document_title: Education in South Africa

question_text: which principle formed the foundation of christian national education

text: Education in South Africa

text: Structure and policies[edit]

text: The department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general Bobby Soobrayan, and its policy is made by the minister Angie Motshekga and the deputy minister Enver Surty. The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director-general Mary Metcalfe, and its policy is made by the minister Blade Nzimande and the deputy minister Comfort Manana.

text: Both these departments are funded from central government taxes. The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in government schools, whereas independent schools are funded privately. Government schools may under certain circumstances supplement their funds through parent contributions.

text: Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)[edit]

text: The DBE officially groups grades into two "bands" called General Education and Training (GET), which includes grade 0 plus grades 1 to 9, and Further Education and Training (FET), which includes grades 10-12 as well as non-higher education vocational training facilities.

text: The GET (General Education and Training band) is subdivided further into "phases" called the Foundation Phase (grade 0 plus grade 1 to 3), the Intermediate Phase (grades 4 to 6), and the Senior Phase (grades 7 to 9).

text: The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect the division of bands and phases, however. For historical reasons, most schools are either "primary" schools (grade R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high schools (grades 8 to 12).

text: Optional grades[edit]

text: Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as grade 13 or "post-matric". The South African governmental school system does not have a grade 13, but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes followed by private schools in South Africa.[5][6]

text: The DBE's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R, for "reception". Grade R is compulsory, but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 0 and grade 000 (although the 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"),[7][8] particularly in previously white schools, where the usage was once common.

text: Learner ratios[edit]

text: According to the DBE's 2010 statistics report (published in 2012), on average there are 30 learners per teacher, 480 learners per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces, but the ratio of learners per school varies per province. For example, in Gauteng there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school, whereas in the Eastern Cape there 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school.

text: Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) is available.[9]

text: School income and expenses[edit]

text: Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs, such as maintaining the grounds, administrative costs, salaries, books and educational materials, and extramural activities. Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income, such as school fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools. There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set. Parents may apply to the school for full or partial reduction of school fees, and many affluent schools do provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parents are alumni), but it is not a legal requirement.[10][11]

text: Children at South African schools are usually required to wear school uniforms, which can be expensive and are not provided for free, although it is often possible to buy them second-hand. Most schools offer extra mural activities such as a variety of sports and cultural activities, which requires money to maintain. Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well.

text: The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated, as well as unemployment rate and general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood. Consequently, schools in more affluent areas have to raise more money from other sources to maintain the same standard of education, but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway.

text: The size of the government grant per child depends on the "quintille" of the school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, respectively, where as schools in quintille 4 and quintille 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per year. Schools in quintille 1-3 may apply for classification as a "No Fee" school. 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools.[12]

text: Sample school fees[edit]

text: Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly and many schools are secretive about it, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa:

text:
The Settler's High, Bellville: R15200 per child per year[13]
Monument Park High, Kraaifontein: R9000 per child per year[14]

text: Poverty and school fees[edit]

text: Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school. Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay the school fees, but schools are permitted to sue parents for non-payment of school fees.

text: Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows: If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt from paying school fees. If the income is more than ten times the school fee but less than thirty times the school fee, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, these regulations help only very poor families, and not working-class and middle-income families.

text: Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty-linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees.[12]

text: Since 2006 the Education department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40% of schools: if the school charges no school fees, the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees. It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest 60% of schools by 2009. The incentive only applies to children in the GED band, and children who wish to complete grade 10-12 must still pay the full fee.

text: In 2008, some 5 million learners in 14 264 schools benefited from the No Fee school programme, and most of those learners were in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces. Not all schools who qualify for this incentive make use of it.

text: Private schools[edit]

text: Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by a trust, church or community, or by a for-profit company. Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive a grant from the state, depending on the community served and fees charged.[15]

text: Higher education and training system[edit]

text: For university entrance, a "Matriculation Endorsement" is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country’s universities, colleges and universities of technology. All the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government. The National Qualifications Framework (NQF) system of administering higher education broadly in the country is run by the South African Qualifications Authority.

text: Restructuring of universities and technikons[edit]

text: The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition, the independent homelands were given universities of their own. After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands, there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa, often in close proximity and offering the same courses.[16]

text: In 1994, the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations. This was completed by January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from the previous 36. Ten of the universities got new names.

text: History[edit]

text: 1806 to 1900[edit]

text: The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony.[17]

text: Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners, who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values. Throughout the nineteenth century, Afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values, and many educated their children at home or in the churches.[17]

text: After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the Cape Colony in 1820, the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. They selected educated families, for the most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Throughout this time, most religious schools in the eastern Cape accepted Xhosa children who applied for admission; in Natal many other Nguni-speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed teacher training classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century.[17]

text: By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the Boer War (ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low—only 12 percent in the Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal—primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of Afrikaans in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education.[17]

text: By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance—ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and a few secondary schools in larger cities. But during the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance.[17]

text: Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town. Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852 the independent state of Transvaal and in 1854 the Orange Free State established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch. The government established Grey College—later the University of the Orange Free State—in Bloemfontein in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The Grey Institute was established in Port Elizabeth in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. The Christian College was founded at Potchefstroom in 1869 and was later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.[17]

text: 1900 to 1948[edit]

text: Following the British victory in the South African War, the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Alfred Milner, brought thousands of teachers from Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former Afrikaner republics. To counter the British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program, Christian National Education, to serve as the core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but Jan C. Smuts, the Transvaal leader who later became prime minister, was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites.[17]

text: The National Party (NP) was able to capitalise on the fear of racial integration in the schools to build its support. The NP's narrow election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans new standing in the schools and, after that, all high-school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding philosophy of education.[17]

text: 1948 to 1974[edit]

text: Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religions organisations. These schools provided schooling of the same quality that white children received in state schools. Following the Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely.[18]

text: The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity.

text: Although CNE advanced principles of racial inferiority, it promoted teaching of cultural diversity and enforced mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. The government gave strong management control to the school boards, who were elected by the parents in each district.[17]

text: In 1959, the Extension of University Education Act prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students.[18]

text: The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks.[17]

text: 1974 to 1983[edit]

text: In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans medium decree" in which the use of both English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in black secondary schools.[19] In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English, mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people.

text: This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the Johannesburg township of Soweto, where practically no-one spoke Afrikaans. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. The schools suffered further damage as vandals damaged or destroyed school property. Students who tried to attend school and their teachers were attacked, and school staff found it increasingly difficult to maintain normal school activities.

text: 1984 to 1990[edit]

text: The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system.

text: The Department of Education and Training was responsible for black education outside the homelands. Each of the three houses of parliament—for whites, coloureds, and Indians—had an education department for one racial group. Each of the ten homelands had its own education department. In addition, several other government departments managed specific aspects of education.[17]

text: Education was compulsory for all racial groups, but at different ages, and the law was enforced differently. Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen. Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen. This law was enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable. For Asians and coloured children, education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen.[17]

text: Teacher-pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in coloured schools, and 1:39 in black schools. Moreover, whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified. Secondary-school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide, standardised high-school graduation exams were less than one-half the pass rate for whites.[17]

text: 1990 to 1993[edit]

text: The white education system was restructured, in anticipation of democracy, by the apartheid government. From the beginning of 1991, white schools were required to select one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" was a semi-private structure, with decreased funding from the state, and greatly increased autonomy for schools. Although most white schools opted for the status quo, by 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white public schools became "Model C" schools.[20]

text: Although the form of "Model C" was abolished by the post-apartheid government, the term is still commonly used to describe former whites-only government schools, as of 2013.

text: 1994 to 1997[edit]

text: Under Apartheid South Africa, there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality. This included nationwide departments for coloured people, for Indians and for black people, a department for independent schools, and provincial departments for white people in each of the former four provinces. Some of the Bantustans that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments.

text: In terms of the Interim Constitution, the Mandela government restructured these departments as well as tertiary education departments, splitting responsibilities between nine newly formed provincial education departments and a single national education department. It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools.[21]

text: The South African Schools Act, 1996 was promulgated to "provide for a uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools".

