document_title: The Emoji Movie

question_text: when will the emoji movie be released on dvd

text: The Emoji Movie

text: Plot

text: Gene is an emoji that lives in Textopolis, a digital city inside the phone of his user Alex. He is the son of two meh emojis named Mel and Mary, and is able to make multiple expressions despite his parents' upbringing. His parents are hesitant of him going to work, but Gene insists so that he can feel useful. Upon receiving a text from his crush Addie, Alex decides to send her an emoji. When Gene is selected, he panics, makes a confusing expression, and wrecks the text center. Gene is called in by Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center, who concludes that Gene is a "malfunction" and therefore must be deleted. Gene is chased by bots, but is rescued by Hi-5, a once popular emoji who has since lost his fame due to lack of use. He tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker, and Hi-5 accompanies him so that he can reclaim his fame.

text: Smiler sends more bots to look for Gene when she finds out that he has left Textopolis, as his actions have caused Alex to think that his phone needs to be fixed. Gene and Hi-5 come to a piracy app where they meet a hacker emoji by the name of 'Jailbreak', who wants to reach Dropbox so that she can live in the cloud. The trio is attacked by Smiler's bots, but manage to escape into the game Candy Crush. Jailbreak reveals that Gene can be fixed in the cloud, and the group goes off into the Just Dance app. While there, Jailbreak is revealed to be a princess emoji who fled home after tiring of being stereotyped. They are once again attacked by bots, and their actions cause Alex to delete the Just Dance app. Gene and Jailbreak escape, but Hi-5 is taken along with the app and ends up in the trash.

text: Mel and Mary go searching for Gene and have a very lethargic argument. They make up in the Instagram app when Mel reveals that he, too, is a malfunction, explaining Gene's behavior. While traveling through Spotify, Jailbreak admits that she likes Gene just the way he is, and that he should not be ashamed of his malfunction. They make it to the trash and rescue Hi-5, but are soon attacked by an upgraded bot. They evade it and enter Dropbox, where they encounter a firewall. The gang get past it with a password being Addie's name and make it to the cloud, where Jailbreak prepares to reprogram Gene. Gene admits his feelings for Jailbreak, but she wishes to stick to her plan of venturing into the cloud, unintentionally causing Gene to revert to his apathetic programming out of heartbreak. The upgraded bot takes Gene, and Hi-5 and Jailbreak race after them on a Twitter bird summoned by Jailbreak.

text: As Smiler prepares to delete Gene, Mel and Mary arrive and are also threatened. Jailbreak and Hi-5 arrive and disable the bot, which falls on top of Smiler. Alex has since taken his phone to the store and asks to have his phone erased to fix the problem. Out of desperation, Gene prepares to have himself texted to Addie, making numerous faces to express himself. Realizing that Addie received a text from him, Alex stops his phone from getting erased, saving the emoji and finally getting to speak with Addie. Gene accepts himself for who he is and is celebrated by all of the emojis.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Smiler has been relegated to the "loser lounge" with the other forgotten and unused emotions for her crimes, wearing numerous braces due to her teeth being cracked by the bot, and playing and losing a game of Go Fish.

text: Voice cast

text:
T.J. Miller as Gene Meh, an outsider "meh" emoji who can show multiple expressions[4][9]
James Corden as Hi-5, a hand emoji representing a high five signal[6][5][10]
Anna Faris as Linda Jailbreak, a codebreaker emoji who is later revealed to be a princess emoji[10]
Maya Rudolph as Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center[11]
Steven Wright as Mel Meh, Gene's emoji father[4]
Jennifer Coolidge as Mary Meh, Gene's emoji mother[11]
Patrick Stewart as Poop, a poop emoji[5][12]
Christina Aguilera as Akiko Glitter, a "super cool" dancer that lives inside the Just Dance app[13]
Sofía Vergara as Flamenca, a flamenco dancer emoji[14]
Sean Hayes as Steven, a devil emoji[15]
Rachael Ray as Spam, a spam message[16]
Jeff Ross as an Internet troll[17]
Jake T. Austin as Alex, a human teenager who owns the phone where Gene and his emoji friends live[11]
Tati Gabrielle as Addie McCallister, Alex's crush[18]
Rob Riggle as an ice cream emoji[4][19]

text: Production

text: The film was inspired by director Tony Leondis' love of Toy Story.[20] Wanting to make a new take on the concept, he began asking himself, "What is the new toy out there that hasn't been explored?" At the same time, Leondis received a text message with an emoji, which helped him realize that this was the world he wanted to explore.[20] In fleshing out the story, Leondis considered having the emojis visit the real world. However, his producer felt that the world inside a phone was much more interesting, which inspired Leondis to create the story of where and how the emojis lived.[20] As Leondis is gay, he connected to Gene's plight of "being different in a world that expects you to be one thing," and in eventually realizing that the feeling held true for most people, Leondis has said the film "was very personal".[20]

text: In July 2015, it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation had won the bidding war against Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures over production rights to make the film,[21] with the official announcement occurring at the 2016 CinemaCon.[22]

text: On World Emoji Day on June 17, 2016, Miller was announced as the lead.[9] Leondis created the part with Miller in mind, although the actor was initially hesitant to play the role, only accepting after Leondis briefed him on the story.[23] Leondis chose Miller because "when you think of irrepressible, you think of TJ. But he also has this surprising ability to break your heart".[23] in addition Miller also contributed some re-writes.[24] In October 2016, it was announced that Ilana Glazer and Corden would join the cast as well.[6] Glazer was later replaced by Anna Faris.[10]

text: Singer Ricky Reed recorded the song "Good Vibrations" for the film.[25]

text: Release

text: In November 2015, Sony scheduled the film to be released on August 11, 2017.[26] A year later, it was moved to August 4, 2017, with Baby Driver initially taking its previous date.[27] In late March 2017, the film was moved one week earlier, to July 28, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures' The Dark Tower.[28]

text: On December 20, 2016, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[4] A second trailer was later released on May 16, 2017.[29][30] Sony promoted the release of the latter trailer by hosting a press conference in Cannes, the day before the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, which featured T. J. Miller parasailing in.[31] Variety called the event "slightly awkward",[32] and The Hollywood Reporter described it as "promotional ridiculousness".[31]

text: The film's theatrical release is preceded by Puppy!, a Hotel Transylvania short directed by Genndy Tartakovsky.[33][34]

text: Home media

text: The Emoji Movie was released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[35]

text: Controversy

text: Days prior the film's release, Sony Pictures was criticized after the film's official Twitter account posted a promotional picture of a parody of The Handmaid's Tale, featuring Smiler. The parody was considered to be "tasteless" due to the overall themes of the work, and the image was deleted afterward.[36][37]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of December 10, 2017[update], The Emoji Movie has grossed $86.1 million in the United States and Canada and $130.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $217 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[3]

text: The Emoji Movie was released alongside Atomic Blonde, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 4,075 theaters in its opening weekend.[38] The film made $900,000 from Thursday night previews and $10.1 million on its first day.[39] It went on to debut to $24.5 million, finishing second at the box office behind Dunkirk.[40]

text: Review embargoes for the film were lifted midday July 27, only a few hours before the film premiered to the general public, in a move considered among one of several tactics studios are using to try to curb bad Rotten Tomatoes ratings.[41] Speaking of the effect embargoing reviews until last minute had on the film's debut, Josh Greenstein, Sony Pictures president of worldwide marketing and distribution, said, "The Emoji Movie was built for people under 18 ... so we wanted to give the movie its best chance. What other wide release with a score under 8 percent has opened north of $20 million? I don't think there is one."[41] In the film's second weekend it dropped nearly 50%, grossing $12.4 million and finishing in 3rd.[42]

text: Critical response

text: Critics panned The Emoji Movie, calling it "unfunny and a waste of time".[7][43][44] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 9% based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 2.7/10. The site's critical consensus displays a no symbol emoji ("🚫") in place of text.[45] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 12 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a D, writing: "Make no mistake, The Emoji Movie is very, very, very bad (we're talking about a hyperactive piece of corporate propaganda in which Spotify saves the world and Sir Patrick Stewart voices a living turd), but real life is just too hard to compete with right now."[47] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film, calling it "a soul-crushing disaster because it lacks humor, wit, ideas, visual style, compelling performances, a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time".[18]

text: Glen Kenny of The New York Times described the film as "nakedly idiotic", stating that the film plays off a Hollywood idea that the "panderingly, trendily idiotic can be made to seem less so".[48] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lambasted the film as "hectic situational overkill" and "lazy" while viciously criticizing the film, writing: "There have been worse ideas, but in this case the execution isn't good enough to bring the notion of an emoji movie to funky, surprising life."[17] Writing in The Guardian, Charles Bramesco called the film "insidious evil" and wrote that it was little more than an exercise in advertising smartphone downloads to children.[49]


document_title: List of New England Patriots seasons

question_text: when was the last time tom brady lost a super bowl

root

text: List of New England Patriots seasons

text: The New England Patriots are an American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. Originally called the Boston Patriots, the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan.[1] The team became part of the NFL when the two leagues merged in 1970. The following year, they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough, and changed their name to the New England Patriots.[2]

tag: p

text: The modern NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, was founded in the 1966 season; the first four were contested between the champions of the AFL and the NFL.[3] After the merger, the Super Bowl became the united league's championship. The Patriots made the 1963 AFL Championship Game, but struggled severely in the early years of the united league, not making the postseason until 1976. After a few good seasons including a Super Bowl appearance against a champion Bears outfit, the Patriots reached a nadir between 1989 and 1993 when they won only 19 of 80 games.

text: Since Bill Belichick was hired as the team's head coach in 2000, the Patriots have finished first or second in the AFC East every year except Belichick's first season, with both second-place finishes caused by tiebreakers. Over that time, they have won five Super Bowls, eight AFC Championship Games, and fourteen AFC East titles, while amassing a regular season record of 201–71.[4] The team's quarterback over that same period, Tom Brady, has been awarded the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP)[5][6] three times, and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player four times; he is one of only five players named Super Bowl MVP more than once, and the only one named 4 times.[7]

text: The Patriots have won five Super Bowl championships (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI). They also played in and lost Super Bowls XX, XXXI, XLII, XLVI, and Super Bowl LII. During the 2007 regular season, the Patriots became the only NFL team in history to win 16 games, and the first since the 1972 Miami Dolphins (in a 14-game season) to complete the regular campaign undefeated.[8] Belichick's Patriots are one of only two teams to win three Super Bowls in four years (the other being the Dallas Cowboys from 1993 to 1996).[9]

text: Overall, the Patriots have made 24 playoff appearances, one of which was before the merger. Since the merger, they have played fourteen AFC Championship Games, winning ten of them to advance to the Super Bowl.[10] In the Patriots' 56-year history, they have an overall regular season record of 476 wins, 383 losses, and 9 ties, plus an overall postseason record of 32 wins and 19 losses. In the 2017 NFL season, the Patriots reached their 10th Super Bowl, breaking their own record for most Super Bowl appearances by any organization of all time.[11]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
AFL champions (1960–1969)
Super Bowl champions (1966–present)
Conference champions
Division champions
Wild Card berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

tag: table

text:
Season[a]
Team[a]
League
Conference
Division
Regular season[a]
Postseason results
Awards[Key]
Head coaches

