document_title: The Walking Dead (season 3)

question_text: where was season 3 of the walking dead filmed

text: The Walking Dead (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: The third season features ten actors receiving opening credits billing, with eight returning from the previous season and two new cast members introduced; six are listed as main cast members in the second season, while Lauren Cohan, Michael Rooker and Scott Wilson were promoted from recurring status,[4][5] while Danai Gurira and David Morrissey were added to the main cast as Michonne and The Governor, respectively.[6] However, Wilson and McBride are credited as "Also starring".[7]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist and a former sheriff's deputy, who has established himself as the group's leader. Rick has become a more cold and calculating leader, willing to leave strangers to die and abandon group members if it means everyone else survives, and comes into conflict with The Governor. Rick has also become distant, resentful of Lori for her affair with Shane.
Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes, Rick's wife and Carl's mother, who is 9 months pregnant but is resented by Rick and Carl for her affair with Shane and the problems it led to.
Laurie Holden as Andrea, a former successful civil rights attorney, who was separated from the group at the end of the second season. She befriends Michonne and forms a relationship with The Governor.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, an antihero-like Southern redneck, who's also the group's primary hunter. He has become Rick's right-hand man and closest ally since Shane's death.
Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee, a former pizza delivery boy and Maggie's boyfriend. Glenn has found something in Maggie that he doesn't want to lose and has become very protective of her.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene, Hershel's strong-willed and determined elder daughter and Glenn's girlfriend. Maggie has come to terms with the walker virus and has since become a good fighter and an integral member of the core group.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick and Lori's young son, who has also become more cold and brutal following his father's example, but is often frustrated when he is forbidden to contribute more often, as the elder members of the group seek to retain his innocence.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, the katana-wielding hooded figure, who saves Andrea in the season two finale. Michonne is a quiet and seemingly ruthless survivalist, who immediately dislikes The Governor. She forms a bond with Rick's son Carl and begins to shed her brutality for a healthier mindset.
Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon, an unruly Southern redneck and Daryl's older brother, who disappeared in the first season. Merle is the right hand of The Governor, but Daryl, being his brother, could change that.
David Morrissey as The Governor, leader of the town of Woodbury, father of Penny, and the primary antagonist of the season. The Governor is a ruthless, paranoid, and dangerous sociopath, who will murder anyone he sees as a threat to his community, and seeks to eliminate Rick's group when they move into the prison nearby.

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a former victim of domestic abuse, who is now the last surviving member of her family, having lost her daughter Sophia last season. Carol also has a close bond with Daryl, and dislikes his brother Merle for his influence over him but sees Daryl's potential in him too.
Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene, a religious farmer, trained veterinarian, and father of Maggie and Beth, as well as a father figure to Glenn. He serves as the group's primary moral compass and Rick's main adviser.

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Emily Kinney as Beth Greene, Hershel's soft-spoken younger daughter and Maggie's half-sister, who has accepted the world's new state, having previously tried to kill herself, and has become more skilled at killing walkers. She often tries to boost morale by singing.
IronE Singleton as Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas, a survivor of the original Atlanta group, who struggles to prove his worth to the group, but is a brave individual willing to risk his life for everyone else's sake.

text: Woodbury[edit]

text:
Jose Pablo Cantillo as Caesar Martinez, one of The Governor's men. Martinez is a loyal, slightly egotistical, member of Governor's forces, but is reasonable and has honor, and is even disturbed by The Governor's actions but is willing to do what is needed to stay alive.
Dallas Roberts as Milton Mamet, a scientist and old friend of The Governor, who studies the walkers believing there can be a way to restore their humanity, but is reluctant to accept The Governor for the monster he is as he knew him before the outbreak.
Travis Love as Shumpert, a silent bow using member of the Woodbury army, who is very loyal to The Governor and a good friend of Martinez.
Melissa Ponzio as Karen, a former teacher and Woodbury citizen, who disagrees with The Governor's plan to raise an army from the Woodbury citizens, which includes the children.
Alexa Nikolas as Haley, a cocky and overly confident female Woodbury guard.
Lawrence Kao as Tim, a member of the Woodbury army.
Arthur Bridgers as Crowley, a member of the Woodbury army.
Donzaleigh Abernathy as Dr. Stevens, a doctor living in Woodbury.

text: The Prisoners[edit]

text:
Nick Gomez as Tomas, a violent convict and the leader of a group of prisoners, who survived within the prison.
Lew Temple as Axel, a convict and survivor, found by the group in the prison, who tries to keep the peace but often speaks more than needed. He also forms a friendship with Carol.
Vincent Ward as Oscar, a survivor found in the prison and Axel's best friend, who is very honorable and brave, even in the face of death, and is willing to risk his life to help those in need.
Markice Moore as Andrew, the smallest and weakest of the prisoners which Rick's group encounters, who is also the most mischievous and cunning of them.
Theodus Crane as Big Tiny, the largest of Tomas' group of prisoners but is also the most kind, who has trouble killing walkers.

text: Tyreese's group[edit]

text:
Chad L. Coleman as Tyreese Williams, a survivor leading a small group of people to safety, who finds the group in the prison, but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick against everyone else's advice. He eventually joins Woodbury, unaware of The Governor's true nature. Tyreese is a man of morals and principles willing to do what it takes the earn his place and to find a safe haven for his sister and friends, but is hesitant to hurt people even if needed.
Sonequa Martin-Green as Sasha Williams, Tyreese's sister, who is trying to find shelter with her brother and finds the group in the prison but is tossed out by a mentally unstable Rick, against everyone else's advice, and joins Woodbury unaware of The Governor's true nature. Unlike Tyreese, Sasha has a colder survival mindset which sometimes puts her into conflict with her brother, but she is still compassionate enough to avoid unnecessary bloodshed.
Daniel Thomas May as Allen, part of Tyreese's group, father of Ben, and husband of Donna, who is a survivalist willing to kill innocent people even if they show him compassion. He also has a feud with Tyreese as Donna became smitten with him after he saved her from walkers.
Tyler Chase as Ben, Allen's teenage son, who is willing to do what his father tells him regardless of how dark these actions are.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first person Rick encountered and befriended after awakening from his coma who, along with his son Duane, were believed dead. Though a kind and moral father, Morgan has suffered a psychological break after his son was killed by his undead wife after Morgan failed to shoot her earlier. Morgan now believes his life's purpose is to clear Rick's hometown of all walkers and people and unintentionally almost kills Rick.
Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh, the second season's primary antagonist and Rick's former fellow sheriff's deputy and best friend, who had an affair with Lori and lost his sanity, due to his obsession with Lori. He was killed by Rick whilst trying to murder him in the second season, and reappears as a hallucination to Rick during the Woodbury battle.
Emma Bell as Amy (voice), Andrea's younger sister and a former member of the group, who was bit and was put down by Andrea; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui (voice), a former employee of the City of Atlanta, and former member of the group, who committed suicide after losing hope by staying in CDC with Dr. Edwin Jenner as it exploded from fail-safes; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
Andrew Rothenberg as Jim (voice), a former member of the group, who was bit and, per his request, left to reanimate; heard in Rick's hallucinations over the phone.
Julio Cesar Cedillo as Lt. Welles, a member of a group of military personnel, who are involved in a helicopter crash, and saved, but eventually slaughtered by The Governor while Welles himself is decapitated and has his head placed in a fish tank.

