document_title: List of Washington Redskins seasons

question_text: when was the last time the washington redskins went to the playoffs

text: List of Washington Redskins seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Redskins' franchise from 1932 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise.[1] The team changed their name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington, D.C. in 1937.[2]

text: The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships.[3]

text: The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games, as well as Super Bowl XVII, XXII, and XXVI. They also played in and lost the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 Championship games, as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII. They have made 24 postseason appearances, and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses. Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins: the New England Patriots (nine), the Dallas Cowboys, Pittsburgh Steelers, Denver Broncos (all with eight), and San Francisco 49ers (six); the Redskins' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, New York Giants and Green Bay Packers.[4]

text: All of the Redskins' league titles were attained during two ten-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times, winning two of them.[5] The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven times, captured four Conference titles, and won three Super Bowls out of four appearances.[5]

text: The Redskins have also experienced failure in their history. The most notable period of failure was from 1946 to 1970, during which the Redskins did not have a single postseason appearance.[6] During this period, the Redskins went without a single winning season between 1956 and 1968.[6] In 1961 season, the franchise posted their worst regular season record with a 1–12–1 showing.[6]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: The finish, wins, losses, and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Italicized numbers mean that the records are subject to change each week due to regular season or postseason games being played.

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason results
Awards

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

Boston Braves

1932
1932
NFL

4th
4
4
2
—

Boston Redskins

1933
1933
NFL

East
3rd
5
5
2
—

1934
1934
NFL

East
2nd
6
6
0
—

1935
1935
NFL

East
4th
2
8
1
—

1936
1936
NFL

East
1st
7
5
0
Lost NFL Championship (Packers) 21–6

Washington Redskins

1937
1937
NFL

East
1st
8
3
0
Won NFL Championship (1) (Bears) 28–21

1938
1938
NFL

East
2nd
6
3
2
—

1939
1939
NFL

East
2nd
8
2
1
—

1940
1940
NFL

East
1st
9
2
0
Lost NFL Championship (Bears) 73–0

1941
1941
NFL

East
3rd
6
5
0
—

1942
1942
NFL

East
1st
10
1
0
Won NFL Championship (2) (Bears) 14–6

1943
1943
NFL

East
1st
6
3
1
Won Eastern Divisional Playoff (Giants) 28–0
Lost NFL Championship (Bears) 41–21

1944
1944
NFL

East
3rd
6
3
1
—

1945
1945
NFL

East
1st
8
2
0
Lost NFL Championship (Cleveland Rams) 15–14

1946
1946
NFL

East
T-3rd
5
5
1
—

1947
1947
NFL

East
4th
4
8
0
—

1948
1948
NFL

East
2nd
7
5
0
—

1949
1949
NFL

East
4th
4
7
1
—

1950
1950
NFL
American

6th
3
9
0
—

1951
1951
NFL
American

3rd
5
7
0
—

1952
1952
NFL
American

T-5th
4
8
0
—

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

3rd
6
5
1
—

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

5th
3
9
0
—

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

2nd
8
4
0
—
Joe Kuharich (COY)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

3rd
6
6
0
—

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

4th
5
6
1
—

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

4th
4
7
1
—

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

5th
3
9
0
—

1960
1960[7]
NFL
Eastern

6th
1
9
2
—

1961
1961[8]
NFL
Eastern

7th
1
12
1
—

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

4th
5
7
2
—

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

6th
3
11
0
—

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

T-3rd
6
8
0
—
Charley Taylor (OROY)

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

4th
6
8
0
—

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

5th
7
7
0
—

1967[9]
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
3rd
5
6
3
—

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
3rd
5
9
0
—

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
2nd
7
5
2
—

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
8
0
—

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
4
1
Lost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 24–20
George Allen (COY)

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 16–3
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 26–3
Lost Super Bowl VII (Dolphins) 14–7
Larry Brown (MVP, OPOY)

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[10]
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 27–20

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 19–10

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
6
0
—
Mike Thomas (OROY)

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[11]
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 35–20

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[12]
9
5
0
—

1978[13]
1978
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0
—
John Riggins (CBPOY)

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
3rd[14]
10
6
0
—
Jack Pardee (COY)

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0
—

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
4th
8
8
0
—

1982[15]
1982
NFL
NFC

1st
8
1
0
Won First Round (Lions) 31–7
Won Second Round (Vikings) 21–7
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–17
Won Super Bowl XVII (3) (Dolphins) 27–17
Joe Gibbs (COY)
Mark Moseley (MVP)
John Riggins (SB MVP)
Joe Theismann (WPMOY)

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 51–7
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 24–21
Lost Super Bowl XVIII (Raiders) 38–9
Joe Gibbs (COY)
Joe Theismann (MVP, OPOY)

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 23–19

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
3rd[16]
10
6
0
—

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Los Angeles Rams) 19–7
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 27–13
Lost Conference Championship (Giants) 17–0

1987[17]
1987
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 21–17
Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 17–10
Won Super Bowl XXII (4) (Broncos) 42–10
Doug Williams (SB MVP)

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
7
9
0
—

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
10
6
0
—

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 20–6
Lost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 28–10

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 24–7
Won Conference Championship (Lions) 41–10
Won Super Bowl XXVI (5) (Bills) 37–24
Joe Gibbs (COY)
Mark Rypien (SB MVP)[18]

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
3rd[19]
9
7
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 24–7
Lost Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 20–13

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
5th
4
12
0
—

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0
—

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0
—

1996
1996[20]
NFL
NFC
East
3rd[21]
9
7
0
—
Darrell Green (WPMOY)[22]

1997
1997[23]
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
7
1
—

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 27–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 14–13

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0
—

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0
—

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
7
9
0
—

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
5
11
0
—

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 17–10
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–10

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0
—

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 35–14

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
4th
8
8
0
—

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0
—

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0
—

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 24–14
Robert Griffin III (OROY)

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
4th
3
13
0
—

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0
—

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
1st
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Packers) 35–18

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
7
1
—

Total
586
572
28
Regular season

23
19
—
Postseason

609
591
28
Total

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "History: History by Decades". Washington Redskins. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Washington Redskins (1937–present)". Sportsecyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Washington Redskins History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Jump up ^ "NFL History". NFL History Network.  Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Washington Redskins Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Washington Redskins History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ The last year the Redskins played at Griffith Stadium.
Jump up ^ The first year the Redskins played at D.C. Stadium (RFK).
Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions. Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Redskins and the Cowboys finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1976 season, the Redskins and the St. Louis Cardinals ended the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Washington finished ahead of St. Louis based on head-to-head sweep.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1977 season, the Redskins and the Bears finished the season with identical 9–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago finished ahead of Washington based on better net points in conference games.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Redskins and the Bears finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago finished ahead of Washington based on better net points in all games.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Redskins, Cowboys, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record. New York then finished ahead of Washington and San Francisco in the Wild-Card race based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXVI MVP". NFL.com. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1992 season, the Redskins and the Packers finished the season with identical 9–7 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Washington finished ahead of Green Bay based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ The last year the Redskins played at RFK Stadium.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Redskins and the Vikings finished the season with identical 9–7 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, MInnesota finished ahead of Washington based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ George, Thomas (1997-05-18). "Once Too Small. Now Too Old? Never". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
Jump up ^ The first year the Redskins played at FedExField.


document_title: List of Sex and the City episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 2 sex and the city

root

text: List of Sex and the City episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)

2
18
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)

3
18
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)

4
18
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)

5
8
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)

6
20
12
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)

8
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (1998)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

1
1
"Sex and the City"
Susan Seidelman
Darren Star
June 6, 1998 (1998-06-06)
101

2
2
"Models and Mortals"
Alison Maclean
Darren Star
June 14, 1998 (1998-06-14)
102

3
3
"Bay of Married Pigs"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
June 21, 1998 (1998-06-21)
103

4
4
"Valley of the Twenty-Something Guys"
Alison Maclean
Michael Patrick King
June 28, 1998 (1998-06-28)
104

5
5
"The Power of Female Sex"
Susan Seidelman
Story by : Jenji Kohan
Teleplay by : Darren Star
July 5, 1998 (1998-07-05)
105

6
6
"Secret Sex"
Michael Fields
Darren Star
July 12, 1998 (1998-07-12)
106

7
7
"The Monogamists"
Darren Star
Darren Star
July 19, 1998 (1998-07-19)
107

8
8
"Three's a Crowd"
Nicole Holofcener
Jenny Bicks
July 26, 1998 (1998-07-26)
108

9
9
"The Turtle and the Hare"
Michael Fields
Susan Kolinsky
August 2, 1998 (1998-08-02)
109

10
10
"The Baby Shower"
Susan Seidelman
Terri Minsky
August 9, 1998 (1998-08-09)
110

11
11
"The Drought"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Green & Michael Patrick King
August 16, 1998 (1998-08-16)
111

12
12
"Oh Come All Ye Faithful"
Matthew Harrison
Michael Patrick King
August 23, 1998 (1998-08-23)
112

tag: p

text: Season 2 (1999)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code

13
1
"Take Me Out to the Ballgame"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
June 6, 1999 (1999-06-06)
201

14
2
"The Awful Truth"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
June 13, 1999 (1999-06-13)
202

15
3
"The Freak Show"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 20, 1999 (1999-06-20)
203

16
4
"They Shoot Single People, Don't They?"
John David Coles
Michael Patrick King
June 27, 1999 (1999-06-27)
204

17
5
"Four Women and a Funeral"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
July 4, 1999 (1999-07-04)
205

18
6
"The Cheating Curve"
John David Coles
Darren Star
July 11, 1999 (1999-07-11)
206

19
7
"The Chicken Dance"
Victoria Hochberg
Cindy Chupack
July 18, 1999 (1999-07-18)
207

20
8
"The Man, The Myth, The Viagra"
Victoria Hochberg
Michael Patrick King
July 25, 1999 (1999-07-25)
208

