document_title: Challenger expedition

question_text: what three types of samples were collected by hms challenger between 1872 and 1876

text: Challenger expedition

text: Preparations[edit]

text: To enable her to probe the depths, 15 of Challenger's 17 guns were removed and her spars reduced to make more space available. Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed.[4] Challenger used mainly sail power during the expedition; the steam engine was used only for powering the dredge.[4] She was loaded with specimen jars, filled with alcohol for preservation of samples, microscopes and chemical apparatus, trawls and dredges, thermometers, barometers, water sampling bottles, sounding leads, devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.[5] Because of the novelty of the expedition, some of the equipment was invented or specially modified for the occasion. In all, she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km) of Italian hemp for sounding.[citation needed]

text: Expedition[edit]

text: On her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey circumnavigating the globe,[1] 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken.[6] Also about 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered.

text: The scientific work was conducted by Wyville Thomson, John Murray, John Young Buchanan, Henry Nottidge Moseley, and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm. Frank Evers Bed was appointed prosector. The official expedition artist was John James Wild.[2] As well as Nares and Maclear, others that were part of the naval crew included Pelham Aldrich, Lord George Granville Campbell, and Andrew Francis Balfour (one of the sons of Scottish botanist John Hutton Balfour).[2] Also among the officers was Thomas Henry Tizard, who had carried out important hydrographic observations on previous voyages. Though he was not among the civilian scientific staff, Tizard would later help write the official account of the expedition, and also become a Fellow of the Royal Society.

text: The original ship's complement included 21 officers and around 216 crew members.[4] By the end of the voyage, this had reduced to 144 due to deaths, desertions, being left ashore due to illness, and planned departures.[4]

text: Challenger reached Hong Kong in December 1874, at which point Nares and Aldrich left the ship to take part in the British Arctic Expedition. The new captain was Frank Tourle Thomson.[2] The second-in-command, and the most senior officer present throughout the entire expedition, was Commander John Maclear. Willemoes-Suhm died and was buried at sea on the voyage to Tahiti. Lord Campbell and Balfour left the ship in Valparaiso, Chile, after being promoted.[2]

text: The first leg of the expedition took the ship from Portsmouth (December 1872) south to Lisbon (January 1873) and then on to Gibraltar. The next stops were Madeira and the Canary Islands (both February 1873). The period from February to July 1873 was spent crossing the Atlantic westwards from the Canary Islands to the Virgin Islands, then heading north to Bermuda, east to the Azores, back to Madeira, and then south to the Cape Verde Islands. During this period, there was a detour in April and May 1873, sailing from Bermuda north to Halifax and back, crossing the Gulf Stream twice with the reverse journey crossing further to the east.[7]

text: After leaving the Cape Verde Islands in August 1873, the expedition initially sailed south-east and then headed west to reach St Paul's Rocks. From here, the route went south across the equator to Fernando de Noronha during September 1873, and onwards that same month to Bahia (now called Salvador) in Brazil. The period from September to October 1873 was spent crossing the Atlantic from Bahia to the Cape of Good Hope, touching at Tristan da Cunha on the way.[7]

text: December 1873 to February 1874 was spent sailing on a roughly south-eastern track from the Cape of Good Hope to the parallel of 60 degrees south. The islands visited during this period were the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and Heard Island. February 1874 was spent travelling south and then generally eastwards in the vicinity of the Antarctic Circle, with sightings of icebergs, pack ice and whales. The route then took the ship north-eastward and away from the ice regions in March 1874, with the expedition reaching Melbourne in Australia later that month. The journey eastward along the coast from Melbourne to Sydney took place in April 1874, passing by Wilsons Promontory and Cape Howe.[7]

text: When the voyage resumed in June 1874, the route went east from Sydney to Wellington in New Zealand, followed by a large loop north into the Pacific calling at Tonga and Fiji, and then back westward to Cape York in Australia by the end of August. The ship arrived in New Zealand in late June and left in early July. Before reaching Wellington (on New Zealand's North Island), brief stops were made at Port Hardy (on d'Urville Island) and Queen Charlotte Sound (on New Zealand's South Island) and Challenger passed through the Cook Strait to reach Wellington. The route from Wellington to Tonga went along the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, and then north and east into the open Pacific, passing by the Kermadec Islands en route to Tongatabu, the main island of the Tonga archipelago (then known as the Friendly Islands). The waters around the Fijian islands, a short distance to the north-west of Tonga, were surveyed during late July and early August 1874. The ship's course was then set westward, reaching Raine Island (on the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef) at the end of August and thence arriving at Cape York, at the tip of Australia's Cape York Peninsula.[7]

text: Over the following three months (September to November 1874), the expedition visited several islands and island groups while sailing from Cape York to China and Hong Kong (then a British colony). The first part of the route passed north and west over the Arafura Sea, with New Guinea to the north-east and the Australian mainland to the south-west. The first islands visited were the Aru Islands, followed by the nearby Kai Islands. The ship then crossed the Banda Sea touching at the Banda Islands, to reach Amboina (Ambon Island) in October 1874, and then continuing to Ternate Island. All these islands are now part of modern-day Indonesia. From Ternate, the route went north-westward towards the Philippines, passing east of Celebes (Sulawesi) into the Celebes Sea. The expedition called at Samboangan (Zamboanga) on Mindanao, and then Iloilo on the island of Panay, before navigating within the interior of the archipelago en route to the bay and harbour of Manila on the island of Luzon. The crossing north-westward from Manila to Hong Kong took place in November 1874.[7]

text: After several weeks in Hong Kong, the expedition departed in early January 1875 to retrace their route south-east towards New Guinea. The first stop on this outward leg of the journey was Manila. From there, they continued on to Samboangan, but took a different route through the interior of the Philippines, this time touching at the island of Zebu (Cebu). From Samboangan the ship diverged from the inward route, this time passing south of Mindanao (in early February 1875). Challenger then headed east into the open sea, before turning to the south-east and making landfall at Humboldt Bay (now Yos Sudarso Bay) on the north coast of New Guinea. By March 1875, the expedition had reached the Admiralty Islands north-east of New Guinea. The final stage of the voyage on this side of the Pacific was a long journey across the open ocean to the north, passing mostly west of the Carolina Islands and the Mariana Islands, reaching port in Yokohama, Japan, in April 1875.[7]

text: Challenger departed Japan in mid-June 1875, heading east across the Pacific to a point due north of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and then turning south, making landfall at the end of July at Honolulu on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. A couple of weeks later, in mid-August, the ship departed south-eastward, anchoring at Hilo Bay off Hawaii's Big Island, before continuing to the south and reaching Tahiti in mid-September. The expedition left Tahiti in early October, swinging to the west and south of the Tubuai Islands and then heading to the south-east before turning east towards the South American coast. The route touched at the Juan Fernández Islands in mid-November 1875, with Challenger reaching the port of Valparaiso in Chile a few days later. The next stage of the journey commenced the following month, with the route taking the ship south-westward back out into the Pacific, past the Juan Fernández Islands, before turning to the south-east and back towards South America, reaching Port Otway in the Gulf of Penas on 31 December 1875.[7]