Finish
Won
Lost
Ties

Boston Patriots

1960
1960
AFL
—
Eastern
4th
5
9
0

Lou Saban

1961
1961
AFL
—
Eastern
2nd
9
4
1

Lou Saban (2–3)
Mike Holovak (7–1–1)

1962
1962
AFL
—
Eastern
2nd
9
4
1

Mike Holovak

1963
1963
AFL
—
Eastern
1st
7
6
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 26–8
Lost AFL Championship (at Chargers) 10–51

1964
1964
AFL
—
Eastern
2nd
10
3
1

Gino Cappelletti (MVP)[12]

1965
1965
AFL
—
Eastern
3rd
4
8
2

1966
1966
AFL
—
Eastern
2nd
8
4
2

Jim Nance (MVP)[13]

1967
1967
AFL
—
Eastern
5th
3
10
1

1968
1968
AFL
—
Eastern
4th
4
10
0

1969
1969
AFL
—
Eastern
3rd
4
10
0

Clive Rush

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
East
5th
2
12
0

Clive Rush (1–6)
John Mazur (1–6)

New England Patriots

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
8
0

John Mazur

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
East
5th
3
11
0

John Mazur (2–7)
Phil Bengtson (1–4)

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
5
9
0

Chuck Fairbanks

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
7
7
0[b]

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
East
5th
3
11
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
East
2nd[c]
11
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 21–24
Mike Haynes (DROY)[14]

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
5
0

1978[d]
1978
NFL
AFC
East
1st[e]
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Oilers) 14–31[15]

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

Ron Erhardt

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
East
5th
2
14
0

1982
1982
NFL
AFC
[f]
7th
5
4
0
Lost First Round (at Dolphins) 13–28

Ron Meyer

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
8
8
0

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

Ron Meyer (5–3)
Raymond Berry (4–4)

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Jets) 26–14
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (at Dolphins) 31–14
Lost Super Bowl XX (vs. Bears) 10–46

Raymond Berry

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 17–22

1987[g]
1987
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
8
7
0

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

John Stephens (OROY)[16]

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
East
4th
5
11
0

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
East
5th
1
15
0

Rod Rust

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Leonard Russell (OROY)[17]
Dick MacPherson

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
East
5th
2
14
0

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
East
4th
5
11
0

Bill Parcells

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
East
2nd[h]
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Browns) 13–20
Bill Parcells (COY)[18]

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Curtis Martin (OROY)[19]

1996
1996
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Steelers) 28–3
Won Conference Championship (Jaguars) 20–6
Lost Super Bowl XXXI (vs. Packers) 21–35

1997
1997
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Dolphins) 17–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 6–7

Pete Carroll

1998
1998
NFL
AFC
East
4th
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Jaguars) 10–25

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
East
5th
8
8
0

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
East
5th
5
11
0

Bill Belichick

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
East
1st[i]
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 16–13 (OT)
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 24–17
Won Super Bowl XXXVI (1) (vs. Rams) 20–17
Tom Brady (SB MVP)[20]

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
East
2nd[j]
9
7
0

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Titans) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 24–14
Won Super Bowl XXXVIII (2) (vs. Panthers) 32–29
Tom Brady (SB MVP)[21]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 20–3
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 41–27
Won Super Bowl XXXIX (3) (vs. Eagles) 24–21
Deion Branch (SB MVP)[23]

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Jaguars) 28–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 13–27
Tedy Bruschi (CBPOY)[24]

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Jets) 37–16
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 24–21
Lost Conference Championship (at Colts) 34–38

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
East
1st
16
0
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Jaguars) 31–20
Won Conference Championship (Chargers) 21–12
Lost Super Bowl XLII (vs. Giants) 14–17
Tom Brady (MVP, OPOY)[5][25]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
East
2nd[k]
11
5
0

Jerod Mayo (DROY)[26]

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 14–33
Tom Brady (CBPOY)[27]

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Jets) 21–28
Tom Brady (MVP, OPOY)[6][28]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Broncos) 45–10
Won Conference Championship (Ravens) 23–20
Lost Super Bowl XLVI (vs. Giants) 17–21

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Texans) 41–28
Lost Conference Championship (Ravens) 13–28

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 43–22
Lost Conference Championship (at Broncos) 16–26

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Ravens) 35–31
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 45–7
Won Super Bowl XLIX (4) (vs. Seahawks) 28–24
Rob Gronkowski (CBPOY)
Tom Brady (SB MVP)[29]

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–20
Lost Conference Championship (at Broncos) 18–20

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Texans) 34–16
Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 36–17
Won Super Bowl LI (5) (vs. Falcons) 34–28 (OT)
Tom Brady (SB MVP)

2017
2017
NFL
AFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Titans) 35–14
Won Conference Championship (Jaguars) 24–20
Lost Super Bowl LII (vs. Eagles) 33–41
Tom Brady (MVP)

Total
489
386
9
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

34
20
—
All-time postseason record (1960–2017)[30]

523
406
9
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)

text:
Key for the "Awards" sectionKey

ASG MVP
American Football League All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award

CBPOY
National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award

DROY
National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award

OROY
National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award

COY
National Football League Coach of the Year Award

OPOY
National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award

DPOY
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award

MVP
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award

SB MVP
Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The Season column links to an article about each season in the league (AFL for 1960–1969; NFL for 1970–present). The Team column links to an article about the Patriots' season that year. The Finish, Won, Lost, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular season and postseason results are combined only at the bottom of the list. In the Finish column, a "T-" indicates a tie for that position.
b Beginning in 1974, the NFL began playing a 15-minute sudden-death overtime period if a regular season game finished regulation tied. Since this change, ties have been rarer.[31]
c The Patriots and the Baltimore Colts finished tied. However, the Colts finished ahead of New England based on a better division record (7–1 to Patriots' 6–2).[32]
d The NFL expanded from a 14-game regular season schedule to 16 beginning in 1978.[33]
e The Patriots and Miami Dolphins finished the 1978 season with the same record. However, the Patriots were awarded the Division Championship based on a better division record (6–2 to the Dolphins' 5–3).[32]
f The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 regular seasons games to nine due to a players' strike. For playoff seedings, division standings were ignored and eight teams from each conference were seeded one through eight based on their regular season records.[34]
g The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 regular season games to 15 due to a players' strike.[35]
h The Patriots and Dolphins finished the 1994 season tied. As the Dolphins had defeated the Patriots in both regular season meetings, the Dolphins were named division champions and the Patriots received a Wild Card berth in the playoffs.[36]
i The Patriots and the Dolphins finished the 2001 season with the same record. However, the Patriots were named Division Champions based on a better division record (6–2 to the Dolphins' 5–3).[37]
j The Patriots, Dolphins, and New York Jets finished the season with 9–7 records in 2002. For having the best record against common opponents, the Jets were awarded the division championship. Neither the Patriots nor the Dolphins qualified for the playoffs.[38]
k The Patriots, Dolphins, and Baltimore Ravens (AFC North) finished the 2008 season tied with identical 11–5 records. As the Dolphins and Ravens had 8–4 records within the AFC, and the Patriots a 7–5 AFC record, the Dolphins were awarded the AFC East title, and the Ravens were given a Wild Card berth in the playoffs. The Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs.[39]
l Years here refer to the year in which the season was played. Playoff games are commonly played in the January and February of the following year.

tag: ul


document_title: Nerd

question_text: when did the word nerd come into use

question_tokens: when did the word nerd come into use

text: Nerd

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The first documented appearance of the word nerd is as the name of a creature in Dr. Seuss's book If I Ran the Zoo (1950), in which the narrator Gerald McGrew claims that he would collect "a Nerkle, a Nerd, and a Seersucker too" for his imaginary zoo.[3][5][6] The slang meaning of the term dates to the next year, 1951, when Newsweek magazine reported on its popular use as a synonym for drip or square in Detroit, Michigan.[7] By the early 1960s, usage of the term had spread throughout the United States, and even as far as Scotland.[8][9] At some point, the word took on connotations of bookishness and social ineptitude.[5]

text: An alternate spelling,[10] as nurd or gnurd, also began to appear in the mid-1960s or early 1970s.[11] Author Philip K. Dick claimed to have coined the "nurd" spelling in 1973, but its first recorded use appeared in a 1965 student publication at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI).[12][13] Oral tradition there holds that the word is derived from knurd (drunk spelled backward), which was used to describe people who studied rather than partied. The term gnurd (spelled with the "g") was in use at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by 1965.[14] The term "nurd" was also in use at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as early as 1971 but was used in the context for the proper name of a fictional character in a satirical "news" article.[15]

text: The Online Etymology Dictionary speculates that the word is an alteration of the 1940s term "nert" (meaning "stupid or crazy person"), which is itself an alteration of "nut" (nutcase).[16]

text: The term was popularized in the 1970s by its heavy use in the sitcom Happy Days.[17]

text: Nerd stereotype[edit]

text: Because of the nerd stereotype, many smart people are often thought of as nerdy. This belief can be harmful, as it can cause high-school students to "switch off their lights" out of fear of being branded as a nerd,[18] and cause otherwise appealing people to be nerdy simply for their intellect. It was once thought that intellectuals were nerdy because they were envied. However, Paul Graham stated in his essay, "Why Nerds are Unpopular", that intellect is neutral, meaning that you are neither loved nor despised for it. He also states that it is only the correlation that makes smart teens automatically seem nerdy, and that a nerd is someone that is not socially adept enough. Additionally, he says that the reason why many smart kids are unpopular is that they "don't have time for the activities required for popularity."[19]

text: Stereotypical nerd appearance, often lampooned in caricatures, includes very large glasses, braces, severe acne and pants worn high at the waist. In the media, many nerds are males, portrayed as being physically unfit, either overweight or skinny due to lack of physical exercise.[20][21] It has been suggested by some, such as linguist Mary Bucholtz, that being a nerd may be a state of being "hyperwhite" and rejecting African-American culture and slang that "cool" white children use.[22] However, after the Revenge of the Nerds movie franchise (with multicultural nerds), and the introduction of the Steve Urkel character on the television series Family Matters, nerds have been seen in all races and colors as well as more recently being a frequent young Asian or Indian male stereotype in North America. Portrayal of "nerd girls", in films such as She's Out of Control, Welcome to the Dollhouse and She's All That depicts that smart but nerdy women might suffer later in life if they do not focus on improving their physical attractiveness.[23]

