party, saying good and bad things.
"Roadkill McGrill's Roadside Diner": Sonny and Nico are eating animal food from two country people (Tawni and Grady).
"Making Babies Cry": A videoclip with the So Random! cast with Nico playing Romeo Baby Smooth, a singer that likes making babies cry.

Note: This is Sonny's second time performing a song.
Special guest stars: Shaquille O'Neal as Himself and Allstar Weekend as Themselves
Songs featured: "Come Down With Love" and "Work of Art"

40
19
"Sonny with a 100% Chance of Meddling"
Ron Mosely
Lanny Horn & Josh Silverstein
October 24, 2010 (2010-10-24)
219
4.7[17]

Sonny sees that Zora was attracted to Wesley Willilger (Billy Unger), a child actor guest-starring on Mackenzie Falls. Sonny tries to set a date for Wesley and Zora in a group date with Sonny, Tawni, Nico and Grady. Wesley then gets the wrong message that the date was arranged for him and Sonny to get together. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady enter a cell phone film festival with Dakota Condor as the star of their film, but Dakota's usual unruly behavior drives the guys crazy.
So Random! sketch:: "Counselor Jenny and Dan Dan the Guitar Man": A sketch about camp counselors selling insensitive camp songs for a television commercial, "the same songs that got fired from over 100 summer camps."

41
20
"Dakota's Revenge"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dava Savel
November 14, 2010 (2010-11-14)
223
3.7[18]

Dakota's new bike gets run over accidentally by Tawni and Sonny and Tawni try desperately to get Izzy (Richard Libertini) the show's prop master to fix it. Meanwhile, Chad writes Dakota a song for her birthday, But Grady and Nico plan on pulling a prank on him to ruin his moment.
Last Appearance of: Dakota Condor

42
21
"Sonny with a Kiss"
Eric Dean Seaton
Ellen Byron & Lissa Kapstrom
November 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)
220
3.6[19]

When revealed in an interview that they have yet to share a kiss, Sonny and Chad start to feel pressured by their friends and fans to make it happen. After coming to the realization that there was a lot less pressure when they were just friends, Sonny and Chad decide to break up; they then have their first kiss, finally deciding to get back together. Meanwhile, Nico and Grady believe their temporary dressing room is being haunted by a dead comedian.
So Random! sketch: "The Toilet Genie and the Nerd": Grady plays The Toilet Genie, a genie from a high school bathroom toilet who grants wishes to nerd Nico.
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Guest star: Johari Johnson as Tia

43
22
"A So Random! Holiday Special"
Eric Dean Seaton
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
November 28, 2010 (2010-11-28)
218
3.8[20]

Chad Dylan Cooper hosts a fully produced, jolly-themed "So Random!" holiday special, with special musical guest Joe Jonas. Sketches include "A Jonas for Christmas", "The 12 Days of Sickmas with Sicky Vicky", "Holiday Cooking with Roadkill McGill" and "Christmas with the Real Princesses of New Jersey".
Note: Sonny performs a duet for the first time and this is her third time performing a song.
Special guest star: Joe Jonas as Himself
Songs featured: "Sing My Song for You"

44
23
"Sonny with a Grant"
Eric Dean Seaton
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)
221
4.0[21]

Grady's older brother Grant makes another visit into town just when Grady was about to spend some alone time alone while the other cast members are on vacation, except for Tawni when a hurricane canceles her cruise. Chad is fired from "Mackenzie Falls" with Grant being as the new Mackenzie.
Absent: Brandon Mychal Smith as Nico and Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora, but their names are both mentioned.
Last Appearance of: Mr. Condor
Note: This is the second time that Brandon Mychal Smith was absent for an episode. He was absent for only one episode in the first season.
Delta House and the yellow and blue hats are a parody of the movie "National Lampoon's Animal House".

45
24
"Marshall with a Chance"
Shannon Flynn
Carla Banks Waddles
December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)
224
3.2[22]

Marshall is frustrated by the cast's unfunny sketch ideas with the cast later making a video making fun of him. Marshall sees the video realizing how mean he was and decides to quit "So Random" to pursue his own acting career with a one-man play entitled "My Life with Ma".
So Random! sketch: Two sketches related to the Japanese herb Wasabi including the game show "Where the Wasabi" and a Wasabi public service announcement featuring Grady.
Guest star: Benjamin Byron Davis as Savage Stan
Absent: Sterling Knight as Chad Dylan Cooper
Note: This is the third time that Sterling Knight was absent for an episode and his only time being absent this season.
Last Appearance of: Marshall Pike

46
25
"Sonny with a Choice"
Eric Dean Seaton
Dan Cohen & F.J. Pratt
December 19, 2010 (2010-12-19)
222
4.7[17]

Once again "So Random!" and "Mackenzie Falls" are nominated for "Best Tween Show" in the Tween Choice Awards but this time "So Random!" wins and Chad gets really jealous. He then tells Sonny that he had the votes recounted meaning that "Mackenzie Falls" actually won. Sonny is then upset by this and breaks up with Chad. Meanwhile, Nico steals Grady's joke at the award show. Grady is very angry and Nico tries to make it up to Grady.
Note: This is the final appearance of Zora Lancaster in Sonny with a Chance, although she appears in So Random!.

