document_title: Medical ultrasound

question_text: when was ultrasound first used for medical purposes

question_tokens: when was ultrasound first used for medical purposes

text: Medical ultrasound

text: By organ or system[edit]

text: Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures (for instance biopsies or drainage of fluid collections). Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then typically interpreted by themselves or the radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Sonographers typically use a hand-held probe (called a transducer) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient. Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in their office and hospital practices.

text: Sonography is effective for imaging soft tissues of the body. Superficial structures such as muscles, tendons, testes, breast, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the neonatal brain are imaged at a higher frequency (7–18 MHz), which provides better axial and lateral resolution. Deeper structures such as liver and kidney are imaged at a lower frequency 1–6 MHz with lower axial and lateral resolution but greater penetration.

text: A general-purpose ultrasound scanner may be used for most imaging purposes. Usually specialty applications may be served only by use of a specialty transducer. Most ultrasound procedures are done using a transducer on the surface of the body, but improved diagnostic confidence is often possible if a transducer can be placed inside the body. For this purpose, specialty transducers, including endovaginal, endorectal, and transesophageal transducers are commonly employed. At the extreme of this, very small transducers can be mounted on small diameter catheters and placed into blood vessels to image the walls and disease of those vessels.

text: Anesthesiology[edit]

text: In anesthesiology, Ultrasound is commonly used by anesthesiologists to guide injecting needles when placing local anaesthetic solutions near nerves. It is also used for gaining vascular access such as central venous cannulation and difficult arterial cannulation. Transcranial Doppler is frequently used by neuro-anesthesiologists for obtaining information about flow-velocity in the basal cerebral vessels.

text: Angiology (vascular)[edit]

text: In angiology or vascular medicine, duplex ultrasound (B Mode vessels imaging combined with Doppler flow measurement) is daily used to diagnose arterial and venous disease all over the body. This is particularly important in neurology, where ultrasound is used for assessing blood flow and stenoses in the carotid arteries (Carotid ultrasonography) and the big intracerebral arteries (Transcranial Doppler).

text: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a methodology using a specially designed catheter with a miniaturized ultrasound probe attached to the distal end of the catheter. The proximal end of the catheter is attached to computerized ultrasound equipment. It allows the application of ultrasound technology, such as piezoelectric transducer or CMUT, to see from inside blood vessels out through the surrounding blood column, visualizing the endothelium (inner wall) of blood vessels in living individuals.[1]

text: On the legs, ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis focuses on the deep veins, while ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs focuses on more superficial veins.

text: Cardiology (heart)[edit]

text: Echocardiography is an essential tool in cardiology, to diagnose e.g. dilatation of parts of the heart and function of heart ventricles and valves

text: Emergency medicine[edit]

text: Point of care emergency ultrasound has many applications in emergency medicine, including the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam for assessing significant hemoperitoneum or pericardial tamponade after trauma. Ultrasound is occasionally used in the emergency department to expedite the care of people with right upper quadrant abdominal pain who may have gallstones or cholecystitis.

text: Gastroenterology/Colorectal surgery[edit]

text: Abdominal and endoanal ultrasound are frequently used in gastroenterology and colorectal surgery. In abdominal sonography, the solid organs of the abdomen such as the pancreas, aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, kidneys, and spleen are imaged. Sound waves are blocked by gas in the bowel and attenuated in different degree by fat, therefore there are limited diagnostic capabilities in this area. The appendix can sometimes be seen when inflamed (as in e.g.: appendicitis). Endoanal ultrasound is used particularly in the investigation of anorectal symptoms such as fecal incontinence or obstructed defecation. It images the immediate perianal anatomy and is able to detect occult defects such as tearing of the anal sphincter. Ultrasonography of liver tumors allows for both detection and characterization.[2]

text: Gynecology and obstetrics[edit]

text: Gynecologic ultrasonography examines female pelvic organs (specifically the uterus, the ovaries, and the Fallopian tubes) as well as the bladder, the adnexa, and the Pouch of Douglas. It commonly uses vaginal ultrasonography. Obstetrical sonography is commonly used during pregnancy to check on the development of the fetus.

text: Otolaryngology (head and neck)[edit]

text: Most structures of the neck, including the thyroid and parathryoid glands, lymph nodes, and salivary glands, are well-visualized by high-frequency ultrasound with exceptional anatomic detail. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for thyroid tumors and lesions, and ultrasonography is critical in the evaluation, preoperative planning, and postoperative surveillance of patients with thyroid cancer. Many other benign and malignant conditions in the head and neck can be evaluated and managed with the help of diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided procedures.

text: Neonatology[edit]

text: In neonatology, transcranial Doppler can be used for basic assessment of intracerebral structural abnormalities, bleeds, ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and anoxic insults (Periventricular leukomalacia). The ultrasound can be performed through the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant (Fontanelle) until these completely close at about 1 year of age and form a virtually impenetrable acoustic barrier for the ultrasound. The most common site for cranial ultrasound is the anterior fontanelle. The smaller the fontanelle, the poorer the quality of the picture.

text: Ophthalmology (eyes)[edit]

text: In ophthalmology and optometry, there are two major forms of eye exam using ultrasound:

text:
A-scan ultrasound biometry, commonly referred to as an A-scan (short for Amplitude scan). It is an A-mode that provides data on the length of the eye, which is a major determinant in common sight disorders.
B-scan ultrasonography, or B-scan, which is a B-mode scan that produces a cross-sectional view of the eye and the orbit. It is commonly used to see inside the eye when media is hazy due to cataract or any corneal opacity.

text: Pulmonology (lungs)[edit]

text: In pulmonology, endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) probes are applied to standard flexible endoscopic probes and used by pulmonologists to allow for direct visualization of endobronchial lesions and lymph nodes prior to transbronchial needle aspiration. Among its many uses, EBUS aids in lung cancer staging by allowing for lymph node sampling without the need for major surgery.[5]

text: Urology (urinary)[edit]

text: Ultrasound is routinely used in urology to determine, for example, the amount of fluid retained in a patient's bladder. In a pelvic sonogram, organs of the pelvic region are imaged. This includes the uterus and ovaries or urinary bladder. Males are sometimes given a pelvic sonogram to check on the health of their bladder, the prostate, or their testicles (for example to distinguish epididymitis from testicular torsion). In young males, it is used to distinguish more benign testicular masses (varicocele or hydrocele) from testicular cancer, which is highly curable but which must be treated to preserve health and fertility. There are two methods of performing a pelvic sonography – externally or internally. The internal pelvic sonogram is performed either transvaginally (in a woman) or transrectally (in a man). Sonographic imaging of the pelvic floor can produce important diagnostic information regarding the precise relationship of abnormal structures with other pelvic organs and it represents a useful hint to treat patients with symptoms related to pelvic prolapse, double incontinence and obstructed defecation. It is used to diagnose and, at higher frequencies, to treat (break up) kidney stones or kidney crystals (nephrolithiasis).[6]

text: Scrotal[edit]

text: Scrotal ultrasonography is used in the evaluation of testicular pain, and can help identify solid masses.[7]

text: Musculoskeletal[edit]

text: Musculoskeletal ultrasound in used to examine tendons, muscles, nerves, ligaments, soft tissue masses, and bone surfaces.[8] Ultrasound is an alternative to x-ray imaging in detecting fractures of the wrist, elbow and shoulder for patients up to 12 years (Fracture sonography).

text: Quantitative ultrasound is an adjunct musculoskeletal test for myopathic disease in children;[9][10] estimates of lean body mass in adults;[11] proxy measures of muscle quality (i.e., tissue composition)[12] in older adults with sarcopenia[13][14]

text: Nephrology (kidneys)[edit]

text: In nephrology, ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound. US is an accessible, versatile inexpensive and fast aid for decision-making in patients with renal symptoms and for guidance in renal intervention.[15] Renal ultrasound (US) is a common examination, which has been performed for decades. Using B-mode imaging, assessment of renal anatomy is easily performed, and US is often used as image guidance for renal interventions. Furthermore, novel applications in renal US have been introduced with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), elastography and fusion imaging. However, renal US has certain limitations, and other modalities, such as CT and MRI, should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease.[15]

text: From sound to image[edit]

text: The creation of an image from sound is done in three steps – producing a sound wave, receiving echoes, and interpreting those echoes.

text: Producing a sound wave[edit]

text: A sound wave is typically produced by a piezoelectric transducer encased in a plastic housing. Strong, short electrical pulses from the ultrasound machine drive the transducer at the desired frequency. The frequencies can be anywhere between 1 and 18 MHz, though frequencies up to 50–100 megahertz have been used experimentally in a technique known as biomicroscopy in special regions, such as the anterior chamber of the eye.[16] Older technology transducers focused their beam with physical lenses. Newer technology transducers use phased array techniques to enable the ultrasound machine to change the direction and depth of focus.

