document_title: United States presidential election, 1788–89

question_text: who came in 2nd in the first presidential election

root

text: Candidates[edit]

text: No official federal political parties existed at the time of the 1788–89 presidential election. Candidates might be Federalists, meaning they supported the ratification of the Constitution, or Anti-Federalists, meaning they opposed ratification. These designations were not established or organized political parties, but each forming faction  supported Washington for President. During this time, the Federalists were called by name of Cosmopolitans, and the Anti-Federalists as Localists. The terms "Federalist" and "Anti-Federalists" were not commonplace names until later elections. Although the first election was not known for its extensive campaigning, the beginnings of lobbying can be seen in the first 1788–1789 election for president. Maryland is a telltale example of the early formation of the two-party system, as the unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising their platforms in order to appeal to the German-speaking population, and as a result, received substantially higher voter turnout rates. Party advocates in some states lobbied through public forums, parades in the streets, and dinners, forming what George Washington warned against in his farewell address—polarizing factions.

tag: p

text: The effects in the formation of these divisions almost became a determining factor on whether George Washington would actually run for a second term, which would have eliminated the current two-term tradition. More often than not were divisions during elections prior to the 1788 election created not on political stance, but more so on the reputations and family names of the different candidates. Some states had virtually no factional competition, especially in the south, as states like Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina had little political organization. These states would at times go years without hosting elections, unless an election was deemed necessary by the state's legislative body.

text: Federalist candidates[edit]

text:
John Adams, former Minister to Great Britain from Massachusetts
John Jay, United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs from New York
John Rutledge, former Governor of South Carolina
John Hancock, Governor of Massachusetts
Samuel Huntington, Governor of Connecticut
Benjamin Lincoln, former U.S. Secretary of War from Massachusetts
George Washington, former Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army from Virginia

tag: ul

text:
GeneralGeorge Washington from Virginia

John Adamsfrom Massachusetts

SecretaryJohn Jayof New York

GovernorJohn Rutledgeof South Carolina

GovernorJohn Hancockof Massachusetts

GovernorSamuel Huntingtonof Connecticut

Maj. GeneralBenjamin Lincolnfrom Massachusetts

text: Anti-Federalist candidates[edit]

text: George Clinton, Governor of New York

text: GovernorGeorge Clinton of New York

text: General election[edit]

text: In the absence of political parties, there was no formal nomination process. The framers of the Constitution had presumed that Washington would be the first president, and there was no opposition to him since George Washington was widely seen as "essential to the successful operation of the new government."[according to whom?] The nation was undivided, regardless of national beliefs or affiliations, in its decision of Washington as president, so it was of little curiosity to the nation that he won unanimously during the 1788–89 election. Alexander Hamilton, a devoted advocate of George Washington, stated to Washington that "...the point of light in which you stand home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state." Alexander Hamilton's letter to Washington is an attempt to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon, Virginia to run for the presidency, exemplifying the unanimous nature of George Washington's position as a candidate in the first election.

text: Less certain was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description in the constitution. Although, the job title that came with being vice-president was as the head of the senate, unrelated to the executive branch. However, the Constitution did stipulate the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, many assumed that a vice president would be chosen from one of the northern states to ease sectional tensions. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both prominent citizens from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Jefferson suggested John Jay, James Madison, and John Rutledge as other possible candidates.[2]

text: Voter turnout was particularly low in the first election. Experts[who?] estimate that only 1.8-6% of the population participated. This was not due to a general lack of interest in the election, but rather a general lack of voting status. There were many restrictions put on potential voters, reducing the pool of would-be voters to a mere fraction of the population. The eligible voting population was primarily made up of white, male landowners, most of whom were educated. Of the people who could potentially vote, few knew anything of running candidates due to the inability to communicate to masses of people during the 18th century, generally making informed voting nearly impossible. Those who were of a different religion or without property were considered unfit to vote due to the idea that they could be easily swayed for one candidate or another, or had the possibility of creating detrimental factions in opposition to the government. The average person was considered uneducated, which included women, slaves, non citizens, indentured servants, and individuals younger than the age of 21. The qualities of a voter that were considered essential for a voter fit the characteristics of a "gentleman," as property owners were considered to have a "stake in society," deeming them independent and morally adept enough to be considered responsible voters. Voting eligibility varied from colony to colony, such as in Virginia and Connecticut which required a man to acquire a larger amount of property in order to hold different positions in office. The most common form of determining eligibility was the "forty pound rule", a common English practice that requires of voters to own forty pounds worth of land or receive a 5 percent return on the owned land. These eligible voter restrictions were made more inclusive with the later passage of the 15th amendment that removed racial affiliation as an eligible voter characteristic, and with the 19th amendment in 1920, which allowed for the suffrage of women.

text: No official laws were established barring immigrants who did not speak English from voting, but they were greatly discouraged from doing so by means of anti-immigrant rhetoric. The expectation was that any non-English speaking residents in the colonies were assumed to be ineligible due to property requirements. Regarding the 1788–1789 elections, eligible voting was determined by the type of Christianity that an individual affiliated with. Only Protestants, and in some instances certain denominations, could vote in certain colonies. For example, only congregationalists retained the right to vote in Massachusetts. Jews, Quakers, and especially Catholics could not vote legally in states such as Rhode Island and Virginia. However, this was not the case in every colony, as Pennsylvania allowed every citizen regardless of property to have the right to vote. Due to the sentiments of freedom and independence following the revolution, nominations became more localized and frequent, access to voting booths increased dramatically, and the first instances the Australian ballot began to pop up within the United States. Although many people were more apt to participate in local elections, nearly 90 percent of white males were able to vote in states like New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and New Hampshire.

text: An often unconsidered adversity in the Election of 1788–89 was great difficulty in communicating and convening for assembly due to "impassable, perilous roads, poorly-maintained bridges, and slow postal delivery." Voter turnout was inhibited significantly, as traveling to the nearest polling place could take days, and for many, leaving the farm unattended for prolonged periods of time could not be afforded in small middle-class agrarian households which relied on daily manual labor and upkeep of farmsteads. Congress also moved at a glacial rate due to these obstacles, and it even took two months for George Washington to learn that he had won the Presidency[citation needed][dubious  – discuss], and spent an entire week traveling from Virginia to New York to be sworn in as president.  A total of four electoral votes were lost, two in Virginia as well as in Maryland, due to complications involving travel and private matters. These complications played a large role in the outcome of different aspects of the first election, ultimately causing necessary compromises that hindered the organizational efficiency of the new government.

