document_title: Eiffel Tower

question_text: who came up with the idea of the eiffel tower

question_tokens: who came up with the idea of the eiffel tower

text: Eiffel Tower

text: History

text: Origin

text: The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel, after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853.[4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".[5] Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.

text: The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise,

text: Not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.[6]

text: Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.[6] (A 300-meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.

text: After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.[7]

text: Artists' protest

text: The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. These objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. A petition called "Artists against the Eiffel Tower" was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, Charles Alphand, and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887:

text: We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection … of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.[8]

text: Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"[9] These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, ironically saying,[10] "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.

text: Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?"[11]

text: Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built; others remained unconvinced.[12] Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible.[13]

text: By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a calligram) to express his feelings about the war against Germany.[14] Today, it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art, and is often featured in films and literature.

text: Construction

text: Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887.[15] Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[16] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.

text: Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed.[17] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.[15]

text: At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level, construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press.[18] At this stage, a small "creeper" crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888.[15] Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees,[15] only one person died thanks to Eiffel's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens.

text:
The start of the erection of the metalwork.

7 December 1887: Construction of the legs with scaffolding.

20 March 1888: Completion of the first level.

15 May 1888: Start of construction on the second stage.

21 August 1888: Completion of the second level.

26 December 1888: Construction of the upper stage.

15 March 1889: Construction of the cupola.

text: Lifts

text: Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.[19]

text: Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs.[20] Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.[20]

text: Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887.[21] Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.

text: The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.

text: The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.[22]

text: Inauguration and the 1889 exposition

text: The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower.[12] Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.[23]

text: There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May.[24] Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays,[25] and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.[3]

text: After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.

text: On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie.

text: At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").[26]

text: Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison.[24] Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition.[27] Edison signed the guestbook with this message:

text: To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.

text: Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit.

text: Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.[28]

text: Subsequent events

text: For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.[21] At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.

text: On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flying his No.6 airship, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.[29]

text: Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century. In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays.[30] Just two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 metres) to demonstrate his parachute design.[31] In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne.[32] From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.[citation needed] In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.[33]

text: On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal.[34] A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.[35] A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929.[36] In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed.[37] In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.[38]

text: Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946.[39] In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge,[40] but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one.[41] When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order.[42] On 25 June, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.[39]

text: A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top.[43] In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux.[44] A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.[45]

text: According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.[46]

text: In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant.[citation needed] The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.[45] A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.

text: Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984.[47] In 1987, A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police.[48] On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower.[49] Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.[citation needed]

text: For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. Fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.[50]

text: The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.[51]

text: The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.[52] The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003.[53] In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level.[54] A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.[55]

text: Design

text: Material

text: The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons,[56] and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons.[57] As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre.[58] Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m x 125 m x 125 m) would contain 6,200 tons of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.[59]

text: Wind considerations

text: When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team – experienced bridge builders – understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:

text: Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony? … Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be … will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.[60]

text: He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape.[61] All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework.[62] In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.[61]

text: The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres (3.5 in) in the wind.[63]

text: Accommodation

text: When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants—one French, one Russian and one Flemish—and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. A promenade 2.6-metre (8 ft 6 in) wide ran around the outside of the first level. At the top, there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.[64]

text: In May 2016, an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June. The apartment has a kitchen, two bedrooms, a lounge, and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine, the Sacre Coeur, and the Arc de Triomphe.[65]

text: Passenger lifts

text: The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.[citation needed]

text: Engraved names

text: Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower.[66]

text: Aesthetics

text: The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to perfectly complement the Parisian sky.[67] It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".[68]

text: The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.[69]

text: One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.[citation needed]

text: Maintenance

text: Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.[51]

text: Tourism

text: Transport

text: The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel.[70] The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna.

text: Popularity

text: More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889.[3] In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors.[71] The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.[72] An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues.[73] Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues.

text: Restaurants

text: The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse[74] and owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne. Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower.

text: Replicas

text: As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres (518 ft) tall.[75] Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.[76]

text: There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at Kings Island, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.[77]

text: In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build.[78]

text: Communications

text: The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C.[79] Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower.

text: FM radio

text:
Frequency
kW
Service

87.8 MHz
10
France Inter

89.0 MHz
10
RFI Paris

89.9 MHz
6
TSF Jazz

90.4 MHz
10
Nostalgie

90.9 MHz
4
Chante France

text: Digital television

text: A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61.4 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17.4 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[51] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.

text:
Frequency
VHF
UHF
kW
Service

182.25 MHz
6
—
100
Canal+

479.25 MHz
—
22
500
France 2

503.25 MHz
—
25
500
TF1

527.25 MHz
—
28
500
France 3

543.25 MHz
—
30
100
France 5

567.25 MHz
—
33
100
M6

text: Illumination copyright

text: The tower and its image have long been in the public domain.[80] In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992.[81] The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright.[82] As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use.[83][84]

text: The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve".[85] SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002.[86] However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.[80]

text: French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented,[87] a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower.

text: Taller structures

text: The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out.[88] The tower has lost its standing both as the world's tallest structure and the world's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France.