text: Production[edit]

text: AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a third season on October 25, 2011 after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18-49 demographic.[8] On January 14, 2012, AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes.[2]

text: Filming for the season began in May 2012 in Coweta County, Georgia, with the city of Senoia being used as the filming location for the town of Woodbury.[9] Ernest Dickerson directed the season premiere episode.[10] Greg Nicotero, co-executive producer and special make-up FX artist on the series, directed the fifth episode of season 3 after already having directed the season 2 episode "Judge, Jury, Executioner". He also returned as a zombie in the episode "The Suicide King", after portraying two different zombies in the first season.[11] In November 2012, Glen Mazzara announced that Ernest Dickerson would direct the season finale.[12]

text: After the conclusion of the third season, Mazzara stepped down from his position as showrunner and executive producer for the series, in a mutual agreement by both Mazzara and AMC. The press release read, "Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward, and conclude that it is best to part ways."[13]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Following the Torn Apart series in 2011, another set of webisodes titled Cold Storage were produced and debuted on October 1, 2012, prior to the premiere of Season 3.[14][15]

text: Talking Dead[edit]

text: A second season had been commissioned in May 2012.[16] To coincide with a marathon of the show, a special episode was aired in July 2012 following the marathon's end, featuring a tour of the various props/sets used in the third season, as well as cast/crew interviews, and a snippet of exclusive footage featuring the newly introduced character Michonne.[17]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

20
1
"Seed"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14)
10.87[18]

Eight months after abandoning Hershel's farmstead, and Lori at the end of her pregnancy, Rick leads the group into securing a prison presently overrun with walkers. While clearing out the cells, Hershel is bitten on the foot by a walker, and they are forced to amputate it to save his life, discovering that five surviving prisoners are present. Meanwhile, Michonne watches over an ailing Andrea.

21
2
"Sick"
Billy Gierhart
Nichole Beattie
October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21)
9.55[19]

Rick's group discuss what to do with the five prison survivors, and initially lock them in a separate but walker-free part of the prison. When the prisoners agree to help them clear walkers, Rick allows them to come, but finds their leader Tomas unstable and is forced to kill him, while abandoning another, Andrew, in a yard full of walkers. The others tend carefully to Hershel's health to make sure he does not turn.

22
3
"Walk with Me"
Guy Ferland
Evan Reilly
October 28, 2012 (2012-10-28)
10.51[20]

Andrea and Michonne witness a group of men investigate a helicopter crash, but are captured by Merle and taken to the fortified town of Woodbury, where they meet The Governor, of whom Michonne is distrustful. One of the survivors of the crash tells The Governor of where their group is based out of, and The Governor leads his men to kill the other group and secure their weapons and vehicles for themselves.

23
4
"Killer Within"
Guy Ferland
Sang Kyu Kim
November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04)
9.27[21]

As Hershel recovers, the prison's alarms go off, and walkers, lured by the sound, overwhelm Rick's group, and they are forced to scatter within the prison, while T-Dog sacrifices himself to protect Carol. Rick, aided by surviving prisoners Oscar and Axel in shutting down the alarms, discovers the walkers were lured through a breach in the prison fence by Andrew, and kills him. Lori, Carl, and Maggie secure themselves in a boiler room as Lori goes into labor. Maggie is forced to perform a Caesarean section to deliver her daughter but which is fatal to Lori, and Carl shoots her to prevent reanimation. As the survivors regroup, Rick is devastated to discover Lori's death.

24
5
"Say the Word"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
November 11, 2012 (2012-11-11)
10.37[22]

Michonne discovers The Governor's secret captivity of walkers, and decides to leave Woodbury, despite Andrea staying behind and learning more about The Governor from his second-hand man, Milton. The Governor, on learning of her departure, has Merle and a group of men try to find her. Meanwhile, Rick is still emotionally upset about his loss when he gets a phone call.

25
6
"Hounded"
Dan Attias
Scott M. Gimple
November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18)
9.21[23]

Rick, still in mourning, seems to receive phone calls in the boiler room from where Lori died, from previous survivors that had died. While evading capture, Michonne witnesses Glenn and Maggie scavenging for baby supplies for Lori's child before they are captured by Merle, who recognizes Glenn as one of the members of his former group that abandoned him in Atlanta. Michonne, having deduced where Glenn and Maggie originated from, takes the supplies to the prison and encounters Rick there.

26
7
"When the Dead Come Knocking"
Dan Sackheim
Frank Renzulli
November 25, 2012 (2012-11-25)
10.43[24]

Though distrustful of her, Rick has Michonne's wounds tended to while she explains Glenn and Maggie's capture and Woodbury. At Woodbury, The Governor harshly interrogates Glenn and Maggie to learn where they are from, and when he threatens to kill Glenn, Maggie reveals the group is at the prison. The Governor sends Merle to scout the prison, while Rick, Daryl, Oscar, and Michonne approach Woodbury.

27
8
"Made to Suffer"
Billy Gierhart
Robert Kirkman
December 2, 2012 (2012-12-02)
10.48[25]

Rick's party invade Woodbury and rescue Glenn and Maggie, where Daryl learns Merle is still alive. Michonne, attempting to kill The Governor, finds he keeps his reanimated daughter Penny still chained up and kills her; The Governor discovers Michonne and they fight, which ends when she stabs him in the eye. Oscar is killed in covering their escape while Daryl is captured and forced into fighting Merle. Meanwhile, a new group of survivors led by Tyreese and Sasha enter the prison through the fence breach.

28
9
"The Suicide King"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Evan Reilly
February 10, 2013 (2013-02-10)
12.26[26]

While Daryl and Merle fight, Rick and Maggie return to Woodbury to free Daryl. They are forced to bring Merle along, which Rick and Glenn fear will harm them, and Daryl and Merle go on their own. The residents of Woodbury begin to question their safety, and Andrea tries to calm The Governor down from taking drastic action. At the prison, the survivors discover Tyreese and Sasha's group, and though wary, allow them to stay. When Rick returns, he is still seeing visions of Lori and becomes angry and violent, and Glenn suggests it is best for the new group to leave.

29
10
"Home"
Seith Mann
Nichole Beattie
February 17, 2013 (2013-02-17)
11.05[27]

Though distrustful of her, The Governor offers to give leadership of Woodbury to Andrea. The Governor secretly leads a group of his men to attack the prison, killing Axel, and breaching the outer fence to allow walkers in. The survivors hold back the attack, forcing The Governor to retreat, while Daryl and Merle, having decided it is best to stay part of the group, arrive to save the other survivors.

30
11
"I Ain't a Judas"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
February 24, 2013 (2013-02-24)
11.01[28]

Andrea learns of the attack on the prison, and demands to go there to try to calm the situation. The Governor allows her to go but with Milton along. En route, they find Tyreese and Sasha's group, and Milton takes them back to Woodbury, where they offer to give The Governor the layout of the prison in exchange for being allowed to stay. At the prison, Andrea explains the situation and that The Governor really wants Michonne, and the group suggests she try to kill The Governor herself before all-out war breaks out. Back in Woodbury, Andrea finds she cannot come to kill The Governor.

31
12
"Clear"
Tricia Brock
Scott M. Gimple
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
11.30[29]

Rick, Carl, and Michonne travel back to Rick's home in King County to gather more weapons for the pending battle, and discover Morgan Jones is still alive, though has lost his son Duane. Rick tries to convince Morgan to return with them, while Michonne protects Carl while he recovers supplies and a personal photograph from a bar. As they return, Rick and Carl realize Michonne is an asset to their group.

32
13
"Arrow on the Doorpost"
David Boyd
Ryan C. Coleman
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
11.46[30]

Andrea arranges a face-to-face meeting between The Governor and Rick, where The Governor demands they turn over Michonne to him. Believing that The Governor wants to kill them regardless, Rick and The Governor prepare their respective groups for combat.

33
14
"Prey"
Stefan Schwartz
Glen Mazzara & Evan Reilly
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
10.84[31]

Andrea learns of The Governor's duplicity and intent to kill Rick's group from Milton, and manages to escape Woodbury to warn Rick, but The Governor is able to capture her just before she reaches the prison. While they are gone, someone burns all of the captured walkers that The Governor has kept, and he suspects either Milton or Tyreese.