text: Electors were chosen by the individual states, and each cast one vote for Washington. The electors used their second vote to cast a scattering of votes: while Adams won a plurality of these votes, a majority of the 69 electors voted for a candidate other than Adams. This was due largely to a scheme perpetrated by Alexander Hamilton, who feared that Adams would tie with Washington, throwing the election to the House of Representatives and embarrassing Washington and the new Constitution. Thus, Adams received only 34 of 69 votes, with the remaining 35 ballots split between ten other candidates.[3]

text: As the electors were being selected, rumors spread that there was an Anti-Federalist plot afoot to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president over Washington, with George Clinton as their choice for vice president. These rumors may have been encouraged by those sympathetic to the Federalists, who wished to discourage electors from voting for Clinton. If so, this strategy was effective: Clinton received only three electoral votes, possibly due to the fear that a vote for Clinton was effectively a vote against Washington.[4]

text: Only ten states out of the original thirteen cast electoral votes in this election. North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the United States Constitution.[5] New York failed to appoint its allotment of eight electors because of a deadlock in the state legislature.[5]

text: Squabbles over the choice of the capital city lead to further party divisions, and cutthroat campaigning strategies were underway from slandering rumors to redistricting. The Massachusetts General Court had tampered with district borders to favor certain ideological inclinations, known today as "gerrymandering."[citation needed] Patrick Henry redrew districts for the House of Representatives election in favor of the Localists, aiding James Monroe to win the popular vote.[citation needed] Other slander in local elections that set the precedent for the Election of 1788 were the widespread conspiracy theories that often plagued candidates in running for office. Candidates published articles attacking the opposer. In South Carolina, a representative's character in terms of representing local interests was tarnished. Dave Ramsey, from New Jersey, contended in a three-way election to represent the Charleston district in 1788. Rumors circulated about his interests in "an emancipation of negroes," to which Ramsey rebutted with attempting to prove that his opponent, William Smith, was not considered a citizen under the constitution. Tensions on divisive issues increased regardless of the fact that there were no official party systems in place leading up to the 1788 election. Although these contentions played no part in Washington's unanimous vote, they revealed the strategies in which two groups attempted to secure positions in the Vice Presidential and legislative positions.

text: The founders attempted to create a society that supports more nationalistic world views that work to benefit the nation as a whole, as opposed to candidates self-interest and by simply representing the popular vote's local will. Considering the parochial nature of American society in the 18th century, it was assumed that most presidential elections would end up in the House of Representatives since electors would vote for locally known leaders and there would be no clear majority, hence the safeguarded structure of the electoral college, with one vote being mandatory out of state. The founders presumed that most elections would obtain no majority vote by the electors, as it was nearly depicted in the competitive election of John Adams as vice president. Yet, the House of Representatives has only chosen the President in 1801 and 1825 as opposed to most elections. Although the American political system did not pan out as the founders had hoped, the Election of 1788–1789 shaped the federal body experienced in the United States today. James Bryce described this in The American Commonwealth, "So hard it is to keep even a rigid constitution from warping and bending under the actual forces of politics."

text: Results[edit]

text: Popular vote[edit]

text:
Popular Vote(a), (b), (c)

Count

Percentage

Federalist electors

39,624

90.5%

Anti-Federalist electors

4,158

9.5%

Total

43,782

100.0%

text: Source: U.S. President National Vote. Our Campaigns. (February 11, 2006).

text:
(a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
(b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes in this election.
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.

text: Electoral vote[edit]

text:
Presidential candidate

Party

Home state

Popular vote(a), (b), (c)

Electoral vote(d), (e), (f)

Count

Percentage

George Washington

Non Partisan

Virginia

43,782

100.0%

69

John Adams

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

34

John Jay

Federalist

New York

—

—

9

Robert H. Harrison

Federalist

Maryland

—

—

6

John Rutledge

Federalist

South Carolina

—

—

6

John Hancock

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

4

George Clinton

Anti Federalist

New York

—

—

3

Samuel Huntington

Federalist

Connecticut

—

—

2

John Milton

Federalist

Georgia

—

—

2

James Armstrong(g)

Federalist

Georgia(g)

—

—

1

Benjamin Lincoln

Federalist

Massachusetts

—

—

1

Edward Telfair

Anti Federalist

Georgia

—

—

1

Total

43,782

100.0%

138

Needed to win

35

text:
Source: "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825[6]

text:
(a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.
(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.
(d) The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted 8 electors in time, so there were no voting electors from New York.
(e) Two electors from Maryland did not vote.
(f) One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.
(g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed.), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p. 441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous—his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.

text: Results by state[edit]

text: Popular vote[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
George WashingtonFederalist

George ClintonAnti-Federalist

State Total

State

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

%

electoralvotes

#

Connecticut

7

no popular vote

7

no popular vote

-

CT

Delaware

3

685

100

3

no ballots

685

DE

Georgia

5

no popular vote

5

no popular vote

-

GA

Maryland

8

5,539

71.63

6

2,193

28.37

-

7,732

MD

Massachusetts

10

17,740

100

10

no ballots

17,740

MA

New Hampshire

5

5,909

100

5

no ballots

5,909

NH

New Jersey

6

no popular vote

6

no popular vote

-

NJ

New York

8

did not participate (legislature deadlocked)

-

NY

North Carolina

7

did not participate (did not ratify Constitution)

-

NC

Pennsylvania

10

6,711

90.90

10

672

9.10

-

7,383

PA

Rhode Island

3

did not participate (did not ratify Constitution)

-

RI

South Carolina

7

no popular vote

7

no popular vote

-

SC

Virginia

12

3,040

70.16

10

1,293

29.84

-

4,333

VA

TOTALS:

91

39,624

90.50

69

4,158

9.50

0

43,782

US

TO WIN:

35

text: Electoral vote[edit]

text:
State

Washington

Adams

Jay

Harrison

Rutledge

Hancock

Clinton

Huntington

Milton

Armstrong

Telfair

Lincoln

Connecticut

7

5

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

Delaware

3

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Georgia

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

1

1

Maryland

6

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Massachusetts

10

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

New Hampshire

5

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

New Jersey

6

1

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pennsylvania

10

8

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

South Carolina

7

0

0

0

6

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Virginia

10

5

1

0

0

1

3

0

0

0

0

0

Total

69

34

9

6

6

4

3

2

2

1

1

1

text: Source: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections[7]

text: Electoral college selection[edit]

text: The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen.  Different state legislatures chose different methods:[8]

text:
Method of choosing electors

State(s)

each elector appointed by the state legislature

ConnecticutGeorgiaNew JerseyNew York(a)South Carolina

two electors appointed by state legislatureeach remaining elector chosen by state legislature from list of top two vote-getters in each congressional district

Massachusetts

each elector chosen by voters statewide; however, if no candidate wins majority, state legislature appoints elector from top two candidates

New Hampshire

state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district

Virginia(b)Delaware

electors chosen at large by voters

MarylandPennsylvania

state had not yet ratified the Constitution, so was not eligible to choose electors

North CarolinaRhode Island

text:
(a) New York's legislature deadlocked, so no electors were chosen.
(b) One electoral district failed to choose an elector.