text: In the United States, a 2010 study published in the Journal of International and Intercultural Communication indicated that Asian Americans are perceived as most likely to be nerds, followed by White Americans, while non-White Hispanics and Black Americans were perceived as least likely to be nerds. These stereotypes stem from concepts of Orientalism and Primitivism, as discussed in Ron Eglash's essay Race, Sex, and Nerds: From Black Geeks to Asian American Hipsters.[24] Among Whites, Jews are perceived as the most nerdy and are stereotyped in similar ways to Asians.[25]

text: Nerd pride[edit]

text: The rise of Silicon Valley and the American computer industry at large has allowed many so-called nerdy people to accumulate large fortunes. Many stereotypically nerdy interests, such as superhero and science fiction works, are now popular culture hits.[26] Some measures of nerdiness are now allegedly considered desirable, as, to some, it suggests a person who is intelligent, respectful, interesting, and able to earn a large salary. Stereotypical nerd qualities are evolving, going from awkwardness and social ostracism to an allegedly more widespread acceptance and sometimes even celebration of their differences.[27]

text: Johannes Grenzfurthner, researcher, self-proclaimed nerd and director of nerd documentary Traceroute, reflects on the emergence of nerds and nerd culture:

text: I think that the figure of the nerd provides a beautiful template for analyzing the transformation of the disciplinary society into the control society. The nerd, in his cliche form, first stepped out upon the world stage in the mid-1970s, when we were beginning to hear the first rumblings of what would become the Cambrian explosion of the information society. The nerd must serve as comic relief for the future-anxieties of Western society. [...] The germ cell of burgeoning nerdism is difference. The yearning to be understood, to find opportunities to share experiences, to not be left alone with one's bizarre interest. At the same time one derives an almost perverse pleasure from wallowing in this deficit. Nerds love deficiency: that of the other, but also their own. Nerds are eager explorers, who enjoy measuring themselves against one another and also compete aggressively. And yet the nerd's existence also comprises an element of the occult, of mystery. The way in which this power is expressed or focused is very important.

text: In the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds Robert Carradine worked to embody the nerd stereotype; in doing so, he helped create a definitive image of nerds.[29] Additionally, the storyline presaged, and may have helped inspire, the "nerd pride" that emerged in the 1990s.[citation needed] American Splendor regular Toby Radloff claims this was the movie that inspired him to become "The Genuine Nerd from Cleveland, Ohio."[30] In the American Splendor film, Toby's friend, American Splendor author Harvey Pekar, was less receptive to the movie, believing it to be hopelessly idealistic, explaining that Toby, an adult low income file clerk, had nothing in common with the middle class kids in the film who would eventually attain college degrees, success, and cease being perceived as nerds. Many, however, seem to share Radloff's view, as "nerd pride" has become more widespread in the years since. MIT professor Gerald Sussman, for example, seeks to instill pride in nerds:

text: My idea is to present an image to children that it is good to be intellectual, and not to care about the peer pressures to be anti-intellectual. I want every child to turn into a nerd – where that means someone who prefers studying and learning to competing for social dominance, which can unfortunately cause the downward spiral into social rejection.

text: The popular computer-related news website Slashdot uses the tagline "News for nerds. Stuff that matters." The Charles J. Sykes quote "Be nice to nerds. Chances are you'll end up working for one" has been popularized on the Internet and incorrectly attributed to Bill Gates.[32] In Spain, Nerd Pride Day has been observed on May 25 since 2006,[33] the same day as Towel Day, another somewhat nerdy holiday.[34] The date was picked because it's the anniversary of the release of Star Wars: A New Hope.[35]

text: An episode from the animated series Freakazoid, titled "Nerdator", includes the use of nerds to power the mind of a Predator-like enemy. Towards the middle of the show, he gave this speech. :

text: ...most nerds are shy ordinary-looking types with no interest in physical activity. But, what they lack in physical prowess they make up in brains. Tell me, who writes all the best selling books? Nerds. Who makes all the top grossing movies? Nerds. Who designs computer programs so complex that only they can use them? Nerds. And who is running for high public office? No one but nerds. ... Without nerds to lead the way, the governments of the world will stumble, they'll be forced to seek guidance from good-looking, but vapid airheads.[36]

text: The Danish reality TV show FC Zulu, known in the internationally franchised format as FC Nerds, established a format wherein a team of nerds, after two or three months of training, competes with a professional soccer team.[37]

text: Some commentators consider that the word is devalued when applied to people who adopt a sub-cultural pattern of behaviour, rather than being reserved for people with a marked ability.[38]

text: Although originally being predominately an American stereotype, Nerd culture has grown across the globe and is now more acceptable and common than ever. Australian events such as Oz Comic-Con (a large comic book and Cosplay convention, similar to San Diego Comic-Con International) and Supernova, are incredibly popular events among the culture of people who identify themselves as nerds. In 2016, Oz Comic-Con in Perth saw almost 20,000 cos-players and comic book fans meet to celebrate the event, hence being named a "professionally organised Woodstock for geeks".[39]

text: Bullying[edit]

text: Nerds are often the target of bullying due to a range of reasons that may include physical appearance or social background.[20] Paul Graham has suggested that the reason nerds are frequently singled out for bullying is their indifference to popularity, in the face of a youth culture that views popularity as paramount.[19] However, research findings suggest that bullies are often as socially inept as their academically better-performing victims,[40] and that popularity fails to confer protection from bullying.[41] Other commentators have pointed out that pervasive harassment of intellectually-oriented youth began only in the mid-twentieth century[42][43] and some have suggested that its cause involves jealousy over future employment opportunities and earning potential.[44]

text: In film, television, and music[edit]

text: Film has seen several memorable nerdy characters including, but not limited to: Anthony Michael Hall's character of Brian Johnson in The Breakfast Club, Dr Spencer Reid from Criminal Minds, Fogell from Superbad, Peter Parker from the Spider-Man franchise, Hermione Granger from the Harry Potter franchise, Lewis Skolnick and Gilbert Lowe from Revenge of the Nerds, Steve Carell's character of Andy Stitzer in The 40-Year-Old Virgin, and various characters in The Big Bang Theory and Silicon Valley.[45] The parody song and music video "White & Nerdy" by "Weird Al" Yankovic also prominently features and celebrates aspects of nerd culture.[46]


document_title: Middle Way

question_text: the eightfold path which is the middle path in buddhism is between the extremes of

text: Middle Way

text: Theravada Buddhism and the Pali canon[edit]

text: Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta[edit]

text: In the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism, the term "Middle Way" was used in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which the Buddhist tradition regards to be the first teaching that the Buddha delivered after his awakening.[b] In this sutta, the Buddha describes the Noble Eightfold Path as the middle way of moderation, between the extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification:[2]

text: Monks, these two extremes ought not to be practiced by one who has gone forth from the household life. There is addiction to indulgence of sense-pleasures, which is low, coarse, the way of ordinary people, unworthy, and unprofitable; and there is addiction to self-mortification, which is painful, unworthy, and unprofitable.

text: Avoiding both these extremes, the Tathagata (the Perfect One) has realized the Middle Path; it gives vision, gives knowledge, and leads to calm, to insight, to enlightenment and to Nibbana. And what is that Middle Path realized by the Tathagata...? It is the Noble Eightfold path, and nothing else, namely: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.[3]

text: According to the scriptural account, when the Buddha delivered the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, he was addressing five ascetics with whom he had previously practiced severe austerities.[c] Thus, it is this personal context as well as the broader context of Indian shramanic practices that gives particular relevancy to the caveat against the extreme (Pali: antā) of self-mortification (Pali attakilamatha).

text: Later Pali literature has also used the phrase Middle Way to refer to the Buddha's teaching of dependent origination as a view between the extremes[2] of eternalism and annihilationism.

text: Dependent Origination[edit]

text: Pratītyasamutpāda, or "dependent origination", describes the existence of objects and phenomena as the result of causes. When one of these causes changes or disappears, the resulting object or phenomena will also change or disappear, as will the objects or phenomena depending on the changing object or phenomena. Thus, there is nothing with an eternal self or atman, only mutually dependent origination and existence. However, the absence of an eternal atman does not mean there is nothing at all. Early Buddhism adheres to a realistic approach which does not deny existence as such, but denies the existence of eternal and independent substances. This view is the Middle Way between eternalism and annihilationism:

text: The understanding that sees a "person" as subsisting in the causal connectedness of dependent arising is often presented in Buddhist thought as "the middle" (madhyama/majjhima) between the views of "eternalism" (śaśvata-/sassata-vāda) and "annihilationism" (uccheda-vāda).[4][d]

text: Anatta[edit]

text: Dependent origination views human persons too as devoid of a personal essence or atman. In Theravadin literature, this usage of the term "Middle Way" can be found in 5th century CE Pali commentaries:

text: The Tathāgata teaches the Dhamma by the middle without veering to either of these extremes – eternalism or annihilationism – having abandoned them without reservation. He teaches while being established in the middle way. What is that Dhamma? By the formula of dependent origination, the effect is shown to occur through the cause and to cease with the cessation of the cause, but no agent or experiencer [...] is described.[5]

text: In the Visuddhimagga, the following is found :

text: "Dependent origination" (paticca-samuppada) represents the middle way, which rejects the doctrines, 'He who acts is he who reaps' and 'One acts while another reaps' (S.ii.20) ..."[6]

text: In the Pali Canon itself, this view is not explicitly called the "Middle Way" but is literally referred to as "teaching by the middle" (majjhena dhamma).

text: Rebirth[edit]

text: Paticcasamuppāda "dependent origination" also gives a rationale for rebirth:

text: Conditioned Arising is [...] a 'Middle Way' which avoids the extremes of 'eternalism' and 'annihilationism': the survival of an eternal self, or the total annihilation of a person at death.[7]

text:
In Theravadin soteriology, the principle of anattā means there is neither a permanent self nor complete annihilation of the person at death; there is only the arising and ceasing of causally related phenomena.[e]
Paticcasamuppāda also describes the Twelve Nidānas of dukkha "suffering" that lead to rebirth, from avijjā "ignorance" to jarāmaraṇa "aging and death", and the parallel reverse-order interdependent cessation of these factors.

text: In Theravada Buddhism, only nibbana is unconditioned; nonetheless, even the arahant or tathāgata, upon passing, neither exists nor non-exists according to the Pāli Canon.