21
9
"Old Dogs, New Dicks"
"Old Dogs, New Tricks"
Alan Taylor
Jenny Bicks
August 1, 1999 (1999-08-01)
209

22
10
"The Caste System"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
August 8, 1999 (1999-08-08)
210

23
11
"Evolution"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
August 15, 1999 (1999-08-15)
211

24
12
"La Douleur Exquise!"
Allison Anders
Ollie Levy & Michael Patrick King
August 22, 1999 (1999-08-22)
212

25
13
"Games People Play"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
August 29, 1999 (1999-08-29)
213

26
14
"The Fuck Buddy"
"The Sex Buddy"
Alan Taylor
Darren Star
September 5, 1999 (1999-09-05)
214

27
15
"Shortcomings"
Dan Algrant
Terri Minsky
September 12, 1999 (1999-09-12)
215

28
16
"Was It Good For You?"
Dan Algrant
Michael Patrick King
September 19, 1999 (1999-09-19)
216

29
17
"Twenty-Something Girls vs. Thirty-Something Women"
Darren Star
Darren Star
September 26, 1999 (1999-09-26)
217

30
18
"Ex and the City"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03)
218

text: Season 3 (2000)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Where There's Smoke..."
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 4, 2000 (2000-06-04)
301
TBA

32
2
"Politically Erect"
Michael Patrick King
Darren Star
June 11, 2000 (2000-06-11)
302
3.60[1]

33
3
"Attack of the 5'10" Woman"
Pam Thomas
Cindy Chupack
June 18, 2000 (2000-06-18)
303
3.98[2]

34
4
"Boy, Girl, Boy, Girl..."
Pam Thomas
Jenny Bicks
June 25, 2000 (2000-06-25)
304
3.69[3]

35
5
"No Ifs, Ands, or Butts"
Nicole Holofcener
Michael Patrick King
July 9, 2000 (2000-07-09)
305
3.97[4]

36
6
"Are We Sluts?"
Allison Anders
Cindy Chupack
July 16, 2000 (2000-07-16)
306
TBA

37
7
"Drama Queens"
Allison Anders
Darren Star
July 23, 2000 (2000-07-23)
307
4.56[5]

38
8
"The Big Time"
Allison Anders
Jenny Bicks
July 30, 2000 (2000-07-30)
308
3.93[6]

39
9
"Easy Come, Easy Go"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
August 6, 2000 (2000-08-06)
309
3.50[7]

40
10
"All or Nothing"
Charles McDougall
Jenny Bicks
August 13, 2000 (2000-08-13)
310
4.42[8]

41
11
"Running With Scissors"
Dennis Erdman
Michael Patrick King
August 20, 2000 (2000-08-20)
311
4.64[9]

42
12
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
Dan Algrant
Cindy Chupack
August 27, 2000 (2000-08-27)
312
4.16[10]

43
13
"Escape from New York"
John David Coles
Becky Hartman Edwards & Michael Patrick King
September 10, 2000 (2000-09-10)
313
4.20[11]

44
14
"Sex and Another City"
John David Coles
Jenny Bicks
September 17, 2000 (2000-09-17)
314
4.76[12]

45
15
"Hot Child in the City"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
September 24, 2000 (2000-09-24)
315
4.94[13]

46
16
"Frenemies"
Michael Spiller
Jenny Bicks
October 1, 2000 (2000-10-01)
316
5.35[14]

47
17
"What Goes Around Comes Around"
Allen Coulter
Darren Star
October 8, 2000 (2000-10-08)
317
TBA

48
18
"Cock a Doodle Do!"
Allen Coulter
Michael Patrick King
October 15, 2000 (2000-10-15)
318
4.71[15]

text: Season 4 (2001–02)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"The Agony and the 'Ex'-tacy"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
401
6.49[16]

50
2
"The Real Me"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 3, 2001 (2001-06-03)
402
5.93[16]

51
3
"Defining Moments"
Allen Coulter
Jenny Bicks
June 10, 2001 (2001-06-10)
403
5.48[17]

52
4
"What's Sex Got to Do with It?"
Allen Coulter
Nicole Avril
June 17, 2001 (2001-06-17)
404
5.13[18]

53
5
"Ghost Town"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
June 24, 2001 (2001-06-24)
405
5.84[19]

54
6
"Baby, Talk Is Cheap"
Michael Spiller
Cindy Chupack
July 1, 2001 (2001-07-01)
406
5.47[20]

55
7
"Time and Punishment"
Michael Engler
Jessica Bendinger
July 8, 2001 (2001-07-08)
407
5.59[21]

56
8
"My Motherboard, My Self"
Michael Engler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 15, 2001 (2001-07-15)
408
5.37[22]

57
9
"Sex and the Country"
Michael Spiller
Allan Heinberg
July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)
409
5.80[23]

58
10
"Belles of the Balls"
Michael Spiller
Michael Patrick King
July 29, 2001 (2001-07-29)
410
5.98[24]

59
11
"Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
August 5, 2001 (2001-08-05)
411
5.87[25]

60
12
"Just Say Yes"
David Frankel
Cindy Chupack
August 12, 2001 (2001-08-12)
412
6.64[26]

61
13
"The Good Fight"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
January 6, 2002 (2002-01-06)
413
7.30[27]

62
14
"All That Glitters"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
January 13, 2002 (2002-01-13)
414
6.81[28]

63
15
"Change of a Dress"
Alan Taylor
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 20, 2002 (2002-01-20)
415
5.02[29]

64
16
"Ring A Ding Ding"
Alan Taylor
Amy B. Harris
January 27, 2002 (2002-01-27)
416
7.20[30]

65
17
"A 'Vogue' Idea"
Martha Coolidge
Allan Heinberg
February 3, 2002 (2002-02-03)
417
4.34[31]

66
18
"I Heart NY"
Martha Coolidge
Michael Patrick King
February 10, 2002 (2002-02-10)
418
7.39[32]

text: Season 5 (2002)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Anchors Away"
Charles McDougall
Michael Patrick King
July 21, 2002 (2002-07-21)
501
7.93[33]

68
2
"Unoriginal Sin"
Charles McDougall
Cindy Chupack
July 28, 2002 (2002-07-28)
502
6.63[34]

69
3
"Luck Be an Old Lady"
John David Coles
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
August 4, 2002 (2002-08-04)
503
6.59[35]

70
4
"Cover Girl"
John David Coles
Judy Toll & Michael Patrick King
August 11, 2002 (2002-08-11)
504
7.31[36]

71
5
"Plus One is the Loneliest Number"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
August 18, 2002 (2002-08-18)
505
6.95[37]

72
6
"Critical Condition"
Michael Patrick King
Alexa Junge
August 25, 2002 (2002-08-25)
506
7.38[38]

73
7
"The Big Journey"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
September 1, 2002 (2002-09-01)
507
5.95[39]

74
8
"I Love a Charade"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack & Michael Patrick King
September 8, 2002 (2002-09-08)
508
7.33[40]

text: Season 6 (2003–04)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Part 1

75
1
"To Market, to Market"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
June 22, 2003 (2003-06-22)
601
7.30[41]

76
2
"Great Sexpectations"
Michael Patrick King
Cindy Chupack
June 29, 2003 (2003-06-29)
602
5.82[42]

77
3
"The Perfect Present"
David Frankel
Jenny Bicks
July 6, 2003 (2003-07-06)
603
6.95[43]

78
4
"Pick-A-Little, Talk-A-Little"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
July 13, 2003 (2003-07-13)
604
6.60[44]

79
5
"Lights, Camera, Relationship!"
Michael Engler
Michael Patrick King
July 20, 2003 (2003-07-20)
605
6.43[45]

80
6
"Hop, Skip, and a Week"
Michael Engler
Amy B. Harris
July 27, 2003 (2003-07-27)
606
6.34[46]

81
7
"The Post-It Always Sticks Twice"
Alan Taylor
Liz Tuccillo
August 3, 2003 (2003-08-03)
607
5.77[47]

82
8
"The Catch"
Alan Taylor
Cindy Chupack
August 10, 2003 (2003-08-10)
608
6.64[48]

83
9
"A Woman's Right to Shoes"
Tim Van Patten
Jenny Bicks
August 17, 2003 (2003-08-17)
609
6.74[49]

84
10
"Boy, Interrupted"
Tim Van Patten
Cindy Chupack
August 24, 2003 (2003-08-24)
610
6.94[50]

85
11
"The Domino Effect"
David Frankel
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
September 7, 2003 (2003-09-07)
611
6.69[51]

86
12
"One"
David Frankel
Michael Patrick King
September 14, 2003 (2003-09-14)
612
7.65[52]

Part 2

87
13
"Let There Be Light"
Michael Patrick King
Michael Patrick King
January 4, 2004 (2004-01-04)
613
6.36[53]

88
14
"The Ick Factor"
Wendey Stanzler
Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky
January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)
614
N/A

89
15
"Catch-38"
Michael Engler
Cindy Chupack
January 18, 2004 (2004-01-18)
615
N/A

90
16
"Out of the Frying Pan"
Michael Engler
Jenny Bicks
January 25, 2004 (2004-01-25)
616
6.94[54]

91
17
"The Cold War"
Julian Farino
Aury Wallington
February 1, 2004 (2004-02-01)
617
4.43[55]

92
18
"Splat!"
Julian Farino
Jenny Bicks & Cindy Chupack
February 8, 2004 (2004-02-08)
618
4.83[56]

93
19
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Une)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 15, 2004 (2004-02-15)
619
6.14[57]

