document_title: Diamonds Are Forever (film)

question_text: who played thumper in the james bond movie diamonds are forever

text: Diamonds Are Forever (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: James Bond—Agent 007—pursues Ernst Stavro Blofeld out of revenge for the death of his wife, hunting down SPECTRE operatives across the world. He eventually finds him at a facility where Blofeld look-alikes are being created through plastic surgery. Bond kills a test subject, and later the "real" Blofeld, by drowning him in a pool of superheated mud.

text: While assassins Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd systematically kill several diamond smugglers, M suspects that South African diamonds are being stockpiled to depress prices by dumping, and orders Bond to uncover the smuggling ring. Disguised as professional smuggler and assassin Peter Franks, Bond travels to Amsterdam to meet contact Tiffany Case. The real Franks shows up on the way, but Bond intercepts and kills him, then switches IDs to make it seem as though Franks is Bond. Case and Bond then go to Los Angeles, smuggling the diamonds inside Franks' corpse.

text: At the airport Bond meets his CIA ally Felix Leiter, then travels to Las Vegas. At a funeral home, Franks' body is cremated and the diamonds are passed on to another smuggler, Shady Tree. Bond is nearly killed by Wint and Kidd when they put him into a coffin and send it to a cremation oven, but Tree stops the process when he discovers that the diamonds in Franks' body were fakes planted by Bond and the CIA.

text: Bond tells Leiter to ship him the real diamonds. Bond then goes to the Whyte House, a casino-hotel owned by the reclusive billionaire Willard Whyte, where Tree works as a stand-up comedian. Bond watches Tree's act and afterwards goes to his dressing room, where he discovers there that Tree has been killed by Wint and Kidd, who did not know that the diamonds were fake.

text: At the craps table Bond meets the opportunistic Plenty O'Toole; after gambling, he brings her to his room. Gang members ambush them, throwing O'Toole out of a window and into a pool. Bond spends the rest of the night with Tiffany Case, instructing her to retrieve the real diamonds at the Circus Circus casino.

text: Tiffany reneges on her deal to meet back with Bond and instead flees, passing off the diamonds to the next smuggler. However, seeing that O'Toole was killed (after being mistaken for her), Tiffany changes her mind. She drives Bond to the airport, where the diamonds are given to Whyte's casino manager, Bert Saxby, who is followed to a remote facility. Bond enters the apparent destination of the diamonds: a research laboratory owned by Whyte, where a satellite is being built by Professor Metz, a laser refraction specialist. Bond fakes Metz by telling him he is Klaus Hergersheimer, a technician he met in the facility. His cover is blown when the real Hergersheimer shows up. Bond attempts to remain hidden, but is seen by a technician. He manages to evade the security guards by stealing a moon buggy and reunites with Tiffany. The laboratory report Bond's activity to the sheriff's office. Bond and Tiffany make their way back to Las Vegas; they are seen there by the Las Vegas police, who engage in a car chase, but Bond manages to evade all the cars.

text: Bond later scales the walls to the Whyte House's top floor to confront Whyte. He is instead met by two identical Blofelds, who use an electronic device to sound like Whyte. Bond kills one of the Blofelds, which turns out to be a look-alike. The real Blofeld pulls a gun on Bond, and instructs him into a elevator, where he is knocked out by gas. He is picked up by Wint and Kidd, and taken out to Las Vegas Valley, where he is placed in a pipeline and left to die. The pipeline is buried the next morning.

text: Bond escapes and calls Blofeld, using a similar electronic device made by Q to pose as Saxby. He finds out Whyte is kept at his summer house outside the city and goes there with Felix and the CIA. After a brief battle with Whyte's female bodyguards Bambi and Thumper, they rescue Whyte. Saxby attempts to kill Bond outside the summer house, but is fatally shot during the ensuing gunfight. In the meantime, Blofeld abducts Case. With the help of Whyte, Bond raids the lab and uncovers Blofeld's plot to create a laser satellite using the diamonds, which by now has already been sent into orbit. With the satellite, Blofeld destroys nuclear weapons in China, the Soviet Union and the United States, then proposes an international auction for global nuclear supremacy.

text: Whyte identifies an oil platform off the coast of Baja California as Blofeld's likely base of operations. After Bond's attempt to change the cassette containing the satellite control codes fails due to a mistake by Tiffany, a helicopter attack on the oil rig is launched by Leiter and the CIA.

text: Blofeld tries to escape in a midget submarine, but Bond gains control of the submarine's launch crane and crashes the sub into the control room, causing both the satellite control and the base to be destroyed. Bond and Tiffany then head for Britain on a cruise ship, where Wint and Kidd pose as room-service stewards and attempt to kill them with a hidden bomb. Bond turns the tables on them, causing Kidd to hurl himself overboard after being set aflame and Wint to detonate with the bomb after being thrown overboard. Tiffany then asks James Bond a sensitive question: "How the hell do we get those diamonds down again?"

text: The obvious cause of the question is the diamonds in the satellite, which can be seen by Bond and Tiffany as a speck in the night sky.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sean Connery as James Bond: An MI6 agent, codenamed 007.
Jill St. John as Tiffany Case: A diamond smuggler.
Charles Gray as Ernst Stavro Blofeld: The head of SPECTRE and Bond's arch-nemesis. (Gray had previously appeared in the series when he played Dikko Henderson in 1967's You Only Live Twice).
Jimmy Dean as Willard Whyte: An entrepreneur, loosely based on Howard Hughes.
Bruce Glover and Putter Smith as Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd: Blofeld's henchmen.
Norman Burton as Felix Leiter: A CIA agent, and Bond's ally in tracking Blofeld.
Joseph Furst as Professor Doctor Metz: A brilliant scientist and world's leading expert on laser refraction, who is on Blofeld's payroll.
Lana Wood as Plenty O'Toole: A gold digging beauty Bond meets at a casino.
Bruce Cabot as Bert Saxby: Whyte's casino manager who is in cahoots with Blofeld. This was Cabot's final feature film appearance.
Bernard Lee as M: Head of MI6.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q: Head of MI6's technical department.
Joe Robinson as Peter Franks: A diamond smuggler whose identity is taken by Bond.
David Bauer as Morton Slumber: President of Slumber Incorporated, a funeral home.
Marc Lawrence as a Slumber Inc. attendant
Sid Haig as a Slumber Inc. attendant
Leonard Barr as Shady Tree: A stand-up comedian and smuggler.
Laurence Naismith as Sir Donald Munger: A diamond expert who brings the case to MI6.
David de Keyser as Doctor
Ed Bishop as Klaus Hergersheimer: Health physicist for WW Techtronics. (uncredited)
Lola Larson and Trina Parks as Bambi and Thumper: Willard Whyte's female bodyguards. (uncredited)
Brinsley Forde as Joshua, Houseboy (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The producers originally intended to have Diamonds Are Forever re-create commercially successful aspects of Goldfinger, including hiring its director, Guy Hamilton.[3] Peter R. Hunt, who had directed On Her Majesty's Secret Service and worked in all previous Bond films as editor, was invited before Hamilton, but due to involvement with another project could only work on the film if the production date was postponed, which the producers declined to do.[4]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Richard Maibaum[edit]

text: While On Her Majesty's Secret Service was within its post-production stages, Richard Maibaum wrote initial treatments and a script for Diamonds Are Forever as a revenge-themed sequel with Irma Bunt and Marc-Ange Draco returning, and Bond mourning his deceased wife Tracy while Louis Armstrong's "We Have All the Time in the World" played in the background.

text: When George Lazenby departed from the role prior to the film's release, a complete rewrite was requested, in addition to Maibaum's script failing to impress Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman.[5] Following this, an original plot had as a villain Auric Goldfinger's twin, seeking revenge for the death of his brother. The plot was later changed after Broccoli had a dream, where his close friend Howard Hughes was replaced by an imposter. So the character of Willard Whyte was created, and Tom Mankiewicz was chosen to rework the script.[6]

text: Tom Mankiewicz[edit]

text: Mankiewicz says he was hired because Broccoli wanted an American writer to work on the script, since so much of it was set in Las Vegas "and the Brits write really lousy American gangsters" — but it had to be someone who also understood the British idiom, since it had British characters.[7] David Picker from United Artists had seen the stage musical Georgy! written by Mankiewicz, and recommended him; he was hired on a two-week trial and kept on for the rest of the movie. Mankiewicz later estimated the novel provided around 45 minutes of the film's final running time.[8]

text: The adaptation eliminated the main villains from the source Ian Fleming novel, mobsters called Jack and Seraffimo Spang, but used the henchmen Shady Tree, Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd.[6]

text: Maibaum's original idea for the ending was a giant boat chase across Lake Mead, with Blofeld being pursued by Bond and all the Las Vegas casino owners, who would be sailing in their private yachts. Bond was to rouse the allies into action with a spoof of Lord Nelson's famous cry, "Las Vegas expects every man to do his duty." Maibaum was misinformed; there were no Roman galleys or Chinese junks in Las Vegas, and the idea was too expensive to replicate, so it was dropped.[9][10]

text: Maibaum may have thought the eventual oil-rig finale a poor substitute, but it was originally intended to be much more spectacular. Armed frogmen would jump from the helicopters into the sea and attach limpet mines to the rig's legs (this explains why frogmen appear on the movie's poster). Blofeld would have escaped in his BathoSub and Bond would have pursued him, hanging from a weather balloon.[11] The chase would have continued across a salt mine, with the two mortal enemies scrambling over white hills of salt before Blofeld would fall to his death in a salt granulator. Permission was not granted by the owners of the salt mine. It also made the sequence too long. Further problems followed when the explosives set up for the finale were set off too early; fortunately, a handful of cameras were ready and able to capture the footage.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: George Lazenby was originally offered a contract for seven Bond films, but declined and left after just one, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, on the advice of his agent.[12] Producers contemplated replacing him with John Gavin (though Batman star Adam West and Burt Reynolds had also been considered); Reynolds and West had stated that Bond should be not be played by an American actor.[3][13] Michael Gambon rejected an offer, telling Broccoli that he was "in terrible shape."[14] United Artists' chief David Picker was unhappy with this decision and made it clear that Connery was to be enticed back to the role and that money was no object. When approached about resuming the role of Bond, Connery demanded the fee of £1.25 million. To entice the actor to play Bond once more, United Artists offered to back two films of his choice.[15] After both sides agreed to the deal, Connery used the fee to establish the Scottish International Education Trust, where Scottish artists could apply for funding without having to leave their country to pursue their careers. Since John Gavin was no longer in the running for the role, his contract was paid in full by United Artists. The first film made under Connery's deal was The Offence, directed by his friend Sidney Lumet.[3] The second was to be an adaptation of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, using only Scottish actors and in which Connery himself would play the title role. This project was abandoned because Roman Polanski's version of Macbeth was already in production.