text: Mahayana[edit]

text: In Mahayana Buddhism, the Middle Way refers to the insight into śūnyatā "emptiness" that transcends the extremes of existence and non-existence, the two truths doctrine. According to Kalupahana,

text: Two aspects of the Buddha's teachings, the philosophical and the practical, which are mutually dependent, are clearly enunciated in two discourses, the Kaccāyanagotta-sutta and the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta, both of which are held in high esteem by almost all schools of Buddhism in spite of their sectarian rivalries. The Kaccāyanagotta-sutta, quoted by almost all the major schools of Buddhism, deals with the philosophical "middle path", placed against the backdrop of two absolutistic theories in Indian philosophy, namely, permanent existence (atthitaa) propounded in the early Upanishads and nihilistic non-existence (natthitā) suggested by the Materialists.[8]

text: Madhyamaka[edit]

text: In Mahayana Buddhism, the Madhyamaka ("Middle Way") school portrays a "middle way" position between metaphysical claims that things ultimately either exist or do not exist.[9] Nagarjuna's influential Mūlamadhyamakakārikā deconstructs the usage of terms describing reality, leading to the insight into śūnyatā "emptiness". It contains only one reference to a sutta, the Kaccāyanagotta Sutta from the Samyutta Nikaya:

text:
"Everything exists": That is one extreme.
"Everything doesn't exist": That is a second extreme.
Avoiding these two extremes,
The Tathagata teaches the Dhamma via the middle.[10]

text: East Asian conceptions[edit]

text: Tendai[edit]

text: In the Tendai school, the Middle Way refers to the synthesis of the thesis that all things are śūnyatā and the antithesis that all things have phenomenal existence.[11]

text: Chan Buddhism[edit]

text: In Chan Buddhism, the Middle Way describes the realization of being free of the one-sidedness of perspective that takes the extremes of any polarity as objective reality. In chapter ten of the Platform Sutra, Huineng gives instructions for the teaching of the Dharma. Huineng enumerates 36 basic oppositions of consciousness and explains how the Way is free from both extremes:

text: If one asks about the worldly, use the paired opposite of the saintly; if asking about the saintly use the paired opposite of the worldly. The mutual causation of the Way of dualities, gives birth to the meaning of the Middle Way. So, for a single question, a single pair of opposites, and for other questions the single [pair] that accords with this fashion, then you do not lose the principle.[12][f]


document_title: Bobby Joe Hill

question_text: who plays bobby joe hill in glory road

question_tokens: who plays bobby joe hill in glory road

text: Bobby Joe Hill

text:
Bobby Joe HillPersonal informationBorn
(1943-06-12)June 12, 1943Highland Park, MichiganDied
December 8, 2002(2002-12-08) (aged 59)El Paso, TexasListed height
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Career informationHigh school
Highland Park HS (Highland Park, MI)College
UTEP (1961–1966)NBA draft
1966 / UndraftedPosition
GuardCareer highlights and awards
NCAA champion (1966)

text: Tyrone Bobby Joe Hill (June 12, 1943 – December 8, 2002) was an American basketball player and was the leading scorer of the 1965–66 Texas Western College (now the University of Texas at El Paso) team,[1] helping the Miners win the 1966 NCAA basketball championship. The victory is considered one of the most important wins in sports history[citation needed] – Texas Western started an all-black starting lineup, against the all-white University of Kentucky.

text: Bobby Joe Hill was the 5'11 point guard from Highland Park, Michigan on the Texas Western college basketball team that won the national title in 1966. Texas Western's win over the top-ranked Kentucky team, nicknamed "Rupp's Runts," in the title game in College Park, Maryland, is considered one of the most historic games in the annals of college basketball. The school's all-black starting five defeated a white Kentucky team, 72–65. Bobby Joe Hill was one of the most prominent players on the court. In the first half, he stole the ball from both Louie Dampier and Tommy Kron twice within the span of a minute and converted both steals into easy layups. He led all scorers with twenty points, and his plays were complemented by talented teammates Harry Flournoy, Nevil Shed, David Lattin, and Willie Worsley. Don Haskins coached Texas Western, and Adolph Rupp directed Kentucky. The Miners' victory over the Kentucky Wildcats was a landmark event in the history of civil right and sports desegregation, comparable to Jackie Robinson's baseball tenure with the Brooklyn Dodgers, decisively proving that color of skin has no bearing on talent and ability. Of note is that Don Haskins and the entire Texas Western squad rose above racial threats, insults, vandalism, and violence throughout the 1965–1966 season to their against-all-odds triumph.

text: Bobby Joe Hill stayed in El Paso after his Texas Western career, married his college sweetheart Walltina Malachi, and retired as an executive with El Paso Natural Gas. He died in 2002 of a heart attack at age 59, the first player from the starting lineup to die. Bobby Joe Hill is interred at Restlawn Memorial Park in El Paso, Texas.[2][3]

text: The story of Bobby Joe Hill and the 1966 Texas Western national championship has been immortalized in the film Glory Road, which was released in the U.S. in January, 2006, forty years after the "fabulous five" forever altered the landscape of college basketball. Derek Luke was cast to play Bobby Joe in the movie.


document_title: Most common words in English

question_text: which is the most common word in english

text: Most common words in English

text: 100 most common words

text: A list of 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below, based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a collection of texts in the English language, comprising over 2 billion running words).[1] A part of speech is provided for most of the words, but part of speech categories vary between analyses, and not all possibilities are listed. For example "I" may be a pronoun or a Roman numeral; "to" may be a preposition or an infinitive marker; "time" may be a noun or a verb. Also, a single spelling can represent more than one root word. For example "singer" may be a form of either "sing" or "singe". Different corpora may treat such difference differently.

text: The table also includes frequencies from other corpora, note that as well as usage differences, lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of "to" from the use as a particle. Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank.

text:
Word
Parts of speech
OEC rank
COCA rank[6]
Dolch level

the
Article
1
1
Pre-primer

be
Verb
2
2
primer

to
Preposition
3
7, 9
Pre-primer

of
Preposition
4
4
Grade 1

and
Conjunction
5
3
Pre-primer

a
Article
6
5
Pre-primer

in
Preposition
7
6, 128, 3038
Pre-primer

that
Conjunction et al.
8
12, 27, 903
primer

have
Verb
9
8
primer

I
Pronoun
10
11
Pre-primer

it
Pronoun
11
10
Pre-primer

for
Preposition
12
13, 2339
Pre-primer

not
Adverb et al.
13
28, 2929
Pre-primer

on
Preposition
14
17, 155
primer

with
Preposition
15
16
primer

he
Pronoun
16
15
primer

as
Adverb, conjunction, et al.
17
33, 49, 129
Grade 1

you
Pronoun
18
14
Pre-primer

do
Verb, noun
19
18
primer

at
Preposition
20
22
primer

this
Determiner, adverb, noun
21
20, 4665
primer

but
Preposition, adverb, conjunction
22
23, 1715
primer

his
Possessive pronoun
23
25, 1887
Grade 1

by
Preposition
24
30, 1190
Grade 1

from
Preposition
25
26
Grade 1

they
Pronoun
26
21
primer

we
Pronoun
27
24
Pre-primer

say
Verb et al.
28
19
primer

her
Possessive pronoun
29, 106
42
Grade 1

she
Pronoun
30
31
primer

or
Conjunction
31
32
Grade 2

an
Article
32
(a)
Grade 1

will
Verb, noun
33
48, 1506
primer

my
Possessive pronoun
34
44
Pre-primer

one
Noun, adjective, et al.
35
51, 104, 839
Pre-primer

all
Adjective
36
43, 222
primer

would
Verb
37
41
Grade 2

there
Adverb, pronoun, et al.
38
53, 116
primer

their
Possessive pronoun
39
36
Grade 2

what
Pronoun, adverb, et al.
40
34
primer

so
Conjunction, adverb, et al.
41
55, 196
primer

up
Adverb, preposition, et al.
42
50, 456
Pre-primer

out
Preposition
43
64, 149
primer

if
Conjunction
44
40
Grade 3

about
Preposition, adverb, et al.
45
46, 179
Grade 3

who
Pronoun, noun
46
38
primer

get
Verb
47
39
primer

which

48
58
Grade 2

go
Verb, noun
49
35
Pre-primer

me
Pronoun
50
61
Pre-primer

when

51
57, 136
Grade 1

make
Verb, noun
52
45

can

53
37, 2973

like

54
74, 208, 1123, 1684, 2702

time

55
52

no

56
93, 699, 916, 1111, 4555

just
Adjective
57
66, 1823

him
Pronoun
58
68

know
Verb, noun
59
47

take
Verb, noun
60
63

people
Noun
61
62

into

62
65

year
Noun
63
54

your
Possessive pronoun
64
69

good
Adjective
65
110, 2280

some

66
60

could
Verb
67
71

them

68
59

see
Verb
69
67

other

70
75, 715, 2355

than

71
73, 712

then

72
77

now

73
72, 1906

look
Verb
74
85, 604

only

75
101, 329

come
Verb
76
70

its
Possessive pronoun
77
78

over
Preposition
78
124, 182

think

79
56

also

80
87

back

81
108, 323, 1877

after
Preposition
82
120, 260

use
Verb, noun
83
92, 429

two

84
80

how

85
76

our
Possessive pronoun
86
79

work
Verb, noun
87
117, 199

first

88
86, 2064

well
Adverb
89
100, 644

way

90
84, 4090

even

91
107, 484

new
Adjective et al.
92
88

want

93
83

because

94
89, 509

any

95
109, 4720

these

96
82

give
Verb
97
98

day

98
90

most

99
144, 187

us
Pronoun
100
113

text: Parts of speech

text: The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.

text: Nouns

text:
time
person
year
way
day
thing
man
world
life
hand
part
child
eye
woman
place
work
week
case
point
government
company
number
group
problem
fact

tag: ol

text: Verbs

text:
be
have
do
say
get
make
go
know
take
see
come
think
look
want
give
use
find
tell
ask
work
seem
feel
try
leave
call

text: Adjectives

text:
good
new
first
last
long
great
little
own
other
old
right
big
high
different
small
large
next
early
young
important
few
public
bad
same
able

text: Prepositions

text:
to
of
in
for
on
with
at
by
from
up
about
into
over
after

text: Others

text:
the
and
a
that
I
it
not
he
as
you
this
but
his
they
her
she
or
an
will
my
one
all
would
there
their


document_title: List of North American settlements by year of foundation

question_text: what is the oldest city in new england

question_tokens: what is the oldest city in new england

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of settlements in North America by founding year and present-day country.

text:
Year

Settlement

Subdivision

Country

Notes

7500 BC

Tlapacoya

Ixtapaluca

Mexico

Silvia González et al. have published research claiming that "one Tlapacoya skull is the first directly dated human in Mexico with an age of 9730 ± 65 years BP" (before present).[1]

1500 BC

Tepoztlán

Morelos

Mexico

1500 BC

San José Mogote

Oaxaca

Mexico

1500 BC

Chalcatzingo

Morelos

Mexico

1500 BC

Calixtlahuaca

Mexico

Mexico

1500 BC

Kaminaljuyu

Guatemala

Guatemala

1400 BC

Teopantecuanitlan

Guerrero

Mexico

1400 BC

Nakbe

Petén

Guatemala

1200 BC

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán

Veracruz

Mexico

1200 BC

La Venta

Veracruz

Mexico

1150 BC

Etlatongo

Oaxaca

Mexico

1000 BC

Xochitecatl

Tlaxcala

Mexico

1000 BC

Cuicuilco

Tlalpan

Mexico

1000 BC

Tres Zapotes

Veracruz

Mexico

950 BC

Takalik Abaj

Retalhuleu

Guatemala

950 BC

El Mirador

Petén

Guatemala

950 BC

Uaxactun

Petén

Guatemala

800 BC

Zazacatla

Morelos

Mexico

700 BC

Ticul

Yucatán

Mexico

600 BC

Tikal

Petén

Guatemala

500 BC

Monte Albán

Oaxaca

Mexico

500 BC

Cholula

Puebla

Mexico

Possibly the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the Americas.