document_title: Mountain Monsters

question_text: mountain monsters how many episodes in season 5

text: Mountain Monsters

text: Premise[edit]

text: The AIMS team are a self-styled cryptozoology research team founded by West Virginians John "Trapper" Tice, Jeff Headlee, and Willy McQuillian. Their goal is to prove the existence of mysterious creatures such as Bigfoot, Werewolf, Hellhound, Lizard Man, and Mothman. The episodes normally begin with Trapper, Jeff, Huckleberry, and Buck discussing the specific creature they are hunting on the way to the location where the creature was spotted. They then meet with eyewitnesses who have encountered the creature, giving the team an idea of where to conduct an initial night investigation to find evidence of the creature being in the area.

text: After concluding their initial night hunt, Willy and Wild Bill begin work on a trap to contain the creature while the rest of the team searches for more evidence, meeting with additional eyewitnesses who normally possess photographic, video or audio evidence of the creature. After testing the completed trap the team begins the final night hunt.

text: The creatures are, supposedly, occasionally caught on camera, such as the Cave Creature. They are also shown as a digital rendering that appears before and after commercial breaks. The team attempts to capture these creature (with Hogzilla and three Devil Dogs being their most recent trapped creatures). In some instances the team places trail cameras and/or infrared camcorders near the trap to capture photographic evidence of the creature in question. They have caught fleeting, blurry images of what they claim to be the Grassman, Shadow Creature, Cherokee Death Cat and the Black Wolf on camera, to name but a few. More recently the recurring Rogue Team has spied on and sabotaged the AIMS team and their investigations.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
June 22, 2013 (2013-06-22)
July 27, 2013 (2013-07-27)

2
14
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
July 25, 2014 (2014-07-25)

3
8
March 7, 2015 (2015-03-07)
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)

4
13
January 23, 2016 (2016-01-23)
April 16, 2016 (2016-04-16)

5
9
April 8, 2017 (2017-04-08)
June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

1
1[3]
"Wolfman of Wolfe County"
June 22, 2013 (2013-06-22)

Wolfe County, Kentucky has a fresh trail of evidence that a 500 pound Wolfman is terrorizing the region. Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Wolfman and make Appalachia safe once again.

2
2
"Grassman of Perry County"[3]
June 29, 2013 (2013-06-29)

Residents of Perry County, Ohio have reported a 1,000 pound Grassman seen in the woods. Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Grassman and make Appalachia safe once again.

3
3
"Devil Dog of Logan County"[3]
July 6, 2013 (2013-07-06)

A blood-sucking Devil Dog is terrorizing a region in West Virginia. Expert hunters set out to catch the monster and make Appalachia safe once again.

4
4
"Wampus Beast of Pleasents County"[3]
July 13, 2013 (2013-07-13)

A 500 pound Wampus Beast is killing the cattle in Pleasants County, West Virginia. Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to protect their livestock and catch the Wampus Beast.

5
5
"Mothman of Mason County"[3]
July 20, 2013 (2013-07-20)

For decades Mason County, West Virginia has been terrorized by a flying Mothman and it appears he is back again. Now a group of expert hunters and trappers are using their backwoods knowledge to catch the Mothman once and for all.

6
6
"Lizard Demon of Wood County"[3]
July 27, 2013 (2013-07-27)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

7
1
"Kentucky Hellhound of Pike County"
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)

The AIMS team travel to Pike County, Kentucky, to investigate a huge canine predator who is menacing the local farming community. The team meets with eyewitnesses and races to construct a giant bamboo box trap before the creature migrates for the winter.

8
2
"Grafton Monster of Taylor County"
April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11)

The AIMS team travel to Taylor County, West Virginia, to investigate a huge bipedal predator nicknamed the "Headless Horror." The team meets with eyewitnesses, tracks the creature, and attempts to capture it inside of a massive wooden trap.

9
3
"Yahoo of Nicholas County"
April 18, 2014 (2014-04-18)

The AIMS team travel to Nicholas County, West Virginia, to investigate a large Bigfoot-like creature called "The Yahoo." The team meets with eyewitnesses, tracks the beast, and attempts to capture it inside of a giant log-fall trap.

10
4
"Werewolf of Webster County"
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)

The AIMS team travel to Webster County, West Virginia, to investigate the legendary Webster Werewolf, a massive wolf-like creature with ancient mythical ties. The team meets with eyewitnesses and works to complete a pit-trap before the full moon passes.

11
5
"Fire Dragon of Pocahontas County"
May 2, 2014 (2014-05-02)

The AIMS team travel to Pocahontas County, West Virginia, to investigate a gigantic, aquatic reptile called the "Fire Dragon." The team meets with eyewitnesses and constructs an elaborate water trap before pursuing the creature on land and boat.

12
6
"Sheepsquatch of Boone County"
May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)

The AIMS team travel to Boone County, West Virginia, to investigate a bizarre and aggressive creature called "The Sheepsquatch." The team meets with eyewitnesses and builds a custom razor wire trap before embarking upon a perilous night hunt.

13
7
"Shadow Creature of Braxton County"
May 30, 2014 (2014-05-30)

The AIMS team travel to Braxton County, West Virginia, to investigate a clandestine killer known as "The Shadow Creature." The team rappels cliffs and navigates the big timber as they chase the monster toward a super-sized snare trap.

14
8
"Wild Bill's Bear Beast"
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

The AIMS team travel to Raleigh County, West Virginia, to investigate a killer bear-canine hybrid called the "Red-Eyed Bear Beast." The team tracks the creature across treacherous terrain and rivers and attempts to capture it inside of a caldron trap.

15
9
"Death Cat of Cherokee County"
June 13, 2014 (2014-06-13)

The AIMS team travel to Cherokee County, North Carolina, to investigate a ferocious feline called "The Cherokee Death Cat." The team works to unravel the myth surrounding the creature and attempts to capture it inside of a complex wooden trap.

16
10
"Snallygaster of Preston County"
June 27, 2014 (2014-06-27)

The AIMS team travel to Preston County, West Virginia, to investigate a huge flying predator called "The Snallygaster." The team encounters great danger when they invade the creature's territory and attempt to capture it inside of a large wooden box trap.

17
11
"Cave Creatures of Greenbrier County"
July 11, 2014 (2014-07-11)

The AIMS team travel to Greenbrier County, West Virginia, to investigate a humanoid bipedal called "The Cave Creature." The team tracks the elusive creature through a twenty-mile cave system toward a series of snare traps.

18
12
"Hogzilla of Hocking Hills"
July 18, 2014 (2014-07-18)

The AIMS team travel to the treacherous terrain of Hocking Hills, Ohio, to investigate a huge hog-like creature called "Hogzilla." After meeting with eyewitnesses, the team races to capture the beast inside of a massive steel cage trap.

19
13
"Bloodless Howler of Harrison County"
July 25, 2014 (2014-07-25)

The AIMS team travel to Harrison County, West Virginia, to investigate a vicious canine-feline hybrid known as "The Bloodless Howler." The team tracks the predator toward their Asian tiger-box trap in frigid temperatures.