text: The sound is focused either by the shape of the transducer, a lens in front of the transducer, or a complex set of control pulses from the ultrasound scanner, in the (beamforming) technique. This focusing produces an arc-shaped sound wave from the face of the transducer. The wave travels into the body and comes into focus at a desired depth.

text: Materials on the face of the transducer enable the sound to be transmitted efficiently into the body (often a rubbery coating, a form of impedance matching). In addition, a water-based gel is placed between the patient's skin and the probe.

text: The sound wave is partially reflected from the layers between different tissues or scattered from smaller structures. Specifically, sound is reflected anywhere where there are acoustic impedance changes in the body: e.g. blood cells in blood plasma, small structures in organs, etc. Some of the reflections return to the transducer.

text: Receiving the echoes[edit]

text: The return of the sound wave to the transducer results in the same process as sending the sound wave, except in reverse. The returned sound wave vibrates the transducer and the transducer turns the vibrations into electrical pulses that travel to the ultrasonic scanner where they are processed and transformed into a digital image.

text: Forming the image[edit]

text: To make an image, the ultrasound scanner must determine two things from each received echo:

text:
How long it took the echo to be received from when the sound was transmitted.
How strong the echo was.

text: Once the ultrasonic scanner determines these two things, it can locate which pixel in the image to light up and to what intensity.

text: Transforming the received signal into a digital image may be explained by using a blank spreadsheet as an analogy. First picture a long, flat transducer at the top of the sheet. Send pulses down the 'columns' of the spreadsheet (A, B, C, etc.). Listen at each column for any return echoes. When an echo is heard, note how long it took for the echo to return. The longer the wait, the deeper the row (1,2,3, etc.). The strength of the echo determines the brightness setting for that cell (white for a strong echo, black for a weak echo, and varying shades of grey for everything in between.) When all the echoes are recorded on the sheet, we have a greyscale image.

text: Displaying the image[edit]

text: Images from the ultrasound scanner are transferred and displayed using the DICOM standard. Normally, very little post processing is applied to ultrasound images.

text: Sound in the body[edit]

text: Ultrasonography (sonography) uses a probe containing multiple acoustic transducers to send pulses of sound into a material. Whenever a sound wave encounters a material with a different density (acoustical impedance), part of the sound wave is reflected back to the probe and is detected as an echo. The time it takes for the echo to travel back to the probe is measured and used to calculate the depth of the tissue interface causing the echo. The greater the difference between acoustic impedances, the larger the echo is. If the pulse hits gases or solids, the density difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected and it becomes impossible to see deeper.

text: The frequencies used for medical imaging are generally in the range of 1 to 18 MHz. Higher frequencies have a correspondingly smaller wavelength, and can be used to make sonograms with smaller details. However, the attenuation of the sound wave is increased at higher frequencies, so in order to have better penetration of deeper tissues, a lower frequency (3–5 MHz) is used.

text:
Seeing deep into the body with sonography is very difficult. Some acoustic energy is lost every time an echo is formed, but most of it (approximately

0.5

dB

cm depth

⋅

MHz

{\displaystyle \textstyle 0.5{\frac {\mbox{dB}}{{\mbox{cm depth}}\cdot {\mbox{MHz}}}}}

) is lost from acoustic absorption. (See also Acoustic attenuation for further details on modeling of acoustic attenuation and absorption.)

text: The speed of sound varies as it travels through different materials, and is dependent on the acoustical impedance of the material. However, the sonographic instrument assumes that the acoustic velocity is constant at 1540 m/s. An effect of this assumption is that in a real body with non-uniform tissues, the beam becomes somewhat de-focused and image resolution is reduced.

text: To generate a 2D-image, the ultrasonic beam is swept. A transducer may be swept mechanically by rotating or swinging. Or a 1D phased array transducer may be used to sweep the beam electronically. The received data is processed and used to construct the image. The image is then a 2D representation of the slice into the body.

text: 3D images can be generated by acquiring a series of adjacent 2D images. Commonly a specialised probe that mechanically scans a conventional 2D-image transducer is used. However, since the mechanical scanning is slow, it is difficult to make 3D images of moving tissues. Recently, 2D phased array transducers that can sweep the beam in 3D have been developed. These can image faster and can even be used to make live 3D images of a beating heart.

text: Doppler ultrasonography is used to study blood flow and muscle motion. The different detected speeds are represented in color for ease of interpretation, for example leaky heart valves: the leak shows up as a flash of unique color. Colors may alternatively be used to represent the amplitudes of the received echoes.

text: Modes[edit]

text: Several modes of ultrasound are used in medical imaging.[17][18] These are:

text:
A-mode: A-mode (amplitude mode) is the simplest type of ultrasound. A single transducer scans a line through the body with the echoes plotted on screen as a function of depth. Therapeutic ultrasound aimed at a specific tumor or calculus is also A-mode, to allow for pinpoint accurate focus of the destructive wave energy.
B-mode or 2D mode: In B-mode (brightness mode) ultrasound, a linear array of transducers simultaneously scans a plane through the body that can be viewed as a two-dimensional image on screen. More commonly known as 2D mode now.

text: B-flow is a mode that digitally highlights weak flow reflectors (mainly red blood cells) while suppressing the signals from the surrounding stationary tissue. It can visualize flowing blood and surrounding stationary tissues simultaneously.[19] It is thus an alternative or complement to Doppler ultrasonography in visualizing blood flow.[20]

text:
C-mode: A C-mode image is formed in a plane normal to a B-mode image. A gate that selects data from a specific depth from an A-mode line is used; then the transducer is moved in the 2D plane to sample the entire region at this fixed depth. When the transducer traverses the area in a spiral, an area of 100 cm2 can be scanned in around 10 seconds.[18]
M-mode: In M-mode (motion mode) ultrasound, pulses are emitted in quick succession – each time, either an A-mode or B-mode image is taken. Over time, this is analogous to recording a video in ultrasound. As the organ boundaries that produce reflections move relative to the probe, this can be used to determine the velocity of specific organ structures.
Doppler mode: This mode makes use of the Doppler effect in measuring and visualizing blood flow

Color Doppler: Velocity information is presented as a color-coded overlay on top of a B-mode image
Continuous wave (CW) Doppler: Doppler information is sampled along a line through the body, and all velocities detected at each time point are presented (on a time line)
Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler: Doppler information is sampled from only a small sample volume (defined in 2D image), and presented on a timeline
Duplex: a common name for the simultaneous presentation of 2D and (usually) PW Doppler information. (Using modern ultrasound machines, color Doppler is almost always also used; hence the alternative name Triplex.)

Pulse inversion mode: In this mode, two successive pulses with opposite sign are emitted and then subtracted from each other. This implies that any linearly responding constituent will disappear while gases with non-linear compressibility stand out. Pulse inversion may also be used in a similar manner as in Harmonic mode; see below:
Harmonic mode: In this mode a deep penetrating fundamental frequency is emitted into the body and a harmonic overtone is detected. This way noise and artifacts due to reverberation and aberration are greatly reduced. Some also believe that penetration depth can be gained with improved lateral resolution; however, this is not well documented.

text: Expansions[edit]

text: An additional expansion or additional technique of ultrasound is biplanar ultrasound, in which the probe has two 2D planes that are perpendicular to each other, providing more efficient localization and detection.[21] Furthermore, an omniplane probe is one that can rotate 180° to obtain multiple images.[21] In 3D ultrasound, many 2D planes are digitally added together to create a 3-dimensional image of the object.

text: Doppler ultrasonography[edit]

text: Doppler ultrasonography employs the Doppler effect to assess whether structures (usually blood)[22] are moving towards or away from the probe, and its relative velocity. By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, for example flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, its speed and direction can be determined and visualized. Color Doppler is the measurement of velocity by color scale. Color Doppler images are generally combined with grayscale (B-mode) images to display duplex ultrasonography images. Uses include:

text:
Doppler echocardiography, the use of Doppler ultrasonography to examine the heart.[23] An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), calculation of the cardiac output and calculation of E/A ratio[24] (a measure of diastolic dysfunction). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD), which measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels transcranially (through the cranium). They are used as tests to help diagnose emboli, stenosis, vasospasm from a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm), and other problems.
Doppler fetal monitors, although usually not technically -graphy but rather sound-generating, use the Doppler effect to detect the fetal heartbeat for prenatal care. These are hand-held, and some models also display the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). Use of this monitor is sometimes known as Doppler auscultation. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler. Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a fetal stethoscope.