400 BC

Tula

Hidalgo

Mexico

300 BC

Teotihuacan

México

Mexico

In the Valley of Mexico

200

Mitla

Oaxaca

Mexico

600

Cantona

Puebla

Mexico

650

Cahokia

Illinois

United States

1000

Acoma Pueblo and Taos Pueblo

New Mexico

United States

Oldest continuously occupied communities in the USA. The Acoma Pueblo today is known as Sky City.

1003?

L'Anse aux Meadows

Newfoundland & Labrador

Canada

First European settlement in the Americas. The Norse explorer Leif Ericson established a settlement at 51°N on this site in 1003.

1050

Motul

Yucatán

Mexico

1054

Antiguo Cuscatlan

La Libertad

El Salvador

Cuscatlán was founded in 1054 by Topiltzin Atzil, last king of Tula of Anahuac. It was a city inhabited by ten thousand, with an additional twelve thousand people who lived in xacal, straw huts distributed at the edge of a maar (crater) which housed the sacred lake of Cuscatlan. In the contemporary Native language, Cuscatlán means Jewel City. On Saturday June 17, 1524, led by Pedro de Alvarado, the Spanish conquistadors found the doors of Cuscatlan, capital of the Lordship of Cuscatlan.

1100

Oraibi

Arizona

United States

[2]

1325

Tenochtitlan

Distrito Federal

Mexico

Today this city is known as Mexico City

1498

Santo Domingo

Distrito Nacional

Dominican Republic

Capital of the Dominican Republic. Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in the Americas.

1508

Caparra

Puerto Rico

United States

1509

Sevilla la Nueva

Seville, St. Ann's Bay

Jamaica

Established by Juan de Esquivel, the first Spanish Governor of Jamaica, St Ann's Bay became the third capital established by Spain in the Americas.

1510

Nombre de Dios

Colón

Panama

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Panama and continental America.

1511

Baracoa

Guantánamo

Cuba

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Cuba, former capital of Cuba.

1513

Bayamo

Granma

Cuba

Former capital in cuba in 1513.

1514

Santiago

Santiago

Cuba

1515

Havana

Havana

Cuba

Current Capital of Cuba

1519

La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz

Veracruz

Mexico

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Mexico.

1519

Panama City

Panamá

Panama

First European city on the Pacific coast of the Americas[3]

1521

San Juan

Puerto Rico

United States

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in The United States.

1524
Quetzaltenango
Guatemala
Guatemala

1525

San Salvador

San Salvador Department

El Salvador

Diego de Holguín became the first mayor of San Salvador after the town was founded on April 1, 1525. Founded in what is now the archaeological site Ciudad Vieja, north of the present-day city, it was moved to the Valle de Las Hamacas or the Acelhuate Valley, named so due to the intense seismic activity that characterizes it. On January 2011 San Salvador was named the Iboeroamerican Capital of Culture because the first independent movements in Central America were played in San Salvador on November 5, 1811.

1524

Granada

Granada

Nicaragua

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Nicaragua.

1526
Acámbaro
Guanajuato
Mexico

1526

San Miguel de Gualdape

Georgia

United States

First European settlement in the continental United States. It was abandoned after only 3 months.

1531
Mazatlán
Sinaloa
Mexico

1531
Culiacán
Sinaloa
Mexico

1532

Oaxaca

Oaxaca

Mexico

1534

Villa de la Vega

Saint Catherine Parish

Jamaica

After founding Seville in 1509, Spanish settlers moved to a new, healthier site, which they named Villa de la Vega. The English later renamed it Spanish Town when they conquered the island in 1655.

1536

San Pedro Sula

Cortés

Honduras

1539

Zuni Pueblo

New Mexico

United States

[Ferguson, T.J. (1985). A Zuni Atlas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press]

1540

Compostela

Nayarit

Mexico

Known as Capital de la Nueva Galicia Compostela (1548–1560)

1540

Childersburg

Alabama

United States

Recently claimed by the city to be the oldest city in America.[4] Established by Native Americans.

1540

Campeche

Campeche

Mexico

1541

Morelia

Michoacan

Mexico

1541

Charlesbourg-Royal

Quebec

Canada

First French settlement (short lived)

1542
Yuriria
Guanajuato
Mexico

1542
Mérida
Yucatán
Mexico
Founded by Francisco de Montejo over the ruins of the Maya city of T'ho.

1542

Guadalajara

Jalisco

Mexico

1542

San Miguel de Allende

Guanajuato

Mexico

1543

Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala)

Guatemala

Guatemala

1550
Acapulco
Guerrero
Mexico
Discovered by Cortés in 1531; settlement founded in 1550.[5]

1559

Pensacola

Florida

United States

Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559.

1563

Cartago

Cartago

Costa Rica

Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement Costa Rica.

1564

Fort Caroline

Florida

United States

Permanent settlement of 200 soldiers and artisans began in 1564, led by Rene de Goulaine de Laudonniere, who had accompanied Ribault on the previous expedition. With help from the Timucua Indians, the colonists began building a village and fort on the river’s south bank, naming the area La Caroline after their king, Charles IX.

1564

Villa Hermosa de San Juan Bautista

Tabasco

México

The city was founded on June 24, 1564 (day of San Juan Bautista, hence its original name) by the Spanish Don Diego de Quijada

1565

Saint Augustine

Florida

United States

The oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the Continental United States.

1573
San Germán
Puerto Rico
United States

1575
Saltillo
Coahuila
Mexico
Oldest post-conquest settlement in northern Mexico.[6]

1575
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes
Mexico

1576
León
Guanajuato
Mexico

1497

St. John's[7]

Newfoundland and Labrador

Canada

Oldest English-founded city in North America.[8]

1583

Harbour Grace[9]

Newfoundland and Labrador

Canada

1585
Roanoke Colony
North Carolina
United States
Settlers first left on island August 17, 1585.[ambiguous][clarification needed][10]

1596

Monterrey

Nuevo León

Mexico

1597

Portobelo

Colón

Panama

1598

Parras

Coahuila

Mexico

1598

Española

New Mexico

United States

The first European-founded capital of the "New World" located within the boundaries of the United States; established by Juan de Oñate

1599

Tadoussac

Quebec

Canada

Oldest continuously inhabited French established settlement in the Americas, oldest European established settlement in Quebec.

1603
Salamanca
Guanajuato
Mexico

1604

Canso

Nova Scotia

Canada

Founded in 1604, setting began in 1518 by European Fur Traders and Fisherman. Canso and the surrounding Islands were involved in the French and English struggles to gain control of the area.

1604
L'Ile-aux-Marins
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
France

1604

Saint Croix Island

Maine

United States

Established in the summer of 1604 by a French expedition led by Pierre Dugua that included Samuel de Champlain.  After the winter of 1604–1605 the survivors relocated and founded Port Royal, Nova Scotia.[11]

1605

Port Royal

Nova Scotia

Canada

Established in the summer of 1605 by French colonizing explorers Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain who, in 1608, would establish Quebec City.

1607

Jamestown

Virginia

United States

Oldest settlement in the original thirteen colonies comprising the United States of America

1607

Popham Colony

Maine

United States

Short lived settlement; project of the Plymouth Company

1607
Santa Fe
New Mexico
United States
Oldest continuously inhabited state capital in the US.

1608
Québec
Quebec
Canada

Original settlement on this site was established by Jacques Cartier in 1535 but abandoned in 1536.  He returned in 1541 but abandoned the site again.  Samuel de Champlain established a permanent settlement on July 3–4, 1608. Only completely garrison-walled city north of Mexico.

1610
Cupids
Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada
Oldest continuously occupied English settlement in Canada.

1610
Hampton
Virginia
United States
Oldest continuously occupied English settlement in the United States.

1610
Kecoughtan
Virginia
United States

1611
Henricus
Virginia
United States

1612
St. George's
St. George
Bermuda
Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Bermuda.

1613
Newport News, Virginia
Virginia
United States

1614
Albany, New York
New York
United States
Oldest European settlement in New York State, founded as Fort Nassau, 1614, Fort Orange 1623

1620
Plymouth
Massachusetts
United States
The oldest town in New England and Massachusetts. Settled by pilgrims of The Mayflower

1622
Weymouth
Massachusetts
United States
As Wessagussett, resettled and renamed in 1623

1623
South Berwick
Maine
United States
Settled by men whom landed at the confluence of the Salmon Falls and Great Works Rivers on the ship Pied Cow

1623
Dover
New Hampshire
United States
oldest settlement in New Hampshire

1623
Gloucester
Massachusetts
United States
Abandoned in 1629 but quickly resettled

1624
Burlington
New Jersey
United States

1625
New Amsterdam
New York
United States
Now New York City. Was settled 1624 on Governors Island, moved to Manhattan 1625.

