document_title: Blue whale

question_text: where is the main hunting ground for blue whales located

question_tokens: where is the main hunting ground for blue whales located

text: Blue whale

text: Taxonomy

text: Blue whales are rorquals (family Balaenopteridae), a family that includes the humpback whale, the fin whale, Bryde's whale, the sei whale, and the minke whale.[5] The family Balaenopteridae is believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Oligocene (28 Ma ago). The blue whale lineage diverged from the other rorquals during the Miocene, between 7.5 and 10.5 million years ago. However, gene flow between the species appears to have continued beyond that date. The blue whale has the greatest genetic diversity of any baleen whale, and a higher than average diversity among mammals.[14]

text: The blue whale is usually classified as one of eight species in the genus Balaenoptera; one authority places it in a separate monotypic genus, Sibbaldus,[15] but this is not accepted elsewhere.[1] DNA sequencing analysis indicates that the blue whale is phylogenetically closer to the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) than to other Balaenoptera species, and closer to the humpback whale (Megaptera) and the gray whale (Eschrichtius) than to the minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis).[16][17]

text: There have been at least 11 documented cases of blue whale-fin whale hybrid adults in the wild. Arnason and Gullberg describe the genetic distance between a blue and a fin as about the same as that between a human and a gorilla.[18] Researchers working off Fiji believe they photographed a hybrid humpback-blue whale[19] including the discovery through DNA analysis from a meat sample found in a Japanese market.[20][21]

text: The first published description of the blue whale comes from Robert Sibbald's Phalainologia Nova (1694). In September 1692, Sibbald found a blue whale that had stranded in the Firth of Forth – a male 24 m (78 ft) long – that had "black, horny plates" and "two large apertures approaching a pyramid in shape".[8]

text: The specific name musculus is Latin and could mean "muscle", but it can also be interpreted as "little mouse".[22] Carl Linnaeus, who named the species in his seminal Systema Naturae of 1758,[23] would have known this and may have intended the ironic double meaning.[24] Herman Melville called this species "sulphur-bottom" in his novel Moby-Dick (1851) due to an orange-brown or yellow tinge on the underparts from diatom films on the skin. Other common names for the blue whale have included "Sibbald's rorqual" (after Sibbald, who first described the species), the "great blue whale" and the "great northern rorqual". These names have now fallen into disuse. The first known usage of the term "blue whale" was in Melville's Moby-Dick, which only mentions it in passing and does not specifically attribute it to the species in question. The name was really derived from the Norwegian blåhval, coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun; the Norwegian scientist G. O. Sars adopted it as the Norwegian common name in 1874.[8]

text: Authorities classify the species into three or four subspecies: B. m. musculus, the northern blue whale consisting of the North Atlantic and North Pacific populations, B. m. intermedia, the southern blue whale of the Southern Ocean, B. m. brevicauda, the pygmy blue whale found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific,[25] and the more problematic B. m. indica, the great Indian rorqual, which is also found in the Indian Ocean and, although described earlier, may be the same subspecies as B. m. brevicauda.[1]

text: The pygmy blue whale formed from a founder group of Antarctic blue whales about 20,000 years ago, around the Last Glacial Maximum. This is likely because blue whales were driven north by expanding ice, and some have stayed there ever since. The pygmy blue whale's evolutionarily recent origins cause it to have a relatively low genetic diversity.[26]

text: Description

text: The blue whale has a long tapering body that appears stretched in comparison with the stockier build of other whales.[27] The head is flat, U-shaped and has a prominent ridge running from the blowhole to the top of the upper lip.[27] The front part of the mouth is thick with baleen plates; around 300 plates, each around one metre (3.3 feet) long,[27] hang from the upper jaw, running 0.5 m (20 in) back into the mouth. Between 70 and 118 grooves (called ventral pleats) run along the throat parallel to the body length. These pleats assist with evacuating water from the mouth after lunge feeding (see feeding below).

text: The dorsal fin is small;[27] its height averages about 28 centimetres (11 in), and usually ranges between 20 and 40 cm (7.9 and 15.7 in), though it can be as small as 8 cm (3.1 in) or as large as 70 cm (28 in).[28] It is visible only briefly during the dive sequence. Located around three-quarters of the way along the length of the body, it varies in shape from one individual to another; some only have a barely perceptible lump, but others may have prominent and falcate (sickle-shaped) dorsals. When surfacing to breathe, the blue whale raises its shoulder and blowhole out of the water to a greater extent than other large whales, such as the fin or sei whales. Observers can use this trait to differentiate between species at sea. Some blue whales in the North Atlantic and North Pacific raise their tail fluke when diving. When breathing, the whale emits a vertical single-column spout, typically 9 metres (30 ft) high, but reaching up to 12 metres (39 ft). Its lung capacity is 5,000 litres (1,300 US gal). Blue whales have twin blowholes shielded by a large splashguard.[27]

text: The flippers are 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft) long. The upper sides are grey with a thin white border; the lower sides are white. The head and tail fluke are generally uniformly grey. The whale's upper parts, and sometimes the flippers, are usually mottled. The degree of mottling varies substantially from individual to individual. Some may have a uniform slate-grey color, but others demonstrate a considerable variation of dark blues, greys and blacks, all tightly mottled.[5]

text: Blue whales can reach speeds of 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph) over short bursts, usually when interacting with other whales, but 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) is a more typical traveling speed.[5] Satellite telemetry of Australian pygmy blue whales migrating to Indonesia has shown that they cover between 0.09 and 455.8 kilometers (0.056 and 283.221 miles) per day.[29] When feeding, they slow down to 5 kilometres per hour (3.1 mph).

text: Blue whales typically swim at a depth of about 13 meters (43 feet) when migrating in order to eliminate drag from surface waves. The deepest confirmed dive is 506 meters (1,660 feet).[30]

text: Blue whales most commonly live alone or with one other individual. It is not known how long traveling pairs stay together. In locations where there is a high concentration of food, as many as 50 blue whales have been seen scattered over a small area. They do not form the large, close-knit groups seen in other baleen species.

text: Size

text: The blue whale is the largest animal known to have ever lived.[7][8]

text: Blue whales are difficult to weigh because of their size. They were never weighed whole, but cut into blocks 0.5–0.6 meters (1.6–2.0 ft) across and weighed by parts.[31] This caused a considerable loss of blood and body fluids, estimated to be about 6% of the total weight.[32] As a whole, blue whales from the Northern Atlantic and Pacific are smaller on average than those from Antarctic waters. Adult weights typically range from 45–136 tonnes (50–150 short tons).[33] There is some uncertainty about the biggest blue whale ever found, as most data came from blue whales killed in Antarctic waters during the first half of the twentieth century, which were collected by whalers not well-versed in standard zoological measurement techniques. The standard measuring technique is to measure in a straight line from the upper jaw to the notch in the tail flukes. This came about because the edges of the tail flukes were typically cut off, and the lower jaw often falls open upon death. Many of the larger whales in the whaling records (especially those over 100 ft (30.5 m)) were probably measured incorrectly or even deliberately exaggerated.[8] The heaviest weight ever reported was 173 metric tons (190 short tons);[6][34] for a southern hemisphere female in 1947,[6] it is likely that the largest blue whales would have weighed over 200 short tons (181 t).[8] The longest whales ever recorded were two females measuring 33.6 and 33.3 metres (110 and 109 ft), but in neither of these cases was the piecemeal weight gathered.[35] Possibly the largest recorded male was killed near the South Shetland Islands in 1926 and was measured at 31.7 m (104 ft).[36]