94
20
"An American Girl In Paris (Part Deux)"
Tim Van Patten
Michael Patrick King
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)
620
10.62[58]


document_title: World Series of Poker

question_text: when did the wsop move to the rio

question_tokens: when did the wsop move to the rio

text: World Series of Poker

text: Format[edit]

text: Since 1971, all WSOP events have been tournaments with cash prizes. In 1973, a five-card stud event was added. Since then, new events have been added and removed. Since 1976,[citation needed] a bracelet has been awarded to the winner of every event at the annual WSOP; later on,[when?] the winners of events before 1976 were retroactively given bracelets.[8]

text: The tournament grew slowly for over a decade, reaching 52 participants in 1982. In the early 1980s, satellite tournaments were introduced, allowing people to win their way into the various events. By 1987, there were over 2,100 entrants in the entire series.[1]

text: At the 2006 World Series of Poker, there were 45 events, covering the majority of poker variants. Participation in the Main Event peaked that year, with 8,773 players.[9]

text: Currently, Texas hold 'em, Omaha hold 'em and Seven-card stud and their lowball variants are played. H.O.R.S.E. has been played in the past and returned in 2006. Also, S.H.O.E. has been played in the past, and returned in 2007. Other events played in the past include Chinese poker, Five card stud, and many others. Like most tournaments, the sponsoring casino takes an entry fee (a percentage between 6% and 10%, depending on the buy-in) and distributes the rest, hence the prize money increasing with more players. In the 2005 Main Event, US$52,818,610 in prize money was distributed among 560 players, with US$7.5 million as the first prize. The 2006 Main Event, won by Jamie Gold, is the largest single poker tournament by prize pool or by entrant numbers in history; Gold pocketed US$12 million for his victory.  In July 2010, it was announced that the winner of the 2010 Main Event would receive just under US$9 million.

text: On June 2, 2011, the World Series of Poker and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté announced plans for an officially sanctioned special fundraising event, known as The Big One for One Drop, starting on July 1, 2012 with a record US$1 million entry fee.[10] 11% of the money (more precisely, $111,111 from each buy-in) went to Laliberté's charity, the One Drop Foundation, and the WSOP waived its normal 10% rake of the entry fees. At the time of the original announcement, 15 of the maximum 48 seats had been taken. By early December 2011, the field size had increased to 22, the minimum required for an official bracelet tournament.[11] Among those who committed early to the event were Johnny Chan, Daniel Negreanu, Jonathan Duhamel, Tom Dwan, Laliberté, billionaire businessman Phil Ruffin and Erik Seidel. On April 12, 2012, the WSOP announced that 30 players had committed to the tournament, which brought the first prize to $12.3 million, exceeding the record amount won by Jamie Gold. In the end, all 48 seats were filled, resulting in a first prize of $18.3 million.[12] Poker professional Antonio Esfandiari won the event, also receiving a special platinum WSOP bracelet.[13]

text: Highlights[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The number of participants in the WSOP grew every year from 2000 until 2006.  Following 2006, new online gambling legislation restricted the number of online qualifiers to the event.  2007 was the first dip in numbers in the 21st century while in 2008 more people participated than the previous year. In 2000, there were 4,780 entrants in the various events, but in 2005, the number rose to over 23,000 players.  In the main event alone, the number of participants grew from 839 in 2003 to 8,773 in 2006, and has hovered between 6,300 and 7,200 entrants in the eleven years since.[14] Phil Hellmuth has won the most bracelets with 15 followed by Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, and Phil Ivey with ten bracelets each. Crandell Addington is the only player to place in the top ten of the World Series of Poker Main Event eight times, albeit in earlier years with small fields compared to modern times. Four players have won the Main Event multiple times: Johnny Moss (1970, 1971, and 1974), Doyle Brunson (1976 and 1977), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, and 1997) and Johnny Chan (1987 and 1988). Bracelet winners who first achieved fame in other fields include French actor/singer Patrick Bruel (in 1998), Danish soccer player Jan Vang Sørensen (in 2002), American actress Jennifer Tilly (in 2005), and American musician/record producer Steve Albini (in 2018). In recent years, there have been non-bracelet events at the WSOP; two of the most notable are the "World Series of Rock Paper Scissors" and "Ante Up for Africa."

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of a World Series of Poker began in 1969 with an event called the Texas Gambling Reunion.[15]  It was an invitational event sponsored by Tom Moore of San Antonio, Texas, and held at the Holiday Hotel and Casino in Reno.[15] This inaugural event was won by Crandell Addington.  The set of tournaments that the World Series of Poker (WSOP) would evolve into was the brainchild of Las Vegas casino owner and poker player Benny Binion. In 1970, the first WSOP at Binion's Horseshoe took place as a series of cash games that included five-card stud, deuce to seven low-ball draw, razz, seven-card stud, and Texas hold 'em.[citation needed] The format for the Main Event as a freeze-out Texas hold 'em game came the next year.  The winner in 1970, Johnny Moss, was elected by his peers as the first "World Champion of Poker" and received a silver cup as a prize.[15]

text: Acquisition by Harrah's[edit]

text: In 2004, Harrah's Entertainment (now Caesars Entertainment) purchased Binion's Horseshoe, retained the rights to the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands, sold the hotel and casino to MTR Gaming Group, and announced that the 2005 Series events would be held at the Harrah's-owned Rio Hotel and Casino, located just off the Las Vegas Strip.[15] The final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR-operated "Binion's" in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas. The WSOP also added a made-for-television $2 million "freeroll" invitational Tournament of Champions (TOC) event first won by Annie Duke as a "winner-take-all" event.

text: Main Event[edit]

text: Since 1972, the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 buy-in no-limit Texas Hold 'em (NLHE) tournament (in 1971 the buy-in was $5,000 and the inaugural 1970 event was an invitational with winner determined by a vote from the players). Winners of the event not only get the largest prize of the tournament and a gold bracelet, but additionally their picture is placed in the Gallery of Champions at Binion's.

text: The winner of the Main Event has traditionally been given the unofficial title of World Champion. However, some believe that no-limit hold 'em is not the optimal structure for determining a champion poker player. In 2002, Daniel Negreanu argued that the Main Event should switch to pot-limit hold 'em, believing that pot-limit required a more complete set of poker skills than no-limit, although he admitted that such a change would likely never be made.[16] However, after the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E./Poker Players Championship event was added, many of the game's top professionals, including Negreanu, have since stated that this tournament ultimately decides the world's best player. The $50,000 buy-in, being five times larger than the buy-in for the Main Event, has thus far tended to deter amateurs from playing in this event, and the variety of games played require a broader knowledge of poker. The first $50,000 event, conducted as a H.O.R.S.E. tournament, was won by Chip Reese in 2006. In 2010, the $50,000 event changed from H.O.R.S.E. to an "8-game" format, adding no-limit hold 'em, pot-limit Omaha, and 2–7 triple draw to the mix, and was rechristened The Poker Players Championship,[17][18] with Michael Mizrachi winning the first edition of the revamped event.[19] Since Reese's death in December 2007, the winner of this event receives the David 'Chip' Reese Memorial Trophy in addition to the bracelet and the prize money.[20]

text: There have been many memorable moments during the main events, including Jack Straus's 1982 comeback win after discovering he had one $500 chip left when he thought he was out of the tournament. The end of the 1988 main event was featured in the movie Rounders. Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, the winners in 2003 and 2004, both qualified for the main event through satellite tournaments at the PokerStars online card room. Jerry Yang, the winner in 2007, had only been playing poker for two years prior to his victory. He won his seat at a $225 satellite tournament at Pechanga Resort & Casino, in California. With passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) of 2006 online poker sites have been barred from purchasing entrance directly for their users.

text: Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winninghand

First place prize

Entrants

Runner-up

Losinghand

1970

 Johnny Moss

N/A

N/A

7

N/A

N/A

1971

 Johnny Moss

N/A

7004300000000000000♠30,000

6

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

N/A

1972

 Thomas "Amarillo Slim" Preston, Jr.

K♥ J♦

7004800000000000000♠80,000

8

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

6  6

1973

 Walter "Puggy" Pearson

A♠ 7♠

7005130000000000000♠130,000

13

 Johnny Moss

K♥ J♠

1974

 Johnny Moss

3♥ 3♠

7005160000000000000♠160,000

16

 Crandell Addington

A♣ 2♣

1975

 Brian "Sailor" Roberts

J♠ J♥

7005210000000000000♠210,000

21

 Bob Hooks

J♣ 9♣

1976

 Doyle Brunson

10♠ 2♠

7005220000000000000♠220,000

22

 Jesse Alto

A♠ J♦

1977

 Doyle Brunson

10♠ 2♥

7005340000000000000♠340,000

34

 Gary Berland

8♥ 5♣

1978

 Bobby Baldwin

Q♦ Q♣

7005210000000000000♠210,000

42

 Crandell Addington

9♦ 9♣

1979

 Hal Fowler

7♠ 6♦

7005270000000000000♠270,000

54

 Bobby Hoff

A♣ A♥

1980

 Stu Ungar

5♠ 4♠

7005385000000000000♠385,000

73

 Doyle Brunson

A♥ 7♠

1981

 Stu Ungar

A♥ Q♥

7005375000000000000♠375,000

75

 Perry Green

10♣ 9♦

1982

 Jack Straus

A♥ 10♠

7005520000000000000♠520,000

104

 Dewey Tomko

A♦ 4♦

1983

 Tom McEvoy

Q♦ Q♠

7005540000000000000♠540,000

108

 Rod Peate

K♦ J♦

1984

 Jack Keller

10♥ 10♠

7005660000000000000♠660,000

132

 Byron Wolford

6♥ 4♥

1985

 Bill Smith

3♠ 3♥

7005700000000000000♠700,000

140

 T. J. Cloutier

A♦ 3♣

1986

 Berry Johnston

A♠ 10♥

7005570000000000000♠570,000

141

 Mike Harthcock

A♦ 8♦

1987

 Johnny Chan

A♠ 9♣

7005625000000000000♠625,000

152

 Frank Henderson

4♦ 4♣

1988

 Johnny Chan

J♣ 9♣

7005700000000000000♠700,000

167

 Erik Seidel

Q♣ 7♥

1989

 Phil Hellmuth, Jr.

