document_title: Logos and uniforms of the New York Yankees

question_text: what color are the new york yankees uniforms

text: Team logos and insignia[edit]

text: Current cap logo

text:
Jersey logo 1903–1904

Current jersey logo

text: Current print insignia

text: Throughout much of their tenure as the Highlanders, the logo was variations of a stylized N and Y, which lay separately on either side of the jersey's breast. In 1905, the two locked for one season, but not in the way used today. It wasn't until 1909 that the team changed to the familiar interlocking NY that would be the team logo long after the team became known as the Yankees, and would continue to be the cap insignia until today. The interlocking NY was originally designed by Tiffany & Co. and struck on a medal of honor presented in 1877 to John McDowell, a New York City police officer shot in the line of duty.[1][2]

text: The primary logo, created in 1947 by sports artist Henry Alonzo Keller,[3] consists of "Yankees" against a baseball, written in red script with a red bat forming the vertical line of the K, an Uncle Sam hat hanging from the barrel. The logo was slightly changed over the years, with the current version first appearing in the 1970s.

text: The interlocking NY has varied greatly, and there are currently three major versions in use. The first is the cap insignia, in which the N and Y are of about the same size and unadorned. The second is the logo on the breast of the home jersey. This logo first appeared there in 1912, continued through the 1913 renaming to the New York Yankees,[4] and after disappearing in 1917, returned for good in 1936, although there have been many small but apparent changes through the years. In the jersey logo, the Y is larger, the letters more blocky, and the curves more exaggerated. The third is the print logo which is used extensively in marketing, is painted behind home plate at the Stadium, and appears on the team's batting helmets. The N is larger and more curved, and the letters have large serifs at the end.

text: In 1992, the Yankees along with all MLB teams, had an MLB logo on the back of their caps for the first time. The following year, the Yankees became one of the last teams to wear a cap with a green underbrim. They did not switch to a gray underbrim until 1994, when most teams had been wearing a gray underbrim since the late 1980s. In the 1996 World Series, the Yankees, along with the Atlanta Braves, became the first teams to wear their caps with World Series patches sewn on the side. In 1998, the Yankees had the number #39 sewn on the back of their caps, next to the MLB logo, for Darryl Strawberry, because he was suffering from colon cancer at the time. When the MLB season opened in 2001, it was the 100th Anniversary of the American League. The Yankees had an AL 100th Anniversary patch on the side of their caps for the opening day series. When the Yankees celebrated their 100th Anniversary in 2003, they had a patch on the side of their caps, commemorating it as well. The Yankees along with all MLB teams stopped wearing wool caps, beginning in the year 2007. The new caps now have a black underbrim to reduce glare, and a more 3D MLB logo on the back. In 2009, to celebrate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the back of their caps. It is the first time in MLB history that a patch was in the back of a cap instead of just the MLB logo. However, the Yankees players that played in the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, in St. Louis had the regular MLB logo on the back of their caps. Starting in the 2010 MLB season, the Yankees MLB logo on the back of the caps and the back collar of the jerseys had gray behind the bat of the MLB logo instead of the usual red, which was present on Yankee caps since 1992.

text: The Yankees use a block letter "NEW YORK" wordmark on the gray road uniform which has also become emblematic. There is also a print version of the full name, which is of a more fanciful script than the name appears in the team logo.

text: Design and appearance of uniform[edit]

text: The team colors are midnight navy blue, grey, and white. The home uniform is white with distinctive pinstripes and a navy blue interlocking "NY" at the chest. The away uniform is gray with a navy blue "NEW YORK" written across the chest. The player number is on the back of the uniform jersey, and is not accompanied by the player name. A navy blue cap with a white interlocking "NY" logo is worn with both uniforms.

text: Contrary to baseball legend, the Yankees did not start wearing pinstriped uniforms to make Babe Ruth look slimmer in the late 1920s and 1930s. In truth, the Yankees added pinstripes to their uniforms on a permanent basis soon after Ruppert bought the team in 1915[5] after briefly wearing pinstripes in 1912.

text: In 1929, the New York Yankees became the first team to make numbers a permanent part of the uniform. Numbers were handed out based on the order in the lineup. In 1929, Earle Combs wore #1, Mark Koenig #2, Babe Ruth #3, Lou Gehrig #4, Bob Meusel #5, Tony Lazzeri #6, Leo Durocher #7, Johnny Grabowski #8, Benny Bengough #9, and Bill Dickey #10. The team has never issued #0 or #00.[6] When other teams began putting names on the backs of jerseys in the 1960s, the Yankees did not follow suit. Many companies have created replica Yankee jerseys and other apparel with the player name above the number on the back for fans to purchase, but the only official Yankee uniform that has ever had a name on the back was a special uniform used during MLB's inaugural Players Weekend on August 25–27, 2017.[7] Apart from the Players Weekend jerseys,[7] the Yankees are the only team in Major League Baseball that has never displayed the logo of the official uniform supplier, currently Majestic Athletic, on game jerseys or pants supplied to players. They are also one of only two teams (the other being the Detroit Tigers) in Major League Baseball to shun the trend of creating a third "alternate" jersey.

text: The home uniform has been the same (apart from minor changes) since 1936 – longer than any current uniform design in Major League Baseball – although patches commemorating milestones or special events may be worn for all or part of a season. The team will occasionally wear a black armband on the left sleeve, usually in honor of a Yankee great that died (in the case of some players, his number is frequently sewn above the armband).

text: In 1990, the Yankees wore a #1 patch on their left sleeve in tribute to Billy Martin, who died in a car crash on Christmas Day of 1989. It was the first time the Yankees paid tribute to a retired legend by putting their jersey number on their left sleeve. They did the same for Mickey Mantle in 1995, Joe DiMaggio in 1999, Phil Rizzuto in 2007 and Yogi Berra in late 2015.

text: For the 2008 season, the team wore a patch commemorating the 2008 All-Star Game, another commemorating the last season in Yankee Stadium, and a black armband to honor Bobby Murcer who died July 12, 2008 due to complication related to brain cancer.[8]

text: In 2009, to commemorate the inaugural season at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees had an inaugural season patch on the left sleeve of the jersey.

text: Beginning in the 2010 season, the MLB logo, on the back collar of their jerseys, has gray behind the bat of the MLB logo, instead of the usual red, which was on the jersey since 2000, when all of the MLB teams started wearing the MLB logo on the back collar. Upon the deaths of owner George Steinbrenner and P.A. announcer Bob Sheppard, the Yankees sported two patches from July 16 until the end of the season; the left breast patch in memory of Steinbrenner, and a left shoulder patch in memory of Sheppard. The Yankees also added a black armband in memory of Ralph Houk upon his death on July 21.