47
26
"New Girl"
Sean McNamara
Michael Feldman & Steve Marmel
January 2, 2011 (2011-01-02)
225
5.7[17]

Sonny writes a song about Chad after breaking up with him, because he's very self-centered in her point of view, but has hard time performing it. Meanwhile, Grady develops a crush on Mel Winters (Skyler Day), a waitress at the Random's new hangout "The Patio". Coincidentally she is also Sonny's new neighbor. At first, they hate each other, and Mel thinks that the crowd will hate her singing, but Sonny thinks that they will like it, so they make a bet. Later, she almost performs the song, but Sonny realizes that Chad paid the audience to clap at everything before she sang, so that Sonny would win the bet. She then confronts Chad, who was behind a shrub at the Patio, and they fight once more. Then, the next day, she gets a real crowd, and performs the song and Mel and Sonny develop a friendship. Later, Chad and Sonny run into each other. They talk, and he walks away. She starts humming the song she wrote, while walking away, revealing that she still has feelings for Chad.
Absent: Allisyn Ashley Arm as Zora
Final Appearance of: Sonny Munroe
Note: This is the final episode of Sonny With a Chance due to Lovato's departure. This was supposed to be a turning point in the show. This episode was going to bring in a new character to the show and a new location. The show was then going to be turned into more of a teen sitcom drama show like what Jonas LA turned into. Of course all of these plans went into play before Lovato announced her departure. So Random! continues without Demi Lovato. In the sequel show, Chad Dylan Cooper (Sterling Knight) joins the cast of So Random replacing Sonny Munroe. This is also Sonny's fourth and final time performing a song.
Songs featured: "What to Do"

tag: table


document_title: Rene Kirby

question_text: who played the crippled guy in shallow hal

text: Rene Kirby

text:
Rene Kirby

Born
(1955-02-27) February 27, 1955 (age 63)
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.

Occupation
Actor

Years active
2001–2005

text: Rene Kirby (born February 27, 1955) is an American film and television actor. He is perhaps best known for his performance in the Farrelly Brothers' film Shallow Hal. In this film he plays the role of Walt, a man who, like Kirby himself, was born with spina bifida.

text: Film and television appearances[edit]

text:
Shallow Hal (2001) - Walt
Stuck on You (2003) - Phil Rupp
Carnivàle Episode titled 'The Road to Damascus' (2005) - Hoppy


document_title: Closed shop

question_text: the federal law which made closed shops and preferential shops illegal was the

text: Closed shop

text: Legal status[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: The Taft–Hartley Act outlawed the closed shop in the United States in 1947. The union shop was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court.[4] States that have passed right-to-work laws go further by not allowing employers to require employees to pay the agency fee. An employer may not lawfully agree with a union to hire only union members, but it may agree to require employees to join the union or pay the equivalent of union dues to it, within a set period after starting employment. Similarly, while a union could require an employer that had agreed to a closed shop contract prior to 1947 to fire an employee who had been expelled from the union for any reason, it cannot demand that an employer fire an employee under a union shop contract for any reason other than failure to pay those dues that are uniformly required of all employees.

text: The United States Government does not permit the union shop in any federal agency regardless of state law allowing for such.

text: Construction unions and unions in other industries with similar employment patterns have coped with the prohibition of closed shops by using exclusive hiring halls as a means of controlling the supply of labor. While such exclusive hiring halls do not, in a strictly formal sense, require union membership as a condition of employment, they do so in practical terms, in that an employee seeking to be dispatched to work through the union's hiring hall must either pay union dues or pay a roughly equivalent hiring hall fee. So long as the hiring hall is run on a non-discriminatory basis and adheres to clearly stated eligibility and dispatch standards, it is lawful. The Taft–Hartley Act also bars unions from requiring unreasonably high initiation fees as a condition of membership in order to prevent unions from using initiation fees as a device to keep non-union employees out of a particular industry. Also, the National Labor Relations Act permits construction employers to enter into pre-hire agreements, in which they agree to draw their workforces from a pool of employees dispatched by the union. The NLRA prohibits pre-hire agreements outside the construction industry.[5]

text: For the entertainment industry, unions representing performers have as their first rule one banning any represented performer from working on any non-union production. Penalties are imposed on the union member, not on the employer, and can lead to loss of union membership. Most major productions are union productions, and non-members join the Screen Actors Guild through performing as extras and earning three union vouchers, or by being given a speaking line and entering that way. The other performance unions do not have minimum membership standards, but joining the union bars one from working on non-union productions.