text: Females are generally a few feet longer than males. However, males may be slightly heavier on average than females of the same length, owing to heavier muscles and bones.[31] Verified measurements rarely exceed 28 metres (92 ft). The longest measured by Macintosh and Wheeler (1929) was a female 28.5 metres (94 ft), while the largest male was 26.45 metres (86.8 ft);[28] one of the same authors later found a male of 26.65 metres (87.4 ft) and stated that those lengths may be exceeded.[37] The longest whale measured by scientists was 30 metres (98 ft) long.[6] Lieut. Quentin R. Walsh, USCG, while acting as whaling inspector of the factory ship Ulysses, verified the measurement of a 30 m (98 ft) pregnant blue whale caught in the Antarctic in the 1937–38 season.[38] A 26.8 metres (88 ft) male was verified by Japanese scientists in the 1947–48 whaling season.[39] The longest reported in the North Pacific was a 27.1 metres (89 ft) female taken by Japanese whalers in 1959, and the longest reported in the North Atlantic was a 28 metres (92 ft) female caught in the Davis Strait.[8] The average weight of the longest scientifically verified specimens (30 metres (98 ft)) would be calculated to be 176.5 tonnes (194.6 tons), varying from 141 tonnes (155.4 tons) to 211.5 tonnes (233.1 tons) depending on fat condition.[32][40] One study found that a hypothetical 33 metres (108 ft) blue whale would be too large to exist in real life, due to metabolic and energy constraints.[41]

text: Due to its large size, several organs of the blue whale are the largest in the animal kingdom. A blue whale's tongue weighs around 2.7 tonnes (3.0 short tons)[42] and, when fully expanded, its mouth is large enough to hold up to 90 tonnes (99 short tons) of food and water.[10] Despite the size of its mouth, the dimensions of its throat are such that a blue whale cannot swallow an object wider than a beach ball.[43] The heart of an average sized blue whale weighs 400 pounds (180 kg) and is the largest known in any animal.[44] During the first seven months of its life, a blue whale calf drinks approximately 380 litres (100 US gal) of milk every day. Blue whale calves gain weight quickly, as much as 90 kilograms (200 lb) every 24 hours. Even at birth, they weigh up to 2,700 kilograms (5,950 lb)—the same as a fully grown hippopotamus.[5] Blue whales have proportionally small brains, only about 6.92 kilograms (15.26 lb), about 0.007% of its body weight,[45] although with a highly convoluted cerebral cortex.[36] The blue whale penis is the largest penis of any living organism[46] and also set the Guinness World Record as the longest of any animal's.[47] The reported average length varies but is usually mentioned to have an average length of 2.4 to 3.0 m (8 to 10 ft).[48]

text: Behaviour

text: Feeding

text: Blue whales feed almost exclusively on krill, though they also take small numbers of copepods.[49] The species of this zooplankton eaten by blue whales varies from ocean to ocean. In the North Atlantic, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thysanoessa raschii, Thysanoessa inermis and Thysanoessa longicaudata are the usual food;[50][51][52] in the North Pacific, Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa longipes, Thysanoessa spinifera, Nyctiphanes symplex and Nematoscelis megalops;[53][54][55] and in the Southern Hemisphere, Euphausia superba, Euphausia crystallorophias, Euphausia valentini, and Nyctiphanes australis.

text: An adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in a day.[56] The whales always feed in the areas with the highest concentration of krill, sometimes eating up to 3,600 kilograms (7,900 lb) of krill in a single day.[49] The daily energy requirement of an adult blue whale is in the region of 1.5 million kilocalories (6.3 GJ).[57] Their feeding habits are seasonal. Blue whales gorge on krill in the rich waters of the Antarctic before migrating to their breeding grounds in the warmer, less-rich waters nearer the equator. The blue whale can take in up to 90 times as much energy as it expends, allowing it to build up considerable energy reserves.[58][59][60]

text: Because krill move, blue whales typically feed at depths of more than 100 metres (330 ft) during the day and only surface-feed at night. Dive times are typically 10 minutes when feeding, though dives of up to 21 minutes are possible. The whale feeds by lunging forward at groups of krill, taking the animals and a large quantity of water into its mouth. The water is then squeezed out through the baleen plates by pressure from the ventral pouch and tongue. Once the mouth is clear of water, the remaining krill, unable to pass through the plates, are swallowed. The blue whale also incidentally consumes small fish, crustaceans and squid caught up with krill.[61][62]

text: Life history

text: Mating starts in late autumn and continues to the end of winter.[63] Little is known about mating behaviour or breeding grounds. In the fall, males will follow females for prolonged periods of time. Occasionally, a second male will attempt to displace the first, and the whales will race each other at high speed, ranging from 17 miles per hour (27 km/h) to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) in New Zealand. This often causes the racing whales to breach, which is rare in blue whales. This racing behavior may even escalate to physical violence between the males. Scientists have observed this behavior in multiple parts of the world, including the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and the South Taranaki Bight in New Zealand.[8][64]

text: Females typically give birth once every two to three years at the start of the winter after a gestation period of 10 to 12 months.[63] The calf weighs about 2.5 tonnes (2.8 short tons) and is around 7 metres (23 ft) in length. Blue whale calves drink 380–570 litres (100–150 U.S. gallons) of milk a day. Blue whale milk has an energy content of about 18,300 kJ/kg (4,370 kcal/kg).[65] The calf is weaned after six months, by which time it has doubled in length. The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed on 5 February 2016.[66]

text: Sexual maturity is typically reached at five to ten years of age. In the Northern Hemisphere, whaling records show that males averaged 20–21 m (66–69 ft) and females 21–23 m (69–75 ft) at sexual maturity,[67] while in the Southern Hemisphere it was 22.6 and 24 m (74 and 79 ft), respectively.[68] In the Northern Hemisphere, as adults, males averaged 24 m (79 ft) and females 25 m (82 ft) with average calculated weights of 90.5 and 101.5 tonnes (100 and 112 tons), respectively.[32] Blue whales in the eastern North Pacific population were found to be on average 0.91 meters (3.0 feet) shorter,[69] therefore with males averaging 23.3 meters (76 feet) and 80.5 tonnes (88.5 tons) and females 24 meters (79 feet) and 90.5 tonnes (100 tons).[32] Antarctic males averaged 25 m (82 ft) and females 26.2 m (86 ft),[40][67][68] averaging 101.5 and 118 tonnes (112 and 130 tons).[32] Pygmy blue whales average 19.2 meters (63 feet) at sexual maturity, with males averaging 21 meters and females 22 meters (69 and 72 feet) when fully grown,[70] averaging 76 and 90 tonnes (83.5 and 99 tons).[32]

text: In the eastern North Pacific, photogrammetric studies have shown sexually mature (but not necessarily fully grown) blue whales today average 21.7 m (71 ft), and about 65.5 tonnes (72 tons)[32] with the largest found being about 24.5 m (80 ft).[71] A 26.5 m (87 ft) female washed ashore near Pescadero, California in 1979.[72]

text: The weight of individual blue whales varies significantly according to fat condition. Antarctic blue whales gain 50% of their lean body weight in the summer feeding season, i.e. a blue whale entering the Antarctic weighing 100 tons would leave weighing 150 tons. Pregnant females probably gain 60–65%. The fattened weight is 120% the average weight and the lean weight is 80%.[40]

text: Scientists estimate that blue whales can live for at least 80 years,[35][63][73] but since individual records do not date back into the whaling era, this will not be known with certainty for many years. The longest recorded study of a single individual is 34 years, in the eastern North Pacific.[74]

text: The whales' only natural predator is the orca.[75] Studies report that as many as 25% of mature blue whales have scars resulting from orca attacks.[35] The mortality rate of such attacks is unknown.