34
15
"This Sorrowful Life"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
10.99[32]

Rick decides on his own to deliver Michonne to The Governor, discreetly asking Merle for help, but Merle insists he do it alone. As Merle takes Michonne to the spot, Merle becomes sympathetic towards her, and lets her go. Merle uses the opportunity to lead a group of walkers to the meeting point, and then to attack The Governor, but is eventually killed. Michonne returns to the prison and on her way back she meets Daryl telling him that Merle let her go. Daryl goes to the meeting point and finds Merle, now reanimated, before he kills him. Michonne finally arrives back at prison.

35
16
"Welcome to the Tombs"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
12.42[33]

The Governor, no longer trusting of anyone, fatally wounds Milton and locks him in the room he has kept Andrea, expecting him to turn and kill her; Milton manages to keep his wits long enough to explain to her how to escape. The Governor leads an attack on the prison, but Rick's group is prepared and ambushes them, forcing The Governor and stragglers to flee; he later kills his own people when they do not want to return and continue the fight. Rick and the others return to Woodbury, and are too late to save Andrea, having been bitten by Milton. She kills herself, and the surviving residents of Woodbury are brought to the prison.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The third season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 19 critics.[34] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 88% with an average rating of 8.12 out of 10, based on 30 reviews, and an average episode score of 85%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The palpable terror and visceral thrills continue in the third season of The Walking Dead, along with a deeper sense of the people who inhabit its apocalyptic landscape."[35]

text:
The Walking Dead (season 3): Critical reception by episode

Season 3 (2012–13): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[35]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: For the 39th Saturn Awards, the third season of The Walking Dead received four nominations and two wins. The wins were for Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series and Best Supporting Actress on Television (Laurie Holden).[3] The nominations were for Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln) and Best Supporting Actor on Television (David Morrissey).[36]

text: The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards ("This Sorrowful Life").[37] Additionally, the season was also nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th and 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards for both halves of the season, respectively.[38][39] This season was also nominated for Program of the Year at the 29th TCA Awards,[40] while Andrew Lincoln was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series at the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards.[41]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Seed"
October 14, 2012
5.8
10.87[18]

2
"Sick"
October 21, 2012
5.1
9.55[19]

3
"Walk with Me"
October 28, 2012
5.4
10.51[20]

4
"Killer Within"
November 4, 2012
4.9
9.27[21]

5
"Say the Word"
November 11, 2012
5.6
10.37[22]

6
"Hounded"
November 18, 2012
4.9
9.21[23]

7
"When the Dead Come Knocking"
November 25, 2012
5.4
10.43[24]

8
"Made to Suffer"
December 2, 2012
5.4
10.48[25]

9
"The Suicide King"
February 10, 2013
6.1
12.26[26]

10
"Home"
February 17, 2013
5.6
11.05[27]

11
"I Ain't a Judas"
February 24, 2013
5.7
11.01[28]

12
"Clear"
March 3, 2013
5.7
11.30[29]

13
"Arrow on the Doorpost"
March 10, 2013
5.7
11.46[30]

14
"Prey"
March 17, 2013
5.5
10.84[31]

15
"This Sorrowful Life"
March 24, 2013
5.4
10.99[32]

16
"Welcome to the Tombs"
March 31, 2013
6.4
12.42[33]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: The third season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 27, 2013,[42] in region 2 on September 30, 2013[43] and in region 4 on September 25, 2013.[44] Special features include eight featurettes—"Rising Son", "Evil Eye", "Gone, But Not Forgotten", "Heart of a Warrior", "Michonne vs. The Governor", "Making the Dead", "Safety Behind Bars", and "Guts and Glory". Five audio commentaries, for episodes "Killer Within", "Say the Word", "Made to Suffer", "The Suicide King", and "This Sorrowful Life". Also included are 13 minutes of deleted scenes across six episodes.[42]

text: The third season was also released in limited edition Blu-ray packaging, a replica of The Governor's walker head aquarium as seen in season three. The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys.[45]


document_title: Imagine Dragons

question_text: when did imagine dragons first song come out

root

text: Imagine Dragons

text: History[edit]

text: 2008–2011: Early years[edit]

text: In 2008, lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University where they were both students.[13] Reynolds and Tolman added Andrew Beck, Dave Lemke, and Aurora Florence to play guitar, bass, and piano respectively for their band. Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group, that Reynolds stated each member approved of.[14]  The five-piece released an extended play titled Speak to Me that same year.  Beck and Florence would also depart from the band's lineup that year.  In 2009, Tolman recruited longtime high school friend Wayne Sermon, who had graduated from Berklee College of Music to play guitar. Tolman later recruited his wife, Brittany Tolman, to sing backup and play keys, and the band began to play shows together again. Lemke left the band later on, leading Sermon to recruit another Berklee music student, Ben McKee, to join the band as their bassist and complete the lineup.[15][16] The band garnered a large following in their hometown of Provo, Utah, before the members moved to Las Vegas, the hometown of Dan Reynolds, where the band recorded and released their first three EPs.[17]

tag: p

text: The band released EPs titled Imagine Dragons[18] and Hell and Silence[19] in 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. They returned to the studio in 2011.[20][21][22] The third EP, It's Time, was made before they signed a record deal.[23]

text: They got their first big break when Train's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009. Imagine Dragons were called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people.[24] Local accolades including "Best CD of 2011" (Vegas SEVEN),[25] "Best Local Indie Band 2010" (Las Vegas Weekly),[26] "Las Vegas' Newest Must See Live Act" (Las Vegas CityLife),[27] Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010,[28] and more sent the band on a positive trajectory. In November 2011 they signed with Interscope Records and began working with English Grammy winning producer Alex da Kid.[29] Eventually the Tolmans would leave the group and Daniel Platzman would be recruited in August 2011 by invitation from Ben McKee, prior to the signing of the band's label deal in November 2011, alongside keyboardist Theresa Flaminio.[30]

text: 2012–2014: Night Visions and international success[edit]

text: Theresa Flaminio departed from Imagine Dragons in early 2012, leaving them as a four-piece. The band worked closely with Alex da Kid, with whom they recorded their first major label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California. An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on Valentine's Day (February 14, 2012) digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200. The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012.

text: Shortly after, "It's Time" was released as a single and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100.[31] The music video debuted on April 17, 2012 on all MTV affiliates and was subsequently nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the "Best Rock Video" category.[32] "It's Time" was certified a double platinum single by the RIAA.[33]

text: The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on the day after Labor Day (September 4, 2012). It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales in excess of 83,000 copies, the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006.[34] The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts as well as the top ten on the Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Dutch, German, Irish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish, Spanish, and United Kingdom Albums charts. It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year.[35] Night Visions is certified platinum by the RIAA as well as in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The album produced three tracks that reached the Billboard Top 40, four tracks in the ARIA Top 40, and five tracks charting in the UK Top 40.

text: The album's second single "Radioactive" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs, Billboard Rock Songs, and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than seven million singles in the United States, smashing a record by spending 87 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100. "Radioactive" stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record-breaking 23 weeks and ultimately became the genre's biggest hit of 2013.[36] It peaked at No. 3, becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five. It is the best-selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best-selling rock songs in digital history.[37] By the end of 2013, "Radioactive" had already sold over 3 million copies.[38] Rolling Stone called it "the biggest rock hit of the year". It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States.[39] It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, winning the latter of the two.  In 2015, it was certified diamond by the RIAA for sales in excess of 10 million copies in the United States.[40] Third single "Demons" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs and No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has sold more than 5 million copies in the United States to date.[33][41]

text: Billboard listed them as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" and later "The Breakout Band of 2013".[42] Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo/Group, Top Hot 100 Artist, and Top Rock Artist. Amazon.com called the band their "Favorite Rock artist of 2012".[43]

text: In 2013, Imagine Dragons returned to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour.[44] The band announced 13 additional US summer tour dates which also sold out.[45] The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour.[46] The band also confirmed that they were unable to fulfill the request of acting as support for Muse.[47] Pollstar listed the band in their Top 20 Concert Tours list by average box office gross despite their average ticket price being the third lowest on the list.[48]

text: The band released a live album, Live at Independent Records, in April 2013.[49]

