document_title: 2017 World Series

question_text: who pitched the first game of the world series 2017

root

text: 2017 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: This was the first World Series matchup, and second postseason meeting overall, between the Astros and Dodgers. Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year.[7] The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game.[8] This was the first Fall Classic since 1970, and the eighth overall, in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season.[9][10]

tag: p

text: With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship (the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988, and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation), this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series, following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years. Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series. The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season.[11] This was also the third consecutive World Series to extend into November, although the 2015 World Series did not go up to Game 7.

text: Los Angeles Dodgers[edit]

text: The Dodgers held a 91–36 record through August 25.[12][13] However, a late season slump, in which the team lost 20 of 25 games (highlighted by 11 straight losses), led to questions about whether the Dodgers would succeed in the postseason. Despite the slump, the team recovered to win eight of its final ten regular season games, securing their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs. In the postseason, the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games.[14] This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988, the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958, and the 19th overall.[15]

text: Entering the 2017 World Series, the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings, a postseason record for a bullpen. Additionally, by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48–19 margin, the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third-best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995.[16]

text: All-Star shortstop Corey Seager, who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury, was included on the Dodgers' World Series roster.[17] Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series, as well as the fourth African-American manager.[18]

text: Houston Astros[edit]

text: With a 101–61 regular season record, the team won its first American League West title since moving from the National League Central starting in its 2013 season, and their first division title since 2001. In the American League Division Series, they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in seven games.[19] This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005, when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox.[20] They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League.[21]

text: The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey. The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong.[22][23] Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city.[24]

text: On August 31, just seconds before the midnight deadline, the Astros traded for Justin Verlander.[25] Following the trade, including the regular season and postseason to this point, Verlander had posted a 9–0 win-loss record with a 1.23 earned run average.[26] He was named the ALCS MVP.[27]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Houston won the series, 4–3.

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
000000002017-10-24-0000October 24
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
2:28
54,253[28]

2
000000002017-10-25-0000October 25
Houston Astros – 7, Los Angeles Dodgers – 6 (11)
Dodger Stadium
4:19
54,293[29]

3
000000002017-10-27-0000October 27
Los Angeles Dodgers – 3, Houston Astros – 5
Minute Maid Park
3:46
43,282[30]

4
000000002017-10-28-0000October 28
Los Angeles Dodgers – 6, Houston Astros – 2
Minute Maid Park
3:06
43,322[31]

5
000000002017-10-29-0000October 29
Los Angeles Dodgers – 12, Houston Astros – 13 (10)
Minute Maid Park
5:17
43,300[32]

6
000000002017-10-31-0000October 31
Houston Astros – 1, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3
Dodger Stadium
3:22
54,128[33]

7
000000002017-11-01-0000November 1
Houston Astros – 5, Los Angeles Dodgers – 1
Dodger Stadium
3:37
54,124[34]

tag: table

text: Pre-game ceremonies[edit]

text: Game 1: The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson's family, including his widow Rachel.[35] The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson's death, and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line.[36] Keith Williams Jr., a gospel singer, performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem.[37]

tag: ul

text: Game 2: Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully.[38][39] Country music's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem.[40]

text: Game 3: Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt, who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims, threw out the first pitch. The ball was given to him by Astros' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio.[41][42] The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris.[43]

text: Game 4: Hailey Dawson, a seven-year-old girl from Nevada, threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand.[44][45] The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet.[43]

text: Game 5: Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch. His father, former President George H. W. Bush handed him the ball.[46] Justin Verlander caught the pitch. Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem.[43]

text: Game 6: Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda, celebrating the Dodgers' 1988 World Series title, each threw out the ceremonial first pitch.[47] Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem.[48]

text: Game 7: The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem. The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax. Rick Monday, Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well.[49]

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
October 24, 2017, 5:11 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 103 °F (39 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0

Los Angeles
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
X
3
6
0

WP: Clayton Kershaw (1–0)   LP: Dallas Keuchel (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (1)
Home runs:
HOU: Alex Bregman (1)
LAD: Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Attendance: 54,253

text: The temperature at the start of the game was 103 °F (39 °C), which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded.[50] Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers, while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros.[51]

text: Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel's first pitch of the game. It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history (following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS).[52] Alex Bregman hit a tying solo home run for the Astros in the fourth inning. In the sixth inning, Justin Turner hit a go-ahead two-run home run for the Dodgers. Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in (RBIs) in Dodgers postseason history with 26.[53] Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 2⁄3 innings. Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save.[54] The two-hour, 28-minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992.[55]

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
October 25, 2017, 5:17 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 93 °F (34 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
7
14
1

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
6
5
0

WP: Chris Devenski (1–0)   LP: Brandon McCarthy (0–1)
Home runs:
HOU: Marwin González (1), José Altuve (1), Carlos Correa (1), George Springer (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (1), Corey Seager (1), Yasiel Puig (1), Charlie Culberson (1)
Attendance: 54,293

text: The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros. The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning. Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth. Joc Pederson tied the game with a solo home run in the bottom of the fifth inning, and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two-run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning. Verlander allowed two hits, both home runs, in his six innings pitched. Carlos Correa drove in the Astros' second run of the game on a single in the eighth, ending the Dodgers bullpen's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason. Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game.[56] This was only Jansen's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities, a major league record.[57]

text: The game went into extra innings. José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead. In the bottom of the inning, Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game, with the latter being the Dodgers' first run that was not driven in by a home run. In the next inning, George Springer hit a two-run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski, who later struck out Puig to end the game. This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth, tenth and eleventh inning. [56][58] The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight[59] and this was the first time in MLB history, regular season or postseason, that five home runs were hit in extra innings.[60] The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005.[61][62]

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
October 27, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 65 °F (18 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
4
2

Houston
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
X
5
12
0

WP: Lance McCullers Jr. (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–1)   Sv: Brad Peacock (1)
Home runs:
LAD: None
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (1)
Attendance: 43,282

text: The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros. The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González, Brian McCann, and Bregman. Darvish left the game after 1 2⁄3 innings, which was the shortest outing of his career. The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks.[63][64] The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch. McCullers wound up pitching 51⁄3 innings and allowed three runs on four hits.[65] [66] Brad Peacock replaced McCullers, completing the final 3 2⁄3 innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save. It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series, and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save, first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS.[67]

text: Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run. He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito, which translates to "little Chinese Boy"; Darvish is from Japan.[68][69] Gurriel apologized, and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba, although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there.[68][70] As a result, Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay, but allowed to continue playing in the World Series.[71][72]

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
October 28, 2017, 7:20 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 67 °F (19 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
6
7
0

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
2
0

WP: Tony Watson (1–0)   LP: Ken Giles (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Joc Pederson (2)
HOU: George Springer (2), Alex Bregman (2)
Attendance: 43,322

text: The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros.[73] Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame. It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 2⁄3 innings pitched in the game. Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh. Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 61⁄3 innings.[74] Bellinger then drove in the go-ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three-run homer by Pederson. Bregman homered off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth but the Dodgers managed to even up the series. The Astros had two hits in the game; both were home runs. This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners.[75]

text: After Game 4, both teams' pitching coaches, Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros, commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season. Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders.[76]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
October 29, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 69 °F (21 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Los Angeles
3
0
0
1
3
0
1
1
3
0
12
14
1

Houston
0
0
0
4
3
0
4
1
0
1
13
14
1

WP: Joe Musgrove (1–0)   LP: Kenley Jansen (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Cody Bellinger (1), Yasiel Puig (2)
HOU: Yuli Gurriel (2), José Altuve (2), George Springer (3), Carlos Correa (2), Brian McCann (1)
Attendance: 43,300

text: Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5, in a rematch of the opening game of the series.[77] Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early. A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel. Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe. Keuchel pitched only 32⁄3 innings for the Astros, allowing five hits and four runs (three earned). This was his shortest home start of the season. The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning, followed by a three-run home run by Gurriel to tie the game. Bellinger hit a three-run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three-run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up. Kershaw pitched 42⁄3 innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks.