text: 1997 to 2005[edit]

text: In 1997, the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005, which would be based on "outcomes based education" (OBE). By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed, and it was quietly shelved.[22]

text: 2006 until now - use of English[edit]

text: South Africa has 11 official languages.[23] and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages.[24]

text: Before 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in Afrikaans language schools). Since 2009, all schools teach English as a subject from grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English from grade 4. Afrikaans language schools are an exception, in that all subjects (other than other languages) are taught in Afrikaans.[25]

text: Performance[edit]

text: An independent study by Stellenbosch University researchers found that undue union influence and "critical educational factors", including weak institutional functionality, uneducated teachers, and insufficient learning time, were responsible for the poor state of South Africa.[26]

text: Violence[edit]

text: The South African Human Rights Commission has found that 40% of children interviewed said they had been the victims of crime at school. More than a fifth of sexual assaults on South African children were found to have taken place in schools.[27] The Education Department and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention initiated a program named Hlayiseka, the purpose of which is to staunch the epidemic of school violence in South African schools.[28]


document_title: Concord, New Hampshire

question_text: why is concord the capital of new hampshire

root

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: History[edit]

text: The area that would become Concord was originally settled thousands of years ago by Abenaki Native Americans called the Pennacook.[1]:65 The tribe fished for migrating salmon, sturgeon, and alewives with nets strung across the rapids of the Merrimack River. The stream was also the transportation route for their birch bark canoes, which could travel from Lake Winnipesaukee to the Atlantic Ocean. The broad sweep of the Merrimack River valley floodplain provided good soil for farming beans, gourds, pumpkins, melons and maize.

tag: p

text: On January 17, 1725, the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which then claimed territories west of the Merrimack River, granted the Concord area as the Plantation of Penacook.[1]:107 It was settled between 1725 and 1727 by Captain Ebenezer Eastman and others from Haverhill, Massachusetts. On February 9, 1734, the town was incorporated as Rumford,[1]:147 from which Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford would take his title. It was renamed Concord in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth following a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and the town of Bow; the city name was meant to reflect the new concord, or harmony, between the disputant towns.[5] Citizens displaced by the resulting border adjustment were given land elsewhere as compensation. In 1779, New Pennacook Plantation was granted to Timothy Walker, Jr. and his associates at what would be incorporated in 1800 as Rumford, Maine, the site of Pennacook Falls.

text: Concord grew in prominence throughout the 18th century, and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street. In the years following the Revolution, Concord's central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital, particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver, connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal. In 1808, Concord was named the official seat of state government.[1]:324–326 The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the state's legislative branches meet in their original chambers. The city would become noted for furniture-making and granite quarrying. In 1828, Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot and Downing.[1]:339–340 Their most famous coach was the Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach of King George III. In the 19th century, Concord became a hub for the railroad industry, with Penacook a textile manufacturing center using water power from the Contoocook River. Today, the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies. It is also home to Concord Litho, one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country.

text:
First Concord Bridge, 1795

State House c. 1906

Main Street c. 1908

City Hall in 1913

Old Library c. 1915

tag: ul

text: Geography[edit]

text: Concord is located at 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W / 43.20667°N 71.53806°W / 43.20667; -71.53806 (43.2070, −71.5371).[6]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 67.5 square miles (174.8 km2). 64.2 square miles (166.4 km2) of it is land and 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2) of it is water, comprising 4.79% of the city.[7] Concord is drained by the Merrimack River. Penacook Lake is in the west. The highest point in Concord is 860 feet (260 m) above sea level on Oak Hill, just west of the hill's 970-foot (300 m) summit in neighboring Loudon.

text: Concord lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed,[8] and is centered on the river, which runs from northwest to southeast through the city. Downtown is located on a low terrace to the west of the river, with residential neighborhoods climbing hills to the west and extending southwards towards the town of Bow. To the east of the Merrimack, atop a 100-foot (30 m) bluff, is a flat, sandy plain known as Concord Heights, which has seen most of the city's commercial development since 1960. The eastern boundary of Concord (with the town of Pembroke) is formed by the Soucook River, a tributary of the Merrimack. The Turkey River winds through the southwestern quarter of the city, passing through the campus of St. Paul's School before entering the Merrimack River in Bow. In the northern part of the city, the Contoocook River enters the Merrimack at the village of Penacook. Other village centers in the city include West Concord (actually north of downtown, on the west side of the Merrimack) and East Concord (also north of downtown, but on the east side of the Merrimack).

text: The city's neighboring communities are Bow to the south, Pembroke to the southeast, Loudon to the northeast, Canterbury, Boscawen, and Webster to the north, and Hopkinton to the west.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Concord, as with much of New England, is within the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb), with long, cold, snowy winters, very warm (and at times humid) summers, and relatively brief autumns and springs. In winter, successive storms deliver light to moderate snowfall amounts, contributing to the relatively reliable snow cover. In addition, lows reach at least 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 15 nights per year, and the city straddles the border between USDA Hardiness Zone 5b and 6a.[9] However, thaws are frequent, with one to three days per month with 50 °F (10 °C)+ highs from December to February. Summer can bring stretches of humid conditions as well as thunderstorms, and there is an average of 12 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. The window for freezing temperatures on average begins on September 27 and expires on May 14.[10]

text: The monthly daily average temperature range from 20.6 °F (−6.3 °C) in January to 70.0 °F (21.1 °C) in July. Temperature extremes have ranged from −37 °F (−38 °C) in February 1943 to 102 °F (39 °C) in July 1966.

text:
[show]Climate data for Concord Municipal Airport, New Hampshire (1981−2010 normals,[a] extremes 1903–present)[b]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
72
(22)
67
(19)
89
(32)
95
(35)
98
(37)
101
(38)
102
(39)
101
(38)
98
(37)
92
(33)
80
(27)
73
(23)
102
(39)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
50.8
(10.4)
53.7
(12.1)
66.6
(19.2)
81.5
(27.5)
88.7
(31.5)
92.0
(33.3)
93.1
(33.9)
91.8
(33.2)
87.7
(30.9)
78.5
(25.8)
68.7
(20.4)
56.0
(13.3)
95.5
(35.3)

Average high °F (°C)
30.8
(−0.7)
34.9
(1.6)
43.8
(6.6)
57.4
(14.1)
68.9
(20.5)
77.4
(25.2)
82.3
(27.9)
80.9
(27.2)
72.6
(22.6)
60.5
(15.8)
48.4
(9.1)
36.3
(2.4)
58.0
(14.4)

Average low °F (°C)
10.4
(−12)
13.8
(−10.1)
22.5
(−5.3)
32.7
(0.4)
42.6
(5.9)
52.5
(11.4)
57.7
(14.3)
56.1
(13.4)
47.4
(8.6)
35.8
(2.1)
28.2
(−2.1)
17.2
(−8.2)
34.8
(1.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−11.2
(−24)
−8.2
(−22.3)
0.8
(−17.3)
19.4
(−7)
28.1
(−2.2)
37.9
(3.3)
45.4
(7.4)
42.0
(5.6)
31.8
(−0.1)
21.2
(−6)
11.1
(−11.6)
−2.8
(−19.3)
−14.6
(−25.9)

Record low °F (°C)
−35
(−37)
−37
(−38)
−20
(−29)
4
(−16)
21
(−6)
30
(−1)
35
(2)
29
(−2)
20
(−7)
10
(−12)
−17
(−27)
−24
(−31)
−37
(−38)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.70
(68.6)
2.62
(66.5)
3.27
(83.1)
3.41
(86.6)
3.66
(93)
3.69
(93.7)
3.74
(95)
3.18
(80.8)
3.38
(85.9)
4.04
(102.6)
3.72
(94.5)
3.20
(81.3)
40.61
(1,031.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
18.1
(46)
12.3
(31.2)
11.1
(28.2)
2.8
(7.1)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
trace
2.6
(6.6)
14.5
(36.8)
61.4
(156)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.8
9.5
11.5
11.8
12.4
12.7
10.9
9.8
9.3
10.1
11.2
10.9
130.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.2
6.5
5.3
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.9
6.6
29.7

Average relative humidity (%)
67.9
66.0
64.8
62.0
65.0
70.9
71.8
74.5
76.3
72.8
73.3
72.3
69.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours
162.8
171.8
210.5
223.2
258.4
274.3
295.8
261.9
214.7
183.4
127.8
134.8
2,519.4