9♠ 9♣

7005755000000000000♠755,000

178

 Johnny Chan

A♠ 7♠

1990

 Mansour Matloubi

6♥ 6♠

7005895000000000000♠895,000

194

 Hans Lund

4♦ 4♣

1991

 Brad Daugherty

K♠ J♠

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

215

 Don Holt

7♥ 3♥

1992

 Hamid Dastmalchi

8♥ 4♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

201

 Tom Jacobs

J♦ 7♠

1993

 Jim Bechtel

J♠ 6♠

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

220

 Glenn Cozen

7♦ 4♥

1994

 Russ Hamilton

K♠ 8♥

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

268

 Hugh Vincent

8♣ 5♥

1995

 Dan Harrington

9♦ 8♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

273

 Howard Goldfarb

A♥ 7♣

1996

 Huck Seed

9♦ 8♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

295

 Bruce Van Horn

K♣ 8♣

1997

 Stu Ungar

A♥ 4♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

312

 John Strzemp

A♠ 8♣

1998

 Scotty Nguyen

J♦ 9♣

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

350

 Kevin McBride

Q♥ 10♥

1999

 Noel Furlong

5♣ 5♦

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000

393

 Alan Goehring

6♥ 6♣

2000

 Chris Ferguson

A♠ 9♣

7006150000000000000♠1,500,000

512

 T. J. Cloutier

A♦ Q♣

2001

 Juan Carlos Mortensen

K♣ Q♣

7006150000000000000♠1,500,000

613

 Dewey Tomko

A♠ A♥

2002

 Robert Varkonyi

Q♦ 10♠

7006200000000000000♠2,000,000

631

 Julian Gardner

J♣ 8♣

2003

 Chris Moneymaker

5♦ 4♠

7006250000000000000♠2,500,000

839

 Sam Farha

J♥ 10♦

2004

 Greg Raymer

8♠ 8♦

7006500000000000000♠5,000,000

2,576

 David Williams

A♥ 4♠

2005

 Joe Hachem

7♣ 3♠

7006750000000000000♠7,500,000

5,619

 Steve Dannenmann

A♦ 3♣

2006

 Jamie Gold

Q♠ 9♣

7007120000000000000♠12,000,000

8,773

 Paul Wasicka

10♥ 10♠

2007

 Jerry Yang

8♦ 8♣

7006825000000000000♠8,250,000

6,358

 Tuan Lam

A♦ Q♦

2008

 Peter Eastgate

A♦ 5♠

7006915241600000000♠9,152,416

6,844

 Ivan Demidov

4♥ 2♥

2009

 Joe Cada

9♦ 9♣

7006854704200000000♠8,547,042

6,494

 Darvin Moon

Q♦ J♦

2010

 Jonathan Duhamel

A♠ J♥

7006894431000000000♠8,944,310

7,319

 John Racener

K♦ 8♦

2011

 Pius Heinz

A♠ K♣

7006871563800000000♠8,715,638

6,865

 Martin Staszko

10♣ 7♣

2012

 Greg Merson

K♦ 5♦

7006853185300000000♠8,531,853

6,598

 Jesse Sylvia

Q♠ J♠

2013

 Ryan Riess

A♥ K♥

7006836157000000000♠8,361,570

6,352

 Jay Farber

Q♠ 5♠

2014

 Martin Jacobson

10♥ 10♦

7007100000000000000♠10,000,000

6,683

 Felix Stephensen

A♥ 9♥

2015

 Joe McKeehen

A♥ 10♦

7006768334600000000♠7,683,346

6,420

 Joshua Beckley

4♣ 4♦

2016

 Qui Nguyen

K♣ 10♣

7006800531000000000♠8,005,310

6,737

 Gordon Vayo

J♠ 10♠

2017

 Scott Blumstein

A♥ 2♦

7006815000000000000♠8,150,000

7,221

 Dan Ott

A♦ 8♦

2018

 John Cynn

K♣ J♣

7006880000000000000♠8,800,000

7,874

 Tony Miles

Q♣ 8♥

text: (Flag indicates the country of residency of the player at the time of the event)

text: Players[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: Since its inception, Stu Ungar and Johnny Moss are the only players to have won the Main Event three times. However, Moss's first victory came in a different format, as he was elected winner by vote of his fellow players at the conclusion of what was then a timed event. Moss (if the first time win by vote is counted), Ungar, Doyle Brunson, and Johnny Chan are the only people who have won the Main Event in consecutive years. Chan's second victory in 1988 was featured in the 1998 film Rounders.

text: Phil Hellmuth holds multiple WSOP records including most bracelets, most WSOP cashes, and most WSOP final tables. He is also the only player to have won the Main Events of both the WSOP and WSOP Europe.[21][22]

text: In recent years, the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners of WSOP and even in tournament poker history. Before July 2012, the top seven players on the all-time WSOP Earnings list were Main Event champions from 2005 to 2011, among whom Jamie Gold topped those seven, he won the 2006 Main Event, which had then the biggest first prize for a single tournament, and still is the largest poker tournament by prize pool in history. However, the all-time leader is currently poker professional Daniel Negreanu, who has not won a Main Event, although he won the inaugural WSOP Asia Pacific Main Event in 2013. He is followed by professionals Antonio Esfandiari and Daniel Colman, both also yet to win a Main Event in Las Vegas.

text: The list below includes the WSOP Europe and WSOP Asia-Pacific, but excludes WSOP Circuit events and other non-bracelet events. The results are updated through the 2014 WSOP APAC.

text:
Overall:[23][24]

Most bracelets: Phil Hellmuth (15)
Most earnings: Antonio Esfandiari ($21,107,812)
Most cashes: Phil Hellmuth (109)
Most final tables: Phil Hellmuth (53)
Youngest bracelet winner: Annette Obrestad (2007 WSOPE Main Event; 18 years, 364 days)
Oldest bracelet winner: Johnny Moss (aged 81; won the $1,500 Limit Ace to Five Draw event in 1988, on his 81st birthday)
Most bracelets in one year: Puggy Pearson (1973), Ted Forrest (1993), Phil Hellmuth (1993), Phil Ivey (2002), Jeff Lisandro (2009), George Danzer (2014 (his third bracelet that he won in 2014 was during the WSOP APAC)) (3 bracelets)
Most final tables in one year: An Tran (6 final tables, 1992)
Most cashes in one year: Chris Ferguson (2017) (23 cashes)
Most consecutive years with at least one bracelet: Bill Boyd (1971–1974), Doyle Brunson (1976–1979) (4)
Most consecutive years with at least one cash: Mike Sexton (30, 1988 – 2017)
Most Player of the Year awards (since 2004): Daniel Negreanu (2, 2004 and 2013)
Oldest WSOP event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

WSOP Main Events:[24]

Most Main Event wins: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote), 1971, 1974), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, 1997) (3)
Most Main Event wins in consecutive years: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote) – 1971), Doyle Brunson (1976–1977), Stu Ungar (1980–1981), Johnny Chan (1987–1988) (2)
Most Main Event earnings: Jamie Gold ($12,000,000)
Most Main Event cashes: Berry Johnston (10)
Most consecutive Main Event cashes: Ronnie Bardah (2010–2014) (5)[25]
Most Main Event final tables: Doyle Brunson, Jesse Alto (5)
Youngest Main Event Champion: Joe Cada (2009; 21 years, 357 days)
Oldest Main Event Champion: Johnny Moss (1974; 66 years, 358 days)
Most Main Events played: Howard Andrew (1974–2014) (41)
Oldest Main Event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

text: Player of the Year[edit]

text: Since 2004, a Player of the Year (POY) award has been given to the player with the most points accumulated throughout the WSOP.  As of 2013, nine different players have won the ten awards, with Daniel Negreanu as the only two-time winner.

text: Only "open" events in which all players can participate count in the standings; this eliminates the Seniors, Ladies, and Casino Employee events.[26] Beginning with the 2006 World Series of Poker, the Main Event and the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. competition had no effect on the outcome of the winner of the Player of the Year award. In the 2008 World Series of Poker, the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. event counted toward the Player of the Year award, but the Main Event did not. Since 2009, all open events, including the Main Event, count towards Player of the Year. The Player of the Year standings were based upon performance solely at the WSOP in Las Vegas up until 2010, but beginning in 2011 have also taken the World Series of Poker Europe into account, and starting in 2013 also include events in the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific. The 2011 WSOP Player of the Year organized by Bluff Magazine used a different scoring system which took into account field sizes and buy-in amounts when calculating points earned.[27] This scoring system has been used ever since.

text:
Year

Winner

Bracelets

Final Tables

Cashes

WSOP Earnings (US$)

2004

Daniel Negreanu

1

5

6

7005346280000000000♠346,280

2005

Allen Cunningham

1

4

5

7006100711500000000♠1,007,115

2006

Jeff Madsen

2

4

4

7006146785200000000♠1,467,852

2007

Tom Schneider

2

3

3

7005416829000000000♠416,829

2008

Erick Lindgren

1

3

5

7006134852800000000♠1,348,528

2009

Jeff Lisandro

3

4

6

7005807521000000000♠807,521

2010

Frank Kassela

2

3

6

7006125531400000000♠1,255,314

2011

Ben Lamb

1

4

5

7006535297000000000♠5,352,970

2012

Greg Merson

2

2

5

7006978535400000000♠9,785,354

2013

Daniel Negreanu

2

4

10

7006195405400000000♠1,954,054

2014

George Danzer

3

5

10

7005878933000000000♠878,933

2015

Mike Gorodinsky

1

3

8

7006176648700000000♠1,766,487

2016

Jason Mercier[28]