text: Most of January 1876 was spent navigating around the southern tip of South America, surveying and touching at many of the bays and islands of the Patagonian archipelago, the Strait of Magellan, and Tierra del Fuego. Locations visited here include Hale Cove, Gray Harbour, Port Grappler, Tom Bay (all in the vicinity of Wellington Island), Puerta Bueno (near Hanover Island), Isthmus Bay (near the Queen Adelaide Archipelago), and Port Churruca (near Santa Ines Island). The final stops, before heading out into the Atlantic, were Port Famine, Sandy Point, and Elizabeth Island. Challenger reached the Falkland Islands towards the end of January, calling at Port Stanley and then continuing northward, reaching Montevideo in Uruguay in mid-February 1876. The ship left Montevideo at the end of February, heading first due east and then due north, arriving at Ascension Island at the end of March 1876. The period from early to mid-April was spent sailing from Ascension Island to the Cape Verde Islands (visited almost three years ago on the outward journey). From here, the route taken in late April and early May 1876 was a westward loop to the north out into the mid-Atlantic, eventually turning due east towards Europe to touch land at Vigo in Spain towards the end of May. The final stage of the voyage took the ship and its crew north-eastward from Vigo, skirting the Bay of Biscay to make landfall in England.[7]

text: Challenger returned to Spithead, Hampshire, on 24 May 1876, having spent 713 days at sea out of the intervening 1,250.[1] The complete set of reports of the Challenger expedition, published in 50 volumes between 1877 and 1895, are available online.[8]

text: Scientific objectives and observation methods[edit]

text: The Royal Society stated that the voyage’s scientific goals were:

text: To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea in the great ocean basins (as far as the neighborhood of the Great Southern Ice Barrier) in regard to depth, temperature, circulation, specific gravity and penetration of light.

text: To determine the chemical composition of seawater at various depths from the surface to the bottom, the organic matter in solution and the particles in suspension.

text: To ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep-sea deposits and the sources of these deposits.

text: At each of the 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth, temperature at different depths, observed weather and surface ocean conditions, and collected seafloor, water, and biota samples.

text: Challenger's crew used methods that were developed in prior small-scale expeditions to make observations. To measure depth, Challenger's crew would lower a line with a weight attached to it until it reached the sea floor. The line was marked in 25 fathom intervals with flags denoting depth. Because of this, the depth measurements from Challenger were at best accurate to 25 fathoms, or approximately 45m. The sinker often had a small container attached to it that would allow for the collection of bottom sediment samples.

text: The crew used a variety of dredges and trawls to collect biological samples. The dredges consisted of metal nets attached to a wooden plank and dragged across the sea floor. Mop heads attached to the wooden plank would sweep across the sea floor and release organisms from the ocean bottom to be caught in the nets. Trawls were large metal nets towed behind the ship to collect organisms at different depths of water.[10] Upon the retrieval of a dredge or trawl, Challenger crew would sort, rinse, and store the specimens for examination upon return. The specimens were often preserved in either brine or alcohol.

text: The primary thermometer used throughout the Challenger expedition was the Miller-Casella thermometer, which contained two markers within a curved mercury tube to record the maximum and minimum temperature through which the instrument traveled. Several of these thermometers would be lowered at various depths for recording. However, this design assumed that the water closer to the surface of the ocean was always warmer than that below. During the voyage, Challenger's crew tested the reversing thermometer, which could measure temperature at specified depths. Afterwards, this type of thermometer was used extensively until the second half of the 20th century.[9]

text: Discovery of Challenger Deep[edit]

text: On March 23, 1875, at sample station number 225 located in the southwest Pacific Ocean between Guam and Palau, the crew recorded a sounding of 4,475 fathoms, (8,184 meters) deep, which was confirmed by an additional sounding. As shown by later expeditions using modern equipment, this area represents the southern end of the Mariana trench and is one of the deepest known places on the ocean floor. Modern soundings to 10,994 meters have since been found near the site of the Challenger's original sounding. Challenger's discovery of this depth was a key finding of the expedition in broadening oceanographic horizons on the ocean’s depth and extent and now bears the vessel's name, the Challenger Deep.

text: Findings and legacy[edit]

text: Findings from the Challenger expedition continued to be published until 1895, 19 years after the completion of its journey. The report contained 50 volumes and was over 29,500 pages in length. Specimens brought back by Challenger were distributed to the world's foremost experts for examination, which greatly increased the expenses and time required to finalize the report. The report and specimens are currently held at the British Natural History Museum and the report has been made available online. Some specimens, many of which were the first discovered of their kind, are still examined by scientists today.[11]

text: A large number of scientists worked on categorising the material brought back from the expedition including the palaeontologist Gabriel Warton Lee.

text: George Albert Boulenger, herpetologist at the British Museum (Natural History), named a species of lizard, Saproscincus challengeri, after HMS Challenger.[12]

text: As the first true oceanographic cruise, the Challenger expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline.[4] The name of Challenger was applied to such varied phenomena as the Challenger Society for Marine Science, the oceanographic and marine geological survey ship Glomar Challenger, and the Space Shuttle Challenger.[13]


document_title: Elena Gilbert

question_text: who does elena choose in the vampire diaries

root

text: Elena Gilbert

text: Casting and portrayal[edit]

text:
When I look in the mirror, I just feel different when I'm Katherine or when I'm Elena. My voice changes a little bit, I think, and even just mentally, I feel like I can get away with a lot more.[1]
“
”

—Dobrev

tag: div

text: On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the "worst audition ever", and they "didn't even look at her a second time". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]

tag: p

text: Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was "this average girl who was damaged in many ways".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the "bad girl" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the "complete opposite".[5] Dobrev described this as "one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; "Changing my hair helps me transform," she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said "I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it "interesting" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said, "The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila".[7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: In the books, Elena is considered "one of the popular girls" at her high school and always gets "anything she wants".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was "really kind of selfish". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's "selfishness" in the books as a human was never explored, because it "didn't ever feel like a characteristic" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said "We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her "deep, deep connection to other people".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is "one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed". Williamson told her that "the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman".[1]

text: Romances[edit]

text: Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have "different qualities that are very appealing", which combined make "the perfect man". She said "Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting".[5]

text: After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena "really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real", and the couple "wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.

text: Transition[edit]

text: Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: "That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didn’t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt "it would have been too soon", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]

text: In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as "monumental changes" which would have Elena in for a "wild ride". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is "an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes", and "she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to "rip the band-aid off".[18] Plec felt that "She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her",[18] while describing the situation as "a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially".[18]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. After she and Stefan slept together, Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires. Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote. She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together. Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam. Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship,Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Elena doesn't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon's name when he visits the Armory vault. It was a way of Sybill, the Siren, luring him into a trap.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said "Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the "fierce" and "ripper" side of Elena would emerge when "someone messes with the people she loves".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, "their strongest personality traits are heightened", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's "compassion and selflessness" double into "helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena "has had a taste for blood", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and "slightly boring", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and "stop protecting everyone's feelings".[20]

text: Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them "Stelena" and "Delena".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live "happily ever after".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was "over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle" and questioned whether Elena was "ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon, from 1864.[23][24]


document_title: Cars in Miami Vice

question_text: what car did don johnson drive in miami vice

text: Cars in Miami Vice

text: Daytona Spyder[edit]

text: During the first two seasons and two episodes from the third season, Detective Sonny Crockett drove a black 1972 Ferrari Daytona Spyder 365 GTS/4 replica with a Florida license plate ZAQ178.[2] Ferrari North America had turned down the request by Miami Vice for authentic Ferraris (they did the same with Magnum P.I., forcing that production to purchase 308 GTSs). Although Tom McBurnie is credited with planting the Daytona Spyder in the mind of the public, it was actually Al Mardekian, an importer of gray-market exoticars, who sold Miami Vice the two look-alike Ferraris for $49,000 each.[1] In total two Corvette Daytona replicas were used for the show, car 4 and then car 1 after the pilot which acted as the stunt car.[3] McBurnie was hired to build the bodies for the Corvette-chassised cars.[1] It was blown to pieces on the show with a hand-held Stinger missile launcher during an illegal arms deal.[4]

text: The "Ferraris" used in the first two seasons were actually re-bodied Corvettes based on a 1976 Corvette (car 1) and a 1981 (car 4) Chevrolet Corvette C3 chassis that had been modified with fiberglass body panels by specialty car manufacturer McBurnie Coachcraft to resemble an early-1970s Ferrari Daytona Spyder.[5] The first appearance of the Daytona in the pilot episode is actually a real Ferrari owned by Dr. Roger Sherman of Coconut Grove, Florida. All moving scenes were done on the back of a flatbed truck under the supervision of TIDE Ferrari Racing crew member / model Kimberly Denson of Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. It can be clearly identified as a real Daytona (American version) by the door handles, side markers, windshield rake, sun visors, width variation and side vent windows.