text: Contrast ultrasonography (ultrasound contrast imaging)[edit]

text: A contrast medium for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles[25] to increase echogenicity of blood, discovered by Dr Raymond Gramiak in 1968[26] and named contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is clinically used throughout the world,[27] in particular for echocardiography in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.

text: Microbubbles-based contrast media is administrated intravenously in patient blood stream during the medical ultrasonography examination. The microbubbles being too large in diameter, they stay confined in blood vessels and cannot extravasate towards the interstitial fluid. An ultrasound contrast media is therefore purely intravascular, making it an ideal agent to image organ microvascularization for diagnostic purposes. A typical clinical use of contrast ultrasonography is detection of a hypervascular metastatic tumor, which exhibits a contrast uptake (kinetics of microbubbles concentration in blood circulation) faster than healthy biological tissue surrounding the tumor.[28] Other clinical applications using contrast exist, such as in echocardiography to improve delineation of left ventricle for visually checking contractibility of heart after a myocardial infarction. Finally, applications in quantitative perfusion[29] (relative measurement of blood flow [30]) emerge for identifying early patient response to an anti-cancerous drug treatment (methodology and clinical study by Dr Nathalie Lassau in 2011[31]), enabling to determine the best oncological therapeutic options.[32]

text: In oncological practice of medical contrast ultrasonography, clinicians use the method of parametric imaging of vascular signatures[33] invented by Dr Nicolas Rognin in 2010.[34] This method is conceived as a cancer aided diagnostic tool, facilitating characterization of a suspicious tumor (malignant versus benign) in an organ. This method is based on medical computational science [35][36] to analyze a time sequence of ultrasound contrast images, a digital video recorded in real-time during patient examination. Two consecutive signal processing steps are applied to each pixel of the tumor:

text:
calculation of a vascular signature (contrast uptake difference with respect to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor);
automatic classification of the vascular signature into a unique parameter, this last coded in one of the four following colors:

green for continuous hyper-enhancement (contrast uptake higher than healthy tissue one),
blue for continuous hypo-enhancement (contrast uptake lower than healthy tissue one),
red for fast hyper-enhancement (contrast uptake before healthy tissue one) or
yellow for fast hypo-enhancement (contrast uptake after healthy tissue one).

text: Once signal processing in each pixel completed, a color spatial map of the parameter is displayed on a computer monitor, summarizing all vascular information of the tumor in a single image called parametric image (see last figure of press article [37] as clinical examples). This parametric image is interpreted by clinicians based on predominant colorization of the tumor: red indicates a suspicion of malignancy (risk of cancer), green or yellow – a high probability of benignity. In the first case (suspicion of malignant tumor), the clinician typically prescribes a biopsy to confirm the diagnostic or a CT scan examination as a second opinion. In the second case (quasi-certain of benign tumor), only a follow-up is needed with a contrast ultrasonography examination a few months later. The main clinical benefits are to avoid a systematic biopsy (risky invasive procedure) of benign tumors or a CT scan examination exposing the patient to X-ray radiation. The parametric imaging of vascular signatures method proved to be effective in humans for characterization of tumors in the liver.[38] In a cancer screening context, this method might be potentially applicable to other organs such as breast[39] or prostate.

text: Molecular ultrasonography (ultrasound molecular imaging)[edit]

text: The future of contrast ultrasonography is in molecular imaging with potential clinical applications expected in cancer screening to detect malignant tumors at their earliest stage of appearance. Molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging) uses targeted microbubbles originally designed by Dr Alexander Klibanov in 1997;[40][41] such targeted microbubbles specifically bind or adhere to tumoral microvessels by targeting biomolecular cancer expression (overexpression of certain biomolecules occurs during neo-angiogenesis[42][43] or inflammation[44] processes in malignant tumors). As a result, a few minutes after their injection in blood circulation, the targeted microbubbles accumulate in the malignant tumor; facilitating its localization in a unique ultrasound contrast image. In 2013, the very first exploratory clinical trial in humans for prostate cancer was completed at Amsterdam in the Netherlands by Dr Hessel Wijkstra.[45]

text: In molecular ultrasonography, the technique of acoustic radiation force (also used for shear wave elastography) is applied in order to literally push the targeted microbubbles towards microvessels wall; firstly demonstrated by Dr Paul Dayton in 1999.[46] This allows maximization of binding to the malignant tumor; the targeted microbubbles being in more direct contact with cancerous biomolecules expressed at the inner surface of tumoral microvessels. At the stage of scientific preclinical research, the technique of acoustic radiation force was implemented as a prototype in clinical ultrasound systems and validated in vivo in 2D[47] and 3D[48][49] imaging modes.

text: Elastography (ultrasound elasticity imaging)[edit]

text: Ultrasound is also used for elastography, which is a relatively new imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue.[50][51] This modality emerged in the last two decades. Elastography is useful in medical diagnoses as it can discern healthy from unhealthy tissue for specific organs/growths. For example, cancerous tumors will often be harder than the surrounding tissue, and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones.[50][51][52][53]

text: There are many ultrasound elastography techniques.[51]

text: Interventional ultrasonography[edit]

text: Interventional ultrasonography involves biopsy, emptying fluids, intrauterine Blood transfusion (Hemolytic disease of the newborn).

text:
Thyroid cysts: The high frequency thyroid ultrasound (HFUS) can be used to treat several gland conditions. The recurrent thyroid cyst that was usually treated in the past with surgery, can be treated effectively by a new procedure called percutaneous ethanol injection, or PEI. With ultrasound guided placement of a 25 gauge needle within the cyst, and after evacuation of the cyst fluid, about 50% of the cyst volume is injected back into the cavity, under strict operator visualization of the needle tip. The procedure is 80% successful in reducing the cyst to minute size.
Metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes: The other thyroid therapy use for HFUS is to treat metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes that occur in patients who either refuse surgery, or are no longer a candidate for surgery. Small amounts of ethanol are injected under ultrasound guided needle placement. A blood flow study is done prior to the injection, by power doppler. The blood flow can be destroyed and the node become inactive, although it may still be there. Power doppler visualized blood flow can be eradicated, and there may be a drop in the cancer blood marker test, thyroglobulin, TG, as the node become non-functional. Another interventional use for HFUS is to mark a cancer node one hour prior to surgery to help locate the node cluster at the surgery. A minute amount of methylene dye is injected, under careful ultrasound guided placement of the needle on the anterior surface, but not in the node. The dye will be evident to the thyroid surgeon when he opens the neck. A similar localization procedure with methylene blue, can be done to locate parathyroid adenomas at surgery.

text: Compression ultrasonography[edit]

text: Compression ultrasonography is when the probe is pressed against the skin. This can bring the target structure closer to the probe, increasing spatial resolution of it. Comparison of the shape of the target structure before and after compression can aid in diagnosis.

text: It used in ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis, wherein absence of vein compressibility is a strong indicator of thrombosis.[54] Compression ultrasonography has both high sensitivity and specificity for detecting proximal deep vein thrombosis only in symptomatic patients. Results are not reliable when the patient is symptomless and must be checked, for example in high risk postoperative patients mainly in orthopedic patients.[55][56]

text:
A normal appendix without and with compression. Absence of comprehensibility indicates appendicitis.[57]

Compression is used in this ultrasonograph to get closer to the abdominal aorta, making the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior vena cava look rather flat.

text: Attributes[edit]

text: As with all imaging modalities, ultrasonography has its list of positive and negative attributes.

text: Strengths[edit]

text:
It images muscle, soft tissue, and bone surfaces very well and is particularly useful for delineating the interfaces between solid and fluid-filled spaces.
It renders "live" images, where the operator can dynamically select the most useful section for diagnosing and documenting changes, often enabling rapid diagnoses. Live images also allow for ultrasound-guided biopsies or injections, which can be cumbersome with other imaging modalities.
It shows the structure of organs.
It has no known long-term side effects and rarely causes any discomfort to the patient.
Equipment is widely available and comparatively flexible.
Small, easily carried scanners are available; examinations can be performed at the bedside.
Relatively inexpensive compared to other modes of investigation, such as computed X-ray tomography, DEXA or magnetic resonance imaging.
Spatial resolution is better in high frequency ultrasound transducers than it is in most other imaging modalities.
Through the use of an ultrasound research interface, an ultrasound device can offer a relatively inexpensive, real-time, and flexible method for capturing data required for special research purposes for tissue characterization and development of new image processing techniques

text: Weaknesses[edit]

text:
Sonographic devices have trouble penetrating bone. For example, sonography of the adult brain is currently very limited.
Sonography performs very poorly when there is a gas between the transducer and the organ of interest, due to the extreme differences in acoustic impedance. For example, overlying gas in the gastrointestinal tract often makes ultrasound scanning of the pancreas difficult. Lung imaging however can be useful in demarcating pleural effusions, detecting heart failure, and detecting pneumonia.[58]
Even in the absence of bone or air, the depth penetration of ultrasound may be limited depending on the frequency of imaging. Consequently, there might be difficulties imaging structures deep in the body, especially in obese patients.
Physique has a large influence on image quality. Image quality and accuracy of diagnosis is limited with obese patients, overlying subcutaneous fat attenuates the sound beam and a lower frequency transducer is required (with lower resolution)
The method is operator-dependent. A high level of skill and experience is needed to acquire good-quality images and make accurate diagnoses.
There is no scout image as there is with CT and MRI. Once an image has been acquired there is no exact way to tell which part of the body was imaged.