Percent possible sunshine
56
58
57
56
57
60
64
61
57
54
44
48
56

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[10][11][12]

tag: table

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1790
1,747

—

1800
2,052

17.5%

1810
2,393

16.6%

1820
2,838

18.6%

1830
3,720

31.1%

1840
4,897

31.6%

1850
8,576

75.1%

1860
10,896

27.1%

1870
12,241

12.3%

1880
13,843

13.1%

1890
17,004

22.8%

1900
19,632

15.5%

1910
21,497

9.5%

1920
22,167

3.1%

1930
25,228

13.8%

1940
27,171

7.7%

1950
27,988

3.0%

1960
28,991

3.6%

1970
30,022

3.6%

1980
30,400

1.3%

1990
36,006

18.4%

2000
40,687

13.0%

2010
42,695

4.9%

Est. 2016
42,904
[3]
0.5%

U.S. Decennial Census[13]

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 42,695 people, 17,592 households, and 10,052 families residing in the city. The population density was 632.5 people per square mile (244.2/km²). There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 293.2 per square mile (113.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.8% White, 2.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 2.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[14]

text: There were 17,592 households out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were headed by married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26, and the average family size was 2.90.[14]

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.[14]

text: For the period 2009-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $52,695, and the median income for a family was $73,457. Male full-time workers had a median income of $49,228 versus $38,782 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,296. About 5.5% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.[15]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to Concord's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[16] the top employers in the city are:

text:
#
Employer
# of Employees

1
State of New Hampshire
6,450

2
Concord Hospital
3,200

3
Steeplegate Mall
1,233

4
Genesis HealthCare
1,200

5
Concord School District
876

6
New Hampshire Hospital
850

7
Lincoln National Corporation
602

8
Market Basket
533

9
Sanel Auto Parts
525

10
Merrimack Valley School District
500

11
City of Concord
454

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highways[edit]

text: Interstate 89 and Interstate 93 are the two main interstate highways serving Concord, and join just south of the city limits. Interstate 89 links Concord with Lebanon and the state of Vermont to the northwest, while Interstate 93 connects the city to Plymouth, Littleton, and the White Mountains to the north and Manchester to the south. Interstate 393 is a spur highway leading east from Concord and merging with U.S. Route 4 as a direct route to New Hampshire's seacoast. North-south U.S. Route 3 serves as Concord's Main Street, while U.S. Route 202 and New Hampshire Route 9 cross the city from east to west. Also, state routes 13 and 132 serve the city: Route 13 leads southwest out of Concord towards Goffstown and Milford, while Route 132 travels north parallel to Interstate 93. New Hampshire Route 106 passes through the easternmost part of Concord, crossing I-393 and NH 9 before crossing the Soucook River into the town of Pembroke. To the north, NH 106 leads to Loudon, Belmont, and Laconia.

text: Bus[edit]

text: Local bus service is provided by Concord Area Transit (CAT), with three routes through the city. Regional bus service provided by Concord Coach Lines and Greyhound Lines is available from the Concord Transportation Center at 30 Stickney Avenue next to Exit 14 on Interstate 93, with service south to Boston and points in between, as well as north to Littleton and northeast to Berlin.

text: Other modes[edit]

text: There is no passenger rail service to Concord.

text: General aviation services are available through Concord Municipal Airport, located 2 miles (3 km) east of downtown. There is no commercial air service within the city limits; the nearest such airport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, located 23 miles (37 km) to the south.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Government[edit]

text: Concord is governed via the manager-council system. The city council consists of 14 members, ten of which are elected from single-member wards, while the other four are elected at large. The mayor is elected directly every two years. The current mayor is Jim Bouley.[17]

text: According to the Concord city charter, the mayor chairs the council (composed of 15 members, including the mayor).[18] However, the mayor has very few formal powers over the day-to-day management of the city.[18] The actual operations of the city are overseen by the city manager,[18] currently Thomas J. Aspell, Jr.[19] The current police chief is Bradley S. Osgood.[20]

text: In the New Hampshire Senate, Concord is in the 15th District, represented by Democrat Dan Feltes. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Concord is in the 2nd District, represented by Democrat Andru Volinsky. In the United States House of Representatives, Concord is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster.

text: New Hampshire Department of Corrections operates the New Hampshire State Prison for Men in Concord.

text: Media[edit]

text: Newspapers

text:
The Concord Monitor (daily)
Concord NH Patch (daily)
The Concord Insider (weekly)
The Hippo (weekly)

text: Radio

text:
WKXL 1450 AM (News Talk Information)
WNHN-LP 94.7 FM (Classical music)
WEVO 89.1 FM (Public radio)
WJYY 105.5 FM (Top 40)
WXRG 102.3 FM (Adult Album Alternative)
WICX 102.7FM (Catholic Radio)

text: New Hampshire Public Radio is headquartered in Concord.

text: Television

text:
WPXG-TV (Channel 21) (Ion Television)
Concord TV Public-access television cable TV station

text: Sites of interest[edit]

text: Concord has many landmarks and other tourist attractions.

text: The New Hampshire State House, designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818, is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers.[21] The building was remodeled in 1866, and the third story and west wing were added in 1910.

text: Located directly across from the State House is the Eagle Hotel on Main Street, which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827. U.S. Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, and Benjamin Harrison all dined there, and Franklin Pierce spent the night before departing for his inauguration. Other well-known guests included Jefferson Davis, Charles Lindbergh, Eleanor Roosevelt, Richard M. Nixon (who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids), and Thomas E. Dewey. The hotel closed in 1961.[22]

text: South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall, which replaced "Old" Phenix Hall, which burned in 1893. Both the old and new buildings featured multi-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches, theater productions, and fairs. Abraham Lincoln spoke at the old hall in 1860; Theodore Roosevelt, at the new hall in 1912.[23]

text: North on Main Street is the Walker-Woodman House, also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House, the oldest standing two-story house in Concord.[24] It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735.

text: On the north end of Main Street is the Pierce Manse, in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency.[25] The mid-1830s Greek Revival house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition.

text: Beaver Meadow Golf Course, located in the northern part of Concord, is one of the oldest golf courses in New England.[26] Besides this golf course, other important sporting venues in Concord include Everett Arena and Memorial Field.

text: The SNOB (Somewhat North Of Boston) Film Festival, started in the fall of 2002, brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films. SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building of Red River Theatres, a locally owned, nonprofit, independent cinema in 2007. The SNOB Film Festival is one of the many arts organizations in the city.

text: Other sites of interest include the Capitol Center for the Arts, the New Hampshire Historical Society, which has two facilities in Concord, the Steeplegate Mall on Loudon Road, and the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, a planetarium named after Christa McAuliffe, the Concord teacher who died during the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.

text: Education[edit]

text: Concord's public schools are within the Concord School District, except for schools in the Penacook area of the city, which are within the Merrimack Valley School District, a district which also includes several towns north of Concord. The only public high school in the Concord School District is Concord High School, which has about 2,000 students. The only public middle school in the Concord School District is Rundlett Middle School, which has roughly 1,500 students. Concord School District's elementary schools underwent a major re-configuration in 2012, with three newly constructed schools opening and replacing six previous schools. Kimball School and Walker School were replaced by Christa McAuliffe School on the Kimball School site, Conant School (and Rumford School, which closed a year earlier) were replaced by Abbot-Downing School at the Conant site, and Eastman and Dame schools were replaced by Mill Brook School, serving kindergarten through grade two, located next to Broken Ground Elementary School, serving grades three to five. Beaver Meadow School, the remaining elementary school, was unaffected by the changes.

text: Concord schools in the Merrimack Valley School District include Merrimack Valley High School and Merrimack Valley Middle School, which are adjacent to each other and to Rolfe Park in Penacook village, and Penacook Elementary School, just south of the village.

text: Concord has two parochial schools, Bishop Brady High School and Saint John Regional School.

text: Other area schools include Concord Christian Academy, Parker Academy, Trinity Christian School, Shaker Road School, and St. Paul's School.