text: Although the Yankees have worn the same road uniform since 1918 (with the exception of 1927 to 1930, when the arched "NEW YORK" was replaced by the word "YANKEES"), a radical change was proposed in 1974. Marty Appel, in his book Now Pitching for the Yankees, describes the proposed uniforms:[9]

text:
“
In 1974 I walked into (then-General Manager) Gabe Paul's office to find samples of new Yankee road uniforms draped across his sofa. They were the opposite of the home pinstripes – they were navy blue with white pinstripes. The NY logo was in white. Gabe liked them. I nearly fainted. Although the drab gray road uniforms were not exciting, with the plain NEW YORK across the chest, they were just as much the Yankees' look as were the home uniforms. I think my dramatic disdain helped saved (sic) the day and saved the Yankees from wearing those awful pajamas on the field.
”

text: The Yankees did, however, make some minor updates to the road uniforms that season, including adding striping patterns to the sleeves and a white outline to the jersey numbers and the "NEW YORK" arch. This has remained since and was the only significant change to the road uniform until mid-2016 season when the road batting helmets became painted with a matte finish, rather than the gloss still used for home games.

text: Special uniforms and caps[edit]

text: The Yankees have worn throwback uniforms on two special occasions. In 1996, the Yankees wore the uniforms of the New York Black Yankees on a day celebrating Negro league baseball. In 2012, the Yankees wore replicas of their 1912 uniforms, with an alternate interlocking N-Y logo and without numbers, for a game celebrating Fenway Park's centennial.[10]

text: During a July 4, 2008 game against the Boston Red Sox, the Yankees wore a special stars-and-stripes cap with an American flag pattern inside the interlocking N-Y. It was "thought to be the first time in their history" that the Yankees had worn a special edition cap. All other teams in Major League Baseball, including the Red Sox, sported similar designs inside their cap logos.[11]

text: As a Memorial Day promotion, the Yankees donned red caps with stars-and-stripes logos for a May 25, 2009 game against the Texas Rangers.[12] The Yankees also wore these caps for a July 4, 2009 game against the Toronto Blue Jays and for a September 11, 2009 game against the Baltimore Orioles.[13] The latter game is particularly notable, as it was the game in which Derek Jeter earned his 2,722nd base hit, breaking the franchise record held by Lou Gehrig.

text: During the 2010 season, the Yankees wore special off-white caps with a similar stars-and-stripes logo in games played on Memorial Day, Independence Day weekend, and Patriot Day. Proceeds from sales of these caps support Welcome Back Veterans, a non-profit organization "targeting veterans' greatest needs, including mental health and job training/placement." All United States-based teams wore similarly-styled caps on these days. (The one Canadian franchise wore a Maple Leaf design, owing to their national emblem.)[14]

text: For Memorial Day, 2013 (May 27) each Major League Baseball club wore caps and jerseys "featuring an authentic military digital camouflage design licensed from the United States Marine Corps."[15] The Yankees, playing on the road at Citi Field, wore camouflage caps with a white "NY", and jerseys with camouflage "New York" on the front and camouflage numbers on the back.[16]

text: The Yankees uniform for 2017 Players Weekend was part of a league-wide initiative in which all 30 teams used special color pullover jerseys with contrasting sleeves, inspired by uniforms frequently used by youth baseball teams. All teams also wore special caps. Since the weekend coincided with the final days of the 2017 Little League World Series, all jerseys bore a unique logo that drew design cues from the MLB and Little League logos. The Yankees jersey was solid black with gray sleeves featuring the "YANKEES" script used since 1950 (dispensing with pinstripes for the first time in more than a century), and the team used a gray cap with the traditional interlocking "NY" logo. Also as part of the initiative, all uniforms had names on the back (a first for any official Yankees uniform), and players were encouraged to place nicknames instead of family names on their jerseys—for example, Aaron Judge's uniform that weekend had "ALL RISE" on the back. Brett Gardner and Tyler Austin became the first Yankees ever to have their last names on the back of their uniforms. [7][17]

text: Personal appearance and dress code[edit]

text: Under George Steinbrenner, long hair and facial hair below the lip were prohibited;[18] the practice has been continued under Hal Steinbrenner since control of the Yankees was transferred to him after the 2008 season. Players who do not fit these criteria must shave the excess hair. In the past, visible tattoos were also prohibited[citation needed] and players wore navy blue arm bands to cover them,[citation needed] although this practice has since been discontinued.

text: Although this is a policy that all baseball teams once had, the Yankees are currently the only team with such a policy (though former Chicago White Sox general manager Ken Williams was known for asking players to cut their hair, the club does not now nor during his time as GM have a policy banning long hair) and have gotten notoriety enforcing it. Many players, most notably Reggie Jackson, Jeff Reardon, Roger Clemens, Kevin Youkilis, Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Johnny Damon, and Randy Johnson either had long hair, significant facial hair, or both before playing for the Yankees, but were clean-cut by the time they had their press conferences unveiling them as members of the Yankees.

text: There have been some defiances of the dress code, however. Most notable incident involved pitcher Goose Gossage, who had a horseshoe mustache in deliberate defiance of George Steinbrenner. Jackson, though he currently sports only a mustache as a "special assistant" with the organization, did have a full beard during parts of his stay with the Yankees. Don Mattingly, the face of the franchise for the 1980s and the first half the 1990s, was briefly benched in 1991 for letting his hair grow too long and the team did not let him play until it was cut, but was eventually reinserted into the lineup after it became apparent that he was not going to cut it.

text: Several players, including Clemens, Giambi, Sheffield, Johnson, Damon, Andrew Miller, David Wells, and Joba Chamberlain, grew significant facial hair after their departures from the organization. Journeyman outfielder Darnell McDonald had long dreadlocks throughout his career and had to cut them when joining the Yankees despite only being on their roster for three days when the Yankees released him.

text: The Yankees are so well known with their dress code that players for other teams have been rumored to be signing for the Yankees if they adopt a clean-cut look before actually signing with them. In December 2012, San Francisco Giants pitcher Tim Lincecum, known for his long locks, cut his hair short. Although his hair was also short during his rookie season with the Giants in 2007, one Twitter commenter joked that he may have been preparing to play for the Yankees in 2014, since he was entering a contract year with the Giants in 2013.[19] Other players have refused to sign with the team due to these restrictions, such as Lincecum's teammate Brian Wilson, who said he would never shave his trademark beard to sign with the Yankees.[citation needed]


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: who was inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame the most

root

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

tag: p

text: The vast majority of the inducted bands and vocal groups have experienced personnel changes during their careers (although there are a very few exceptions, such as The Beastie Boys and U2, who never changed their lineups.) The Hall of Fame only inducts the most significant members of the group, although it is unclear what the criteria are for excluding or including members.  This has led to many anamolies.  For example, the Red Hot Chili Peppers excluded longtime guitarists Jack Sherman and Dave Navarro while including new guitarist Josh Klinghoffer who had only been a full member of the band for a year or two at the time of induction. For another example, Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose outlasted every other member of the "classic" quintet which performed on the first two albums, eventually putting together an entirely new lineup which stayed together for twenty years or so beginning in the mid-1990s (but only released one album.) All the newer members were excluded from the Hall of Fame induction save drummer Matt Sorum and keyboardist Dizzy Reed (both of whom joined in 1990.)