text: Risks and side-effects[edit]

text: Ultrasonography is generally considered safe imaging,[59] with the World Health Organizations saying:[60]

text: Diagnostic ultrasound studies of the fetus are generally considered to be safe during pregnancy. This diagnostic procedure should be performed only when there is a valid medical indication, and the lowest possible ultrasonic exposure setting should be used to gain the necessary diagnostic information under the "as low as reasonably practicable" or ALARP principle.

text: However, medical ultrasonography should not be performed without a medical indication to perform it. To do otherwise would be to perform unnecessary health care to patients, which bring unwarranted costs and may lead to other testing. Overuse of ultrasonography is sometimes as routine as screening for deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgeries in patients who are not at heightened risk for having that condition.[61]

text: Similarly, although there is no evidence ultrasound could be harmful for the fetus, medical authorities typically strongly discourage the promotion, selling, or leasing of ultrasound equipment for making "keepsake fetal videos".[62][63]

text: Studies on the safety of ultrasound[edit]

text:
A meta-analysis of several ultrasonography studies published in 2000 found no statistically significant harmful effects from ultrasonography, but mentioned that there was a lack of data on long-term substantive outcomes such as neurodevelopment.[64]
A study at the Yale School of Medicine published in 2006 found a small but significant correlation between prolonged and frequent use of ultrasound and abnormal neuronal migration in mice.[65]
A study performed in Sweden in 2001[66] has shown that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left-handedness in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays.[67][68]

The above findings, however, were not confirmed in a later follow-up study.[69]
A later study, however, performed on a larger sample of 8865 children, has established a statistically significant, albeit weak association of ultrasonography exposure and being non-right handed later in life.[70] (See Handedness#Ultrasound).

text: Obstetric ultrasound[edit]

text: Obstetric ultrasound can be used to identify many conditions that would be harmful to the mother and the baby, many health care professionals consider the risk of leaving these conditions undiagnosed to be much greater than the very small risk, if any, associated with undergoing an ultrasound scan. However its results are occasionally incorrect, producing a false positive (the Cochrane Collaboration is a relevant effort to improve the reliability of health care trials). False detection may result in patients being warned of birth defects when no such defect exists. When balancing risk and reward, there are recommendations to avoid the use of routine ultrasound for low risk pregnancies;[citation needed] but in many countries ultrasound is now used routinely in the management of all pregnancies.[citation needed]

text: Sex determination is only accurate after 12 weeks gestation.

text: Even where sonography is used routinely in obstetric appointments during pregnancy, authorities discourage its use for non-medical purposes such as fetal "keepsake" videos and photos.[62]

text: Obstetric ultrasound is primarily used to:

text:
Date the pregnancy (gestational age)
Confirm fetal viability
Determine location of fetus, intrauterine vs ectopic
Check the location of the placenta in relation to the cervix
Check for the number of fetuses (multiple pregnancy)
Check for major physical abnormalities.
Assess fetal growth (for evidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR))
Check for fetal movement and heartbeat.
Determine the sex of the baby

text: According to the European Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS)[71]

text: Ultrasonic examinations should only be performed by competent personnel who are trained and updated in safety matters. Ultrasound produces heating, pressure changes and mechanical disturbances in tissue. Diagnostic levels of ultrasound can produce temperature rises that are hazardous to sensitive organs and the embryo/fetus. Biological effects of non-thermal origin have been reported in animals but, to date, no such effects have been demonstrated in humans, except when a microbubble contrast agent is present.

text: Nonetheless, care should be taken to use low power settings and avoid pulsed wave scanning of the fetal brain unless specifically indicated in high risk pregnancies.

text: Ultrasound scanners have different Doppler-techniques to visualize arteries and veins. The most common is colour doppler or power doppler, but also other techniques like b-flow are used to show bloodflow in an organ. By using pulsed wave doppler or continuous wave doppler bloodflow velocities can be calculated.

text: Figures released for the period 2005–2006 by the UK Government (Department of Health) show that non-obstetric ultrasound examinations constituted more than 65% of the total number of ultrasound scans conducted.

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Recent studies have stressed the importance of framing “reproductive health matters cross-culturally”, particularly when understanding the “new phenomenon” of “the proliferation of ultrasound imaging” in developing countries.[72] In 2004, Tine Gammeltoft interviewed 400 women in Hanoi’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital; each “had an average of 6.6 scans during her pregnancy”, much higher than five years ago when “a pregnant woman might or might not have had a single scan during her pregnancy” in Vietnam.[72] Gammeltoft explains that “many Asian countries” see “the foetus as an ambiguous being” unlike in Western medicine where it is common to think of the foetus as “materially stable”.[72] Therefore, although women, particularly in Asian countries, “express intense uncertainties regarding the safety and credibility of this technology”, it is overused for its “immediate reassurance”.[72]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound equipment is regulated in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration, and worldwide by other national regulatory agencies. The FDA limits acoustic output using several metrics; generally, other agencies accept the FDA-established guidelines.

text: Currently, New Mexico, Oregon, and North Dakota are the only US states that regulate diagnostic medical sonographers.[73] Certification examinations for sonographers are available in the US from three organizations: the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Cardiovascular Credentialing International and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.[citation needed]

text: The primary regulated metrics are Mechanical Index (MI), a metric associated with the cavitation bio-effect, and Thermal Index (TI) a metric associated with the tissue heating bio-effect. The FDA requires that the machine not exceed established limits, which are reasonably conservative so as to maintain diagnostic ultrasound as a safe imaging modality. This requires self-regulation on the part of the manufacturer in terms of the machine's calibration.[74]

text: Ultrasound-based pre-natal care and sex screening technologies were launched in India in the 1980s. With concerns about its misuse for sex-selective abortion, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) in 1994 to regulate legal and illegal uses of ultrasound equipment.[75] The law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and sex selective abortion.[76] It is currently illegal and a punishable crime in India to determine or disclose the sex of a fetus using ultrasound equipment.[77]

text: History[edit]

text: After the French physicist Pierre Curie’s discovery of piezoelectricity in 1880, ultrasonic waves could be deliberately generated for industry. Thereafter, in 1940, the American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone devised the first ultrasonic echo imaging device, the Supersonic Reflectoscope, to detect internal flaws in metal castings. In 1941, the Austrian neurologist Karl Theo Dussik was in collaboration with his brother, Friedreich, a physicist, likely, the first person to ultrasonically echo image the human body, outlining thereby the ventricles of a human brain.[78][79] Ultrasonic energy was first applied to the human body for medical purposes by Dr George Ludwig at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland in the late 1940s.[80][81] English-born physicist John Wild (1914–2009) first used ultrasound to assess the thickness of bowel tissue as early as 1949; he has been described as the "father of medical ultrasound".[82] Subsequent advances in the field took place concurrently in several countries. But it was not until 1963 when Meyerdirk & Wright launched production of the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner that ultrasound became generally available for medical use.

text: France[edit]

text: In his book "L'investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler" (Ed Masson, 1977) [22] Dr Claude Franceschi laid down the Doppler Ultrasound fundamentals of the hemodynamics semiotics, which are still in use in current Doppler arterial and venous Duplex Ultrasound investigations.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Parallel developments in Glasgow, Scotland by Professor Ian Donald and colleagues at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital (GRMH) led to the first diagnostic applications of the technique.[83] Donald was an obstetrician with a self-confessed "childish interest in machines, electronic and otherwise", who, having treated the wife of one of the company's directors, was invited to visit the Research Department of boilermakers Babcock & Wilcox at Renfrew, where he used their industrial ultrasound equipment to conduct experiments on various morbid anatomical specimens and assess their ultrasonic characteristics. Together with the medical physicist Tom Brown (Wikidata; Reasonator).[84] and fellow obstetrician Dr John MacVicar, Donald refined the equipment to enable differentiation of pathology in live volunteer patients. These findings were reported in The Lancet on 7 June 1958[85] as "Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound" – possibly one of the most important papers ever published in the field of diagnostic medical imaging.