text: Concord is also home to NHTI, Concord's Community College, Granite State College, the University of New Hampshire School of Law, and the Franklin Pierce University Doctorate of Physical Therapy program.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Concord were kept at downtown from September 1868 to April 1941 and at Concord Municipal Airport since May 1941; snow records date from December 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx

tag: ol


document_title: Doug Pederson

question_text: where did doug pederson coach high school football

text: Doug Pederson

text: Playing career[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended Ferndale High School in nearby Ferndale, Washington, and was an All-State selection in football, basketball, and baseball. After high school he graduated from Northeast Louisiana University, where he was quarterback from 1987 through 1990.[2] He still holds multiple passing records at the school.[3]

text: Professional[edit]

text: Miami Dolphins[edit]

text: Pederson originally signed as a rookie free agent by the Miami Dolphins on May 1, 1991,[4] out of Northeast Louisiana University (now University of Louisiana at Monroe) in Monroe, Louisiana.[5] He was waived on August 17, 1991, before the start of the regular season.[6] After spending the 1991 season as a free agent, the New York/New Jersey Knights of the World League of American Football (WLAF) drafted him in the fifth round for the first pool of draft-eligible players on February 4, 1992. The second pool, which was drafted from on February 20, consisted of players allocated by NFL teams to the league.[7] He was the backup quarterback to Reggie Slack with the Knights from March to May 1992.[8]

text: After the WLAF season finished, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on June 2, 1992.[9] Pederson spent 1992 training camp with the Dolphins, before being released during final roster cuts again. He was subsequently re-signed to the team's practice squad, where he practiced on the scout team until he was waived on October 8, 1992.[10] He was re-signed by the Dolphins after the season on March 3, 1993.[11] After his third training camp with the Dolphins, he was waived again on August 31, 1993.[12] For the second consecutive season, Pederson was re-signed to the team's practice squad, on September 1, 1993.[13] Dan Marino, the Dolphins' starting quarterback since 1983, ruptured his Achilles' tendon in a week 6 game against the Cleveland Browns on October 10, 1993, forcing backup Scott Mitchell to replace him. Pederson replaced Marino on the active roster, and served as Mitchell's backup for the next four games. Pederson made his NFL debut on October 24, 1993, in a week 8 game against the Indianapolis Colts.[14] He helped head coach Don Shula win his NFL-record 325th victory as a coach when Mitchell suffered a separated shoulder in a week 11 game against the Philadelphia Eagles on November 14, 1993.[15] In that record breaking game for Coach Shula, Pederson entered in the 3rd quarter of the game and went 3 for 6 for 34 yards, and completed several crucial 3rd downs.[16][17] Pederson was able to steer the Dolphins to the win. Pederson also served as the backup to recently acquired Steve DeBerg for the three games Mitchell missed with injury. He briefly entered a week 14 game against the New York Giants while DeBerg was receiving stitches on his face.[18] Mitchell returned as the Dolphins' starter after week 15, and Pederson was released in favor of backup DeBerg and third-string quarterback Hugh Millen on December 16, 1993.[19] Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins on April 16, 1994, after the season ended.[20] He spent the entire 1994 season on the Dolphins' active roster as the third-string quarterback behind Marino and Bernie Kosar. On February 15, 1995, Pederson was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the twenty-second round of the NFL Expansion Draft,[21] after being placed on the Dolphins' available players list on January 19,[22] but was released on May 24, 1995.[23] He returned to the World League after his release, playing with Rhein Fire. Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins again in June 1995.[24] After competing with Dan McGwire throughout training camp, Pederson was waived on August 22, 1995.[25] Marino suffered a knee injury during a week 6 game,[26] so Pederson was re-signed on October 10 to serve as the third quarterback behind Kosar and McGwire for the next two games.[27] He was released again after Marino returned for week 9 on October 24.[28]

text: First stint with Packers[edit]

text: Pederson worked out for the Green Bay Packers following week 10 in 1995, due to a season-ending injury suffered by backup Ty Detmer and a minor injury sustained by starter Brett Favre. Third-string quarterback T. J. Rubley was forced to play in week 10 and threw a game-ending interception after calling an audible, going against head coach Mike Holmgren's playcall. The Packers signed Bob Gagliano to serve as the third-stringer quarterback for weeks 11 and 12.[29] Pederson replaced Gagliano as the third-string quarterback when he signed with the Packers on November 22, 1995.[30] The Packers claimed Jim McMahon off waivers from the Browns to serve as Favre's backup ahead of Pederson and Rubley on November 29, 1995.[31] Rubley was waived on December 13, leaving McMahon and Pederson as Favre's backups.[32] Favre did not miss any games, so Pederson did not see any game action for the Packers in 1995. Pederson served as the third quarterback behind Favre and McMahon in 1996, playing in one game but recorded no statistics. He received a Super Bowl ring following the Packers' win over the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI. He re-signed with the Packers with a two-year contract on February 20, 1997.[33] Pederson was again the third quarterback throughout 1997, backing up Favre and Steve Bono. Pederson beat out Rick Mirer for the backup job to Favre, as well as the primary placekick holder job, in 1998. In a week 5 loss to the Minnesota Vikings, Pederson replaced Favre in the last five minutes of a blowout game, and threw two touchdowns in his place. However, Pederson suffered a broken jaw that knocked him out for the team's next four games.[34][35]

text: Philadelphia Eagles[edit]

text: Pederson signed a three-year, $4.5 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles on February 18, 1999, to become the team's starting quarterback under new head coach Andy Reid, who was Pederson's quarterbacks coach in Green Bay from 1997–1998.[36] The Eagles drafted Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft in April 1999, and Reid said Pederson would remain the starter until McNabb was ready to play.[37] In his nine starts for the Eagles, Pederson had a 2–7 record, a 51.6% completion rate, 1,168 passing yards, six touchdowns, and nine interceptions. In his first career start, a week 1 game against the Arizona Cardinals, Pederson threw two touchdowns in the first quarter to help give the Eagles a 21–0 lead. The Cardinals came back, however, and won the game on a field goal as time expired, 25–24. Pederson went 12-for-25 for 91 yards and two touchdowns in the game.[38] McNabb replaced Pederson, who suffered a bruised throwing shoulder, after one half in a week 2 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, in which Pederson went 12-of-19 for 100 yards and an interception.[39] Pederson started a week 3 shutout loss (26–0) to the Buffalo Bills, going 14-of-26 for 137 yards and two lost fumbles, before being replaced by McNabb again in the fourth quarter.[40] In a week 4 loss to the New York Giants, Pederson went 6-for-15 for 75 yards and two interceptions before being replaced by McNabb after halftime.[41] Pederson's first NFL win came in week 5 in a game against the Dallas Cowboys. He played the entire game, going 11-of-29 for 145 yards, one touchdown, and one interception.[42] Pederson played the entirety of the next three games, posting a 1–2 record while throwing three touchdowns and three interceptions. In his final start as an Eagle, Pederson was benched at halftime of a week 9 game against the Carolina Panthers after going 3-of-9 for 28 yards and being down 23–0. He did not see game action at quarterback again until a week 14 game against the Cowboys in which McNabb suffered an injury in the fourth quarter. Pederson went 8-for-12 for 108 yards and a touchdown in the loss, and Koy Detmer received the start ahead of him in week 15 with McNabb still injured. After spending the next season's training camp with the team, the Eagles released Pederson on August 28, 2000.[43]

text: Cleveland Browns[edit]

text: Pederson considered retirement after being released by the Eagles, but instead signed a two-year contract with the Cleveland Browns on September 2, 2000.[44] The Browns' backup, Ty Detmer, suffered a season-ending injury, and the Browns needed a backup quarterback to starter Tim Couch. This was the second time in Pederson's career that he was signed to replace an injured Ty Detmer. Pederson started as the third quarterback behind Couch and Spergon Wynn, until Couch suffered a season-ending injury in week 7. Pederson started the next six games, posting a 1–5 record. In a week 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens, he was knocked out of the game with bruised ribs and replaced with Wynn. Wynn started the next week against the Jacksonville Jaguars, but he suffered a season-ending injury and Pederson replaced him.[45] Pederson returned for the final two games of the season, losing both, including a 35–24 loss to his former team, the Eagles, and a 24–0 shutout loss to the Tennessee Titans. Pederson was released after the season on February 22, 2001.[28]

text: Green Bay Packers (second stint)[edit]

text: The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one-year contract on March 13, 2001, to replace backup Matt Hasselbeck, who was traded to the Seattle Seahawks.[46] Pederson was the primary backup to Favre for the entire 2001 season, and was the primary placekick holder in every game. He was re-signed to a one-year, $650,000 contract with the Packers on April 2, 2002. Pederson again was the backup quarterback and primary holder in all 16 games in 2002. In a week 7 game against the Washington Redskins, Favre suffered a sprained knee and Pederson took most of the snaps in the second half, going 9-for-15 for 78 yards to help win the game 30–9. Pederson also played in games against the Miami Dolphins, Detroit Lions, and New York Jets. He re-signed with the Packers to a one-year, $750,000 contract on April 29, 2003.[47] For the third consecutive season, Pederson backed up Favre in all 16 games and held placekicks. He completed both of his passes during the regular season for a total of 16 yards. The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one-year contract on April 28, 2004.[48] Tim Couch was signed to compete for the backup quarterback job, but lost out to Pederson and was released on September 5, 2004.[49] In a week 3 game against the Indianapolis Colts, Pederson replaced Favre in a blowout loss and went 4-of-6 for 34 yards and an interception. The next week, a week 4 game against the New York Giants, Favre sustained a concussion in the third quarter, and Pederson replaced him at quarterback. Pederson went 7-of-17 for 86 yards and an interception in the loss before he suffered a hit to his side in the third quarter that resulted in a cracked bone in his back, a torn muscle in his side, and a broken rib.[50] He stayed in the game up until the last snap, when he was replaced by third-string quarterback Craig Nall. Pederson was placed on injured reserve on October 7, ending his season.[51] He retired in March 2005 to become a head coach at Calvary Baptist Academy.[52]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: High school[edit]

text: After his retirement, Pederson was hired as head football coach of Calvary Baptist Academy, a private Christian high school in Shreveport, Louisiana.[52] Calvary was going into its second year as a program when Pederson signed on in March 2005.