text: Strandings

text: Blue whale strandings are extremely uncommon, and, because of the species' social structure, mass strandings are unheard of.[76] When strandings do occur, they can become the focus of public interest. In 1920, a blue whale washed up near Bragar on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It had been shot by whalers, but the harpoon had failed to explode. As with other mammals, the fundamental instinct of the whale was to try to carry on breathing at all costs, even though this meant beaching to prevent itself from drowning. Two of the whale's bones were erected just off a main road on Lewis and remain a tourist attraction.[77]

text: In June 2015, a female blue whale estimated at 12.2 meters (40 feet) and 20 tonnes (22 tons) was stranded on a beach in Maharashtra, India, the first live stranding in the region. Despite efforts by the Albaug forest department and local fishermen, the whale died 10 hours after being stranded.[78] In August 2009, a wounded blue whale was stranded in a bay in Steingrímsfjördur, Iceland. The first rescue attempt failed, as the whale (thought to be over 20 meters long) towed the >20 ton boat back to shore at speeds of up to 7 miles per hour (11 km/h). The whale was towed to sea after 7 hours by a stronger boat. It is unknown whether it survived.[79] In December 2015, a live blue whale thought to be over 20 metres (66 feet) long was rescued from a beach in Chile.[80] Another stranded blue whale, thought to be about 12.2 metres (40 feet) long, was rescued in India in February 2016.[81] Boats were used in all successful cases.

text: Vocalizations

text:
Multimedia relating to the blue whale
Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed.

A blue whale song

Recorded in the Atlantic (1)

A blue whale song

Recorded in the Atlantic (2)

A blue whale song

Recorded in the Atlantic (3)

A blue whale song

Recorded in North Eastern Pacific

A blue whale song

Recorded in the South Pacific

A blue whale song

Recorded in the West Pacific

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: Estimates made by Cummings and Thompson (1971) suggest the source level of sounds made by blue whales are between 155 and 188 decibels when measured relative to a reference pressure of one micropascal at one metre.[82][83] All blue whale groups make calls at a fundamental frequency between 10 and 40 Hz; the lowest frequency sound a human can typically perceive is 20 Hz. Blue whale calls last between ten and thirty seconds. Blue whales off the coast of Sri Lanka have been repeatedly recorded making "songs" of four notes, lasting about two minutes each, reminiscent of the well-known humpback whale songs. As this phenomenon has not been seen in any other populations, researchers believe it may be unique to the B. m. brevicauda (pygmy) subspecies. The loudest sustained noise from a blue whale was at 188 dB.[84]

text: The purpose of vocalization is unknown. Richardson et al. (1995) discuss six possible reasons:[85]

text:
Maintenance of inter-individual distance
Species and individual recognition
Contextual information transmission (for example feeding, alarm, courtship)
Maintenance of social organization (for example contact calls between females and males)
Location of topographic features
Location of prey resources

tag: ol

text: Population and whaling

text: Hunting era

text: Blue whales are not easy to catch or kill. Their speed and power meant that they were rarely pursued by early whalers, who instead targeted sperm and right whales.[86] In 1864, the Norwegian Svend Foyn equipped a steamboat with harpoons specifically designed for catching large whales.[5] The harpoon gun was initially cumbersome and had a low success rate, but Foyn perfected it, and soon several whaling stations were established on the coast of Finnmark in northern Norway. Because of disputes with the local fishermen, the last whaling station in Finnmark was closed down in 1904.

text: Soon, blue whales were being hunted off Iceland (1883), the Faroe Islands (1894), Newfoundland (1898), and Spitsbergen (1903). In 1904–05 the first blue whales were taken off South Georgia. By 1925, with the advent of the stern slipway in factory ships and the use of steam-driven whale catchers, the catch of blue whales, and baleen whales as a whole, in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic began to increase dramatically. In the 1930–31 season, these ships caught 29,400 blue whales in the Antarctic alone.[87] By the end of World War II, populations had been significantly depleted, and, in 1946, the first quotas restricting international trade in whales were introduced, but they were ineffective because of the lack of differentiation between species. Rare species could be hunted on an equal footing with those found in relative abundance.

text: Arthur C. Clarke, in his 1962 book Profiles of the Future, was the first prominent intellectual to call attention to the plight of the blue whale. He mentioned its large brain and said, "we do not know the true nature of the entity we are destroying."[88]

text: All of the historical coastal Asian groups were driven to near-extinction in short order by Japanese industrial hunts.[89] Those groups that once migrated along western Japan to the East China Sea were likely wiped out much earlier, as the last catches on Amami Oshima were between the 1910s and the 1930s,[90] and the last known stranding records on the Japanese archipelago, excluding the Ryukyu Islands, were over a half-century ago. Commercial catches were continued until 1965 and whaling stations targeting blues were mainly placed along the Hokkaido and Sanriku coasts.[89]

text: Blue whale hunting was banned in 1966 by the International Whaling Commission,[91][92] and illegal whaling by the Soviet Union finally halted in the 1970s,[93] by which time 330,000 blue whales had been caught in the Antarctic, 33,000 in the rest of the Southern Hemisphere, 8,200 in the North Pacific, and 7,000 in the North Atlantic. The largest original population, in the Antarctic, had been reduced to a mere 360 individuals, about 0.15% of their initial numbers.[12]

text: Population and distribution today

text: Since the introduction of the whaling ban, studies have examined whether the conservation reliant global blue whale population is increasing or remaining stable. In the Antarctic, best estimates show an increase of 7.3% per year since the end of illegal Soviet whaling, but numbers remain at under 1% of their original levels.[12] Recovery varies regionally, and the Eastern North Pacific blue whale population (historically a relatively small proportion of the global total) has rebounded to about 2,200 individuals, an estimated 97% of its pre-hunting population.[94]

text: The total world population was estimated to be between 5,000 and 12,000 in 2002; there are high levels of uncertainty in available estimates for many areas.[6] A more recent estimate by the IUCN puts the global population at 10,000–25,000.[11]

text: The IUCN Red List counts the blue whale as "endangered", as it has since the list's inception. In the United States, the National Marine Fisheries Service lists them as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.[95] The largest known concentration, consisting of about 2,800 individuals, is the northeast Pacific population of the northern blue whale (B. m. musculus) subspecies that ranges from Alaska to Costa Rica, but is most commonly seen from California in summer.[96] Infrequently, this population visits the northwest Pacific between Kamchatka and the northern tip of Japan.