text: Charles Gray was cast as villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, after playing a Bond ally named Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice (1967).[3] David Bauer, who plays Morton Slumber, had also previously appeared in that film, uncredited, as an American diplomat.

text: Jazz musician Putter Smith was invited by Harry Saltzman to play Mr. Kidd, after a Thelonious Monk Band show. Musician Paul Williams was originally cast as Mr. Wint. When he couldn't agree with the producers on compensation, Bruce Glover replaced him. Glover said he was surprised at being chosen, because at first producers said he was too normal and that they wanted a deformed, Peter Lorre-like actor.[3]

text: Film star Bruce Cabot, who played the part of Bert Saxby, died the following year; Diamonds turned out to be his final film role. Jimmy Dean was cast as Willard Whyte after Saltzman saw a presentation of him. Dean was very worried about playing a Howard Hughes pastiche, because he was an employee of Hughes at the Desert Inn.[3]

text: Raquel Welch, Jane Fonda and Faye Dunaway were considered for the role of Tiffany Case. Jill St. John had originally been offered the part of Plenty O'Toole, but landed the female lead after Sidney Korshak, who assisted the producers in filming in Las Vegas locations, recommended his client St. John,[16] who became the first American Bond girl.[17] Lana Wood was cast as Plenty O'Toole, following a suggestion of screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz.[3] Denise Perrier, Miss World 1953, played "Marie", the woman in the bikini who is forced by Bond to disclose the location of Blofeld.[6]

text: A cameo appearance by Sammy Davis, Jr. playing on the roulette table was filmed, but his scene was eventually deleted.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on 5 April 1971, with the South African scenes actually shot in the desert near Las Vegas, and finished on 13 August 1971.[3] The film was shot primarily in the US, with locations including the Los Angeles International Airport,[19] Universal City Studios and eight hotels of Las Vegas.[20] Besides the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, other places in England were Dover and Southampton. The climactic oil rig sequence was shot off the shore of Oceanside, California. Other filming locations included Cap D'Antibes in France for the opening scenes, Amsterdam and Lufthansa's hangar at Frankfurt Airport, Germany.[21]

text: Filming in Las Vegas took place mostly in hotels owned by Howard Hughes, since he was a friend of Cubby Broccoli.[17] Getting the streets empty to shoot was achieved through the collaboration of Hughes, the Las Vegas police and shopkeepers association.[9] The Las Vegas Hilton doubled for the Whyte House, and since the owner of the Circus Circus was a Bond fan, he allowed the Circus to be used on film and even made a cameo.[6][9] The cinematographers said filming in Las Vegas at night had an advantage: no additional illumination was required due to the high number of neon lights.[22] Sean Connery made the most of his time on location in Las Vegas. "I didn't get any sleep at all. We shot every night, I caught all the shows and played golf all day. On the weekend I collapsed – boy, did I collapse. Like a skull with legs." He also played the slot machines, and once delayed a scene because he was collecting his winnings.[23] While shooting in Las Vegas Connery dated his co-star Lana Wood.[24]

text: The site used for the Willard Whyte Space Labs (where Bond gets away in the Moon Buggy) was actually, at that time, a Johns-Manville gypsum plant located just outside Las Vegas. The home of Kirk Douglas was used for the scene in Tiffany's house, while the Elrod House in Palm Springs, designed by John Lautner, became Willard Whyte's house.[25] The exterior shots of the Slumber mortuary were of the Palm Mortuary in Henderson, Nevada. The interiors were a set constructed at Pinewood Studios, where Ken Adam imitated the real building's lozenge-shaped stained glass window in its nave. During location filming, Adam visited several funeral homes in the Las Vegas area, the inspiration behind the gaudy design of the Slumber mortuary (the use of tasteless Art Nouveau furniture and Tiffany lamps) came from these experiences.[21] Production wrapped with the crematorium sequence, on 13 August 1971.[6]

text: Since the car chase in Las Vegas would have many car crashes, the filmmakers had an arrangement with Ford to use their vehicles. Ford's only demand was that Sean Connery had to drive the 1971 Mustang Mach 1 which serves as Tiffany Case's car.[9] The Moon Buggy was inspired by the actual NASA vehicle, but with additions such as flailing arms since the producers didn't find the design "outrageous" enough. Built by custom car fabricator Dean Jeffries on a rear-engined Corvair chassis, it was capable of road speeds. The fibreglass  tires had to be replaced during the chase sequence because the heat and irregular desert soil ruined them.[26]

text: Hamilton had the idea of making a fight scene inside a lift, which was choreographed and done by Sean Connery and stuntman Joe Robinson.[27]  The car chase where the red Mustang comes outside of the narrow street on the opposite side in which it was rolled, was filmed over three nights on Fremont Street in Las Vegas. The alleyway car roll sequence is actually filmed in two locations. The entrance was at the car park at Universal Studios and the exit was at Fremont Street, Las Vegas. It eventually inspired a continuity mistake, as the car enters the alley on the right side tires and exits the street driving on the left side.[3] During the car chase where the police are chasing Bond in a small parking lot the Mustang was to jump a small ramp over several cars. Bill Hickman (Bullitt fame) did this stunt; the hired stunt driver they had couldn't perform this and wrecked two or three cars.  The stunt team had only one automobile left so they called Hickman – who drove for hours to the location, jumped into the Mustang, and did the stunt in one take.[28] While filming the scene of finding Plenty O'Toole drowned in Tiffany's swimming pool, Lana Wood actually had her feet loosely tied to a cement block on the bottom. Film crew members held a rope across the pool for her, with which she could lift her face out of the water to breathe between takes. The pool's sloping bottom made the block slip into deeper water with each take. Eventually, Wood was submerged but was noticed by on-lookers and rescued before actually drowning. Wood, being a certified diver, took some water but remained calm during the ordeal, although she later admitted to a few "very uncomfortable moments and quite some struggling until they pulled me out."[29]

text: Music[edit]

text: "Diamonds Are Forever", the title song, was the second James Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger" in 1964. In an interview for the television programme James Bond's Greatest Hits, composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's Moonraker.

text: The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry, his sixth time composing for a Bond film.

text: With Connery back in the lead role, the "James Bond Theme" was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unusual, blued gunbarrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light, in the pre-credits sequence, and in a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence in Amsterdam.

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Diamonds are Forever premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square. It was released on 14 December 1971. It grossed $116 million worldwide,[2] of which $43 million was from the United States.[30]

text: Reviews were mixed, and the camp tone had a mostly negative reaction. The film currently has a 67% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[31] Connery was applauded by Kevin A. Ranson of MovieCrypt and Michael A. Smith of Nolan's Pop Culture. Critic Roger Ebert noted, in a positive review, the irrelevance of the plot and "moments of silliness", such as Bond finding himself driving a moon buggy with antennae revolving and robot arms flapping. He praised the Las Vegas car chase scene, particularly the segment when Bond drives the Mustang on two wheels.[32] Twenty-five years after its release, James Berardinelli criticised the concept of a laser-shooting satellite,  the performances of Jill St. John, Norman Burton and Jimmy Dean.[33] Christopher Null called St. John "one of the least effective Bond girls – beautiful, but shrill and helpless".[34] Steve Rhodes said, "looking and acting like a couple of pseudo-country bumpkins, [Putter Smith and Bruce Glover] seem to have wandered by accident from the adjoining sound stage into the filming of this movie." But he also extolled the car chase as "classic".[35] According to Danny Peary, Diamonds are Forever is "one of the most forgettable movies of the entire Bond series" and that "until Blofeld's reappearance we must watch what is no better than a mundane diamond-smuggling melodrama, without the spectacle we associate with James Bond: the Las Vegas setting isn't exotic enough, there's little humour, assassins Mr. Kidd and Mr. Wint are similar to characters you'd find on The Avengers, but not nearly as amusing – and the trouble Bond gets into, even Maxwell Smart could escape."[36] IGN chose it as the third worst James Bond film, behind only The Man with the Golden Gun and Die Another Day.[37] Total Film listed Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd, and Bambi and Thumper, as the first and second worst villains in the Bond series (respectively).[38] The film was more positively received by Xan Brooks of The Guardian, who said it was "oddly brilliant, the best of the bunch: the perfect bleary Bond film for an imperfect bleary western world."[39]

text: The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound for Gordon McCallum, John W. Mitchell and Al Overton.[40] It lost to Fiddler on the Roof.[41]


document_title: Manchester United F.C. in European football

question_text: when did united last win the champions league

root

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57. 1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup.

tag: p

text: The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club's record win in all competitions. A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid. The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3–1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators. However, they were only able to draw 2–2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles.

text: Munich[edit]

text: United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year. After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9–2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round. After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester. This long-winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later.

text: Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club's management chartered a plane for the quarter-final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade. Following a 2–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3–3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals. On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow-covered Munich for refuelling. Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane's engine. A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded. Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take-off attempt. The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take-off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway. Once the plane reached 117 knots – the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take-off – the pilot would have expected the plane's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway. It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house.

text: The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later. Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed. Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital. With eight of the club's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan. A 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4–0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams. In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958–59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster. The games against Young Boys went ahead as friendlies.

text: Return to Europe[edit]

text: Victory in the 1962–63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five-year absence for the 1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup. After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter-finals. A 4–1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5–0 on the night and 6–4 on aggregate.

text: A second-place finish in the league in 1963–64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964–65. They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2–1 to Ferencváros in a play-off after a 3–3 aggregate draw over two legs.

text: Back in the European Cup[edit]

text: The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average. After seeing off Finland's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four-time finalists, two-time winners and the previous season's runners-up, Benfica. Benfica's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites. Despite this tag, United ran out 3–2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5–1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best's career.[1][2][3] The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich. Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2–0 at the JNA Stadium. A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1–0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe's biggest prize.