text: A few of the conspicuously absent members of other inducted groups include Cindy Birdsong of the Supremes; Eric Carr, Eric Singer and Bruce Kulick of KISS; Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys; Richie Ramone and C.J. Ramone of the Ramones; Randy Jackson of the Jacksons and Pete Best of the Beatles. On the other hand, two bands included inducted members who were primarily non-performers: road manager (and very occasional keyboardist) Ian Stewart was inducted with the Rolling Stones and lyricist Robert Hunter was inducted with the Grateful Dead.

text:
Year

Image

Name

Inducted members

Inducted by[11]

1986

Chuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

James Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Ray Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Sam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Fats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

The Everly Brothers

Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]

Neil Young[N2]

1986

Buddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Jerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Elvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

The Coasters

Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]

Lester Sill

1987

Eddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Bo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Aretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Marvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Bill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

Clyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Ricky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Roy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Carl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Smokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Big Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Muddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Jackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

The Beach Boys

Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]

Elton John[N2]

1988

The Beatles

George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]

Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

The Drifters

Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]

Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Bob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

The Supremes

Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Otis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

The Rolling Stones

Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]

Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

The Temptations

Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Stevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Hank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Bobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

The Four Seasons

Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]

Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops

Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

The Kinks

Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]

Graham Nash[N2]

1990

The Platters

David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]

Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]

James Taylor[N2]

1990

The Who

Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]

Bono[N2]

1991

LaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

The Byrds

Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]

Don Henley[N2]

1991

John Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991

—

The Impressions

Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]

Tracy Chapman

1991

Wilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Jimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Ike & Tina Turner

Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]

Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s

Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]

Jim Stewart

1992

Johnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

The Isley Brothers

Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]

Little Richard[N3]

1992

The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]

Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave

Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]

Billy Joel[N2]

1992

The Yardbirds

Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]

The Edge[N2]

1993

Ruth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream

Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]

ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

The Doors

John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers

Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]

Boyz II Men

1993

Etta James

k.d. lang

1993

Van Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone

Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]

George Clinton[N2]

1994

The Animals

Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]

Dave Pirner

1994

The Band

Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]

Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Duane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead

Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]

Bruce Hornsby

1994

Elton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

John Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Bob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Rod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

The Allman Brothers Band

Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]

Willie Nelson

1995

Al Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Janis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin

John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]

Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas

Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]

Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Neil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Frank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

David Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Gladys Knight & the Pips

William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]

Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane

Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]

Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd

Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]

Billy Corgan

1996

The Shirelles

Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]

Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

The Velvet Underground

John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]

Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees

Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]

Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield

Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]

Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]

James Taylor[N2]

1997

The Jackson 5

Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]

Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Joni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic

Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]

Prince[N2]

1997

The (Young) Rascals

Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles

Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]

Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac

Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]

Sheryl Crow

1998

The Mamas & the Papas

Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]

Shania Twain

1998

Lloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana

Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]

John Popper

1998

Gene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Billy Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Curtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

Paul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Del Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Dusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Bruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

The Staple Singers

Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]

Lauryn Hill

2000

Eric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire

Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]

Lil Kim

2000

The Lovin' Spoonful

Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]

John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

The Moonglows

Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]

Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Bonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

James Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith

Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]

Kid Rock

2001

Solomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

The Flamingos

Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]

Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Michael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen

John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Paul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan

Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]

Moby

2001

Ritchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Isaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Brenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]

Jakob Dylan

2002

Gene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones

Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads

David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]

Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC

Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]

Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

The Clash

Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]

The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Elvis Costello & the Attractions

Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]

Elton John[N3]

2003

The Police

Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]

Gwen Stefani

2003

The Righteous Brothers

Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]

Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Jackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

The Dells

Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]

Robert Townsend

2004

George Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Bob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic

Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]

Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top

Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]

Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Buddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

The O'Jays

Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]

Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders

Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]

Neil Young[N3]

2005

Percy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2

Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath

Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]

James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie

Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]

Shirley Manson

2006

Miles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]

Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols

Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]

Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five

Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]

Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.

Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

The Ronettes

Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]

Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Patti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen

Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]

Velvet Revolver

2008

The Dave Clark Five

Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]

Tom Hanks

2008

Leonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

John Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

The Ventures

Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]

John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Jeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials

Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica

Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]

Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC

Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]

Eminem

2009

Bobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA

Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]

Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis

Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]

Trey Anastasio

2010

Jimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

The Hollies

Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

The Stooges

Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]

Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper

Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]

Rob Zombie

2011

Neil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Darlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Tom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys

Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]

Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012

—

The Blue Caps[N1]

Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Comets[N1]

Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Crickets[N1]

Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

The Famous Flames[N1]

Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses

Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]

Green Day[N2]

2012

—

The Midnighters[N1]

Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Miracles[N1]

Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Laura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]

Chris Rock

2012

—

Small Faces/Faces

Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2013

Heart

Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]

Chris Cornell

2013

Albert King

John Mayer

2013

Randy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy

Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]

Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush

Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Donna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Peter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates

Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]

Questlove

2014

Kiss

Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]

Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana

Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]

Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Linda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Cat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band

Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold,  Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]

Peter Wolf

2015

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts

Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]

Miley Cyrus

2015

Lou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day

Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]

Fall Out Boy

2015

Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble

Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]

John Mayer

2015

Bill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick

Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]

Kid Rock

2016

Chicago

Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]

Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple

Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]

Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A

DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]

Kendrick Lamar

2016

Steve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra

Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]

Dhani Harrison

2017

Joan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey

Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]

Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam

Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]

David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes

Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]

Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi

Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]

Howard Stern

2018

The Cars

Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]

Brandon Flowers

2018

Dire Straits

Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]

John Illsley[N4]

2018

The Moody Blues

Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]

Ann Wilson[N3]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige

tag: table

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: ^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.[131]

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Jimmie Rodgers

1986

Jimmy Yancey

1986

Robert Johnson

1987

Louis Jordan

1987

T-Bone Walker

1987

Hank Williams

1988

Woody Guthrie

1988

Lead Belly

1988

Les Paul

1989

The Ink Spots[A]

1989

Bessie Smith

1989

The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990

Charlie Christian

1990

Louis Armstrong

1990

Ma Rainey

1991

Howlin' Wolf

1992

Elmore James

1992

Professor Longhair

1993

Dinah Washington

1994

Willie Dixon

1995

The Orioles[C]

1996

Pete Seeger

1997

Mahalia Jackson

1997

Bill Monroe

1998

Jelly Roll Morton

1999

Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999

Charles Brown

2000

Nat King Cole

2000

Billie Holiday

2009

Wanda Jackson

2012

Freddie King[E]

2015

The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018

Sister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Alan Freed

1986

Sam Phillips

1987

Leonard Chess

1987

Ahmet Ertegun

1987

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987

Jerry Wexler

1988

Berry Gordy, Jr.