2

4

11

7005960424000000000♠960,424

2017

Chris Ferguson

1

3

23

7005428423000000000♠428,423

text: Since 2016, the WSOP payout a bigger percentage of the field (15% instead of 10% until then).[29]

text: Poker Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Since its inception in 1979, the WSOP Poker Hall of Fame has honored 42 individuals.[30] Selection criteria for players include having competed against acknowledged top competition, played for high stakes, and played consistently well to gain the respect of their peers. For non-players, selection is based on positive and lasting contributions to the overall growth and success of poker.[citation needed]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: 2005 – WSOP Circuit[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Starting in 2005, the WSOP began the World Series of Poker Circuit, a satellite series held at Harrah's-owned properties in the United States. In addition to the $10,000 buy-in tournament at each site, qualifying players became eligible for a revamped Tournament of Champions. The 2005 TOC, made up of the top twenty qualifying players at each circuit event, along with the final table from the 2005 Main Event and the winners of nine or more bracelets (Johnny Chan, Doyle Brunson, and Phil Hellmuth) would participate in the revamped TOC at Caesars Palace.  Mike Matusow won the first prize of $1 million (US), and all the players at the final table were guaranteed a minimum of $25,000 for the eighth and ninth-place finishers.

text: During a break in the final table of the 2005 Main Event on July 16, Harrah's announced that eleven  properties — including the recently added Bally's and Caesar's properties — would host 2005–06 WSOP Circuit events that started on August 11 in Tunica, Mississippi.  One event that was scheduled for Biloxi, Mississippi, was canceled after the Grand Casino Biloxi, which was scheduled to host the event, suffered major damage from Hurricane Katrina. The Rio also hosted the 2006 World Series of Poker, which began on June 25 with satellite events and formally began the day after with the annual Casino Employee event, won in 2006 by Chris Gros. 2006 featured the Tournament of Champions on June 25 and 26, won by Mike Sexton. Various events led up to the Main Event, which was held from July 28 until August 10. The first prize of $12 million was awarded to Jamie Gold.

text: 2007 – World Series of Poker Europe[edit]

text: The World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion of the World Series of Poker in series history. In September 2007, the first WSOP championship events outside of Las Vegas, complete with bracelets, were held.[31]  The inaugural WSOPE consisted of three events held in London from September 6–17, 2007. The main event, a GBP 10,000 buy-in no-limit hold 'em tournament, was won by Norwegian online prodigy Annette Obrestad on the day before her 19th birthday. This made her the youngest person ever to win a WSOP bracelet, a record that cannot be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in Nevada is 21. Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the United Kingdom is 18. While no definitive plans have been announced, WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack has indicated that in the next one to three years that other venues may start holding WSOP events.[citation needed] Two locations that have been mentioned as possible expansion sites are Egypt and South Africa,[32] and the World Series of Poker Africa was ultimately launched in South Africa in 2010. However, it is currently treated as a WSOP Circuit event, with no bracelets awarded. The next expansion of the WSOP that included bracelet events was ultimately to Australia.[33]

text: The WSOPE moved from London to Cannes, France in 2011. At that time, the buy-ins and payouts changed from being fixed in pounds to euros.[citation needed] The event moved again in 2013, this time to the Paris suburb of Enghien-les-Bains.[34]

text: In November 2013, it was announced that the WSOPE would in the future alternate with the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific (WSOP APAC), which launched in 2013. The WSOPE will now be held only in odd-numbered years, with WSOP APAC conducted in even-numbered years.[35]

text: WSOPE Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winning Hand

Prize

Entrants

Runner-Up

Losing Hand

2007

Annette Obrestad

7♥ 7♠

£1,000,000

362

John Tabatabai

5♠ 6♦

2008

John Juanda

K♠ 6♣

£868,800

362

Stanislav Alekhin

A♣ 9♠

2009

Barry Shulman

10♠ 10♣

£801,603

334

Daniel Negreanu

4♠ 4♦

2010

James Bord

10♦ 10♥

£830,401

346

Fabrizio Baldassari

5♠ 5♥

2011

Elio Fox

A♦ 10♠

€1,400,000(£1,206,577)

593

Chris Moorman

A♥ 7♠

2012

Phil Hellmuth

A♥ 10♦

€1,022,376

420

Sergii Baranov

A♠ 4♣

2013

Adrián Mateos

A♠ K♣

€1,000,000

375

Fabrice Soulier

9♦ 8♦

2015

Kevin MacPhee

A♦ 4♦

€883,000

313

David Lopez

K♥ K♣

2017

Marti Roca

Q♥ 5♦

€1,115,207

529

Gianluca Speranza

10♠ 8♦

text: 2010 World Series of Poker – Africa[edit]

text: In 2010, the WSOP expanded overseas once again, only this time to Gauteng, South Africa. Although the 2010 event was part of the WSOP Circuit, winners did not earn a gold ring or standing for the WSOP Circuit National Championship, both of which were common for other circuit events.[36]  This policy changed in 2012.[37]  The WSOPA did not occur in 2011 but would come back in 2012.

text: 2013 World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: On April 30, 2012, the WSOP and Australian casino Crown Melbourne jointly announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific (WSOP APAC). The first edition of the event was held at Crown's Melbourne Casino from April 4–15, 2013 and featured five bracelet events in the series.[33]

text: WSOP APAC Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Winning Hand

Prize

Entrants

Runner-Up

Losing Hand

2013

Daniel Negreanu

2♠ 2♥

A$1,038,825

405

Daniel Marton

A♠ 7♠

2014

Scott Davies

6♦ 6♠

A$850,136

329

Jack Salter

Q♣ 10♣

text: 2015 – WSOP International Circuit[edit]

text: In 2015, the WSOP International Circuit was launched, with rounds in Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Africa. The winners of each tournament join the WSOP Circuit winners to play the WSOP Global Casino Championship.[38] The International Circuit has expanded to 13 tournaments for the 2017/18 season.[39]

text: WSOP television coverage[edit]

text: The earliest filming of the World Series was a special produced by Binion's Horseshoe in 1973 and narrated by Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder. CBS began covering the World Series in the late 1970s.

text: In the early 1980s, the event was again broadcast as specials. In the late 1980s, the World Series returned to television as ESPN took over broadcasting. Initially, coverage only consisted of just a single one-hour taped-delay broadcast of the Main Event.

text: ESPN Classic currently airs many of the old broadcasts from the mid-1990s and beyond. Since no "pocket cam" existed, very few hole cards were actually shown to television viewers. Generally, ESPN used poker-playing actors such as Dick Van Patten, Vince Van Patten, and Gabe Kaplan, with either the tournament director (usually Jim Albrecht) or a poker professional, of which one was Phil Hellmuth, joining the team. Unlike today's coverage, ESPN featured no pre-taped interviews or profiles on the players. In addition, the commentators were generally on the casino floor itself.

text: In the 1994 coverage of the final hand of the Main Event shows Hugh Vincent holding 8♣ 5♥ .  The flop was 8♣ 2♠ 6♦, indicating that there were two 8♣ in the deck.  The tournament director announces that Hugh Vincent needed two running spades to win.  The likely hand for Hugh Vincent was 8♠ 5♠, but there is no known video of the actual hand turned over by Hugh Vincent.[40]

text: Early 2000s[edit]

text: From 1999 to 2001, the World Series of Poker was broadcast by The Discovery Channel.  These hour-long programs presented more of an overview or recap of the WSOP as opposed to broadcasting an actual live event with play-by-play analysis and color commentary.  The Discovery Channel's broadcast also featured final table players interviews interlaced throughout the show.  ESPN would resume coverage the following year.

text: ESPN's coverage in 2002 was typical of their coverage in the 1990s (recorded in video, little or no post-production commentary or player profiles, no card cams).  However, the final table broadcast was expanded over two one-hour episodes. The 2002 WSOP was the first with the "sneak peek" (later called the pocket cam, or hole cam).

text: 2003: Major expansion[edit]

text: In 2003, Fred Christenson secured the long-term rights acquisition for ESPN,[41] and the channel expanded their coverage to new heights with their coverage of the WSOP.  They included coverage of the entire tournament, with a "Featured Table".  At this table, the viewers could see the player's hole cards and subsequent strategy.  The action was also broadcast as if live, though on tape-delay.  2003 was the first year that the broadcast covered action preceding the final table. Since then, ESPN has greatly expanded its coverage to include many of the preliminary events of the WSOP, especially Texas Hold 'Em. Also, their coverage of the main event now typically includes at least one hour program on each day. For the first two years of its existence, ESPN was broadcasting one hour programs of the "circuit" events that the WSOP has at various Harrah's-owned casinos, but ESPN did not renew these events. ESPN's coverage now includes many of the trappings of sports coverage, such as lighter segments (called "The Nuts") and interviews. ESPN's coverage has been largely driven by Matt Maranz, Executive Producer for the WSOP telecasts. Maranz previously worked on ESPN's football pre-game show, and has also produced taped segments for NBC's Olympic coverage.

text: Coverage would increase in 2004 and 2005 to include preliminary events from the WSOP, in addition to the "Main Event". ESPN has expanded poker to all-new levels, especially with their coverage of the 2006 WSOP, including providing the entire final table of the 2006 Main Event via pay-per-view airing. In 2008, ESPN experimented with the idea of a delayed final table.  This idea presented greater sponsorship opportunities and notoriety, culminating in a recap of the Main Event and the conclusion of the 2008 Main Event final table. In 2009, ESPN announced they would again move the final table to November 2009. The WSOP also decided there would be no rebuy events in 2009. The decision was reached because of complaints that rebuy events provided an unfair advantage to professionals with no limitation on how much money they can spend for an event.  There were 57 bracelet events that year. The 2010 WSOP had the same number of bracelet events as in 2009, again with no rebuy events.

text: With 58 bracelet events and no rebuy events, the 2011 WSOP featured unprecedented "nearly live" coverage, with broadcasts being delayed by much smaller amounts of time while still satisfying Nevada Gaming Commission regulators. Caesars Entertainment, via WSOP.com, streamed final-table coverage of all bracelet events on a 5-minute delay, although without pocket cams. The ESPN family of networks aired 36 hours of Main Event coverage leading up to the November Nine on a 30-minute delay, showing the hole cards of all players who voluntarily entered the pot once the hand ended. The Main Event final table was broadcast on a 15-minute delay with the same policy regarding hole cards. The first day of the final table was aired on ESPN2 and the final day on ESPN, with both days also streamed on ESPN3 and WSOP.com.