text: First European title[edit]

text: Manchester United won the 1966–67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967–68. After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo. The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0–0 draw in a very physical match. The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best. Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter-finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze. United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2–0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1–0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute. The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1–0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid. United's 1–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3–3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium. Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4–1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy.

text: United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968–69 season, but lost to Milan. They would not compete in Europe for another seven years.

text: European comeback[edit]

text: Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968–69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974. Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup.

text: Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top-five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983–84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson. The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside. United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, winning the second leg 3–0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2–0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time.

text: United reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990. This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988. During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later.

text: Since 1990[edit]

text: When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990–91 season, United were England's representatives in the European Cup Winners' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2–1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice.[4] Their defence of the trophy in the 1991–92 season was short-lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup. League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup (now branded the Champions League) for the first time in 25 years, but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era, they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996–97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund. This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1–0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage.[5]

text: They finally ended a 31-year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage-time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona.[6] In 2003–04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven-year run of quarter-final appearances in the competitions,[7] which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals.

text: After three short-lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006–07 season. After going down 2–1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter-final first leg,[8] they triumphed 7–1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years.[9] They took a 3–2 lead against Milan in the first leg,[10] only for their hopes of an all-English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3–0 second leg defeat.[11] A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1–1 draw in the first all-English European Cup final.[12]

text: United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions; first in the 2009 final in Rome,[13] and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London.[14] Poor performances in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage saw United finish third, giving them another chance in Europe via the UEFA Europa League.[15] This was the first time United competed in the competition since its rebrand from the UEFA Cup in 2009, which they last competed in in 1995–96. They were eventually knocked out in the round of 16, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Athletic Club.[16] After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013–14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014–15 for the first time in 25 years,[17] but returned to European action the following season after Moyes' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play-off round.[18] It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005–06 competition.[19]

text: By virtue of winning the 2015–16 FA Cup (compounded by a 5th-place finish in the Premier League that season), United started their European campaign for 2016–17 in the Europa League for the first time since 1995–96. United won the competition after defeating AFC Ajax 2–0 in the final, giving them their first win of the competition and becoming the fifth club to win all three of UEFA's major titles.[20]

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Season
Competition
Round
Opposition
Score[nb 1]

1956–57
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Anderlecht
2–0 (A), 10–0 (H)

First round
 Borussia Dortmund
3–2 (H), 0–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Athletic Bilbao
3–5 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Real Madrid
1–3 (A), 2–2 (H)

1957–58
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Shamrock Rovers
6–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

First round
 Dukla Prague
3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Quarter-final
 Red Star Belgrade
2–1 (H), 3–3 (A)

Semi-final
 Milan
2–1 (H), 0–4 (A)

1958–59
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Young Boys
Withdrew

1963–64
Cup Winners' Cup
Preliminary round
 Willem II
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round
 Tottenham Hotspur
0–2 (A), 4–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Sporting CP
4–1 (H), 0–5 (A)

1964–65
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
First round
 Djurgården
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

Second round
 Borussia Dortmund
6–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

Third round
 Everton
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Strasbourg
5–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Ferencváros
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A), 1–2 (A)

1965–66
European Cup
Preliminary round
 HJK Helsinki
3–2 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round
 Vorwärts Berlin
2–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Benfica
3–2 (H), 5–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Partizan Belgrade
0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1967–68
European Cup
First round
 Hibernians
4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Second round
 FK Sarajevo
0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Górnik Zabrze
2–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Real Madrid
1–0 (H), 3–3 (A)

Final
 Benfica
4–1 (N)

1968
Intercontinental Cup
Final
 Estudiantes
0–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

1968–69
European Cup
First round
 Waterford
3–1 (A), 7–1 (H)

Second round
 Anderlecht
3–0 (H), 1–3 (A)

Quarter-final
 Rapid Vienna
3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Milan
0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1976–77
UEFA Cup
First round
 Ajax
0–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round
 Juventus
1–0 (H), 0–3 (A)

1977–78
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Saint-Étienne
1–1 (A), 2–0 (H)[nb 2]

Second round
 Porto
0–4 (A), 5–2 (H)

1980–81
UEFA Cup
First round
 Widzew Łódź
1–1 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1982–83
UEFA Cup
First round
 Valencia
0–0 (H), 1–2 (A)

1983–84
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Dukla Prague
1–1 (H), 2–2 (A)[nb 4]

Second round
 Spartak Varna
2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Barcelona
0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Juventus
1–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

1984–85
UEFA Cup
First round
 Rába ETO Győr
3–0 (H), 2–2 (A)

Second round
 PSV Eindhoven
0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Third round
 Dundee United
2–2 (H), 3–2 (A)

Quarter-final
 Videoton
1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)[nb 5]

1985–86
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Benfica

1986–87
UEFA Cup
Banned

1988–89
UEFA Cup

1990–91
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Pécsi Munkás
2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Second round
 Wrexham
3–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Montpellier
1–1 (H), 2–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Legia Warsaw
3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final
 Barcelona
2–1 (N)

1991
Super Cup
Final
 Red Star Belgrade
1–0 (H)

1991–92
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Athinaikos
0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round
 Atlético Madrid
0–3 (A), 1–1 (H)

1992–93
UEFA Cup
First round
 Torpedo Moscow
0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 6]

1993–94
Champions League
First round
 Kispest Honvéd
3–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

Second round
 Galatasaray
3–3 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1994–95
Champions League
Group A
 IFK Göteborg
4–2 (H), 1–3 (A)

 Galatasaray
0–0 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Barcelona
2–2 (H), 0–4 (A)

1995–96
UEFA Cup
First round
 Rotor Volgograd
0–0 (A), 2–2 (H)[nb 3]

1996–97
Champions League
Group C
 Juventus
0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Rapid Vienna
2–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

 Fenerbahçe
2–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Porto
4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Borussia Dortmund
0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

1997–98
Champions League
Group B
 Košice
3–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Juventus
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Feyenoord
2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

Quarter-final
 AS Monaco
0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)[nb 3]

1998–99
Champions League
Second qualifying round
 ŁKS Łódź
2–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Group D
 Barcelona
3–3 (H), 3–3 (A)

 Bayern Munich
2–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Brøndby
6–2 (A), 5–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Internazionale
2–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Juventus
1–1 (H), 3–2 (A)

Final
 Bayern Munich
2–1 (N)

1999
Super Cup
Final
 Lazio
0–1 (N)

1999
Intercontinental Cup
Final
 Palmeiras
1–0 (N)

2000
Club World Championship
Group B
 Necaxa
1–1 (N)

 Vasco da Gama
1–3 (N)

 South Melbourne
2–0 (N)

1999–2000
Champions League
First group round
Group D
 Croatia Zagreb
0–0 (H), 2–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz
3–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Marseille
2–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

Second group round
Group B
 Fiorentina
0–2 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Valencia
3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Bordeaux
2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Real Madrid
0–0 (A), 2–3 (H)

2000–01
Champions League
First group round
Group G
 Anderlecht
5–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv
0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

 PSV Eindhoven
1–3 (A), 3–1 (H)

Second group round
Group A
 Panathinaikos
3–1 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz
2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Valencia
0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
0–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

2001–02
Champions League
First group round
Group G
 Lille
1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Deportivo
1–2 (A), 2–3 (H)

 Olympiacos
2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

Second group round
Group A
 Bayern Munich
1–1 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Boavista
3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

 Nantes
1–1 (A), 5–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Deportivo
2–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

Semi-final
 Bayer Leverkusen
2–2 (H), 1–1 (A)[nb 3]

2002–03
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Zalaegerszeg
0–1 (A), 5–0 (H)

First group round
Group F
 Maccabi Haifa
5–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Bayer Leverkusen
2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Olympiacos
4–0 (H), 3–2 (A)

Second group round
Group D
 Basel
3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Deportivo
2–0 (H), 0–2 (A)

 Juventus
2–1 (H), 3–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Real Madrid
1–3 (A), 4–3 (H)

2003–04
Champions League
Group E
 Panathinaikos
5–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Stuttgart
1–2 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Rangers
1–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

First knockout round
 Porto
1–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2004–05
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Dinamo București
2–1 (A), 3–0 (H)

Group D
 Lyon
2–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Fenerbahçe
6–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Sparta Prague
0–0 (H), 4–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Milan
0–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

2005–06
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Debrecen
3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Group D
 Villarreal
0–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Benfica
2–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Lille
0–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

2006–07
Champions League
Group F
 Celtic
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Benfica
1–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Copenhagen
3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Lille
1–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Roma
1–2 (A), 7–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Milan
3–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

2007–08
Champions League
Group F
 Sporting CP
1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Roma
1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv
4–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

First knockout round
 Lyon
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Roma
2–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Barcelona
0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Final
 Chelsea
1–1 (N)[nb 7]

2008
Super Cup
Final
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1–2 (N)

2008
Club World Cup
Semi-final
 Gamba Osaka
5–3 (N)

Final
 LDU Quito
1–0 (N)

2008–09
Champions League
Group E
 Villarreal
0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Aalborg
3–0 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Celtic
3–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Internazionale
0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Porto
2–2 (H), 1–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Arsenal
1–0 (H), 3–1 (A)

Final
 Barcelona
0–2 (N)

2009–10
Champions League
Group B
 Beşiktaş
1–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Wolfsburg
2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

 CSKA Moscow
1–0 (A), 3–3 (H)

Round of 16
 Milan
3–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
1–2 (A), 3–2 (H)[nb 3]

2010–11
Champions League
Group C
 Rangers
0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Valencia
1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Bursaspor
1–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Marseille
0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Chelsea
1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Schalke 04
2–0 (A), 4–1 (H)

Final
 Barcelona
1–3 (N)

2011–12
Champions League
Group C
 Benfica
1–1 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Basel
3–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Oțelul Galați
2–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

2011–12
Europa League
Round of 32
 Ajax
2–0 (A), 1–2 (H)

Round of 16
 Athletic Bilbao
2–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

2012–13
Champions League
Group H
 Galatasaray
1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

 CFR Cluj
2–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Braga
3–2 (H), 3–1 (A)