text: A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow, who was pitching for the third consecutive day, to tie the game. Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game, and then Correa hit a two-run home run to extend the lead. Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning, but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning. That was the 21st home run of the series, tying the record set in the 2002 World Series. Puig broke the record with a two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. Down to their last strike, Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single.[78]

text: In the tenth inning, Jansen hit McCann with a pitch to put him on base with two outs. Subsequently, Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base. McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher.[79] On the next pitch, Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run.[80] Bregman became the third youngest player to have a walk-off hit in the World Series ever. The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game,[81] the other were the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15–14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series. The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record.[82] This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run (14 to date in the World Series).[81] With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game, this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14–11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series.[83] Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes, making it the second longest World Series game in history by time, trailing only the 14 inning contest between the Astros and the Chicago White Sox in Game 3 of the 2005 World Series in the same ballpark, as well as the third World Series game ever to go beyond five hours of game time. This game is considered one of the greatest World Series games of all time.[84]

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
October 31, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 67 °F (19 °C), overcast

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
X
3
5
0

WP: Tony Watson (2–0)   LP: Justin Verlander (0–1)   Sv: Kenley Jansen (2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (4)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3)
Attendance: 54,128

text: Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game: Verlander and Hill. Springer hit a solo home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night.[85] It was Springer's fourth homer of the series, tied for third all-time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace, in 1972, as the only players with four game-tying or go-ahead home runs in a World Series.[86] Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series.[87] The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning, but did not score. Hill pitched 4 2⁄3 innings, struck out five and allowed four hits and one run.[85]

text: In the sixth inning, Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead.[88] Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed. Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save.[89] Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit and Andre Ethier, who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter, set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game.[90]

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
November 1, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 69 °F (21 °C), partly cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0

Los Angeles
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
6
1

WP: Charlie Morton (1–0)   LP: Yu Darvish (0–2)
Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5)
LAD: None
Attendance: 54,124

text: This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium (and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS).[91] It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season.[92] This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back-to-back Fall Classics had a Game 7.[93]

text: The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game: McCullers and Darvish.[94] Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger, which allowed Bregman to reach second base. Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout. McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers. Springer hit a two-run home run, his fifth of the series, tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series. As in Game 3, Darvish lasted only 1 2⁄3 innings (tying the shortest outing of his career) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series, and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series. Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series, joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series. McCullers lasted only 21⁄3 innings himself; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters. This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning.[95]

text: The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings.[96] Ethier, pinch hitting, scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers' only run. They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game.[95] Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game, and in the process, he broke Orel Hershiser's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout.[97] Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win, as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve, who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game, series, baseball season, and their 56-year drought. The Astros became the third consecutive road team to win a World Series Game 7 as well as the fourth consecutive team to end a World Series on the road (after the 2014 Giants, 2015 Royals and 2016 Cubs). They also became just the second team to win a seven game League Championship Series and a seven game World Series in the same year, following the 1985 Kansas City Royals. Springer won the World Series MVP Award.[5][95] With the Astros winning this is the third consecutive year that the team with the longer World Series drought won the series.

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 2017 World Series (4–3): Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers.

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Houston Astros
2
7
2
5
4
1
4
2
2
3
2
34
56
2

Los Angeles Dodgers
4
0
1
1
4
9
3
1
8
2
1
34
47
4

Home runs:
HOU: George Springer (5), José Altuve (2), Alex Bregman (2), Carlos Correa (2), Yuli Gurriel (2), Marwin González (1), Brian McCann (1)
LAD: Joc Pederson (3), Yasiel Puig (2), Cody Bellinger (1), Charlie Culberson (1), Corey Seager (1), Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1)
Total attendance: 346,702   Average attendance: 49,529
Winning player's share: $438,901.57.   Losing player's share: $259,722.14.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Fox broadcast the series in the United States, with Joe Buck serving as the play-by-play announcer, along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters.[98] Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows, joined by analysts Keith Hernandez, David Ortiz, Alex Rodriguez, and Frank Thomas.[99]

text: Outside the United States, MLB International televised the series, with Matt Vasgersian on play-by-play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary.[100]

text: After Game 7, Correa proposed to his girlfriend, 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez, on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal. She accepted.[101]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This series turned out to be the 3rd highest rated since 2005, trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series.[102] For the second straight year, Game 5 beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings.[103]

text:
Game
Ratings
(households)
Share
(households)
U.S. audience
(in millions)
Ref

1
8.7
15
14.97
[104][105]

2
9.2
18
15.48
[106][107]

3
8.8
17
15.68
[108][109]

4
8.7
17
15.40
[110][111]

5
10.5
21
18.94
[112][113]

6
12.6
23
22.23
[114][115]

7
15.8
28
28.24
[116][117]

text: Radio[edit]

text: National[edit]

text: ESPN Radio broadcast the series in English, with Dan Shulman providing the play-by-play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst. Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network, while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton. The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada, as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app. Spanish-language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio, with Eduardo Ortega, Renato Bermúdez, José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández announcing.[118]

text: Local[edit]

text: Locally, both teams' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers. Sportstalk 790 aired the English-language broadcast for the Houston area, with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games.[100] In Los Angeles, AM 570 LA Sports aired the English-language broadcast, with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing.[100] In Spanish, Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast, with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call. In Korean, Radio Korea 1540 aired the series, with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth.[119]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: For the first time, MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series;[120] the internet television service YouTube TV is the first-ever presenting sponsor of the World Series. The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV.[3] This sponsorship includes logo branding in-stadium and on official digital properties, as well as commercial inventory during Fox's telecasts of the games.[121]


document_title: List of countries by minimum driving age

question_text: minimum age to get driving license in malaysia

text: Africa[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Algeria

18

 Cameroon

16[citation needed]

 Ethiopia

18[1]

 Egypt

18[2]

 Ghana

18[3]

 Kenya

18[4]

 Lesotho

18[5]

 Libya

18[citation needed]

 Mali

18[citation needed]

 Mauritania

18[citation needed]

 Mauritius

15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[6]

 Mayotte

18[citation needed]

 Morocco

18[7][8]

 Mozambique

18[citation needed]

 Namibia

18[9]

 Niger

18[10]

 Nigeria

18[citation needed]

 Réunion (France)

18[citation needed]

 Senegal

18[citation needed]

 South Africa

17

The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[11]

 Swaziland

18[5]

 Tanzania

18[12]

 Tunisia

18[13]

 Zambia

16[14]

 Zimbabwe

16[15]

text: Americas[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Canada

16 in most provinces14 in Alberta

See also: Driving licence in Canada

 Mexico

15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[16]

 United States

14 – 16 (for permit)14, 3 months – 17 (for restricted license)varies between states

See also: Driver's license in the United States

text: Central America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Costa Rica

18[citation needed]

 El Salvador

15[citation needed]

 Guatemala

16 (with parental approval), 18[citation needed]

 Honduras

18[citation needed]

 Nicaragua

18[citation needed]

 Panama

16 (with approval), 18[17][18]

text: South America[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Argentina

17

21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[19]

 Bolivia

18[20]

 Brazil

18[21]

Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.