text: North Atlantic

text: In the North Atlantic, two stocks of B. m. musculus are recognised. The first is found off Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This group is estimated to total about 500. The second, more easterly group is spotted from the Azores in spring to Iceland in July and August; it is presumed the whales follow the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the two volcanic islands. Beyond Iceland, blue whales have been spotted as far north as Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen, though such sightings are rare. Scientists do not know where these whales spend their winters. The total North Atlantic population is estimated to be between 600 and 1,500. Off Ireland, the first confirmed sightings were made in 2008,[97] since then Porcupine Seabight has been regarded as a prominent habitat for the species along with fin whales. One was sighted along Galicia, Spain, in 2017.[98]

text: Occasionally blue whales get lost in the Baltic Sea. The remnants of two blue whales have been identified in Finland.[99] One 19-meter skeleton was found on the bottom of the Gulf of Finland during the construction of Nord Stream pipeline.[100] The vertebrae of a second individual were recovered from a field near Pori on the coast of the Bothnian Sea in 1942 and identified in the Copenhagen Zoological Museum by Magnus Degerbøl.[99] Radiocarbon dating revealed the former had wondered into the Littorina Sea over 7000 years ago and perished, while the latter bones were shown to be 800–900 years old.[101]

text: North Pacific

text: Five or more subpopulations have been suggested, and several of these mainly in the western North Pacific have been considered either functionally or virtually extinct.[102] Of the populations that once existed off coastal Japan, the last recorded confirmed stranding was in the 1910s.[103] Today, call types suggest only two populations in the North Pacific.[8] Some scientists regard that historical populations off Japan were driven to extinction by whaling activities, mostly from the Kumanonada Sea off Wakayama, in the Gulf of Tosa, and in the Sea of Hyūga. Nowadays, possible vagrants from either eastern or offshore populations are observed on very rare occasions off Kushiro.[104] There were also small, but constant catch records around the Korean Peninsula and in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan; this species is normally considered not to frequent into marginal seas, such as the Sea of Okhotsk, on usual migrations. Whales were known to migrate further north to eastern Kamchatka, the Gulf of Anadyr, off Abashiri or the southern Sea of Okhotsk,[105] and the Commander Islands. Only three sightings were made between 1994 and 2004 in Russia[106] with one sighted off east coast of the peninsula in 2009,[107] and the last known occurrence in the eastern Sea of Okhotsk was in 1948.[108] In addition, whales have not been confirmed off the Commander Islands for over past 80 years.[109] In 2017, 13 or more whales were observed off Kamchatka and Commander Islands.[110][111][107] Historically, wintering grounds existed off the Hawaiian Archipelago, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands, the Philippines, Taiwan, the Zhoushan Archipelago, and the South China Sea[112] such as in Daya Bay, off the Leizhou Peninsula, and off Hainan Island, and further south to the Paracel Islands.[113] A stranding was recorded in Wanning in 2005.[114] One whale was sighted off Weizhou Island in 2017.[115] For further status in Chinese and Korean waters, see Wildlife of China.

text: As of 2014, the eastern North Pacific blue whale population had rebounded to an estimated 2,200 individuals, which is thought to be about 97% of its pre-whaling numbers.[13]

text: Southern Hemisphere and vicinity to Northern Indian Ocean

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, there appear to be two distinct subspecies, B. m. intermedia, the Antarctic blue whale, and the little-studied pygmy blue whale, B. m. brevicauda, found in Indian Ocean waters. The most recent surveys (midpoint 1998) provided an estimate of 2,280 blue whales in the Antarctic[116] (of which fewer than 1% are likely to be pygmy blue whales).[117] Estimates from a 1996 survey show that 424 pygmy blue whales were in a small area south of Madagascar (the Madagascar Plateau)[118] alone,[119] thus it is likely that numbers in the entire Indian Ocean are in the thousands. If this is true, the global numbers would be much higher than estimates predict.[120] However, slower reproduction rate of the species, along with the impacts of whaling, may affect population recoveries as the total population size is predicted to be at less than 50% of its pre-whaling state by 2100.[121]

text: Several congregating grounds are recently confirmed in Oceania, such as Perth Canyon off Rottnest Island, the Great Australian Bight off Portland, and in South Taranaki Bight and off Kahurangi Point[122] which was discovered just in 2007 and was confirmed in 2014, representing possibly a unique population based on haplotypes.[123][124] Southern blue and pygmy blue females use waters off Western Australia, and coastal areas of eastern North Island of New Zealand, from Northland waters such as the Bay of Islands and Hauraki Gulf to the Bay of Plenty in the south, as breeding and calving grounds. Whales off southern and western Australia are known to migrate into tropical coastal waters in Indonesia,[125] Philippines,[126] and off East Timor.[127] (Animals in the Philippines may or may not originate from North Pacific populations or from a pygmy blue population in the northern Indian Ocean as whales regularly appear off Bohol,[128] north of the Equator.[129][130]) At least on occasions, whales also migrate through remote islands such as Cook Islands,[131][132][133] and Chilean pelagic waters adjacent to Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez, where possibilities of undiscovered wintering grounds have been considered.[134]

text: Blue whales also migrate through western African waters such as off Angola[135][136] and Mauritania,[137] and at least whales around Iceland are known to migrate to Mauritania.[138]

text: Subspecies' distribution

text: A fourth subspecies, B. m. indica, was identified by Blyth in 1859 in the northern Indian Ocean, but is now thought to be the same subspecies as B. m. brevicauda, the pygmy blue whale. Records for Soviet catches seem to indicate that the female adult size is closer to that of the pygmy blue than B. m. musculus; the populations of B. m. indica and B. m. brevicauda appear to be discrete, and the breeding seasons differ by almost six months.[139] Along mainland Indian coasts, appearances of whales had been scarce excluding unconfirmed record(s),[140] the first blue whale since after the last stranding record in Maharashtra in 1914, was sighted off Kunkeshwar along with several Bryde's whales in May 2015.[141][142][143]

text: Migratory patterns of these subspecies are not well known. For example, pygmy blue whales have been recorded in the northern Indian Ocean (Oman, Maldives and Sri Lanka),[144] where they may form a distinct resident population.[139] Furthermore, sightings have been recorded from elsewhere in and adjacent to Arabian Sea, including from Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, coasts of Bay of Bengal including Bangladesh to Myanmar, and within the Strait of Malacca.[145][146] The first official confirmation within Thailand's EEZ occurred at Trang in 2013.[147]

text: In addition, the population of blue whales occurring off Chile and Peru may also be a distinct subspecies. Some Antarctic blue whales approach the eastern South Atlantic coast in winter, and occasionally, their vocalizations are heard off Peru, Western Australia, and in the northern Indian Ocean.[139] In Chile, the Cetacean Conservation Center, with support from the Chilean Navy, is undertaking extensive research and conservation work on a recently discovered feeding aggregation of the species off the coast of Chiloe Island in the Gulf of Corcovado (Chiloé National Park), where 326 blue whales were spotted in 2007.[148] In this regions, it is normal for blue whales to enter Fiords. Whales also reach southern Los Lagos, such as off Caleta Zorra, live along with other rorquals.