Round of 16
 Real Madrid
1–1 (A), 1–2 (H)

2013–14
Champions League
Group A
 Bayer Leverkusen
4–2 (H), 5–0 (A)

 Shakhtar Donetsk
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

 Real Sociedad
1–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Olympiacos
0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
1–1 (H), 1–3 (A)

2015–16
Champions League
Play-off round
 Club Brugge
3–1 (H), 4–0 (A)

Group B
 PSV Eindhoven
1–2 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Wolfsburg
2–1 (H), 2–3 (A)

 CSKA Moscow
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

2015–16
Europa League
Round of 32
 Midtjylland
1–2 (A), 5–1 (H)

Round of 16
 Liverpool
0–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2016–17
Europa League
Group A
 Fenerbahçe
4–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Feyenoord
0–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Zorya Luhansk
1–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Round of 32
 Saint-Étienne
3–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Rostov
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Anderlecht
1–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Celta Vigo
1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final
 Ajax
2–0 (N)

2017
Super Cup
Final
 Real Madrid
1–2 (N)

2017–18
Champions League
Group A
 Basel
3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

 CSKA Moscow
4–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Benfica
1–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Round of 16
 Sevilla
0–0 (A), 1–2 (H)

tag: table

text: Overall record[edit]

text: By competition[edit]

text:
Competition
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win%[nb 8]
Ref

Champions League / European Cup
7002269000000000000♠269
7002150000000000000♠150
7001650000000000000♠65
7001540000000000000♠54
7002496000000000000♠496
7002253000000000000♠253
+243
07001557600000000000♠55.76
[21]

Cup Winners' Cup
7001310000000000000♠31
7001160000000000000♠16
7000900000000000000♠9
7000600000000000000♠6
7001550000000000000♠55
7001350000000000000♠35
+20
07001516100000000000♠51.61
[22]

Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
7001540000000000000♠54
7001240000000000000♠24
7001170000000000000♠17
7001130000000000000♠13
7001860000000000000♠86
7001470000000000000♠47
+39
07001444400000000000♠44.44
[23]

Super Cup
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
−2
07001250000000000000♠25.00
[24]

Intertoto Cup
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
+0
!—

Intercontinental Cup
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
+0
07001333300000000000♠33.33
[25]

Club World Cup
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
+3
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[26]

Total
7002364000000000000♠364
7002195000000000000♠195
7001920000000000000♠92
7001770000000000000♠77
7002651000000000000♠651
7002347000000000000♠347
+304
07001535700000000000♠53.57
[27]

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win%[nb 8]
Ref

 Argentina
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
−1
005000000000000000000♠0.00
[28]

 Australia
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[29]

 Austria
7000800000000000000♠8
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7001170000000000000♠17
7000100000000000000♠1
+16
07001875000000000000♠87.50
[30]

 Belgium
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001320000000000000♠32
7000900000000000000♠9
+23
07001700000000000000♠70.00
[31]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[32]

 Brazil
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000300000000000000♠3
−1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[33]

 Bulgaria
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[34]

 Croatia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[35]

 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10
7000500000000000000♠5
+5
07001333300000000000♠33.33
[36]

 Denmark
7000800000000000000♠8
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001250000000000000♠25
7000800000000000000♠8
+17
07001625000000000000♠62.50
[37]

 East Germany
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ecuador
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
+1
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[38]

 England
7001110000000000000♠11
7000600000000000000♠6
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
7001160000000000000♠16
7001110000000000000♠11
+5
07001545500000000000♠54.55
[39]

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
+7
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[40]

 France
7001280000000000000♠28
7001150000000000000♠15
7001110000000000000♠11
7000200000000000000♠2
7001400000000000000♠40
7001150000000000000♠15
+25
07001535700000000000♠53.57
[41][42]

 Germany / West Germany
7001310000000000000♠31
7001150000000000000♠15
7000800000000000000♠8
7000800000000000000♠8
7001600000000000000♠60
7001360000000000000♠36
+24
07001483900000000000♠48.39
[43]

 Greece
7001120000000000000♠12
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001270000000000000♠27
7000600000000000000♠6
+21
07001750000000000000♠75.00
[44]

 Hungary
7001150000000000000♠15
7001100000000000000♠10
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4
7001290000000000000♠29
7001120000000000000♠12
+17
07001666700000000000♠66.67
[45]

 Ireland
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001190000000000000♠19
7000400000000000000♠4
+15
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[46]

 Israel
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000500000000000000♠5
7000500000000000000♠5
+0
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[47]

 Italy
7001350000000000000♠35
7001170000000000000♠17
7000500000000000000♠5
7001130000000000000♠13
7001490000000000000♠49
7001400000000000000♠40
+9
07001485700000000000♠48.57
[48]

 Japan
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[49]

 Malta
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[50]

 Mexico
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
+0
005000000000000000000♠0.00
[51]

 Netherlands
7001170000000000000♠17
7000900000000000000♠9
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
7001290000000000000♠29
7001140000000000000♠14
+15
07001529400000000000♠52.94
[52]

 Poland
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7000900000000000000♠9
7000400000000000000♠4
+5
07001375000000000000♠37.50
[53]

 Portugal
7001270000000000000♠27
7001180000000000000♠18
7000500000000000000♠5
7000400000000000000♠4
7001580000000000000♠58
7001320000000000000♠32
+26
07001666700000000000♠66.67
[54]

 Romania
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7001110000000000000♠11
7000300000000000000♠3
+8
07001833300000000000♠83.33
[55]

 Russia
7001130000000000000♠13
7000500000000000000♠5
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7001170000000000000♠17
7001110000000000000♠11
+6
07001384600000000000♠38.46
[56]

 Scotland
7001100000000000000♠10
7000600000000000000♠6
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7001170000000000000♠17
7000800000000000000♠8
+9
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[57]

 Serbia
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000700000000000000♠7
7000600000000000000♠6
+1
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[58]

 Slovakia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[59]

 Spain
7001520000000000000♠52
7001130000000000000♠13
7001210000000000000♠21
7001180000000000000♠18
7001630000000000000♠63
7001720000000000000♠72
−9
07001250000000000000♠25.00
[60]

 Sweden
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001120000000000000♠12
7000700000000000000♠7
+5
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[61]

  Switzerland
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7001110000000000000♠11
7000800000000000000♠8
+3
07001333300000000000♠33.33
[62]

 Turkey
7001160000000000000♠16
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
7001260000000000000♠26
7001140000000000000♠14
+12
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[63]

 Ukraine
7000800000000000000♠8
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7001140000000000000♠14
7000300000000000000♠3
+11
07001750000000000000♠75.00
[64]

 Wales
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
+5
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[65]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Opponent
Played
Won
Drawn
Lost
For
Against
Difference

 Aalborg
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 Ajax
5
3
0
2
7
3
+4

 Anderlecht
8
5
1
2
25
8
+17

 Arsenal
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Athinaikos
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Athletic Bilbao
4
1
0
3
9
10
−1

 Atlético Madrid
2
1
0
1
1
4
−3

 Barcelona
11
3
4
4
15
20
−5

 Basel
6
2
2
2
11
8
+3

 Bayer Leverkusen
6
4
2
0
16
6
+10

 Bayern Munich
11
2
5
4
13
16
−3

 Benfica
11
8
2
1
25
11
+14

 Beşiktaş
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Boavista
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Bordeaux
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Borussia Dortmund
6
3
1
2
13
5
+8

 Braga
2
2
0
0
6
3
+3

 Brøndby
2
2
0
0
11
2
+9

 Budapest Honvéd
2
2
0
0
5
3
+2

 Bursaspor
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Celta Vigo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Celtic
4
2
1
1
7
4
+3

 CFR Cluj
2
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Chelsea
3
2
1
0
4
2
+2

 Club Brugge
2
2
0
0
7
1
+6

 Copenhagen
2
1
0
1
3
1
+2

 CSKA Moscow
6
4
2
0
12
6
+6

 Debrecen
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Deportivo La Coruña
6
3
0
3
10
9
+1

 Dinamo București
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Dinamo Zagreb
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Djurgården
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Dukla Prague
4
1
2
1
6
4
+2

 Dundee United
2
1
1
0
5
4
+1

 Dynamo Kyiv
4
3
1
0
9
2
+7

 Estudiantes
2
0
1
1
1
2
−1

 Everton
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Fenerbahçe
6
3
0
3
13
9
+4

 Ferencváros
3
1
0
2
4
5
−1

 Feyenoord
4
3
0
1
9
3
+6

 Fiorentina
2
1
0
1
3
3
0

 Galatasaray
6
2
3
1
8
4
+4

 Gamba Osaka
1
1
0
0
5
3
+2

 Górnik Zabrze
2
1
0
1
2
1
+1

 Göteborg
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Győri ETO
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 HJK Helsinki
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 Hibernians
2
1
1
0
4
0
+4

 Internazionale
4
2
2
0
5
1
+4

 Juventus
12
5
2
5
15
15
0

 Košice
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Lazio
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1

 L.D.U. Quito
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Legia Warsaw
2
1
1
0
4
2
+2

 Lille
6
3
2
1
4
2
+2

 Liverpool
2
0
1
1
1
3
−2

 ŁKS Łódź
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Lyon
4
2
2
0
6
4
+2

 Maccabi Haifa
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Marseille
4
2
1
1
4
3
+1

 Midtjylland
2
1
0
1
6
3
+3

 Milan
10
5
0
5
13
16
−3

 AS Monaco
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Montpellier
2
1
1
0
3
1
+2

 Nantes
2
1
1
0
6
2
+4

 Necaxa
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Olympiacos
6
5
0
1
15
4
+11

 Oțelul Galați
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Palmeiras
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Panathinaikos
4
3
1
0
10
2
+8

 Partizan
2
1
0
1
1
2
−1

 Pécsi MFC
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Porto
8
3
3
2
14
11
+3

 PSV Eindhoven
6
2
2
2
6
6
0

 Rangers
4
3
1
0
5
0
+5

 Rapid Wien
4
3
1
0
7
0
+7

 Real Madrid
11
2
4
5
17
22
−5

 Real Sociedad
2
1
1
0
1
0
+1

 Red Star Belgrade
3
2
1
0
6
4
+2

 Roma
6
4
1
1
13
4
+9

 Rostov
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Rotor Volgograd
2
0
2
0
2
2
0