text: Testarossa[edit]

text:
"Why beat a real Ferrari to death with power slides and 180s or mar its flawless skin with camera mounts for tight driver's shots when a stand-in stunt car could do the job quite nicely?"
Carl Roberts[6]

text: Ferrari filed a lawsuit demanding McBurnie and four others to stop producing and selling Ferrari replicas.[1] Miami Vice producers, on the other hand, wanted no legal troubles[citation needed], and accepted Ferrari's offer of two free 1986 Testarossas on the condition that the replicas be demolished.[6] Carl Roberts offered to build two new Daytonas for the 1987 season (third season of Miami Vice).[6] When Roberts learned that the Daytona was out, he proposed a trade.[6] He would build Miami Vice a Testarossa stunt car in return for the doomed Daytona.[6] Carl's original plan was to remove the Daytona skin from the Corvette and replace it with Testarossa body pieces, but this yielded poor results and led Roberts to devise another plan.[5][6]

text: Roberts searched and found a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera, which was perfectly suited for the Testarossa body pieces.[5][6] The Pantera was rigidly modified to withstand the duties of filming.[5] It was raised 1.5 inches for additional ground clearance,[6] 2.5 inch wall-thick square tubing was used to prevent potential roof buckling and added a reinforcing railing that doubles as a skid plate,[6] an auxiliary braking system designed to assist drivers in controlled spins, the master cylinder was repositioned in the brake line to enable it to feed the rear wheels enabling the driver to lock the aft end on command, and the auxiliary master cylinder utilizes the original master cylinder's reservoir and is installed in series with the outlet of the original master cylinder port leading to the rear wheels.[6] When the stock brake is applied, fluid passes freely through the stunt master cylinder inlet port and compensating port and out the exhaust port to the rear wheels.[6] When the stunt brake is applied, the piston in the master cylinder blocks off the compensating port to the exhaust port and pressurizes the rear brake system, cutting off the original brake master cylinder besides the compensating port in the stunt brake.[6] BF Goodrich TA's were added for enhanced stick, as were Tilton brake calipers. The improved traction required installation of a hydraulic in-line brake power booster lifted from a Volvo P-1800.[6] It operates on engine vacuum to aid in breaking loose the pavement-hugging TA's.[6] To further enhance the growl of the vehicle, Robert's team installed a NOS port-injected nitrous system, which was later replaced with a plate-type configuration.[6] He also replaced the carburetor replacing the stock with a Predator which reduces fuel lag.[5][6] A Modine all-aluminum four-core radiator was used to guard against Miami's hot weather, and liquid Auto-Meter gauges to monitor the temperature.[6]

text:
In the second episode of the third season,[5][7] Crockett complained to Lt. Castillo about driving vehicles that did not fit his cover as a high roller drug dealer; that he was going around "looking like Li'l Abner", to which Castillo told him "It's out back." Sonny was delighted to find his new white 1986 Ferrari Testarossa, Florida license plate AIF00M.[7] The original Testarossas donated by Ferrari North America were black metallic but were then painted white. The Testarossa briefly appears in black in the season 3 episode El Viejo, which was originally intended to be the season opener, but was then switched with When Irish Eyes Are Crying because it was thought that the season needed to start with a "bang", i.e. the fake Daytona being blown up. Different reasons were given at the time as to why the cars were repainted in white, ranging from a driving mishap by Don Johnson on the set that resulted in one of the cars requiring a new coat of paint, to Michael Mann thinking that unlike the Daytona, the black exterior paint did not make the Testarossa look good enough in night scenes.
One of the two main Testarossa's used in filming recently resided on display at The Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop. The Swap Shop's owner purchased the car from NBC for $750,000.00 and has reportedly turned down $1,000,000.00 offers for it. The other White Ferrari Testarossa was owned by Peter Lima, of Real Muscle Car Boutique[8] also located in Miami, Florida and was recently put up for auction for 1.75 million through eBay in December 2014 after gaining a lot of buzz from the media.[9]  Today, the hero car (Ferrari Testarossa chassis #63631) is documented by Ferrari Classiche and is part of a collection currently owned by Adams Classic & Collector Cars in Buford, GA.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Ricardo Tubbs drove a 1964 Cadillac Coupe de Ville Convertible.[5][10][11] Stan Switek drove a turquoise 1961 Ford Thunderbird.[5] Gina Calabrese drove a 1971 Mercury Cougar XR-7 convertible.[citation needed] When Stan and Larry were undercover, they drove a Dodge Ram Van.[12][13] Crockett's ex-wife drove a 1983 Ford LTD Country Squire.[13][14]

text: Notable cars[edit]

text: Other notable vehicles that appeared in Miami Vice (other than a Ferrari), that were driven by villains, police officers, and other characters on the show included, brands such as Lamborghini, AMG Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Maserati, Lotus, DeLorean, Porsche, and Corvettes. American muscle cars, such as the GTO, Trans Am, Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, and a Plymouth Barracuda also made appearances.

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
1981 Buick Electra Park Avenue
1983 Cadillac Eldorado
1975 Chevrolet Monza Towne
1981 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1982 Chevrolet Camaro[13][15][16]
Ford C-Series
1973 GMC C-Series
1981 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine[13][17][18]
1982 Plymouth Gran Fury
1976 Pontiac LeMans
1983 BMW 633 CSi[13][19]
1980 Cadillac DeVille Stretched Limousine[13][19]
1974 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray[13][19]
1982 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am[13][19]
Rolls-Royce Phantom V
Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud III
1959 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud II
1975 Toyota Corona Hardtop
1980 Volkswagen Rabbit Convertible I (Type 17)
1977 Buick Electra 225
1980 Cadillac Sedan DeVille Stretched Limousine
1981 Chevrolet Malibu
1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28[13][20]
1983 Ford LTD
1984 Ford Mustang
1984 Lincoln Town Car
1980 Mercury Zephyr
1979 AMC Spirit
1973 Chevrolet C-60
1973 Chevrolet Nova
1975 Chevrolet Chevy Van
1976 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1981 Datsun 210
1974 Dodge Sportsman
1982 Dodge Ram Wagon
1984 Dodge Omni
Fiat-Allis 11 B
1962 Ford Thunderbird[13][20]
1965 Ford Mustang[13][20]
1969 Pontiac LeMans
1975 Toyota Corolla Wagon
1980 Toyota Corolla Tercel
1984 Buick Regal
1984 Cadillac Fleetwood[13][14]
1983 Chevrolet Camaro[13][14]
Mercedes-Benz 500 SEL[13][14]
1968 Pontiac GTO[13][14]
Mercedes-Benz 500 SEC[13][21]
1975 Checker Marathon[13][22]
1980 Maserati Quattroporte III[13][22]
1981 De Lorean DMC 12[13][23]
1955 Ford F-100[13][23]
1983 Maserati Biturbo[13][23]
1937 Packard[13][16]
1969 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow I[13][16]
1968 Chevrolet Corvette[13][24]
1975 Fiat 124 Spider[13][24]
1956 Ford Thunderbird[13][25]
1972 Mercedes-Benz 350 SLC[13][25]
Lamborghini Countach S[13][26]
Mercedez-Benz 600 Pullman[13][26]
1976 Mercedes-Benz 450 SEL 6.9[13][26]
1974 Checker Marathon[13][27]
1967 Ford Mustang[13][27]
1963 MG B[13][27]
1978 Ford Thunderbird[12][13]
1970 Dodge Challenger R/T[13][28]
1961 Ford Thunderbird[13][28]
Porsche Kremer Racing 935 Gr.5 Street[13][28]
1983 Renault Alliance[13][28]
1969 Chevrolet Camaro RS[13][29]
1981 Chevrolet Corvette[13][29]
1971 Mercedes-Benz 350 SL[13][29]
1980 Mercedes-Benz[13][29]
1985 Pontiac Grand Am[13][29]
1983 BMW 733i[13][30]
1978 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine[13][30]
1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am[13][30]
1972 International Harvester Loadstar 1700
1979 Lincoln Continental
1971 Plymouth Satellite
1975 Plymouth Fury