text: All four major sports leagues are union shops,[citation needed] even though a franchise may be located in a state that has a right-to-work law or constitutional provision.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The status of closed shops varies from province to province within Canada. The Supreme Court has ruled that, while Section Two of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed both the freedom to associate and the freedom not to associate, employees in a work-environment largely dominated by a union were beneficiaries of union policies, and as such should pay union fees, regardless of membership status. However, religious and conscientious objectors were allowed the option of paying the amount to a registered charity instead.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Dunn and Gennard found 111 United Kingdom cases of dismissals on the introduction of a closed shop, involving 325 individuals.[6]:125 They state "While proponents of the closed shop may argue that an estimated minimum 325 dismissals is a relatively small number compared with the total population covered by closed shops, critics would see the figure as substantial arguing that one dismissal is one too many."[6]:126 In relation to the pre-entry closed shop, they state "Its raison d'être is to exclude people from jobs by denying them union membership".[6]:132

text: All forms of closed shops in the UK are illegal following the introduction of the Employment Act 1990. They were further curtailed under section 137(1)(a) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (c. 52)[7] passed by the Conservative government at the time. The Labour Party, then in opposition, had supported closed shops until December 1989, when it abandoned the policy in accordance with European legislation.[8] However, Labour shadow arts minister Thangam Debbonaire announced to an Equity conference in May 2016 that she favoured the introduction of a "limited" closed shop for actors, as part of Jeremy Corbyn's pledge to strengthen and introduce a new package of employment rights beneficial to employees.[9] Equity was one of the last trade unions in the United Kingdom to offer a pre-entry closed shop until the 1990 act.[9]

text: Australia[edit]

text: All forms of closed shops in the Commonwealth are illegal under Workplace Relations Act 1996. There was an attempt by the Howard Government to change the definition of what constituted a closed shop under the Workplace Relations Legislation Amendment (More Jobs, More Pay) Bill 1999.[10] However the bill was subsequently defeated.[11]


document_title: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

question_text: who is singing the main title for world cup 2018

text: FIFA World Cup anthems and songs

text: Anthems and Songs[edit]

text:
World Cup

Country

Title

Language

Performer(s)

Writer(s) & Producer(s)

Official Audio(s)&Video(s)

Live Performance

 1962
 Chile
"El Rock del Mundial"
Spanish
Los Ramblers
Jorge Rojas Astorga
Audio

 1966
 England
"World Cup Willie (Where in this World are We Going)"
English
Lonnie Donegan

Audio

 1970
 Mexico
"Fútbol México 70"
Spanish
Los Hermanos Zavala
Roberto do Nascimento
Audio

 1974
 West Germany
"Futbol"
Polish, English, GermanRussian, Spanish
Maryla Rodowicz
Jonasz Kofta, Leszek Bogdanowicz
Audio

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

 1978
 Argentina
"El Mundial"

Buenos Aires Municipal Symphony
Ennio Morricone
Audio

 1982
 Spain
"Mundial '82"
Spanish

Plácido Domingo
Audio

 1986
 Mexico
"A Special Kind of Hero"[3]
English
Stephanie Lawrence
Rick Wakeman
1986 World Cup Official Film

"Hot Hot Hot"[4]
English
Arrow
Alphonsus Cassell and Leston Paul[5]
Music Video

"El mundo unido por un balón" (Official Song)
Spanish
Juan Carlos Abara
Spanish
Audio

 1990
 Italy
"Un'estate italiana (To Be Number One)"
Italian, English
Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini (Italian)Giorgio Moroder Project (English)
Edoardo Bennato, Giorgio Moroder, Gianna Nannini and Tom Whitlock
Official Music Video (Italian-1)Official Music Video (Italian-2)Official Music Video (English-1)Official Music Video (English-2)

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (Italian)
Live Performance - Opening Ceremony (English)

 1994
 United States
"Gloryland"
English
Daryl Hall and Sounds of Blackness
Charlie Skarbek and Rick Blaskey
Official Music Video-1Official Music Video-2Music Video (Instrumental-1)Music Video (Instrumental-2)Audio

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"We Are the Champions"
English
Queen

Official Music Video
Official Lyric Video

 1998
 France
"La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)" (Official Anthem)
French, English
Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red

Official Music Video

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"La Copa de la Vida (The Cup of Life)" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Ricky Martin
Desmond Child and Robi Rosa
Official Music Video (English)Official Music Video (Spanish)

"Carnaval de Paris"

Dario G
Dario G
Official Music Video

"Together Now"
English, Spanish
Jean Michel Jarre and Tetsuya Komuro
Jean Michel Jarre, Tetsuya Komuro and Olivia Lufkin

Official Music Video

 2002
 South Korea   Japan(Jointly Hosted)
"Anthem" (Official Anthem)

Vangelis
Vangelis / Takkyu Ishino
Music VideoAudio (Synthesized)Music Video (Remixed)

"Boom" (Official Song)
English
Anastacia
Anastacia, Glen Ballard
Official Music Video

"Let's Get Together Now" (Official Local Song)
Japanese, Korean
Voices of KOREA/JAPAN

Live Performance - Opening CeremonyLive Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Vamos Al Mundial" (Univision Version)
Spanish
Jennifer Peña
Claudia Garcia
Official Music Video

 2006
 Germany
"Zeit dass sich was dreht (Celebrate The Day)" (Official Anthem)
German, French, BambaraEnglish
Herbert Grönemeyer featuring Amadou & Mariam
Herbert Grönemeyer
Official Music Video