1625
Merrymount
Massachusetts
United States
Now Quincy, Massachusetts

1626
Salem
Massachusetts
United States

1627
Scituate
Massachusetts
United States
Scituate, Massachusetts

1627
Basseterre
Saint Kitts
Saint Kitts and Nevis

1628
Bridgetown
Saint Michael
Barbados

1629
Marblehead
Massachusetts
United States
Founded as first naval stronghold for the colonies.

1629
Lynn
Massachusetts
United States
Founded as Saugus, different from town today known as Saugus.

1629
Charlestown
Massachusetts
United States
Now a neighborhood in Boston

1630
Portsmouth
New Hampshire
United States
First known as Strawbery Banke.

1630
Jersey City
New Jersey
United States
Pavonia, first Dutch settlement in New Jersey

1630
Medford
Massachusetts
United States
Settled on the "Ford" by Meadow

1630
Boston
Massachusetts
United States
Founded by John Winthrop and his fleet, as Trimountaine

1630
Dorchester
Massachusetts
United States
Now a neighborhood in Boston

1630
Boston
Massachusetts
United States
Now a neighborhood in Boston

1631
Saco
Maine
United States
Settled as Winter Harbor.

1631
Lewes
Delaware
United States
Because Lewes was the earliest town founded in the state, and because Delaware was the first state to ratify the constitution, the town refers to itself as "The first town in the first state."

1631
Cambridge
Massachusetts
United States
Drake, Samuel Adams (1880). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.

1632
Williamsburg
Virginia
United States

1633
Ipswich
Massachusetts
United States

1632
St. John's
Antigua
Antigua and Barbuda

1633
Hartford
Connecticut
United States

Founded as Fort Hoop by the Dutch, renamed by English in 1637, by Thomas Hooker

1633
Windsor
Connecticut
United States
First English settlement in Connecticut.[12] Founded as Dorchester, renamed in 1637

1634
Beauport
Quebec
Canada
[13] Became a borough of Québec in January, 2002.

1634
Wethersfield
Connecticut
United States
Founded as Watertown, renamed in 1637.

1634
Green Bay
Wisconsin
United States

1634
St. Mary's City
Maryland
United States

1634
Trois-Rivières
Quebec
Canada

1634
Willemstad
Curaçao
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Formerly Part of the now dissolved Netherlands Antilles, now autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Not to be confused with one of its constituent countries, the Netherlands)

1635
Concord
Massachusetts
United States

1635
Newbury
Massachusetts
United States

1636
Springfield
Massachusetts
United States
The Massachusetts Bay Colony's first Connecticut River port – and, by far, its westernmost settlement, sitting 85 miles west of the colonial capital at Boston.[14] Founded as Agawam Plantation by William Pynchon.

1636
Providence
Rhode Island
United States
Oldest settlement in Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams.

1637
Taunton
Massachusetts
United States

[15]

1637
Sandwich
Massachusetts
United States
Oldest town on Cape Cod
[16]

1638
Rowley
Massachusetts
United States

[17]

1638
Portsmouth
Rhode Island
United States
Founded by Anne Hutchinson

1638
Exeter
New Hampshire
United States
One of the four original towns of New Hampshire. Revolutionary War Capital of New Hampshire and site of the ratification of the first state constitution in the North American colonies in January 1776.

1638
Hampton
New Hampshire
United States
Founded by Stephen Bachiler. First known as Winnicunnet.

1638
Sillery
Quebec
Canada
[18] Now part of Québec

1638
Swedesboro
New Jersey
United States
Nucleus of the New Sweden colony that spread along the Delaware River into Pennsylvania and Delaware.

1638
New Haven
Connecticut
United States

[19]

1638
Sainte-Foy
Quebec
Canada
[13] Merged with the City of Québec in 2002.

1638
Wilmington
Delaware
United States
Grew from Fort Christina, part of the New Sweden colony. Originally called Willington.

1639 (prior to)
St. Marks
Florida
United States
[20]

1639
Stratford
Connecticut
United States
[21]

1639
Newport
Rhode Island
United States

1639
Sudbury
Massachusetts
United States

1640
Farmington
Connecticut
United States
Founded as Tunxis.

1640
Braintree
Massachusetts
United States
Land first settled in 1625 as Merrymount, resettled and incorporated in 1640 [22]

1640
Woburn
Massachusetts
United States
First settled in 1640, incorporated in 1642 [23]

1641
Haverhill
Massachusetts
United States
First settled in 1640, incorporated 1641

1642
Maspeth
New York
United States

1642
Montreal
Quebec
Canada
Founded in 1642 and incorporated later on.

1642
Lexington
Massachusetts
United States
[24]

1642
Sorel
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Now known as Sorel-Tracy.

1642
Warwick
Rhode Island
United States

1643
Basse-Terre
Guadeloupe
France
Territorial capital.

1643
Dolores Hidalgo
Guanajuato
Mexico

1643
Guilford
Connecticut
United States
[21]

1643
Rehoboth
Massachusetts
United States
Settled 1636. Incorporated 1643.

1644
Longmeadow
Massachusetts
United States
Settled in 1644. Incorporated October 17, 1783.

1644
Branford
Connecticut
United States
Known as Brentford at first.

1644
Salvatierra
Guanajuato
Mexico

1645
Vlissingen
New York
United States
Now Flushing, New York.

1646
Andover
Massachusetts
United States
The original Andover, founded by Simon and Anne Bradstreet along with the Barker, Osgood, Stevens, Woodbridge and other families, broke into two separate towns April 7, 1855.

1646
Château-Richer
Quebec
Canada
[25]

1646
New London
Connecticut
United States
Founded as Faire Harbour

1647
Kittery
Maine
United States
Oldest incorporated town in Maine.[26]

1647
La Prairie
Quebec
Canada
[13] La Prairie was established as a mission by the Jesuits in 1647. The first parish was founded in 1667.

1647
Spanish Wells
Eleuthera
Bahamas

1649
Annapolis
Maryland
United States

1650
Saint-Ours
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1650
Kingston
New York
United States
Settled by the Dutch as Esopus, renamed in 1664 by the English

1651
Cap-de-la-Madeleine
Quebec
Canada

[18] Became a borough of Trois-Rivières in January, 2002.

1651
Medfield
Massachusetts
United States
http://www.town.medfield.net/index.cfm?pid=12391

1651
New Castle
Delaware
United States
Grew from Fort Casimir

1651
Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1652

Natick
Massachusetts
United States
Founded by John Eliot: Natick comes from the language of the Massachusett Native American tribe and is commonly considered to mean place of hills

1653
Lancaster
Massachusetts
United States

1654
Northampton
Massachusetts
United States
Founded by a group led by William Houlton and John King.

1654
Pelham
New York
United States
Founded by Thomas Pell who purchased 9000 acres from Siwanoy Indians and received a land grant from the English Crown

1655
Cap-Saint-Ignace
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1655
Chelmsford
Massachusetts
United States
Founded by settlers from Concord. The area currently encompassed by Chelmsford, Lowell, Westford, Carlisle and to a certain extent Dracut, were all originally part of Chelmsford. Westford seceded in 1729. Carlisle fully became a part of Concord in 1780, seceding from that town in 1805. Lowell would be formed under extraordinary circumstances when the Boston Associates purchased East Chelmsford to serve as a planned factory town, incorporated as Lowell in 1826. Dracut's relationship to Chelmsford is less clear cut, however the relationship of the two towns in the 17th century resembles a slightly imperial one as Dracut, while a separate entity, was largely dependent on Chelmsford, particularly the West Dracut area, near the old boundary of East Chelmsford.

1655
Groton
Massachusetts
United States

1655
Billerica
Massachusetts
United States

1657
Longueuil
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1658
Harlem
New York
United States

1659
Assonet
Massachusetts
United States
Settled 1659. Incorporated 1683.

1659
Hadley
Massachusetts
United States
Founded by a group led by John Russell and Nathaniel Dickinson.

1659
Ciudad Juárez
Chihuahua
Mexico

1659
Jamestown
Saint Helena
United Kingdom

1660
Placentia
Newfoundland
Canada
French Capital until 1713, originally called Plaisance

1660
Rye
New York
United States

1661
Schenectady
New York
United States

1662
Uxbridge
Massachusetts
United States

1664
L'Ange-Gardien
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1664

Woodbridge

New Jersey

United States

Oldest original township in New Jersey

1665
Chambly
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1665
Port-de-Paix
Nord-Ouest
Haiti

1666
Charlesbourg
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Became a borough within the City of Québec in 2002.

1666
Newark
New Jersey
United States

1666
Piscatawaytown
New Jersey
United States
One of the first five New Jersey settlements. Now part of Edison, NJ

1666
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Grew from Fort Saint-Jean.

1667
Boucherville
Quebec
Canada

[18]

1667
Mendon
Massachusetts
United States
Netmocke Plantation 1662

1668
Amesbury
Massachusetts
United States

1668
Saint-Nicolas
Quebec
Canada
[13] Merged with the City of Lévis, Quebec in 2002.

1668
Sault Ste. Marie
Michigan
United States
[27] Oldest city in Michigan.

1669
Neuville
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1669
Westfield
Massachusetts
United States
[28]

1669
Middleborough
Massachusetts
United States
[29]

1670
Charleston
South Carolina
United States

1670
Repentigny
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1670
Wallingford
Connecticut
United States

[30]

1670
Hatfield
Massachusetts
United States

1672
Varennes
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1672
Verchères
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1673
Kingston
Ontario
Canada
Grew from Fort Frontenac.

1673
L'Ancienne-Lorette
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1673
Worcester, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
United States
Incorporated as city in 1848.

1674
Pointe-aux-Trembles
Quebec
Canada
[18] Now part of Montréal, Québec.

1674
Waterbury
Connecticut
United States

1674
Deerfield
Massachusetts
United States

1675
Lachine
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Lachine was merged into the City of Montreal in 2002.

1675
Lavaltrie
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1676
Contrecoeur
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1676
Loretteville
Quebec
Canada
[13] Loretteville merged with the city of Québec in 2002.

1677
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1678
La Pocatière
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1678
Montmagny
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1679
Lévis
Quebec
Canada
[18] The first settlement was formerly known as Lauzon, which merged with Lévis in 1989.

1679
L'Islet
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1679
Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1680
Ysleta
Texas
United States

1680
South Orange
New Jersey
United States
Grew from Newark (later Orange)

1680
Peoria
Illinois
United States
First European settlement in Illinois.[31]  Originally Fort Crevecoeur, later Fort Clark (1813), renamed Peoria in 1823.[32]

1681
Baie-Saint-Paul
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1681
Berthierville
Quebec
Canada

[18]

1681
Cockburn Town
Turks and Caicos Islands
United Kingdom

1681
Bridgewater Township
New Jersey
United States

1681
Saint-François (Laval)
Quebec
Canada
[18] Integrated to the City of Laval, Quebec in 1965.

1682

Moorestown

New Jersey

United States

1682

Philadelphia

Pennsylvania

United States

1682
Norfolk
Virginia
United States

1683
Dover
Delaware
United States

1683
Lachenaie
Quebec
Canada
[13] In 2001, the town of Lachenaie merged with the neighbouring city of Terrebonne.

1682
Rivière-du-Loup
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1684
Bécancour
Quebec
Canada

[18]

1685
Prairie du Chien
Wisconsin
United States

1686
Arkansas Post
Arkansas
United States

1687
New Britain
Connecticut
United States

1687
Rivière-des-Prairies
Quebec
Canada
[18] Rivière-des-Prairies is now part of the Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles borough of the City of Montreal.