 Chile

17 (with parental approval), 18,[22] 20 (professional license)[23]

 Colombia

16[24]

 Ecuador

18[25]

 French Guiana

18[citation needed]

 Guyana

17[26]

 Paraguay

18[citation needed]

 Peru

18[27]

 Suriname

18[citation needed]

 Uruguay

18[28]

 Venezuela

18[29]

text: Caribbean[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Anguilla

18[30]

 Bahamas

17[31]

 Cuba

18[32]

 Dominican Republic

16[citation needed]

 Guadeloupe

18[citation needed]

 Jamaica

18[citation needed]

 Martinique

18[citation needed]

 Netherlands Antilles

18[33]

 Puerto Rico

16 (with learner's permit)[34]

 Saint Barthélemy

18[citation needed]

 Saint Martin

18[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago

17[citation needed]

 St. Kitts and Nevis

17(for permit),[35] 18 (for license)[36]

 US Virgin Islands

16 (with learner's permit), 18[37]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Bahrain

18[38]

 Iran

18[39]

 Iraq

16 for motorcycles18 for cars[citation needed]

 Israel

16y for motorcycles16y9months for cars[40]

 Jordan

18[41]

 Kuwait

18[42]

 Lebanon

18[citation needed]

 Oman

18[43]

 Palestine

18[44]

 Qatar

18[45]

 Saudi Arabia

18 for cars16 for motorcycles17 for temporary permit for cars

Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[46]

 Syria

18[47]

 United Arab Emirates

18[citation needed]

 Yemen

18[48]

text: South Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Afghanistan

18[49]

 Bangladesh

18[50]

 India

16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles20 for heavy vehicles[51]

   Nepal

18[citation needed]

 Pakistan

18[52]

 Sri Lanka

18[53]

text: East Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 China

18[54]

 Hong Kong

18[55]

Special Administrative Region of China

 Japan

16 (motorcycles under 400cc)18 (Ordinary/Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc)[56]

See also: Driving licence in Japan

 Macau

18[57]

Special Administrative Region of China

 South Korea

18 for motorbikes over 125cc16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc19 for commercial license

See also: Driving license in South Korea

 Taiwan

18[58]

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Brunei

18[59]

 Burma

18[citation needed]

 Cambodia

18[60]

 Indonesia

17[61][62]

 Laos

18[63]

 Malaysia

16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[64]

 Philippines

16 (Student Permit); 18(non-professional & professional driver’s license)[65]

 Singapore

18[66]

 Thailand

15 (Motorcycles), 18 (Cars)[67][better source needed]

 Vietnam

18[68]

text: Europe[edit]

text: European driving licence area[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Austria

18 for cars15 for mopeds[69]

(17 with special training)

 Belgium

18[70]

See also: Driving licence in Belgium

 Bulgaria

18[71]

 Croatia

18[72]

 Cyprus

17

See also: Driving licence in Cyprus

 Czech Republic

18[citation needed]

 Denmark

17 for cars[73]15 for mopeds

The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.

 Estonia

16 (14 for mopeds) [74]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[74] Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Finland

18 for cars, but 16 [75]after 1.7.201815 for mopeds and micro cars[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Finland

 France

15[76]

Driving age for cars is 15[76] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18[77]

 Germany

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.[78]

 Gibraltar

17[79]

 Greece

18[citation needed]

 Hungary

17[citation needed]

 Iceland

16[80][81]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 17.

 Ireland

17[82][83][84]

16 for work vehicles, tractors etc. and mopeds <45 km/h

 Italy

17[85]

17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Latvia

18 for cars[citation needed]14 for mopeds

 Liechtenstein

18[citation needed]

 Lithuania

18[citation needed]

 Luxembourg

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Malta

18[86]

 Netherlands

17 for cars16 for mopeds and tractors[87]

See also: Driving licence in the NetherlandsDriving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Driving lessons available at 16½.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Norway

18 for cars16 for mopeds and light motorcycles

See also: Driving licence in Norway

 Poland

18[citation needed]

See also: Driving licence in Poland

 Portugal

18 for cars
16 for motorcycles[citation needed]

 Romania

18[citation needed]

 Slovakia

17[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Slovenia

16 for cars and motorcycles[citation needed]

Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.

 Spain

15 for mopeds and quads 16 for motorcycles up to 125cc  18 for general license
[88]

 Sweden

18 for cars[89]15/16 for mopeds and tractors

See also: Driving licence in SwedenDriving age for cars is 16 with supervision.Unrestricted licence available at 18.[90]

  Switzerland

18[91]

 United Kingdom

17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [92]

See also: Driving licence in the United Kingdom

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 Albania

18[citation needed]

 Andorra

18[93]

 Armenia

18[94]

 Azerbaijan

18[95]

 Belarus

18[96]

16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C); 18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F); 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[97]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

18[98]

 Georgia

17[99]

 Guernsey

17[100]

 Isle of Man

16[101]

 Jersey

17[102]

 Kosovo

17[103]

 Macedonia

18 (16 with parental supervision)[104]

 Moldova

18[105]

 Monaco

18[106]

 Montenegro

18[107]

 Northern Cyprus

18

See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus

 Russia

18 (16 for motorcycles)[108]

 San Marino

18[109]

 Serbia

18 (17 with adult supervision)[110]

 Turkey

18 (cars)16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[111]

 Ukraine

18[112][113]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
State

Minimum driving age

Notes

 American Samoa

16[114]

 Australia

15y9months (ACT)
16 (All other states and territories)

See also: Driving licence in AustraliaLearner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision from the minimum age set in each state or territory.

 Fiji

17[115][116]

 Guam

16[117]

 Marshall Islands

18[118]

 New Zealand

16

See also: Driving licence in New ZealandThe minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[119] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[120]

 Northern Mariana Islands

15y6months[121]

 Papua New Guinea

18[citation needed]

 Tonga

18[122]


document_title: Three Sisters (play)

question_text: who dies at the end of three sisters

question_tokens: who dies at the end of three sisters

text: Three Sisters (play)

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Prozorovs[edit]

text:
Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova (Olga) – The eldest of the three sisters, she is the matriarchal figure of the Prozorov family though at the beginning of the play she is only 28 years old. Olga is a teacher at the high school, where she frequently fills in for the headmistress whenever the latter is absent. Olga is a spinster and at one point tells Irina that she would have married "any man, even an old man if he had asked" her. Olga is very motherly even to the elderly servants, keeping on the elderly nurse/retainer Anfisa, long after she has ceased to be useful. When Olga reluctantly takes the role of headmistress permanently, she takes Anfisa with her to escape the clutches of the heartless Natasha.
Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina (Masha) – The middle sister, she is 23 at the beginning of the play. She married her husband, Kulygin, when she was 18 and just out of school. When the play opens she has been disappointed in the marriage and falls completely in love with the idealistic Lieutenant-Colonel Vershinin. They begin a clandestine affair. When he is transferred away, she is crushed, but returns to life with her husband, who accepts her back despite knowing what she has done. She has a short temper, which is seen frequently throughout the play, and is the sister who disapproves the most of Natasha. Onstage, her directness often serves as a tonic to the melodrama, and her wit comes across as heroic. Her vitality provides most of the play's surprisingly plentiful humour. She was trained as a concert pianist.
Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova – The youngest sister, she is 20 at the beginning of the play. It is her "name day" at the beginning of the play and though she insists she is grown-up she is still enchanted by things such as a spinning top brought to her by Fedotik. Her only desire is to go back to Moscow, which they left eleven years before the play begins. She believes she will find her true love in Moscow, but when it becomes clear that they are not going to Moscow, she agrees to marry the Baron Tuzenbach, whom she admires but does not love. She gets her teaching degree and plans to leave with the Baron, but he is shot by Solyony in a pointless duel. She decides to leave anyway and dedicate her life to work and service.
Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov (Andrey) – The brother of the three sisters. In Act I, he is a young man on the fast track to being a Professor in Moscow. In Act II, Andrei still longs for his old days as a bachelor dreaming of life in Moscow, but is now, due to his ill-conceived wedding to Natasha, stuck in a provincial town with a baby and a job as secretary to the County Council. In Act III, his debts have grown to 35,000 rubles and he is forced to mortgage the house, but does not tell his sisters or give them any shares in the family home. Act IV finds Andrei a pathetic shell of his former self, now the father of two. He acknowledges he is a failure and laughed at in town for being a member of the village council whose president, Protopopov, is cuckolding him.
Natalia Ivanovna (Natasha) – Andrei's love interest at the start of the play, later his wife. She begins the play as an awkward young woman who dresses poorly and hides her true nature. Much fun is made of her ill-becoming green sash by the sisters, and she bursts into tears. She apparently has no family of her own and the reader never learns her maiden name. Act II finds a very different Natasha. She has grown bossy and uses her relationship with Andrei as a way of manipulating the sisters into doing what she wants. She has begun an affair with Protopopov, the head of the local council (who is never seen), and cuckolds Andrei almost flagrantly. In Act III, she has become even more controlling, confronting Olga head on about keeping on Anfisa, the elderly, loyal retainer, whom she orders to stand in her presence, and throwing temper tantrums when she doesn't get her way. Act IV finds that she has inherited control of the house from her weak, vacillating husband, leaving the sisters dependent on her, and, as the châtelaine, planning to radically change the grounds to her liking. It is arguable that the vicious, manipulative, self-absorbed Natasha, who cares for no one besides her own children, Bobik and Sofia, upon whom she dotes fatuously, is the complete victor by the end of the play.
Fyodor Ilyich Kulygin – Masha's older husband and the Latin teacher at the high school. Kulygin is a jovial, kindly man, who truly loves his wife, and her sisters, although he is very much aware of her infidelity. In the first act he seems almost foolish, giving Irina a gift he has already given her, and joking around with the doctor to make fun of Natasha, but begins to grow more and more sympathetic as Masha's affair progresses. During the fire in Act 3, he confesses to Olga that he might have married her – the fact that the two would probably be very happy together is hinted at many times throughout the show. Throughout the show, often at the most serious moments, he often tries to make the other characters laugh in order to relieve tension, and while that doesn't always work, he is able to give his wife comfort through humor in her darkest hour at the show's climax. At the end of the play, although knowing what Masha had been doing, he takes her back and accepts her failings.