tag: ul

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Rolls-Royce Camargue[13][31]
1972 AMC Jeep CJ-5[13][31]
1958 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz[13][31]
1980 Checker Marathon[13][31]
1941 Dodge WC 41[13][31]
1944 Dodge WC 51[13][31]
1981 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine[13][31]
1978 Porsche 928[13][31]
1974 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow I[13][31]
Rolls-Royce Silver Spur[13][31]
1941 Willys MB 'Jeep'[13][31]
1969 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine[13][32]
1957 Chevrolet 3100[13][32]
1976 Ferrari 308 GTBi[13][32]
1961 Ford Thunderbird[13][32]
1983 Porsche 911 SC Cabrio[13][32]
1954 Reo Comet[13][32]
1981 Lamborghini Jalpa[13][33][34]
1985 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am[13][33]
1978 Chevrolet Corvette[13][35]
Mercedes-Benz SL[13][35]
Nova Sterling[13][35]
1984 Chevrolet Corvette[13][36]
1973 Ford Mustang[13][36]
1984 Chevrolet Corvette[13][37]
1985 Ford Mustang[13][37]
1948 GMC 300[13][37]
1958 Lincoln Premiere[13][37]
1978 Mercedes-Benz 280 CE[13][37]
1981 Peugeot 505[13][37]
1955 Studebaker Commander Regal[13][37]
1985 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine[13][38]
1985 Lamborghini Countach 5000 Quattrovalvole[13][39]
Lamborghini Countach 5000 S[13][39]
1974 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine[13][39]
1975 MG B GT[13][39]
Porsche 911 Turbo[13][34]
Reo Gold Comet[13][34]
1984 Chevrolet Corvette[13][18]
Chevrolet Corvette GTP (Lola T711)[13][40]
1980 Maserati Quattroporte III[13][18]
1984 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am[13][18]
1973 Porsche 911 Targa[13][18]
1969 BMW 3.0 CSi[13][41]
1969 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray[13][41]
1984 Nissan 300ZX[13][40][41]
AC Shelby Cobra[13][42]
Ferrari 365 GTS/4[13][42]
Argo JM16[13][40]
Argo JM19[13][40]
Aston Martin Nimrod NRA/C2[13][40]
1984 Chevrolet Corvette[13][40]
1986 Ford Mustang Probe[13][40]
Honda ATC 200S[13][40]
Jaguar XJR-5 (Fabcar)[13][40]
1984 Kawasaki 600 R Ninja[13][40]
Lola T600[13][40]
Lola T616[13][40]
March 82G[13][40]
March 84G[13][40]
March 85G[13][40]
1983 Maserati Biturbo[13][40]
1981 Mazda RX-7[13][40]
Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo[13][40]
1985 Pontiac Firebird[13][40]
Porsche 906[13][40]
Porsche 962[13][40]
1957 Ford Thunderbird[13][43]
1984 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine[13][44]
Mercedes-Benz SL[13][44]
Jeep CJ[13][45]
1979 Mercedes-Benz 300 TD[13][46]

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
Checker Taxicab[13][47]
1986 Ferrari Testarossa[13][47]
Jeep CJ[13][47]
Mazda RX-7[13][47]
1975 MG Midget[13][47]
1971 Opel Manta[13][47]
Chevrolet Apache[13][48]
 M151 jeep[13][48]
Aston Martin V8 Volante[13][49]
1983 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine[13][50]
1985 Cadillac Professional Coach[13][50]
1983 Ford Thunderbird[13][50]
1985 Ford Mustang[13][50]
1984 Nissan 200SX[13][50]
Porsche 944[13][50]
Chevrolet Camaro[13][51]
1955 Chevrolet Two-Ten Delray[13][51]
1970 Ford Torino GT[13][51]
1977 Ford Thunderbird[13][51]
Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine[13][51]
Pontiac GTO[13][51]
1974 Mercedes-Benz 280[13][52]
Lotus Esprit Turbo[13][53]
Peugeot 505[13][53]
1974 BMW 2002[13][54]
1954 Ford Crestline Victoria[13][55]
1957 Mercedes-Benz 300d[13][55]
Plymouth Barracuda[13][55][56]
1982 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham Stretched Limousine[13][56]
Mercedes-Benz 560 SEL[13][56]
1976 Pontiac Grand Prix[13][56]
Renault LeCar[13][56]
Zimmer Golden Spirit[13][56]

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
1974 Mercedes-Benz 450 SEL[13][57]
1984 Lamborghini Jalpa
1981 or 1982 DeLorean DMC-12

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
Lamborghini LM-002
1982 Aston Martin Lagonda Stretched Limousine MkII
1971 Mustang convertible M code. Episode 93. Current owner purchased the vehicle in 1989. It was fully restored and painted red from blue. Current owner is Calixto Castells.


document_title: The Venetian Las Vegas

question_text: when was the venetian hotel in las vegas built

text: The Venetian Las Vegas

text: History[edit]

text: In April 1996, Sheldon Adelson announced plans to create on the property the largest resort on the Strip. This project would be situated on the former Sands property. On November 26, 1996, eight years after it was purchased by the owners of The Interface Group - Adelson, Richard Katzeff, Ted Cutler, Irwin Chafetz and Jordan Shapiro, the Sands Hotel was imploded to make way for The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino. Groundbreaking for the hotel began on April 14, 1997.

text: The resort opened on May 3, 1999, with flutter of white doves, sounding trumpets and singing gondoliers, with actress Sophia Loren joining The Venetian Chairman and Owner, Sheldon G. Adelson, in dedicating the first motorized gondola. Built at a cost of $1.5 billion, it was one of the most expensive resorts of its kind when it opened.

text: On June 27, 2003, the 1,013-room Venezia Tower opened. It was built on top of the garage parking lot.

text: in 2010, it was announced that it will be affiliated with InterContinental Hotels Group.[2]

text: In October 2011, the Cantor Race & Sportsbook opened, which was the only Las Vegas sportsbook that was open 24 hours a day. On June 11, 2012, the Venetian opened Carnevale, a summer-long festival that is anchored by a nightly 3-D projection show on the clock tower. In September 2012, The Blue Man Group show closed and relocated to the Monte Carlo, after being at the Venetian for six years.