1690
Oka
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1693
Glastonbury
Connecticut
United States
Settled 1636, Incorporated 1693 (as Glassenbury. Known as Glastenbury from about 1785 until 1870.)[33]

1693
Kingston
Kingston
Jamaica

1694
Newark
Delaware
United States

1695
Nassau
New Providence
Bahamas

1696
Rimouski
Quebec
Canada

1696
Sault-au-Récollet
Quebec
Canada
[13] Sault-au-Récollet is now part of the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of the City of Montreal

1698
Pensacola
Florida
United States
First established by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano in 1559; abandoned in 1561. Permanently established in 1698 .

1699
Biloxi
Mississippi
United States

1700
Mascouche
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1701
Detroit
Michigan
United States

1701
Nicolet
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1702
Mobile
Alabama
United States

1703
Amherst
Massachusetts
United States

1703
Kaskaskia
Illinois
United States

1703
Saint-Sulpice
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1705
Bath
North Carolina
United States
Oldest incorporated town in North Carolina.

1706
Albuquerque
New Mexico
United States

1709
Chihuahua
Chihuahua
Mexico

1710
Chatham
New Jersey
United States
On land purchased in 1680.

1710
New Bern
North Carolina
United States
Settled initially by German-Swiss immigrants.

1711
Needham
Massachusetts
United States

1711
Pointe-Claire
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1711
Beaufort
South Carolina
United States

1714
Natchitoches
Louisiana
United States
Oldest settlement in the Louisiana Purchase

1714
Freehold
New Jersey
United States
Originally called Monmouth Courthouse, the site of the Battle of Monmouth

1715 (prior to)
Kekionga
Indiana
United States
Capital of the Miami tribe.

1715
Les Cèdres
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1716
Kahnawake
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Homeland of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680).

1716
Nacogdoches
Texas
United States
Spanish mission established about 1716 in a much older Caddo village.[34]

1716
Natchez
Mississippi
United States
Dates to the founding of Fort Rosalie by the French.:[35]

1716
Georgetown
Maine
United States
Originally included the modern towns of West Bath, Bath, Phippsburg, Arrowsic, and part of Woolwich as well as current-day Georgetown. [36]

1717
L'Assomption
Quebec
Canada
[13] The territory was settled from 1647.

1718
New Orleans
Louisiana
United States

1718
San Antonio
Texas
United States

1719
Longue-Pointe
Quebec
Canada
[13] Now part of Montreal.

1719
Trenton
New Jersey
United States

1719
Baton Rouge
Louisiana
United States

1720
Saint-Laurent
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] The City of Saint-Laurent merged with Montreal in 2002.

1721
Cortazar
Guanajuato
Mexico

1721
Saint-Jean-Port-Joli
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1722
Prairie Du Rocher
Illinois
United States

1722
Louiseville
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1723
Beaufort
North Carolina
United States

1723
Terrebonne
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1725
Concord
New Hampshire
United States

1728
Fredericksburg
Virginia
United States

1728
Nuuk
Sermersooq
Greenland

1729
Baltimore
Maryland
United States

1729
Pabos
Quebec
Canada
[13] Now part of Chandler, Quebec.

1729

Lancaster

Pennsylvania

United States

1730
New Brunswick
New Jersey
United States

1732
Lanoraie
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1732
Vincennes
Indiana
United States

1733
Richmond
Virginia
United States
[37]

1733
Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (Laval)
Quebec
Canada
[18] Integrated to the City of Laval in 1965.

1733
Savannah
Georgia
United States

1735
Ste. Genevieve
Missouri
United States
French-Colonial settlement. Oldest continually-inhabited settlement in Missouri.

1736
Châteauguay
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1736
Gorham
Maine
United States

1736
Augusta
Georgia
United States
[38][39]

1733
Winnipeg
Manitoba
Canada
Formerly known as Fort Rouge.

1738
Pointe-du-Lac
Quebec
Canada
[18] Merged with the City of Trois-Rivières in 2002.

1738
Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1739
Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1740
L'Île-Perrot and Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1741
Bethlehem
Pennsylvania
United States

1741
Sainte-Geneviève and Pierrrefonds
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Those cities merged with Montreal in 2002.

1742
Les Écureuils
Quebec
Canada
[13][18] Now Donnacona, Quebec

1745
Sainte-Marie
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1745
Sainte-Rose (Laval)
Quebec
Canada
[18] Integrated to the City of Laval, Quebec in 1965.

1746
Saint-Henri
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1746
Merrimack
New Hampshire
United States

1749
Alexandria
Virginia
United States

1749
Port-au-Prince
Ouest
Haiti

1749
Halifax
Nova Scotia
Canada

1749
Windsor
Ontario
Canada
Oldest continually-inhabited settlement in Canada west of Montreal

1750
Erie
Pennsylvania
United States
Grew from the French Fort Presque Isle.

1750
Rock Island
Illinois
United States
Originally Saukenuk[40]

1751
Carlisle
Pennsylvania
United States

1751
Georgetown
Maryland
United States
Originally in Maryland; became part of the District of Columbia when the District was organized in 1801. Georgetown and its government were incorporated into the District government in 1871.

1752
Akwesasne
New York, Ontario, Quebec
Canada, United States
[13] First known as Saint-Régis.

1752
Saint-Constant
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1753
Saint-Philippe
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1754
Augusta
Maine
United States

1755
Charlotte
North Carolina
United States

1757
Saint-Hyacinthe
Quebec
Canada
[13]

1758
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
United States

1761
Charlottesville
Virginia
United States

1762
Shepherdstown
West Virginia
United States
Originally known as Mecklenburg.

1762
Allentown
Pennsylvania
United States
Incorporated as Northamptontown.

1763
St. Louis
Missouri
United States

1763
Burlington
Vermont
United States

1764
Amherst
Nova Scotia
Canada

[41]

1764
Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island
Canada

1765
St. Charles
Missouri
United States
[42]

1766
Moncton
New Brunswick
Canada

1766
Vergennes
Vermont
United States

1768
Beloeil
Quebec
Canada
[18]

1768
L'Acadie
Quebec
Canada
[13] In 2001, the town of L'Acadie merged with the neighbouring city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.

1768
New Smyrna Beach
Florida
United States
Scottish entrepreneur Dr. Turnbull established a colony of 1,225 immigrants at New Smyrna which was the largest colonization attempt in the US.[43]

1768
Saint-Eustache
Quebec
Canada
[13][18]

1769
Santa Cruz
California
United States

1769
San Diego
California
United States
Grew from Presidio of San Diego.

1770
Monterey
California
United States
Grew from Presidio of Monterey. Original capital of California[44]

1770
San Blas
Nayarit
Mexico
Spanish Naval Department headquarters established at San Blas.[45]

1771
Greenville
North Carolina
United States
Settled and founded as Martinsborough. Renamed to Greenville in 1786.

1772

Ellicott City

Maryland

United States

1772
Morgantown
West Virginia
United States

1773

Guatemala City

Guatemala

Guatemala

1774
Unalaska
Alaska
United States
Oldest Russian settlement of Aleutian Islands, dating to the 1760s.[46] Permanent trading post established in 1774.[47]

1774
Orizaba
Veracruz
Mexico
In 1774, Charles IV grants the title of Villa, but the city was already a Spanish settlement since times of Cortez

1775
Tucson
Arizona
United States
The town of Tucson had existed for over 2000 years at this point but this is the date the Spanish built a presidio and formally recognized the town

1775
Lexington
Kentucky
United States

1775
Boonesborough
Kentucky
United States
Grew from Fort Boonesborough, built by pioneer Daniel Boone.

1776
San Francisco
California
United States

1777
San Jose
California
United States
Originally known as El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first town in the Spanish colony of Nueva California, which later became Alta California.

1778
Louisville
Kentucky
United States
Grew from Fort Nelson, established by explorer George Rogers Clark.

1778
West Point
New York
United States
Grew from Fort Clinton

1779
Jonesborough
Tennessee
United States
Later organized as the lost State of Franklin with Jonesborough as capital 1784.[48]

1779
Nashville
Tennessee
United States
Grew from Fort Nashborough

1781
Montpelier
Vermont
United States

1781
Los Angeles
California
United States

1784
Cornwall
Ontario
Canada
Founded on June 6, 1784 by a group of United Empire Loyalists led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet.[49]

1784
Frenchtown
Michigan
United States
Third French settlement in Michigan

1785
Harrisburg
Pennsylvania
United States

1785
Asheville
North Carolina
United States

1785
Dubuque
Iowa
United States
Oldest city in Iowa, among oldest European settlements west of the Mississippi River.[50]

1785
Fredericton
New Brunswick
Canada

1785
Sydney
Nova Scotia
Canada
Former capital of Cape Breton Island Colony until 1820.

1786
Columbia
South Carolina
United States

1786
Florissant
Missouri
United States
Originally known as St. Ferdinand.

1786
Frankfort
Kentucky
United States

1786
Portland
Maine
United States

1786
Steubenville
Ohio
United States

1788
Marietta
Ohio
United States
First permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory

1788
Cincinnati
Ohio
United States

1788
Charleston
West Virginia
United States
Grew from Fort Lee[51]

1789
Buffalo
New York
United States

1789

Santa Cruz de Nuca

British Columbia

Canada

First European settlement in British Columbia, only Spanish settlement in what is today Canada

1790
Hamilton
Bermuda
United Kingdom

1790
Washington
District of Columbia
United States

1791
Georgetown
Delaware
United States

1791
Monroe
Louisiana
United States
Originally known as Fort Miro[52]

1791
Kenai
Alaska
United States
Grew from Fort St. Nicholas of the Russian-American Company.[53]

1791
Knoxville
Tennessee
United States

1791
Bangor
Maine
United States

1792
Kodiak
Alaska
United States
Founded in 1792 by Alexander Baranov as the new site for at Three Saints Bay, founded in 1784.[54]

1792
Raleigh
North Carolina
United States

1793
York
Ontario
Canada
First established as Fort Rouillé; now Toronto.

1793
Ancaster
Ontario
Canada

1794
Fort Wayne
Indiana
United States

1795
Edmonton
Alberta
Canada
Grew from Fort Edmonton.

1796
Cleveland
Ohio
United States

1796
Dayton
Ohio
United States

1796
Youngstown
Ohio
United States

1797
Athens, Ohio
Ohio
United States

1797
Franklinton
Ohio
United States
Eventually absorbed by Columbus, Ohio.

1797
Mentor
Ohio
United States

1797
Zanesville
Ohio
United States

1798
Bowling Green
Kentucky
United States

1798
Shepherdstown
West Virginia
United States
Formerly known as Mecklenburg.

1798
Warren
Ohio
United States

1798
Bethel, Ohio
Ohio
United States
Formerly known as Denham Town, founded by Obed Denham

1799
Hudson
Ohio
United States

1799
Potosi
Missouri
United States
Town was founded by Moses Austin and was the sight of many small battles during the American Civil War.