text: At GRMH, Professor Donald and Dr James Willocks then refined their techniques to obstetric applications including fetal head measurement to assess the size and growth of the fetus. With the opening of the new Queen Mother's Hospital in Yorkhill in 1964, it became possible to improve these methods even further. Dr Stuart Campbell's pioneering work on fetal cephalometry led to it acquiring long-term status as the definitive method of study of foetal growth. As the technical quality of the scans was further developed, it soon became possible to study pregnancy from start to finish and diagnose its many complications such as multiple pregnancy, fetal abnormality and placenta praevia. Diagnostic ultrasound has since been imported into practically every other area of medicine.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Medical ultrasonography was used in 1953 at Lund University by cardiologist Inge Edler and Gustav Ludwig Hertz's son Carl Hellmuth Hertz, who was then a graduate student at the University's department of nuclear physics.

text: Edler had asked Hertz if it was possible to use radar to look into the body, but Hertz said this was impossible. However, he said, it might be possible to use ultrasonography. Hertz was familiar with using ultrasonic reflectoscopes of the American acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone's invention for nondestructive materials testing, and together Edler and Hertz developed the idea of using this method in medicine.

text: The first successful measurement of heart activity was made on October 29, 1953 using a device borrowed from the ship construction company Kockums in Malmö. On December 16 the same year, the method was used to generate an echo-encephalogram (ultrasonic probe of the brain). Edler and Hertz published their findings in 1954.[86]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1962, after about two years of work, Joseph Holmes, William Wright, and Ralph Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner. Their work had been supported by U.S. Public Health Services and the University of Colorado. Wright and Meyerdirk left the University to form Physionic Engineering Inc., which launched the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner in 1963. This was the start of the most popular design in the history of ultrasound scanners.[87]

text: In the late 1960s Dr Gene Strandness and the bio-engineering group at the University of Washington conducted research on Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease. Eventually, they developed technologies to use duplex imaging, or Doppler in conjunction with B-mode scanning, to view vascular structures in real-time, while also providing hemodynamic information.[88]

text: The first demonstration of color Doppler was by Geoff Stevenson, who was involved in the early developments and medical use of Doppler shifted ultrasonic energy.[89]

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: The leading manufacturers of Ultrasound Equipment are Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, and Philips.[90]


document_title: You've Got Mail (soundtrack)

question_text: who sang over the rainbow in you've got mail

question_tokens: who sang over the rainbow in you 've got mail

root

text: You've Got Mail (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on December 1, 1998 under Atlantic Records, and featured a mixture of classics from the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the work of Harry Nilsson  with three original songs,  as well as new original recordings and covers.[3]  The score to the film was written by the English composer George Fenton.[4]

tag: p

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Harry Nilsson - "The Puppy Song" - 2:43
The Cranberries - "Dreams" - 4:31
Bobby Darin - "Splish Splash" - 2:12
Louis Armstrong - "Dummy Song" - 2:19
Harry Nilsson - "Remember" - 4:02
Roy Orbison - "Dream" - 2:12
Bobby Day - "Rockin' Robin" - 2:36
Randy Newman - "Lonely at the Top" - 2:32
Stevie Wonder - "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" - 2:38
Sinéad O'Connor - "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" - 3:08
Harry Nilsson - "Over the Rainbow" - 3:31
Carole King - "Anyone At All" - 3:09
Billy Williams - "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" - 2:08
George Fenton - "The 'You've Got Mail' Suite" - 5:36
Jimmy Durante - "You Made Me Love You" - 3:04

tag: ol

text: Other songs from the film[edit]

text: The song "Never Smile at a Crocodile" is featured in the film (in the scene where Joe first meets Kathleen in her bookstore) but is not on the soundtrack album. Also, although the movie features Harry Nilsson's original version of "I Guess The Lord Must Be In New York City," it does not appear on the soundtrack album.  The Sinéad O'Connor "cover version" featured on the soundtrack album is heard only during the closing credits of the film.


document_title: List of giant pandas

question_text: what are the names of the pandas at the national zoo

text: List of giant pandas

text: Famous Giant Pandas No Longer Alive[edit]

text:
Names
Birth date
Death date
Relationships
Location
Image

Basi (F)
November, 1980
(2017-09-13)September 13, 2017
captured
Fuzhou Zoo

Chi Chi (F)
1957
(1972-07-22)July 22, 1972
captured
London Zoo

Chu-Lin (M)
(1982-09-04)September 4, 1982
(1996-04-29)April 29, 1996
Shao-Shao (mother) and Chang-Chang (father)
Madrid Zoo

Ling Ling (M)
September 5, 1985
(2008-04-30)April 30, 2008
Tong Tong (mate, died in 2000)
Ueno Zoo

Ling-Ling and Hsing-
Hsing (F) and (M)

Ling-Ling (1969)
Hsing-Hsing (1970)
Ling-Ling (1992)
Hsing-Hsing (1999)
captured, both like each other
National Zoo in Washington D.C.

Shi Shi (M)
1970s
(2008-07-05)July 5, 2008
rescued in Sichuan
San Diego Zoo, Guangzhou Zoo

Su Lin (M)
1930s
1938
captured
Field Museum of Natural History

Tao Tao (F)
1972
(2008-04-02)April 2, 2008
none
Jinan Zoo

Xiang Xiang (M)
August 25, 2001
(2007-02-19)February 19, 2007
none
Wolong National Nature Reserve

tag: table

text: Famous Giant Pandas Alive Today[edit]

text:
Names
Birth date
Relationships
Location
Image

Bai Yun (F)
(1991-09-07) September 7, 1991 (age 26)
Mother of Hua Mei, Mei Sheng, Su Lin,
Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu
San Diego Zoo

Bao Bao (F)
(2013-08-23) August 23, 2013 (age 4)
Mei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (father) Tai Shan and Bei Bei (Brothers)
National Zoo
China

Bei Bei (M)
(2015-08-22) August 22, 2015 (age 2)
Mei Xiang (mother) Tian Tian (Father) Bao Bao (sister) Tai Shan (brother)
National Zoo

Chuang Chuang (M)
(2000-08-06) August 6, 2000 (age 17)
Bai Xue (mother) and Xin Xing (father)
Chiang Mai Zoo

Da Mao (M)
(2008-09-01) September 1, 2008 (age 9)

Toronto Zoo

Er Shun (F)
(2007-08-10) August 10, 2007 (age 10)
Jia Panpan (son) and Jia Yueyue (daughter)
Toronto Zoo

Gao Gao (M)
1990 +/- 2 years (according to studbook)
Bai Yun (mate); father of Mei Sheng, Su Lin, Zhen Zhen, Yun Zi, and Xiao Liwu
San Diego Zoo

Gu Gu (M)
2000 (age 16–17)
none
Beijing Zoo

Hua Mei (F)
(1999-08-21) August 21, 1999 (age 18)
Bai Yun (mother) and Shi Shi (father)
San Diego Zoo
Bifengxia Panda Base

Jia Panpan (M)
(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)
Er Shun (mother), and Jia Yueyue (sister)
Toronto Zoo

Jia Yueyue (F)
(2015-10-13) October 13, 2015 (age 2)
Er Shun (mother), and Jia Panpan (brother)
Toronto Zoo

Lin Bing (F)
(2009-05-27) May 27, 2009 (age 8)
Lin Hui (mother) and Chuang Chuang (father)
Chiang Mai Zoo

Lin Hui (F)
(2001-09-28) September 28, 2001 (age 16)
Tang Tang (mother) and Pan Pan (father)
Chiang Mai Zoo

Lun Lun (F)
(1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 20)
Yang Yang (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)
Zoo Atlanta

Mei Lan (M)
(2006-09-06) September 6, 2006 (age 11)
son of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)
Zoo Atlanta

Mei Sheng (M)
(2003-08-03) August 3, 2003 (age 14)
Bai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)
San Diego Zoo
Bifengxia Panda Base

Mei Xiang (F)
(1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 19)
mother of Tai Shan, Bao Bao and Bei Bei.
National Zoo in Washington D.C.

Po (F)[1]
(2010-11-03) November 3, 2010 (age 7)
son of Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)
Zoo Atlanta

Su Lin (F)
(2005-08-02) August 2, 2005 (age 12)
Bai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)
San Diego Zoo
Bifengxia Panda Base

Tai Shan (M)
(2005-07-09) July 9, 2005 (age 12)
son of Mei Xiang (mother) and Tian Tian (father); brother of Bao Bao and Bei Bei
National Zoo in Washington D.C.
Bifengxia Panda Base

Tian Tian (M)
(1997-08-27) August 27, 1997 (age 20)
Yong Ba (mother) and Pan Pan (father) Children: Tai Shan, Bao Bao, Bei Bei
National Zoo in Washington D.C.