text: The soldiers[edit]

text:
Aleksandr Ignatyevich Vershinin – Lieutenant colonel commanding the artillery battery, Vershinin is a true philosopher. He knew the girls' father in Moscow and they talk about how when they were little they called him the "Lovesick Major". In the course of the play, despite being married, he enters into an affair with Masha but must end it when the battery is transferred. He frequently mentions how his wife regularly attempts suicide (and he has two daughters), but he seems to have become inured to his domestic suffering. His first act speech about the hope he has for civilization speaks directly to Masha's melancholic heart, and, upon hearing it, she declares "I'm staying for lunch."
Baron Nikolaj Lvovich Tuzenbach – A lieutenant in the army and not deemed handsome, Tuzenbach often tries to impress Irina, whom he has loved for five years. He quits the Army to go to work in an attempt to impress her. He is repeatedly taunted by Solyony and between Acts III and IV, he retaliates and prompts Solyony to declare a duel. He is killed in the duel, thus his and Irina's union is forlorn.
Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony – A captain in the army, Solyony is a social misfit and a rather modern type of antihero. He is in love with Irina and tries to put down the Baron to make himself look better, but Irina finds him crude and unappealing. He spends much of his time mocking the Baron, who is the closest thing he has to a friend, and ends up killing him in a pointless duel. He is said to have a remarkable resemblance to the poet Lermontov in both face and personality, often quoting him. He always carries a small perfume bottle which he frequently (almost pathologically) sprinkles his hands and body with; it is later revealed that he does it to mask the smell of corpses on him.
Ivan Romanovich Chebutykin – Sixty years old and an army doctor, Chebutykin starts off as a fun, eccentric old man who exults in his place as family friend and lavishes upon Irina the expensive gift of a samovar. Later on in Act III, while drunk, he suffers an existential crisis and reveals to all about Natasha's and Protopopov's affair. In Act IV however, he seems to have come to terms with his crisis or perhaps been broken by it. He loved the mother of the sisters (whose name is never mentioned) but she was married.
Aleksej Petrovich Fedotik – A sub-lieutenant, Fedotik hangs around the house and tries to express his love to Irina by buying her many gifts. He also is an amateur photographer, and takes photos of the group and Irina. In Act III, he loses all his belongings in the fire, but retains his cheerful nature.
Vladimir Karlovich Rode – Another sub-lieutenant, Rode is a drill coach at the high school.

text: Others[edit]

text:
Ferapont – Door-keeper at the local council offices, Ferapont is an old man with a partial hearing loss. He repeatedly blurts out random facts, usually relating to Moscow.
Anfisa – An elderly family retainer and former nurse, Anfisa is 81 years old and has worked forever for the Prozorov family. Natasha begins to despise her for her feebleness and threatens to throw her out but Olga rescues her, taking her to live at Olga's teacher's flat.

text: Unseen characters[edit]

text: The play has several important characters who are talked about frequently, but never seen onstage. These include Protopopov, head of the local Council and Natasha's lover; Vershinin's suicidal wife and two daughters; and Andrey and Natasha's children Bobik and Sofia. JL Styan contends in his The Elements of Drama that in the last act Chekhov revised the text to show that Protopopov is the real father of Sofia: "The children are to be tended by their respective fathers"—Andrey pushes Bobik in his pram, and Protopopov sits with Sofia.[2][3]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act one begins with Olga (the eldest sister) working as a teacher in a school, but at the end of the play she is made Headmistress, a promotion in which she had little interest. Masha, the middle sister and the artist of the family (she was trained as a concert pianist), is married to Feodor Ilyich Kulygin, a schoolteacher. At the time of their marriage, Masha, younger than he, was enchanted by what she took to be wisdom, but seven years later, she sees through his pedantry and his clownish attempts to compensate for the emptiness between them. Irina, the youngest sister, is still full of expectation. She speaks of her dream of going to Moscow and meeting her true love. It was in Moscow that the sisters grew up, and they all long to return to the sophistication and happiness of that time. Andrei is the only boy in the family and the sisters idolize him. He is in love with Natalia Ivanovna (Natasha), who is somewhat common in relation to the sisters and suffers under their glance. The play begins on the first anniversary of their father's death, but it is also Irina's name-day, and everyone, including the soldiers (led by the gallant Vershinin) bringing with them a sense of noble idealism, comes together to celebrate it. At the very close of the act, Andrei exultantly confesses his feelings to Natasha in private and fatefully asks her to marry him.

text: Act two begins almost a year later with Andrei and Natasha married with their first child (offstage), a baby boy named Bobik. Natasha is having an affair with Protopopov, Andrei's superior, a character who is mentioned but never seen onstage. Masha comes home flushed from a night out, and it is clear that she and her companion, Lieutenant-Colonel Vershinin, are giddy with the secret of their mutual love for one another. Little seems to happen but that Natasha manipulatively quashes the plans for a party in the home, but the resultant quiet suggests that all gaiety is being quashed as well. Tuzenbach and Solyony both declare their love for Irina.

text: Act three takes place about a year later in Olga and Irina's room (a clear sign that Natasha is taking over the household as she asked them to share rooms so that her child could have a different room). There has been a fire in the town, and, in the crisis, people are passing in and out of the room, carrying blankets and clothes to give aid. Olga, Masha and Irina are angry with their brother, Andrei, for mortgaging their home, keeping the money to pay off his gambling debts and conceding all his power to his wife. However, when faced with Natasha's cruelty to their aged family retainer, Anfisa, Olga's own best efforts to stand up to Natasha come to naught. Masha, alone with her sisters, confides in them her romance with Vershinin ("I love, love, love that man"). At one point, Kulygin (her husband) blunders into the room, doting ever more foolishly on her, and she stalks out. Irina despairs at the common turn her life has taken, the life of a municipal worker, even as she rails at the folly of her aspirations and her education ("I can't remember the Italian for 'window'"). Out of her resignation, supported in this by Olga's realistic outlook, Irina decides to accept Tuzenbach's offer of marriage even though she does not love him. Chebutykin drunkenly stumbles and smashes a clock which had belonged to the Prozorov siblings' late mother, whom he loved. Andrei then vents his self-hatred, acknowledges his own awareness of life's folly and his disappointment in Natasha, and begs his sisters' forgiveness for everything.