1788
Ravenna
Ohio
United States

1799
Aurora
Ohio
United States

1799
Sitka
Alaska
United States
Original capital of Alaska, founded by the Russian-American Company in 1799, destroyed in 1802, reestablished in 1804.[55]

1800
Buffalo
New York
United States
"In 1800, it was a town of four log cabins.".[56]

1800
Hull
Quebec
Canada
Formerly known as Wright's Town

1801
Athens
Georgia
United States
Named after Athens, Greece.

1803
Ashtabula
Ohio
United States

1803
Chicago
Illinois
United States
Grew from Fort Dearborn.

1796
Chillicothe
Ohio
United States

1804
Stow
Ohio
United States

1805
Huntsville
Alabama
United States

1807
Prince George
British Columbia
Canada
Grew from fur trading post of Fort George, established in 1807 by the North West Company.[57]

1810
Manchester
New Hampshire
United States

1810
San Bernardino
California
United States

1811
Astoria
Oregon
United States
Grew from Fort Astoria, founded by the Pacific Fur Company in 1811.[58]

1811
Murfreesboro
Tennessee
United States
Originally named Cannonsburgh.  State capital from 1818 until 1826.

1812
Columbus
Ohio
United States

1812
Kamloops
British Columbia
Canada
Grew from fur trading posts of Fort Cumcloups (Fort Kamloops) and Fort She-whaps (Shuswap), founded by the Pacific Fur Company and North West Company, both in 1812.[59]

1815
Hamilton
Ontario
Canada

1815
Pickerington

Ohio || United States

1815
Jonesboro
Arkansas
United States

1816
Chattanooga
Tennessee
United States
Originally named Ross's Landing.

1816
Cambridge
Ontario
Canada
Original settlement in 1816 named Shades Mill, ON, renamed Galt, ON in 1827. City of Galt amalgamated with the towns of Preston and Hespeler, village of Blair and parts of Waterloo township to form City of Cambridge in 1973. Oldest settled area of Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

1816
Saginaw
Michigan
United States

1817
Fort Smith
Arkansas
United States

1817
Milan
Ohio
United States

1818
Pontiac
Michigan
United States
The first settlers arrived in what is now the City of Pontiac in 1818. Two years later there were enough people there to form a village named after the famous Indian Chief Chief Pontiac. Pontiac was Michigan's first inland settlement.The village was officially recognized by the state legislature in 1837 and it incorporated as a city in 1861.

1818
Medina
Ohio
United States

1818
Columbia
Missouri
United States

1818

Jim Thorpe

Pennsylvania

United States

Formally known as Mauch Chunk also known as the burial place of Native American athlete Jim Thorpe.

1819
Chapel Hill
North Carolina
United States

1819
Montgomery
Alabama
United States
State capital, grew from the 1540 French settlement Fort Toulouse.

1819
Springfield
Illinois
United States

1819
Memphis
Tennessee
United States
Near the site of the earlier French Fort Prudhomme.

1819
Tuscaloosa
Alabama
United States

1820
South Bend
Indiana
United States
Formerly named Big St. Joseph Station.

1820
Oliver's Grove
Minnesota
United States
Near the confluence of the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Vermillion Rivers. In 1820, Oliver's Grove was established as a Trading Post community and a military detachment sent from Fort Snelling. However, until the Treaty of Mendota (1851), the community could not officially be noted for white settlement. In 1857, a year before Minnesota's admission to the union, the area was surveyed and incorporated as the city of Hastings and named the county seat of Dakota County.

1821
Alexandria
British Columbia
Canada
Grew from fur trading posts of Fort Alexandria, founded by the North West Company in 1821.[60]

1821
Bridgeport
Connecticut
United States

1821
Little Rock
Arkansas
United States

1821
Indianapolis
Indiana
United States

1822

Jacksonville

Florida

United States

1822
Jackson
Mississippi
United States

1823
Tampa
Florida
United States
Grew from earlier military post Fort Brooke.

1824
Ann Arbor
Michigan
United States

1824
Tallahassee
Florida
United States

1825
Akron
Ohio
United States

1825
Vancouver
Washington
United States
Grew from Fort Vancouver.[61]

1825
Vicksburg
Mississippi
United States

1825
Grand Rapids
Michigan
United States

1825
Irapuato
Guanajuato
Mexico
Becomes villa in 1825 and ciudad in 1893.

1826
London
Ontario
Canada

1826
Wabasha
Minnesota
United States
Oldest city in Minnesota

1827
Mineral Point
Wisconsin
United States
3rd oldest city in Wisconsin

1827
Guelph
Ontario
Canada

1827
St. Andrews
Florida
United States
Now part of Panama City

1827
Langley
British Columbia
Canada

1828
Key West
Florida
United States

1829
Bainbridge
Georgia
United States

1833
Milwaukee
Wisconsin
United States

1833
Kitchener
Ontario
Canada
Formerly Berlin ON, renamed Kitchener ON in 1916.

1835
Austin
Texas
United States

1835
Kenosha
Wisconsin
United States
Originally named Southport, renamed Kenosha in 1850.

1836
Shreveport
Louisiana
United States

1836
Madison
Wisconsin
United States

1837
Lansing
Michigan
United States

1837
Houston
Texas
United States

1837
Oxford
Mississippi
United States

1837
Toledo
Ohio
United States

1839
Sacramento
California
United States

1841
Dallas
Texas
United States

1841
Racine
Wisconsin
United States

1843
Atlanta
Georgia
United States
first known as "Terminus", and for a short time was renamed "Marthasville" to honor Governor Lumpkin's daughter.

1843
Des Moines
Iowa
United States

1843
Victoria
British Columbia
Canada
Fort Victoria established in 1843; Victoria incorporated in 1862.

1844
Chagrin Falls
Ohio
United States

1845
Portland
Oregon
United States

1847
Brantford
Ontario
Canada
Originally known as Brant's ford.

1847
Salt Lake City
Utah
United States
Originally known as Great Salt Lake City.

1847
Harrisburg
Illinois
United States

1849
Las Cruces
New Mexico
United States

1849
Provo
Utah
United States
Grew from Fort Utah.

1850
Ottawa
Ontario
Canada
Originally known as Bytown.

1850
Kansas City
Missouri
United States
Originally named Kansas.

1850
Phoenix
Oregon
United States

1851
La Crosse
Wisconsin
United States

[62]

1851
Seattle
Washington
United States
[63]

1852
Oakland
California
United States

1854
Gainesville
Florida
United States

1854
Omaha
Nebraska
United States

1854
Saint Paul
Minnesota
United States

1854
Topeka
Kansas
United States

1854
Versailles
Missouri
United States

1855
Champaign
Illinois
United States
Originally named West Urbana.

1856
College Park
Maryland
United States

1856
Lincoln
Nebraska
United States
Originally named Lancaster.

1856
O'Fallon
Missouri
United States

1857
Appleton
Wisconsin
United States

1858
Carson City
Nevada
United States

1858
Denver
Colorado
United States

1858
New Westminster
British Columbia
Canada

1859
Olympia
Washington
United States

1862
Boise
Idaho
United States

1862
Prince Albert
Saskatchewan
Canada
Originally called Isbister's Settlement.

1864
Salinas
California
United States
[64]

1865
Sioux Falls
South Dakota
United States
Grew from Fort Dakota.

1867
Cheyenne
Wyoming
United States

1867
Minneapolis
Minnesota
United States

1868
Phoenix
Arizona
United States

1869
Lethbridge
Alberta
Canada
Grew from Fort Whoop-Up.

1870
Wichita
Kansas
United States

1871
Birmingham
Alabama
United States

1871
Colorado Springs
Colorado
United States
Originally named Fountain Colony.

1871
Fargo
North Dakota
United States
Originally named Centralia.

1872
Anniston
Alabama
United States

1874
Pasadena
California
United States

1875
Orlando
Florida
United States

1875
Calgary
Alberta
Canada
Grew from Fort Calgary

1877
Billings
Montana
United States

1881
Brandon
Manitoba
Canada

1882

Regina

Saskatchewan

Canada

1882

Moose Jaw

Saskatchewan

Canada

1882

Yorkton

Saskatchewan

Canada

1883

Saskatoon

Saskatchewan

Canada

1883

Swift Current

Saskatchewan

Canada

1885
Ruston
Louisiana
United States

1886
Vancouver
British Columbia
Canada
Named after English explorer George Vancouver

1886
Nelson
British Columbia
Canada

1886
Takoma Park
Maryland
United States

1887
Gulfport
Mississippi
United States
[65]

1889
Clemson
South Carolina
United States
Originally known as Calhoun.

1889
Norman
Oklahoma
United States

1889
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
United States

1889
Tijuana
Baja California
Mexico
Tijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea.

1892

Estevan

Saskatchewan

Canada

1892

Grottoes

Virginia

United States

1893
Kamloops
British Columbia
Canada
From the Shuswap language "Tk'emlups" meaning meeting of the waters.

1894
Palo Alto
California
United States

1894
Tempe
Arizona
United States

1896
Dawson City
Yukon
Canada
Capital of Yukon Territory until 1952.

1896
Miami
Florida
United States

1896
State College
Pennsylvania
United States

1905
Cranbrook
British Columbia
Canada

1903
North Battleford
Saskatchewan
Canada

1905
Las Vegas
Nevada
United States

1906
Virginia Beach
Virginia
United States

1911
The Pas
Manitoba
Canada
Grew from Fort Paskoyac

1914
Anchorage
Alaska
United States

1915
Prince George
British Columbia
Canada
Grew from Fort George

1916

Truth Or Consequences

New Mexico

United States

Originally named Hot Springs, the city changed its name to "Truth or Consequences", the title of a popular NBC Radio program. In March 1950, Ralph Edwards, the host of the radio quiz show Truth or Consequences, announced that he would air the program on its 10th anniversary from the first town that renamed itself after the show; Hot Springs won the honor, officially changing its name on March 31, 1950 (the program broadcast from there the following evening, April 1).

1934
Yellowknife
Northwest Territories
Canada

1942
Iqaluit
Nunavut
Canada

1950
Alert
Nunavut
Canada
Northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world

1956
Corner Brook
Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada

2002
Gatineau
Quebec
Canada
Formed by the merging of five cities, including Hull, above.