text: Pederson was the head coach at Calvary for four years, and held a 33–7 record in the regular season and an 8–3 record in the post-season. The Cavaliers were in the state playoffs all four years with Pederson as head coach. In his first season in 2005, the Cavaliers went 5–6 and lost in the first round of the state playoffs.[53] In 2007, he led the Cavaliers to the semi-finals and to their first district title.

text: NFL assistant coaching positions[edit]

text: On January 29, 2009, Pederson was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Philadelphia Eagles, reuniting him with his former head coach, Andy Reid.[54] He was promoted to quarterbacks coach on February 8, 2011, replacing James Urban, who was promoted to assistant offensive coordinator.[55]

text: On January 11, 2013, Pederson followed Andy Reid to the Kansas City Chiefs to serve as offensive coordinator.[56]

text: NFL head coach[edit]

text: On January 18, 2016, Pederson was hired as head coach of the Eagles replacing Chip Kelly.[57] Despite having Sam Bradford on the roster as the starting quarterback, the Eagles drafted Carson Wentz with the second overall pick in 2016. Right before the 2016 season began, Bradford was traded to the Minnesota Vikings and Wentz was named the starting quarterback as a rookie. Pederson and Wentz won their first three NFL games together, but finished the season 7–9, missing the playoffs.

text: Pederson's second season was much more successful as he led the Eagles to a 13-3 record, winning them the NFC East division championship and allotting them home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. Wentz, who was having a career year and was considered a front runner for league MVP, tore his ACL in Week 14, leaving backup Nick Foles with the starting job for the remainder of the year. Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz, Foles filled in admirably as the starter, allowing Philadelphia to make it to Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season. Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41-33 win over the New England Patriots, giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960.

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text:
Team
Year
Regular season
Postseason

Won
Lost
Ties
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result

PHI
2016
7
9
0
.438
4th in NFC East
—
—
—
—

PHI
2017
13
3
0
.813
1st in NFC East
3
0
1.000
Won Super Bowl LII

Total
20
12
0
.625

3
0
1.000

text: Coaching tree[edit]

text: NFL head coaches under whom Pederson has served:

text: Andy Reid, Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2012) Kansas City Chiefs (2013-2015)

text: Assistant coaches under Pederson who have become NFL head coaches:

text: Frank Reich, Indianapolis Colts (2018–present)[58]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Pederson was born to Teri (née Boykin) and Gordon "Gordy" Pederson (1939–2016)[59] on January 31, 1968, in Bellingham, Washington. A devout Christian [60], Pederson and his wife Jeannie have three sons.[61] Pederson has been a resident of Moorestown, New Jersey.[62]


document_title: Say Amen (Saturday Night)

question_text: panic at the disco say amen music video girl

text: Say Amen (Saturday Night)

text: Release[edit]

text: "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" was released for digital download and streaming on March 21, 2018 and was produced by Jake Sinclair and Imad Royal.[1] On the same day, the promotional single "(Fuck A) Silver Lining" was released.[1][5][6] The song became Panic! at the Disco's first number one single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in June 2018.[7]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Directed by Daniel "Cloud" Campos, the music video for "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" premiered on March 21, 2018.[8] Panic! at the Disco frontman Brendon Urie confirmed that the music video serves as a prequel to the band's 2013 music video, "This Is Gospel", from the band's fourth studio album Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! and the 2015 music video for "Emperor's New Clothes," from the band's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor.[2] The actress featured is Chloe Holmes.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Digital downloadNo.TitleLength1."Say Amen (Saturday Night)"3:09

text: Say Amen for Silver LiningsNo.TitleLength1."Say Amen (Saturday Night)"3:092."(Fuck A) Silver Lining"2:49Total length:5:58

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Australia (ARIA)[9]

90

Canada (Hot Canadian Digital Songs)[10]

48

Canada Rock (Billboard)[11]

35

Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[12]

6

New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)[13]

2

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[14]

37

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]

48

US Billboard Hot 100[16]

60

US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[17]

1

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[18]

5

US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[19]

4


document_title: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

question_text: when will episode 8 of jane the virgin air

text: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17[7]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One"
Brad Silberling
Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
1.61[9]

2
2
"Chapter Two"
Uta Briesewitz
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
1.36[10]

3
3
"Chapter Three"
Brad Silberling
Meredith Averill
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
1.09[11]

4
4
"Chapter Four"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
1.01[12]

5
5
"Chapter Five"
Edward Ornelas
Josh Reims
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
1.22[13]

6
6
"Chapter Six"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
1.09[14]

7
7
"Chapter Seven"
Janice Cooke
David S. Rosenthal
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
0.96[15]

8
8
"Chapter Eight"
Norman Buckley
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.22[16]

9
9
"Chapter Nine"
Zetna Fuentes
Corinne Brinkerhoff
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
1.28[17]

10
10
"Chapter Ten"
Elodie Keene
Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
1.39[18]

11
11
"Chapter Eleven"
Joanna Kerns
Gracie Glassmeyer
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
1.55[19]

12
12
"Chapter Twelve"
Gina Lamar
David S. Rosenthal
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
1.24[20]

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen"
Howard Deutch
Josh Reims
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
1.34[21]

14
14
"Chapter Fourteen"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
1.31[22]

15
15
"Chapter Fifteen"
Melanie Mayron
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.26[23]

16
16
"Chapter Sixteen"
Joanna Kerns
Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.10[24]

17
17
"Chapter Seventeen"
Uta Briesewitz
Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
0.93[25]

18
18
"Chapter Eighteen"
Edward Ornelas
Meredith Averill
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
1.03[26]

19
19
"Chapter Nineteen"
Robert Luketic
Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
1.05[27]

20
20
"Chapter Twenty"
Debbie Allen
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
1.06[28]

21
21
"Chapter Twenty-One"
Stuart Gillard
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
1.05[29]

22
22
"Chapter Twenty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
1.24[30]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Chapter Twenty-Three"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
1.06[31]

24
2
"Chapter Twenty-Four"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
0.84[32]

25
3
"Chapter Twenty-Five"
Robert Luketic
Corinne Brinkerhoff
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
0.94[33]

26
4
"Chapter Twenty-Six"
Zetna Fuentes
Paul Sciarrotta
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
1.09[34]

27
5
"Chapter Twenty-Seven"
Jann Turner
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
1.11[35]

28
6
"Chapter Twenty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraf
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
1.10[36]

29
7
"Chapter Twenty-Nine"
Edward Ornelas
David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
0.98[37]

30
8
"Chapter Thirty"
Uta Briesewitz
Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
0.98[38]

31
9
"Chapter Thirty-One"
Joanna Kerns
Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
0.99[39]

32
10
"Chapter Thirty-Two"
Jason Reilly
Micah Schraft
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
1.04[40]

33
11
"Chapter Thirty-Three"
Uta Briesewitz
Michael J. Cinquemani
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.94[41]

34
12
"Chapter Thirty-Four"
Howard Deutch
Madeline Hendricks
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.94[42]

35
13
"Chapter Thirty-Five"
Melanie Mayron
Chantelle M. Wells
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.91[43]

36
14
"Chapter Thirty-Six"
Uta Briesewitz
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.92[44]

37
15
"Chapter Thirty-Seven"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.77[45]

38
16
"Chapter Thirty-Eight"
Georgina Garcia Riedel
Micah Schraft
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.94[46]

39
17
"Chapter Thirty-Nine"
Matthew Diamond
Carolina Rivera
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
0.93[47]

40
18
"Chapter Forty"
Anna Mastro
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
0.96[48]