20
14
"Grassman's Revengeance"
July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)

In the two-hour season finale, the AIMS team travel back to Perry County, Ohio, to settle an unfinished score with a massive Bigfoot-like creature. The team works to unravel the mystery of the Ohio Grassman's identity and faces their greatest danger yet.

text: Season 3: Bigfoot Edition (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

21
1
"Bigfoot of Central Kentucky"
March 7, 2015 (2015-03-07)

The Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings begin their epic quest to prove the existence of Bigfoot in the Appalachia as they head out to Central Kentucky after what they believe is the first Bigfoot to emerge from the Mammoth Cave System.

22
2
"Bigfoot of Putnam County"
March 14, 2015 (2015-03-14)

Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Putnam County, WV to investigate the Chupacabra, known as the West Virginia Vampire. The team must meet with eyewitnesses and build an elaborate maze trap in an attempt to capture the creature.

23
3
"Bigfoot of Eastern kentucky"
March 21, 2015 (2015-03-21)

Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Eastern Kentucky to investigate the Wildman, known as the most dangerous and aggressive Bigfoot in the region. The team searches for a missing eyewitness and builds the largest and strongest trap.

24
4
"Bigfoot of Lincoln County"
March 28, 2015 (2015-03-28)

Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Lincoln County, WV to investigate the Hellhound who left a bad taste in their mouth after evading them last autumn.

25
5
"Bigfoot of Clay County"
April 4, 2015 (2015-04-04)

Appalachian Investigators of Mysterious Sightings travel to Clay County, WV to investigate the "Yahoo", who threw trees at them and destroyed their trap in Nicholas County WV, last autumn. The team must build an electrified trap to contain this Bigfoot.

26
6
"Bigfoot of Washington County"
April 11, 2015 (2015-04-11)

The AIMS team travels to Washington County, PA to investigate the "Dustman", thought to be the fastest and most agile Bigfoot in the region. They must build a quicksand pit trap, and repel down a cliff at night to its cave lair.

27
7
"Bigfoot of Ashe County: AIMS Under Attack"
April 18, 2015 (2015-04-18)

The AIMS team head to Ashe County, NC in search of "The Cherokee Devil". This Bigfoot is thought to possess mind control abilities. When Buck has an encounter with the creature the team fights back, only to have another team member fall under its spell.

28
8
"Bigfoot of Ashe County: AIMS Erupts"
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)

The AIMS team go back to Ashe County, NC to hunt the "Cherokee Devil" a savage Bigfoot that has already scarred members of the team. As the mission continues the biggest rift in AIMS history erupts and some members debate hanging up their gear for good.

text: Season 4: Bigfoot Edition (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

29
1
"Bigfoot of Harrison County: Stonish Giant"
January 23, 2016 (2016-01-23)
0.511[4]

30
2
"Bigfoot of Central Kentucky: Squalling Savage"
January 30, 2016 (2016-01-30)
0.525[5]

31
3
"Bigfoot of Blair County: Lightning Man"
February 6, 2016 (2016-02-06)
0.535[6]

32
4
"Bigfoot of Blair County: Thunder Brothers"
February 13, 2016 (2016-02-13)
0.463[7]

33
Special
"Scariest Moments"
February 20, 2016 (2016-02-20)
0.344[8]

34
5
"Bigfoot of Pendleton County: Great Fire Ape"
February 27, 2016 (2016-02-27)
0.460[9]

35
6
"Bigfoot of Wirt County: The Ash Man"
March 5, 2016 (2016-03-05)
0.464[10]

36
7
"Bigfoot of Lee County: Raven Mocker"
March 12, 2016 (2016-03-12)
0.411[11]

37
Special
"Best of Bigfoot"
March 19, 2016 (2016-03-19)
0.410[12]

38
8
"Raven Mocker: Back to Trapper"
March 26, 2016 (2016-03-26)
0.468[13]

39
9
"Bigfoot of Wood County: The Phantom of the Forest"
April 2, 2016 (2016-04-02)
0.442[14]

40
10
"Return of the Rogue Team"
April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)
0.536[15]

41
11
"AIMS vs The Rogue Team"
April 16, 2016 (2016-04-16)
0.659[16]

text: Season 5: Secrets of the Dark Forest (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

42
1
"The Rogue Team Rises: Part 1"
April 8, 2017 (2017-04-08)

After nine months of silence, the Rogue Team emerges from the shadows after team member Buck tries to take matters into his own hands; the AIMS team meets face to face with this other mysterious team to find out who they are and what they are after.

43
2
"The Rogue Team Rises: Part 2"
April 15, 2017 (2017-04-15)

After being abducted, the AIMS team faces a mysterious man who offers them a deal with an incredible payoff. The team suddenly realizes Trapper is missing and they set off to locate him in a race against time after finding a trail of his blood.

44
3
"Enter The Dark Forest"
April 22, 2017 (2017-04-22)

The AIMS team enters the Dark Forest to capture the Woman of the Woods but realize that the forest is the home to another mysterious creature: the Black Wolf.

45
4
"The Black Wolf"
April 29, 2017 (2017-04-29)

The AIMS team learns that a mysterious creature known as the Black Wolf roams the Dark Forest; a shaman reveals that the Black Wolf's presence may spell disaster for Jeff whose behavior continues to trouble the team.

46
Special
"Superfan Edition"
May 6, 2017 (2017-05-06)

The AIMS team shares their thoughts, answers fans' biggest questions and tell some of their favorite stories from the road.

47
5
"Huckleberry's Predator"
May 13, 2017 (2017-05-13)

After the AIMS team is split in half, Jeff must come up with answers about the Dark Forest; while the team gets proof of the Black Wolf, Huckleberry reveals that a mysterious creature is stalking the team and finds himself in a fight for his life.

48
6
"The Three Rings of the North"
May 20, 2017 (2017-05-20)

After a shocking discovery, Buck heads into the Dark Forest and encounters someone from his past; Huckleberry realizes that the predator he faced off with wants revenge; The team follows a trail left by Jeff and discovers the mysterious Three Rings.

49
7
The Secret of the Little Girl
May 27, 2017 (2017-05-27)

The team discovers what Jeff was doing at the Three Rings; the team learns what Buck found on his phone; Buck heads to the Three Rings to contact the Little Girl, who seems to be the key to the Dark Forest.