Tian Tian (F)[2]
(2003-08-24) August 24, 2003 (age 14)
none
Edinburgh Zoo

Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (M) and (F)
Tuan Tuan (2004-09-01) September 1, 2004 (age 13)
Yuan Yuan (2004-08-31) August 31, 2004 (age 13)
Tuan Tuan is son of Hua Mei
Taipei Zoo

Wang Wang (M)
(2005-08-31) August 31, 2005 (age 12)
none
Adelaide Zoo

Xi Lan (M)
(2008-08-30) August 30, 2008 (age 9)
Lun Lun (mother) and Yang Yang (father)
Zoo Atlanta

Xin Xin (F)
(1990-07-01) July 1, 1990 (age 27)
Her mother is Tohui (she died 16 November 1993)
Her father Chia Chia is from the London Zoo (died in Mexico on October 13, 1991)
Chapultepec Zoo

Xiao Liwu (M)
(2012-07-29) July 29, 2012 (age 5)
Bai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)
San Diego Zoo

Yang Yang (M)
(1997-09-09) September 9, 1997 (age 20)
Lun Lun (mate), and Mei Lan, Xi Lan, and Po (sons)
Zoo Atlanta

Yang Guang (M)[2]
(2003-08-14) August 14, 2003 (age 14)
none
Edinburgh Zoo

Yuan Zai (F)[3]
(2013-07-06) July 6, 2013 (age 4)
Yuan Yuan (mother) and Tuan Tuan (father)
Taipei Zoo

Yun Zi (M)
(2009-08-05) August 5, 2009 (age 8)
Bai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)
San Diego Zoo

Zhen Zhen (F)
(2007-08-03) August 3, 2007 (age 10)
Bai Yun (mother) and Gao Gao (father)
San Diego Zoo
Bifengxia Panda Base

text: In Zoos[edit]

text: Asia

text: Many zoos and breeding centers in China house giant pandas. These include:

text:
Beijing Zoo – Home of the internationally notorious Gu Gu. The zoo also housed Ming-Ming (d. 2011 May 7), the first panda born in captivity.
Shanghai Zoo
Bifengxia Panda Base, Ya'an, Sichuan, is home to US-born giant pandas Mei Sheng (M), Hua Mei (F), Tai Shan (M),[4] Su Lin (F),[5] and Zhen Zhen (F).[5] It is also home to the Austrian-born Fu Long.[6]
Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan – Twelve cubs were born here in 2006.[7] It is also home to Japanese-born Xiong Bang (M)[8] and US-born Mei Lan (M[9]).[10]
China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at the Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan – Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006.[7]
Chime-Long Paradise Amusement Park, in Guangzhou, where three very rare panda triplets were born (all three have thus far survived) in July 2014
Ocean Park, Hong Kong – An An (M), Le Le (M), and Ying Ying (F)[11]
Macau Giant Panda Pavilion – home to Kai Kai (M) and Xin Xin (M) of Chengdu origin[12]
Dalian Forest Zoo – home to Fei Yun (F), Cai Zhen (F) and Jin Hu (M) of Wolong origin[13]

tag: ul

text:
Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan – home to Tuan Tuan (M) and Yuan Yuan (F), and their offspring Yuan Zai (F).[14]
Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, Thailand – home to Chuang Chuang (M), Lin Hui (F), and Lin Bing, a female cub born 27 May 2009.[15][16]
Adventure World, Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan – Until recently, it was home to Ei Mei (M), Mei Mei (F), Rau Hin (F), Ryu Hin and Syu Hin (M twins), and Kou Hin (M). In December 2006, twin cubs were born to Ei Mei and Mei Mei. Two cubs, Eiihin (M) and Meihin (F), were born to Rau Hin on 13 September 2008.[17][18] Mei Mei, a mother of ten cubs, died on 15 October 2008.[19][20]
Oji Zoo, Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan – home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan (F)[21]
River Safari, a new park under Wildlife Reserves Singapore. Singapore received two pandas (Kai Kai and Jia Jia) in 2012.[22]
Taman Safari, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Ueno Zoo, Taitō, Tokyo, Japan
Zoo Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – home to Feng Yi (known as Xing Xing) (M), and Fu Wa (known as Liang Liang) (F) since 21 May 2014. A female cub was born on 18 August 2015.[23]

text: Australia

text: Adelaide Zoo, is home to Wang Wang (M) and Funi (F). They arrived on 28 November 2009, and went on display on 14 December. They are expected to stay for a minimum of 10 years, and are the only giant pandas living in the Southern Hemisphere.[24]

text: Europe

text:
Berlin Zoological Garden, Germany is the former home of Bao Bao, which died in 2012 at the age of 34.[25][26] He was the oldest male panda living in captivity at the time of his death and had lived in Berlin for twenty five years. He never reproduced.
Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria – home to Yang Yang (F) and Long Hui (M), born in Wolong, China in 2000 They gave birth to Fu Long (M) in 2007,[27] and Fu Hu (M) in 2010.[28] Fu Long, who has been relocated to China, was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years.[27] On the 7. August 2016 twins were born.[29]
Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain is the home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F) since 2007. They gave birth to twin cubs on 7 September 2010.[30] Another cub, Xing Bao (F), was born in 2013 and in September 2016 Chulina (F).[31] The zoo was also the site of the first giant panda birth in Europe, Chulin (M) in 1982 whose parents, Shao Shao (F) and Chang Chang (M), arrived in 1978. Chulin (M, 1982) was the first panda to be born in captivity in the western hemisphere and by artificial insemination outside China[32][32][33]
The Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland – home to Tian Tian (F) and Yang Guang (M) since 4 December 2011.[34]
ZooParc de Beauval, Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher, France – home to Huan Huan (F) and Yuan Zi (M) since 15 January 2012.[35]
Pairi Daiza, Cambron-Casteau, Belgium – home to Hao Hao (F) and Xing Hui (M) since February 2014; New born baby on 1 June 2016.[36]
Ouwehands Dierenpark, Rhenen, the Netherlands - home to Xing Ya (M) and Wu Wen (F) since April 2017.[37]

text: North America

text:
Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City – home of Xiu Hua, born on 25 June 1985, Shuan Shuan, born on 15 June 1987, and Xin Xin, born on 1 July 1990 from Tohui (Tohui born on Chapultepec Zoo on 21 July 1981 and died on 16 November 1993), all females[38][39]
San Diego Zoo, San Diego – home of Bai Yun (F), Gao Gao (M), Yun Zi (M), and Xiao Liwu (M)[40]
National Zoo in Washington, DC – home of Mei Xiang (F) and Tian Tian (M),[41] and two cubs born to Mei Xiang: Bao Bao, born on 23 August 2013; and Bei Bei, born on 22 August 2015.[42][43][44] By a long-standing agreement, Bao Bao departed for China on 21 February 2017.[45][46]
Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta – home of Lun Lun (F), Yang Yang (M), Xi Lan (M), and Po (F),[47] born 3 November 2010[48] and twin female[47] cubs Mei Huan and Mei Lun,[47] born 15 July 2013[49]
Memphis Zoo, Memphis – home of Ya Ya (F) and Le Le (M)[50]
The Toronto Zoo and Calgary Zoo are hosting a pair of pandas named Er Shun (F) and Da Mao (M). The two pandas arrived in Canada at the Toronto Zoo in March 2013 (two months before the exhibit opened in May), and will spend 10 years in Canada, evenly split between Toronto and Calgary.[51][52][53] For Toronto this will be the second set of pandas: Quan Quan (Female, died 2010 at Jinan Zoo at age 21) and Qing Qing (Female born Sept 9, 1984 and later at Wuhan Zoo and now at Chengdu Panda Base[54]) were sent to the zoo for 100 days beginning in July 1985.[55]