text: 2014–2016: Smoke + Mirrors and hiatus[edit]

text: At Lollapalooza in Sao Paulo, Brazil, the last date on the Into the Night Tour, the band announced a rest, and complemented saying, "This is our last show for a while, and had no better place to end this tour".[50] The conclusion of the Into the Night Tour signaled the end of the Night Visions album cycle. Lead singer Dan Reynolds joked about the end of the Night Visions cycle, saying that "We're always writing on the road, [so] that second album will come, unless we die at the age of 27 next year. Hopefully we don't die and there will be a second album. I don't know when it will be, but it may come".[51]

text: The idea behind the second studio album, dubbed as their "New Year's resolution",[52] was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done. Reynolds told MTV in 2014 that the band wanted to "put out an album that we're really happy with". He further said that "we tend to be perfectionists, too hard on ourselves at times, and we don't want to rush anything because we know how we are with things. We don't want to put a record out until we really feel good about it, you know, and who knows how long that will take".[53] Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour, the band had been writing new material for an upcoming album, and, even as early as the start of the tour, had been recording demos for the album, before entering the studio.[54] By the time that they entered the studio to work on the album, they had amassed 50 demos to work from.[55] The demos had been described by Reynolds as "definitely different", but added that "it’s still Imagine Dragons, but we’ve got a lot of growth and maturing to do as a band. I think the new material is going to hopefully be a step in the right direction. We’re just trying to create and do what comes out and what feels right". Drummer Daniel Platzman added that the band are critical of themselves, with "no room for external pressure".[56]

text: Inspired greatly by the band's travels on both their previous tours and the Night Visions Tour, the album explored world culture as a musical item and overall motif in the album. Dan Reynolds told New Orleans-based newspaper The Times-Picayune that there was "a lot of inspiration to be drawn from [the world tour]. You kind of realize that you’re a lot smaller than you think".[57] In addition, Reynolds stated to music magazine Rolling Stone that the next album will be "different" from Night Visions, and that the band intends the album to be "stripped back quite a bit". He added that "we embraced a lot of hip-hop influences with Night Visions, but I think the next record will be more rock-driven. It’s too early to say, but there is some weird stuff going on in these songs".[55]

text: Prior to the album's release, Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers: Age of Extinction, called "Battle Cry" (June 2014) and song "Warriors" for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship (September 2014).[58]

text: On October 24, they revealed the lead single to the upcoming album, "I Bet My Life" via several visual snippets on Facebook and Instagram. It was released on October 27.[59] It was sent to US Alternative radio for adds on November 3.[60]

text: Imagine Dragons performed in Seoul World Cup Stadium, South Korea, at the 2014 League of Legends World Championship[61] and the halftime show at the 102nd Grey Cup in Vancouver, British Columbia.[62]

text: On December 12, 2014, Imagine Dragons posted on social media a request that fans in the US look around their city for some surprises and post their findings. They also hinted about two locations in Las Vegas. Shortly, billboards featuring artwork, the band's name, a hashtag ("#smoke+mirrors"), and an additional titles, presumed to be the track names were discovered. The following titles were revealed "Summer", "Shots", "Polaroid", "I'm So Sorry", and "Gold". Next, the band direct messaged various fans puzzle pieces of the artwork for the album (each file numbered, at least 13 in total). When combined, the puzzle pieces appear to reveal the cover art and album title. The title, cover art, and release date were revealed on social media two days later.

text: Working with Metric, which did a three-song acoustic set, Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5, 2015. The half-hour set included the breakthrough songs "It's Time" and "Radioactive" from Night Visions. The performance was the live debut for "Summer" and "I'm So Sorry", along with "Gold" and "I Bet My Life" from the album Smoke + Mirrors, which was released on February 17, 2015. The band's 2015 North American summer tour began in Portland, Oregon on June 3.

text: During the band's tour, Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles. "Roots" was released on August 26, 2015 and "I Was Me" on October 12, 2015 via iTunes.  The band also released a cover of "I Love You All the Time" by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18, 2015, in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks.  The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5, 2016 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

text: In an interview, Dan Reynolds told Billboard that the band would be taking a hiatus for the remainder of 2016, stating that "This is the year we're going to actually take time off.  We haven't stopped in, like, six years, so we've forced ourselves to at least take a year off."[63]  The band released a one night only concert film, Imagine Dragons In Concert: Smoke + Mirrors, in select theaters on March 2, 2016. The film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray under the title Imagine Dragons: Smoke + Mirrors Live. They also released the song "Not Today" from the soundtrack for Me Before You on April 28. The band also appears on the soundtrack for the film Suicide Squad. The song, titled "Sucker for Pain", features Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign, and X Ambassadors.[64]

text: The band recorded the song "Levitate" for the science fiction film Passengers. The track was released on November 28, 2016.[65]

text: 2016–2018: Evolve[edit]

text: On September 27, 2016, Imagine Dragons began teasing their third studio album with a tweet simply saying "studio".  The band continued posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months.  On January 28, 2017, the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album's first single.[66]  The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to "objects of same color".

text: On February 1, 2017, Imagine Dragons released "Believer" as the lead single for their next album. "Believer" was used as part of the Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch.[67] Imagine Dragons were part of the Wayhome summer 2017 lineup in Oro-Medonte, Ontario.[68] On April 27, 2017, Imagine Dragons released "Thunder" as the second single from their third album.[69] On May 8, 2017, Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve, as well as a new track "Whatever It Takes", which was released on the same day.[70] A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day. The tour was held across 33 countries from September 2017 through September 2018.

text: Evolve was released on June 23, 2017, worldwide. The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical reception. The band performed in NOS Alive, Portugal on July 8.[71] "Whatever It Takes" was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6, 2017.[72] The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in 2018. On February 14, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Next to Me" on Twitter. The song was released as part of a re-issue of Evolve on February 21, 2018.[73]

text: On June 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single in collaboration with Kygo titled "Born to Be Yours" on Twitter. The song was released on June 15, 2018.[74] On June 22, 2018, in collaboration with film score composer Hans Zimmer, lead singer Dan Reynolds released a single titled "Skipping Stones". The song was released in correspondence with his new documentary, Believer, a film that discusses the topic of the intersection between the LGBT community and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All proceeds from the song go towards life-saving LGBTQ charities.[75]

text: 2018–present: Origins[edit]

text: On July 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Natural" on Twitter. The song was released on July 17, 2018.[76] The song is confirmed to be the anthem for the 2018 ESPN College Football season.[77] On September 18, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Zero", which was released on September 19, 2018. It will be used in the end credits of the upcoming Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet.[78]

text: On October 3, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced their fourth studio album, Origins, which is set for release on November 9, 2018. “Natural” and “Zero” serve as the lead singles off the album. The band has described this album as a sister album to their previous work Evolve.[79]

text: On October 30, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced that a promotional single "Machine" would be released on October 31, 2018[80]

text: Musical style and influences[edit]

text:
"Radioactive"