 Saint-Étienne
4
3
1
0
7
1
+6

 FK Sarajevo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Schalke 04
2
2
0
0
6
1
+5

 Sevilla
2
0
1
1
1
2
–1

 Shakhtar Donetsk
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Shamrock Rovers
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 South Melbourne
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Sparta Prague
2
1
1
0
4
1
+3

 Spartak Varna
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Sporting CP
4
3
0
1
7
7
0

 Strasbourg
2
1
1
0
5
0
+5

 Sturm Graz
4
4
0
0
10
1
+9

 Stuttgart
2
1
0
1
3
2
+1

 Torpedo Moscow
2
0
2
0
0
0
0

 Tottenham Hotspur
2
1
0
1
4
3
+1

 Valencia
8
2
5
1
7
4
+3

 Vasco da Gama
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2

 Videoton
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Villarreal
4
0
4
0
0
0
0

 Vorwärts Berlin
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Waterford
2
2
0
0
10
2
+8

 Widzew Łódź
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Willem II
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Wolfsburg
4
3
0
1
9
6
+3

 Wrexham
2
2
0
0
5
0
+5

 Zalaegerszeg
2
1
0
1
5
1
+4

 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1

 Zorya Luhansk
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

text: Honours[edit]

text: European[edit]

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 3

1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08

UEFA Europa League: 1

2016–17

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1

1990–91

UEFA Super Cup: 1

1991

tag: ul

text: Worldwide[edit]

text:
Intercontinental Cup: 1

1999

FIFA Club World Cup: 1

2008

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first
Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park, Plymouth
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lost on away goals
Jump up ^ Won on away goals
Jump up ^ Lost 5–4 on penalties
Jump up ^ Lost 4–3 on penalties
Jump up ^ Won 6–5 on penalties
^ Jump up to: a b Win% is rounded to two decimal places

tag: ol


document_title: List of longest-running Philippine television series

question_text: what is the longest running tv show in the philippines

text: Legend[edit]

text: Series shaded in light blue are currently in production.

text: 40–49 years[edit]

text:
Length
Number of seasons
Series
Network
First broadcast
Last broadcast
Number of episodes
Notes

42 years

N/A

Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko

GMA

December 1, 1975

present

N/A

1st Longest-running public service show.

42 years

N/A

NewsWatch

RPN

June 1970

October 29, 2012

N/A

2nd Longest-running English-language newscast until 2012.

text: 30–39 years[edit]

text:
Length
Number of seasons
Series
Network
First broadcast
Last broadcast
Number of episodes
Notes

39 years

N/A

Eat Bulaga!

RPN

July 30, 1979

February 17, 1989

11,436

Longest-running noontime variety show.[1][2]

ABS-CBN

February 18, 1989

January 27, 1995

GMA

January 28, 1995

present

38 years

N/A

Family Kuarta o Kahon

ABS-CBN

1962

1972

N/A

Longest-running game show.[3]

BBC-2/City-2

1973

1984

RPN

1984

December 17, 2000

38 years

N/A

Jesus Miracle Crusade

IBC

February 14, 1975

1988

N/A

GMA

1988

2002

NBN/PTV

1986; 2007

1995; present

37 years

N/A

The World Tonight

ABS-CBN

November 21, 1966

September 22, 1972

N/A

Longest-running English-language newscast[4]  Note: The newscast did not air from 1972 to 1986.

September 15, 1986

August 13, 1999

ANC

May 1, 1996

present

35 years

N/A

Ang Iglesia ni Cristo

MBS/PTV  RPN

February 13, 1983

1990

N/A

2nd Longest-running religious show

BBC-2/City-2

1983

1986

ABS-CBN

1990

2000

Net 25

2000

present

GEM TV

July 21, 2005

October 30, 2012

INC TV

October 31, 2012

present

35 years

N/A

Ang Dating Daan

IBC

1983*

1992

N/A

Longest-running religious show in the Philippines and in the world. *While its television debut was in 1983, Ang Dating Daan's first incarnation was as a radio religious show, which premiered in October 1980.

RPN

1992

1998

SBN

1998

2004

UNTV

2004

present

32 years

N/A

Ating Alamin

MBS/PTV/NBN

October 5, 1980; 2009

1991; July 10, 2016

N/A

*While its television debut was in October 5, 1980, Ating Alamin's first incarnation was as a agricultural education show, which premiered in 1974.

IBC 13

1994; 2007

2005; 2009

ABC 5

2005

2007

UNTV 37

2010

2013

32 years

N/A

Damayan Ngayon

ABS-CBN

October 20, 1969

September 21, 1972

N/A

Longest-running public service show;previously known as Damayan Note: The host did not air from 1972 to 1975, also host was a hiatus from 2010-2017.

GTV/MBS/PTV/NBN

December 1, 1975

November 20, 2010

October 6, 2017

present

32 years

N/A

Jesus the Healer

ABS-CBN

1986

1988

N/A

GMA

1989

present

ZOE/Light Network

1998

present

RPN

2003

2005

PTV

2014

2014

31 years

N/A

Pangunahing Balita

ABC 5

March 19, 1962

September 22, 1972

N/A

Longest-running Filipino-language newscast.

PTV

November 2, 1987

October 30, 1998

DZRH News Television

September 2008*

present

31 years

N/A

TV Patrol

ABS-CBN

March 2, 1987

present

N/A

Longest-running Filipino-language evening newscast.

31 years

N/A

Family Rosary Crusade

ABS-CBN

March 7, 1987

2003

N/A

RPN

October 8, 1989

December 30, 2007

PTV

1989

2014

ABC

February 1992

August 3, 2008

RJTV

1993

2007

Studio 23

2003

January 12, 2014

ABS-CBN Sports and Action

January 19, 2014

present

30 years

N/A

Uncle Bob's Lucky 7 Club

RBS/GMA

November 4, 1961

July 11, 1992

N/A

Longest-running children's show.

text: 20-29 years[edit]

text:
Length
Number of seasons
Series
Network
First broadcast
Last broadcast
Number of episodes
Notes

29 years

N/A

TV Patrol Central Visayas

ABS-CBN TV-3 Cebu

August 29, 1988

June 29, 2001

N/A

Longest-running TV Patrol regional television franchise; previously known as TV Patrol Cebu

July 2, 2001

present

29 years

N/A

TV Patrol Negros

ABS-CBN TV-4 Bacolod

December 12, 1988

May 29, 1992

N/A

2nd Longest-running TV Patrol regional television franchise; previously known as TV Patrol 4, TV Patrol Western Visayas and TV Patrol Bacolod

June 1, 1992

June 12, 1998

June 15, 1998

April 4, 2007

April 9, 2007

present

29 years

N/A

TV Patrol Southern Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-4 Davao

April 17, 1989

present

N/A

3rd Longest-running TV Patrol regional television franchise.

28 years

N/A

Sharing in the City

RPN

1979

December 29, 2007

N/A

27 years

25

Maalaala Mo Kaya

ABS-CBN

May 15, 1991

present

1000+

Longest-running drama anthology in Philippine television and in the world.[5]

26 years

N/A

Legal Fourm

RPN

1992

2006

N/A

ZOE/Light Network

2004

March 15, 2018

26 years

N/A

El Shaddai

IBC

January 8, 1992

present

N/A

26 years

N/A

TV Patrol Panay

ABS-CBN TV-10 Iloilo

June 1, 1992

June 12, 1998

N/A

previously known as tandem with TV Patrol Bacolod as TV Patrol Western Visayas, also the previously retitle known as TV Patrol Iloilo

June 15, 1998

August 19, 2011

August 22, 2011

present

25 years

N/A

Mag-Agri Tayo

PTV/NBN

1993

present

N/A

25 years

N/A

Aawitan Kita

RPN

1977

1997

N/A

ABC 5

1996

2002

GMA

1997

2001

24 years

N/A

Maayong Buntag Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-4 Davao

September 6, 1993

present

N/A

Longest-running regional morning show.

23 years

N/A

TV Patrol Chavacano

ABS-CBN TV-3 Zamboanga

January 16, 1995

present

N/A

Previously aired as TV Patrol Zamboanga.

23 years

N/A

ASAP

ABS-CBN

February 5, 1995

present

1,116

Longest-running musical variety show.

23 years

N/A

Probe

ABS-CBN

March 6, 1987; August 18, 2005

December 1987; June 30, 2010

N/A

GMA

May 20, 1988

November 25, 2003

ABC

June 2004

April 2005

23 years

N/A

TV Patrol North Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-2 Cagayan de Oro and ABS-CBN TV-9 Pagadian

May 1, 1995

2006

N/A

Previously known as TV Patrol Cagayan de Oro, TV Patrol Iligan and TV Patrol Northern Mindanao.

2006

June 29, 2018

July 2, 2018

present

22 years

N/A

Saksi

GMA

October 2, 1995

present

8,051

22 years

21

Bubble Gang

GMA

October 20, 1995

present

1,040 (as of August 19, 2016)

Longest-running sketch comedy program on Philippine television.[6]

22 years

N/A

TV Patrol South Central Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-3 General Santos

February 12, 1996

June 29, 2018

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Socsksargen

July 2, 2018

present

22 years

N/A

TV Patrol Bicol

ABS-CBN TV-11 Naga

July 1, 1996

present

N/A

22 years

N/A

Dateline Philippines

ANC

July 10, 1996

present

N/A

Longest-running noontime newscast.[7]

21 years

N/A

PCSO Lottery Draw

PTV

March 8, 1995

2003

N/A

2nd longest-running game show. Produced by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO).

2005

present

21 years

N/A

TV Patrol North Luzon

ABS-CBN TV-3 Baguio

January 27, 1997

present

N/A

Previously known as TV Patrol Baguio and TV Patrol Northern Luzon.

21 years

N/A

TV Patrol Tacloban

ABS-CBN TV-2 Tacloban

April 7, 1997

November 8, 2013

N/A

Note: Newscasts were suspended during Typhoon Haiyan in November 8, 2013, but were resumed six weeks following the disaster.

December 23, 2013

present

21 years

N/A

Sports Unlimited

ABS-CBN

June 14, 1997

February 7, 2015

N/A

Longest-running sports program; now aired as Sports U since 2015.