text: North American-born pandas

text:
Tohui (Tarahumara word for child), born 21 July 1981, died 16 November 1993, a female at Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City, was the first giant panda to be born and survive in captivity outside China. Her parents were Ying Ying and Pe Pe.[56]
Hua Mei, was born 1999 in the San Diego Zoo and sent to China in 2004.[40]
Mei Sheng, born 2003 at the San Diego Zoo, sent to China 2007.[40]
Tai Shan, born 9 July 2005 at the National Zoo in Washington, DC,[57] was sent to China in 2010.
Su Lin was born 2 August 2005 at the San Diego Zoo and moved to China in 2010.[40]
Mei Lan, born 6 September 2006 at Zoo Atlanta, was sent to China in 2010.
Zhen Zhen, born 3 August 2007 at the San Diego Zoo, was moved to China in 2010.[40]
Xi Lan, born 30 August 2008 at Zoo Atlanta, was moved to China in 2014.[48]
Yun Zi, born 5 August 2009 at the San Diego Zoo, was moved to China in 2014.[40]
Po, born 3 November 2010 at Zoo Atlanta[48]
Xiao Liwu, born 29 July 2012 at the San Diego Zoo[40]
Bao Bao, born 23 August 2013 at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, moved to China on 21 February 2017.[58][45][46]
Bei Bei and an unnamed twin were born 22 August 2015 to Mei Xiang at the National Zoo in Washington, DC.[59] The smaller of the two cubs died on 26 August 2015.[42]
Twins Jia Panpan and Jia Yueyue, born 13 October 2015 to Er Shun at the Toronto Zoo. The father is to be determined, but likely Da Mao.[60]
Mei Lun and Mei Huan[61]


document_title: The Longest Day (film)

question_text: who did john wayne play in the longest day

text: The Longest Day (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama. Beginning in the days leading up to D-Day, it concentrates on events on both sides of the channel, such as the Allies waiting for the break in the poor weather and anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France. The film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of SHAEF, to go after reviewing the initial bad-weather reports as well as reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen or what the response to it should be.

text: Numerous scenes document the early hours of June 6 when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches. The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started. The Longest Day chronicles most of the important events surrounding D-Day, from the British glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge, the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte-Mère-Église, the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents to the response by the Wehrmacht to the invasion and the uncertainty of German commanders as to whether it was a feint in preparation for crossings at the Pas de Calais (see Operation Fortitude), where the senior German staff had always assumed it would be.

text: Set-piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte-Mère-Église, the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches, the U.S. Ranger Assault Group's assault on the Pointe du Hoc, the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces and the strafing of the beaches by two lone Luftwaffe pilots.

text: The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France.

text: Cast[edit]

text: American[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Eddie Albert
Colonel Thompson, 29th Infantry Division

Paul Anka
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Richard Beymer
Private Arthur 'Dutch' Schultz, 82nd Airborne Division

Red Buttons
Private John Steele, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Gary Collins
Officer on destroyer bridge (uncredited)

John Crawford
Colonel Eugene Caffey, Commander, 1st Engineer Special Brigade (uncredited)

Mark Damon
Private Harris (uncredited)

Ray Danton
Captain Frank, 29th Infantry Division

Fred Dur
Major, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Fabian
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Mel Ferrer
Major General Robert Haines, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)

Henry Fonda
Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., Assistant Commander, 4th Infantry Division

Steve Forrest
Captain Harding, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Henry Grace (dubbed by Allen Swift)
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited)

Peter Helm
Young private, 29th Infantry Division

Jeffrey Hunter
Sergeant John H. Fuller, combat engineer, 29th Infantry Division

Alexander Knox
Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff, SHAEF

Mickey Knox
Downed Airman, (uncredited)

Dewey Martin
Private Wilder, 4th Infantry Division (scenes deleted)

Roddy McDowall
Private Morris, 4th Infantry Division

John Meillon
Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces (uncredited)

Sal Mineo
Private Martini, 82nd Airborne Division

Robert Mitchum
Brigadier General Norman Cota, Assistant Commander, 29th Infantry Division

Tony Mordente
Cook, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)

Bill Nagy
Major, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Edmond O'Brien
Major General Raymond O. Barton, Commander, 4th Infantry Division

Ron Randell
Joe Williams, war correspondent

Robert Ryan
Brigadier General James M. Gavin, Assistant Commander, 82nd Airborne Division

Tommy Sands
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

George Segal
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Bob Steele
Paratrooper, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)

Rod Steiger
Destroyer commander, United States Navy

Nicholas Stuart
Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, Commander, First Army (uncredited)

Tom Tryon
Lieutenant Wilson, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Robert Wagner
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Joe Warfield
Army medic (uncredited)

John Wayne
Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort, CO, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Stuart Whitman
Lieutenant Sheen, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

text: British[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Patrick Barr
Group Captain J. M. Stagg, meteorologist (uncredited)

Lyndon Brook
Lieutenant Walsh, "D" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited)

Richard Burton
Flying Officer David Campbell, Royal Air Force fighter pilot

Bryan Coleman
Ronald Callen, war correspondent (uncredited)

Sean Connery
Private Flanagan, 3rd Infantry Division

Richard Dawson
British soldier (uncredited)

Jack Hedley
6th Airborne Division briefing officer (uncredited)

Leslie de Laspee
Piper Bill Millin, 1st Special Service Brigade (uncredited)

Frank Finlay
Private Coke (uncredited)

Harry Fowler
Soldier, 6th Airborne Division (uncredited)

Bernard Fox
Lance-Corporal Hutchinson, Royal Armoured Corps (uncredited)

Leo Genn
Major-general at SHAEF

Harold Goodwin
Soldier in glider (uncredited)

John Gregson
Padre, 6th Airborne Division

Walter Horsbrugh
Rear-Admiral George Creasy, Chief of Staff to Admiral Ramsay (uncredited)

Donald Houston
RAF fighter pilot in mess

Patrick Jordan
British officer (uncredited)

Simon Lack
Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Air Force (uncredited)

Harry Landis
British soldier (uncredited)

Peter Lawford
Brigadier Lord Lovat, Commander, 1st Special Service Brigade

Neil McCallum
Canadian medical officer (uncredited)

Victor Maddern
Cook (uncredited)

Howard Marion-Crawford
Major Jacob Vaughan, Medical Officer, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited)

Michael Medwin
Private Watney, Universal Carrier driver, 3rd Infantry Division

Kenneth More
Acting Captain Colin Maud, Royal Navy Beachmaster, Juno Beach

Louis Mounier
Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, Deputy Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited)

Leslie Phillips
RAF officer with French Resistance

Siân Phillips
Wren assistant to Stagg (uncredited)

Trevor Reid
General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Armies (uncredited)

John Robinson
Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief (uncredited)

Norman Rossington
Lance-Corporal Clough, 3rd Infantry Division

Richard Todd
Major John Howard, OC, "D" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry

Richard Wattis
Major, 6th Airborne Division

text: French[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Arletty
Madame Barrault, resident of Sainte-Mère-Église

Jean-Louis Barrault
Father Louis Roulland, parish priest of Sainte-Mère-Église

Yves Barsacq
French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited)

André Bourvil
Alphonse Lenaux, Mayor of Colleville-sur-Mer

Pauline Carton
Louis's housekeeper

Jean Champion
French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited)

Irina Demick
Janine Boitard, French Resistance, Caen

Bernard Fresson
Fusilier Marin Commando (uncredited)

Clément Harari
Arrested man (uncredited)

Fernand Ledoux
Louis, elderly farmer

Christian Marquand
Capitaine de Corvette Philippe Kieffer, CO, 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos

Maurice Poli
Jean, French Resistance, Caen (uncredited)

Madeleine Renaud
Mother superior in Ouistreham

Georges Rivière
Second-Maître Guy de Montlaur, 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos

Jean Servais
Contre-amiral Robert Jaujard, Commander, 4th Cruiser Division, Free French Naval Forces

Alice Tissot
Lenaux's housekeeper (uncredited)

Georges Wilson
Alexandre Renaud, Mayor of Sainte-Mère-Église

Dominique Zardi
Spitfire pilot (uncredited)

text: German[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Hans Christian Blech
Major Werner Pluskat, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division

Wolfgang Büttner
Generalleutnant Dr. Hans Speidel, Chief of Staff, Army Group B

Eugene Deckers
German Major in church (uncredited)

Robert Freitag
Meyer's aide (uncredited)

Gert Fröbe
Unteroffizier "Kaffeekanne" ("coffee pot")

Walter Gotell
SS General (uncredited)

Paul Hartmann
Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt, Commander, OB West

Ruth Hausmeister
Lucie Rommel, Rommel's wife (uncredited)

Michael Hinz
Manfred Rommel, Rommel's son (uncredited)

Werner Hinz
Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, Commander, Army Group B

Karl John
Generalleutnant Wolfgang Häger, Luftwaffe Kommando West

Curt Jürgens
General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt, Chief of Staff, OB West

Til Kiwe
Hauptmann Helmuth Lang, ADC to Rommel (uncredited)

Wolfgang Lukschy
Generaloberst Alfred Jodl, Chief of Operations, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (uncredited)

Kurt Meisel
Hauptmann Ernst Düring (uncredited)