text: Efforts to calculate the blue whale population more accurately are supported by marine mammologists at Duke University, who maintain the Ocean Biogeographic Information System—Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations (OBIS-SEAMAP), a collation of marine mammal sighting data from around 130 sources.[149]

text: Threats other than hunting

text: Due to their enormous size, power and speed, adult blue whales have virtually no natural predators. There is one documented case in National Geographic Magazine of a blue whale being attacked by orcas off the Baja California Peninsula; the orcas were unable to kill the animal outright during their attack, but the blue whale sustained serious wounds and probably died as a result of them shortly after the attack.[151] In March 2014, a pack of orcas harassed a blue whale off California, with one of them biting the tip of the blue whale's tail fluke. The blue whale attempted to tail slap the orca and fled at high speed.[152] A similar incident happened on May 18, 2017 in Monterey Bay, with the orcas swimming in a line up to the blue whale's side. The blue whale fled and escaped. Orcas have virtually no chance against an adult blue whale, but may attack them on occasion anyway for their own enjoyment.[153] Up to a quarter of the blue whales identified in Baja bear scars from orca attacks.[8]

text: Blue whales may be wounded, sometimes fatally, after colliding with ocean vessels, as well as becoming trapped or entangled in fishing gear.[154] Ship strikes in particular have killed many blue whales in California.[155] In September 2007, three dead blue whales washed up in southern California after being killed by ship strikes.[8] A similar incident occurred in northern California in 2017, possibly also 2010.[156][157] Ship strikes are also a serious problem in Sri Lanka, and scientists believe this problem could be nearly eliminated by moving the shipping lanes 15 nautical miles to the south.[158] The ever-increasing amount of ocean noise, including sonar, drowns out the vocalizations produced by whales, which makes it harder for them to communicate.[150][154] Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated, even though the sonar frequency range (1–8 kHz) far exceeds their sound production range (25–100 Hz).[150] Research on blue whales in the Southern California Bight has shown that mid-frequency sonar use interferes with foraging behavior, sometimes causing the whales to abandon their feeding.[159] Human threats to the potential recovery of blue whale populations also include accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) chemicals within the whale's body.[10]

text: With global warming causing glaciers and permafrost to melt rapidly and allowing a large amount of fresh water to flow into the oceans, there are concerns that if the amount of fresh water in the oceans reaches a critical point, there will be a disruption in the thermohaline circulation.[160] Considering the blue whale's migratory patterns are based on ocean temperature, a disruption in this circulation, which moves warm and cold water around the world, would be likely to have an effect on their migration.[161] The whales summer in the cool, high latitudes, where they feed in krill-abundant waters; they winter in warmer, low latitudes, where they mate and give birth.[162]

text: The change in ocean temperature would also affect the blue whale's food supply. The warming trend and decreased salinity levels would cause a significant shift in krill location and abundance.[163]

text: In popular culture

text: Before modern whaling began in the late 19th century, blue whales were obscure and very poorly understood. They, along with other large whales were mythologized and indistinguishable from sea monsters. Even after the first specimens were described, the blue whale went by many names and scientists often described their specimens as new species. Descriptions and illustrations were inaccurate. The taxonomy was eventually resolved, but many mysteries remained.[8][36]

text: The blue whale rose from relative obscurity in the 1970s, after the release of the Songs of the Humpback Whale. The difference between the humpback and the blue whale was not well known to most people, who conflated the species in their minds. To many listeners, the haunting songs seemed like a cry for help. Environmentalists developed the image of a lonely blue whale singing out in an empty ocean, since whalers had nearly hunted the species to extinction.[8]

text: Today, the blue whale is renowned for being the largest animal ever to have lived. In part because of its legendary status, many misconceptions still exist. For example, its size is often exaggerated. Many popular sources give the maximum length as 110 feet (34 meters) or more. While such lengths were reported in the whaling records, they were not scientifically verified and were probably exaggerated. Virtually all books and articles that mention the blue whale claim that it can reach 100 feet (30 meters). This is probably true (the largest verified specimen was 30 meters, 98 feet[6] but is highly misleading as the average size is much smaller.[8][164]

text: The global population was reduced by more than 99% during the 20th century.[165] Most of this was in the Antarctic, which had been reduced to 360 individuals or about 0.15% of their original numbers; other populations were not as badly depleted. The Antarctic blue whale population is growing at the relatively rapid rate of about 7.3% per year, but it was hunted to such a low level that it remains at a tiny fraction of pre-whaling numbers.[12] The global population still requires protection, but it is not in immediate danger of extinction.[8]

text: Other myths and misconceptions include that the blue whale's arteries can be swum through, that the heartbeat can be heard from 19 miles away, and that the blue whale penis is 16 feet long.[8]

text: Museums

text: The Natural History Museum in London contains a famous mounted skeleton and life-size model of a blue whale, which were both the first of their kind in the world, but have since been replicated at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Similarly, the American Museum of Natural History in New York City has a full-size model in its Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life. A juvenile blue whale skeleton named KOBO is installed at the New Bedford Whaling Museum in New Bedford, Massachusetts.

text: The Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, features a life-size model of a mother blue whale with her calf suspended from the ceiling of its main hall.[166] The Beaty Biodiversity Museum at the University of British Columbia, Canada, houses a display of a blue whale skeleton (skull is cast replica) directly on the main campus boulevard.[167] A real skeleton of a blue whale at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa was also unveiled in May 2010.[168] The Royal Ontario Museum obtained a blue whale, which died in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2014, and began an exhibition in 2016 to display its skeleton in Toronto.[169]

text: The Museum of Natural History in Gothenburg, Sweden, contains the only stuffed blue whale in the world, with its skeleton mounted beside it. Two skeletons are held in Ukraine: in Odessa and Kherson.[170]

text: The Melbourne Museum and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa[171] both feature a skeleton of the pygmy blue whale. The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh, North Carolina, has a mounted skeleton of a blue whale.

text: The South African Museum in Cape Town features a hall devoted to whales and natural history known as the Whale Well. The centrepiece of the exhibit is a suspended mounted blue whale skeleton, from the carcass of a partially mature specimen that washed ashore in the mid 1980s. The skeleton's jaw bones are mounted on the floor of Whale Well to permit visitors direct contact with them, and to walk between them so as to appreciate the size of the animal. Other mounted skeletons include that of a humpback whale and a right whale, together with in-scale composite models of other whales, dolphins and porpoises.

text: The Tokyo National Museum in Ueno Park displays a life-sized model of a blue whale in the front. Several other institutions such as Tokai University and Taiji Whale Museum hold skeletons or skeleton models of Pygmy blue whales, while several churches and buildings in western Japan including Nagasaki Prefecture display the jawbone of captured animals as a gate.

text: Whale-watching

text: Blue whales may be encountered (but rarely) on whale-watching cruises in the Gulf of Maine[172] and are the main attractions along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and in the Saint Lawrence estuary.[154] Blue whales can also be seen off Southern California, starting as early as March and April, with the peak between July and September.[173] More whales have been observed close to shore along with fin whales.

text: In Chile, the Alfaguara project combines conservation measures for the population of blue whales feeding off Chiloé Island with whale watching and other ecotourism activities that bring economic benefits to the local people.[174] Whale-watching, principally blue whales, is also carried out south of Sri Lanka.[175] Whales are widely seen along the coast of Chile and Peru near the coast, occasionally making mixed groups with fin, sei, and Bryde's whales.

text: In Australia, pygmy blue and Antarctic blue whales have been observed from various tours in almost all the coastlines of the continent. Among these, tours with sightings likely the highest rate are on west coast such as in Geographe Bay[176] and in southern bight off Portland. For later, special tours to observe pygmy blues by helicopters are organized.[177]

text: In New Zealand, whales have been seen in many areas close to shore, most notably around the Northland coast, in the Hauraki Gulf and the Bay of Plenty.[178]


document_title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series

question_text: when does the next netflix marvel show come out

root

text: ABC series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
22
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell[1]
Released

2
22
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)

3
22
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)

4
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)

5
22[2]
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)[3]
Airing

Marvel's Agent Carter

1
8
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas, and Chris Dingess[4]
Released

2
10
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)

Marvel's Inhumans

1
8
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)[a]
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
Scott Buck[6]