Live Performance - Opening Ceremony

"The Time of Our Lives" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Il Divo featuring Toni Braxton
Jörgen Elofsson & Steve Mac
Official Music Video

"Hips Don't Lie (Bamboo mix)"
English, Spanish
Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean
Jerry Duplessis, Omar Alfanno & LaTavia Parker
Official Music Video

Love Generation (song)

English

Bob Sinclar featuring Gary Pine

Duane Harden, Christophe le Friant, Gary Pine, Jay Woodhouse, JG Schreiner, Alain Wisniak

Official Music Video

"Arriba, Arriba"
Spanish
Ana Barbara, Mariana Seoane, Anaís Martínez, Pablo Montero

Music Video

 2010
 South Africa
"Sign of a Victory" (Official Anthem)
English
R. Kelly featuring  Soweto Spiritual Singers
R. Kelly
Official Music Video

"Waka Waka"
English, Spanish, Fang
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
Shakira, Freshlyground
Official Music Video

Live Performance - Closing Ceremony

"Wavin' Flag" (official FIFA song)
English
K'Naan
K'naan, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Jean Daval
Official Music Video

"Wavin' Flag" (Spanish Celebration Mix)

English, Spanish

K'Naan, David Bisbal

Official Music Video

 2014
 Brazil
"Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)" (Official Anthem)
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Carlos Santana featuring  Wyclef & Avicii & Alexandre Pires
Alexandre Pires, Arash Pournouri, Rami Yacoub, Carl FalkTim Bergling, Arnon Woolfson, Diogo Vianna, Wyclef Jean
Official Music Video

"We Are One (Ole Ola)" (Official Song)[6]
English, Portuguese, Spanish
Pitbull featuring Jennifer Lopez & Claudia Leitte
Jennifer Lopez, Claudia Leitte, Pitbull, Thomas Troelsen Danny Mercer, Sia Furler, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, Nadir Khayat
Official Music Video

"Tatu Bom de Bola" (Official Mascot Song)
Portuguese
Arlindo Cruz
Arlindo Cruz
Official Music Video

"La La La (Brasil 2014)"
English , Portuguese, Spanish
Shakira featuring Carlinhos Brown
Shakira, Carlinhos Brown, Jay Singh, Lukasz GottwaldMathieu Jomphe-Lepine, Max Martin Henry Walter, Raelene Arreguin, John J Conte Jr.
Official Music Video

"Magic in the Air"
French
Magic System and Chawki
Magic System (A'Salfo, Manadja,Goudé, Tino), RedOne, Alex PChawki
Official Music Video

"Adrenalina" (Univision version)
Spanish
Wisin, Ricky Martin and J-LO
Juan Luis Morera, José Torres, Carlos E. Ortiz
Official Music Video

"Time of Our Lives" (The Official BeIN Sports Song)
Arabic, French, English
Ahmed Chawki
RedOne
Official Music Video

"The World Is Ours"[7] (Coca-Cola official promotional anthem)

English

David Correy, Monobloco

Official Music Video

"La Copa de Todos" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem Spanish mix)

Spanish, English

David Correy, Paty Cantú, Wisin, Monobloco

Official Music Video

 2018
 Russia
"Live It Up" (Official Song)
English, Spanish
Nicky Jam featuring Will Smith and Era Istrefi
Nicky Jam, Will Smith, Era Istrefi
Diplo

Official Audio
Official Music Video

"Komanda 2018" (Команда 2018, Team 2018) [8]

Russian
Polina Gagarina featuring Egor Kreed and DJ Smash

DJ Smash

Official Music Video

"Colors" (Coca-Cola promotional anthem) and also (Spanglish version) & (Pakistani version)
English,
Spanish, Urdu

Jason Derulo, Maluma, Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch
Jason Derulo, Robin Weisse, Jamie Sanderson, Nija Charles, Ishmael Sadiq Montague, Geoffrey Earley, Diamond Platnumz
Sermstyle, ISM

Official Music Video
Official Spanish Music Video
Official Pakistani Music Video
Official Swahili Music Video

"Positivo" (Telemundo Version)
Spanish
J Balvin and Michael Brun
J Balvin, Michael Brun, Fernando Lugo

Official PromoOfficial Music Video

"United by Love"[9][10][11][12][13][14]
English, Russian, Spanish
Natalia Oreiro
Ettore Grenci, Sonia Molina, Diego Córdoba
Official Lyrics Video
Official Music Video

text: Official albums[edit]

text:
1994 – Gloryland World Cup USA 94
1998 – Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Ole!
2002 – The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup
2006 – Voices from the FIFA World Cup
2010 – Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album
2014 – One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns first-round draft picks

question_text: who did the cleveland browns draft so far

text: The Cleveland Browns joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1950 with the Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers after having spent four seasons with the All-America Football Conference. The Browns' first selection as an NFL team was Ken Carpenter, a wide receiver from Oregon State. The team's most recent first round selections were Baker Mayfield, quarterback at Oklahoma and Denzel Ward, cornerback at Ohio State.

text: Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so on. The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st. Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof. Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades.