"Radioactive" is one of the more electronically influenced tracks on Night Visions.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text:
Imagine Dragons' musical style has mainly been described as alternative rock,[81][82][83][84] pop rock,[85][86][87][88] indie rock,[89][90] electronic rock,[91] dance-pop[83] electropop,[83] pop,[86][92] and arena rock.[83][92][93] Their music also has some influences of folk,
R&B, hip hop and EDM.[92][94]

text: Dan Reynolds cites Arcade Fire, Nirvana, Muse, The Beatles, Paul Simon, Coldplay, Linkin Park,[95] Harry Nilsson, and U2 as some of his and the band's artistic influences. In terms of success, Reynolds credits bands like Foster the People and Mumford & Sons for bringing alternative pop music to a new level of commercial success in recent years.[96]

text: Television appearances[edit]

text: TV series guestings[edit]

text: The band performed an exclusive show for the sixth-season finale of the TV series Live from the Artists Den (2013).[97] On October 24, 2013, Imagine Dragons guest-starred on an episode of truTV's Impractical Jokers, where losers Joe and Sal had to perform an opening act as "Señora Lanza" at a packed concert in Nikon at Jones Beach Theater. Band members join Murr and Q on the hijinks.[98] Imagine Dragons appeared on the first episode of the 2015 series The Muppets, to perform part of the song "Roots".[99]

text: Singles promotion[edit]

text: Imagine Dragons has performed "It's Time" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2012), Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2012), Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012), and Conan (2013). They performed "Radioactive" live on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2012), The Late Show with David Letterman (2013), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2013), Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2013), and the MTV Europe Music Awards (2013).[100] The band has performed "I Bet My Life" at the American Music Awards (2014),[101] and The Ellen DeGeneres Show[102] (2015).  Imagine Dragons performed a version of "Revolution" at The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles (2014).[103] They have also performed "Shots" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2015), Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2015), and The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2015). They returned twice to The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2017, performing "Believer" on the first visit and "Thunder" on the second time. They also performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. They also performed "Believer" and "Thunder" at the New Year's Eve party 2018 in New Orleans, which was broadcast live on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In July 2018, the band returned to Jimmy Kimmel Live! to perform "Natural".

text: Other live performances[edit]

text: The band also performed on Good Morning America (2013[104] and 2015[102]),  American Music Awards (2013), MTV Europe Music Awards (2013), Grammy Awards (2014), Saturday Night Live (2014), Billboard Music Awards (2014), and the MuchMusic Video Awards (2014).[105][106] They also headlined the MLB's Target All-Star Concert (2014) and the inaugural Made In America Music Festival in Los Angeles.[107] The band collaborated with Khalid at the American Music Awards (2017). The band headlined the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 22 in Las Vegas, Nevada after finishing the last leg of their Evolve World Tour.

text: Charitable contributions[edit]

text: In 2013, along with the family of Tyler Robinson, Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer. Beginning in 2014, the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas.[108] Imagine Dragons performed for "Playing It Forward" (S1 E2) to raise $100k for school music programs.[109] The band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright-mtvU Fellowship recipients.[110] They partnered with Do the Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event.[111]

text:
Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International's "Bringing Human Rights Home" concert in Brooklyn on February 5, 2014.[112]
In 2015, Imagine Dragons released the track "I Was Me" for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.[113]  Imagine Dragons also released cover track "I Love You All The Time" to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris.[114] In 2017, the band helped organize the annual LoveLoud Festival which aims to raise awareness about LGBTQ youth and benefit LGBTQ organizations such as the Trevor Project.[115]

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
Dan Reynolds – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, keyboards, drums, percussion (2008–present)
Wayne Sermon – lead guitar, backing vocals, mandolin (2009–present)
Ben McKee – bass, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, guitar (2009–present)
Daniel Platzman – drums, percussion, backing vocals, rhythm guitar, viola, keyboards (2011–present)

tag: ul

text: Former members

text:
Andrew Tolman – drums, percussion, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (2008–2011)
Brittany Tolman – piano, keyboards,  backing vocals, rhythm guitar (2009–2011)
Theresa Flaminio — piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2011–2012)
Dave Lemke – bass, backing vocals (2008–2009)
Aurora Florence – piano, keyboards, backing vocals, violin (2008)
Andrew Beck – guitar, backing vocals (2008)

text: Touring musicians

text:
Ryan Walker – piano, keyboards, rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals, tambourine (2012–2015)[116]
Will Wells – piano, keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2015–2017) [117][118]
Elliot Schwartzman – piano, keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)

text: Timeline

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Night Visions (2012)
Smoke + Mirrors (2015)
Evolve (2017)
Origins (2018)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Night Visions Tour (2010–2014)[119][120][121]
Smoke + Mirrors Tour (2015–2016)
Evolve World Tour (2017–2018)[122]


document_title: List of Detroit Tigers seasons

question_text: when was the last time the tigers made the playoffs

text: List of Detroit Tigers seasons

text: Best seasons in Detroit Tigers history[edit]

text:
Best Seasons in Detroit Tigers History

Rank
Year
Wins
Losses
Win %
  Finish

1

1934

101

53

.656

Lost 1934 World Series to Cardinals

2

1915

100

54

.649

2nd in AL behind Red Sox

3

1909

98

54

.645

Lost 1909 World Series to Pirates

4

1984

104

58

.642

Won 1984 World Series over Padres

5

1968

103

59

.636

Won 1968 World Series over Cardinals

6

1961

101

61

.623

2nd in AL behind Yankees

7

1950

95

59

.617

2nd in AL behind Yankees

8

1935

93

58

.616

Won 1935 World Series over Cubs

9

1907

92

58

.613

Lost 1907 World Series to Cubs

10

1987

98

64

.605

Lost 1987 ALCS to Twins

11

1946

92

62

.597

2nd in AL behind Red Sox

12

1908

90

63

.588

Lost 1908 World Series to Cubs

13

2006

95

67

.586

Lost 2006 World Series to Cardinals

13

2011

95

67

.586

Lost 2011 ALCS to Rangers

15

1940

90

64

.584

Lost 1940 World Series to Reds

16

1911

89

65

.578

2nd in AL behind A's

16

1937

89

65

.578

2nd in AL behind Yankees

18

1945

88

65

.575

Won 1945 World Series over Cubs

19

2013

93

69

.574

Lost 2013 ALCS to Red Sox

20

1944

88

66

.571

2nd in AL behind Browns

text: Worst seasons in Detroit Tigers history[edit]

text:
Worst Seasons in Detroit Tigers History

Rank
Year
Wins
Losses
Win %

1

2003

43

119

.265

2

1952

50

104

.325

3

1996

53

109

.327

4

2002

55

106

.342

5

1975

57

102

.358

6

1989

59

103

.364

text: Record season-by-season[edit]

text: The following table describes a season-by-season listing of the Tigers win-loss record.

text:
World Series champions †

AL champions *

Division champions (1969–present) ^

Wild card berth (1995–present) ¤

text:
Season

Level

League

Division

Finish

Wins

Losses

Win%

GB

Post-Season

Awards

1901

MLB

AL

3rd

74

61

.548

8½

1902

MLB

AL

7th

52

83

.385

30½

1903

MLB

AL

5th

65

71

.478

25

1904

MLB

AL

7th

62

90

.408

32

1905

MLB

AL

3rd

79

74

.516

15½

1906

MLB

AL

6th

71

78

.477

21

1907

MLB

AL *

1st

92

58

.613

—

Lost World Series (Cubs) 4–0 *

1908

MLB

AL *

1st

90

63

.588

—

Lost World Series (Cubs) 4–1 *

1909

MLB

AL *

1st

98

54

.645

—

Lost World Series (Pirates) 4–3 *

Ty Cobb (TC)

1910

MLB

AL

3rd

86

68

.558

18

1911

MLB

AL

2nd

89

65

.578

13½

Ty Cobb (MVP)

1912

MLB

AL

6th

69

84

.451

36½

1913

MLB

AL

6th

66

87

.431

30

1914

MLB

AL

4th

80

73

.523

19½

1915

MLB

AL

2nd

100

54

.649

2½

1916

MLB

AL

3rd

87

67

.565

4

1917

MLB

AL

4th

78

75

.510

21½

1918

MLB

AL

7th

55

71

.437

20

1919

MLB

AL

4th

80

60

.571

8

1920

MLB

AL

7th

61

93

.396

37

1921

MLB

AL

6th

71

82

.464

27

1922

MLB

AL

3rd

79

75

.513

15

1923

MLB

AL

2nd

83

71

.539

16

1924

MLB

AL

3rd

86

68

.558

6

1925

MLB

AL

4th

81

73

.526

16½

1926

MLB

AL

6th

79

75

.513

12

1927

MLB

AL

4th

82

71

.536

27½

1928

MLB

AL

6th

68

86

.442

33

1929

MLB

AL

6th

70

84

.455

36

1930

MLB

AL

5th

75

79

.487

27

1931

MLB

AL

7th

61

93

.396

47

1932

MLB

AL

5th

76

75

.503

29½

1933

MLB

AL

5th

75

79

.487

25

1934

MLB

AL *

1st

101

53

.656

—

Lost World Series (Cardinals) 4–3 *

Mickey Cochrane (MVP)