1989

Phil Spector

1990

Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990

Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991

Dave Bartholomew

1991

Ralph Bass

1992

Leo Fender

1992

Bill Graham

1992

Doc Pomus

1993

Dick Clark

1993

Milt Gabler

1994

Johnny Otis

1995

Paul Ackerman

1996

Tom Donahue

1997

Syd Nathan

1998

Allen Toussaint

1999

George Martin

2000

Clive Davis

2001

Chris Blackwell

2002

Jim Stewart

2003

Mo Ostin

2008

Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010

David Geffen

2010

Otis Blackwell

2010

Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010

Mort Shuman

2010

Jesse Stone

2010

Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011

Jac Holzman

2011

Art Rupe

2012

Don Kirshner

2013

Lou Adler

2013

Quincy Jones

2014

Brian Epstein

2014

Andrew Loog Oldham

2016

Bert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year

Name

2011

Leon Russell

2012

Cosimo Matassa

2012

Tom Dowd

2012

Glyn Johns

2014

E Street Band [G]

2015

Ringo Starr

2017

Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Singles[edit]

text: At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt.[140] According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment."[140]

text:
Year

Artist

Song (Year)

2018

Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats

"Rocket 88" (1951)[141]

2018

Link Wray

"Rumble" (1958) [141]

2018

Chubby Checker

"The Twist" (1960)[141]

2018

The Kingsmen

"Louie Louie" (1963)[141]

2018

Procol Harum

"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967)[141]

2018

Steppenwolf

"Born to Be Wild" (1968)[141]

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[142]

text:
Year

Name

Instrument

2000

Hal Blaine

Drums[143]

2000

King Curtis

Saxophone[144]

2000

James Jamerson

Bass guitar[145]

2000

Scotty Moore

Guitar[146]

2000

Earl Palmer

Drums[147]

2001

James Burton

Guitar[148]

2001

Johnnie Johnson

Piano[149]

2002

Chet Atkins

Guitar[150]

2003

Benny Benjamin

Drums[151]

2003

Floyd Cramer

Piano[152]

2003

Steve Douglas

Saxophone[153]

2008

Little Walter

Harmonica[154]

2009

Bill Black

Bass guitar[155]

2009

D. J. Fontana

Drums[156]

2009

Spooner Oldham

Keyboard[157]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

John Hammond

1991

Nesuhi Ertegun

2004

Jann Wenner

2005

Frank Barsalona

2005

Seymour Stein

2006

Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with  Cream and with The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.

text: Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands. Journey was founded by two former members of Santana. Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up, with the encouragement of the band's management. They were originally billed as "The New Yardbirds."

text: The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).

text: The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text: There are several performers who were inducted with one (or more) of the bands they played for, but were not inducted as members of one (or more) other bands.  For example, Neil Young was inducted with Buffalo Springfield and as a solo artist, but was left out when Crosby,  Stills & Nash were inducted.  Other examples include Terry Chimes (inducted with The Clash but not with Black Sabbath), Kenney Jones (inducted with The Faces but not with The Who), and Sly Stone (inducted with Sly & the Family Stone but not with Parliament-Funkadelic.) Singer Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses fame joined AC/DC after both bands were inducted.

text:
Name

First

Year

Second

Year

Third

Year

Jeff Beck

The Yardbirds

1992

Solo career

2009

—

—

Johnny Carter

The Flamingos

2001

The Dells

2004

—

—

Eric Clapton

The Yardbirds

1992

Cream

1993

Solo career

2000

David Crosby

The Byrds

1991

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Peter Gabriel

Genesis

2010

Solo career

2014

—

—

George Harrison

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

2004

—

—

Michael Jackson

The Jackson Five

1997

Solo career

2001

—

—

John Lennon

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1994

—

—

Curtis Mayfield

The Impressions

1991

Solo career

1999

—

—

Paul McCartney

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1999

—

—

Clyde McPhatter

Solo career

1987

The Drifters

1988

—

—

Graham Nash

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

The Hollies

2010

—

—

Jimmy Page

The Yardbirds

1992

Led Zeppelin

1995

—

—

Lou Reed

The Velvet Underground

1996

Solo career

2015

—

—

Gregg Rolie

Santana

1998

Journey

2017

—

—

Paul Simon

Simon and Garfunkel

1990

Solo career

2001

—

—

Ringo Starr

The Beatles

1988

Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career

2015

—

—

Rod Stewart

Solo career

1994

Faces

2012

—

—

Stephen Stills

Buffalo Springfield

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Sammy Strain

The O'Jays

2005

Little Anthony & The Imperials

2009

—

—

Ronnie Wood

The Rolling Stones

1989

Faces

2012

—

—

Neil Young

Solo career

1995

Buffalo Springfield

1997

—

—


document_title: Cinco de Mayo

question_text: where is cinco de mayo celebrated in mexico

text: Cinco de Mayo

text: Background

text: Events leading to the Battle of Puebla

text: Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the French occupation of Mexico, which took place in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48 and the 1858–61 Reform War. The Reform War was a civil war which pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state, and freedom of religion) against the Conservatives (who favored a tight bond between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican State).[8] These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury. On July 17, 1861, Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.[3][9] In response, Britain, France, and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement. Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew, but France, at the time ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests, the Second Mexican Empire. The empire was part of an envisioned "Latin America" (term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories.

text: French invasion

text: Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet stormed Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.[10] Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City, the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla, at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.[11] The 6,000-strong[12] French army[13][note 1] attacked the much smaller[14] and poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000.[15][note 2] Yet, on May 5, 1862,[16] the Mexicans managed to decisively crush the French army, then considered "the premier army in the world".[17][18][19]

text: Mexican victory

text: The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large. In the description of The History Channel, "Although not a major strategic win in the overall war against the French, Zaragoza's success at Puebla represented a great symbolic victory for the Mexican government and bolstered the resistance movement."[20] As Time magazine remarked, "The Puebla victory came to symbolize unity and pride for what seemed like a Mexican David defeating a French Goliath."[21] It helped establish a much-needed sense of national unity and patriotism.[22]

text: Events after the battle

text: The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. A year later, with 30,000 troops, the French were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico.[23] The French victory was itself short-lived, lasting only three years, from 1864 to 1867.[23] By 1865, "with the American Civil War now over, the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French".[23] Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War, Napoleon III, facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war with Prussia, and "the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States", retreated from Mexico starting in 1866.[24] The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City, and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed, along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro.[9][23] "On June 5, 1867, Benito Juarez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration."[9]

text: Significance

text: The Battle of Puebla was important for at least two reasons. First, although considerably outnumbered, the Mexicans defeated a much-better-equipped French army. "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years." [25][26] [note 3] Second, since the Battle of Puebla, no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force.[27][note 4]

text: Consequences to the United States

text: Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that, had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States' destiny would have been different.[28][29]

text: History of the holiday

text: United States

text: According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in the 1860s in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.[30] "Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches."[31]

text: A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that, "the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."[30] TIME magazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement."[21] The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially beer companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it.[32][33] It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, like Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and San Jose.[34]

text: In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.[35] Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.[36][37]

text: On June 7, 2005, the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.[38] To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles, near Olvera Street. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages,[39][40] foods, and music.[41][42]

text: Mexico

text: On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo".[43][44][45][46][47]

text: Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not a statutory holiday).[48] However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5.[49][50] The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla, where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State of Veracruz.[51][52]

text: In Puebla, historical reenactments, parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.[53] Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla, which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers.[53] As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole, with an emphasis on the city's iconic mole poblano.[53]

text: In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte.[54] A street, Avenida Cinco de Mayo, in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez.