text: The Browns did not have any draft choices from 1996 to 1998, because then-owner Art Modell took all the team's players to Baltimore, Maryland, effectively stopping the franchise. However, the NFL mandated that the Browns' name, colors, and franchise history remain in Cleveland and that the team would reactivate by 1999. In 1999, the Browns selected number one overall, drafting University of Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch.

text: The Browns have selected number one overall five times: Bobby Garrett (1954), Tim Couch (1999), Courtney Brown (2000), Myles Garrett (2017) and Baker Mayfield (2018). The team has also selected number two overall only once and number three overall five times. The Browns have selected players from the University of Michigan five times, Ohio State University and the University of Southern California four times, and the University of Florida three times. Four eventual Hall of Famers were selected by the Browns: Doug Atkins, Jim Brown, Paul Warfield, and Ozzie Newsome.

text: Player selections[edit]

text:
Selected number one overall *
Enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame †

text:
Year
Pick
Player name
Position
College
Notes

National Football League, Early Era (1950–1969)

1950
13
Ken Carpenter
WR/RB
Oregon State

1951
14
Kenny Konz
DB
LSU

1952
10
Bert Rechichar
DB/RB/K/LB/P
Tennessee
[1]

12
Harry Agganis
QB
Boston
[2]

1953
11
Doug Atkins †
DL/E
Tennessee

1954
1
Bobby Garrett *
QB
Stanford
[3]

12
John Bauer
OL
Illinois

1955
13
Kurt Burris
CB/LB
Oklahoma

1956
13
Preston Carpenter
E/RB/TE
Arkansas

1957
6
Jim Brown †
FB
Syracuse

1958
13
Jim Shofner
DB
Texas Christian

1959
11
Rich Kreitling
WR/E
Illinois

1960
8
Jim Houston
DL/LB
Ohio State

1961
10
Bobby Crespino
WR/E/TE
Mississippi
[4]

1962
4
Gary Collins
WR/P
Maryland
[5]

11
Leroy Jackson
RB
Western Illinois
[6]

1963
9
Tom Hutchinson
E/WR
Kentucky

1964
11
Paul Warfield †
WR/E
Ohio State

1965
—
— No Pick
—
—
[7]

1966
14
Milt Morin
TE
Massachusetts

1967
18
Bob Matheson
DL/LB
Duke

1968
21
Marv Upshaw
DL/K
Trinity

1969
20
Ron Johnson
RB
Michigan

National Football League, Modern Era (1970–present)

1970
3
Mike Phipps
QB
Purdue
[8]

21
Bob McKay
OT
Texas

1971
14
Clarence Scott
DB
Kansas

1972
18
Thom Darden
DB
Michigan

1973
16
Steve Holden
WR
Arizona State
[9]

22
Pete Adams
OG
USC

1974
—
— No Pick
—
—
[10]

1975
5
Mack Mitchell
DL
Houston

1976
7
Mike Pruitt
FB/RB
Purdue

1977
17
Robert Jackson
LB
Texas A&M

1978
12
Clay Matthews
LB
USC

23
Ozzie Newsome †
TE
Alabama
[11]

1979
20
Willis Adams
WR
Houston
[12]

1980
27
Charles White
RB
USC
[13]

1981
22
Hanford Dixon
CB
Southern Miss

1982
3
Chip Banks
LB/WR
USC

1983
—
— No Pick
—
—
[14]

1984
18
Don Rogers
S
UCLA

1985
—
— No Pick
—
—
[15]

1986
—
— No Pick
—
—
[16]

1987
5
Mike Junkin
LB
Duke
[17]

1988
21
Clifford Charlton
LB
Florida

1989
13
Eric Metcalf
RB/WR
Texas
[18]

1990
—
— No Pick
—
—
[19]

1991
2
Eric Turner
DB
UCLA

1992
9
Tommy Vardell
FB/RB
Stanford

1993
14
Steve Everitt
C
Michigan
[20]

1994
9
Antonio Langham
CB
Alabama

29
Derrick Alexander
WR
Michigan
[21]

1995
30
Craig Powell
LB
Ohio State
[22]

1996
Franchise suspended, no team in Cleveland from 1996–1998

1997

1998

1999
1
Tim Couch *
QB
Kentucky

2000
1
Courtney Brown *
DE
Penn State

2001
3
Gerard Warren
DT
Florida

2002
16
William Green
RB
Boston College
[23]

2003
21
Jeff Faine
C
Notre Dame

2004
6
Kellen Winslow II
TE
Miami
[24]

2005
3
Braylon Edwards
WR
Michigan

2006
13
Kamerion Wimbley
LB
Florida State
[25]

2007
3
Joe Thomas
OT
Wisconsin
[26]

22
Brady Quinn
QB
Notre Dame
[27]

2008
—
— No Pick
—
—
[27]

2009
21
— Alex Mack
C
California
[28]