1935

MLB †

AL *

1st

93

58

.616

—

Won World Series (Cubs) 4–2 †

Hank Greenberg (MVP)

1936

MLB

AL

2nd

83

71

.539

19½

1937

MLB

AL

2nd

89

65

.578

13

Charlie Gehringer (MVP)

1938

MLB

AL

4th

84

70

.545

16

1939

MLB

AL

5th

81

73

.526

26½

1940

MLB

AL *

1st

90

64

.584

—

Lost World Series (Reds) 4–3 *

Hank Greenberg (MVP)

1941

MLB

AL

4th

75

79

.487

26

1942

MLB

AL

5th

73

81

.474

30

1943

MLB

AL

5th

78

76

.506

20

1944

MLB

AL

2nd

88

66

.571

1

Hal Newhouser (MVP)

1945

MLB †

AL *

1st

88

65

.575

—

Won World Series (Cubs) 4–3 †

Hal Newhouser (MVP, TC)

1946

MLB

AL

2nd

92

62

.597

12

1947

MLB

AL

2nd

85

69

.552

12

1948

MLB

AL

5th

78

76

.506

18½

1949

MLB

AL

4th

87

67

.565

10

1950

MLB

AL

2nd

95

59

.617

3

1951

MLB

AL

5th

73

81

.474

25

1952

MLB

AL

8th

50

104

.325

45

1953

MLB

AL

6th

60

94

.390

40½

Harvey Kuenn (ROY)

1954

MLB

AL

5th

68

86

.442

43

1955

MLB

AL

5th

79

75

.513

17

1956

MLB

AL

5th

82

72

.532

15

1957

MLB

AL

4th

78

76

.506

20

1958

MLB

AL

5th

77

77

.500

15

1959

MLB

AL

4th

76

78

.494

18

1960

MLB

AL

6th

71

83

.461

26

1961

MLB

AL

2nd

101

61

.623

8

1962

MLB

AL

4th

85

76

.528

10½

1963

MLB

AL

5th

79

83

.488

25½

1964

MLB

AL

4th

85

77

.525

14

1965

MLB

AL

4th

89

73

.549

13

1966

MLB

AL

3rd

88

74

.543

10

1967

MLB

AL

3rd

91

71

.562

1

1968

MLB †

AL *

1st

103

59

.636

—

Won World Series (Cardinals) 4–3 †

Denny McLain (MVP, CYA)Mickey Lolich (WS MVP)

1969

MLB

AL

East

2nd

90

72

.556

19

Denny McLain (CYA)

1970

MLB

AL

East

4th

79

83

.488

29

1971

MLB

AL

East

2nd

91

71

.562

12

1972

MLB

AL

East ^

1st

86

70

.551

—

Lost ALCS (Athletics) 3–2

1973

MLB

AL

East

3rd

85

77

.525

12

1974

MLB

AL

East

6th

72

90

.444

19

1975

MLB

AL

East

6th

57

102

.358

37½

1976

MLB

AL

East

5th

74

87

.460

24

Mark Fidrych (ROY)

1977

MLB

AL

East

4th

74

88

.457

26

1978

MLB

AL

East

5th

86

76

.531

13½

Lou Whitaker (ROY)

1979

MLB

AL

East

5th

85

76

.528

18

1980

MLB

AL

East

5th

84

78

.519

19

1981

MLB

AL

East

4th

31

26

.544

3½

3rd

29

23

.558

1½

1982

MLB

AL

East

4th

83

79

.512

12

1983

MLB

AL

East

2nd

92

70

.568

6

1984

MLB †

AL *

East ^

1st

104

58

.642

—

Won ALCS (Royals) 3–0Won World Series (Padres) 4–1 †

Willie Hernández (MVP, CYA)Sparky Anderson (MOY)Alan Trammell (WS MVP)

1985

MLB

AL

East

3rd

84

77

.522

15

1986

MLB

AL

East

3rd

87

75

.537

8½

1987

MLB

AL

East ^

1st

98

64

.605

—

Lost ALCS (Twins) 4–1

Sparky Anderson (MOY)

1988

MLB

AL

East

2nd

88

74

.543

1

1989

MLB

AL

East

7th

59

103

.364

30

1990

MLB

AL

East

3rd

79

83

.488

9

1991

MLB

AL

East

2nd

84

78

.519

7

1992

MLB

AL

East

6th

75

87

.463

21

1993

MLB

AL

East

4th

85

77

.525

10

1994

MLB

AL

East

5th

53

62

.461

18

Playoffs canceled

1995

MLB

AL

East

4th

60

84

.417

26

1996

MLB

AL

East

5th

53

109

.327

39

1997

MLB

AL

East

3rd

79

83

.488

19

1998

MLB

AL

Central

5th

65

97

.401

24

1999

MLB

AL

Central

3rd

69

92

.429

27½

2000

MLB

AL

Central

3rd

79

83

.488

16

2001

MLB

AL

Central

4th

66

96

.407

25

2002

MLB

AL

Central

5th

55

106

.342

39

2003

MLB

AL

Central

5th

43

119

.265

47

2004

MLB

AL

Central

4th

72

90

.444

20

2005

MLB

AL

Central

4th

71

91

.438

28

2006

MLB

AL *

Central

2nd ¤

95

67

.586

1

Won ALDS (Yankees) 3–1Won ALCS (Athletics) 4–0Lost World Series (Cardinals) 4–1 *

Justin Verlander (ROY)Jim Leyland (MOY)

2007

MLB

AL

Central

2nd

88

74

.543

8

2008

MLB

AL

Central

5th

74

88

.457

14½

2009

MLB

AL

Central

2nd

86

77

.528

1

2010

MLB

AL

Central

3rd

81

81

.500

13

2011

MLB

AL

Central ^

1st

95

67

.586

—

Won ALDS (Yankees) 3–2Lost ALCS (Rangers) 4–2

Justin Verlander (MVP, CYA, TC)

2012

MLB

AL *

Central ^

1st

88

74

.543

—

Won ALDS (Athletics) 3–2Won ALCS (Yankees) 4–0Lost World Series (Giants) 4–0 *

Miguel Cabrera (MVP, TC)

2013

MLB

AL

Central ^

1st

93

69

.574

—

Won ALDS (Athletics) 3–2Lost ALCS (Red Sox) 4–2

Miguel Cabrera (MVP)Max Scherzer (CYA)

2014

MLB

AL

Central ^

1st

90

72

.556

—

Lost ALDS (Orioles) 3–0

2015

MLB

AL

Central

5th

74

87

.460

20½

2016

MLB

AL

Central

2nd

86

75

.534

8

Michael Fulmer (ROY)

2017

MLB

AL

Central

5th

64

98

.395

38

text: Record by decade[edit]

text: The following table describes the Tigers' MLB win–loss record by decade.

text:
Decade
Wins
Losses
Pct

1900s
683
632
.519

1910s
790
704
.529

1920s
760
778
.494

1930s
818
716
.533

1940s
834
705
.542

1950s
738
802
.479

1960s
882
729
.547

1970s
789
820
.490

1980s
839
727
.536

1990s
702
852
.452

2000s
729
891
.450

2010s
607
522
.538

All-time
9171
8878
.508


document_title: Robot (Lost in Space)

question_text: where did the robot come from in lost in space

text: Robot (Lost in Space)

text: History[edit]

text: Although a machine endowed with superhuman strength and futuristic weaponry, he often displayed human characteristics, such as laughter, sadness, and mockery, as well as singing and playing the guitar. With his major role often being to protect the youngest member of the crew, the Robot's catchphrases were "It does not compute" and "Danger, Will Robinson!",[4] accompanied by flailing his arms.