50
8
The Blood Skull and Woman of the Woods
June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03)

Buck searches for the Little Girl after he makes contact with her and she vanishes; the rest of the AIMS team sneaks into a cabin looking for answers about the other team's intentions; Buck winds up face to face with the Woman of the Woods. This episode was made available on May 27, 2017 via the Destination America app - the first time a Mountain Monsters episode was available prior to its regularly scheduled airing.[17]

text: Finding Bigfoot "feud"[edit]

text: On April 5, 2015, Matt Moneymaker of Finding Bigfoot tweeted that Mountain Monsters was scripted and the AIMS team were merely actors. This led to "Trapper" John Tice directly responding and referring to Moneymaker's show as "Losing Bigfoot".[18] The online feud has continued with Finding Bigfoot castmember Cliff Barakckman chiming in that the show is "fiction"[19] and the official Finding Bigfoot Twitter account calling Mountain Monsters a "fake-hoax" show in regards to the series' April 2017 return.[20] On May 30, 2017, the official AIMS Brasil Twitter account responded by saying that Finding Bigfoot "do not find anything".[21].


document_title: Thomas Jones (American football)

question_text: who is the football player on being mary jane

text: Thomas Jones (American football)

text: Early years[edit]

text: Thomas was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia. His mother, Betty, worked the graveyard shift in a Virginia coal mine for nearly 20 years while raising seven children, including his younger brother, Julius Jones. While in Appalachia, Virginia, his father encouraged the children to learn five new words per day, and made them read the front page of the newspaper, before they could read the sports section. Jones credits his parents with instilling the ambition and strong work ethic that he is known for in professional football.[1]

text: While playing for Powell Valley High School in Big Stone Gap, he led the team to back-to-back state championships in 1994 and 1995. He still holds the VHSL record for the most rushing yards in a season with 3,319. He broke his late uncle's (Edd Clark) single-game rushing record in 1994 (462 yards against John I. Burton High School). He also tied for most career touchdowns (104) with Terry Kirby. Thomas was featured in the January 22nd (1996) issue of Sports Illustrated section, Faces in the Crowd.[2]

text: College career[edit]

text: Jones attended the University of Virginia, and played for coach George Welsh's Virginia Cavaliers football team from 1996 to 1999. Through four years, he left his mark on the record books of both the team and the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). He ended his career at Virginia with eight conference and fifteen team records, including finishing as the Cavaliers' all-time rushing leader with 3,998 yards, eclipsing the previous mark of 3,389 yards set by Tiki Barber. His rushing total was the fourth highest in conference history. Jones also set the conference and school record for single season rushing (1,798 yards) and single season all-purpose offense (2,054 yards). While becoming the first player in ACC history to attain 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in a single game, Jones set a single game school record with 331 all-purpose yards against the University at Buffalo. Setting an ACC record for 200-yard games, Jones finished with six 200-yard rushing performances. He finished his college career with 4,698 all-purpose yards, fourth all-time at Virginia.

text: As a senior in 1999, Jones was voted as a consensus first-team All-American by The Associated Press, Football News, the Football Writers Association of America, Walter Camp Foundation, and The Sporting News. Finishing 8th in balloting for the 1999 Heisman Trophy, he was the first ACC consensus All-American running back since 1978 (Ted Brown, NC State) and third in league history. Jones led the conference running backs and receiving yards, amassed four 200-yard games, and finished third in the nation in rushing (163.5 yards/game) and all-purpose yards (186.7 yards/game).

text: While successful on the field, Jones also focused in the classroom, earning his bachelor's degree in psychology in three years.

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Arizona Cardinals[edit]

text: Thomas Jones was chosen by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round of the 2000 NFL Draft with the seventh overall selection. In his three years with Arizona he rushed for 1,264 yards and 9 touchdowns. He was injury-prone, however, and finished only one full season (2001) for the Cardinals. Up until the 2002 season he also was splitting time with running back, Michael Pittman. Jones was traded in 2003 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers[edit]

text: Though not the featured back in Tampa Bay, Jones played an injury-free season, gained 627 yards, and scored three rushing touchdowns while averaging 4.6 yards per carry.

text: Chicago Bears[edit]

text: As a free agent in 2004, Jones received his opportunity to be a featured back, signing a multi-year contract with Chicago. In his first season with Chicago, he rushed for 948 yards and 7 touchdowns. After the season, Ron Turner took over as offensive coordinator and installed zone blocking schemes that utilized Jones's speed and ability to make quick decisions. Heading into the 2005 NFL season, Jones figured to return to sharing duty as the Bears used their top draft pick on running back Cedric Benson. However, a lengthy hold-out prevented Benson from pushing Jones for playing time. After starting the season with a poor performance against the Washington Redskins defense, Jones proceeded to recover with season statistics of 1,335 yards and 9 touchdowns. Jones amassed 61 first downs while averaging 4.3 yards per carry. A veteran with, at that time, six years league experience, Jones continued to see extended playing time to assist the offensive line with pass blocking for Rex Grossman. After the 2005 season, Jones fired his agent and hired Drew Rosenhaus in April, 2006.

text: Jones did not participate in the Bears’ voluntary off season program in 2006, opting instead to work out on his own, leading to Benson lining up with the first team during workouts. On, July 27, 2006, Jones injured his hamstring during a physical at the Bears' summer camp; Lovie Smith announced Jones would fall behind Cedric Benson on the depth chart.[3] However, on August 4, Benson injured his shoulder after colliding with Brian Urlacher during a routine practice drill, and Jones returned to his featured back position.

text: The Bears’ two-headed rushing attack showcased both players during the 2006 season. Benson, at 5-foot-11 and 230 pounds, acted as a straight-ahead runner, whereas Jones used his quicker 5-foot-10 and 215-pound frame to find holes in Chicago’s zone-blocking scheme to get through the defense. During the regular season, Jones gained 1,210 yards and Benson amassed 647 yards; both averaged over four yards per carry. Jones had four 100-yard performances during the regular season and continued to see an increased role in the passing game as Benson had not yet mastered pass protection.[4] In 2006, Thomas and his brother Julius became the first brother tandem in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards in the same season.

text: During the 2006 playoffs, Jones rushed for 66 yards and two touchdowns on 21 carries en route to a 27-24 Bears’ victory over the Seattle Seahawks. The next week he rushed for 123 yards and two touchdowns on 19 carries in the NFC championship game against the New Orleans Saints, helping the Bears advance to the Super Bowl with a 39-14 win. Jones's 123 rushing yards against the Saints set a Bears postseason record. On a crucial drive late in the first half, after three stalled Bears drives ended in field goals, Jones ran the ball on every play of an eight-play, 69-yard drive and scored the Bears' first touchdown of the game.

text: Jones was one of three college teammates who reunited in Super Bowl XLI. Jones, his teammate John St. Clair, and Terrence Wilkins of the Indianapolis Colts were roommates at the University of Virginia.[5] In Super Bowl XLI, Jones finished with 112 yards rushing and 18 yards receiving, including a 52-yard run that marked Chicago's longest run of the season.[6] Though averaging 7.5 yards per carry in the game, the Bears' only called 15 running plays in the 29-17 loss to Indianapolis.

text: New York Jets[edit]

text: On March 5, 2007 the Bears traded Jones and their second-round pick (63rd overall) in the 2007 NFL Draft to the New York Jets in exchange for their second-round pick (from the Washington Redskins) (37th overall). Following the completion of the trade, the Jets signed Jones to a four-year, $25 million extension.