text: POKER PROductions, led by Mori Eskandani, a former poker player turned television executive, has produced the World Series of Poker Europe since 2008 and World Series of Poker since 2011.  Eskandani pioneered the live broadcast format seen at the WSOP Final Table since 2011. Once a 2-day format, the Final Table is now carried over 3 nights, after several years of a "November Nine", the Final Table was held in July for the 2018 Main Event. Ratings for the Final Table have remained consistent with poker's boom despite Black Friday.

text: WSOP broadcasters[edit]

text:
1973 (special) – Jimmy Snyder
1978 (CBS) – Brent Musburger and Jimmy Snyder
1979 (CBS) – Frank Glieber and Jimmy Snyder
1981 (special) – Curt Gowdy
1983 (special) – Curt Gowdy and Bobby Baldwin
1987 (special) – Ted Robinson
1988 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1989 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1990 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1991 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1992 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1993 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1994 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1995 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1996 – Was not televised
1997 (ESPN) – Gabe Kaplan and Jim Albrecht
1998 (ESPN) – Vince Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1999 (The Discovery Channel)
2000 (The Discovery Channel)
2001 (The Discovery Channel)

2002 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Gabe Kaplan; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2003 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2004 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2005 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2006 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2007 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2008 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2009 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez

2010 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN3) – James Hartigan and Adam Schoenfeld, Phil Hellmuth, Gavin Griffin, Bernard Lee, Jonathan Aguiar, Joseph Cheong; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez
2011 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad and Kara Scott; (ESPN2 & 3 LIVE) Lon McEachern, David Tuchman, Antonio Esfandiari, Norman Chad, Phil Hellmuth, Olivier Busquet, Johnny Chan, Vanessa Rousso
2012 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, and Olivier Busquet
2013 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Marianela Pereyra, and Phil Hellmuth
2014 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2015 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2016 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott

2017 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, and Kara Scott

text: Marketing[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The WSOP has corporate sponsors and licensed products which pay fees to market themselves as an official sponsors and/or licensees and exclusively use the WSOP insignia and cross-promote with their events.  Besides the Harrah's properties and ESPN, major sponsors have included Jack Links Beef Jerky, Miller Brewing's "Milwaukee's Best" brand of beers, Pepsi's SoBe Adrenaline Rush energy drink (sponsors of the 2005 TOC), Helene Curtis's Degree brand of anti-perspirant/deodorant, United States Playing Card's Bicycle Pro Cards, Bluff Magazine, GlaxoSmithKline/Bayer's Levitra erectile dysfunction medicine, and The Hershey Company.  Licensees include Glu Mobile, Activision (video games for different platforms such as Nintendo's GameCube, Microsoft's Xbox, Sony's PlayStation 2, and PC, featuring computer-generated versions of stars like Chris Ferguson), and products made by different companies ranging from chip sets, playing cards, hand-held games, and clothing like caps and shirts. The official playing cards and chips are manufactured by Excalibur Electronics, Inc. which is based out of Miami, Florida and has been the main chip licensee since 2005. The fees and licenses bring in more than a million dollars to Harrah's.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: In 2003[42] and 2004,[43] DVD sets were released by ESPN of the Main Event.

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 2005, a video game based on the tournament series, titled World Series of Poker, was released for several consoles and PC. A sequel called World Series of Poker: Tournament of Champions came out in 2006. In 2007, World Series of Poker 2008: Battle for the Bracelets was released. WSOP video poker machines now appear at some Harrah's casinos; the machines are standard video poker machines, but have a bonus feature which allows a player to play a modified game of Texas Hold 'em against the machine.[44]

text: WSOP Poker Academy[edit]

text: Beginning in 2007, Harrah's announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Academy, a poker school aimed at providing poker players with the skills needed to win a WSOP bracelet.  The instructors for the Academy include Annie Duke, Phil Hellmuth, Jr., Greg Raymer, Scott Fischman, Mark Kroon, Mark Seif, Alex Outhred, and former FBI interrogator Joe Navarro.  Initial academies were launched in Tunica, Mississippi, Indiana, and Las Vegas.[citation needed]

text: WSOP online[edit]

text: In September 2009, Harrah's signed an agreement with Dragonfish, the B2B arm of 888 Holdings, to provide its online gaming services. The offering went live in the UK later that year, allowing UK users to play for real money. Real money online poker is available in the United States, but only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey.

text: WSOP Arizona Lottery[edit]

text: In December 2010, the Arizona Lottery issued Game Number 739: World Series of Poker $5 Scratchers(sm) with a $50,000 top prize.  Played on two tables, the game included a second chance drawing for non-winning tickets to win one of two Grand Prize Trip Packages that included a seat at the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event or one of eight WSOP Poker Party Prize Packs.[citation needed]


document_title: Running of the Bulls

question_text: when can you run with the bulls in spain

text: Running of the Bulls

text: Pamplona bull run[edit]

text: The Pamplona[2] encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years.[6] It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July.[2] The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol.[7][8]

text: Fence[edit]

text: In Pamplona, a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning.[9] Spectators can only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event.[8]

text: Preliminaries[edit]

text: The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing". The singers finish by shouting "Viva San Fermín!, Gora San Fermin!" ("Long live Saint Fermin", in Spanish and Basque).[7] Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ("faja") and neckerchief ("pañuelo"). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary.[7]

text: The running[edit]

text: A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event.[7] The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds.[7]

text: The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring.[7] The average speed of the herd is 24 km/h (15 mph).[7]

text: The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel).[2] The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster.[citation needed]

text: Injuries, fatalities and medical attention[edit]

text: Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run.[7] Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number nearly doubling that of 2012.[10]

text: Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed.[10][11] As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women.[12]

text: Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977.[13]

text: Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, most of them due to being gored.[7] To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention. They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts (every 50 metres on average), each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel. Most of these 200 people are volunteers, mainly from the Red Cross. In addition to the medical posts, there are around 20 ambulances. This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes.[14]

text:
15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona[7]

Year
Name
Age
Origin
Location
Cause of death

1924
Esteban Domeño
22
Navarre, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[15]

1927
Santiago Zufía
34
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1935
Gonzalo Bustinduy
29
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Bullring
Goring[15]

1947
Casimiro Heredia
37
Navarre, Spain
Estafeta
Goring[15]

1947
Julián Zabalza
23
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1961
Vicente Urrizola
32
Navarre, Spain
Santo Domingo
Goring[15]

1969
Hilario Pardo
45
Navarre, Spain
Santo Domingo
Goring[15]

1974
Juan Ignacio Eraso
18
Navarre, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[15]

1975
Gregorio Gorriz
41
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Goring[15]

1977
José Joaquín Esparza
17
Navarre, Spain
Bullring
Suffocated in a pile-up.[7]

1980
José Antonio Sánchez
26
Navarre, Spain
Town Hall Square
Goring[15]

1980
Vicente Risco
29
Badajoz, Spain
Bullring
hit[15]

1995
Matthew Peter Tassio
22
Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA
Town Hall Square
Goring[16]

2003
Fermín Etxeberria
62
Navarre, Spain
Mercaderes
Hit by a horn[17]

2009
Daniel Jimeno Romero
27
Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Telefónica
Goring[18][19]

text: Dress code[edit]

text: Though there is no formal dress code, the very common and traditional attire is white pants, white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck. Another common dress practice, seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner. Many runners that want to be seen wear colors other than white, a common alternate color choice is blue. Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls. In the age of social media explosion, this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo.[20]

text: Media[edit]

text: The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon. The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899.[21]

text: The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel The Drifters.

text: The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers, where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters.

text: The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy.

text: Running with Bulls, a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition.[22]

text: Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US,[23] with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda,[24] former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey,[25] the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler[26] and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison.[27]

text: In 2014, the eBook guide, Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication.[28] (See Further Reading section below.)

text: Other examples[edit]

text: Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín,[2] they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night.

text: Other encierros have also caused fatalities.[29]

text: Bous al carrer[edit]

text: Bous al carrer, correbou or correbous (meaning in Catalan, bulls in the street) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques, where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring.

text: These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood.[30]

text: Occitan area of France[edit]

text: Numerous bull running events happen in France in the region around Sommières, in accordance with the Camargues tradition, in which no bull gets hurt. For instance in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events: the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve 'gardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. [31]

text: Stamford Bull Run[edit]

text: The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837.[32] According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event.

text: Mock bull runs[edit]

text: A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks.

text: In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route.[33]

text: The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties.[34][35][36]

text: In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual "Pig Run" is held with small pigs. It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls.

text: In Dewey Beach, Delaware, the Starboard bar[37] sponsors an annual Running of the Bull  [sic], in which hundreds of red and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a costume).

text: In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual "Running of the Sheep" is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town.

text: The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls.

text: In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermin Marathon, of a full marathon (42.195 km), half marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring.[38]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version).[39] Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages[40]

text: Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the "running of the nudes", a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment.[41]

text: The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event.[42] After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called La Marquesada and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Alexander Fiske-Harrison, ed. (2016). Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona (3 ed.). Mephisto Press.
Bill Hillmann (2015). Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain. Chicago, Illinois: Curbside Splendor Publishing. ISBN 978-1-9404-3053-9.

tag: ul


document_title: List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored

question_text: who has hit the most centuries in cricket

text: This list is a compilation of total centuries scored by international cricketers, split between different formats, and presents a good view to compare performance of batsmen in different formats of the game. 6 players have scored 50 or more centuries in their international career across the 3 formats.

text: A qualification of 10 overall centuries is now used. To date, as many as 161 cricketers have scored 10 or more international centuries, 72 of whom went on to score 20 or more centuries and 39 have 30 or more centuries, the details of which are listed below.

text: List[edit]

text: 'ǂ' indicates players who are currently playing

text: 'N/A' indicates player didn't play in that format

text:
Rank
Player
Period
Teams
Test
ODI
T20I
Total

001 !1
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
1989–2013
 India
51
49
0
100