text: Design[edit]

text: The hotel uses Venice, Italy, as its design inspiration and features architectural replicas of various Venetian landmarks, including the Palazzo Ducale, Piazza San Marco, Piazzetta di San Marco, the Lion of Venice Column and the Column of Saint Theodore, St Mark's Campanile, and the Rialto Bridge. The design architects for this project were The Stubbins Associates and WAT&G. Interior design was provided by Wilson Associates and Dougall Associates for the casino.[citation needed]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: In October 2001, the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum opened within the resort, featuring its first collection. On June 27, 2003, the Venezia tower opened, adding 1,013 suites and a new wedding chapel. In October 2005, Blue Man Group officially opened at the Blue Man Theatre. On June 24, 2006, the show, Phantom: The Las Vegas Spectacular, opened at a new Paris Opera House styled theatre at The Venetian. The show concluded on September 2, 2012.[3]

text: Tim McGraw and Faith Hill headlined their Soul2Soul concert series which began in December 2012 and ended in April 2014.

text: The Venetian is home to 4 theaters: the Opaline Theatre, The Palaazo Theatre, The Sands Showroom, and The Venetian Theatre.

text: Clubs[edit]

text: In 2015, TAO Nightclub generated over $50 million in revenue, according to Nightclub & Bar Top 100.[4] With an Asian-inspired theme, TAO features a 20 foot tall Buddha statue, an infinity edge pool stocked with koi, eight private "sky boxes" with mini-bars, a 40-foot-long terrace with views of the strip, and two dance rooms.[5]

text: TAO Beach, located on top of TAO Nightclub, is the Venetian's day club and pool party. It offers seven cabanas, each with television, DVD player, Xbox 360, a stocked mini-fridge and a safe for valuables.[6]

text: Legal problems[edit]

text: In 2004, the Venetian agreed to pay a $1 million penalty to settle a 12-count Gaming Control Board complaint. One of the 12 complaints alleged the hotel had held a drawing for a Mercedes-Benz that was rigged to be won by a high roller who had lost a large amount in the casino.[7] The executives involved were fired.[7]

text: In 2013, the Venetian agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Justice $47.4 million to settle charges over "alleged money laundering activities."[8]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The Rialto Bridge at the Venetian

View of the outside Gondola rides from second floor balcony just outside the casino.

Another outside view of the front from the balcony, at night.

This grand gallery connects the reception area and the casino.

The centerpiece of the Grand Canal Shoppes entrance hall ceiling.

St. Mark's Square at the Grand Canal Shoppes is surrounded by restaurants and shops. It is also the site of live costumed shows.

This small, but striking Venezia reception area is located on the 10th floor of the Venetian/Palazzo complex.

The Venetian Las Vegas

The Venetian Las Vegas (interior)

St. Mark's Campanile at the Venetian

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
A suite from the Venetian is featured as a location in the 2005 movie Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous.
Various Venetian locations were settings for the introductory scenes of the 2001 movie, Rat Race.
The exterior of the Venetian is portrayed in the 2007 movie, Resident Evil: Extinction. There is a dramatic zombie attack scene which takes place on the Venetian's replica of the Rialto Bridge.
"Building the Venetian" was the subject of an episode of the show MegaStructures.
What Not to Wear shot its series finale at The Venetian (and The Palazzo), inviting more than 100 past contributors from the show's successful 10-year run to participate.[9]


document_title: List of Miss Universe titleholders

question_text: when was the last time the u.s won miss universe

text: List of Miss Universe titleholders

text: Titleholders[edit]

text:
Year
Represented
Titleholder
Age [A]
Height
Hometown
Date

1952
 Finland
Armi Kuusela[1]
17
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Muhos
June 28, 1952

1953
 France
Christiane Martel[2]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Créteil
July 17, 1953

1954
 United States
Miriam Stevenson[3]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Winnsboro
July 24, 1954

1955
 Sweden
Hillevi Rombin[B][4][5]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Alfta
July 22, 1955

1956
 United States
Carol Morris[6]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Ottumwa
July 20, 1956

1957
 Peru
Gladys Zender[7]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Lima
July 19, 1957

1958
 Colombia
Luz Marina Zuluaga[B][8]
19
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Pereira
July 26, 1958

1959
 Japan
Akiko Kojima[9]
22
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Tokyo
July 24, 1959

1960
 United States
Linda Bement[10]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Salt Lake City
July 09, 1960

1961
 Germany
Marlene Schmidt[11]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Stuttgart
July 15, 1961

1962
 Argentina
Norma Nolan[12]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Buenos Aires
July 14, 1962

1963
 Brazil
Iêda Maria Vargas[13]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Porto Alegre
July 20, 1963

1964
 Greece
Corinna Tsopei[14]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Athens
August 01, 1964

1965
 Thailand
Apasra Hongsakula[15]
18
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Bangkok
July 24, 1965

1966
 Sweden
Margareta Arvidsson[16]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Gothenburg
July 16, 1966

1967
 United States
Sylvia Hitchcock[B][17]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Miami
July 15, 1967

1968
 Brazil
Martha Vasconcellos[18]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Salvador
July 13, 1968

1969
 Philippines
Gloria Diaz[19]
18
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Aringay
July 19, 1969

1970
 Puerto Rico
Marisol Malaret[20]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 11, 1970

1971
 Lebanon
Georgina Rizk[21]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Beirut
July 24, 1971

1972
 Australia
Kerry Anne Wells[22]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Perth
July 29, 1972

1973
 Philippines
Margarita Moran[23]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Manila
July 21, 1973

1974
 Spain
Amparo Muñoz[B][24]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Málaga
July 19, 1974

1975
 Finland
Anne Marie Pohtamo[25]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Helsinki
July 19, 1975

1976
 Israel
Rina Messinger[26]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Kiryat Tiv'on
July 11, 1976

1977
 Trinidad and Tobago
Janelle Commissiong[27]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Port of Spain
July 16, 1977

1978
 South Africa
Margaret Gardiner[28]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Cape Town
July 24, 1978

1979
 Venezuela
Maritza Sayalero[29]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1979

1980
 United States
Shawn Weatherly[30]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Sumter
July 08, 1980

1981
 Venezuela
Irene Sáez[31]
19
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1981

1982
 Canada
Karen Dianne Baldwin[32]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
London
July 26, 1982

1983
 New Zealand
Lorraine Downes[33]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Auckland
July 11, 1983

1984
 Sweden
Yvonne Ryding[34]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Eskilstuna
July 09, 1984

1985
 Puerto Rico
Deborah Carthy-Deu[35]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 15, 1985

1986
 Venezuela
Bárbara Palacios[36]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 21, 1986

1987
 Chile
Cecilia Bolocco[37]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Santiago
May 27, 1987

1988
 Thailand
Porntip Nakhirunkanok[38]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Bangkok
May 24, 1988

1989
 Netherlands
Angela Visser[39]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Rotterdam
May 23, 1989

1990
 Norway
Mona Grudt[40]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Trondheim
April 15, 1990

1991
 Mexico
Lupita Jones[41]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Mexicali
May 17, 1991

1992
 Namibia
Michelle McLean[42]
19
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Windhoek
May 8, 1992

1993
 Puerto Rico
Dayanara Torres[43]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Toa Alta
May 21, 1993

1994
 India
Sushmita Sen[44]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
New Delhi
May 21, 1994

1995
 United States
Chelsi Smith[45]
21
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Deer Park
May 12, 1995

1996
 Venezuela
Alicia Machado[46]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Maracay
May 17, 1996

1997
 United States
Brook Lee[47]
26
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Pearl City
May 16, 1997

1998
 Trinidad and Tobago
Wendy Fitzwilliam[48]
25
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Diego Martin
May 12, 1998

1999
 Botswana
Mpule Kwelagobe
19
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Gaborone
May 26, 1999

2000
 India
Lara Dutta[49]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Mumbai
May 12, 2000

2001
 Puerto Rico
Denise Quiñones[50]
20
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Lares
May 11, 2001

2002
 Russia
Oxana Fedorova (Dethroned)
24
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Pskov
May 29, 2002

 Panama
Justine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Panama City
September 24, 2002