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1, 2017, and ran for two weeks, before their television premiere on ABC on September 29.[5]

text: Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–)[edit]

text: Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division) agents to handle strange new cases.[7] After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader, "The Clairvoyant", were affiliated with Hydra, a terrorist organization, Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra's infiltration of, and the destruction of, S.H.I.E.L.D., while also looking to restore trust from the government and public.[8] In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s wars with Hydra and the Inhumans, a race of superhumans, Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats.[9] After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed, S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again, with Coulson returning to being a field agent, and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people–including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider–while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys.[10] Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space, where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home.[11]

tag: p

text: In August 2012, ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to be written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, and directed by Joss Whedon.[12] On April 6, 2013, ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[13] and it was officially ordered to series on May 10, 2013.[14] Jed Whedon, Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series' showrunners,[1] while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson.[15] The series was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2014,[16] a third on May 7, 2015,[17] a fourth on March 3, 2016,[18] and a fifth on May 11, 2017.[19]

text: The first season, which premiered on September 24, 2013,[20] aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor: The Dark World and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[21][22] The revelation in Captain America: The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series. Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film, Loeb said, "It's an extremely unique experience that doesn't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business."[23] The second season, which premiered on September 23, 2014,[24] introduces Inhumans to the MCU,[25] ahead of their own television series.[26] Additionally, a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race, who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy.[27] The third season, which premiered on September 29, 2015,[28] introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors, with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name,[29][30] as well as Life Model Decoys.[31] The fourth season, which premiered on September 20, 2016,[32] sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU,[33] and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange.[34][35] The fifth season premiered on December 1, 2017.[11]

text: In the first season, Samuel L. Jackson,[36] Cobie Smulders,[37] Maximiliano Hernández,[38] Titus Welliver[39] and Jaimie Alexander[40] all reprise their roles as Nick Fury, Maria Hill, Jasper Sitwell, Felix Blake, and Sif, respectively, from previous MCU films and One-Shots. In the second season, Alexander and Smulders return,[41][42] while Hayley Atwell,[43] Neal McDonough, Kenneth Choi,[44] and Henry Goodman[45][46] also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter, Timothy "Dum Dum" Dugan, Jim Morita, and List, respectively, from previous MCU films. In the third season, William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films,[47] and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character, Gideon Malick.[48]

text: Marvel's Agent Carter (2015–16)[edit]

text: In 1946, Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark, who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States. Carter is assisted by Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons.[49][50] Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II, gaining new friends, a new home and potential new love.[51]

text: By September 2013, Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One-Shot, featuring Peggy Carter,[52] and in January 2014, the series was confirmed to be in development, with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America: The First Avenger and Captain America: The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely.[53] On May 8, 2014, ABC officially ordered Marvel's Agent Carter to series.[16] Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series,[4][53] while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter.[53] The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015,[17] and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12, 2016.[54]

text: The first season, which premiered on January 6, 2015,[55] introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs, which both appear in several MCU films.[56][57][58] The second season, which premiered on January 19, 2016,[59] features the Darkforce, which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange.[60]

text: In the first season, Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America: The First Avenger.[61] James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis,[62] Stark's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S.[63] Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko, the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark.[64] Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger.[65] McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola, respectively.[66][67] In the second season, Cooper returns to reprise his role.[68]

text: Marvel's Inhumans (2017)[edit]

text: After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family, led by Black Bolt, escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world.[69]

text: In November 2016, Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel's Inhumans, to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios.[26][70] The series' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras,[71] and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, for two weeks.[5] ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29, 2017,[5] with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content, outside of the versions screened on IMAX.[26] Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX.[71] The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios, nor a spin-off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[72] Ben Sherwood, president of Disney–ABC Television Group, added that "We’ve worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios—and this is a critical point—to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing" the MCU; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films.[73] In December 2016, Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series.[6] In February 2017, Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt.[70] Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii,[74] and concluded in June.[75]

text: Netflix series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
Originally released
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Daredevil

1
13
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
Steven S. DeKnight[76]
Released

2
13
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)
Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]

3
TBA
2018 (2018)[78]
Erik Oleson[78]
Filming

Marvel's Jessica Jones

1
13
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
Melissa Rosenberg[79]
Released

2
13
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)

Marvel's Luke Cage

1
13
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
Cheo Hodari Coker[80]

2
13[81]
June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)[82]
Preparing for release

Marvel's Iron Fist

1
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
Scott Buck[83]
Released

2[84]
TBA
TBA
Raven Metzner[85]
Filming

Marvel's The Defenders

1
8
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)
Marco Ramirez[86]
Released

Marvel's The Punisher

1
13
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Steve Lightfoot[87]

2[88]
TBA
TBA
Filming

text: By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[89] That November, it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[90]

text: Marvel's Daredevil (2015–)[edit]

text: Lawyer-by-day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell’s Kitchen as Daredevil, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk.[91] Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher, a vigilante with far deadlier methods, and sees the return of his old girlfriend, Elektra Natchios.[92][93]

text: In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil, and would write and direct the first episode,[94] though at the end of May 2014, it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series, being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight. Goddard, who wrote the first two episodes, remained with the show as an executive producer. It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel's Daredevil.[76] A few days later, Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil.[95] A second season was ordered on April 21, 2015, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight, who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment.[77] A third season was ordered in July 2016,[96] with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017.[78]

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on April 10, 2015,[97] features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York,[98] as well as mentioning Carl "Crusher" Creel, who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[99] The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season.[100] The second season, which premiered on March 18, 2016,[101] features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell, who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[102] along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones.[103][104][105] The third season is slated to be released in 2018.[78]

text: In the second season, Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher,[106] before headlining his own series,[87] while Michelle Hurd and Carrie-Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones.[104][105]

text: Marvel's Jessica Jones (2015–)[edit]

text: Former superhero Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, so she opens her own detective agency to help people.[107] She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave, taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past.[108]

text: In November 2013, Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series,[79] and the following March, Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil.[109] In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series,[110] officially titled Marvel's Jessica Jones.[111] A second season was ordered on January 17, 2016.[112]

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on November 20, 2015,[113] features references to the events and characters of The Avengers.[114] In the first season, Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage,[115] a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series.[107] Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple,[116] as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney.[117] The second season, which was released on March 8, 2018,[118] sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin "Foggy" Nelson,[119] as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett[120] and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace.

text: Marvel's Luke Cage (2016–)[edit]

text: When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem, and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city.[121] After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain.[82]

text: Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series,[107][115][122] titled Marvel's Luke Cage.[80] In March 2014, Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist, being the fourth of the individual series.[109] By March 2015, it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series, beginning production after Jessica Jones.[77][123] The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum".[124] Also in March, Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series.[80] A second season was ordered on December 3, 2016.[125]

text: The first season, which premiered on September 30, 2016,[126] features references to The Avengers, the second season of Daredevil, the first season of Jessica Jones, and a flier for Colleen Wing's martial arts class, and mentions Justin Hammer, Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle.[127] Dawson,[128] Morgan, Rachel Taylor, Stephen Rider,[127] Parisa Fitz-Henley,[129] and Danny Johnson[130] reprise their roles as Claire Temple, Turk Barrett, Trish Walker, Blake Tower, Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series, respectively.