text: Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower

text:
Name
Pinnacle height
Year
Country
Town
Remarks

Tokyo Skytree
634 m (2,080 ft)
2011
Japan
Tokyo

Kiev TV Tower
385 m (1,263 ft)
1973
Ukraine
Kiev

Dragon Tower
336 m (1,102 ft)
2000
China
Harbin

Tokyo Tower
333 m (1,093 ft)
1958
Japan
Tokyo

text: Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower

text:
Name
Pinnacle height
Year
Structure type
Town
Remarks

Longwave transmitter Allouis
350 m (1,150 ft)
1974
Guyed mast
Allouis

HWU transmitter
350 m (1,150 ft)
 ?
Guyed mast
Rosnay
Military VLF transmitter; multiple masts

Viaduc de Millau
343 m (1,125 ft)
2004
Bridge pillar
Millau

TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay
330 m (1,080 ft)
1978
Guyed mast
Niort

Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet
342 m (1,122 ft)
1993
Guyed mast
Mayet

La Regine transmitter
330 m (1,080 ft)
1973
Guyed mast
Saissac
Military VLF transmitter

Transmitter Roumoules
330 m (1,080 ft)
1974
Guyed mast
Roumoules
Spare transmission mast for longwave; insulated against ground


document_title: Banking in India

question_text: in which year 6 major commercial banks were nationalised in india

root

text: Banking in India

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient India[edit]

text: The Vedas (2000–1400 BCE) are earliest Indian texts to mention the concept of usury. The word kusidin is translated as usurer. The Sutras (700–100 BCE) and the Jatakas (600–400 BCE) also mention usury. Also, during this period, texts began to condemn usury. Vasishtha forbade Brahmin and Kshatriya varnas from participating in usury. By the 2nd century CE, usury seems to have become more acceptable.[11]  The Manusmriti considers usury an acceptable means of acquiring wealth or leading a livelihood.[12] It also considers money lending above a certain rate, different ceiling rates for different caste, a grave sin.[13]

tag: p

text: The Jatakas also mention the existence of loan deeds. These were called rnapatra or rnapanna. The Dharmashastras also supported the use of loan deeds. Kautilya has also mentioned the usage of loan deeds.[14] Loans deeds were also called rnalekhaya.[15]

text: Later during the Mauryan period (321–185 BCE), an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker directing him to pay the sum on the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a modern bill of exchange. The considerable use of these instruments has been recorded[citation needed]. In large towns, merchants also gave letters of credit to one another.[15]

text: Medieval era[edit]

text: The use of loan deeds continued into the Mughal era and were called dastawez. Two types of loans deeds have been recorded. The dastawez-e-indultalab was payable on demand and dastawez-e-miadi was payable after a stipulated time. The use of payment orders by royal treasuries, called  barattes, have been also recorded. There are also records of Indian bankers using issuing bills of exchange on foreign countries. The evolution of hundis, a type of credit instrument, also occurred during this period and remain in use.[15]

text: 9,[16] first as a private joint stock association, then partnership. Its proprietors were the owners of the earlier Commercial Bank and the Calcutta Bank, who by mutual consent created Union Bank to replace these two banks. In 1840 it established an agency at Singapore, and closed the one at Mirzapore that it had opened in the previous year. Also in 1840 the Bank revealed that it had been the subject of a fraud by the bank's accountant. Union Bank was incorporated in 1845 but failed in 1848, having been insolvent for some time and having used new money from depositors to pay its dividends.[17]

text: The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India, it was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863 and survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Simla.

text: Foreign banks too started to appear, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s. Grindlays Bank opened its first branch in Calcutta in 1864.[18]  The Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches followed in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French possession. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869.  Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking centre.

text: The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1894, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India.

text: Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian rebellion, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities.

text: The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalised and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, "In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments."[citation needed]

text: The period between 1906 and 1911 saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Catholic Syrian Bank, The South Indian Bank, Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India.

text: The fervour of Swadeshi movement led to the establishment of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district, which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara (South Kanara) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as "Cradle of Indian Banking".[citation needed]

text: The inaugural officeholder was the Britisher Sir Osborne Smith(1 April 1935), while C. D. Deshmukh(11 August 1943) was the first Indian governor.On September 4, 2016, Urjit R Patel begins his journey as the new RBI Governor, taking charge from Raghuram Rajan.

text: During the First World War (1914–1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939–1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table:

text:
Years
Number of banks that failed
Authorised Capital (₹ Lakhs)
Paid-up Capital (₹ Lakhs)

1913
12
274
35

1914
42
710
109

1915
11
56
5

1916
13
231
4

1917
9
76
25

1918
7
209
1

tag: table

text: Post-Independence[edit]

text: During 1938-46, bank branch offices trebled to 3,469[19] and deposits quadrupled to ₹962 crore. Nevertheless, the partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal, paralysing banking activities for months. India's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted in greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included:

text:
The Reserve Bank of India, India's central banking authority, was established in April 1935, but was nationalized on 1 January 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India (Transfer to Public Ownership) Act, 1948 (RBI, 2005b).[20]
In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted, which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India.
The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors.

tag: ul

text: Nationalisation in the 1960s[edit]

text: Despite the provisions, control and regulations of the Reserve Bank of India, banks in India except the State Bank of India (SBI), remain owned and operated by private persons. By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it had emerged as a large employer, and a debate had ensued about the nationalisation of the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled "Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalization."[21] The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm.