002 !2
Ponting, RickyRicky Ponting
1995–2012
 Australia/ICC
41
30
0
71

003 !3
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara
2000–2015
 Sri Lanka/ICC/Asia
38
25
0
63

004 !4
Kallis, JacquesJacques Kallis
1995–2014
 South Africa/ICC/Africa
45
17
0
62

005 !5
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
1997–2015
 Sri Lanka/Asia
34
19
1
54

006 !=6
Lara, BrianBrian Lara
1990–2007
 West Indies/ICC
34
19
N/A
53

Amla, HashimHashim Amla ǂ
2004–2017
 South Africa
28
25
0
53

008 !8
Dravid, RahulRahul Dravid
1996–2012
 India/ICC/Asia
36
12
0
48

009 !9
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli ǂ
2008–2017
 India
17
30
0
47

010 !10
de Villiers, ABAB de Villiers ǂ
2004–2017
 South Africa/Africa
21
24
0
45

011 !11
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011
 Sri Lanka/Asia
14
28
0
42

012 !=12
Chanderpaul, ShivnarineShivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015
 West Indies
30
11
0
41

Khan, YounisYounis Khan
2000–2017
 Pakistan
34
7
0
41

014 !14
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden
1993–2009
 Australia/ICC
30
10
0
40

015 !=15
Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan
1999–2016
 Sri Lanka
16
22
1
39

Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle ǂ
2000–2017
 West Indies/ICC
15
22
2
39

Yousuf, MohammadMohammad Yousuf
1998–2010
 Pakistan/Asia
24
15
0
39

018 !=18
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
1992–2008
 India/Asia
16
22
N/A
38

Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
1999–2013
 India/ICC/Asia
23
15
0
38

Waugh, MarkMark Waugh
1988–2002
 Australia
20
18
N/A
38

021 !21
Smith, GraemeGraeme Smith
2002–2014
 South Africa/ICC/Africa
27
10
0
37

022 !=22
Clarke, MichaelMichael Clarke
2003–2015
 Australia
28
8
0
36

Cook, AlastairAlastair Cook ǂ
2006–2017
 England
31
5
0
36

024 !=24
Gavaskar, SunilSunil Gavaskar
1971–1987
 India
34
1
N/A
35

Gibbs, HerschelleHerschelle Gibbs
1996–2010
 South Africa
14
21
0
35

Haynes, DesmondDesmond Haynes
1978–1994
 West Indies
18
17
N/A
35

Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991–2007
 Pakistan/ICC/Asia
25
10
0
35

Richards, VivViv Richards
1974–1991
 West Indies
24
11
N/A
35

Waugh, SteveSteve Waugh
1985–2004
 Australia
32
3
N/A
35

030 !=30
Kirsten, GaryGary Kirsten
1993–2004
 South Africa
21
14
N/A
34

Warner, DavidDavid Warner ǂ
2009–2017
 Australia
20
14
0
34

032 !=32
Gilchrist, AdamAdam Gilchrist
1996–2008
 Australia/ICC
17
16
0
33

Taylor, RossRoss Taylor ǂ
2006–2017
 New Zealand
16
17
0
33

034 !34
Pietersen, KevinKevin Pietersen
2004–2014
 England/ICC
23
9
0
32

035 !=35
de Silva, AravindaAravinda de Silva
1984–2003
 Sri Lanka
20
11
N/A
31

Miandad, JavedJaved Miandad
1975–1996
 Pakistan
23
8
N/A
31

Anwar, SaeedSaeed Anwar
1989–2003
 Pakistan
11
20
N/A
31

038 !=38
Border, AllanAllan Border
1978–1994
 Australia
27
3
N/A
30

Greenidge, GordonGordon Greenidge
1974–1991
 West Indies
19
11
N/A
30

040 !=40
Azharuddin, MohammadMohammad Azharuddin
1984–2000
 India
22
7
N/A
29

Bradman, DonDon Bradman
1928–1948
 Australia
29
N/A
N/A
29

042 !=42
Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch
1975–1995
 England
20
8
N/A
28

Smith, SteveSteve Smith ǂ
2010–2017
 Australia
20
8
0
28

044 !=44
Astle, NathanNathan Astle
1995–2007
 New Zealand
11
16
N/A
27

Atapattu, MarvanMarvan Atapattu
1990–2007
 Sri Lanka
16
11
N/A
27

Chappell, GregGreg Chappell
1970–1984
 Australia
24
3
N/A
27

Strauss, AndrewAndrew Strauss
2003–2012
 England
21
6
0
27

048 !=48
Bell, IanIan Bell ǂ
2004–2015
 England
22
4
0
26

Boon, DavidDavid Boon
1984–1996
 Australia
21
5
N/A
26

Sobers, GarfieldGarfield Sobers
1954–1974
 West Indies
26
0
N/A
26

Trescothick, MarcusMarcus Trescothick
2000–2006
 England
14
12
N/A
26

Williamson, KaneKane Williamson ǂ
2010–2017
 New Zealand
17
9
0
26

053 !53
Gower, DavidDavid Gower
1978–1992
 England
18
7
N/A
25

054 !=54
Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott
1964–1982
 England
22
1
N/A
23

Langer, JustinJustin Langer
1993–2007
 Australia
23
0
N/A
23

Laxman, V. V. S.V. V. S. Laxman
1996–2012
 India
17
6
N/A
23

Root, JoeJoe Root ǂ
2012–2017
 England
13
10
0
23

058 !=58
Cowdrey, ColinColin Cowdrey
1954–1975
 England
22
0
N/A
22

Hammond, WallyWally Hammond
1927–1947
 England
22
N/A
N/A
22

Hussey, MichaelMichael Hussey
2004–2013
 Australia
19
3
0
22

Ahmed, IjazIjaz Ahmed
1986–2001
 Pakistan
12
10
N/A
22

062 !=62
Crowe, MartinMartin Crowe
1982–1995
 New Zealand
17
4
N/A
21

Harvey, NeilNeil Harvey
1948–1963
 Australia
21
N/A
N/A
21

Richardson, RichieRichie Richardson
1983–1996
 West Indies
16
5
N/A
21

065 !=65
Barrington, KenKen Barrington
1955–1968
 England
20
N/A
N/A
20

Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir ǂ
2003–2016
 India
9
11
0
20

Hooper, CarlCarl Hooper
1987–2003
 West Indies
13
7
N/A
20

Lloyd, CliveClive Lloyd
1966–1985
 West Indies
19
1
N/A
20

Hafeez, MohammadMohammad Hafeez ǂ
2003–2017
 Pakistan
9
11
0
20

Malik, SaleemSaleem Malik
1982–1999
 Pakistan
15
5
N/A
20

Sarwan, RamnareshRamnaresh Sarwan
2000–2013
 West Indies
15
5
0
20

Taylor, MarkMark Taylor
1989–1999
 Australia
19
1
N/A
20

073 !=73
Hutton, LenLen Hutton
1937–1955
 England
19
N/A
N/A
19

McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum
2002–2016
 New Zealand
12
5
2
19

Stewart, AlecAlec Stewart
1989–2003
 England
15
4
N/A
19

Abbas, ZaheerZaheer Abbas
1969–1985
 Pakistan
12
7
N/A
19

077 !=77
Atherton, MichaelMichael Atherton
1989–2001
 England
16
2
N/A
18

Jones, DeanDean Jones
1984–1994
 Australia
11
7
N/A
18

Lamb, AllanAllan Lamb
1982–1992
 England
14
4
N/A
18

Martyn, DamienDamien Martyn
1992–2006
 Australia
13
5
N/A
18

Iqbal, TamimTamim Iqbal ǂ
2007–2017
 Bangladesh
8
9
1
18

Vaughan, MichaelMichael Vaughan
1999–2008
 England
18
0
0
18

Vengsarkar, DilipDilip Vengsarkar
1976–1992
 India
17
1
N/A
18

084 !=84
Ali, AzharAzhar Ali ǂ
2010–2017
 Pakistan
14
3
0
17

Compton, DenisDenis Compton
1937–1957
 England
17
N/A
N/A
17

Cullinan, DaryllDaryll Cullinan
1993–2001
 South Africa
14
3
N/A
17

Dhawan, ShikharShikhar Dhawan ǂ
2010–2017
 India
6
11
0
17

Fleming, StephenStephen Fleming
1994–2008
 New Zealand/ICC
9
8
0
17

Samuels, MarlonMarlon Samuels ǂ
2000–2017
 West Indies
7
10
0
17

Tharanga, UpulUpul Tharanga ǂ
2005–2017
 Sri Lanka/Asia
3
14
0
17

Singh, YuvrajYuvraj Singh ǂ
2000–2017
 India/Asia
3
14
0
17

092 !=92
Dhoni, MSMS Dhoni ǂ
2004–2017
 India/Asia
6
10
0
16

Flower, AndyAndy Flower
1992–2003
 Zimbabwe
12
4
N/A
16

Guptill, MartinMartin Guptill ǂ
2009–2017
 New Zealand
3
12
1
16

Samaraweera, ThilanThilan Samaraweera
1998–2013
 Sri Lanka
14
2
0
16

Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma ǂ
2007–2017
 India
2
14
1
17

Sutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe
1924–1935
 England
16
N/A
N/A
16

Thorpe, GrahamGraham Thorpe
1993–2005
 England
16
0
N/A
16

099 !=99
Amiss, DennisDennis Amiss
1966–1977
 England
11
4
N/A
15

Collingwood, PaulPaul Collingwood
2001–2011
 England
10
5
0
15

de Kock, QuintonQuinton de Kock ǂ
2012–2017
 South Africa
3
12
0
15

du Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis ǂ
2011–2017
 South Africa
6
8
1
14