text: Elsewhere

text: Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, holds an American-style "Cinco de Mayo Street Festival",[55][56] some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink,[57] and a sky-diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.[58] In the Cayman Islands, in the Caribbean, there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition,[59] and at Montego Bay, Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration.[60] The city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival[61] to honor the day, and celebrations are held in London[62] and New Zealand.[63] American-style celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town, South Africa,[64] Lagos, Nigeria,[65] and in Paris.[66] Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture.[67][68][69]


document_title: PlayStation Vita

question_text: when did the ps vita slim come out

question_tokens: when did the ps vita slim come out

text: PlayStation Vita

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: After the massive success of Nintendo's Game Boy line of handheld game consoles throughout the 1990s and early 2000, with little in the way of market competition, and Sony's massive success with its PlayStation and PlayStation 2 home video game consoles around the same time, Sony decided to enter the handheld market as well. In 2004, it released the PlayStation Portable (PSP) to compete with the Nintendo DS as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles.[14] After a slow start in the worldwide market, it was invigorated in Japan with multiple releases in the Monster Hunter series.[14][15] With the series being less popular in western regions, it failed to revive the platform in the same way. The PSP ended up being a mixed result for the company. It was seen as a success in that it was the only handheld video game platform that had ever significantly competed with Nintendo for market share in a meaningful way, selling almost 80 million units in its lifespan, roughly the same amount as Nintendo's Game Boy Advance had during the sixth generation of video game consoles.[14] Despite this, it had still only managed to sell a little over half of what its actual market competitor, the DS, had sold, which was over 150 million units by the end of 2011.[16]

text: Rumors of a successor to the PSP came as early as July 2009 when Eurogamer reported that Sony was working on such a device, which would utilize the PowerVR SGX543MP processor and perform at a level similar to the original Xbox.[17] Through mid-2010, websites continued to run stories about accounts of the existence of a "PSP 2".[18][19][20][21][22] Reports arose during the Tokyo Game Show that the device was unveiled internally during a private meeting during mid-September held at Sony Computer Entertainment's headquarters in Aoyama, Tokyo.[19] Shortly after, reports of development kits for the handheld had reportedly already been shipped to numerous video game developers including both first-party and third-party developers to start making games for the device,[23] a report later confirmed by Mortal Kombat Executive Producer Shaun Himmerick.[24] By November, Senior Vice President of Electronic Arts, Patrick Soderlund, confirmed that he had seen that the PlayStation Portable successor existed, but could not confirm details.[25] In the same month, VG247 released pictures of an early prototype version showing a PSP Go-like slide-screen design along with two analog sticks, two cameras and a microphone, though the report mentioned that overheating issues had since caused them to move away from the design in favor of a model more similar to the original PlayStation Portable device.[20][22][26]

text: Throughout 2010, Sony would not confirm these reports of a PSP successor, but would make comments regarding making future hardware. Shuhei Yoshida, President of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios revealed that his studio, despite usually being more involved with software, had a continued role in future hardware development at the time.[27] In December, Sony Computer Entertainment CEO Kazuo Hirai stated that Sony aimed to appeal to a wide demographic of people by using multiple input methods on future hardware; buttons and joysticks for traditional handheld game system users, and touchscreens for smart phone users.[28] The device was officially announced by Sony on January 27, 2011, at their "PlayStation Meeting" press conference held by the company in Japan.[29] The system, only known by its code name "Next Generation Portable", was announced to be a handheld gaming device that aimed for PlayStation 3 quality visuals,[29] which was later clarified to not be taken at a literal level because, according to David Coombes, platform research manager at Sony Computer Entertainment America, "Well, it's not going to run at 2 GHz [like the PS3] because the battery would last five minutes and it would probably set fire to your pants".[30] Its power was later described by Sony engineers as about halfway between the PSP and PS3.[31] As rumors had suggested, the device was designed to present "the best of both worlds" between mobile and handheld gaming, including a 5-inch OLED touchscreen, a rear touchpad coupled with physical buttons and dual analog sticks.[32] Sony also revealed that the device would be using a mix of retail and digital distribution of games.[21] Further details were announced at Game Developers Conference 2011, including that Sony would be dropping the PSP's UMD disc format in favor of small game cartridges of 2 GB or 4 GB size variants.[33] along with two cameras, facial detection, head detection and tracking capabilities.[34]

text: Launch and early years[edit]

text: On June 6, 2011, at E3 2011, Sony announced that the device's official name would be the PlayStation Vita, with the word "vita" being Latin for "life".[35] Despite reports of the 2011 earthquakes in Japan delaying the release of the device, Sony reconfirmed that it was on track for a late 2011 release in Japan[36][37] and a February 2012 release date for other major regions of the world.[37][38] The release date was later narrowed down to a December 17, 2011, release in Japan,[39] and a February 22, 2012 release date for America and Europe, although a limited edition was released a week earlier in North America on February 15, 2012, which included the 3G/WiFi model of the device, the game Little Deviants, a limited-edition carry case, and a 4 GB memory card.[38] The Vita launched with 26 titles in Japan, with Sony announcing that there were over 100 titles in development prior to the system's release overall.[40] The Vita launched in the west with 25 titles,[41] including original titles such as Uncharted: Golden Abyss and Wipeout 2048, and ports of games such as FIFA 12 and Rayman Origins.[42]

text: The sales of the Vita started strong at launch, but then stalled and greatly underperformed. The Vita had a strong launch in Japan, selling over 300,000 units in its first week of availability, though figures shortly afterwards shrunk down 78% to under 73,000 sold in its second week, and then settled into about 12,000 sold per week in the following weeks.[43][44] Similarly, in the United States, the system debuted with 200,000 units sold in the first month, before slinking down into an amount of about 50,000 a month.[45] 1.2 million units were reported as sold as of February 26, 2012 – after it had launched in most regions.[46] The system continued to get high-profile games over the course of 2012, including Gravity Rush, LittleBigPlanet PS Vita, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, Persona 4 Golden, Assassin's Creed III: Liberation, and Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified. Despite this, the system still only managed to sell 4 million units worldwide in its first 10 months on the market,[6] and estimated by analysts to only be at 6 million units sold after two years of availability.[47] After 2012, Sony ceased releasing direct sales figures of the Vita, instead opting to release combined sales figures with it and the PSP.[47] Still, the system under-performed; while Sony projected selling 16 million units of combined Vita and PSP systems, it had to slash its forecast twice in the same year—down to 12 and then 10 million units sold.[48]