2010
7
— Joe Haden
CB
Florida

2011
21
— Phil Taylor
DT
Baylor

2012
3
— Trent Richardson
RB
Alabama

22
— Brandon Weeden
QB
Oklahoma State

2013
6
— Barkevious Mingo
OLB
LSU

2014
8
— Justin Gilbert
CB
Oklahoma State

22
— Johnny Manziel
QB
Texas A&M

2015
12
— Danny Shelton
DT
Washington

19
— Cameron Erving
C
Florida State

2016
15
— Corey Coleman
WR
Baylor

2017
1
Myles Garrett *
DE
Texas A&M

25
Jabrill Peppers
S
Michigan

29
David Njoku
TE
Miami

2018
1
Baker Mayfield *
QB
Oklahoma

4
Denzel Ward
CB
Ohio State

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1952 from Detroit for E/T Jim Martin.
Jump up ^ Harry Agganis did not take a snap for the Browns in the NFL, opting instead to play professional baseball for the Boston Red Sox as the team's starting first baseman.
Jump up ^ The Browns first pick in 1954 was a bonus lottery choice.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1961 to Dallas for T Paul Dickson and the Cowboys' first pick in 1962. The Browns acquired another pick from Detroit along with LB Robert Long for QB Jim Ninowski.
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1962 from Dallas along with T Paul Dickson for the Browns' first pick in 1961.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded the rights to Jackson to Washington for the Redskins' rights to Ernie Davis. Davis was later diagnosed with leukemia and died before playing a game with the Browns.
Jump up ^ The Browns first pick in 1965 was traded to San Francisco for G Ted Connolly.
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1970 from Miami for WR Paul Warfield.
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1973 from New York along with the Giants' second choice (acquired from New England) for DE Jack Gregory and CB Freddie Summers.
Jump up ^ The Browns' first pick in 1974 was traded to San Diego along with the Browns' second pick in 1975 for LB Bob Babich and the Chargers' fourth pick in 1975.
Jump up ^ The Browns' acquired their second pick in 1978 from Los Angeles along with Washington's fourth pick (acquired from Washington through Chicago for the Bears' first pick) for QB Mike Phipps.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1979 to San Diego for the Chargers' first and second picks.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first and New England's sixth pick (acquired from New England) to Los Angeles for the Rams' first and fourth picks plus San Diego's second and Green Bay's fifth (acquired from San Diego and Green Bay respectively) picks.
Jump up ^ The Browns' first pick in 1983 was traded to Buffalo along with the Browns' third pick in 1984 and fifth pick in 1985 for LB Tom Cousineau.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1985 to Buffalo along with the Browns' third pick and the Browns' first and sixth picks in 1986 for Buffalo's first pick in the 1985 supplemental draft.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1986 to Buffalo along with the Browns' sixth pick and the Browns first and third picks from 1985 for Buffalo's first pick in the 1985 supplemental draft.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1987 to San Diego along with Browns' second pick and LB Chip Banks for San Diego's first and second picks.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1988 to Denver along with the Browns' second, fifth and ninth picks for the Broncos' first pick.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1990 to Green Bay along with the Browns' third and fifth picks in 1989 and RB Herman Fontenot for the Packers' second pick and fifth pick in 1989.
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their first pick in 1993 from Denver along with the Broncos' third pick for the Browns' first pick.
Jump up ^ The Browns acquired their second pick in 1994 from Philadelphia for the Browns' third pick and the Browns' second pick in the 1995 draft.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 1995 to San Francisco for the 49ers' first and fourth picks and the 49ers' first pick in the 1996 draft.
Jump up ^ The Browns won this pick via a coin flip against Atlanta.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 2004 to Detroit along with the Browns' second pick for the Lions' first pick.
Jump up ^ The Browns traded their first pick in 2006 to Baltimore for the Ravens' first pick.
Jump up ^ The Browns won this pick via a coin toss against Tampa Bay.
^ Jump up to: a b The Browns traded their second-round pick in 2007 and first-round pick in 2008 to Dallas for their first-round pick in 2007.
Jump up ^ Cleveland traded down three times in the first round, sending the fifth overall pick to the Jets (who used it to select Mark Sanchez), and then traded down two more times (with Tampa Bay and Philadelphia) before selecting Alex Mack with the 21st overall pick.
Grossi, Tony (2009-04-25). "Cleveland Browns get more picks (and more Jets) on a busy opening day in NFL draft". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved 2009-08-09.