Hobbs, JackJack Hobbs
1909–1930
 England
15
N/A
N/A
15

Hussain, NasserNasser Hussain
1989–2003
 England
14
1
N/A
15

Kanhai, RohanRohan Kanhai
1957–1975
 West Indies
15
0
N/A
15

Shastri, RaviRavi Shastri
1981–1992
 India
11
4
N/A
15

Sidhu, Navjot SinghNavjot Singh Sidhu
1983–1999
 India
9
6
N/A
15

Walcott, ClydeClyde Walcott
1948–1960
 West Indies
15
N/A
N/A
15

Walters, DougDoug Walters
1965–1981
 Australia
15
0
N/A
15

Weekes, EvertonEverton Weekes
1948–1958
 West Indies
15
N/A
N/A
15

111 !=111
Botham, IanIan Botham
1976–1992
 England
14
0
N/A
14

Chappell, IanIan Chappell
1964–1980
 Australia
14
0
N/A
14

Slater, MichaelMichael Slater
1993–2001
 Australia
14
0
N/A
14

Viswanath, GundappaGundappa Viswanath
1969–1983
 India
14
0
N/A
14

Watson, ShaneShane Watson
2002–2016
 Australia
4
9
1
14

116 !=116
Amarnath, MohinderMohinder Amarnath
1969–1989
 India
11
2
N/A
13

Lawry, BillBill Lawry
1961–1971
 Australia
13
0
N/A
13

Marsh, GeoffGeoff Marsh
1985–1992
 Australia
4
9
N/A
13

May, PeterPeter May
1951–1961
 England
13
N/A
N/A
13

Morgan, EoinEoin Morgan ǂ
2006–2017
 Ireland/ England
2
11
0
13

Pujara, CheteshwarCheteshwar Pujara ǂ
2010–2017
 India
13
0
N/A
13

Smith, RobinRobin Smith
1988–1996
 England
9
4
N/A
13

Tillakaratne, HashanHashan Tillakaratne
1989–2004
 Sri Lanka
11
2
N/A
13

Trott, JonathanJonathan Trott
2009–2015
 England
9
4
0
13

Wright, JohnJohn Wright
1978–1993
 New Zealand
12
1
N/A
13

126 !=126
Chandimal, DineshDinesh Chandimal ǂ
2010–2017
 Sri Lanka
8
4
0
12

Edrich, JohnJohn Edrich
1963–1976
 England
12
0
N/A
12

Flower, GrantGrant Flower
1992–2004
 Zimbabwe
6
6
0
12

Mohammad, HanifHanif Mohammad
1952–1969
 Pakistan
12
N/A
N/A
12

Kallicharran, AlvinAlvin Kallicharran
1972–1981
 West Indies
12
0
N/A
12

Morris, ArthurArthur Morris
1946–1955
 Australia
12
N/A
N/A
12

Rahane, AjinkyaAjinkya Rahane ǂ
2011–2017
 India
9
3
0
12

Hasan, Shakib AlShakib Al Hasan ǂ
2006–2017
 Bangladesh
5
7
0
12

Malik, ShoaibShoaib Malik ǂ
1999–2017
 Pakistan
3
9
0
12

Taylor, BrendanBrendan Taylor
2004–2015
 Zimbabwe
4
8
0
12

Umrigar, PollyPolly Umrigar
1948–1962
 India
12
N/A
N/A
12

Wood, GraemeGraeme Wood
1978–1989
 Australia
9
3
N/A
12

138 !=138
Razvi, Asif IqbalAsif Iqbal Razvi
1964–1980
 Pakistan
11
0
N/A
11

Bravo, DarrenDarren Bravo ǂ
2009–2016
 West Indies
8
3
0
11

Gatting, MikeMike Gatting
1978–1995
 England
10
1
N/A
11

Graveney, TomTom Graveney
1951–1969
 England
11
N/A
N/A
11

Hick, GraemeGraeme Hick
1991–2001
 England
6
5
N/A
11

Akmal, KamranKamran Akmal ǂ
2002–2017
 Pakistan
6
5
0
11

Katich, SimonSimon Katich
2001–2010
 Australia
10
1
N/A
11

Prince, AshwellAshwell Prince
2002–2011
 South Africa/Africa
11
0
0
11

Raja, RameezRameez Raja
1984–1997
 Pakistan
2
9
N/A
11

Butt, SalmanSalman Butt
2003–2010
 Pakistan
3
8
0
11

Afridi, ShahidShahid Afridi
1996–2016
 Pakistan/ICC/Asia
5
6
0
11

149 !=149
Sohail, AamerAamer Sohail
1990–2000
 Pakistan
5
5
N/A
10

Shehzad, AhmedAhmed Shehzad ǂ
2009–2017
 Pakistan
3
6
1
10

Shafiq, AsadAsad Shafiq ǂ
2010–2017
 Pakistan
10
0
0
10

Duminy, JPJP Duminy ǂ
2004–2017
 South Africa
6
4
0
10

Gomes, LarryLarry Gomes
1976–1987
 West Indies
9
1
N/A
10

Hassett, LindsayLindsay Hassett
1938–1953
 Australia
10
N/A
N/A
10

Headley, GeorgeGeorge Headley
1930–1954
 West Indies
10
N/A
N/A
10

Hinds, WavellWavell Hinds
1999–2010
 West Indies
5
5
N/A
10

Misbah-ul-Haq
2007–2017
 Pakistan
10
0
0
10

Nazar, MudassarMudassar Nazar
1976–1989
 Pakistan
10
0
N/A
10

Mohammad, MushtaqMushtaq Mohammad
1959–1979
 Pakistan
10
0
N/A
10

Simpson, BobBob Simpson
1957–1978
 Australia
10
0
N/A
10

Turner, GlennGlenn Turner
1969–1983
 New Zealand
7
3
N/A
10

text: Last updated: 2 September 2017


document_title: Fibrinolysis

question_text: test used to identify the presence of fibrinolysis

text: Fibrinolysis

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Plasmin is produced in an inactive form, plasminogen, in the liver. Although plasminogen cannot cleave fibrin, it still has an affinity for it, and is incorporated into the clot when it is formed.

text: Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)[3] and urokinase are the agents that convert plasminogen to the active plasmin, thus allowing fibrinolysis to occur. t-PA is released into the blood very slowly by the damaged endothelium of the blood vessels, such that, after several days (when the bleeding has stopped), the clot is broken down. This occurs because plasminogen became entrapped within the clot when it formed; as it is slowly activated, it breaks down the fibrin mesh. t-PA and urokinase are themselves inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2). In contrast, plasmin further stimulates plasmin generation by producing more active forms of both tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase.

text: Alpha 2-antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin inactivate plasmin. Plasmin activity is also reduced by thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), which modifies fibrin to make it more resistant to the tPA-mediated plasminogen.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: When plasmin breaks down fibrin, a number of soluble parts are produced. These are called fibrin degradation products (FDPs). FDPs compete with thrombin, and thus slow down clot formation by preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. This effect can be seen in the thrombin clotting time (TCT) test, which is prolonged in a person that has active fibrinolysis.

text: FDPs, and a specific FDP, the D-dimer, can be measured using antibody-antigen technology. This is more specific than the TCT, and confirms that fibrinolysis has occurred. It is therefore used to indicate deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, DIC and efficacy of treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Alternatively, a more rapid detection of fibrinolytic activity, especially hyperfibrinolysis, is possible with thromboelastometry (TEM) in whole blood, even in patients on heparin. In this assay, increased fibrinolysis is assessed by comparing the TEM profile in the absence or presence of the fibrinolysis inhibitor aprotinin. Clinically, the TEM is useful for near real-time measurement of activated fibrinolysis for at-risk patients, such as those experiencing significant blood loss during surgery.[4]

text: Testing of overall fibrinolysis can be measured by a euglobulin lysis time (ELT) assay. The ELT measures fibrinolysis by clotting the euglobulin fraction (primarily the important fibrinolytic factors fibrinogen, PAI-1, tPA, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and plasminogen) from plasma and then observing the time required for clot dissolution. A shortened lysis time indicates a hyperfibrinolytic state and bleeding risk. Such results can be seen in peoples with liver disease, PAI-1 deficiency or alpha 2-antiplasmin deficiency. Similar results are also seen after administration of DDAVP or after severe stress.[5]

text: Role in disease[edit]

text: Few congenital disorders of the fibrinolytic system have been documented. Nevertheless, excess levels of PAI and alpha 2-antiplasmin have been implicated in the metabolic syndrome and various other disease states.

text: However, acquired disturbance of fibrinolysis (Hyperfibrinolysis), is not uncommon. Many trauma patients suffer from an overwhelming activation of tissue factor and thus massive hyperfibrinolysis.[6] Also in other disease states hyperfibrinolysis may occur. It could lead to massive bleeding if not diagnosed and treated early enough.

text: The fibrinolytic system is closely linked to control of inflammation, and plays a role in disease states associated with inflammation. Plasmin, in addition to lysing fibrin clots, also cleaves the complement system component C3, and fibrin degradation products have some vascular permeability inducing effects.

text: Pharmacology[edit]

text: In a process called thrombolysis (the breakdown of a thrombus), fibrinolytic drugs are used. They are given following a heart attack to dissolve the thrombus blocking the coronary artery; experimentally after a stroke to allow blood flow back to the affected part of the brain; and in the event of a massive pulmonary embolism.

text: Thrombolysis refers to the dissolution of the thrombus due to various agents while fibrinolysis refers specifically to the agents causing fibrin breakdown in the clot.

text: Antifibrinolytics, such as aminocaproic acid (ε-aminocaproic acid) and tranexamic acid are used as inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Their application may be beneficial in patients with hyperfibrinolysis because they arrest bleeding rapidly if the other components of the haemostatic system are not severely affected. This may help to avoid the use of blood products such as fresh frozen plasma with its associated risks of infections or anaphylactic reactions. The antifibrinolytic drug aprotinin was abandoned after identification of major side effects, especially on kidney.

text: Fibrinolytic Enzymes[edit]

text:
Nattokinase
Serrapeptase
Papain
DNase
Bromelain
Honokiol