text: The Robot was performed by Bob May[5] in a prop costume built by Bob Stewart.[3] The voice was primarily dubbed by Dick Tufeld,[6] who was also the series' narrator, and Jorge Arvizu for the Spanish dubbing. The Robot was designed by Robert Kinoshita, who also designed Forbidden Planet's Robby the Robot.[7] Robby appears in Lost in Space episode #20 "War of the Robots" and in episode #60 "Condemned of Space". The Robot did not appear in the unaired pilot episode, but was added to the series once it had been greenlit.

text: Initially, the bellows-covered legs were articulated, and were moved separately by the actor inside. However, the metal edges inside the suit cut actor Bob May's legs, so changes were made. The legs were bolted together, and the robot was pulled along by a wire instead of walking as it had done before. A new lower section was constructed with the legs cut off at the knee. This was filmed either in close-up or behind something to obscure the actor's feet protruding out the bottom; this version of the suit was informally referred to by the cast and crew as "the Bermuda shorts."[8][9]

text: Features and abilities[edit]

text: Robot consisted, from top down, of

text:
A glass bubble sensor unit with moving antennae;
A fluted, translucent ring collar (actually an arrangement of shaped ribs, through which performer Bob May could see);
A cylindrical, rotating trunk section with extending bellows arms that terminated in red mechanical claws. The trunk section had controls, indicators, a small sliding translucent door through which data tapes, similar to punched tape, could be accessed ("The Hungry Sea"), a removable power pack and a signature chest light that illuminated in synchrony with the Robot's speech (May had a key inside the suit that he would tap in time with his speech to illuminate the light, resulting in some scenes where one of the claws can be seen moving in time with the light);
Bellows legs that were understood to move with some agility but which, due to real-world practical limitations, were rarely seen on camera to move separately; and
Trapezoidal continuous track units at the bottom of each leg. These normally paired as a single locomotive device, but they also could function as individual feet. The leg and tractor sections apparently could be readily detached, allowing the Robot to be positioned in the rear of the Chariot ATV, although the actual disconnect operation was depicted only once.

tag: ol

text: According to the series

text:
The Robot possessed powerful computers that allowed him to make complex calculations and to deduce many facts;
He had a variety of sensors that detected numerous phenomena and dangers;
He was programmed with extensive knowledge on many subjects, including how to operate the Jupiter 2 spaceship;
His construction allowed him to function in extreme environments and in the vacuum of space;
He was extremely strong, giving him utility both in performing difficult labor and in fighting when necessary. Moreover, his claws could fire laser beams and, most frequently, a powerful "electro-force" that was similar to arcing electricity.

text: In one first season episode, Dr. Smith was seen to remove the robot's programming tapes, which resemble a small reel of magnetic tape, from a hatch below the robot's chest panel.

text: After Lost In Space[edit]

text: Two versions of the robot were used during Lost in Space filming – a "hero robot" costume worn by Bob May, and a static, "stunt robot" prop that was used for distant or hazardous shots. Both versions fell into disrepair after the series, but these have since been discovered and restored. The "hero" is privately owned by TV and film producer Kevin Burns, who commissioned a replica in the early 1990s for touring and conventions. The "stunt robot" is in storage at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington.

text: Like Robby the Robot, the B-9 Robot prop costume was re-used on at least one other show. On the Saturday morning children's show Mystery Island, it was modified to make the primary character "P.O.P.S." There it had different domes, different color scheme, and an added rectangular skirt of gold-colored tubes, covering the rubber bellows legs and base.

text: Full-size replicas of the robot are available commercially. Other versions have been built by hobbyists around the world,[10][11] who have built at least 15 detailed full-size replicas of the Robot.

text: In the 2018 Netflix series, the Robot is an alien AI which bears few resemblances with earlier versions, such as his famous line and loyalty to Will.


document_title: History of the Panama Canal

question_text: when did the french start the panama canal

question_tokens: when did the french start the panama canal

text: History of the Panama Canal

text: French project[edit]

text: The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century. In 1819, the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it.

text: Although the project stalled for some time, a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875. They indicated that the two most-favorable routes were across Panama (then part of Colombia) and Nicaragua, with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option. The Nicaraguan route was surveyed.

text: Conception[edit]

text: After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal, France thought that an apparently-similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty. In 1876 an international company, La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique, was created to undertake its construction; two years later, it obtained a concession from the Colombian government (since Panama was a Colombian province) to dig a canal across the isthmus.

text: Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction, headed the project. His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project.

text: However, despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer. The Suez Canal, essentially a ditch dug through a flat, sandy desert, presented few challenges. Although Central America's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama, it is still 110 meters (360.9 ft) above sea level at its lowest crossing point. The sea-level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock, rather than Suez' sand.

text: Less-obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal, particularly the Chagres (which flows strongly during the rainy season). Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal, a sea-level canal would require the river's diversion.

text: The most serious problem was tropical disease, particularly malaria and yellow fever, whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time. The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them, but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes (carriers of the diseases).

text: The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise. In May 1879, an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris. Of its 136 delegates, only 42 were engineers; the others were speculators, politicians and friends of de Lesseps.

text: He was convinced that a sea-level canal, dug through the mountainous spine of Central America, could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal. The engineering congress estimated the project's cost at $214 million; on February 14, 1880, an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million. De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice, with no apparent justification: on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million. The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years (the Suez Canal required ten).

text: The proposed sea-level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters (29.5 ft), a bottom width of 22 meters (72.2 ft) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters (90.2 ft); the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m3 (157,000,000 cu yd). A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River, with channels to drain water away from the canal. However, the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of the canal began on January 1, 1881, with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22.[1] A large labor force was assembled, numbering about 40,000 in 1888 (nine-tenths of whom were afro-Caribbean workers from the West Indies). Although the project attracted good, well-paid French engineers, retaining them was difficult due to disease. The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000, of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens.[3]

text: By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea-level canal was impractical, and an elevated canal with locks was preferable; de Lesseps resisted, and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887. By this time increasing mortality rates, as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides, indicated that the project was in serious trouble. Work continued under the new plan until May 15, 1889, when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended. After eight years the canal was about two-fifths completed, and about $234.8 million had been spent.

text: The company's collapse was a scandal in France, and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair. One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption, and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893.[2]

text: New Panama Canal Company[edit]

text: It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project. A new concession was obtained from Colombia, and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal. To comply with the terms of the contract, work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project. They eventually settled on a plan for a two-level, lock-based canal.

text: The new effort never gained traction, mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless. The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 (in 1896), primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition. The company had already begun looking for a buyer, with an asking price of $109 million.

text: In the US, a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route. In November 1901, the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million. The recommendation became law on June 28, 1902, and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price.[3]

text: Results[edit]

text: Although the French effort was, to a large extent, doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties, it was not entirely futile. The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m3 (78,146,960 cu yd) of material, of which 14,255,890 m3 (18,646,000 cu yd) was taken from the Culebra Cut. The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa, and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side (known as the French canal) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún.

text: Detailed surveys and studies (particularly those carried out by the new canal company) and machinery, including railroad equipment and vehicles, aided the later American effort. The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters (17 ft), from 64 to 59 metres (210 to 194 ft). An estimated 22,713,396 m3 (29,708,000 cu yd) of excavation, valued at about $25.4 million, and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans.[citation needed]

text: Nicaraguan canal[edit]

text: The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would-be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans. In 1887, a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua. Two years later, the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua. The company lost money in the panic of 1893, and its work in Nicaragua ceased. In 1897 and 1899, the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times.

text: Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project, increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project. A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15, 1898. Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal, Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902 Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.

text: Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

text: Takeover[edit]

text: The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4, 1904, when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony.[citation needed] The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.

text: The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration. The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order. The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.