text: With higher profile games not pushing the system sales enough in 2012, big third party companies like Ubisoft and Activision started reducing or eliminating support for the system, especially in the West.[32] Additionally, while the Monster Hunter series had significantly boosted the sales of the PSP, its absence instead hurt the Vita. Its developer, Capcom, had decided to release Monster Hunter Tri and future Monster Hunter games exclusively on the Nintendo 3DS, where it would sell millions of copies for Sony's main competitor.[15][49] With support diminishing, Shahid Ahmad, Sony's Director of Strategic Content, instead began a new approach to software, through directly reaching out to, and making accommodations for, smaller, independent developers who were previously release games for mobile and PC platforms.[32] While not completely reversing the sales trends of the Vita, the lower costs of making or porting smaller-budget games made it easier for developers to make a profit on the systems's smaller userbase, and in turn, increased consumer attention on the console, keeping the device afloat.[32] Fez, Spelunky, Hotline Miami, and OlliOlli all found success with releases on Vita.[32] Ahmad also maintained interest in the device by directly interacting with consumers on social media; the game Tales of Hearts R was localized into English only because it was number one in a survey of game's desired on the platform.[32] Sony continued to support the system with games through 2013 as well, albeit lesser so, with titles such as Killzone: Mercenary and Tearaway, along with a handful of other Western-developed ports such as FIFA 13 and Rayman Legends.[50]

text: While the focus on indie games kept the device afloat in the West, in Japan, no such measures were necessary, as the Vita maintained moderate hardware sales.[51] While it was routinely outsold by its main competitor, the Nintendo 3DS, the Vita still managed to be one of the top consoles sold overall, partially due to Japan's preference towards handheld gaming.[51] Strong support by Japanese developers also helped, with companies such as Bandai Namco, Falcom, Tecmo Koei, 5pb, Compile Heart, Spike Chunsoft, and Atlus releasing many games in the JRPG and visual novels genre to help kept a steady flow of mid-level releases coming to the system.[51] Additionally, big games such as Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD Remaster sold well and roughly in-line with their home console counterparts.[52] The heavier support from Japan, in turn, also helped support the system in the West as well, with many games in the Atelier, Ys, Danganronpa, Persona, and The Legend of Heroes series localized into English on the Vita, or made playable through the system's backward compatibility with digital PSP games.[53]

text: While the system managed to stay afloat as a minor success, other issues continued to persist, including the high price of the system in comparison to its main competitor, the Nintendo 3DS,[43] and its sibling device, the PS3,[50] the high price of its memory cards used for game and data storage,[50][54] and the increasing popularity of smart phones and tablets.[44][48] In August 2013, Sony addressed the first two, dropping the price to $199 in North America and €199 in Europe, and cutting the suggested retail price of the memory cards as well.[55] The price cut also coincided with the release of a slight redesign of the system, the "PS Vita 2000" model.[56] The redesign included making the system 20% thinner and 15% lighter, while adding 1 GB of internal storage, and an extra hour of battery life.[56] However, the redesign did remove the OLED screen in favor of a cheaper LCD screen.[56]

text: Shifting focus[edit]

text: Towards the end of 2013, around the launch of Sony's next video game device, the home video game console the PlayStation 4, Sony began making comments in regards to the change in focus with the Vita.[57] Yoshida stated that Sony would be releasing fewer first party games for the platform.[58] Sony Computer Entertainment’s Product Planning & Platform Software Innovation Director Don Mesa stated that the "economics simply don’t work with the traditional process".[59] Sony addressed the "economics of Vita game development" issue with beginning on focusing on the fact that almost all PlayStation 4 games could be streamed and played through a Vita through remote play.[60] Sony attempted to attach the device to the PS4 due to its extreme popularity; it took only a few weeks for the sales to surpass the sales of the Vita over the course of almost two years.[47] In July 2014, Yoshida stated that the company would focus on it less as a dedicated handheld video game console, and more on its combination of uses, stating "it's not about individual Vita games any more. It's more about how Vita can have multiple uses – with PS4 Remote Play, PS3 games with PS Now, and the dedicated games. The whole ecosystem with PS4 at the center, the Vita's a part of that."[61] Sony later announced that the Vita will have PlayStation VR integration in the form of a second screen as well.[62] Open beta trials for PlayStation Now functionality on the PS Vita began on October 14, 2014 in North America.[63] The PlayStation TV, released across late 2013 and 2014, also aimed to expand the system's userbase by allowing for Vita games to be played on a television like a home console,[64] though the device was discontinued in the West by the end of 2015, and did not fare well in Japan's handheld-focused region either.[65] In November 2014, SCEA president Shawn Layden suggested that the new approach was working on hardware level, stating that Vita sales had increased since the implementation of PS4 Remote Play,[66] though he and another Sony representative did not give specific figures.[66] Sony continued to make games for the device, though in smaller number than in past. The last major Sony-developed title, Freedom Wars, still found success, selling over 188,000 copies in its first week of release in Japan.[67] The debut was the highest Sony game debut for the system, and the second highest, only to Namco Bandai's late 2013 release of God Eater 2 on the platform.[67]

text: In September 2015, Yoshida stated that Sony had no current plans for a Vita successor, stating that "climate is not healthy for now because of the huge dominance of mobile gaming."[68] At E3 2015, he had stated that Sony would not be making any more AAA, big budget games to the system,[69] but by October, the comment had been revised that Sony would not be making any more games for it at all.[70] Reasons cited included the company focusing on supporting the PS4, and the fact that it felt that third party Japanese developers and Western indie developers were sufficiently supporting the device.[69][70] In March 2016, Sony announced that instead, it would be forming a new company, "Forward Works", and be instead concentrating on bringing PlayStation-based games to mobile platforms like iOS and Android.[71][72]