text: In the 2007 season, Jones carried the ball 310 times for 1,119 yards, his third straight one-thousand yard season. Of note, Jones scored the first receiving touchdown of his career as well. However, he averaged a subpar 3.6 yards a carry, and scored only one rushing TD, as the Jets stumbled to a 4-12 finish.

text: Jones had his best season in 2008. Named the AFC's starting running back in the Pro Bowl, Jones scored 15 total touchdowns, including two via receptions, and rushed for 1,312 yards to lead the AFC.

text: On October 18, 2009, in a game against the Buffalo Bills, Jones rushed for a Jets franchise record 210 yards and a touchdown, breaking the old mark set by Curtis Martin. However, the Jets lost 16-13 in overtime. On December 3, 2009, Jones reached 1,068 rushing yards for the 2009 season against the Buffalo Bills. This would mark the fifth consecutive season in which Jones has rushed for 1,000+ yards.[7]

text: On January 17, 2010, Jones converted a final minute 4th and 1 to lead the Jets to victory over the San Diego Chargers in a 2009 playoff game. The win ensured that the Jets would play the Indianapolis Colts in the 2009 AFC championship game.

text: On March 1, 2010, the New York Jets announced that they would release Jones as of March 5, 2010 due to an upcoming contract bonus (all despite having a career-high season with 1,402 rushing yards) and talks with LaDanian Tomlinson.[8][9] He was officially released on March 5.

text: Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text: Jones signed a two-year contract with the Kansas City Chiefs on March 9, 2010.[10]

text: In week 15 against the St. Louis Rams, Jones ran for 62 yards on 22 carries with one touchdown. In this game he achieved the 10,000-yard rushing mark. He is only the 25th player in NFL history to do so.

text: New York Jets franchise records[edit]

text: Most rushing touchdowns in a single season (14 in 2009)

text: Career awards and highlights[edit]

text:
Pro Bowl selection (2008)
PFWA All-AFC selection (2008)[11]
AFC Rushing Yards leader (2008)[12]
AFC scrimmage touchdowns co-leader (2008)
NFC champion (2006)
FedEx Ground Player of the Week (Week 6, 2009)
AFC Offensive Player of the Month (November 2008)
Curtis Martin MVP Award (2008)
10,000 Rushing Yards Club

text: NFL statistics[edit]

text: Rushing statistics[13]

text:
Year
Team
Games
Att
Yds
Avg
Long
TD
1st
Fmb
Fmb lost

2000
ARI
14
112
373
3.3
29
2
23
3
2

2001
ARI
16
112
380
3.4
21
5
22
2
1

2002
ARI
9
138
511
3.7
58
2
21
3
2

2003
TB
16
137
627
4.6
61
3
25
3
1

2004
CHI
14
240
948
4.0
54
7
49
2
1

2005
CHI
15
314
1,335
4.3
42
9
61
2
2

2006
CHI
16
296
1,210
4.1
30
6
61
1
1

2007
NYJ
16
310
1,119
3.6
36
1
55
2
0

2008
NYJ
16
290
1,312
4.5
59
13
63
2
1

2009
NYJ
16
331
1,402
4.2
71
14
64
2
0

2010
KC
16
245
896
3.7
70
6
39
3
1

2011
KC
16
153
478
3.1
26
0
19
0
0

Career

180
2,678
10,591
4.0
71
68
502
25
12

text: Receiving statistics[13]

text:
Year
Team
Games
Rec
Tgt
Yds
Avg
Long
TD
1st
Fmb
Fmb lost

2000
ARI
14
32
-
208
6.5
20
0
9
1
1

2001
ARI
16
21
-
151
7.2
18
0
6
0
0

2002
ARI
9
20
-
113
5.7
17
0
4
0
0

2003
TB
16
24
-
180
7.5
29
0
9
1
1

2004
CHI
14
56
-
427
7.6
45
0
16
0
0

2005
CHI
15
26
-
143
5.5
41
0
6
0
0

2006
CHI
16
36
47
154
4.3
21
0
5
0
0

2007
NYJ
16
28
34
217
7.8
25
1
8
0
0

2008
NYJ
16
36
42
207
5.8
19
2
12
0
0

2009
NYJ
16
10
18
58
5.8
28
0
4
0
0

2010
KC
16
14
20
122
8.7
20
0
8
0
0

2011
KC
16
5
7
43
8.6
27
0
1
0
0

Career

180
308
168
2,023
6.6
45
3
88
2
2

text: Post-football career[edit]

text: Jones has said that he has decided to donate his brain to the Sports Legacy Institute, which studies the link between sports and brain trauma, for research upon his death.[14][15] In January 2017, Jones stated that if he had to do it over, he would not play football due to the physical consequences.[16][17]

text: Jones has become an actor, and appeared in Being Mary Jane on BET, Straight Outta Compton, and Luke Cage.[18]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2015
Runaway Island
Raphael Burrows
TV film

2015
Straight Outta Compton
Large Man

2015
Supermodel
TBA
Post-Production

2015
9 Rides
Abusive Man
Post-Production

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2013
Shameless
Prada Man

2015
Born Again Virgin
Vince
One Episode

2015
Being Mary Jane
Brandon
Recurring role; 5 episodes

2016
Luke Cage
Comanche
1 episode


document_title: Mowgli

question_text: in the final story of the jungle books mowgli meets his

text: Mowgli

text: Name[edit]

text: In the stories, the name Mowgli is said to mean "frog", describing his lack of fur. Kipling made up the name, and it "does not mean 'frog' in any language other than the language of the forest."[citation needed]

text: Kipling stated that the first syllable of "Mowgli" should rhyme with "cow" and it is pronounced this way in Britain and some European countries, while in the United States it is almost always pronounced to rhyme with "go".[citation needed]

text: Kipling's Mowgli stories[edit]

text: The Mowgli stories, including "In the Rukh", were first collected in chronological order in one volume as The Works of Rudyard Kipling Volume VII: The Jungle Book (1907) (Volume VIII of this series contained the non-Mowgli stories from the Jungle Books), and subsequently in All the Mowgli Stories (1933).

text: "In the Rukh" describes how Gisborne, an English forest ranger in the Pench area in Seoni at the time of the British Raj, discovers a young man named Mowgli, who has extraordinary skills in hunting, tracking, and driving wild animals (with the help of his wolf brothers). He asks him to join the forestry service. Mueller, the head of the Department of Woods and Forests of India as well as Gisborn's boss, meets Mowgli, checks his elbows and knees, noting the callouses and scars, and figures Mowgli is not using magic or demons, having seen a similar case in 30 years of service. Muller also offers Mowgli to join the service, to which Mowgli agrees. Later, Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli's almost superhuman talents: he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle (explaining the scars on his elbows and knees from going on all fours). Mowgli marries the daughter of Gisborne's butler, Abdul Gafur. By the end of the story, Mowgli has a son and is back to living with his wolf brothers.