February 12, 2015

present

21 years

N/A

TV Patrol Cagayan Valley

ABS-CBN TV-2 Isabela

January 27, 1997

December 31, 2004

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Tuguegarao.

January 3, 2005

June 29, 2018

20 years

N/A

PJM Forum

ZOE/Light Network

1998

present

N/A

Q

2005

2011

GMA News TV

2011

present

20 years

N/A

Superstar: Beyond Time

RPN

1975

1995

N/A

previously known as Superstar, The Nora Aunor Show and Superstar: The Legend

IBC

1989

1990

20 years

N/A

TV Patrol Ilocos

ABS-CBN TV-7 Laoag

September 1, 1997

October 24, 2008

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Laoag.

October 27, 2008

June 29, 2018

text: 10–19 years[edit]

text:
Length
Number of seasons
Series
Network
First broadcast
Last broadcast
Number of episodes
Notes

20 years

N/A

Kasangga Mo Ang Langit

RPN

July 10, 1998

March 10, 2007

N/A

Produced by Heavenly Images Productions for Television, Inc.

IBC

January 5, 2008

September 13, 2013

PTV

September 22, 2013

present

20 years

N/A

Diyos at Bayan

GMA / Light Network

August 21, 1998

present

N/A

NBN

2001

2002

RPN

2002

2005

19 years

N/A

Tukaan

IBC

October 31, 1998

September 2, 2017

N/A

2nd Longest-running sports program.

The 5 Network

October 1, 2017

present

19 years

N/A

Maynila

GMA

November 23, 1998

present

N/A

Longest-running daytime drama anthology program.

19 years

N/A

i-Witness

GMA

January 18, 1999

present

932

19 years

N/A

Oras ng Katotohanan

IBC

1993; 2001

1995; 2018

N/A

SBN

2004

December 30, 2007

PTV

August 12, 2013

2018

19 years

N/A

Friends Again

IBC

1999

2007

N/A

RPN

2003

December 26, 2007

SBN

2003

December 26, 2007

NBN

December 27, 2007

April 2008

Studio 23

April 2008

January 11, 2014

Light Network

January 12, 2014

January 18, 2014

ABS-CBN Sports and Action

January 25, 2014

present

19 years

N/A

Student Canteen

ABS-CBN

July 1958

1965

N/A

2nd Longest-running noontime variety program.

GMA

January 1975

March 1986

RPN

February 20, 1989

1990

19 years

21

Startalk

GMA

October 8, 1995

September 12, 2015

1,024

Longest-running weekly entertainment news and talk show.

19 years

N/A

Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman

GMA

February 1, 1997

February 13, 2016

977

Longest-running late night variety show.

19 years

N/A

TV Patrol North Central Luzon

ABS-CBN TV-32 Dagupan

January 18, 1999

October 13, 2006

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Dagupan

October 16, 2006

June 29, 2018

19 years

N/A

TV Patrol Central Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-5 Cotabato

April 12, 1999

June 29, 2018

N/A

Previously known as TV Patrol Cotabato

19 years

N/A

GMA Supershow

GMA

May 7, 1978

January 26, 1997

978

2nd Longest-running musical variety show; Formerly titled as Germside and then as Germspesyal.

18 years

N/A

One Mindanao

GMA TV-5 Davao

October 4, 1999

November 7, 2014

N/A

Previously known as Testigo, 24 Oras Southern Mindanao and 24 Oras Davao

November 10, 2014

September 30, 2016

October 3, 2016

August 25, 2017

August 28, 2017

present

18 years

N/A

Balitang Bisdak

GMA TV-7 Cebu

October 4, 1999

November 7, 2014

N/A

Previously known as 24 Oras Central Visayas

November 10, 2014

January 29, 2016

February 1, 2016

present

18 years

N/A

ANC Headlines

ANC

October 11, 1999

present

N/A

2nd Longest-running hourly news program; followed by ANC Live and ANC Breaking News

18 years

N/A

Unang Hirit

GMA

December 6, 1999

present

N/A

Longest-running morning show in the Philippines

18 years

N/A

ABS-CBN News Advisory

ABS-CBN

September 15, 1986

September 4, 2005

N/A

3rd Longest-running hourly news program.

18 years

N/A

Wow Mali

ABC

May 25, 1996

August 2, 2008

N/A

Longest-running reality based gag show

TV5

February 22, 2009

June 28, 2015

18 years

N/A

TV Patrol Caraga

ABS-CBN TV-11 Butuan

July 5, 1999

June 29, 2018

N/A

Previously known as TV Patrol Butuan

18 years

N/A

Business Nightly

ANC

2000

present

N/A

18 years

N/A

Lakbayin Ang Magandang Pilipinas

PTV/NBN

2000

present

N/A

18 years

N/A

Biyaheng Langit

RPN

April 8, 2000

March 10, 2007

N/A

Produced by Heavenly Images Productions for Television, Inc.

IBC

January 5, 2008

September 13, 2013

PTV

September 22, 2013

present

18 years

N/A

Convergence

Net 25

July 2000

present

N/A

18 years

N/A

Imbestigador

GMA

August 2, 2000

present

731

Formerly Longest-running investigation show, Now Longest-running investigation documentary drama since July 19, 2014

17 years

N/A

Talkback

ANC

October 31, 2000

present

N/A

Longest-running current affairs and talk show

17 years

N/A

IBC Headliners

IBC

April 4, 1994

August 5, 2011

N/A

17 years

N/A

Magandang Gabi, Bayan

ABS-CBN

August 21, 1988

December 31, 2005

898

17 years

10

Batibot

RPN

1984

1998

N/A

MBS/PTV

1984

1998

ABS-CBN

1991

1994

GMA

N/A

1998

TV5

November 27, 2010

2013

17 years

N/A

PBA on Vintage Sports

City-2 Television

March 7, 1982

1983

N/A

MBS/PTV

1984

1995

IBC

1995

December 12, 1999

17 years

N/A

John en Marsha

RPN

May 1973

July 30, 1990

405

Longest-running sitcom television series.

17 years

N/A

Oras ng Himala

SBN

2001

December 30, 2007

N/A

UNTV

2003

2004

RPN

2006

2007

NBN/PTV

2007

present

17 years

N/A

Ang Tamang Daan

Net 25

June 11, 2001

present

N/A

INC TV

October 31, 2012

present

17 years

N/A

Auto Review

NBN/PTV

July 21, 2001

present

N/A

16 years

N/A

Big News

ABC

March 19, 1962

September 22, 1972

N/A

The newscast did not air from 1972 to 1992.

February 21, 1992

August 8, 2008

16 years

16

Lovingly Yours, Helen

GMA

September 7, 1980

1984

N/A

2nd longest-running drama anthology.

April 1986

September 1, 1996

BBC

1984

March 16, 1996

16 years

N/A

RPN NewsBreak

RPN

1982

October 8, 1989

N/A

October 3, 1994

March 21, 2003

16 years

N/A

Ratsada 24 Oras

GMA TV-6 Iloilo

October 4, 1999

November 7, 2014

N/A

previously known as Ratsada and 24 Oras Western Visayas

November 10, 2014

July 17, 2015

July 20, 2015

November 13, 2015

16 years

N/A

TV Patrol Palawan

ABS-CBN TV-7 Palawan

November 24, 1997

February 24, 2006

N/A

previously known as Palawan TV Patrol.

June 27, 2011

present

16 years

N/A

Wansapanataym

ABS-CBN

June 22, 1997

February 27, 2005

716 (as of December 4, 2016)

September 11, 2010

present

16 years

N/A

Top Story

ANC

2002

present

16 years

N/A

Wish Ko Lang

GMA

June 29, 2002

present

2,820

15 years

N/A

Bitag

ABC

September 14, 2002

2003

N/A

IBC

2003

2011

UNTV

2004

2013

TV5

2011

2012

PTV (Syndicated)

2012

present

AksyonTV

2013

2017

15 years

N/A

GMA News Live

GMA

January 5, 1987

March 17, 2002

N/A

15 years

N/A

The Police Hour

RPN

1992

December 28, 2007

N/A

15 years

N/A

The Buzz

ABS-CBN

June 13, 1999

April 5, 2015

N/A

2nd Longest-running weekly entertainment news and talk show.

15 years

N/A

PTV Newsbreak

PTV

March 13, 1989

October 30, 1998

N/A

Longest-running hourly news program.

July 2, 2012

present

15 years

N/A

Give Us This Day

SMNI TV-43 Davao

May 28, 2003

present

N/A

15 years

N/A

Kingdom Upclose

SMNI

2003

present

N/A

15 years

N/A

Tomorrow Today

Net 25

2003

present

N/A

14 years

N/A

Tell The People... Now

RPN

1983

1997

N/A

previously known as Tell The People

14 years

N/A

Coney Reyes on Camera

RPN

May 19, 1984

February 11, 1989

N/A

ABS-CBN

February 25, 1989

November 26, 1998

14 years

N/A

Emergency

GMA

October 4, 1995

March 6, 2009

635

14 years

N/A

GMA Flash Report

GMA

March 18, 2002

March 27, 2016

N/A

14 years

N/A

Penpen de Sarapen

RPN

1987

2001

N/A

14 years

N/A

TV Patrol Northwestern Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-9 Pagadian

1995

2008

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Pagadian

2008

2009

14 years

N/A

Ipaglaban Mo!

IBC

July 11, 1988

August 14, 1992

N/A

ABS-CBN

August 16, 1992

March 7, 1999

June 7, 2014

present

14 years

N/A

24 Oras

GMA

March 15, 2004

present

4,000+

14 years

N/A

CNN Philippines Sports Desk

Solar Sports

2004

2007

N/A

Solar News Channel/9TV

December 3, 2012

March 13, 2015

CNN Philippines

March 16, 2015

present

14 years

N/A

KNC Show

UNTV

2004

present

N/A

14 years

N/A

Kerygma TV

SBN

2004

2007

N/A

ABC/TV5

2007

2010

IBC

August 7, 2011

present

14 years

N/A

Make My Day with Larry Henares

UNTV

2004

present

N/A

14 years

N/A

Salamat Dok

ABS-CBN

April 24, 2004

present

1,244

14 years

N/A

Rated K

ABS-CBN

May 16, 2004

present

632

13 years

N/A

Reporter's Notebook

GMA

September 14, 2004

present

637

13 years

N/A

D'X-Man

UNTV 37

October 11, 2004

July 2, 2017

N/A

August 22, 2017

present

13 years

N/A

Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho

GMA

November 7, 2004

present

N/A

13 years

N/A

Buhay Pinoy

GMA

1962

1972

N/A

1973

1975

13 years

N/A

Iskul Bukol

IBC

1977

1990

N/A

13 years

N/A

IBC Express Balita

IBC

July 13, 1998

August 5, 2011

N/A

13 years

N/A

SOP

GMA

February 2, 1997

February 28, 2010

672

3rd Longest-running musical variety show.