tag: ol


document_title: I Am Frankie

question_text: who plays cole reyes in i am frankie

question_tokens: who plays cole reyes in i am frankie

text: I Am Frankie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG (short for Electronic Giga Genetics) who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie. When the head of EGG, Mr. Kingston, plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA (short for Weaponized Android Research Project Agency) for Project Q, Sigourney quits her job, smuggles Frankie out of EGG, and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life. As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High, she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy. While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG doesn't find her Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie. Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston, he's not the only one who's after her.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alex Hook as Frankie, an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human.
Uriel Baldesco as Lucia, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.
Armani Barrett as Byron, a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who is into robotics.
Kristi Beckett as Makayla, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.
Kyson Facer as Andrew, a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy's love interests. He is later revealed to be an android created by James.
Sophia Forest as Jenny, the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister.
Mohana Krishnan as Tammy, a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie's rival and seeks to find the truth about her.
Jayce Mroz as Robbie, an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around.
Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton, a girl who becomes Frankie's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie.
Carson Rowland as Cole, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie's love interests.
J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston, the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA's Project Q. In "I Am ... Bound for Glory", he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole's father Tom operating under an alias.
Todd Allen Durkin as James, a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie.
Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough, the principal of Sepulveda High School.
Michael Laurino as Will, the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter.
Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney, a former EGG scientist who built Frankie.
Mark Jacobson as the Voice of "PEGS1", a small floating egg-shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Justin Jarzombeck as John
Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 20, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that it had green-lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes. The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami, Florida. The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky by Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia and Catharina Ledeboer, who has previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen, adapted the series into English for global audiences. It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016.[1][2][3] The series officially debuted on September 11, 2017,[4] after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4, 2017. The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21, 2017.[5] Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13, 2017.[6] Filming for the second season was planned to begin in March 2018.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot (2017)[edit]

text:
Title [8][9]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [8][9]
Prod.
code [8]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

"I Am ... a Gaines"
Steve Wright
Charlotte Owen
September 4, 2017 (2017-09-04)[a]
101
1.27[10]

EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter, Jenny, as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG, Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James Peters. Once enrolled in school, Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival.
Guest stars: JC Casely as Casey, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1, Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title [8][9]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [8][9]
Prod.
code [8]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"I Am ... in Danger"
Steve Wright
Charlotte Owen
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)[a]
101–102
1.47[11]

EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter, Jenny, as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG, Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James. Once enrolled in school, Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival. Later, after Cole saves Frankie from the rain, Sigourney works to dry her out and finds that some of her circuits got fused together. Meanwhile, Mr. Kingston sends PEGS1 to search Sigourney's old house to find the whereabouts of the Gaines family.
Guest stars: JC Casely as Casey, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1, Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie

2
"I Am ... a Rom-Com Fan"
Steve Wright
Jeff Sayers
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
103
1.32[12]

Guest stars: Katelyn Adair as Student 1, Brian Dijols as Student 2
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough

3
"I Am ... a Radio?"
Siobhan Devine
Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
104
1.46[13]

Guest stars: Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Rachael Thompson as Engineer
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough

4
"I Am ... My Enemy's Friend?"
Siobhan Devine
Charlotte Owen
September 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)
105
1.29[14]

Guest stars: Jeanne Bennett as Ms. Kagan, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer, Zachery Robbins as Football Player
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Todd Allen Durkin as James

5
"I Am ... Battery Operated"
Siobhan Devine
Jeff Sayers
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
106
1.30[15]

Guest stars: Bob Schenkel as Elderly Man, Fern Katz as Elderly Woman
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew, Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough

6
"I Am ... Heartbroken"
Siobhan Devine
Charotte Owen and Elle Andrews
September 18, 2017 (2017-09-18)
107
1.14[16]

Guest star: Justin Jarzombeck as John

7
"I Am ... Lost"
Siobhan Devine
Jeff Sayers
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
108
1.22[17]

Guest stars: Constance Fields as Judge, Eric Garduno as Competition Student, Justin Jarzombeck as John

8
"I Am ... Disconnected"
Steve Wright
Elle Andrews
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
109
1.19[18]

Guest stars: Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson
Absent: Uriel Baldesco as Lucia, Kristi Beckett as Makayla

9
"I Am ... Crashing"
Siobhan Devine
Jeff Sayers
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
110
1.10[19]

Guest stars: Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson
Absent: Michael Laurino as Will

10
"I Am ... Speechless"
Siobhan Devine
Jeff Sayers
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)
111
1.33[20]

Guest stars: JC Casely as Casey, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Katherine McDonald as Mrs. Mulligan, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson
Absent: Michael Laurino as Will

11
"I Am ... Hungry"
Siobhan Devine
Elle Andrews
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
112
1.17[21]

As Sepulveda High's halls have been vandalized by an unknown person, Frankie discovers that she has two dates to the prom. To help her blend in with her dates, Dayton works with Frankie and Sigourney into making an E-Stomach so that Frankie can eat food easily. Meanwhile at EGG, Mr. Kingston and PEGS1 start to put their plans to reclaim Frankie into motion.
Guest stars: JC Casely as Casey, Anna Hinsley as Figueroa Team Member, Justin Jarzombeck as John, Nicole Kinzel as Smoothie Barista, Rita Manyette as Proctor, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson

12
"I Am ... Remote Controlled"
Steve Wright
Charlotte Owen
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
113
1.07[22]

Guest stars: Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson, Welder Santos as Busboy
Absent: Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Todd Allen Durkin as James, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough

13
"I Am ... Suspended"
Steve Wright
Elle Andrews
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
114
1.11[23]

In light of the recent actions at Sepulvada High, Ms. Hough blames Frankie and has her suspended from school for the recent violent conduct. James orchestrates events that involves him deleting specific files from Frankie which leads to Sigourney having to take an action to keep Frankie from becoming a violent android. Meanwhile, representatives from WARPA confiscate PEGS1 upon Mr. Kingston's failure to reclaim Frankie as he finds a clue on where Sigourney is hiding Frankie. At the same time, Tammy still wants to prove that Frankie is a robot and plans to get her unsuspended by pinning the blame of recent happenings at Sepulvada High on someone else.
Guest stars: Justin Jarzombeck as John, Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart, David Kelley as Warpa Agent, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson
Absent: Kyson Facer as Andrew