text: Kipling then proceeded to write the stories of Mowgli's childhood in detail. Lost by his parents as a baby in the Indian jungle during a tiger attack, he is adopted by the Wolf Mother (Raksha) and Father Wolf, who call him Mowgli (the frog) because of his lack of fur and his refusal to sit still. Shere Khan the tiger demands that they give him the baby but the wolves refuse. Mowgli grows up with the pack, hunting with his brother wolves. In the pack, Mowgli learns he is able to stare down any wolf, and his unique ability to remove the painful thorns from the paws of his brothers is deeply appreciated as well.

text: Bagheera, the black panther, befriends Mowgli because both he and Mowgli have parallel childhood experiences; as Bagheera often mentions, he was "raised in the King's cages at Oodeypore" from a cub, and thus knows the ways of man. Baloo the bear, teacher of wolves, has the thankless task of educating Mowgli in "The Law of the Jungle".

text: Shere Khan continues to regard Mowgli as fair game, but eventually Mowgli finds a weapon he can use against the tiger — fire. After driving off Shere Khan, Mowgli goes to a human village where he is adopted by Messua and her husband, whose own son Nathoo was also taken by a tiger. It is uncertain if Mowgli is actually the returned Nathoo, although it is stated in "Tiger! Tiger!" that the tiger who carried off Messua's son was lame, just as Shere Khan is lame. Messua would like to believe that her son has returned, however she herself realises that this is unlikely.

text: While herding buffalo for the village, Mowgli learns that the tiger is still planning to kill him, so with the aid of two wolves, he traps Shere Khan in a ravine where the buffalo trample him. The tiger dies, and Mowgli sets to skin him. Seeing this, Buldeo, a jealous hunter, goads the villagers into persecuting Mowgli and his adopted parents as sorcerers. Mowgli runs back to the jungle with Shere Khan's hide but soon learns that Buldeo and the villagers are planning to kill Messua and her husband. He rescues them and sends elephants, water buffaloes, and other animals to trample the village and its fields to the ground.

text: In later stories in The Second Jungle Book, Mowgli finds and then discards an ancient treasure ("The King's Ankus"), not realising it is so valuable that men would kill to own it. With the aid of Kaa the python, he leads the wolves in a war against the Dhole ("Red Dog").

text: Finally, Mowgli stumbles across the village where his adopted human mother (Messua), is now living, which forces him to come to terms with his humanity and decide whether to rejoin his fellow humans in "The Spring Running".

text: Play adaptations[edit]

text: Rudyard Kipling adapted the Mowgli stories for The Jungle Play in 1899, but the play was never produced on stage. The manuscript was lost for almost a century. It was finally published in book form in 2000.[2]

text: Influences upon other works[edit]

text: Only six years after the first publication of The Jungle Book, E. Nesbit's The Wouldbegoods (1899) included a passage in which some children act out a scene from the book.[1]:204

text: Mowgli has been cited as a major influence on Edgar Rice Burroughs who created and developed the character Tarzan. Mowgli was also an influence for a number of other "wild boy" characters.

text: Poul Anderson and Gordon R. Dickson used the Mowgli stories as the basis for their humorous 1957 science fiction short story "Full Pack (Hokas Wild)". This is one of a series featuring a teddy bear-like race called Hokas who enjoy human literature but cannot quite grasp the distinction between fact and fiction. In this story, a group of Hokas get hold of a copy of The Jungle Book and begin to act it out, enlisting the help of a human boy to play Mowgli. The boy's mother, who is a little bemused to see teddy bears trying to act like wolves, tags along to try to keep him (and the Hokas) out of trouble. The situation is complicated by the arrival of three alien diplomats who just happen to resemble a monkey, a tiger and a snake. This story appears in the collection Hokas Pokas! (1998) (ISBN 0-671-57858-8), and is also available online.

text: Mowgli stories by other writers[edit]

text: The Third Jungle Book (1992) by Pamela Jekel (ISBN 1-879373-22-X) is a collection of new Mowgli stories in a fairly accurate pastiche of Kipling's style.

text: Hunting Mowgli (2001) by Maxim Antinori (ISBN 1-931319-49-9) is a very short novel which describes a fateful meeting between Mowgli and a human hunter.

text: Movies, television and radio[edit]

text:
Jungle Book (1942) starred Sabu as Mowgli.
The best known of all portrayals of Mowgli is the musical version in Disney's The Jungle Book (1967), where he is voiced by Bruce Reitherman, son of the film's director Wolfgang Reitherman, and its sequel, The Jungle Book 2 (2003), in which Mowgli is voiced by Haley Joel Osment.

text:
Around the same time – from 1967 to 1971 – five Russian short animated films were made by Soyuzmultfilm, collectively known as Adventures of Mowgli.
Of all the various adaptations, Chuck Jones's 1977 animated TV short Mowgli's Brothers, adapting the first story in The Jungle Book, may be the one that adheres most closely to the original plot and dialogue.[citation needed]
There has also been a Japanese animated TV series Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli based on the Mowgli series and a US live-action series, Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book.
There was also a BBC radio adaptation in 1994, starring actress Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Freddie Jones as Baloo and Eartha Kitt as Kaa. It originally aired on BBC Radio 5 (before it became BBC Radio 5 Live and dropped its children's programming). Subsequently, it has been released on audio cassette and has been re-run a number of times on digital radio channel BBC 7 (now BBC Radio 4 Extra).
Classics Illustrated #83 (1951) contains an adaptation of three Mowgli stories.
Between 1953 and 1955 Dell Comics featured adaptations of six Mowgli stories in three issues (#487,[3] #582[4] and #620[5]).
Some issues of Marvel Fanfare feature adaptations of the Mowgli stories by Gil Kane. These were later collected as an omnibus volume.
P. Craig Russell's Jungle Book Stories (1997) collects three stories, actually adapted from The Second Jungle Book, which originally appeared between 1985 and 1996.
A 2016 live action remake of Disney's animated version of The Jungle Book starred newcomer Neel Sethi as Mowgli.

text: Actors who played the character[edit]

text: Mowgli has been played by many male actors. In the 1942 film adaptation, Mowgli was played by Sabu Dastagir. In the 1994 film adaptation, he was played by Sean Naegeli as a child, and later throughout the film he was played by Jason Scott Lee. In The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli and Baloo, he was played by Jamie Williams. In The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story, he was played by Brandon Baker. Mowgli was played by Neel Sethi in the Disney live-action reimagination, which was released in 3D in April 2016. Mowgli will be played by Rohan Chand in the Warner Bros. film Jungle Book, which will be released in 2018.


document_title: Cutting board

question_text: what type of plastic are cutting boards made from

text: Cutting board

text: Materials[edit]

text: A knife edge is a delicate structure and can easily be blunted by too abrasive a surface. Alternatively, it can be chipped if used on a surface that is too hard. A good cutting board material must be soft, easy to clean, and non-abrasive, but not fragile to the point of being destroyed. Hard cutting boards can, however, be used for food preparation tasks that do not require a sharp knife, like cutting cheese or making sandwiches.