text: In the fourth and final act, outdoors behind the home, the soldiers, who by now are friends of the family, are preparing to leave the area. A flash-photograph is taken. There is an undercurrent of tension because Solyony has challenged the Baron (Tuzenbach) to a duel, but Tuzenbach is intent on hiding it from Irina. He and Irina share a heartbreaking delicate scene in which she confesses that she cannot love him, likening her heart to a piano whose key has been lost. Just as the soldiers are leaving, a shot is heard, and Tuzenbach's death in the duel is announced shortly before the end of the play. Masha has to be pulled, sobbing, from Vershinin's arms, but her husband willingly, compassionately and all too generously accepts her back, no questions asked. Olga has reluctantly accepted the position of permanent headmistress of the school where she teaches and is moving out. She is taking Anfisa with her, thus rescuing the elderly woman from Natasha.

text: Irina's fate is uncertain but, even in her grief at Tuzenbach's death, she wants to persevere in her work as a teacher. Natasha remains as the chatelaine, in charge and in control of everything. Andrei is stuck in his marriage with two children, the only people that Natasha cares about, besides herself. As the play closes, the three sisters stand in a desperate embrace, gazing off as the soldiers depart to the sound of a band's gay march. As Chebutykin sings Ta-ra-ra-boom-di-ay to himself,[nb 1] Olga's final lines call out for an end to the confusion all three feel at life's sufferings and joy: "If we only knew... If we only knew".

text: Premiere[edit]

text: The play was written for the Moscow Art Theatre and it opened on 31 January 1901, under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. Stanislavski played Vershinin and the sisters were Olga Knipper (for whom Chekhov wrote the part of Masha), Margarita Savitskaya as Olga and Maria Andreyeva as Irina. Maria Lilina (Stanislavski's wife) was Natasha, Vsevolod Meyerhold appeared as Tusenbach, Leonid Leonidov was Solyony and Alexander was Artem Chebutykin.[4]

text: Reception was mixed. Chekhov felt that Stanislavski's "exuberant" direction had masked the subtleties of the work and that only Knipper had shown her character developing in the manner the playwright had intended. In the directors' view, the point was to show the hopes, aspirations and dreams of the characters, but audiences were affected by the pathos of the sisters' loneliness and desperation and by their eventual, uncomplaining acceptance of their situation. Nonetheless the piece proved popular and soon it became established in the company's repertoire.[5][6]

text: Notable productions[edit]

text:
Dates
Production
Director
Notes

24 May 1965
BBC Home Service
John Tydeman
English translation by Elisaveta Fen; adapted for radio by Peter Watts; cast included Paul Scofield, Lynn Redgrave, Ian McKellen, Jill Bennett, among others[7]

29 September 1979
The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon
Trevor Nunn
Version by Richard Cottrell[8]

30 August – 13 October 2007
Soulpepper Theatre, Toronto
László Marton
Version by Nicolas Billon with László Marton

29 July – 3 August 2008
Playhouse, QPAC, Brisbane
Declan Donnellan
Chekhov International Theatre Festival (Moscow), part of Brisbane Festival 2008

5 May 2009 – 14 June 2009
Artists Repertory Theatre, Portland
Jon Kretzu
Adapted by Tracy Letts[9]

12 January – 6 March 2011
Classic Stage Company, NYC
Austin Pendleton
Real-life husband and wife actors Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard starred.[10]

text:
John Gielgud's 1936–37 landmark season at the Queen's Theatre included a well-received production with Peggy Ashcroft as Irina and Michael Redgrave as Tusenbach.
In 1942, Judith Anderson portrayed Olga, Katharine Cornell portrayed Masha, Gertrude Musgrove portrayed Irina, and Ruth Gordon portrayed Natasha on Broadway. The production was significant enough to land the cast on the cover of Time on 21 December 1942, which proclaimed it "a dream production by anybody's reckoning – the most glittering cast the theatre has seen, commercially, in this generation".[11]
The 1963 inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater included a production with Jessica Tandy as Olga.
There is a filmed record of a mid-1960s production by The Actors Studio with Kim Stanley and Geraldine Page as Masha and Olga, respectively, supported by Sandy Dennis's Irina and Shelley Winters as Natasha.
American Film Theatre in 1970 filmed a version with a witty Masha from Joan Plowright opposite Alan Bates as Vershinin, with Ronald Pickup as Tusenbach and Laurence Olivier, who co-directed, playing Chebutykin. The film was based on a theatre production that Olivier directed at the Royal National Theatre in 1967.
Rosemary Harris, Ellen Burstyn and Tovah Feldshuh played, respectively, Olga, Masha and Irina at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in the 1970s with René Auberjonois as Solyony.
A 1982 production at Manhattan Theatre Club, had Dianne Wiest as Masha, Lisa Banes as Olga, Mia Dillon as Irina, Christine Ebersole as Natasha, Sam Waterston as Vershinin, Jeff Daniels as Andrei, Bob Balaban as Tusenbach, and Jack Gilford as Chebutykin.
Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre Company put one together under the direction of Austin Pendleton, with Molly Regan as Olga, Joan Allen as Masha, Rondi Reed as Natasha, and Kevin Anderson as Solyony.
The Roundabout Theatre in New York had Jerry Stiller as Chebutykin, Billy Crudup as Solyony, Eric Stoltz as Tuzenbach, Lili Taylor as Irina, Paul Giamatti as Andrei, Amy Irving as Olga, Jeanne Tripplehorn as Masha, Calista Flockhart as Natasha, and David Strathairn as Vershinin.
In 1990, the play opened at the Gate Theatre in Dublin with locally-born sisters Sinéad, Sorcha and Niamh Cusack in the title rôles and their father Cyril Cusack as Dr. Chebutykin.[12]
In 1991, sisters Vanessa Redgrave (Olga) and Lynn Redgrave (Masha) made their first and only appearance together onstage in this, with niece Jemma Redgrave as Irina at the Queen's Theatre, London.
The play was produced in 2010 at the Lyric Hammersmith by Filter with a cast including Poppy Miller, Romola Garai and Clare Dunne.[13]
In 2010, the play was adapted by for Theatre Na Fidlovačce, Prague as Tři sestry. The sisters played Andrea Černá, Zuzana Vejvodová and Martina Randová and other actors were Otakar Brousek ml. as Vershinin, Tomáš Töpfer as Doctor Chebutykin
In 2011, the play was adapted by Blake Morrison for Northern Broadsides as We Are Three Sisters, drawing out parallels with the lives of the Brontë sisters.[14]
In 2012, the play was staged at the Young Vic, directed by Benedict Andrews in his own new version. The cast included Vanessa Kirby, Mariah Gale and Sam Troughton.
In 2014, the play was staged at the Southwark Playhouse, directed by Russell Bolam. The cast included Olivia Hallinan, Holliday Grainger and Paul McGann.
In 2017, the play was staged at the Studio Theatre directed by Jackson Gay in conjunction with a modern adaption called No Sisters directed by Aaron Posner.[15]
In 2017, the play was staged by Sydney Theatre Company at the Drama Theatre, Sydney Opera House from 6 November — 16 December. The new adaptation was by Andrew Upton and the cast included Alison Bell as Olga, Miranda Daughtry as Irina and Harry Greenwood as Tusenbach.[16]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Contemporary audiences would have recognised this song, from 1892, as Chebutykin's ironic reference to the doomed affair between Masha and Vershinin — Rayfield, Donald (2005). Gottlieb, Vera, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Chekhov. London: Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 9780521589178.