41
19
"Chapter Forty-One"
Gina Lamar
Joe Lawson
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
0.84[49]

42
20
"Chapter Forty-Two"
Zetna Fuentes
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
0.86[50]

43
21
"Chapter Forty-Three"
Melanie Mayron
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
0.90[51]

44
22
"Chapter Forty-Four"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
0.97[52]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Chapter Forty-Five"
Gina Lamar
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
1.09[53]

46
2
"Chapter Forty-Six"
Brad Silberling
David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta
October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)
1.10[54]

47
3
"Chapter Forty-Seven"
Eva Longoria Baston
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)
0.97[55]

48
4
"Chapter Forty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
1.08[56]

49
5
"Chapter Forty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Paul Sciarrotta
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
0.93[57]

50
6
"Chapter Fifty"
Melanie Mayron
Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
1.01[58]

51
7
"Chapter Fifty-One"
Gina Lamar
Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
1.15[59]

52
8
"Chapter Fifty-Two"
Anna Mastro
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
0.99[60]

53
9
"Chapter Fifty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Chantelle M. Wells
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
0.91[61]

54
10
"Chapter Fifty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
0.93[62]

55
11
"Chapter Fifty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
1.07[63]

56
12
"Chapter Fifty-Six"
Matthew Diamond
Valentina Garza
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
1.06[64]

57
13
"Chapter Fifty-Seven"
Zetna Fuentes
Madeline Hendricks
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
0.88[65]

58
14
"Chapter Fifty-Eight"
Melanie Mayron
Merigan Mulhern
March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)
0.84[66]

59
15
"Chapter Fifty-Nine"
Anna Mastro
Deidre Shaw
March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)
0.89[67]

60
16
"Chapter Sixty"
Micah Schraft
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
0.79[68]

61
17
"Chapter Sixty-One"
Melanie Mayron
Paul Sciarrotta
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
0.77[69]

62
18
"Chapter Sixty-Two"
Fernando Sariñana
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
0.99[70]

63
19
"Chapter Sixty-Three"
Gina Lamar
Paul Sciarrotta
May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
0.76[71]

64
20
"Chapter Sixty-Four"
Melanie Mayron
Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
0.96[72]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

65
1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
Brad Silberling
Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
0.68[73]

66
2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
Gina Lamar
Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
0.61[74]

67
3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
Fernando Sariñana
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
0.60[75]

68
4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
0.69[76]

69
5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
Stuart Gillard
Paul Sciarrotta
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
0.65[77]

70
6
"Chapter Seventy"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
0.61[78]

71
7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
Micah Schraft
Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
0.65[79]

72
8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
Melanie Mayron
Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
0.68[80]

73
9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
Eric Lea
Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)
0.67[81]

74
10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
Gina Rodriguez
Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
0.80[82]

75
11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"[83]
Gina Lamar
Merigan Mulhern
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)[84]
TBD

76
12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"[85]
Melanie Mayron
Leah Longoria
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)[84]
TBD

77
13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"[86]
Gina Lamar
Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)[84]
TBD

78
14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"[84]
TBA
TBA
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)[84]
TBD

79
15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"[84]
TBA
TBA
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)[84]
TBD

80
16
"Chapter Eighty"[84]
TBA
TBA
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)[84]
TBD

81
17
"Chapter Eighty-One"[84]
TBA
TBA
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)[84]
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One"
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
0.6/2
1.61[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Chapter Two"
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
0.5/1
1.36[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Chapter Three"
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
0.4/1
1.09[11]
0.3
N/A
0.7[91]
N/A

4
"Chapter Four"
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
0.4/2
1.01[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Chapter Five"
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
0.5/1
1.22[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Chapter Six"
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
0.4/1
1.11[14]
0.3
N/A
0.7[92]
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven"
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
0.4/1
0.96[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Chapter Eight"
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
0.5/1
1.22[16]
0.3
N/A
0.8[93]
N/A

9
"Chapter Nine"
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
0.5/2
1.28[17]
0.3
0.62
0.8
1.90[94]

10
"Chapter Ten"
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
0.5/1
1.39[18]
0.3
N/A
0.8[95]
N/A

11
"Chapter Eleven"
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
0.6/2
1.55[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve"
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
0.5/1
1.24[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

13
"Chapter Thirteen"
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
0.6/2
1.34[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

14
"Chapter Fourteen"
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
0.6/2
1.31[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15
"Chapter Fifteen"
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
0.5/1
1.26[23]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

16
"Chapter Sixteen"
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
0.5/1
1.10[24]
0.3
N/A
0.8[96]
N/A

17
"Chapter Seventeen"
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
0.4/1
0.93[25]
0.3
N/A
0.7[97]
N/A

18
"Chapter Eighteen"
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
0.4/1
1.03[26]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

19
"Chapter Nineteen"
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
0.4/1
1.05[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20
"Chapter Twenty"
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
0.4/1
1.06[28]
0.3
N/A
0.7[98]
N/A

21
"Chapter Twenty-One"
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
0.5/1
1.05[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

22
"Chapter Twenty-Two"
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
0.5/1
1.24[30]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Twenty-Three"
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
0.4/1
1.06[31]
0.4
0.69
0.8
1.76[99]

2
"Chapter Twenty-Four"
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
0.4/1
0.84[32]
N/A
0.68
N/A
1.52[100]

3
"Chapter Twenty-Five"
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
0.3/1
0.94[33]
0.3
0.56
0.6
1.51[101]

4
"Chapter Twenty-Six"
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
0.4/1
1.09[34]
0.4
0.71
0.8
1.81[102]

5
"Chapter Twenty-Seven"
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
0.4/1
1.11[35]
0.3
0.65
0.7
1.76[103]

6
"Chapter Twenty-Eight"
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
0.5/2
1.10[36]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.67[104]

7
"Chapter Twenty-Nine"
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
0.4/1
0.98[37]
0.3
0.62
0.7
1.60[105]

8
"Chapter Thirty"
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
0.3/1
0.98[38]
0.4
0.63
0.7
1.61[106]

9
"Chapter Thirty-One"
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
0.4/1
0.99[39]
0.3
0.69
0.7
1.68[107]

10
"Chapter Thirty-Two"
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
0.4/1
1.04[40]
0.3
0.66
0.7
1.70[108]

11
"Chapter Thirty-Three"
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
0.3/1
0.94[41]
0.4
0.74
0.7
1.68[109]

12
"Chapter Thirty-Four"
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
0.3/1
0.94[42]
0.4
0.72
0.7
1.66[110]

13
"Chapter Thirty-Five"
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
0.3/1
0.91[43]
0.4
0.70
0.7
1.61[111]

14
"Chapter Thirty-Six"
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
0.4/1
0.92[44]
0.3
0.68
0.7
1.60[112]

15
"Chapter Thirty-Seven"
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
0.3/1
0.77[45]
0.3
0.66
0.6
1.43[113]

16
"Chapter Thirty-Eight"
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
0.4/1
0.94[46]
0.3
0.69
0.7
1.63[114]

17
"Chapter Thirty-Nine"
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
0.4/1
0.97[47]
0.3
0.69
0.7
1.66[115]

18
"Chapter Forty"
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
0.4/1
0.96[48]
0.4
0.68
0.8
1.64[116]

19
"Chapter Forty-One"
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
0.4/1
0.84[49]
0.3
0.74
0.7
1.58[117]

20
"Chapter Forty-Two"
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
0.3/1
0.86[50]
0.4
0.69
0.7
1.54[118]

21
"Chapter Forty-Three"
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
0.3/1
0.90[51]
0.4
0.66
0.7
1.56[119]

22
"Chapter Forty-Four"
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
0.4/1
0.97[52]
0.3
0.70
0.7
1.66[120]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Forty-Five"
October 17, 2016
0.4/2
1.09[53]
0.4
0.83
0.8
1.92[121]

2
"Chapter Forty-Six"
October 24, 2016
0.4/2
1.10[54]
0.4
0.77
0.8
1.88[122]

3
"Chapter Forty-Seven"
October 31, 2016
0.4/1
0.97[55]
0.4
0.88
0.8
1.85[123]

4
"Chapter Forty-Eight"
November 7, 2016
0.4/2
1.08[56]
0.4
0.72
0.8
1.80[124]

5
"Chapter Forty-Nine"
November 14, 2016
0.3/1
0.93[57]
0.4
N/A
0.7[125]
N/A

6
"Chapter Fifty"
November 21, 2016
0.4/2
1.01[58]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.79[126]