2003
 Dominican Republic
Amelia Vega[52]
18
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
Santiago de los Caballeros
June 03, 2003

2004
 Australia
Jennifer Hawkins[53]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Newcastle
June 01, 2004

2005
 Canada
Natalie Glebova[54]
23
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Toronto
May 31, 2005

2006
 Puerto Rico
Zuleyka Rivera[55]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Salinas
July 23, 2006

2007
 Japan
Riyo Mori[56]
20
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Shizuoka
May 28, 2007

2008
 Venezuela
Dayana Mendoza[57]
22
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 14, 2008

2009
Stefanía Fernández[58]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Mérida
August 23, 2009

2010
 Mexico
Ximena Navarrete[59]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Guadalajara
August 23, 2010

2011
 Angola
Leila Lopes[60]
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Benguela
September 12, 2011

2012
 United States
Olivia Culpo[61]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Cranston
December 19, 2012

2013
 Venezuela
Gabriela Isler
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Valencia
November 09, 2013

2014
 Colombia
Paulina Vega
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Barranquilla
January 25, 2015

2015
 Philippines
Pia Wurtzbach
26
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Cagayan de Oro
December 20, 2015

2016
 France
Iris Mittenaere[62]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Lille
January 29, 2017

2017
 South Africa
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters
22
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Sedgefield
November 26, 2017

tag: table

text: Gallery of winners[edit]

text:
Miss Universe 2016
Iris Mittenaere
France

Miss Universe 2015
Pia Wurtzbach
Philippines

Miss Universe 2014
Paulina Vega
Colombia

Miss Universe 2013
Gabriela Isler
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2012
Olivia Culpo
United States

Miss Universe 2011
Leila Lopes
Angola

Miss Universe 2010
Ximena Navarrete
Mexico

Miss Universe 2009
Stefanía Fernández,
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2008
Dayana Mendoza,
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2007
Riyo Mori,
Japan

Miss Universe 2006
Zuleyka Rivera,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2005
Natalie Glebova,
Canada

Miss Universe 2004
Jennifer Hawkins
Australia

Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega,
Dominican Republic

Miss Universe 2002
Justine Pasek,
Panama

Miss Universe 2001
Denise Quiñones,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2000
Lara Dutta,
India

Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe,
Botswana

Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee,
United States

Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen,
India

Miss Universe 1993
Dayanara Torres,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 1991
Lupita Jones,
México

Miss Universe 1989
Angela Visser, Netherlands

Miss Universe 1987
Cecilia Bolocco, Chile

Miss Universe 1984
Yvonne Ryding, Sweden

Miss Universe 1980
Shawn Weatherly, United States

Miss Universe 1977
Janelle Commissiong, Trinidad and Tobago

Miss Universe 1976
Rina Mor, Israel

Miss Universe 1967
Sylvia Hitchcock, United States

Miss Universe 1956
Carol Morris, United States

Miss Universe 1953
Christiane Martel, France

Miss Universe 1952
Armi Kuusela, Finland

text: Countries/Territory by winning the title[edit]

text:
Country/Territory
Titles
Year(s)

 United States
8
1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012

 Venezuela
7
1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013

 Puerto Rico
5
1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006

 Philippines
3
1969, 1973, 2015

 Sweden
1955, 1966, 1984

 South Africa
2
1978, 2017

 France
1953, 2016

 Colombia
1958, 2014

 Mexico
1991, 2010

 Japan
1959, 2007

 Canada
1982, 2005

 Australia
1972, 2004

 India
1994, 2000

 Trinidad and Tobago
1977, 1998

 Thailand
1965, 1988

 Finland
1952, 1975

 Brazil
1963, 1968

 Angola
1
2011

 Dominican Republic
2003

 Panama
2002[B]

 Russia
2002[A]

 Botswana
1999

 Namibia
1992

 Norway
1990

 Netherlands
1989

 Chile
1987

 New Zealand
1983

 Israel
1976

 Spain
1974

 Lebanon
1971

 Greece
1964

 Argentina
1962

 Germany
1961

 Peru
1957

text:
Notes
A Resigned
B Took over title


document_title: Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes

question_text: who is the highest paid athlete in the world

text: 2017 list[edit]

text: The 2017 list:[1]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$93 million
$58 million
$35 million

2
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$86.2 million
$31.2 million
$55 million

3
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$80 million
$53 million
$27 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$64 million
$6 million
$58 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$60.6 million
$26.6 million
$34 million

6
Andrew Luck
American football
 United States
$50 million
$47 million
$3 million

6
Rory McIlroy
Golf
 Northern Ireland
$50 million
$16 million
$34 million

8
Stephen Curry
Basketball
 United States
$47.3 million
$12.3 million
$35 million

9
James Harden
Basketball
 United States
$46.6 million
$26.6 million
$20 million

10
Lewis Hamilton
Auto racing
 England
$46 million
$38 million
$8 million

text: 2016 list[edit]

text: The 2016 list:[2]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$88 million
$56 million
$32 million

2
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$81.4 million
$53.4 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$77.2 million
$23.2 million
$54 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67.8 million
$7.8 million
$60 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$56.2 million
$20.2 million
$36 million

6
Novak Djokovic
Tennis
 Serbia
$55.8 million
$21.8 million
$34 million

7
Cam Newton
American football
 United States
$53.1 million
$41.1 million
$12 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$52.9 million
$2.9 million
$50 million

9
Jordan Spieth
Golf
 United States
$52.8 million
$20.8 million
$32 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$50 million
$25 million
$25 million

text: 2015 list[edit]

text: The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$300 million
$285 million
$15 million

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$160 million
$148 million
$12 million

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$79.6 million
$52.6 million
$27 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$73.8 million
$51.8 million
$22 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67 million
$9 million
$58 million

6
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$64.8 million
$20.8 million
$44 million

7
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$54.1 million
$19.1 million
$35 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$50.8 million
$2.8 million
$48 million

9
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$50.6 million
$0.6 million
$50 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$49.5 million
$23.5 million
$26 million

text: 2014 list[edit]

text: The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$105 million
$105 million
$0

2
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$80 million
$52 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$72.3 million
$19.3 million
$53 million

4
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$64.7 million
$41.7 million
$23 million

5
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.5 million
$30.5 million
$31 million

6
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$61.2 million
$6.2 million
$55 million

7
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$56.2 million
$4.2 million
$52 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$53.2 million
$5.2 million
$48 million

9
Rafael Nadal
Tennis
 Spain
$44.5 million
$14.5 million
$30 million

10
Matt Ryan
American football
 United States
$43.8 million
$42 million
$1.8 million

text: 2013 list[edit]

text: The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nation
Total
Salary/Winnings
Endorsements

1
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$78.1 million
$13.1 million
$65 million

2
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$71.5 million
$6.5 million
$65 million

3
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.9 million
$27.9 million
$34 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$59.8 million
$17.8 million
$42 million

5
Drew Brees
American football
 United States
$51 million
$40 million
$11 million

6
Aaron Rodgers
American football
 United States
$49 million
$43 million
$6 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$48.7 million
$4.7 million
$44 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$47.2 million
$5.2 million
$42 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$44 million
$23 million
$21 million

10
Lionel Messi
Football
 Argentina
$41.3 million
$20.3 million
$21 million

text: 2012 list[edit]

text: The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$85 million
$85 million
$0

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$62 million
$56 million
$6 million

3
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$59.4 million
$4.4 million
$55 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$53 million
$13 million
$40 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$52.7 million
$7.7 million
$45 million

6
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$52.3 million
$20.3 million
$32 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$47.8 million
$4.8 million
$43 million

8
David Beckham
Football
 England
$46 million
$9 million
$37 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Football
 Portugal
$42.5 million
$20.5 million
$22 million