tag: ol


document_title: Carnitine

question_text: l carnitine what is it made out of

question_tokens: l carnitine what is it made out of

text: Carnitine

text: Biosynthesis and metabolism[edit]

text: Many eukaryotes have the ability to synthesize carnitine, including humans. Humans synthesize carnitine from the substrate TML (6-N-trimethyllysine), which is in turn derived from the methylation of the amino acid lysine. TML is then hydroxylated into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML) by trimethyllysine dioxygenase, requiring the presence of ascorbic acid. HTML is then cleaved by HTML aldose, yielding 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde (TMABA) and glycine. TMABA is then dehydrogenated into gamma-butyrobetaine, in an NAD+-dependent reaction, catalyzed by TMABA dehydrogenase. Gamma-butyrobetaine is then hydroxylated by gamma butyrobetaine hydroxylase into L-carnitine, requiring iron in the form of Fe2+.[6]

text: Carnitine is involved in transporting fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, by forming a long chain acetylcarnitine ester and being transported by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II.[7] Carnitine also plays a role in stabilizing Acetyl-CoA and coenzyme A levels through the ability to receive or give an acetyl group.[8]

text: Physiological effects[edit]

text: Deficiency[edit]

text: Carnitine deficiency caused by a genetic defect in carnitine transport occurs in roughly 1 in 50,000 in the US. Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (SPDC) is characterized by various cardiological, metabolic and musculoskeletal symptoms that vary widely in age of onset and presentation. Prognosis is generally good with carnitine supplementation.[9]

text: Secondary carnitine deficiency may occur due to conditions such as malnutrition, poor absorption or access to only vegetables.[7]

text: Supplementation[edit]

text: Some research has been carried out on carnitine supplementation in athletes, given its role in fatty acid metabolism; however, individual responses varied significantly in the 300 people involved in one study.[vague][8] Carnitine has been studied in various cardiometabolic conditions, with a bit of evidence pointing towards efficacy as an adjunct in heart disease and diabetes. However, there are insufficient trials to determine its efficacy.[10] Carnitine has no effect on preventing mortality associated with cardiovascular conditions.[11] Carnitine has no effect on serum lipids, except a possible lowering of LDL[12] Carnitine has no effect on most parameters in end stage kidney disease, however it possibly has an effect on c-reactive protein. The effects on mortality and disease outcome are unknown.[13]

text: Male infertility

text: The carnitine content of seminal fluid is directly related to sperm count and motility, suggesting that the compound might be of value in treating male infertility. Several studies indicate that carnitine supplementation (2–3 grams/day for 3–4 months) may improve sperm quality, and one randomized, double-blind crossover trial found that 2 grams/day of carnitine taken for 2 months by 100 infertile men increased the concentration and both total and forward motility of their sperm. The reported benefits may relate to increased mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation (providing more energy for sperm) and reduced cell death in the testes.

text: Atherosclerosis[edit]

text: An important interaction between diet and the intestinal microbiome brings into play additional metabolic factors that aggravate atherosclerosis beyond dietary cholesterol. This may help to explain some benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Hazen’s group from the Cleveland Clinic reported that carnitine[14] from animal flesh (four times as much in red meat as in fish or chicken), as well as phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk, are converted by intestinal bacteria to trimethylamine (the compound that causes uremic breath to smell fishy). Trimethylamine is oxidized in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which causes atherosclerosis in animal models. Patients in the top quartile of TMAO had a 2.5-fold increase in the 3-year risk of stroke, death, or myocardial infarction.

text: A key issue is that vegans who consumed L-carnitine did not produce TMAO because they did not have the intestinal bacteria that produce TMA from carnitine.[15]

text: Sources[edit]

text: Food[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Lists are both redundant (presenting same items in list and table) and largely unsourced, and so violating WP:VERIFY Please help improve this article if you can. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Sources of carnitine[edit]

text: Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and milk are the best sources. In general, the redder the meat, the higher its carnitine content. Dairy products contain carnitine primarily in the whey fraction, in small amounts relative to red meat.[16][17][18] The carnitine content of several foods is listed in Table 1.

text:
Table 1: Selected food sources of carnitine [1]

Food
Milligrams (mg)

Beef steak, cooked, 4 ounces
56–162

Ground beef, cooked, 4 ounces
87–99

Milk, whole, 1 cup
8

Codfish, cooked, 4 ounces
4–7

Chicken breast, cooked, 4 ounces
3–5

Ice cream, ½ cup
3

Cheese, cheddar, 2 ounces
2

Whole–wheat bread, 2 slices
0.2

Asparagus, cooked, ½ cup
0.1

text: Carnitine occurs in two forms, known as D and L, that are mirror images (isomers) of each other. Only L-carnitine is active in the body and is the form found in food [1,6]. [19][20][21] However, even strict vegetarians (vegans) show no signs of carnitine deficiency, despite the fact that most dietary carnitine is derived from animal sources.[22][23] No advantage appears to exist in giving an oral dose greater than 2 g at one time, since absorption studies indicate saturation at this dose.[24]

text: Health Canada[edit]

text: Other sources may be found in over-the-counter vitamins, energy drinks and various other products. Products containing L-carnitine can now be marketed as "natural health products" in Canada. As of 2012, Parliament has allowed carnitine products and supplements to be imported into Canada (Health Canada). The Canadian government did issue an amendment in December 2011 allowing the sale of L-carnitine without a prescription.[25]

text: History[edit]

text: Levocarnitine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a new molecular entity under the brand name Carnitor on December 27, 1985.[26]


document_title: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

question_text: which movie has the most views on youtube

text: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

text: Top videos

text: The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views, as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube.[A]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader / artist
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

1.
"Despacito"[9]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
5.00
January 12, 2017
[B]

2.
"See You Again"[14]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
3.49
April 6, 2015
[C]

3.
"Shape of You"[21]
Ed Sheeran
3.42
January 30, 2017
[D]

4.
"Gangnam Style"[22]
Psy
3.13
July 15, 2012
[E]

5.
"Uptown Funk"[27]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
3.00
November 19, 2014
[F]

6.
"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster"[28]
Get Movies
2.94
January 31, 2012
[G]

7.
"Sorry"[29]
Justin Bieber
2.91
October 22, 2015

8.
"Sugar"[30]
Maroon 5
2.54
January 14, 2015

9.
"Shake It Off"[31]
Taylor Swift
2.53
August 18, 2014

10.
"Bailando"[32]
Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona
2.49
April 11, 2014

11.
"Roar"[33]
Katy Perry
2.46
September 5, 2013

12.
"Lean On"[34]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
2.29
March 22, 2015

13.
"Hello"[35]
Adele
2.28
October 22, 2015
[H]

14.
"Dark Horse"[37]
Katy Perry featuring Juicy J
2.28
February 20, 2014

15.
"Blank Space"[38]
Taylor Swift
2.28
November 10, 2014

16.
"Thinking Out Loud"[39]
Ed Sheeran
2.22
October 7, 2014

17.
"All About That Bass"[40]
Meghan Trainor
2.18
June 11, 2014

18.
"Counting Stars"[41]
OneRepublic
2.18
May 31, 2013

19.
"Chantaje"[42]
Shakira featuring Maluma
2.14
November 18, 2016

20.
"Wheels on the Bus"[43]
LittleBabyBum
2.10
August 9, 2014

21.
"Closer (Lyric video)"[44]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
2.06
July 29, 2016
[I]

22.
"This Is What You Came For"[45]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
1.96
June 16, 2016

23.
"What Do You Mean?"[46]
Justin Bieber
1.89
August 30, 2015

24.
"Baby"[47]
Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
1.86
February 19, 2010
[J]

25.
"Let Her Go"[50]
Passenger
1.83
July 25, 2012

26.
"Chandelier"[51]
Sia
1.82
May 6, 2014

27.
"Work from Home"[52]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
1.81
February 26, 2016