text: Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden. The Government of India issued an ordinance ('Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969') and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of 19 July 1969. These banks contained 85 percent of bank deposits in the country.[21] Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a "masterstroke of political sagacity."  Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969.

text: A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalisation, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank.[22]  It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy.

text: Liberalisation in the 1990s[edit]

text: In the early 1990s, the then government embarked on a policy of liberalisation, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, UTI Bank (since renamed Axis Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalised the  banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks.

text: The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up, with proposed relaxation of norms for foreign direct investment. All foreign investors in banks may be given voting rights that could exceed the present cap of 10% at present. It has gone up to 74% with some restrictions.[citation needed]

text: The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4–6–4 method (borrow at 4%; lend at 6%; go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People demanded more from their banks and received more.

text: Current period[edit]

text: The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks.All banks included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 are Scheduled Banks. These banks comprise Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative Banks. Scheduled Co-operative Banks consist of Scheduled State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks.

text: In the bank group-wise classification, IDBI Bank Ltd. is included in the category of other public sector bank.

text:
Growth of Banking in India of Scheduled Commercial Banks[23]

Indicators

31 March of

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

Number of Commercial Banks
284
218
178
169
166
163
163
169
151

Number of Branches
70,373
72,072
74,653
78,787
82,897
88,203
94,019
102,377
109,811

Population per Banks (in thousands)
16
16
15
15
15
14
13
13
12

Aggregate Deposits
₹17,002 billion (US$250 billion)
₹21,090 billion (US$310 billion)
₹26,119 billion (US$380 billion)
₹31,969 billion (US$470 billion)
₹38,341 billion (US$560 billion)
₹44,928 billion (US$650 billion)
₹52,078 billion (US$760 billion)
₹59,091 billion (US$860 billion)
₹67,504.54 billion (US$980 billion)

Bank Credit
₹11,004 billion (US$160 billion)
₹15,071 billion (US$220 billion)
₹19,312 billion (US$280 billion)
₹23,619 billion (US$340 billion)
₹27,755 billion (US$400 billion)
₹32,448 billion (US$470 billion)
₹39,421 billion (US$570 billion)
₹46,119 billion (US$670 billion)
₹52,605 billion (US$770 billion)

Deposit as percentage to GNP (at factor cost)
62%
64%
69%
73%
77%
78%
78%
78%
79%

Per Capita Deposit
₹16,281 (US$240)
₹19,130 (US$280)
₹23,382 (US$340)
₹28,610 (US$420)
₹33,919 (US$490)
₹39,107 (US$570)
₹45,505 (US$660)
₹50,183 (US$730)
₹56,380 (US$820)

Per Capita Credit
₹10,752 (US$160)
₹13,869 (US$200)
₹17,541 (US$260)
₹21,218 (US$310)
₹24,617 (US$360)
₹28,431 (US$410)
₹34,187 (US$500)
₹38,874 (US$570)
₹44,028 (US$640)

Credit Deposit Ratio
63%
70%
74%
75%
74%
74%
76%
79%
79%

text: By 2010, the supply, product range and reach of banking in India was generally fairly mature-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government.

text: With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M&As, takeovers, and asset sales.

text: In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them.

text: In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connexion with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide.[24][25][26]

text: By 2013 the Indian Banking Industry employed 1,175,149 employees and had a total of 109,811 branches in India and 171 branches abroad and manages an aggregate deposit of ₹67,504.54 billion (US$980 billion or €840 billion) and bank credit of ₹52,604.59 billion (US$770 billion or €660 billion). The net profit of the banks operating in India was ₹1,027.51 billion (US$15 billion or €13 billion) against a turnover of ₹9,148.59 billion (US$130 billion or €110 billion) for the financial year 2012–13.[23]

text: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (Hindi: प्रधानमंत्री जन धन योजना, English: Prime Minister's People Money Scheme) is a scheme  for comprehensive financial inclusion launched by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, in 2014.[27] Run by Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, on the inauguration day, 1.5 Crore (15 million) bank accounts were opened under this scheme.[28][29] By 15 July 2015, 16.92 crore accounts were opened, with around ₹20,288.37 crore (US$3.0 billion) were deposited under the scheme,[30] which also has an option for opening new bank accounts with zero balance.

text: Payments Bank[edit]

text: Payments bank is a new model of banks conceptualised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). These banks can accept a restricted deposit, which is currently limited to ₹1 lakh per customer. These banks may not issue loans or credit cards, but may offer both current and savings accounts. Payments banks may issue ATM and debit cards, and offer net-banking and mobile-banking. The banks will be licensed as payments banks under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and will be registered as public limited company under the Companies Act, 2013.[31]

text: Small finance banks[edit]

text: To further the objective of financial inclusion, the RBI granted approval in 2016 to ten entities to set up small finance banks. Since then, all ten have received the necessary licenses. A small finance bank is a niche type of bank to cater to the needs of people who traditionally have not used scheduled banks. Each of these banks is to open at least 25% of its branches in areas that do not have any other bank branches (unbanked regions). A small finance bank should hold 75% of its net credits in loans to firms in priority sector lending, and 50% of the loans in its portfolio must be less than ₹25 lakh (US$38,000).