13 years

N/A

UAAP on Studio 23

Studio 23

July 15, 2000

January 2014

N/A

13 years

N/A

Adyenda

ZOE 11

2005

September 1, 2005

N/A

GMA Network

2005

March 17, 2018

Q

November 11, 2005

February 18, 2011

ZOE 33 / Light Network

March 13, 2008

March 15, 2018

GMA News TV

March 4, 2011

March 19, 2018

13 years

N/A

Goin' Bulilit

ABS-CBN

February 6, 2005

present

538

13 years

N/A

Maayong Buntag Kapamilya

ABS-CBN TV-3 Cebu

March 7, 2005

present

N/A

13 years

N/A

Executive Class

ANC

2005

present

N/A

13 years

N/A

Asenso Pinoy

ABC 5

2005

2008

N/A

Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation

2006

2011

NBN 4/PTV 4

2008

2014

Studio 23

2013

2014

ABS-CBN Sports and Action

2014

present

12 years

N/A

News Patrol

ABS-CBN

September 5, 2005

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

Balitanghali

Q

November 11, 2005

February 20, 2011

N/A

2nd Longest-running noontime newscast.

GMA News TV

February 28, 2011

present

12 years

N/A

Day Off

Q

November 12, 2005

February 20, 2011

584

GMA News TV

March 5, 2011

present

12 years

N/A

Ang Pinaka

Q

November 13, 2005

February 20, 2011

N/A

GMA News TV

March 6, 2011

present

12 years

N/A

S.O.C.O. (Scene of the Crime Operatives)

ABS-CBN

November 23, 2005

present

621

2nd Longest-running investigation documentary drama.

12 years

12

Asian Air Safari

ANC

2006

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

Cristy FerMinute

ABS-CBN

February 6, 1995

January 6, 2000

N/A

previously known as Cristy Per Minute and the simulcast television radio by 92.3 NewsFM.

AksyonTV

February 22, 2011*

present

12 years

N/A

Sikat Ka! Iloilo

ABS-CBN TV-10 Iloilo

January 16, 2006

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

Drive It!

Net 25

2006

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

Square Off

ANC

2006

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

Newsline Philippines

SMNI

2006

present

N/A

12 years

N/A

BBC/City 2 Balita

BBC-2/City-2

November 5, 1973

March 20, 1986

N/A

12 years

N/A

Mid-day Report

IBC

February 3, 1975

February 27, 1987

N/A

12 years

N/A

This Week Tonight

RPN

1977

1989

N/A

12 years

N/A

GMA Balita

GMA

May 19, 1986

April 8, 1998

N/A

12 years

N/A

Oh No! It's Johnny!

ABS-CBN

October 7, 1987

1999

N/A

12 years

N/A

Balitang Balita

ABC 5

February 21, 1992

April 7, 2004

N/A

12 years

N/A

Live on 5

ABC 5

February 21, 1992

April 7, 2004

N/A

12 years

N/A

Magandang Umaga, Pilipinas

ABS-CBN

January 30, 1995

June 22, 2007

N/A

Previously aired as Alas Singko Y Medya and Magandang Umaga, Bayan

12 years

N/A

Ang Pangarap Kong Jackpot

RPN

1995

2007

N/A

12 years

N/A

News Central

Studio 23

September 21, 1998

October 1, 2010

12 years

N/A

The Correspondents

ABS-CBN

November 16, 1998

October 22, 2010

622

Longest-running investigative documentary in the Philippines

12 years

N/A

Ito Ang Balita

UNTV-37

July 2004

2005

N/A

September 3, 2007

present

12 years

N/A

Magandang Umaga South Central Mindanao

ABS-CBN TV-3 General Santos and ABS-CBN TV-5 Cotabato

June 19, 2006

July 30, 2010

N/A

previously known as Magandang Umaga Socsksargen

August 2, 2010

present

12 years

N/A

Bandila

ABS-CBN

July 3, 2006

present

N/A

11 years

N/A

Swak na Swak

ABS-CBN

August 22, 2006

present

N/A

11 years

N/A

News Patrol Kapampangan

ABS-CBN TV-46 Pampanga

October 23, 2006

June 29, 2018

N/A

previously known as TV Patrol Pampanga

July 2, 2018

present

11 years

N/A

News Bites

Studio 23

1999

2010

N/A

11 years

N/A

Dial M

PTV/NBN

1995

1999

N/A

2003

2010

IBC

2010

2010

11 years

N/A

Palibhasa Lalake

ABS-CBN

March 2, 1987

September 28, 1998

N/A

2nd Longest-running sitcom television series.

11 years

N/A

Balita Ala-Una

PTV

1987

1998

N/A

11 years

N/A

Newsday

IBC

February 3, 1975

July 11, 1986

N/A

11 years

N/A

Hataw Balita

UNTV

2005

2013

N/A

2016

present

11 years

N/A

Magpakailanman

GMA

December 2, 2002

January 31, 2008

N/A

3rd longest-running drama anthology television series.

November 17, 2012

present

11 years

N/A

Momments

Net 25

2007

present

N/A

11 years

N/A

Umagang Kay Ganda

ABS-CBN

June 25, 2007

present

N/A

11 years

N/A

Good Morning Kuya

UNTV

July 23, 2007

present

N/A

10 years

N/A

Born to Be Wild

GMA

November 28, 2007

present

N/A

10 years

N/A

PTV Sports (TV program)

NBN/PTV 4

March 5, 2006

December 30, 2016

N/A

October 16, 2017

present

10 years

N/A

Marhay na Aga Kapamilya

ABS-CBN TV-11 Naga

January 21, 2008

present

N/A

10 years

N/A

Matanglawin

ABS-CBN

March 24, 2008

present

500+

10 years

N/A

Mag TV Na

ABS-CBN (All Regionals)

April 1, 2008

June 24, 2018

N/A

10 years

N/A

Kapamilya, Mas Winner Ka!

ABS-CBN TV-3 Cebu, ABS-CBN TV-4 Bacolod and ABS-CBN TV-4 Davao

October 27, 2007

June 30, 2018

N/A

previously as Kapamilya Winner Ka!.

10 years

N/A

Mornings @ ANC

ANC

July 3, 2006

February 24, 2017

N/A

10 years

13

Pinoy Big Brother

ABS-CBN

August 21, 2005

March 5, 2017

N/A

10 years

N/A

Serbisyo Publiko

UNTV

2004

2014

N/A

10 years

N/A

Teledyaryo

NBN/PTV

July 16, 2001

June 29, 2012

N/A

10 years

N/A

Sharon

ABS-CBN

September 6, 1998

May 9, 2004

N/A

February 26, 2006

October 3, 2010

10 years

N/A

Sineskwela

ABS-CBN

June 1994

2004

N/A

10 years

N/A

Home Along Da Riles

ABS-CBN

December 7, 1992

August 10, 2003

531

3rd Longest-running sitcom television series.

10 years

N/A

5 and Up

ABC 5

May 14, 1992

1994

N/A

GMA

1994

July 14, 2002

10 years

N/A

GMA Network News

GMA

January 6, 1992

June 30, 2002

N/A

10 years

N/A

Business Class

RPN

1991

2001

N/A

10 years

N/A

Martin After Dark

GMA

July 30, 1988

1993

N/A

ABS-CBN

1993

November 28, 1998

10 years

N/A

The Sharon Cuneta Show

RPN

September 14, 1986

February 28, 1988

N/A

ABS-CBN

March 6, 1988

June 15, 1997

10 years

N/A

Okay Ka, Fairy Ko!

RPN

February 1, 1987

February 16, 1989

N/A

ABS-CBN

February 23, 1989

January 26, 1995

GMA

February 2, 1995

April 3, 1997

10 years

N/A

That's Entertainment

GMA

January 6, 1986

May 3, 1996

3,200

10 years

N/A

Viewpoint

GMA

August 21, 1984

November 1994

N/A

10 years

N/A

GMA News Digest

GMA

November 1, 1976

January 4, 1987

N/A

10 years

N/A

Suerte sa Siete

GMA

1976

1986

N/A

10 years

N/A

Kahapon Lamang

GMA

1976

1986

N/A

10 years

N/A

Spin-A-Win

RPN

1975

1985

N/A

10 years

N/A

The News with Uncle Bob

RBS

October 30, 1961

September 22, 1972

N/A


document_title: Ball and socket joint

question_text: where are ball and socket joints found in the human body

text: Ball and socket joint

text:
Ball and socket joint

1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Condyloid joint (Ellipsoid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.

Identifiers

TA
A03.0.00.050

FMA
75301

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around the sausage's indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions).

text: An enarthrosis is a special kind of spheroidal joint in which the socket covers the sphere beyond its equator.[1]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the rounded head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, where the rounded head of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.[2] The shoulder includes a sternoclavicular articulation joint.

text:
Hip

Shoulder

Details of hip joint.