text: Cataloguing assets was a large job; it took many weeks to card-index available equipment. About 2,150 buildings had been acquired,[4] many of which were uninhabitable; housing was an early problem, and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay. However, much equipment (such as locomotives, dredges and other floating equipment) was still serviceable.

text: Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway, improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón, renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing. He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal.

text: No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea-level one; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case. In late 1905, President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time. Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea-level canal, Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan; Stevens' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.

text: Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work[4] and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer (under Stevens' direction) in February 1907. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned and was replaced by Goethals.[5]

text: Workforce[edit]

text: The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal. High-level engineering jobs, clerical positions, skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans, with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor. These jobs were initially filled by Europeans, primarily from Spain, Italy and Greece, many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe. The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies, and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal.[6]

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons; as a result, alcohol abuse was a great problem. The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year.

text: A program of improvements was implemented. Clubhouses were built, managed by the YMCA, with billiard, assembly and reading rooms, bowling alleys, darkrooms for camera clubs, gymnastic equipment, ice cream parlors, soda fountains and a circulating library. Member dues were ten dollars a year, with the remaining upkeep (about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses) paid by the ICC. The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games; a competitive league soon developed. Semimonthly Saturday-night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli, which had a spacious ballroom.

text: These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone; alcohol abuse fell, with saloon business declining by 60 percent.[citation needed] The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly.

text: US construction[edit]

text: The work done thus far was preparation, rather than construction. By the time Goethals took over, the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest.

text: Goethals divided the project into three divisions: Atlantic, Central and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major William L. Sibert, was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay, the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km (3.5 mi) approach channel, and the Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division (under Sydney B. Williamson, the only civilian division head) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal, including a 4.8 km (3.0 mi) breakwater in Panama Bay, the approach channel, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams. The Central Division, under Major David du Bose Gaillard, was responsible for everything in between. It had arguably the project's greatest challenge: excavating the Culebra Cut (known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000), which involved cutting 8 miles (13 km) through the continental divide down to 12 meters (40 ft) above sea level.

text: By August 1907, 765,000 m³ (1,000,000 cubic yards) per month was being excavated; this set a record for the rainy season; soon afterwards this doubled, before increasing again. At the peak of production, 2,300,000 m³ (3,000,000 cubic yards) were being excavated per month (the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 3½ months).[citation needed]

text: Culebra Cut[edit]

text: One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide, which originally rose to 110 metres (360.9 ft) above sea level at its highest point. The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project.

text: Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers. Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal's Central Division, which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam, and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut (as it was then known) excavated.

text: The scale of the work was massive. Six thousand men worked in the cut, drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t (60,000,000 lb) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock (which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day). Landslides were frequent, due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock's underlying iron strata. Although the scale of the job and the frequent, unpredictable slides generated chaos, Gaillard provided quiet, clear-sighted leadership.

text: On May 20, 1913, Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom. The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres (193.6 ft) over a relatively narrow width; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres (39.4 ft) above sea level over a greater width, and had excavated over 76,000,000 m3 (99,000,000 cu yd) of material. About 23,000,000 m3 (30,000,000 cu yd) of this material in addition to the planned excavation, in the form of landslides. Dry excavation ended on September 10, 1913; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m3 (2,000,000 cu yd) of earth, but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded.

text: Dams[edit]

text: Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal: Gatun and Miraflores Lakes. Four dams were constructed to create them. Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake, and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut (essentially an arm of Lake Gatun). The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River, creating Gatun Lake.

text: The Miraflores dams are an 825-metre (2,707 ft) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150-metre (492 ft) concrete spillway dam east of the locks. The concrete dam has eight floodgates, similar to those on the Gatun spillway. The earthen, 430-metre (1,411 ft) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock. Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level. The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam. This earthen dam, 640 metres (2,100 ft) thick at the base and 2,300 metres (7,546 ft) long along the top, was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened.[citation needed]

text: Locks[edit]

text: Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24, 1909. The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake, requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m3 (4,970,212 cu yd) of material (mostly rock). The locks were made of 1,564,400 m3 (2,046,158 cu yd) of concrete, with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock-construction sites.

text: The Pacific-side locks were finished first: the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911, and Miraflores in May 1913. The seagoing tugboat Gatun, an Atlantic-entrance tug used to haul barges, traversed the Gatun locks on September 26, 1913. The trip was successful, although the valves were controlled manually; the central control board was not yet ready.

text: Opening[edit]

text: On October 10, 1913, the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington. On January 7, 1914, the Alexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction.

text: As construction wound down, the canal team began to disperse. Thousands of workers were laid off, and entire towns were disassembled or demolished. Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas, who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines, became surgeon general of the Army. On April 1, 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded, and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor; the first governor was George Washington Goethals.

text: Although a large celebration was planned for the canal's opening, the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair. The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon, piloted by Captain John A. Constantine (the canal's first pilot), made the first official transit on August 15, 1914. With no international dignitaries in attendance, Goethals followed the Ancon's progress by railroad.

text: Summary[edit]

text: The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US. It changed world shipping patterns, removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn. The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles (12,600 km) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco.

text: Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II, when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet.[7] Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers, particularly Essex class; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them, the lampposts along the canal had to be removed.

text: The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million, including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company. Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time, it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal's width. An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications.

text: A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project; at the peak of construction, there were 40,000 workers. According to hospital records, 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era.[citation needed]

text: A total of 182,610,550 m3 (238,845,582 cu yd) of material was excavated in the American effort, including the approach channels at the canal ends. Adding the work by the French, the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m3 (268,000,000 cu yd) (over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project).[citation needed]

text: Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period, Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening. However, William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time. Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt's secretary of war and twice as president. He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens' replacement. Taft became president in 1909, when the canal was half finished, and was in office for most of the remainder of the work. However, Goethals later wrote: "The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt".[citation needed]

text: The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal's administration building in Balboa:[citation needed]

text: It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, and spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and who, at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.

text: David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5, 1913, at age 54. Promoted to colonel only a month earlier, Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed. The Culebra Cut (as it was originally known) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27, 1915, in his honor. A plaque commemorating Gaillard's work stood over the cut for many years; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building, near a memorial to Goethals.

text: Third-lane plans[edit]

text: As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s, the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans. The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks, and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing.[8][9]

text: These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1, 1936, authorizing a study of improving the canal's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels. A special engineering section was created on July 3, 1937, to carry out the study. The section reported to Congress on February 24, 1939, recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate. On August 11, Congress authorized the work.

text: Three new locks were planned, at Gatún, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores, parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels. The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal, with each chamber 1,200 ft (365.76 m) long, 140 ft (42.67 m) wide and 45 ft (13.72 m) deep. They would be 1⁄2 mi (805 m) east of the existing Gatún locks and 1⁄4 mi (402 m) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks.

text: The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1, 1940, following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24, 1940. The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19, 1941. Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned, and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores.

text: In 2006, the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (the Panama Canal Authority, or ACP) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals. Following a referendum, work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26, 2016. After a two-year delay, the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships (which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle). The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship, the Chinese-owned Cosco Shipping Panama. The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion.[2]

text: Transfer to Panama[edit]

text:
Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

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Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, September 7, 1977

Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing

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text: After construction, the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States. On September 7, 1977, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama. The treaty became effective on October 1, 1979, providing for a 20-year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31, 1999. Since then, the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority (Autoridad de Canal de Panama, or ACP).

text: The treaty was controversial in the US, and its passage was difficult. The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports, at either end of the canal, which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa. According to US Republicans, the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military.[10] However, the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing.[11] Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces.[12]

text: Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer, Panama has exercised good stewardship.[13] According to ACP figures, canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 (the first year under Panamanian control) to $1.4 billion in 2006.[citation needed] Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006. The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005. Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours, about the same as during the late 1990s. Canal expenses have increased less than revenue, from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006. On October 22, 2006, Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal.

text: Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt, who served from 2002 to 2005, said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been "outstanding". "The international shipping community is quite pleased", Watt added.[14]