text: Banking codes and standards[edit]

text: The Banking Codes and standards Board of India is an independent and autonomous  banking industry body that monitors banks in India.To improve the quality of banking services in India S S Tarapore (former deputy governor of RBI) had the idea to form this committee.

text: Adoption of banking technology[edit]

text: The IT[clarification needed] revolution has had a great impact on the Indian banking system. The use of computers has led to the introduction of online banking in India. The use of computers in the banking sector in India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in customer service, without the use of information technology.

text: The RBI set up a number of committees to define and co-ordinate banking technology.  These have included:

text:
In 1984 was formed the Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984)[32] whose chairman was Dr. C Rangarajan, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR technology in all the banks in the metropolises in India.[33] This provided for the use of standardised cheque forms and encoders.
In 1988, the RBI set up the Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988)[34] headed by Dr. C Rangarajan. It emphasised that settlement operation must be computerised in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patna and Thiruvananthapuram. It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and MICR should be made operational. It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers. It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking. The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began from 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' associations.[35]
In 1994, the Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment systems, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994)[36] was set up under Chairman W S Saraf. It emphasised Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all those banks with more than 100 branches.
In 1995, the Committee for proposing Legislation on Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995)[37] again emphasised EFT system.[35]
In July 2016, Deputy Governor Rama Gandhi of the Central Bank of India "urged banks to work to develop applications for digital currencies and distributed ledgers."[38]

text: Automated teller machine growth[edit]

text: The total number of automated teller machines (ATMs) installed in India by various banks as of end June 2012 was 99,218.[39] The new private sector banks in India have the most ATMs, followed by off-site ATMs belonging to SBI and its subsidiaries and then by nationalised banks and foreign banks, while on-site is highest for the nationalised banks of India.[35]

text:
Branches and ATMs of Scheduled Commercial Banks as of end December 2014

Bank type
Number of branches
On-site ATMs
Off-site ATMs
Total ATMs

Nationalised banks
33,627
38,606
22,265
60,871

State Bank of India
13,661
28,926
22,827
51,753

Old private sector banks
4,511
4,761
4,624
9,385

New private sector banks
1,685
12,546
26,839
39,385

Foreign banks
242
295
854
1,149

TOTAL
53,726
85,000
77,409
1,62,543

text: Cheque truncation initiative[edit]

text: In 2008 the Reserve Bank of India introduced a system to allow cheque truncation—the conversion of checks from physical form to electronic form when sending to the paying bank—in India, the cheque truncation system as it was known was first rolled out in the National Capital Region and then rolled out nationally.

text: Expansion of banking infrastructure[edit]

text: Physical as well as virtual expansion of banking through mobile banking, internet banking, tele banking, bio-metric and mobile ATMs etc. is taking place [40] since last decade and has gained momentum in last few years.

text: Data Breaches[edit]

text: 2016 Indian Banks data breach[edit]

text: A huge data breach of data of debit cards issued by various Indian banks was reported in October 2016. It was estimated 3.2 million debit cards were compromised. Major Indian banks- SBI, HDFC Bank, ICICI, YES Bank and Axis Bank were among the worst hit.[41] Many users reported unauthorised use of their cards in locations in China. This resulted in one of the India's biggest card replacement drive in banking history. The biggest Indian bank State Bank of India announced the blocking and replacement of almost 600,000 debit cards.[42]


document_title: List of Twenty20 International records

question_text: what is the highest t20 international innings total

text: List of Twenty20 International records

text: Listing notation[edit]

text: Team notation

text:
(100/3) indicates that a team scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(100) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(75) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5/40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(19.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing T20Is (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by .

text: Team records[edit]

text: Overall results[edit]

text:
Team
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %

 Afghanistan
63
41
22
0
0
0
65.07

 Australia
100
53
44
0
2
1
54.54

 Bangladesh
71
22
49
0
0
2
30.98

 Bermuda
3
0
3
0
0
0
0.00

 Canada
19
4
14
0
1
0
23.68

 England
100
47
48
1
0
4
49.47

 Hong Kong
24
10
14
0
0
0
41.66

 India
99
61
35
1
0
2
63.40

 Ireland
61
26
29
0
0
6
47.27

 Kenya
29
10
19
0
0
0
34.48

   Nepal
11
3
8
0
0
0
27.27

 Netherlands
45
24
19
0
0
2
55.81

 New Zealand
111
54
49
2
3
3
52.51

 Oman
17
5
11
0
0
1
31.25

 Pakistan
123
74
46
1
2
0
61.38

 Papua New Guinea
9
3
6
0
0
0
33.33

 Scotland
44
18
23
0
0
3
43.90

 South Africa
103
60
42
0
0
1
58.82

 Sri Lanka
106
54
50
1
0
1
51.90

 United Arab Emirates
26
9
17
0
0
0
34.61

 West Indies
94
45
42
2
1
4
51.66

World XI
3
1
2
0
0
0
33.33

 Zimbabwe
56
13
42
1
0
0
25.00

The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.
Last updated: 21 February 2018[2]