text: Despite Sony's focus on the PS4 and mobile for the future, the Vita still continues to receive substantial third party company game support in the way of Japanese-style role-playing games and visual novels and Western-style indie video games.[73][74] Minecraft in particular was successful for the platform, with it selling over 1.2 million physical copies in Japan alone as of September 2017.[75] The device is considered to have sold fairly well in Japan,[68] and still a crucial part of Sony's overall strategy in the region,[74] while Sony has acknowledged that the device still has a very vocal and passionate user-base in the West as well, with the company still encouraging third party companies to create games for the device.[76] At the 2016 Game Developers Conference, research analyst firm EEDAR estimated the sales of the Vita to be about at 10 million unit sold through the end of 2015.[77] Multi-platform releases with the PS4 have also incidentally helped sustain the Vita's stream of software, even in the west, through 2016 and 2017; games receive a Vita version more to appeal to Japan's larger Vita user-base, and receive a PS4 version more to appeal to North America's larger user-base.[78][79] The March 2017 launch of the Nintendo Switch, which operates on a similar concept of providing high budget video games on a portable unit, further overshadowed the Vita, though niche support through indie games and JRPGs continued into the year.[80] In mid-2017, Glixel estimated the Vita userbase to be around 15 million.[80]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: In line with Sony's ambition to combine aspects of traditional video game consoles with mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, the Vita contains a multitude of input methods. The device features a "super oval" shape similar to the design of the original PlayStation Portable, with a 5-inch (130 mm) qHD OLED capacitive touchscreen in the centre of the device.[81][82] The device features two analog sticks, a D-pad, a set of standard PlayStation face buttons (, ,  and ), two shoulder buttons (L and R), a PlayStation button and Start and Select buttons.[82] Motion control is also possible through Sony's Sixaxis motion sensing system, consisting of a three-axis gyroscope and a three-axis accelerometer.[82] In addition to these input methods, specific to just the Vita, is a secondary touchpad that is on the back of the device.[83]

text: Other hardware includes stereo speakers, a microphone, built-in Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 2.1+EDR connectivity, and two cameras.[82] The cameras are both 0.3 megapixel and run at 640×480 (VGA) at 60 frames/s, or at 320×240 at 120 frames/s.[84] They can be used to take photos or videos using built-in applications on the system. The two cameras feature the abilities of face detection, head detection, and head tracking.[34][85] The platform also launched with a model with 3G mobile data support, which required a separate data plan through a data provider.[86][87] The 3G service has been partnered with NTT DoCoMo in Japan, AT&T in the US, Rogers in Canada and Vodafone in Europe and Australia. The 3G model was discontinued in 2013 and not made available in the system's future revised models.[88]

text: Internally, the device features a custom system on chip with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core GPU SGX543MP4+.[81] Sony has stated that the Vita generally runs well under its full clock speed due to overheating and battery consumption issues that would ensue, instead placing its processing power "around halfway between the current PSP and the PS3".[30] The Vita's internal battery has between 3–5 hours of power for game playing, depending on the processing power required for the game, screen brightness, sound level and network connections, as well as other factors.[89] Additionally, the battery can supply about five hours for video watching, and up to nine hours of music listening with the screen off.[12] The system does allow for additional external battery solutions as well.[90] The PlayStation Vita has 512 MB of system RAM and 128 MB of VRAM.[91][92] The amount of RAM allows cross-game chat to be used on the system.[92]

text: Software for the PlayStation Vita is distributed on a proprietary flash memory card called "PlayStation Vita game card" rather than on Universal Media Discs (UMDs) as used by the PlayStation Portable.[93][94] The size and shape of the card itself is very similar to an SD card. 5–10% of the game card's space is reserved for game save data and patches.[33] The PS Vita is incompatible with standard memory cards, such as SD cards, and instead stores data on proprietary PS Vita memory cards, which are available in sizes of 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB[95] and 64 GB.[96] A maximum of 500 applications and games can be stored on the device at a time, regardless of data storage available.[97] When the limit is reached, applications or games must be moved or deleted in order to access those beyond the limit.[98]

text: Remote Play interactivity with PlayStation 4[edit]

text: All games developed for the PlayStation 4, with the exception of games requiring the use of special peripherals such as PlayStation Camera, are playable on the Vita through Remote Play.[99][100] With the use of a Vita, PS4, and PS4 game, this allows a PS4 game to be run on the PS4, but its output transmitted to the Vita, with the Vita being used for the controller input, and the image and sound being transmitted to the Vita's screen and speakers instead of a television.[101] The end result is similar to what a Wii U console does with its GamePad controller through Off-TV Play.[101] The Vita technically has Remote Play functionality with the PlayStation 3 as well, though very few PS3 games supported the feature due to limitations with the less-powerful PS3 hardware.[102] More PS3 games are available for streaming on the Vita through Sony's cloud gaming service PlayStation Now, though they are streamed over the internet in the form of cloud computing rather than directly from a physical PS3 console.[103] First implemented in 2014, the service was announced to be discontinued on the Vita on August 15, 2017.[104]

text: Revised model[edit]

text: A revised model of the Vita was released in Japan on October 10, 2013, in Europe on February 7, 2014[105] and in North America on May 6, 2014.[106] The revised model, officially called the PCH-2000 series[107] and commonly referred to as the PS Vita Slim,[108] is 20% thinner and 15% lighter compared to the original model.[96] While it largely maintains the original's overall structure and layout, the original's OLED screen has been replaced with a lower-cost LCD display.[96] The model also roughly added about an extra hour of battery life.[96] The newer model also comes with 1 GB of internal storage memory, although it is not possible to use both the internal memory and memory card concurrently.[109] Upon inserting a PS Vita memory card, the system will offer to copy the existing data from the internal memory to the new card.[110] This model has a micro USB Type B port, which can be used to charge the device along with any standard micro USB cable. The model was released in six colors in Japan (white, black, light blue, lime green, pink, and khaki),[96] although it was only released in black and light blue in North America and Europe.[111]

text: PlayStation TV[edit]

text: The PlayStation TV is a non-portable variant of the Vita; instead of featuring its own display screen like a handheld video game console, it connects to a television via HDMI like a traditional home video game console, and is controlled though the use of a DualShock 3 or DualShock 4 controller.[112] Due to the difference in controller input between the Vita and a DualShock controller, Vita games that are dependent on the system's touch-screen, rear touchpad, microphone or camera, are not compatible.[113] It also shares the Remote Play and PS Now functionality of a regular Vita. The system was released in Japan in November 2013,[114] in North America in October 2014, and in Europe on November 14, 2014.[115] The device did not fare well and had a short retail shelf life in North America and Europe, where it was discontinued at the end of 2015.[65]

text: Software[edit]

text: Game library[edit]

text: Physical software for the Vita is distributed on a proprietary flash memory card called "PlayStation Vita game card".[93][94] All Vita games are also made available to be downloaded digitally on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store,[116] although not all games are released physically.[117] Since its launch, digital-only releases have slowly become more prominent, partially in an effort to reduce production costs for release on the platforms comparatively smaller user-base, and partially due to the influx smaller-scale indie mobile phone games that have always been digital-only releases.[117] Like the PS3 and PS4, the Vita contains Trophy support for games.[118]

text: The system was designed so that it would be easy for developers to extract PS3 game assets and in turn use them to make Vita versions of games. Prior to the Vita's release, several third-party studios showcased tech demos of the device by exporting existing assets from their PlayStation 3 counterpart and then rendering them on the device, high budget examples including Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Yakuza 4, and Lost Planet.[119] While none of these particular high budget tech demos materialized into actual game releases, and few big-budget Western games would be made for both outside of PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale,[120] many Japanese development teams would go on to develop mid-level games that would release for both platforms, including Falcom's Trails of Cold Steel duology, Compile Hearts' original Hyperdimension Neptunia trilogy, and many entries from Tecmo Koei's Atelier and Dynasty Warriors series. The trend continued on the PS4 as well, with Vita/PS4 releases becoming common due to the spread of their userbases – Vita versions for Japan, where the Vita was larger in its initial years, and PS4 versions of games for North America and Europe, where the PS4 userbase was substantially larger. Few PlayStation 2 titles were ported to the Vita due to the PS2's complicated infrastructure – games that did, such as Final Fantasy X/X2 Remaster and Persona 4 Golden required extensive reworking,[121] or were based on their PS3 counterparts, such as Jak and Daxter Collection, Ratchet and Clank Collection, and Sly Cooper Collection.