text: The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22, 2018.[82] Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season.[131]

text: Marvel's Iron Fist (2017–)[edit]

text: Danny Rand returns to New York City, after being missing for fifteen years, to reclaim his family company. However, when a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist.[132]

text: In March 2014, Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series.[109] By March 2015, it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series, entering production following Luke Cage.[77][123] The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum".[124] In April 2015, the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel's Iron Fist.[77] In December 2015, Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series.[83] In February 2016, Finn Jones was cast as Rand.[133][134] A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017,[84] with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck.[85]

text: The first season, which premiered on March 17, 2017,[132] makes references to the events of The Avengers, the Hulk, Stark Industries, Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Seagate Prison,[135] and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang, New York Bulletin editor-in-chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page,[136] Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle.[137][138] Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout.[135][138] Moss,[139] Dawson,[140] Wai Ching Ho,[141] Marquis Rodriguez,[142] Tijuana Ricks, and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth, Claire Temple, Gao, Darryl, Thembi Wallace, and Shirley Benson, respectively, in the series.

text: The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight.[84]

text: Marvel's The Defenders (2017)[edit]

text: The superheroes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team-up in New York City.[83]

text: The Defenders sees Cox, Ritter, Colter, and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Danny Rand / Iron Fist, respectively, from the previous television series.[143] In March 2014, Loeb stated that the miniseries, officially titled Marvel's The Defenders, would begin filming after Iron Fist.[144][109][123] In April 2016, Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders.[144] However, by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016,[145][146] Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner.[86] Filming concluded in March 2017.[147] The eight-episode event premiered on August 18, 2017.[148][149]

text: The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles, including, Deborah Ann Woll,[150] Henson,[151] Scott Glenn,[152] Élodie Yung,[153] Eka Darville,[154] Moss,[151] Taylor,[152] Simone Missick,[155] Jessica Henwick,[156] Dawson,[152] Ho,[157] Ramón Rodríguez,[158] Peter McRobbie,[159] Morgan,[160] Amy Rutberg, Susan Varon, and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page, Foggy Nelson, Stick, Elektra Natchios, Malcolm Ducasse, Jeri Hogarth, Trish Walker, Misty Knight, Colleen Wing, Claire Temple, Gao, Bakuto, Lantom, Turk Barrett, Marci Stahl, Josie and Nicole, respectively. Midland Circle, which was referenced in previous Netflix series,[161][162] is revealed to be an operation of the Hand, who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property.[162] The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers.[160]

text: Marvel's The Punisher (2017–)[edit]

text: Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as "the Punisher", who aims to fight crime by any means necessary.[87][163]

text: By January 2016, ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil, Netflix was in "very early development" on a spin-off series titled The Punisher, and was looking for a showrunner. The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle, and was described as a stand-alone series, outside of the series leading up to The Defenders.[164][165][166] Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin-off and were focusing on making "the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two" at the time, but did say, "I’m never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more....If we are lucky enough that through the writing, through the direction, through the actor that people want to see more of that person, terrific."[167] In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher, along with confirming Bernthal's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner.[87] Filming began in Brooklyn, New York in October 2016,[168] and concluded in April 2017.[169] A second season was ordered on December 12, 2017.[88]

text: In the first season, which was released on November 17, 2017,[170] Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett, respectively.[171][172]

text: Hulu series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First released
Last released
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Runaways

1
10
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage[173]
Released

2
13[174]
TBA
TBA
In development

text: Marvel's Runaways (2017–)[edit]

text: When six teenagers discover their parents are villains, they reluctantly unite to go against them.[173]

text: In August 2016, Marvel announced Marvel's Runaways had received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu, based on the team of the same name. The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series.[173] In February 2017, Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez.[175] Shortly after, they announced the cast of the Pride, the parents of the Runaways, with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein.[176] Hulu ordered the series in May 2017.[177] Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017,[178][179] and concluded in October 2017.[180] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on November 21, 2017.[181] Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8, 2018.[174]

text: Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange, in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan.[182][183][184]

text: Freeform series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Cloak & Dagger

1
10[185]
June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)[186]
TBA
Joe Pokaski[187]
Preparing to air

text: Marvel's Cloak & Dagger[edit]

text: Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson, two teenagers from different backgrounds, acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship. They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, "but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging."[188]

text: In April 2016, the ABC-owned network Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's Cloak & Dagger, based on the characters of the same name,[188] calling it their "first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe", and describing the show as a "superhero love story".[189] In January 2017, Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[190] Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series.[187] Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017,[191] and concluded in November 2017.[192] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes,[185] is set premiere on June 7, 2018.[186]

text: Roxxon Oil is seen in the series,[193] as is the Darkforce, which fuels Cloak's powers and was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter.[194]

text: Other series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's New Warriors

1
10[195]
2018 (2018)[195]
TBA
Kevin Biegel[195]
Pre-production

text: Marvel's New Warriors[edit]

text: Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl, Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal, Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher, Robbie Baldwin / Speedball, Zach Smith / Microbe, and Deborah Fields / Debrii,[196] are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers, who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes.[195]

text: By the end of August 2016, Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half-hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl, with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets.[197] In April 2017, Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's New Warriors, with Kevin Biegel serving as the series' showrunner and writing the first script.[195][198] In July 2017, the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal.[199] In November 2017, it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks, with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018.[200] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to air in 2018, with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series.[195][198][199]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: ABC series[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ("main") cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information.
Series seasons, within the network season, are ordered based on their premiere date.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season, or that the character's presence in the season has not yet been announced.
An R indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role for the season.
A G indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the season.

tag: ul

text:
Character
2013–14 season
2014–15 season
2015–16 season
2016–17 season
2017–18 season

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 1
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 2
Agent Carter
season 1
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 3
Agent Carter
season 2
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 4
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 5

Lincoln Campbell

Luke MitchellR [201]

Luke Mitchell[202]

Peggy Carter

Hayley AtwellG [43]
Hayley Atwell[53]

Hayley Atwell[51]

Phil Coulson
Clark Gregg[8][15]

Clark Gregg[9]

Clark Gregg[10][203]

Leo Fitz
Iain De Caestecker[8][204]

Iain De Caestecker[9]

Iain De Caestecker[10][203]

Lance Hunter

Nick Blood[205]

Nick Blood[9]

Nick BloodG [206]

Edwin Jarvis

James D'Arcy[62]

James D'Arcy[207]

Daisy "Skye" Johnson
Quake
Chloe Bennet[8][208][209]

Chloe Bennet[9][210]

Chloe Bennet[10][203]

Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie

Henry SimmonsR [211]

Henry Simmons[212]

Henry Simmons[10][203]

Melinda May
Ming-Na Wen[8][213]

Ming-Na Wen[9]

Ming-Na Wen[10][203]

Bobbi Morse

Adrianne Palicki[45]

Adrianne Palicki[9]

Holden Radcliffe

John HannahR [214]

John Hannah[215][216]

Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez

Natalia Cordova-BuckleyR [217]

Natalia Cordova-BuckleyR [218]
Natalia Cordova-Buckley[219]

Jemma Simmons
Elizabeth Henstridge[8][204]

Elizabeth Henstridge[9]

Elizabeth Henstridge[10][203]

Daniel Sousa

Enver Gjokaj[220]

Enver Gjokaj[207]

Jack Thompson

Chad Michael Murray[220]

Chad Michael Murray[221]

Grant Ward
Brett Dalton[8][222]

Brett Dalton[9]

Brett DaltonR [223]

text: Netflix series[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ("main") cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series, or that the character's presence in the series has not yet been announced.
An R indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role in the series.
A G indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the series.

text:
Character
Daredevil
Jessica Jones
Luke Cage
Iron Fist
The Defenders
The Punisher