28.
"Rockabye"[53]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
1.80
October 21, 2016

29.
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[54]
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
1.78
June 4, 2010

30.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"[55]
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
1.74
August 2, 2016

31.
"Mi Gente"[56]
J Balvin and Willy William
1.72
June 29, 2017

32.
"Love Me Like You Do"[57]
Ellie Goulding
1.71
January 22, 2015

33.
"Faded"[58]
Alan Walker
1.63
December 3, 2015

34.
"Treat You Better"[59]
Shawn Mendes
1.55
July 12, 2016

35.
"Worth It"[60]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
1.55
March 28, 2015

36.
"Love the Way You Lie"[61]
Eminem featuring Rihanna
1.52
August 5, 2010

37.
"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)"[62]
Silentó
1.49
June 25, 2015

38.
"Rude"[63]
Magic!
1.48
December 5, 2013

39.
"Wake Me Up"[64]
Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc
1.47
July 29, 2013

40.
"Ay Vamos"[65]
J Balvin
1.47
August 29, 2014

41.
"Party Rock Anthem"[66]
LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock
1.44
March 8, 2011

42.
"Let It Go"[67]
Idina Menzel
1.43
January 30, 2014
[K]

43.
"Johny Johny Yes Papa"[69]
ChuChu TV
1.43
November 14, 2014
[L]

44.
"Vente Pa' Ca"[71]
Ricky Martin featuring Maluma
1.38
September 22, 2016

45.
"Hotline Bling"[72]
Drake
1.37
October 26, 2015

46.
"The Lazy Song"[73]
Bruno Mars
1.35
April 15, 2011

47.
"Propuesta Indecente"[74]
Romeo Santos
1.34
September 9, 2013

48.
"Starboy"[75]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
1.33
September 28, 2016

49.
"Love Yourself"[76]
Justin Bieber
1.33
November 14, 2015

50.
"Felices los 4"[77]
Maluma
1.31
April 21, 2017

51.
"Rolling in the Deep"[78]
Adele
1.31
November 30, 2010

52.
"Stressed Out"[79]
Twenty One Pilots
1.30
April 27, 2015

53.
"All of Me"[80]
John Legend
1.30
October 2, 2013

54.
"Hasta el Amanecer"[81]
Nicky Jam
1.29
January 14, 2016

55.
"The Gummy Bear Song"[82]
icanrockyourworld
1.29
October 9, 2007
[M]

56.
"Side to Side"[83]
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
1.29
August 29, 2016

57.
"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)"[84]
CNCO
1.27
October 7, 2016

58.
"Criminal"[85]
Natti Natasha featuring Ozuna
1.25
August 18, 2017

59.
"Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge"[86]
Ryan ToysReview
1.22
April 13, 2016

60.
"Burn"[87]
Ellie Goulding
1.22
July 7, 2013

61.
"That's What I Like"[88]
Bruno Mars
1.22
March 2, 2017

62.
"How Deep Is Your Love"[89]
Calvin Harris featuring Disciples
1.20
August 6, 2015

63.
"Hey Mama"[90]
David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj, Bebe Rexha and Afrojack
1.20
May 19, 2015

64.
"Summer"[91]
Calvin Harris
1.20
April 6, 2014

65.
"On the Floor"[92]
Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull
1.20
March 3, 2011

66.
"The Hills"[93]
The Weeknd
1.20
May 27, 2015

67.
"Bad Blood"[94]
Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar
1.19
May 17, 2015

68.
"Andas en Mi Cabeza"[95]
Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee
1.18
April 20, 2016

69.
"Picky"[96]
Joey Montana
1.18
June 29, 2015

70.
"Shaky Shaky"[97]
Daddy Yankee
1.18
July 14, 2016

71.
"Thrift Shop"[98]
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz
1.17
August 29, 2012

72.
"Baby Shark Dance"[99]
Pinkfong! Kids' Songs & Stories
1.16
June 17, 2016

73.
"Gentleman"[100]
Psy
1.16
April 13, 2013

74.
"Diamonds"[101]
Rihanna
1.16
November 8, 2012

75.
"Échame la Culpa"[102]
Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato
1.15
November 16, 2017

76.
"Animals"[103]
Martin Garrix
1.14
June 17, 2013

77.
"Bang Bang"[104]
Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj
1.14
August 25, 2014

78.
"New Rules"[105]
Dua Lipa
1.13
July 7, 2017

79.
"El Perdón"[106]
Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias
1.12
March 23, 2015

80.
"La Bicicleta"[107]
Carlos Vives and Shakira
1.12
July 8, 2016

81.
"El Pollito Pio"[108]
pulcinopiotv
1.12
November 29, 2012

82.
"Axel F"[109]
Crazy Frog
1.11
June 16, 2009

83.
"El Perdedor"[110]
Maluma
1.11
April 22, 2016

84.
"Mayores"[111]
Becky G and Bad Bunny
1.11
July 13, 2017

85.
"Just the Way You Are"[112]
Bruno Mars
1.10
September 8, 2010

86.
"Problem"[113]
Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea
1.09
May 30, 2014

87.
"Firework"[114]
Katy Perry
1.09
October 28, 2010

88.
"Me Rehúso"[115]
Danny Ocean
1.09
September 18, 2016

89.
"El Amante"[116]
Nicky Jam
1.08
January 15, 2017

90.
"Ahora Dice"[117]
Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin, Ozuna and Arcángel
1.08
March 19, 2017

91.
"Not Afraid"[118]
Eminem
1.08
June 5, 2010

92.
"Masha and the Bear: Bon appétit!"[119]
Get Movies
1.07
September 21, 2012

93.
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[120]
Katy Perry
1.06
June 12, 2011

94.
"Swalla"[121]
Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign
1.06
March 17, 2017

95.
"Someone like You"[122]
Adele
1.06
September 29, 2011

96.
"Somebody That I Used to Know"[123]
Gotye featuring Kimbra
1.05
July 5, 2011

97.
"Something Just like This (Lyric video)"[124]
The Chainsmokers and Coldplay
1.05
February 22, 2017

98.
"La Mordidita"[125]
Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel
1.04
June 12, 2015

99.
"Call Me Maybe"[126]
Carly Rae Jepsen
1.04
March 1, 2012

100.
"Cheap Thrills (Lyric video)"[127]
Sia featuring Sean Paul
1.04
February 11, 2016

As of April 5, 2018

text: By year of release

text: The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year, with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views, as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube.[N]

text: As of April 2018, Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with four, while Taylor Swift, Adele and Bruno Mars have three. Only Linkin Park (2007), Gummibär/icanrockyourworld (2007) and Taylor Swift (2014) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year, with both the English and French versions of Gummibär's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007. Only three videos on the list are not music videos.

text:
Year
Video name
Uploader
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

2005
"Life Goes On"[128]
fhearnoiz
0.10
September 22, 2005

"guitar"[129]
guitar90
0.09
December 20, 2005

"Hurt"[130]
beachbuggy
0.08
December 12, 2005

"Tarzan Boy"[131]
nailofgilead
0.07
November 2, 2005

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[132]
Frozentoast
0.06
September 18, 2005

Combined views (2005)
0.40
[133][134]

2006
[O]
"Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado"[135]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.49
December 28, 2006

"Ella y Yo"[136]
JosephIngma
0.33
April 27, 2006

"Evolution of Dance"[137]
Judson Laipply
0.30
April 6, 2006
[P]

"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"[138]
Fueled By Ramen
0.23
July 18, 2006

"If you are happy"[139]
Alicia Kids!
0.18
September 5, 2006

Combined views (2006)
1.53
[140][141]

2007
[Q]
"The Gummy Bear Song"[82]
icanrockyourworld
1.27
October 9, 2007

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[142]
HDCYT
0.86
May 22, 2007
[R]