10
Peyton Manning
American football
 United States
$42.4 million
$32.4 million
$10 million


document_title: Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)

question_text: when will the new season of who do you think you are start

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
7
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)
NBC

2
8
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)

3
12
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)

4
8
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)
TLC

5
6
July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

6
8
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

7
5
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
August 30, 2015 (2015 -08-30)

8
6
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

9
8
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)

Specials
1
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

1
1
"Sarah Jessica Parker"
Cincinnati, Ohio; El Dorado County, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Danvers, Massachusetts
March 5, 2010 (2010-03-05)

2
2
"Emmitt Smith"
Pensacola, Florida; Burnt Corn, Alabama; Claiborne, Alabama; Boydton, Virginia; Ouidah, Benin
March 12, 2010 (2010-03-12)

3
3
"Lisa Kudrow"
Minsk, Belarus, Ilya, Belarus; Gdynia, Poland
March 19, 2010 (2010-03-19)

4
4
"Matthew Broderick"
Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Forest of Argonne, France; Hartford, Connecticut; Atlanta, Georgia; Marietta National Cemetery, Cobb County, Georgia
March 26, 2010 (2010-03-26)

5
5
"Brooke Shields"
Newark, New Jersey; New York City, New York; Rome, Italy; Augerolles, France; Paris, France
April 2, 2010 (2010-04-02)

6
6
"Susan Sarandon"
Virginia; New York City, New York; Florence; Coreglia Antelminelli; Rockland County, New York
April 23, 2010 (2010-04-23)

7
7
"Spike Lee"
Atlanta, Georgia; Twiggs County, Georgia; Arlington, Texas
April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30)

text: Season 2 (2011)[edit]

text: NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5, 2010.[5] The second season of the series began on February 4, 2011, and consisted of eight episodes. The first episode featured Vanessa Williams. Following episodes featured Tim McGraw, Rosie O'Donnell, Kim Cattrall, Lionel Richie, Steve Buscemi, Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd.[6][7] Cattrall's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

8
1
"Vanessa L. Williams"
Chappaqua, New York; Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York; Washington, D.C.; Johns Island, South Carolina; Baltimore, Maryland; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)

9
2
"Tim McGraw"
Kansas City, Missouri; Big Stone Gap, Virginia; Rye Cove, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Shenandoah Valley; Washington, D.C.; New York City, New York; Franklin, Tennessee
February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11)

10
3
"Rosie O'Donnell"
Nyack, New York; Jersey City, New Jersey; New York City, New York (Manhattan and Brooklyn); Secaucus, New Jersey; Montreal, Quebec; Dublin, Ireland; County Wicklow, Ireland; Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland; Birr, County Offaly, Ireland
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)

11
4
"Kim Cattrall"
Liverpool, England; Derbyshire, England; Durham, County Durham, England; Tudhoe, County Durham, England; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)

12
5
"Lionel Richie"
Los Angeles, California; Tuskegee, Alabama; Nashville, Tennessee; Chattanooga, Tennessee
March 4, 2011 (2011-03-04)

13
6
"Steve Buscemi"
Brooklyn, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Camden, New Jersey
March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)

14
7
"Gwyneth Paltrow"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Bridgetown, Barbados
April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)

15
8
"Ashley Judd"
Louisville, Kentucky; Frankfort, Kentucky; Saltville, Virginia; Boston, Massachusetts; York, England; Boston, Lincolnshire, England; Cambridge, England; Plymouth, Devon, England
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)

text: Season 3 (2012)[edit]

text: The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22, 2011, and aired during the 2011–2012 television season.[8] The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei, Rob Lowe, Paula Deen, Rashida Jones, Jerome Bettis, Reba McEntire, Helen Hunt, Edie Falco, Rita Wilson, Jason Sudeikis, Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood. The show returned on February 3, 2012.[9]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

16
1
"Martin Sheen"
Malibu, California; Dublin, Ireland; Madrid, Spain; Pamplona, Navarre, Spain; Tui, Galicia, Spain; La Coruña, Galicia, Spain; Parderrubias, Galicia, Spain
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)

17
2
"Marisa Tomei"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Livorno, Tuscany, Italy (Cecina, Rio nell'Elba, Portoferraio and Castiglioncello); Lucca, Tuscany, Italy
February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)

18
3
"Blair Underwood"
Los Angeles, California; Petersburg, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; Lynchburg, Virginia; Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon
February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)

19
4
"Reba McEntire"
Stringtown, Oklahoma; Aberdeen, Mississippi; Raleigh, North Carolina; Oxford, North Carolina; Tappahannock, Virginia; Cheshire, England
March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)

20
5
"Jerome Bettis"
Detroit, Michigan; Paducah, Kentucky; Calloway County, Kentucky
March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)

21
6
"Helen Hunt"
Los Angeles, California; Pasadena, California; San Francisco, California; Portland, Maine
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)

22
7
"Rita Wilson"
Los Angeles, California; Oraio, Greece; Smolyan, Bulgaria; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Sofia, Bulgaria
March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)

23
8
"Edie Falco"
Long Island, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; England (Fulham; Penzance)
April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)

24
9
"Rob Lowe"
Santa Barbara, California; Washington, D.C.; Trenton, New Jersey; Newtown, Pennsylvania; Germany (Marburg; Hessisch Lichtenau)
April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)

25
10
"Rashida Jones"
Los Angeles, California; New York City, New York; Dublin, Ireland; Latvia (Riga; Aizpute; Rumbula)
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)

26
11
"Jason Sudeikis"
New York City, New York; Overland Park, Kansas; Chicago, Illinois; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)

27
12
"Paula Deen"
Savannah, Georgia; Albany, Georgia; Morrow, Georgia; Athens, Georgia; Atlanta, Georgia; Leesburg, Georgia
May 18, 2012 (2012-05-18)

text: Season 4 (2013)[edit]

text: After being cancelled by NBC, TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23, 2013. Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate, Cindy Crawford, Zooey Deschanel, Chelsea Handler, Kelly Clarkson, Trisha Yearwood, Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell.[10]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

28
1
"Kelly Clarkson"
Columbus, Ohio; Decatur, Georgia; Andersonville, Georgia; Marietta, Ohio; Coal Run, Ohio
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)

29
2
"Christina Applegate"
Trenton, New Jersey
July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)

30
3
"Chelsea Handler"
Bochum, Germany; Herne, Germany; Berlin, Germany; Saint-Raphaël, France; Algona, Iowa
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)

31
4
"Zooey Deschanel"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Christiana, Pennsylvania
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)

32
5
"Chris O'Donnell"
St. Louis, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Annapolis, Maryland; Baltimore, Maryland
August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)

33
6
"Cindy Crawford"
Boston, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Taunton, England; London, England; Aachen, Germany
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)

34
7
"Trisha Yearwood"
Nashville, Tennessee; Hampshire, England; Kew, England; Atlanta, Georgia
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)

35
8
"Jim Parsons"
New Orleans, Louisiana; Paris, France; Versailles, France
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)

text: Season 5 (2014)[edit]

text: TLC renewed the show on September 10, 2013. The season premiered on July 23, 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Rachel McAdams, Valerie Bertinelli, and Kelsey Grammer. Initially, an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled. Just like Kim Cattrall's episode, the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013.[11][12]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

36
1
"Cynthia Nixon"
Manhattan, New York City, New York; Washington, D.C; Jefferson City, Missouri; Leasburg, Missouri
July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23)

37
2
"Jesse Tyler Ferguson"
Albuquerque, New Mexico; Annapolis, Maryland; Evanston, Illinois; Wrangell, Alaska
July 30, 2014 (2014-07-30)

38
3
"Rachel McAdams[a]"
Plymouth, Devon, England; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06)