7
"Chapter Fifty-One"
November 28, 2016
0.4/2
1.15[59]
0.4
0.70
0.8
1.85[127]

8
"Chapter Fifty-Two"
January 23, 2017
0.4/1
0.99[60]
0.3
0.72
0.7
1.70[128]

9
"Chapter Fifty-Three"
January 30, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[61]
0.3
0.68
0.6
1.59[129]

10
"Chapter Fifty-Four"
February 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.93[62]
0.4
0.76
0.7
1.69[130]

11
"Chapter Fifty-Five"
February 13, 2017
0.4/2
1.07[63]
0.3
0.64
0.7
1.71[131]

12
"Chapter Fifty-Six"
February 20, 2017
0.4/1
1.06[64]
0.3
0.61
0.7
1.67[132]

13
"Chapter Fifty-Seven"
February 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.88[65]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

14
"Chapter Fifty-Eight"
March 20, 2017
0.3/1
0.84[66]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.55[133]

15
"Chapter Fifty-Nine"
March 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[67]
0.4
0.69
0.7
1.57[134]

16
"Chapter Sixty"
April 24, 2017
0.2/1
0.79[68]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

17
"Chapter Sixty-One"
May 1, 2017
0.2/1
0.77[69]
0.3
0.55
0.5
1.32[135]

18
"Chapter Sixty-Two"
May 8, 2017
0.4/1
0.99[70]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

19
"Chapter Sixty-Three"
May 15, 2017
0.2/1
0.76[71]
0.3
0.58
0.5
1.34[136]

20
"Chapter Sixty-Four"
May 22, 2017
0.3/1
0.96[72]
0.3
0.60
0.6
1.56[137]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Sixty-Five"
October 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.68[73]
0.3
0.67
0.6
1.35[138]

2
"Chapter Sixty-Six"
October 20, 2017
0.2/1
0.61[74]
0.3
0.58
0.5
1.19[139]

3
"Chapter Sixty-Seven"
October 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.60[75]
TBD
0.54
TBD
1.16[140]

4
"Chapter Sixty-Eight"
November 3, 2017
0.2/1
0.69[76]
0.3
0.55
0.5
1.24[141]

5
"Chapter Sixty-Nine"
November 10, 2017
0.3/1
0.65[77]
TBD
0.61
TBD
1.26[142]

6
"Chapter Seventy"
November 17, 2017
0.2/1
0.61[78]
0.3
0.55
0.5
1.16[143]

7
"Chapter Seventy-One"
December 8, 2017
0.3/1
0.65[79]
0.3
0.61
0.6
1.25[144]

8
"Chapter Seventy-Two"
January 26, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[80]
0.4
0.71
0.6
1.39[145]

9
"Chapter Seventy-Three"
February 2, 2018
0.3/1
0.67[81]
0.3
0.60
0.6
1.27[146]

10
"Chapter Seventy-Four"
February 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[82]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"Chapter Seventy-Five"
March 2, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Chapter Seventy-Six"
March 9, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"Chapter Seventy-Seven"
March 16, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

14
"Chapter Seventy-Eight"
March 23, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

15
"Chapter Seventy-Nine"
March 30, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

16
"Chapter Eighty"
April 6, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

17
"Chapter Eighty-One"
April 13, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Remember the Titans

question_text: who played the older sheryl yoast in remember the titans

text: Remember the Titans

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1971, at the desegregated T. C. Williams High School, a black head coach, Herman Boone, is hired to lead the school's football team. Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast, nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame. But, in an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are "white" only, Boone is assigned the head coach job. At first, he refuses as he thinks it is extremely unfair to Yoast, but accepts when he sees what it means to the black community. Yoast is then offered an assistant coach's job by the school board and initially refuses, but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate. Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships, Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone.

text: The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block that led to the near-season-ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry "Rev" Harris.

text: Just before the state semi-finals, Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game, implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race. During the game, it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans. Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction, Yoast realizes they've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly. The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship, but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction.

text: While celebrating the victory, Bertier is severely injured in an car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection. Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down, the team goes on to win the state championship. Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life. Ten years later, Bertier dies in another automobile accident by a drunk driver, after winning the gold medal in shot put. Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral.

text: In the epilogue, descriptions show about the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone
Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast
Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell
Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier
Donald Faison as RB/CB Petey Jones
Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik
Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie "Sunshine" Bass
Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry "Rev" Harris
Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone, Herman Boone's wife.
Krysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone, Herman Boone's daughter.
Inasia Brown as Karen Boone, Herman Boone's youngest daughter.
Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast, Bill Yoast's 10-year-old daughter.
Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry's girlfriend
Earl C. Poitier as OL Darryl "Blue" Stanton
Ryan Gosling as Linebacker Alan Bosley
Gregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul "Doc" Hines, offensive line coach
Brett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell, special teams coach
Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds
David Jefferson Jr. as "Cook"

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming locations for the motion picture included Atlanta, Georgia,[2] including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School.

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While this movie is based on a true story, it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork, commitment, and friendship to the film.

text:
Boone may not be the coach that Washington portrays in the movie; in interviews, many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success, and were indeed too harsh, causing some players to quit.[3]
The Titans had a solid football team for many years and most of their games were large victories. By the end of the 1971 football season they were ranked second in the nation, and nine out of thirteen games were shutouts.[4]
In the movie, Coach Boone states, "We are not like all the other schools in this conference, they're all white. They don't have to worry about race. We do." This is false as well; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before.
While the team is at camp, it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run. This did not occur; neither did his speech at Gettysburg.[4] The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg, although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film.
Sunshine (Ronnie) was far from being the only one with long hair at the time. Even Gerry (Ryan Hurst) had long hair. But in interviews Bass said "I'll say for the record my hair was never that long." He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened.
The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T. C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School. The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match-up between T. C. Williams and Marshall into a made-for-Hollywood state championship. In reality, the Marshall game was the toughest game T. C. Williams played all year. As depicted in the movie, the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come-from-behind play at the very end of the game. The actual state championship (against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem) was a 27–0 blowout. [5]
Bertier's car accident took place AFTER the Championship game, on December 11, 1971. Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971, T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season. After the banquet, Bertier borrowed his mother's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro. Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed. (The movie shows him getting broadsided). The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the motor mount of the engine. [5]
The film also omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters. Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college, her second oldest Angela went to a different high school, and her younger sister Deidre was only three years-old in 1971.

text: Music[edit]

text: On September 19, 2000, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records. The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists. From the instrumental score, Rabin's track "Titans Spirit", was the only cue (of the 12 composed) added to the soundtrack. It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released.

text: "Titans Spirit" was a seven-minute instrumental. It has been used on numerous sports telecasts, particularly those on NBC, which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002, Athens 2004, Torino 2006, Beijing 2008, Vancouver 2010, London 2012, and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well as with the final closing credits montage for their 12-year run with the NBA in 2002. The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium, and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship. The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer, and Martin Brodeur.

text: It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech, and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election.[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Various Artists

Released
September 19, 2000

Genre
R&B, pop rock

Length
46:21

Label
Walt Disney

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
2:29

2.
"Spirit in the Sky"
4:02

3.
"Peace Train"
4:08

4.
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
4:05

5.
"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress"
3:17

6.
"I Want to Take You Higher"
2:44

7.
"Up Around the Bend"
2:42

8.
"Spill the Wine"
4:05

9.
"A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"
5:10

10.
"Act Naturally"
2:21

11.
"Express Yourself"
3:53

12.
"Titans Spirit"
7:25

Total length:
46:21

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following its release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20, 2001.[7] A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20, 2001, along with a widescreen Director's cut on March 14, 2006.[8]

text: A restored widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4, 2007. Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin, producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard, feature audio commentary with real-life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast, "Remember The Titans: An inspirational journey behind the scenes" hosted by Lynn Swann, "Denzel Becomes Boone," "Beating The Odds"; Deleted scenes; Movie Showcase and seamless menus.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office, grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks.[10] It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,683 worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Among mainstream critics in the U.S., Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews.[11] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.3 out of 10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews.[11] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[13]

text: Writing for The New York Times, A. O. Scott said that "aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage, there's not much else to see — is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins."[14] James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews, called the film "relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable" but noted that it was "a notch above the average entry in part because its social message (even if it is soft-peddled) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut."[15] Describing some pitfalls, Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that "beneath its rah-rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing, it's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or, for that matter, a Hallmark greeting card. Its heart is in the right place, but it has no soul."[16] Wilonsky however was quick to admit "The film's intentions are noble, but its delivery is ham-fisted and pretentious; you can't deny the message, but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it."[16]

text:
'Remember the Titans' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America, but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game.
“
”

—Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times[17]

tag: div

text: Todd McCarthy, writing in Variety, said, "As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is, it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an 'if only it could be like this' fantasy, as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film, albeit a PG-rated one with all the cuss words removed."[18] Roger Ebert, in the Chicago Sun-Times, viewed the film as "a parable about racial harmony, yoked to the formula of a sports movie," adding, "Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we're not sure if we're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns. Real life is never this simple, but then that's what the movies are for".[17]

text: In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that "it's possible to make a sentimental drama that isn't sickening —  and a sports movie that transcends cliches."[19] Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review, somewhat praised the film, writing, "The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter, but Washington and company make it watchable."[20] Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans, but you can see why he wanted to do the movie: He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough-love saint."[21] Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was "corny, clichéd, and downright cheesy at times," as well as how it relayed its message in one of the "most predictable, heavy-handed manners we've seen in a movie in years", the film "serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people, just waiting for the right person to bring it out." He also viewed the casting as top-notch, saying that it helped to have a "rock-solid foundation in the form of leading-man Denzel Washington" at the helm.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000–2001.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2001 Angel Awards
Silver Angel
————
Nominated

BET Awards 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

2001 BMI Film & TV Awards
Film Music Award
Trevor Rabin
Won

Black Reel Awards of 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

Best Screenplay
Gregory Allen Howard
Won

Best Film
Jerry Bruckheimer, Chad Oman
Nominated

2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama
Wood Harris
Nominated

2001 Casting Society of America Awards
Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama
Ronna Kress
Nominated

2001 NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Denzel Washington
Won

Outstanding Motion Picture
————
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Wood Harris
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Nicole Ari Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Krysten Leigh Jones
Nominated

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Male Newcomer
Kip Pardue
Nominated

Youth in Film
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards
Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR
Robert L. Sephton, Christopher T. Welch, Julie Feiner, Cindy Marty, Gaston Biraben, Suhail Kafity
Nominated

Best Sound Editing - Music
Will Kaplan
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Political Film Society Awards
Human Rights
————
Won

Exposé
————
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards 2000
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

2001 Teen Choice Awards
Film - Choice Drama/Action Adventure
————
Nominated

22nd Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Hayden Panettiere
Won

Best Family Feature Film - Drama
————
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[23]


document_title: Bokaro Steel Plant

question_text: where is bokaro steel plant located in india

text: Bokaro Steel Plant

text:
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text:
Bokaro Steel Plant

Type

State-owned enterprise
public company

Traded as
NSE: SAIL

Industry
Steel

Founded
1964

Headquarters
Bokaro, Jharkhand, India

Products
Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled

Website
www.sail.co.in

text: Bokaro Steel Plant (BSP) is located in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand. .It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in India built with Soviet help. It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964.[1] It was later merged with the state-owned Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).[2]

text: Currently it houses five blast furnaces with a total capacity to produce 4.5 MT of liquid steel. The plant is undergoing a mass modernisation drive after which its output capacity is expected to cross 10 MT

text: The plant's yearly profit stood at ₹11.2 billion (US$170 million) for the financial year 2003–04 and has increased every year since then reaching to 84.26 billion INR in the financial year 2007–08.

text: Products[edit]

text: Bokaro Steel Plant is designed to produce a wide range of flat products:

text:
Hot rolled coils
Hot rolled plates
Hot rolled sheets
Cold rolled coils(CRM)
Cold rolled sheets
Tin mill black plates (tmbp)
Galvanised plain and corrugated (gp/gc) sheets
Oxygen Gas Produced in Oxygen Plant.
Hydrogen Gas
Coke Oven byproducts


document_title: World Rugby Under 20 Championship

question_text: who won the under 21 rugby world cup

question_tokens: who won the under 21 rugby world cup

text: World Rugby Under 20 Championship

text: Tournament results[edit]

text:
Year

Host

Final

Third place match

Winner

Score

Runner-up

3rd place

Score

4th place

2008

 Wales

New Zealand

38–3

England

South Africa

43–18

Wales

2009

 Japan

New Zealand

44–28

England

South Africa

32–5

Australia

2010

 Argentina

New Zealand

62–17

Australia

South Africa

27–22

England

2011

 Italy

New Zealand

33–22

England

Australia

30–17

France

2012

 South Africa

South Africa

22–16

New Zealand

Wales

25–17

Argentina

2013

 France

England

23–15

Wales

South Africa

41–34

New Zealand

2014

 New Zealand

England

21–20

South Africa

New Zealand

45–23

Ireland

2015

 Italy

New Zealand

21–16

England

South Africa

31–18

France

2016

 England

England

45–21

Ireland

Argentina

49–19

South Africa

2017

 Georgia

New Zealand

64–17

England

South Africa

37–15

France

2018

 France

France

33–25

England

South Africa

40–30

New Zealand

2019

 Argentina

text: Team records[edit]

text:
Team

Titles

Runners-up

Third

Fourth

 New Zealand

6 (details)

1 (2012)

1 (2014)

2 (2013, 2018)

 England

3 (2013, 2014, 2016)

6 (details)

–

1 (2010)

 South Africa

1 (2012)

1 (2014)

7 (details)

1 (2016)

 France

1 (2018)

–

–

3 (2011, 2015, 2017)

 Australia

–

1 (2010)

1 (2011)

1 (2009)

 Wales

–

1 (2013)

1 (2012)

1 (2008)

 Ireland

1 (2016)

1 (2014)

 Argentina

–

–

1 (2016)

1 (2012)

text: Participating nations[edit]

text:
Team

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Years

 Argentina

8th

11th

6th

9th

4th

6th

9th

9th

3rd

11th

6th

q

12

 Australia

5th

4th

2nd

3rd

8th

7th

5th

5th

6th

6th

5th

q

12

 Canada

12th

14th

WT

WT

WT

WT

WT

WT

-

WT

WT

2

 England

2nd

2nd

4th

2nd

7th

1st

1st

2nd

1st

2nd

2nd

q

12

 Fiji

14th

12th

8th

6th

11th

11th

12th

WT

WT

WT

WT

7

 France

6th

5th

5th

4th

6th

5th

6th

4th

9th

4th

1st

q

12

 Georgia

WT

-

-

WT

WT

-

WT

WT

10th

10th

9th

q

4

 Ireland

9th

8th

9th

8th

5th

8th

4th

7th

2nd

9th

11th

q

12

 Italy

11th

13th

WT

11th

12th

WT

11th

11th

11th

8th

8th

q

10

 Japan

15th

15th

WT

WT

WT

WT

WT

10th

12th

WT

12th

WT

5

 New Zealand

1st

1st

1st

1st

2nd

4th

3rd

1st

5th

1st

4th

q

12

 Samoa

7th

7th

12th

WT

10th

9th

8th

12th

WT

12th

WT

8

 Scotland

10th

9th

10th

10th

9th

10th

10th

8th

8th

5th

10th

q

12

 South Africa

3rd

3rd

3rd

5th

1st

3rd

2nd

3rd

4th

3rd

3rd

q

12

 Tonga

13th

10th

11th

12th

WT

WT

WT

WT

-

-

-

4

 United States

16th

WT

-

WT

WT

12th

WT

-

WT

-

-

2

 Uruguay

WT

16th

WT

WT

-

WT

WT

WT

WT

WT

WT

1

 Wales

4th

6th

7th

7th

3rd

2nd

7th

6th

7th

7th

7th

q

12

Total
16
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

text:
= Hosts
1st = Champions
2nd = Runners-up
3rd = Third place
4th = Fourth place
Place = Relegated to World Rugby Under 20 Trophy
WT = Competed in the World Rugby Under 20 Trophy
q = Qualified
- = Did not qualify

text: World Rugby Junior Player of the Year[edit]

text:
Year

Name

Nation

2008

Luke Braid

 New Zealand

2009

Aaron Cruden

 New Zealand

2010

Julian Savea

 New Zealand

2011

George Ford

 England

2012

Jan Serfontein

 South Africa

2013

Sam Davies

 Wales

2014

Handré Pollard

 South Africa

2015

James Chisholm

 England

2016

Max Deegan

 Ireland

2017

Juarno Augustus

 South Africa

2018

Jordan Joseph

 France