Femur
Femoral Neck
Femoral Head
Acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
Pelvis


document_title: Hanna R. Hall

question_text: actress that played young jenny in forrest gump

text: Hanna R. Hall

text: Early life[edit]

text: Hall was born in Denver, Colorado. Her family moved into the mountains when she was two years-old, but she remained in Colorado until age eighteen.[1] After high school, she lived in Hawaii and Los Angeles before moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she attended the Vancouver Film School.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: When she was seven years-old, Hall attended Nina Axelrod's open casting call for Robert Zemeckis's Forrest Gump. A few callbacks later, Hall was eventually cast as young Jenny Curran.[1] This was followed by a role as an orphaned child in the 1996 television film Homecoming, co-starring Anne Bancroft.

text: Hall screen tested for the role of Lux Lisbon in Sofia Coppola's film adaptation of The Virgin Suicides, but was considered too young for the part so she was cast as Cecilia Lisbon instead.[1] She appeared in several independent films following this, before being cast in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween (2007) as Judith Myers, the sister of murderer Michael Myers. In 2009, she appeared in the independent comedy American Cowslip (2009), opposite Val Kilmer, Diane Ladd, and Cloris Leachman.

text: In 2012, Hall began working as a theater director in Venice, California, directing underground plays.[2] She has also appeared on television series, including guest roles on Criminal Minds and Masters of Sex.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1994

Forrest Gump

Young Jenny Curran

1995

Goldilocks and the Three Bears

Goldi

1999

The Virgin Suicides

Cecilia Lisbon

2004

Jail Bait

Bess

Short film

2005

Edward Cole

Crystal

Short film

2006

White Picket Fence

Sarah Durley

Short film

2006

Bright Lights

Samantha

Short film

2007

Halloween

Judith Myers

2007

Neal Cassady

Sophie Bloom

2007

The Truth About Faces

Jules Whitfield

Short film

2008

Text

Sarah

2009

American Cowslip

Georgia

2010

A Numbers Game

Carly

2010

Happiness Runs

Becky

2010

Radio Free Albemuth

Vivian Kaplan

2011

Scalene

Paige Alexander

2012

Hawken

Natalie

Video short

2012

Visible Scars

Becky Comfort

2013

The Meeting Place

Miss Johnsonhobber

Short film

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1996

Homecoming

Maybeth TIllerman

TV film

1996

Her Desperate Choice

Samantha

TV film

2001

Amy & Isabelle

Amy Goodrow

TV film

2006

Standoff

Rose Anders

"Man of Steele"

2012

Criminal Minds

Connie Foster

"The Lesson"

2015

Masters of Sex

Linda Einhorn

"Parliament of Owls"


document_title: Dream of the Rood

question_text: who is the dreamer in the dream of the rood

text: Dream of the Rood

text: Background information[edit]

text: A part of The Dream of the Rood can be found on the 8th century Ruthwell Cross, which was an 18 feet (5.5 m), free standing Anglo-Saxon cross that was perhaps intended as a 'conversion tool'.[1] At each side of the vine-tracery are carved runes. There is an excerpt on the cross that was written in runes along with scenes from the Gospels, lives of saints, images of Jesus healing the blind, the Annunciation, and the story of Egypt, as well as Lating antiphons and decorative scroll-work. Although it was torn down and destroyed during a Protestant revolt, it was reconstructed as much as possible after the fear of iconography passed.[2] Fortunately during that time of religious unrest, those words that were in the runes were still protected in the Vercelli Book, so called because the book is kept in the Italian city of Vercelli. The Vercelli Book, which can be dated to the 10th century, includes twenty-three homilies interspersed with six poems: The Dream of the Rood, Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Soul and Body, Elene and a poetic, homiletic fragment.

text: Possible authorship[edit]

text: The author of Dream of the Rood is unknown, but by knowing the approximate date of the Ruthwell Cross, scholars have been able to suggest possible authors. These include the Anglo-Saxon poets Cædmon and Cynewulf.

text: Knowledge about Cædmon, who flourished in the middle of the 7th century, comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to Bede, Cædmon was an illiterate herdsman who one night dreamt how to praise God by singing beautiful Christian verses. Cædmon then became the foremost Christian poet, who led the way for others such as Bede and Cynewulf.[3] Old English scholar and noted commentator on the Ruthwell Cross Daniel H. Haigh argues that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of one of Cædmon's lost poems, stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon".[4] Another runic scholar, George Stephens contends that the very language and structure of the verses in Dream of the Rood could only have come from the 7th century and a time before Bede. Considering that the only Christian poet before Bede was Cædmon, Stephens makes the point that there could have been no one else during this time period or living in the same area that could have authored the poem other than Cædmon. Furthermore, Stephens claims that there is a runic inscription on the Ruthwell Cross, that, when translated, comes to mean "Caedmon made me".[5] Despite this evidence most scholars reject the Haigh and Stephens assertion that there is in fact such an inscription.

text: Cynewulf lived roughly c. 770–840 AD, yet very little is known about his life.[6] The only information scholars have on Cynewulf's life is what they can discover from his poetry. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf's holy cross poem "Elene" as well as Dream of the Rood.[7] Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf's, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf's "Elene" and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. Dietrich makes four main arguments: one, the theme of both poems is the cross, and more importantly, in both poems, the cross suffers with Christ; two, in "Elene" Cynewulf seems to make clear references to the same cross in Dream of the Rood; three, in "Elene" and his other poems Cynewulf usually speaks of himself, which makes it quite possible that the dreamer in Dream of the Rood is none other than Cynewulf himself; and finally four, "In both poems the author represents himself as old, having lost joys or friends and as ready to depart.[8]

text: The Poem[edit]

text: The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections: the first part (ll. 1–27), the second part (ll. 28–121) and the third part (ll. 122–156).[9] In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood.[10] In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus' death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is not to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead Christ crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. Adelhied L. J. Thieme remarks, "The cross itself is portrayed as his lord's retainer whose most outstanding characteristic is that of unwavering loyalty".[11] The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just as with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver.[12] It is honoured above all trees just as Jesus is honoured above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross.[13]

text: Structure of the Poem[edit]

text: There are various, alternative readings of the structure of the poem, given the many components of the poem and the lack of clear divisions. Scholars like Faith H. Patten divide the poem into three parts, based on who is speaking: Introductory Section (lines 1-26), Speech of the Cross (lines 28-121), and Closing Section (lines 122-156).[14] Though the most obvious way to divide the poem, this does not take into account thematic unity or differences in tone.[15] Constance B. Hieatt distinguishes between portions of the Cross's speech based on speaker, subject, and verbal parallels, resulting in: Prologue (lines 1-27), Vision I (lines 28-77): history of the Rood, Vision II (lines 78-94): explanation of the Rood’s glory, Vision III (lines 95-121): the Rood’s message to mankind, and Epilogue (lines 122-156).[16] M. I. Del Mastro suggests the image of concentric circles, similar to a chiasmus, repetitive and reflective of the increased importance in the center: the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 1-27), the rood’s circle (lines 28-38), Christ’s circle (lines 39-73a), the rood’s circle (lines 73b-121), and the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 122-156).[17]

text: Paganism and Christianity[edit]

text: Like many poems of the Anglo-Saxon period, The Dream of the Rood exhibits many Christian and pre-Christian images, but in the end is a Christian piece.[18] Examining the poem as a pre-Christian (or pagan) piece is difficult, as the scribes who wrote it down were Christian monks who lived in a time when Christianity was firmly established (at least among the aristocracy) in Anglo-Saxon England.[19] Anglo-Saxon influence can be identified by the use of a complex, echoing structure, allusions, repetition, verbal parallels, the ambiguity and wordplay of the Riddles, and the language of heroic poetry and elegy.[20] Some scholars have argued that there is a prevalence of pagan elements within the poem, claiming that the idea of a talking tree is animistic. The belief in the spiritual nature of natural objects, it has been argued, recognises the tree as an object of worship. In Heathen Gods in Old English Literature, Richard North stresses the importance of the sacrifice of the tree in accordance with pagan virtues. He states that "the image of Christ's death was constructed in this poem with reference to an Anglian ideology on the world tree".[21] North suggests that the author of The Dream of the Rood "uses the language of this myth of Ingui in order to present the Passion to his newly Christianized countrymen as a story from their native tradition".[21] Furthermore, the tree's triumph over death is celebrated by adorning the cross with gold and jewels. Work of the period is notable for its synthetic employment of 'Pagan' and 'Christian' imagery as can be seen on the Franks Casket or the Kirkby Stephen cross shaft which appears to conflate the image of Christ crucified with that of Woden/Odin bound upon the Tree of Life.[22] Others have read the poem's blend of Christian themes with the heroic conventions as an Anglo-Saxon embrace and re-imagining, rather than conquest, of Christianity.[23]

text: The poem may also be viewed as both Christian and pre-Christian. Bruce Mitchell notes that The Dream of the Rood is "the central literary document for understanding [the] resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons".[18] Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons is the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice, the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period. Thus, for instance, in The Dream of the Rood, Christ is presented as a "heroic warrior, eagerly leaping on the Cross to do battle with death; the Cross is a loyal retainer who is painfully and paradoxically forced to participate in his Lord's execution".[24] Christ can also be seen as "an Anglo-Saxon warrior lord, who is served by his thanes, especially on the cross and who rewards them at the feast of glory in Heaven".[25] Thus, the crucifixion of Christ is a victory, because Christ could have fought His enemies, but chose to die. John Canuteson believes that the poem "show[s] Christ's willingness, indeed His eagerness, to embrace His fate, [and] it also reveals the physical details of what happens to a man, rather than a god, on the Cross".[26] This image of Christ as a 'heroic lord' or a 'heroic warrior' is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon (and Germanic) literature and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition. In this way, "the poem resolves not only the pagan-Christian tensions within Anglo-Saxon culture but also current doctrinal discussions concerning the nature of Christ, who was both God and man, both human and divine".[27]

text: Other Interpretations[edit]

text: J.A. Burrow notes an interesting paradox within the poem in how the Cross is set up to be the way to Salvation: the Cross states that it cannot fall and it must stay strong to fulfill the will of God. However, to fulfill this grace of God, the Cross has to be a critical component in Jesus' death.[28] This puts a whole new light on the actions of Jesus during the Crucifixion. Neither Jesus nor the Cross is given the role of the helpless victim in the poem, but instead both stand firm. The Cross says, Jesus is depicted as the strong conqueror and is made to appear a "heroic German lord, one who dies to save his troops".[29] Instead of accepting crucifixion, he 'embraces' the Cross and takes on all the sins of mankind.

text: Rebecca Hinton identifies the resemblance of the poem to early medieval Irish sacramental Penance, with the parallels between the concept of sin, the object of confession, and the role of the confessor. She traces the establishment of the practice of Penance in England from Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690, deriving from the Irish confession philosophy. Within the poem, Hinton reads the dream as a confession of sorts, ending with the narrator invigorated, his "spirit longing to start."[30]