39
4
"Valerie Bertinelli"
Scranton, Pennsylvania; Lanzo, Torino, Italy; London, United Kingdom
August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13)

40
5
"Kelsey Grammer"
Beverly Hills, California; San Francisco, California; Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Baker City, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Benton County, Oregon
August 20, 2014 (2014-08-20)

41
6
"Minnie Driver"
United Kingdom
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

text: Jump up ^ The episode also featured McAdams' sister Kayleen McAdams, a Hollywood make-up artist.

tag: ol

text: Season 6 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 6 premiered on March 8, 2015.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

42
1
"Julie Chen"
Los Angeles, California; Singapore; Penglai, Shandong, China
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)

43
2
"Josh Groban"
Los Angeles, California; Stuttgart, Germany
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)

44
3
"Angie Harmon"
Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Harrodsburg, Kentucky
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)

45
4
"Sean Hayes"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dublin, Ireland; Tarbert, Ireland
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)

46
5
"Tony Goldwyn"
Los Angeles, California; Albany, New York; Nunda, New York; Portland, Oregon; The Dalles, Oregon; Salem, Oregon; Hood River, Oregon
April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)

47
6
"America Ferrera"
New York City, New York; La Esperanza, Intibucá, Honduras; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; San Jerónimo, Copán, Honduras
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)

48
7
"Bill Paxton"
Los Angeles, California; Washington, D.C.; Blacksburg, South Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; Warren County, Missouri
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)

49
8
"Melissa Etheridge"
Los Angeles, California; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Chester, Illinois; Kaskaskia, Illinois; Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)

text: Season 7 (2015)[edit]

text: Season 7 premiered on July 26, 2015. This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin, J. K. Rowling, Alfre Woodard, Bryan Cranston, and Tom Bergeron.[13] Rowling's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

50
1
"Ginnifer Goodwin"
Los Angeles, California; Batesville, Arkansas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Shreveport, Louisiana
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)

51
2
"J. K. Rowling"
Edinburgh, Scotland; Paris, France; Brumath, Alsace, France
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)

52
3
"Alfre Woodard"
Los Angeles, California; Perry, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson Parish, Louisiana
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)

53
4
"Bryan Cranston"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Springfield, Illinois; Montreal, Quebec; Dayton, Ohio
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)

54
5
"Tom Bergeron"
Portsmouth, New Hampshire; La Rochelle, France; Quebec City, Quebec
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)

text: Season 8 (2016)[edit]

text: Season 8 premiered on April 3, 2016. The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler, Scott Foley, Lea Michele, Chris Noth, Katey Sagal, and Molly Ringwald.[14]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

55
1
"Aisha Tyler"
Oberlin, Ohio; Cleveland, Ohio; Austin, Texas
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)

56
2
"Scott Foley"
Washington, D.C.; Boston, Massachusetts; Salem, Massachusetts
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)

57
3
"Katey Sagal"
New York, New York; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)

58
4
"Molly Ringwald"
Brooklyn, New York; Lund, Sweden; Höganäs, Sweden; Washington County, Nebraska; Arlington, Nebraska
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)

59
5
"Chris Noth"
Chicago, Illinois; London, England; Elvas, Portugal; County Cavan, Ireland
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

60
6
"Lea Michele"
Bronx, New York; Ellis Island
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)

text: Season 9 (2017)[edit]

text: On June 9, 2016, the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5, 2017.[4] The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel, Julie Bowen, Courteney Cox, Jennifer Grey, Smokey Robinson, John Stamos, Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Featured celebrity
Locations visited
Original release date

61
1
"Courteney Cox"
Los Angeles, California; Gloucestershire, England; London, England
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)

62
2
"Julie Bowen"
Chicago, Illinois; Washington, Pennsylvania
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)

63
3
"Jennifer Grey"
Brooklyn, New York
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)

64
4
"Noah Wyle"
Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)

65
5
"Jessica Biel"
Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; St Louis, Missouri; Miller County, Missouri; Washington, D.C.; Alton, Illinois
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

66
6
"Smokey Robinson"
Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Washington, D.C.; Fayette County, Tennessee
April 9, 2016 (2016-04-09)

67
7
"John Stamos"
Athens, Greece; Levidi, Greece; Nafplio, Greece; Kakouri, Greece
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)

68
8
"Liv Tyler"
Plattsburg, New York; Washington D.C.; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Schuylerville, New York
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

text: Season 10 (2018)[edit]

text: The series has been renewed for its tenth season, airing in spring 2018.[15]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

1
1
"Into the Archives"
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)

Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)

1
"Sarah Jessica Parker"
4.6[16]
8
1.6/6[17]
6.85
2
5

2
"Emmitt Smith"
4.5[18]
8
1.8/6[19]
7.15
2
4

3
"Lisa Kudrow"
4.7
9
1.7/7
7.14
2
3

4
"Matthew Broderick"
4.1
8
1.5/5
6.21
3
9

5
"Brooke Shields"
4.0
8
1.4/6
5.90
1
5

6
"Susan Sarandon"
4.2
8[20]
1.3/5
6.35
1
2[21]

7
"Spike Lee"
3.5
7[22]
1.2/5
5.21
2
7[23]

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
Share
Rating/share
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)
Note

1
"Vanessa Williams"
4.5
8
1.3/4
7.31
3
6
[24]

2
"Tim McGraw"
4.2
7
1.4/5
6.59
2
4
[25]

3
"Rosie O'Donnell"
3.8
7
1.3/5
5.88
3
8
[26]

4
"Kim Cattrall"
4.1
7
1.2/4
6.18
3
9
[27]

5
"Lionel Richie"
3.9
7
1.2/4
6.11
2
5
[28]

6
"Steve Buscemi"
4.2
8
1.3/5
6.55
1
4
[29]

7
"Gwyneth Paltrow"
4.1
7
1.3/5
6.01
2
4
[30]

8
"Ashley Judd"
3.7
7
1.3/4
5.76
1
4
[31][32]

text: Season 7: 2015[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Rating
(18-49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Ginnifer Goodwin"
0.34[33]
1.428[33]

2
"J.K. Rowling"
0.32[34]
1.527[34]

3
"Alfre Woodard"

4
"Into the Archives"

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Complete season
Release dates
DVD extras
and bonus features
Number
of discs

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1
March 15, 2011[35]
February 1, 2011[36]
August 12, 2010[37]
None
2

Season 2
May 1, 2012[38]
February 20, 2012[39]
TBA
TBA
2

text: International distribution[edit]

text:
In Australia, season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28, 2010.[40] Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel, GEM. For a reason unexplained by Nine, the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings.
In the Republic of Ireland, the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday, May 27, 2010, at 22:25.[41] The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday, July 4, 2011, at 22:40.[42]
In the United Kingdom, the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday, June 13, 2010, at 21:15, the show received the same voice-over as the UK original series.[43] The second series, premiered on Wednesday, November 16, 2011, at 22:45. The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi. The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday, January 14, 2014. The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate, Clarkson, O'Donnell, Deschanel, Crawford and Parsons. Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK.
In Sweden, the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday, September 14, 2010, at 13:20.
In Greece, the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday, October 14, 2010, at 21:55.
In Finland, the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30, 2010, at 20:00, called Sukujuuria etsimässä, "Looking for family roots".
In Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics, the US version airs on Universal Channel, the British version airs on Viasat History.
In The Netherlands, the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8, 2013.
In Italy, the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4, 2013. Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May, 2013.
In Germany, it began airing on RTL Living on November 25, 2011. The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6, 2012.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Presenter
Award
Result

2012
64th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Reality Program
Nominated

2014
66th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Structured Reality Program
Nominated

2018
Critics' Choice Awards
Best Structured Reality Series
Pending