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

263/3 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

260/5 (20.0 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

260/6 (20.0 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

248/6 (20.0 overs)
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 16 February 2018[3]

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)
 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

236/6 (19.2 overs)
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

230/8 (19.4 overs)
 England
 South Africa
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

215/5 (19.4 overs)
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
10 March 2018
Scorecard

211/4 (19.2 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Mohali
12 December 2009
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2018[4]

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

39 (10.3 overs)
 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

53 (14.3 overs)
   Nepal
 Ireland
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

56 (18.4 overs)
 Kenya
 Afghanistan
Sharjah
30 September 2013
Scorecard

57 (19.3 overs)
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

60 (13.4 overs)
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

Qualification: Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included.
Updated: 12 March 2017 [5]

If the qualification is removed, there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands. Six of those innings were 0/0 (0 overs), of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results.[6]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29/1 by Zimbabwe. Batting second, Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka. After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe's innings, rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29/1. With no further play possible, the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs.[7]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36/1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe. Batting second, New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed, rain prevented any further play from occurring. The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs.[8]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada. Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets.[9]

text: Highest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

172 runs
 Sri Lanka (260/6) beat  Kenya (88)
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

143 runs
 Pakistan (203/5) beat  West Indies (60)
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

130 runs
 South Africa (211/5) beat  Scotland (81)
London (Oval)
7 June 2009
Scorecard

119 runs
 New Zealand (243/5) beat  West Indies (124)
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

116 runs
 England (196/5) beat  Afghanistan (80)
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

109 runs
 Zimbabwe (184/5) beat  Canada (75)
King City
13 October 2008
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018 [10]

text: Highest margin of victory (by balls remaining)[edit]

text:
Balls Rem
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

90 balls
 Sri Lanka (40/1) beat  Netherlands (39)
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

76 balls
 Ireland (72/0) beat  Kenya (71)
Dubai (DSC)
14 March 2012
Scorecard

74 balls
 New Zealand (74/1) beat  Kenya (73)
Durban
12 September 2007
Scorecard

73 balls
 Afghanistan (75/0) beat  Ireland (71)
Dubai
20 January 2017
Scorecard

72 balls
 Ireland (54/2) beat    Nepal (53)
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017 [11]

text: Highest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (171/0) beat  Pakistan (168/7)
Hamilton
17 January 2016

Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (143/0) beat  New Zealand (139/8)
Wellington
15 February 2013
Scorecard

10 wickets
 South Africa (132/0) beat  Pakistan (129/8)
Johannesburg
2 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets
 England (128/0) beat  West Indies (125)
London (Oval)
23 September 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 New Zealand (127/0) beat  Zimbabwe (123/8)
Harare
15 October 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets
 Kenya (126/0) beat  Scotland (123)
Nairobi (Gym)
4 February 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[12]

text: Smallest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 run
 West Indies (245/6) beat  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 India (146/7) beat  Bangladesh (145/9)
Bengaluru
23 March 2016
Scorecard

1 run
 Australia (150/7) beat  New Zealand (149/5)
Sydney
15 February 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (128/7) beat  New Zealand (127/5)
Lord's
9 June 2009
Scorecard

1 run [a]
 England (202/6) beat  South Africa (127/3)
Johannesburg
13 November 2009
Scorecard

1 run
 New Zealand (133/7) beat  Pakistan (132/7)
Bridgetown
8 May 2010
Scorecard

1 run
 South Africa (120/7) beat  West Indies (119/7)
North Sound
20 May 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 27 August 2016 [13]

^[a] Rain interrupted play in South Africa's innings with South Africa having scored 127/3 after 13 overs. The par score at this point was 128. Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run.

text: Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1 wicket
 England (158/9) beat  Australia (157/4)
Adelaide
12 January 2011
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Netherlands (131/9) beat  Kenya (128)
The Hague
26 July 2012
Scorecard

1 wicket
 Pakistan (174/9) beat  Sri Lanka (172/7)
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 3 April 2016 [14]

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams
Tie Break
Venue
Date
Scorecard

 West Indies (126/8) tied  New Zealand (126/7)
New Zealand won bowl-out
Auckland
16 February 2006
Scorecard

 India (141/9) tied  Pakistan (141/7)
India won bowl-out
Durban
14 September 2007
Scorecard

 Canada (135/7) tied  Zimbabwe (135/9)
Zimbabwe won bowl-out
King City
11 October 2008
Scorecard

 West Indies (155/8) tied  New Zealand (155/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Auckland
26 December 2008
Scorecard

 Australia (214/4) tied  New Zealand (214/6)
New Zealand won Super Over
Christchurch
28 February 2010
Scorecard

 Australia (151/4) tied  Pakistan (151/8)
Pakistan won Super Over
Dubai (DSC)
7 September 2012
Scorecard

 Sri Lanka (174/6) tied  New Zealand (174/7)
Sri Lanka won Super Over
Pallekele
27 September 2012
Scorecard

 West Indies (139) tied  New Zealand (139/7)
West Indies won Super Over
Pallekele
1 October 2012
Scorecard

 England (154/8) tied  Pakistan (154/7)
England won Super Over
Sharjah
30 November 2015
Scorecard