Richard Münch
General der Artillerie Erich Marcks, Commander, LXXXIV Army Corps

Rainer Penkert
Leutnant Fritz Theen, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division (uncredited)

Wolfgang Preiss
Generalleutnant Max Pemsel, Chief of Staff, 7th Army

Hartmut Reck
Oberfeldwebel Bernhard Bergsdorf, pilot, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited)

Heinz Reincke
Oberstleutnant Josef Priller, Kommodore, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited)

Paul Edwin Roth
Oberst Schiller (uncredited)

Dietmar Schönherr
Häger's aide (uncredited)

Ernst Schröder
Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth, Commander, 15th Army (uncredited)

Hans Söhnker
Pemsel's staff officer (uncredited)

Heinz Spitzner
Oberstleutnant Helmuth Meyer, Chief of Intelligence, 15th Army (uncredited)

Peter van Eyck
Oberstleutnant Ocker, Commander, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division

Vicco von Bülow
Pemsel's adjutant (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan's novel The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day on March 23, 1960. After finishing The Truth, Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached. Ryan would receive $100,000, plus $35,000 to write the adaptation's screenplay. Lévy intended to start production in March 1961, filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts. But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected. Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble, and in December purchased Lévy's option for $175,000.[4] Zanuck's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment, which piqued the producer's interest and made him attach Williams to The Longest Day as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. Ryan was brought in to write the script, but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met. Williams was forced to act as a mediator; he would deliver Ryan's script pages to Zanuck, then return them with the latter's annotations.[5] While Ryan developed the script, Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups, including James Jones and Romain Gary. As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor, Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration,[6] but the four other writers are credited for "additional scenes" in the closing credits.

text: During pre-production, producer Frank McCarthy, who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II, arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes, shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously. He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki, the British Ken Annakin, and the American Andrew Marton.[7] Zanuck's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project, particularly the high budget.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text:
The film was shot at several French locations including the Île de Ré, Saleccia beach in Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse, Port-en-Bessin-Huppain filling in for Ouistreham, Les Studios de Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt and the actual locations of Pegasus Bridge near Bénouville, Calvados, Sainte-Mère-Église and Pointe du Hoc.[9]
During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach, the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the landing craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold. Robert Mitchum, who played Gen. Norman Cota, became disgusted with their trepidation. He jumped in first, at which point the extras followed his example.
The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those actually used in the decoy parachute drop (Operation Titanic), which were simply canvas or burlap sacks filled with sand. The dummies dressed in American jumpsuits were used in filming the Sainte-Mère-Église sequence.[9] In the real operation, six Special Air Service soldiers jumped with the dummies and played recordings of loud battle noises to distract the Germans.
With a budget of $10,000,000, this was the most expensive black-and-white film made until 1993, when Schindler's List was released.[3]
In the scenes where the paratroopers land, the background noise of frogs croaking "ribbit ribbit" was incorrect for northern French frog species and showed that the film probably used an American recording of background night noises.
Darryl Zanuck hired several former military personnel to aid in direction. The director of American exteriors was Andrew Marton, director of British exteriors was Ken Annakin, director of German exteriors was Bernhard Wicki. This was to ensure the most authentic military procedures.
Colin Maud loaned Kenneth More the shillelagh he carried ashore in the actual invasion (More had served as an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II, albeit not as a Beachmaster); similarly Richard Todd wore the D-Day helmet worn by his character, Maj. John Howard.
In the film, three Free French Special Air Service paratroopers jump into France before British and American airborne landings. This is accurate. Thirty-six Free French SAS (4 sticks) jumped into Brittany (Plumelec and Duault) on June 5 at 23:30, (operation Dingson). The first Allied soldiers killed in action were Lt. Den Brotheridge of the 2nd Ox & Bucks Light Infantry as he crossed Pegasus Bridge at 00:22 on June 6 and Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4th Free French SAS battalion, at the same time in Plumelec, Brittany.
The United States Sixth Fleet extensively supported the filming and made available many amphibious landing ships and craft for scenes filmed in Corsica, though many of the ships were of (then) modern vintage. The Springfield and Little Rock, both World War II light cruisers (though extensively reconfigured into guided missile cruisers) were used in the shore bombardment scenes, though it was easy to tell they did not resemble their wartime configuration.
Gerd Oswald was the uncredited director of the parachute drop scenes into Sainte-Mère-Église. Darryl F. Zanuck said that he himself directed some uncredited pick-ups with American and British interiors.[10]
Elmo Williams was credited as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. He later produced another historical World War II film, Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), for Zanuck. Like The Longest Day, it used a docudrama style, although it was in color. It depicted the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

text: Casting[edit]

text:
Charlton Heston actively sought the role of Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort, but the last-minute decision of John Wayne to take the role prevented Heston's participation. At 55 Wayne was 28 years older than Vandervoort at the time of action (and 10 years older in real life). While everyone else accepted $25,000 as payment, Wayne insisted on $250,000 to punish producer Zanuck for referring to him as "poor John Wayne" regarding Wayne's problems with his lavish movie The Alamo.[11]
Zanuck hired more than 2,000 legitimate soldiers for the film as extras.
Sgt. Kaffeekanne (played by Gert Fröbe)'s name is German for "coffee pot", which he always carries.
It is a common misconception that Bill Millin, the piper who accompanies Lord Lovat to Normandy with his bagpipes, played himself in the film. He was actually portrayed by Pipe Major Leslie de Laspee, the official piper to the Queen Mother in 1961.[12][13]
In Sainte-Mère-Église, Pvt. John Steele from the 82nd Airborne (played by Red Buttons) has been memorialised by the local population with a dummy hanging from a parachute from the church tower on which he accidentally landed.
Richard Todd, who played Maj. John Howard, leader of the British airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge, took part in the real bridge assault on D-Day. He was offered the chance to play himself but took the part of Maj. Howard instead.
Joseph Lowe landed on Omaha Beach and scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on D-Day. He repeated the climb for the cameras 17 years later as a serving member of the 505th Airborne Battle Group who provided US Army film extras.
Former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was considered for the role of himself in the film, and he indicated his willingness. However, it was decided that makeup artists couldn't make him appear young enough to play his World War II self. The role of Gen. Eisenhower went to Henry Grace, a set decorator with no acting experience but who had been in the film industry since the mid-1930s. He was a dead ringer for the younger Eisenhower, though his voice differed.
The film marked the last film appearance of Sean Connery before he was cast in the role of James Bond. Gert Fröbe (Sgt. Kaffeekanne) and Curd Jürgens (Gen. Günther Blumentritt) would later go on to play Bond villains Auric Goldfinger (Goldfinger (1964)) and Karl Stromberg (The Spy Who Loved Me) respectively. Connery would later play Maj. Gen. Roy Urquhart in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far, which was also based on a book by Cornelius Ryan. (Likewise Wolfgang Preiss played Maj. Gen. Max Pemsel in The Longest Day and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in A Bridge Too Far.)
Mel Ferrer was originally signed to play the role of Gen. James M. Gavin but withdrew from the role due to a scheduling conflict.[9]
According to the 2001 documentary Cleopatra: The Film That Changed Hollywood, Richard Burton and Roddy McDowall were so bored having not been used for several weeks while filming in Rome that they phoned Zanuck begging to do "anything" on his film. They flew themselves to the location and each did a day's filming for their cameo-performances for free.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premièred in France on September 25, 1962, followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom. Given Fox was suffering with the financial losses of Cleopatra, the studio was intending for The Longest Day to have a wide release to reap quick profits. Zanuck forced them to do a proper Roadshow theatrical release, even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so.[14] The Longest Day eventually became the box office hit Fox needed, with $30 million in worldwide rentals on a $7.5 million budget.[1]

text: There were special-release showings of the film in several United States cities. Participants in D-Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers—in Cleveland, Ohio, this took place at the Hippodrome Theater.[citation needed]

text: Unique for British- and American-produced World War II films of the time, all French and German characters speak in their own languages with subtitles in English. Another version, which was shot simultaneously, has all the actors speaking their lines in English (this version was used for the film's trailer, as all the Germans deliver their lines in English). However, this version saw limited use during the initial release. It was used more extensively during a late 1960s re-release of the film.

text: The English-only version has been featured as an extra on older single disc DVD releases. As of August 2017, it is also available for viewing on Netflix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Art Direction (1962): Ted Haworth, Léon Barsacq, Vincent Korda and Gabriel Béchir (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Cinematography (1962): Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz (won)[15]
Academy Award for Best Editing (1962): Samuel E. Beetley (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Picture (1962): Darryl F. Zanuck (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Special Effects (1962): Robert MacDonald and Jacques Maumont (won)[15]