Bakuto

Ramón Rodríguez[224][158]

Luke Cage

Mike Colter[115][122]

Mike Colter[143]

Frank Castle
Punisher
Jon Bernthal[106]

Jon Bernthal[87]

Malcolm Ducasse

Eka Darville[225]

Eka Darville[154]

Jeri Hogarth
Carrie-Anne MossG [105]
Carrie-Anne Moss[226]

Carrie-Anne MossG [139][151]

Jessica Jones

Krysten Ritter[107][110]

Krysten Ritter[143]

Mercedes "Misty" Knight

Simone Missick[227]
Simone MissickG [84]
Simone Missick[155]

Matt Murdock
Daredevil
Charlie Cox[95]

Charlie Cox[143]

Elektra Natchios
Élodie Yung[228]

Élodie Yung[153]

Franklin "Foggy" Nelson
Elden Henson[229]
Elden HensonG [119]

Elden Henson[151]

Karen Page
Deborah Ann Woll[230]

Deborah Ann Woll[150][171]

Danny Rand
Iron Fist

Finn JonesG [131]
Finn Jones[134][143]

Stick
Scott GlennR [231]

Scott Glenn[152]

Claire Temple
Rosario Dawson[232]
Rosario DawsonG [116]
Rosario Dawson[128][140][152]

Blake Tower
Stephen Rider[233]

Stephen RiderG [127]

Patricia "Trish" Walker

Rachael Taylor[234]
Rachael TaylorG [127]

Rachael Taylor[152]

Colleen Wing

Jessica Henwick[235][156]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Total viewers
(in millions)
Last aired
Total viewers
(in millions)
Average total viewers (inc. DVR)
(in millions)
Rank
18–49 rating (rank)

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
12.12[236]
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
5.45[237]
8.31
43
3.0 (20)[238]

2
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
5.98[239]
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)
3.88[240]
7.46
24
2.8 (11)[241]

3
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
4.90[242]
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
3.03[243]
5.52
85
2.0 (47)[244]

4
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
3.44[245]
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
2.08[246]
4.22
110
1.5/6 (70)[247]

5
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
2.54[248]
TBA
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

Agent Carter

1
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
6.91[249]
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
4.02[250]
7.61
29
2.4 (29)[241]

2
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
3.18[251]
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
2.35[252]
4.37
109
1.4 (88)[244]

Inhumans

1
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
3.75[253]
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
1.95[254]
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
85% (48 reviews)[255]
74 (33 reviews)[256]

2
96% (24 reviews)[257]
N/A

3
100% (14 reviews)[258]
N/A

4
94% (16 reviews)[259]
N/A

5
100% (9 reviews)[260]
N/A

Agent Carter

1
95% (42 reviews)[261]
72 (27 reviews)[262]

2
81% (16 reviews)[263]
N/A

Inhumans

1
10% (41 reviews)[264]
27 (20 reviews)[265]

Daredevil

1
98% (52 reviews)[266]
75 (22 reviews)[267]

2
74% (35 reviews)[268]
68 (13 reviews)[269]

Jessica Jones

1
92% (63 reviews)[270]
81 (32 reviews)[271]

2
88% (59 reviews)[272]
71 (18 reviews)[273]

Luke Cage

1
93% (59 reviews)[274]
79 (30 reviews)[275]

Iron Fist

1
18% (60 reviews)[276]
37 (21 reviews)[277]

The Defenders

1
74% (81 reviews)[278]
63 (30 reviews)[279]

The Punisher

1
62% (55 reviews)[280]
55 (20 reviews)[281]

Runaways

1
82% (56 reviews)[282]
68 (22 reviews)[283]

text: With the release of the second season of Daredevil, Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series "have already leapfrogged ABC’s forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal, in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and doesn’t need to be spoon-fed plot points. In the process, they have demonstrated that it’s possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics".[284]

text: After the release of the first season of Luke Cage, The Atlantic's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel's Netflix series, a common complaint to that point, stating, "After two seasons of Daredevil, one of Jessica Jones, and now one of Luke Cage, the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed, encouraging the kind of molasses-slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew. The problem isn’t that these shows are bad, necessarily... But they all take far too long to get going, by which point many viewers will have already tuned out." He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week, but rather subscribers who, if they lose interest, "can take as long as they want to catch up... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month." The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail, with Sims noting "A lot of this detail [is] good, but it could have been considerably compressed—none of the Marvel Netflix series, so far, would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes, or even 8. If Netflix shaved the 60-minute running time down quite a bit, it would likely inspire more economical—and better—storytelling from its shows." Sims concluded by saying, "What’s most frustrating of all is that Netflix isn’t getting rid of this approach anytime soon. Daredevil season three, Jessica Jones season two, Iron Fist, and The Punisher are all on their way, and each will follow the same 13-episode structure... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders, a planned crossover series... over the course of just eight episodes. Who knows? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain’s motivations within the first hour. Until then, fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series, while others are deterred from watching at all."[285] In her review for the first season of Iron Fist, Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel's Netflix series, stating, "By focusing so intently on making these series... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show (like DC's candy-colored [Arrowverse] on The CW), the problem is that they miss out on the key element: this should be fantastical entertainment."[286] With The Defenders, Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received. He said, "The Defenders is far from perfect. But it’s an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward. Shorter seasons. More team-ups. Fewer shows. Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist. If Danny Rand must persist, add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him."[287]

text: Potential projects[edit]

text: Marvel's Damage Control[edit]

text: The show follows the overworked, underpaid, clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts, rescheduling events because of the conflicts, and retrieving lost items.[288]

text: In October 2015, ABC ordered a put pilot for a half-hour live-action comedy series Marvel's Damage Control, based on the comics construction company of the same name. The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television, with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer.[288][289] In January 2016, ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was "going to be coming out this season," seemingly implying it would air in the 2016–17 television season.[290]

text: Other[edit]

text: Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series, "reinventing" an existing Marvel character or property.[291] In January 2016, Ridley confirmed that the project was "still in development". He stated that he was looking to "bring some of the socially conscious nature" of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show, while also creating something that is "straight entertainment".[292] A year later, Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley's project was still progressing, with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script.[293] Ridley added that the rewrite was not because "anything didn't work the first time around", but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series, hoping it would occupy "a space that is not currently being filled" by Marvel. He also stated that he hoped to create the series "in the near term."[294] By August 2017, Dungey was "not sure" if Ridley was still working on the project.[295]

text: In January 2016, Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC,[290] while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that "all the characters in the universe could also spin out" into their own series at some point.[166] That May, Dungey said that there were "a handful of projects in development", after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter, and that Marvel and ABC were looking "at series that would be beneficial to both brands."[296] By November 2017, Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service, which it planned to launch before the end of 2019.[297] In January 2018, Dungey noted Marvel and ABC "tried a few things that haven’t worked out as well as we would’ve liked. We developed a couple things this season that we don’t think are going to end up going forward, so we’re going to look really carefully about what we do next, because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC, so we’re going to continue to try there."[298]

text: Abandoned projects[edit]

text: By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series, which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski, would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot.[299] Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively.[300] By May 7, 2015, when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations, and new series pickups, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on.[301]

text: In August 2015, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series, titled Marvel's Most Wanted, with a pilot order.[302] Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series, while also serving as co-writers of the pilot, executive producers, and showrunners, with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer.[303] The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as "a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures."[302] In May 2016, the series was passed on by ABC once again.[304]