Even though tie-breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches, for statistical purposes, these matches are considered as ties.
Updated: 3 April 2016 [15]

text: Most consecutive wins by a team[edit]

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

11
 Afghanistan
 West Indies at Nagpur, 27 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Greater Noida, 12 March 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 England
 Pakistan at Bridgetown, 6 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Adelaide, 12 January 2011 (Scorecard)

8
 Ireland
 Kenya at Mombasa, 22 February 2012 (Scorecard)
 Afghanistan at Dubai (DSC), 24 March 2012 (Scorecard)

7
 South Africa
 Australia at Johannesburg, 27 March 2009 (Scorecard)
 India at Nottingham, 16 June 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 Pakistan
 New Zealand at London (Oval), 13 June 2009 (Scorecard)
 New Zealand at Dubai (DSC), 13 November 2009 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Pakistan at Ahmedabad, 28 December 2012 (Scorecard)
 South Africa at Dhaka, 4 April 2014 (Scorecard)

7
 India
 Sri Lanka at Ranchi, 12 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 6 March 2016 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
Updated: 2 June 2017[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats[edit]

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

16
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Providence, 3 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 West Indies at North Sound, 3 March 2013 (Scorecard)

12
 Netherlands
 South Africa at Cape Town, 15 September 2007 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Bridgetown, 5 May 2010 (Scorecard)

9
 United Arab Emirates
 Sri Lanka at Dhaka, 25 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Dubai, 18 January 2017 (Scorecard)

8
 Zimbabwe
 Pakistan at Kolkata, 16 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Sri Lanka at Colombo, 4 April 2017 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.
* indicates that the sequence is ongoing
Updated: 12 April 2017[17]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text: Updated: 16 February 2018[18]

text:
Sixes
Batting Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

21
 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

19
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

18
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

30
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

29
 Sri Lanka
 India
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

26
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

25
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

24
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 6 September 2016[19]

text: Most sixes in a match[edit]

text:
Sixes
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

32
 West Indies (21) v  India (11)
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
 New Zealand (18) v  Australia (14)
Eden Park
16 February 2018
Scorecard

31
 India (21) v  Sri Lanka (10)
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

30
 Ireland (11) v  Netherlands (19)
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

28
 Afghanistan (16) v  Ireland (12)
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[20]

text: Highest aggregate runs in a single match[edit]

text:
Runs
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

489
 West Indies (245/6) v  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

488
 New Zealand (243/6) v  Australia (245/5)[18.5]
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

467
 South Africa (231/7) v  West Indies (236/6) [19.2]
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

459
 South Africa (229/4) v  England (230/8)
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

457
 Australia (248/6) v  England (209/6)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 7 September 2016[21]

text: Most fours in a match[edit]

text:
Fours
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

47
 India (18) v  Sri Lanka (29)
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

44
 South Africa (18) v  West Indies (26)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

43
 South Africa (24) v  West Indies (19)
London
13 June 2009
Scorecard

43
 Bangladesh (22) v  Pakistan (21)
Kandy
25 September 2012
Scorecard

43
 England (24) v  Australia (19)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

43
 Australia (24) v  India (19)
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[22]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

2,271
73
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–Present

2,140
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

1,983
53
Virat Kohli ‡
 India
2010–present

1,889
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

1,858
87
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated: 1 April 2018[23]

text: Most runs in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Batsman
Team
Year

641
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2016

520
15
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2016

497
18
Rohit Sharma
 India
2016

472
13
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2012

471
12
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2009

471
13
Virat Kohli
 India
2012

Updated: 21 February 2018[24]

text: Most 50+ Scores[edit]

text:
50+ (100+50)
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

18 (0+18)
53
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

16 (2+14)
73
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

15 (2+13)
51
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

15 (2+13)
70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

16 (2+14)
65
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

Updated: 21 February 2018[25]

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

165.68
647
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2012–present

163.59
717
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
2012–present

154.96
468
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
2016–present

151.69
795
Aaron Finch
 Australia
2011–present

150.75
932
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Qualification: 250 balls.
Updated: 21 February 2018[26]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Batsman
T20I career span

50.84
53
1,983
 Virat Kohli ‡
2010–present

40.20
36
1,206
 Aaron Finch ‡
2011–present

37.93
36
1,176
 Kevin Pietersen
2005–2013

37.68
77
1,432
 MS Dhoni ‡
2006–present

37.59
69
1,767
 JP Duminy ‡
2007–present

Qualification: 1,000 runs
Last updated: 21 February 2018[27]

text: Most career ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks
Innings
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

10
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

9
45
Luke Wright
 England
2007–2014

8
52
Kevin O'Brien‡
 Ireland
2008–present

8
77
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

8
90
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Last updated: 12 March 2017[28]

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text: Updated:21 February 2018[30]

text:
Sixes
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

103[29]
1095
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

103
1709
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

91
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

83
1006
Shane Watson
 Australia
2006–2016

79
1279
David Warner
 Australia
2009–present

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours
Balls faced
Batsman
Team
T20I career span

223
1567
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

210
1444
Virat Kohli‡
 India
2010–present

204
1333
Mohammad Shahzad ‡
 Afghanistan
2010–present

199
1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

178
1403
Mohammad Hafeez ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated:21 February 2018[31]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