14
"I Am ... Not Alone"
Steve Wright
Jeff Sayers
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
115
1.09[24]

Now that Tammy's plot to get Frankie unsuspended has succeeded, she still makes plans to expose Frankie as a robot where she, Lucia, and Mikayla work on a pulley-activated device that will enable her to spill water on Frankie at the Emoji-themed dance. Suspicious at the bounty fliers that Mr. Kingston has printed out, Sigourney forbids Frankie to go to the dance just in case someone catches her.
Guest stars: Justin Jarzombeck as John, Elgin Aponte as DJ
Absent: Jayce Mroz as Robbie, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough

15
"I Am ... Hot on the Trail"
Steve Wright
Charlotte Owen
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
116
1.35[25]

Now that Frankie and Dayton know that Andrew is an android, they plan to find out who created him. Ms. Hough begins an investigation on who attempted the water prank on Frankie. Meanwhile, operatives from WARPA plan to use PEGS1 as leverage on Mr. Kingston in order to reclaim Frankie, but PEGS1 plans his escape from WARPA.
Guest stars: Justin Jarzombeck as John, Elgin Aponte as DJ, Susan Dean as Ms. Fleckenstein, David Kelley as Warpa Agent
Absent: J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston

16
"I Am ... Hanging Out with a Boy"
Steve Wright
Elle Andrews
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
117
1.29[26]

Andrew begs Frankie not to tell Sigourney about him. After her Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad rejects her upon learning the truth, Tammy comes clean to Ms. Hough about falsely accusing Robbie of the school vandalism. Ms. Hough announces to the school that Robbie is exonerated, but she threatens to punish the entire school if the person responsible for the vandalism doesn't come forward. Meanwhile, Frankie plays minigolf with Cole. Also, James orders Andrew to lure Frankie into a trap that James and Mr. Kingston have devised.
Guest stars: Justin Jarzombeck as John, Katrina Rose Tandy as Girl with Phone, David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1

17
"I Am ... Bound for Glory"
Siobhan Devine
Jeff Sayers
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
118
1.19[27]

WARPA has started making threats to Mr. Kingston and James to get them Frankie or else. This causes James to have Andrew lure Frankie to a position where he must get Frankie near WARPA's clutches or else be deactivated. After Mr. Kingston visits his children in his true name of Tom Reyes, Dayton enlists Jenny to help warn Frankie as Cole wonders if Tammy is right about Frankie being a robot.
Guest stars: Richard Litz as Large Student, South Miami Senior High School Cobra Band and Color Guard as Marching Band, Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson, Dan Johnson as Mechanic, David Kelley as Warpa Agent
Absent: Michael Laurino as Will, Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney, Mark Jacobson as Voice of "PEGS1"

18
"I Am ... Caught"
Steve Wright
Elle Andrews
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
119
1.28[28]

After Cole figures out that Frankie is a robot, Dayton frantically tries to warn Frankie that her father and WARPA are closing in. Upon hearing about what happened when Cole visited Frankie, Sigourney considers moving the family again to keep Frankie safe. In addition, Dayton persuades Tammy to help her get into WARPA's classified website in order to find out more about WARPA.
Guest star: David Kelley as Warpa Agent
Absent: Mark Jacobson as Voice of "PEGS1"

19
"I Am ... a Sitting Duck"
Steve Wright
Charlotte Owen
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
120
1.13[29]

Before the competition starts Tammy returns to the team after being taken by WARPA, who did something to her so that the team question her actions. During the Brain Squad competition, Dayton and Cole work to try to warn Frankie that WARPA is closing in on her as Andrew starts to reveal his true allegiance. Meanwhile, a girl arrives at the Gaines residence who is revealed to be Eliza, an android that Doctor Gaines made before Frankie who has a evil agenda, as Sigourney and Will look for possible places to relocate.
Guest stars: Alex Hook as Eliza, David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1, Eric Gaunaurd as Stage Manager, Jake Little as Morlock Player 1, Natalia Patino as Morlock Player 2, Ame Livinston as Head Judge, Rob Iberg as Brain Squad Security 1
Absent: Sophia Forest as Jenny, Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough, Mark Jacobson as Voice of "PEGS1"

text: Special (2017)[edit]

text:
Title [8][9]
Original air date [8][9]
Prod.
code [8]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

"I Am Frankie ... the Download"
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
998
1.14[30]

A clip show on what has transpired through "I Am ... Not Alone", as well as clips from the remaining episodes of the season.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
19
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)
1.47[11]
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
1.13[29]
1.24

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b The first half of "I Am ... in Danger" was aired as the sneak peek on Nickelodeon on September 4, 2017, and is titled "I Am ... a Gaines". The full episode was then shown as part of the official Nickelodeon premiere on September 11, 2017. The second half is also known as "I Am ... in a Math Bee".