text: Backward compatibility[edit]

text: The device is backward compatible with most PSP games; however, its lack of a UMD disc drive limits this capability to those titles which have been digitally released on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store, not physical PSP games or films.[122] The Vita is also backward compatible with the majority of the PSone Classics – the group of PlayStation 1 games Sony has made available digitally for download, and PlayStation Minis – small-budget downloadable titles originally created for the PSP and PS3.[123] Games from Sony's PlayStation Mobile initiative had initially been compatible, but were removed when the service was shutdown in September 2015.[124] In Japan, select downloadable PC Engine and PocketStation titles became backward compatible as well.[125]

text: Applications[edit]

text: A number of applications are available to run on the Vita, some initially pre-loaded on the device, while others are available via Sony's PlayStation Store. Pre-loaded apps include an internet browser,[126] a "Content Manager" app for monitoring data saved to the device,[126] an email app, a music playing app,[127] a photo app,[127] and a video playing app.[127] The system's web browser supports HTML5, cookies, and Javascript, but not Adobe Flash.[128] Also included was "Near", a social media/GPS like app that allowed the user to see other Vita players in the area, and what games or applications they had been using, with the opportunity for some limited interactivity and communication,[127] although most of its functionality was disabled in 2015.[129]

text: A number of other third party apps commonly found on mobile devices have also been made available on the Vita, including Google Maps, (removed in 2015),[130] YouTube (removed in 2015),[129] Facebook (removed in 2015),[131] Skype (removed in 2016),[132] Netflix,[133] Hulu Plus,[134] Redbox Instant,[134] and Flickr.[135] While the Google Maps and YouTube apps have been removed, the websites are still accessible and usable through the Vita's internet browser.[136]

text: System software[edit]

text: Unlike the PSP and PlayStation 3, the PlayStation Vita does not use the XrossMediaBar interface. Instead it uses a touchscreen-based UI dubbed LiveArea, which includes various social networking features via the PlayStation Network.[93] Each game or application is represented by its own circle icon, and selecting it leads the user to a panel with multiple options present, including running software itself, going to its respective website through the internet, seeing if there are downloadable updates available for the software, and seeing a newsfeed-like list of activities related to it, such as installing it or obtaining trophies, for both the user and others the user has interacted with recently.[137]

text: Reception and sales[edit]

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, the Vita's original hardware release was generally well-received with critics, although a few concerns persisted as well.[138] Metacritic editor Jason Dietz noted that reviewers tended to praise the Vita's actual hardware design and operating system, but expressed some concern on its practicality, namely competing in 2012 onward, with a large size and price, where mobile phones with large screens and cheap games were prevalent as an alternative.[138] As of its initial Western launch in February 2012, out of 44 professional critic reviews, 9 fell in the "Great" rating, 29 in the "Good" rating, 6 in the "Mixed" rating, and 0 in the "Bad" or "Awful" rating.[138]

text: Its initial launch sales were generally seen as positive, selling over 300,000 units in Japan,[139] and 200,000 units in North America.[140] However, a large dropoff occurred in both regions. In Japan, second-week sales dropped 78%, and leveled off at selling about 12,000 units per week.[139] Similarly, sales dropped off to about 30,000 to 50,000 units sold per month for the year after launch in North America.[140] Overall, Sony fell far short of the worldwide sales targets of 10 million Vitas sold by the end of March 2013.[141] The device sold 1.2 million units as of the end of February 2012,[142] 4 million by the end of 2012,[6] and were only estimated by analysts to have reached 6 million by the end of 2013,[143] figures that have not been confirmed due to Sony's ceasing to release Vita sales figures after hitting the 4 million mark at the end of 2012.[144]

text: Views on the hardware dropped to more moderate levels in 2013, after the platform's initial sales lulls. Surveys in Japan showed that consumers were not purchasing the device due to its high retail price and perceived lack of software variety,[145] and that current Vita owners only showed a 46% rate of approval for the device and its software library.[146] Similarly, many Western critics felt that the low sales through 2013 would lead to an early death for the product.[147][145][148][149]

text: From 2013 onward, Sony was able to reverse the trajectory of the system by changing focus, aiming to be more of a niche product than one with mass market appeal – focusing more on small Western mobile phone games and mid-level Japanese developed games, and attaching it to the rise of popularity of its PlayStation 4 platform with its remote play connectivity functions.[150][151][152] Sony also released the Vita model revision, the PCH-2000, which was generally well received by critics as well for addressing a number prior complaints about the system, which included a price and size reduction.[153] However, reviewers felt more mixed on the decision to change from OLED to LCD screen in the revised model,[154] with some feeling it led to a minor downgrade in image quality.[153][155]

text: While not giving specific figures, Sony stated that Vita sales beat projections in North America in 2014, which it was happy and surprised with, sometimes even falling out of stock.[156] Similar response was found in the UK as well.[150] The platform has been considered to have sold well in Japan,[157] where it outsold the PS4 in 2015,[158] and reached 5 million units sold in 2016 according to sales tracker Media Create.[159] It also obtained million-selling software in the same year, with the Japanese Vita release of Minecraft.[160] By the end of 2015, research firm EEDAR estimated the sales of the Vita worldwide to be around 10 million.[161] Despite the smaller userbase, the platform continues to be viable for game release into 2017 due to the high attach rate of software sold per hardware user.[162][152][163][80] Limited Run Games and various indie game developers praised the platform for its wide selection of more original and niche video games, and the strong respective sales of them.[80] In mid-2017, Glixel estimated that approximately 15 million units of the system had been sold.[80]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Release date in other regions

RUS: February 22, 2012[1]
ARG: February 22, 2012
CHL: February 22, 2012
AU: February 23, 2012[2]
BRA: March 2, 2012
CAN: October 2, 2012 (3G)[3]
CHN: March 20, 2015[4][5]

Jump up ^ Between the system's launch and January 2013, 4 million units have been sold worldwide.[6] Between January 2013 and June 2014, 1,837,710 units were sold within Japan alone.[7] A total of 600,000 units were sold in Spain as of June 2015,[8] and 446,000 units sold in France as of 2014.[9] As of present, no other reliable sales figures have been released.

tag: ol