156
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

145*
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

125*
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 India
Kingston
9 July 2017
Scorecard

124*
Shane Watson
 Australia
 India
Sydney
31 January 2016
Scorecard

123
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

Updated: 9 July 2017[32]

text: Highest individual score (by batting position)[edit]

text:
Runs
Position
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

145*
Position 1
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

156
Position 2
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

123
Position 3
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

110*
Position 4
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

101*
Position 5
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

85*
Position 6
Cameron White
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

89
Position 7
Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

52*
Position 8
Ragheb Aga
 Kenya
 Scotland
ICCA Dubai
19 November 2013
Scorecard

46
Position 9
Anwar Ali
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

40
Position 10
Sompal Kami
   Nepal
 Hong Kong
Colombo (PSS)
24 November 2014
Scorecard

18
Position 11
Paul van Meekeren
 Netherlands
 Hong Kong
Dubai
18 January 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 29 October 2017[33]

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

12
Yuvaraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

14
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016
Scorecard

17
Paul Stirling
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Dubai (DSC)
24 March 2012
Scorecard

17
Stephan Myburgh
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

17
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Cape Town
9 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 29 August 2016[34]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text: Updated: 22 December 2017[35]

text:
Balls
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

35
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

45
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

46
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

46
Francois du Plessis
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (63)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

13 (51)
Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

11 (48)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 England
Mumbai
16 March 2016
Scorecard

10 (41)
Corey Anderson
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Mount Maunganui
8 January 2017
Scorecard

10 (43)
Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

10 (53)
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

10 (57)
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours
Batsman
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

14 (55)
Herschelle Gibbs
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

14 (52)
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 India
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

14 (65)
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

13 (53)
Ricky Ponting
 Australia
 India
Mumbai
20 October 2007
Scorecard

13 (30)
Aaron Redmond
 New Zealand
 Ireland
Nottingham
11 June 2009
Scorecard

Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings.
Updated: 6 September 2016[36]

text: Most runs off an over[edit]

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Batting team
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 Stuart Broad
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

32
6–6–w–6–6–6–1
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 Stuart Binny
Lauderhill, Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32
6–6–2–nb–(nb+4)–4–6–2
Jos Buttler
 England
 Wayne Parnell
Edgbaston
12 September 2012
Scorecard

32
4–wk–(nb+6)–(nb+1)–6–6–6–1[a]
Jonny Bairstow
Luke Wright
 England
 Izatullah Dawlatzai
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

31
6–6–6–6–6–1
David Miller
 South Africa
 Mohammad Saifuddin
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

Key:

nb – No-ball

(nb+X) – A no-ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat
Ynb – A no-ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no-ball and Y-1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes (however, all Y runs will be scored as no-balls on the scorecard)[37]

w – Wide
wk – Wicket

Updated: 29 October 2017[38]
^[a] The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike. Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over. Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries.[39]

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text:
Wickets
Innings
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

97
96
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

90
68
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
2006–2017

85
60
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–2016

85
63
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

73
60
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[40]

text: Most wickets in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Wickets
Matches
Bowler
Team
Year

28
21
Jasprit Bumrah
 India
2016

27
14
Dirk Nannes
 Australia
2010

25
16
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2012

23
11
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
2017

23
15
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2016

Updated: 24 December 2017[41]

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(and over) in a career[edit]

text:
4+ (4+5)
Matches
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

6 (4+2)
60
Umar Gul ‡
 Pakistan
2007–present

5 (3+2)
39
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

4 (4+0)
64
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

Updated: 3 April 2016[42]

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate
Overs bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

5.70
131.1
Daniel Vettori
 New Zealand
2007–2014

5.86
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

5.98
169.0
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

6.02
171.4
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2012–present

6.07
90.0
Imad Wasim
 Pakistan
2015–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018[43]

text: Best career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate
Wickets
Overs Bowled
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.0
44
95.5
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

13.4
66
147.3
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

13.9
57
132.5
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

14.0
47
110.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.1
85
200.3
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[44]

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Average
Wickets
Runs conceded
Bowler
Team
T20I career span

13.72
47
645
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.42
66
952
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

15.85
57
904
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

16.59
44
730
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

16.84
51
859
Graeme Swann
 England
2005–2012

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[45]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

6/8 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012
Scorecard

6/16 (4.0 overs)
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
Pallekele
8 August 2011
Scorecard

6/25 (4.0 overs)
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 England
Bangalore
1 February 2017
Scorecard

5/3 (3.3 overs)
Rangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 New Zealand
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

5/3 (2.0 overs)
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
10 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2017[46]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Bowler
Bowling team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

69
4–0–69–0
Barry McCarthy
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Greater Noida
12 March 2017

Scorecard

68
4–0–68–1
Kyle Abbott
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

64
3.1–0–64–0
Ben Wheeler
 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–1
James Anderson
 England
 Australia
Sydney
9 January 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
Johannesburg
17 September 2007
Scorecard

64
4–0–64–0
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 South Africa
Centurion
21 February 2018
Scorecard

Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs-Maidens-Runs-Wickets".
Updated: 21 February 2018[47]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)
Bowled

(c)
Caught

(c b)
Caught and bowled

(lbw)
Leg before wicket

(st)
Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Wickets
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Brett Lee
 Australia
 Bangladesh