text: Wood[edit]

text: Wood has some advantages over plastic in that it is somewhat self-healing; shallow cuts in the wood will close up on their own. Wood also has natural anti-septic properties.[1]

text: Hardwoods with tightly grained wood and small pores are best for wooden cutting boards. Good hardness and tight grain help reduce scoring of the cutting surface and absorption of liquid and dirt into the surface. Red oak, even though a hardwood, has large pores which retain dirt even after washing. This makes it a poor choice for cutting-board material.

text: Teak's tight grains and natural coloration make it a highly attractive cutting-board material, both for aesthetic and durability purposes. Teak, a tropical wood, contains tectoquinones, components of natural oily resins that repel moisture, fungi, warping, rot and microbes.[2] Wooden boards can also be refinished with sanding and a reapplication of oil and wax.[3]

text: Wood boards need to be cared for with an edible mineral oil to avoid warping, and should not be left in puddles of liquid. Ideally, they should be suspended freely while drying. Care must be taken when selecting wood, especially tropical hardwood, for use as a cutting board, as some species contain toxins or allergens.

text: Bamboo[edit]

text: Bamboo cutting boards are an alternative to plastic or glass cutting boards, partially because Bamboo is commonly thought to be naturally antimicrobial (although studies show otherwise[4]). During the harvesting process, bamboo is carefully chosen for maturation, markings, and size. The stalk is then cut into specific sizes and sent through a pressing process that strips the stalks into smaller plank-like pieces. Once the bamboo is pliable, a cutting board can be produced from multiple pieces by lamination.

text: Plastic[edit]

text: Plastic boards are usually called PE (polyethylene) cutting boards, or HDPE (high-density polyethylene plastic), the material of which these boards are made. There are basically two types of HDPE boards being made. One version is made from injection-molded plastic, while the other is HDPE from an extrusion line.

text: There are several certifications of plastic cutting boards, one being NSF, that certifies the plastic has passed requirements to come in contact with food. Unlike wood, plastic has no inherent antiseptic properties.[1] However, unlike wood, plastic boards do allow rinsing with harsher cleaning chemicals such as bleach and other disinfectants without damage to the board or retention of the chemicals to later contaminate food.

text: Most high-density polyethylene plastic (HDPE) boards are specifically designed not to dull the edge of a knife. If a score line is present, the knife is safe. A serrated knife should not be used on a plastic cutting board. The sharper the knife, the longer the cutting board will last. Semi-disposable thin flexible cutting boards also ease transferring their contents to a cooking or storage vessel.

text: Rubber[edit]

text: A recent[when?] trend has seen thick solid rubber pads used as cutting boards in the Sani-Tuff line popular in restaurant kitchens. They are about as expensive as well-made wood boards, they can take chemical disinfectants, and they are very heavy for their size, so they tend not to slip. Proponents[who?] claim remarkable self-healing properties, the same knife protection as good plastic or wood boards, and an inability to harbor significant amounts of moisture or bacteria.

text: Silicone[edit]

text: Like rubber, silicone is soft on the blade, while being just as self-healing and anti-bacterial as wood. Silicone is also heat-resistant, and lacks the rubbery smell of rubber boards.

text: Glass[edit]

text: While glass looks like an easy surface to keep clean, glass cutting boards can damage knives because of the high hardness of the material. Cutting on glass tends to dent, roll or even chip knife edges in a rapid manner. Additionally, if used for chopping instead of slicing, glass can shatter or chip itself, contaminating food. They last for around 6 years[citation needed].

text: Steel[edit]

text: Steel shares with glass the advantages of the durability and ease of cleaning, as well as the tendency to damage knives. Depending on the exact steel and heat treatment used, at best a steel cutting board will wear the edge on knives quickly; at worst chip, dent, or roll it like glass.

text: Hygiene[edit]

text: Sanitation with cutting boards is a delicate process because bacteria can reside in grooves produced by cutting, or in liquids left on the board.

text: Preventing cross contamination of food[edit]

text: Bacteria or allergens can easily be transmitted from one part of the kitchen to another or from one food to another via knives, hands, or surfaces such as chopping boards. To reduce the chance of this it is advised to use separate boards for different types of food such as raw meat, cooked meat, dairy and vegetables. Many professional kitchens follow this standard colour-coding system.[5]

text:
Blue cutting boards: raw seafood.
Red cutting boards: raw red meat.
Green cutting boards: vegetables and fruits.
Yellow cutting boards: poultry
Brown cutting boards: cooked meat
White cutting boards: dairy and breads (also for universal if no other board is available.)

text: Care of boards[edit]

text: Regardless of the material, regular maintenance of a cutting board is important. A very diluted bleach solution is best for disinfecting cutting boards.[citation needed] To remove odors, the board can be rinsed and then rubbed with coarse salt and left to stand for several minutes before being wiped and rinsed clean. In a wooden board, this procedure will also smooth out minor imperfections on the surface.

text: Wooden boards[edit]

text: Wooden boards should never be placed in the dishwasher, or left immersed for long periods, as the wood or glue may be affected. To prevent cracking, cutting boards can be treated when they start looking dry. A standard recommendation is 5–7 times a year, or as needed. A light food-grade mineral oil is a good preservative for wooden cutting boards, as it helps keep water from seeping into the grain. Alternatively, one may also use a food-grade drying oil such as poppyseed oil, tung oil or linseed oil. The first two dry much faster than linseed.

text: Most commercially available linseed and tung oils are not “food grade”, as they contain metallic driers. In general, edible savory vegetable or olive oils are not recommended because they tend to go rancid, causing the board to smell and food to pick up the rancid taste. When heavily or deeply scored, wooden boards need to be resurfaced as scoring can harbour bacteria. Boards can be easily resurfaced with various woodworking tools, such as scrapers or planes, even sandpaper.

text: Plastic boards[edit]

text: Unlike wood, most plastic boards are non-porous, which means that bacteria can't enter below the surface. It is still equally as important to clean the boards thoroughly after each use as bacteria can lie and grow in any imperfections on the surface. Although many boards are dishwasher safe, both domestic and professional boards which are HDPE will be warped by the hot water, making them unsafe. When heavily or deeply scored, boards need to be resurfaced as scoring can harbour mildew and bacteria. However, resurfacing a plastic cutting board is quite difficult and replacing it is recommended instead.

text: Bacterial contamination[edit]

text: One 1994 study found that wood was more likely to retain bacterial contamination,[6] while another 1994 study found the opposite.[7] In 2002, another study found that pine wood in particular had antibacterial properties, while two other types of wood did not reduce bacteria relative to plastic.[8]

text: While pine has been found to have antibacterial properties, it is not typically used as a cutting board because it is a "softwood".[9]

text: In 2005, a study found that oak was followed by pine in antibacterial properties.[10] Oak is also not a common cutting board material due to its relatively large pore size.[9]

text: Another study in 2012 found that bamboo had high antimicrobial activity compared to other woods.[11]

text: In 2016, a literature review summarizing wood and microbial safety was published.[12]