"Numb"[143]
Linkin Park
0.81
March 4, 2007

"Je m'appelle Funny Bear"[144]
icanrockyourworld
0.35
October 15, 2007

"What I've Done"[145]
Linkin Park
0.35
April 3, 2007

Combined views (2007)
3.64
[140][141]

2008
"Hot n Cold"[146]
KatyPerryVEVO
0.78
October 13, 2008

"Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha"[147]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.53
September 15, 2008

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[148]
Queen Official
0.52
August 1, 2008

"Viva la Vida"[149]
Coldplay Official
0.48
August 4, 2008

"Colgando en tus manos"[150]
Carlos Baute
0.38
October 29, 2008

Combined views (2008)
2.69
[140]

2009
"Axel F"[109]
CrazyFrogVEVO
1.10
June 16, 2009

"November Rain"[151]
GunsNRosesVEVO
0.97
December 24, 2009

"Bad Romance"[152]
Lady Gaga
0.91
November 23, 2009
[S]

"You Belong with Me"[153]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
0.82
June 16, 2009

"Zombie"[154]
TheCranberriesVEVO
0.70
June 16, 2009

Combined views (2009)
4.50
[140]

2010
"Baby"[47]
Justin Bieber
1.85
February 19, 2010
[T]

"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[54]
shakiraVEVO
1.77
June 4, 2010

"Love the Way You Lie"[61]
EminemVEVO
1.51
August 5, 2010

"Rolling in the Deep"[78]
AdeleVEVO
1.30
November 30, 2010

"Just the Way You Are"[112]
Bruno Mars
1.09
September 8, 2010

Combined views (2010)
7.52
[140]

2011
"Party Rock Anthem"[66]
LMFAOVEVO
1.44
March 8, 2011

"The Lazy Song"[73]
Bruno Mars
1.34
April 15, 2011

"On the Floor"[92]
JenniferLopezVEVO
1.19
March 3, 2011

"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[120]
KatyPerryVEVO
1.06
June 12, 2011

"Someone like You"[122]
AdeleVEVO
1.05
September 29, 2011

Combined views (2011)
6.08
[140]

2012
"Gangnam Style"[22]
officialpsy
3.13
July 15, 2012
[U]

"Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша"[28]
Get Movies
2.93
January 31, 2012

"Let Her Go"[50]
Passenger
1.82
July 25, 2012

"Thrift Shop"[98]
Macklemore LCC
1.17
August 29, 2012

"Diamonds"[101]
Rihanna
1.15
November 8, 2012

Combined views (2012)
10.20
[140]

2013
"Roar"[33]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.46
September 5, 2013

"Counting Stars"[41]
OneRepublicVEVO
2.18
May 31, 2013

"Rude"[63]
ournameismagicVEVO
1.47
December 5, 2013

"Wake Me Up"[64]
AviciiOfficialVEVO
1.46
July 29, 2013

"Propuesta Indecente"[74]
RomeoSantosVEVO
1.34
September 9, 2013

Combined views (2013)
8.91
[140]

2014
"Uptown Funk"[27]
MarkRonsonVEVO
3.00
November 19, 2014

"Shake It Off"[31]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.53
August 18, 2014

"Bailando"[32]
EnriqueIglesiasVEVO
2.49
April 11, 2014

"Blank Space"[38]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.27
November 10, 2014

"Dark Horse"[37]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.27
February 20, 2014

Combined views (2014)
12.56
[140]

2015
"See You Again"[14]
Wiz Khalifa
3.49
April 6, 2015
[V]

"Sorry"[29]
Justin Bieber
2.91
October 22, 2015

"Sugar"[30]
Maroon5VEVO
2.54
January 14, 2015

"Lean On"[34]
majorlazer
2.29
March 22, 2015

"Hello"[35]
AdeleVEVO
2.27
October 22, 2015

Combined views (2015)
13.50
[140]

2016
"Chantaje"[42]
shakiraVEVO
2.14
November 18, 2016

"Closer (Lyric video)"[44]
The Chainsmokers
2.06
July 29, 2016

"This Is What You Came For"[45]
CalvinHarrisVEVO
1.96
June 16, 2016

"Work from Home"[52]
FifthHarmonyVEVO
1.81
February 26, 2016

"Rockabye"[53]
Clean Bandit
1.80
October 21, 2016

Combined views (2016)
9.77
[140]

2017
"Despacito"[9]
LuisFonsiVEVO
5.00
January 12, 2017
[W]

"Shape of You"[21]
Ed Sheeran
3.42
January 30, 2017

"Mi Gente"[56]
J Balvin
1.72
June 29, 2017

"Felices los 4"[77]
MalumaVEVO
1.31
April 21, 2017

"Criminal"[85]
Pina Records
1.25
August 18, 2017

Combined views (2017)
12.70
[140]

2018
"Dura"[155]
Daddy Yankee
0.57
January 18, 2018

"El Farsante (Remix)"[156]
Ozuna
0.52
January 30, 2018

"X (Equis)"[157]
NickyJamTV
0.41
March 1, 2018

"Amorfoda"[158]
Bad Bunny
0.40
February 14, 2018

"Finesse"[159]
Bruno Mars
0.36
January 3, 2018

Combined views (2018)
2.26
[140]

As of March 27, 2018

text: Historical most viewed videos

text: The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube's most viewed video, from October 2005 to the present.

text:
Video name
Uploader
Views*
Upload date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Despacito"[9]
LuisFonsiVEVO
2,993,700,000
Jan 12, 2017
Aug 4, 2017
245
[160]
[X]

"See You Again"[14]
Wiz Khalifa
2,894,000,000
Apr 6, 2015
Jul 10, 2017
25
[162]

"Gangnam Style"[22]
officialpsy
803,700,000
Jul 15, 2012
Nov 24, 2012
1,689
[23]
[Y]

"Baby"[47]
Justin Bieber
245,400,000
Feb 19, 2010
Jul 16, 2010
862
[48]
[Z]

"Bad Romance"[152]
Lady Gaga
178,400,000
Nov 23, 2009
Apr 14, 2010
93
[166]
[AA]

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[142]
HDCYT
128,900,000
May 22, 2007
Oct 25, 2009
171
[169]

"Evolution of Dance"[137]
Judson Laipply
118,900,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 2, 2009
176
[170]

"Girlfriend"[171][172]
RCARecords
92,600,000
Feb 27, 2007
Jul 17, 2008
289
[173]

"Evolution of Dance"[137]
Judson Laipply
78,400,000
Apr 6, 2006
Mar 15, 2008
124
[174]

"Music Is My Hot Hot Sex"[175]
CLARUSBARTEL72
76,600,000
Apr 9, 2007
Feb 29, 2008
15
[176]
[AB]

"Evolution of Dance"[137]
Judson Laipply
10,600,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 19, 2006
651
[179]
[AC]

"Pokemon Theme Music Video"[180]
Smosh
4,300,000
Nov 28, 2005
Mar 12, 2006
68
[181]
[AD]

"Myspace - The Movie"[184][185]
eggtea
2,700,000
Jan 31, 2006
Feb 18, 2006
22
[186]

"Phony Photo Booth"[187]
mugenized
3,400,000
Dec 1, 2005
Jan 21, 2006
28
[188]
[AE]

"The Chronic of Narnia Rap"[189]
youtubedude
2,300,000
Dec 18, 2005
Jan 9, 2006
12
[190]

"Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold"[191]
Nikesoccer
255,000
Oct 21, 2005
Oct 31, 2005
70
[192]
[AF]

"I/O Brush"[195]
larfus
247,000
Oct 5, 2005
Oct 29, 2005
2
[196]

As of April 6, 2018

text: *The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube's most viewed video.

text: Timeline of Most Viewed Videos (Oct 2005 - Apr 2018)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2005 - Jun 2006)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Apr 2006 - Jan 2010)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2009 - Jan 2013)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Jan 2012 - Apr 2018)