Shakib Al Hasan (c Gilchrist)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Alok Kapali (lbw)

Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
16 September 2007
[48]

2
Jacob Oram
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka

Angelo Mathews (c and b)
Malinga Bandara (c McCullum)
Nuwan Kulasekara (c Broom)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2 September 2009
[49]

3
Tim Southee
 New Zealand
 Pakistan

Younis Khan (c Brownlie)
Mohammad Hafeez (c McGlashan)
Umar Akmal (lbw)

Eden Park, Auckland
26 December 2010
[50]

4
Thisara Perera
 Sri Lanka
 India

Hardik Pandya (c Senanayake)
Suresh Raina (c Chameera)
Yuvraj Singh (c Gunathilaka)

JSCA International Stadium Complex, Ranchi
12 February 2016
[51]

5
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh

Mushfiqur Rahim (b)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Mehedi Hasan (lbw)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
6 April 2017
[52]

6
Faheem Ashraf
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka

Isuru Udana (c Hasan Ali)
Mahela Udawatte (c Babar Azam)
Dasun Shanaka (lbw)

Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
27 October 2017
[53]

Source: ESPNcricinfo. Last Updated: 27 October 2017

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in T20I career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Fielder
Team
T20I career span

44
73
Ross Taylor ‡
 New Zealand
2006–present

44
52
AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa
2006–present

41
70
Dwayne Bravo ‡
 Australia
2009–present

39
74
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

38
62
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–16

The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper
Updated: 21 February 2018[54]

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals
Catches
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

78
49
29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

60
28
32
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

52
25
27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

51
32
19
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–2016

47
22
25
58
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[55]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

49
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32
58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

28
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

30
31
Quinton de Kock
 South Africa
2012–present

26
34
Wesley Barresi
 Netherlands
2012–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.
Updated: 21 February 2018[56]

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings
Innings
Wicket-keeper
Team
T20I career span

32
54
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

29
87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

27
59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

25
57
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

20
56
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2006–2014

Updated: 21 February 2018[57]

text: Individual records (others)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

98
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

92
Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2006–present

89
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

82
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–2016

81
Mohammad Hafeez
 Pakistan
2006–present

Ross Taylor
 New Zealand
2006–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[58]

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches
Player
Team
T20I Career Span

72
MS Dhoni
 India
2007–2016

56
William Porterfield
 Ireland
2008–present

47
Darren Sammy
 West Indies
2011–2016

43
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2009–2016

38
Asghar Stanikzai
 Afghanistan
2015–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[59]

text: Most matches as an umpire[edit]

text:
Matches
Umpire
Country
T20I Career Span

42
Aleem Dar
 Pakistan
2009–present

37
Ian Gould
 England
2006–2016

35
Rod Tucker
 Australia
2009–2016

34
Simon Taufel
 Australia
2006–2012

33
Shaun George
 South Africa
2010–present

Updated: 17 March 2018[60]

text: Most matches as a match referee[edit]

text:
Matches
Referee
Country
T20I Career Span

85
Ranjan Madugalle
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

71
Chris Broad
 England
2005–present

77
Jeff Crowe
 New Zealand
2005–present

61
Javagal Srinath
 India
2006–present

53
David Jukes
 England
2010–present

Updated: 10 March 2017[61]

text: Most Player-of-the Match Awards[edit]

text:
No. of Awards
Player
Team
Matches
T20I Career Span

11
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
98
2006–2016

10
Virat Kohli
 India
57
2010–present

9
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
55
2006–present

Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Shane Watson
 Australia
58
2006–2016

Last updated: 17 March 2018[62]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest overall partnership runs by a pair[edit]

text:
Runs
Innings
Players
Batting team
Highest
Average
100/50
T20I career span

1154
37
David Warner & Shane Watson
 Australia
133
31.18
3/6
2009–2016

1151
24
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
171*
50.04
3/8
2012–Present

1043
38
William Porterfield & Paul Stirling
 Ireland
109*
29.80
1/6
2009–Present

831
22
Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
127*
41.55
2/4
2009–2015

822
22
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
166
41.10
2/3
2007–2014

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 18 February 2018[63]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs
Partnership
Players
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

171*
1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

170
1st wicket
Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

166
2nd wicket
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

165
1st wicket
Rohit Sharma & K. L. Rahul
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

161
4th wicket
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 3 April 2016[64]

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership
Runs
Batsmen
Batting team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

1st wicket
171*
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

2nd wicket
166
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

3rd wicket
152
Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan
 England
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
27 March 2014
Scorecard

4th wicket
161
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

5th wicket
119*
Shoaib Malik & Misbah-ul-Haq
 Pakistan
 Australia
Johannesburg
18 September 2007
Scorecard

6th wicket
101*
Cameron White & Michael Hussey
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

7th wicket
91
Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy
 England
 West Indies
London
28 June 2007
Scorecard

8th wicket
80
Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif
 Scotland
 Netherlands
Edinburgh
11 July 2015
Scorecard

9th wicket
66
Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Dubai (DSC)
23 September 2016
Scorecard

10th wicket
31*
Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
Auckland
26 December 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).
Updated: 24 September 2016[65]