document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: geena davis husband in league of their own

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors, preferring those with previous experience playing baseball. Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: Member states of the United Nations

question_text: which countries are non members of the un

root

text: Member states of the United Nations

text: Original members[edit]

text: The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and a majority of the other signatories.[6] A total of 51 original members (or founding members) joined that year; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, while Poland, which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945.[7][8]

tag: p

text: The original members of the United Nations were: France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.[8]

text: Among the original members, 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state (see table below); for example, the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution (see the section Former members: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The other two original members, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state (see the sections Former members: Czechoslovakia and Former members: Yugoslavia).[8]

text: At the time of UN's founding, the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China, but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it is now held by the People's Republic of China (see the section Former members: Republic of China (Taiwan)).

text: A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, and only gained full independence later:[9]

text:
Belarus (then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) and Ukraine (then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union, until gaining full independence in 1991.
India (whose territory at that time, before the Partition of India, also included the present-day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh) was under British colonial rule, until gaining full independence in 1947.
The Philippines (then the Philippine Commonwealth) was a commonwealth with the United States, until gaining full independence in 1946.
New Zealand, while de facto sovereign at that time, "only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand's autonomy. If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria, New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947."[10]

tag: ul

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations Member States

tag: table

text: The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations.[11][12]

text: The alphabetical order by the member states' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions, where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point.[13] Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN, and listed under T), and the United Republic of Tanzania.

text: The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also.

text: Original members are listed with blue background.

text:
Flag
Member state[8][14]
Date of admission
See also

Afghanistan
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

Albania
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Algeria
000000001962-10-08-00008 October 1962
~ !

Andorra
000000001993-07-28-000028 July 1993
~ !

Angola
000000001976-12-01-00001 December 1976
~ !

Antigua and Barbuda
000000001981-11-11-000011 November 1981
~ !

Argentina
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Armenia
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Australia
000000001945-11-01-00001 November 1945
Australia and the United Nations

Austria
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Azerbaijan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Bahamas
000000001973-09-18-000018 September 1973
~ !

Bahrain
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Bangladesh
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Barbados
000000001966-12-09-00009 December 1966
~ !

Belarus
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

Belgium
000000001945-12-27-000027 December 1945
~ !

Belize
000000001981-09-25-000025 September 1981
~ !

Benin[note 1]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Bhutan
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Plurinational State of Bolivia[note 2]
000000001945-11-14-000014 November 1945
~ !

Bosnia and Herzegovina
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Botswana
000000001966-10-17-000017 October 1966
~ !

Brazil
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Brazil and the United Nations

Brunei Darussalam
000000001984-09-21-000021 September 1984
~ !

Bulgaria
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Burkina Faso[note 3]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Burundi
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Cabo Verde[note 4]
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Cambodia[note 5]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Cameroon[note 6]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Canada
000000001945-11-09-00009 November 1945
Canada and the United Nations

Central African Republic[note 7]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Chad
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Chile
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

China
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Republic of China and China and the United Nations

Colombia
000000001945-11-05-00005 November 1945
~ !

Comoros
000000001975-11-12-000012 November 1975
~ !

Congo[note 8]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Costa Rica
000000001945-11-02-00002 November 1945
~ !

Côte d'Ivoire[note 9]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Croatia
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Cuba
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Cyprus
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Czech Republic
000000001993-01-19-000019 January 1993
Former member: Czechoslovakia

Democratic People's Republic of Korea
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Korea and the United Nations

Democratic Republic of the Congo[note 10]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Denmark
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Djibouti
000000001977-09-20-000020 September 1977
~ !

Dominica
000000001978-12-18-000018 December 1978
~ !

Dominican Republic
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Ecuador
000000001945-12-21-000021 December 1945
~ !

Egypt
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: United Arab Republic

El Salvador
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Equatorial Guinea
000000001968-11-12-000012 November 1968
~ !

Eritrea
000000001993-05-28-000028 May 1993
~ !

Estonia
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ethiopia
000000001945-11-13-000013 November 1945
~ !

Eswatini
000000001968-09-24-000024 September 1968
~ !

Fiji
000000001970-10-13-000013 October 1970
Fiji and the United Nations

Finland
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

France
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
France and the United Nations

Gabon
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Republic of The Gambia[note 11]
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
~ !

Georgia
000000001992-07-31-000031 July 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Germany
000000001973-09-18-000018 September 1973
Former member: German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations

Ghana
000000001957-03-08-00008 March 1957
~ !

Greece
000000001945-10-25-000025 October 1945
~ !

Grenada
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Guatemala
000000001945-11-21-000021 November 1945
~ !

Guinea
000000001958-12-12-000012 December 1958
~ !

Guinea-Bissau
000000001974-09-17-000017 September 1974
~ !

Guyana
000000001966-09-20-000020 September 1966
~ !

Haiti
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Honduras
000000001945-12-17-000017 December 1945
~ !

Hungary
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Iceland
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
~ !

India
000000001945-10-30-000030 October 1945
India and the United Nations

Indonesia[note 12]
000000001950-09-28-000028 September 1950
Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966) and Indonesia and the United Nations

Islamic Republic of Iran[note 13]
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Iraq
000000001945-12-21-000021 December 1945
~ !

Ireland
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Israel
000000001949-05-11-000011 May 1949
Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

Italy
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Jamaica
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Japan
000000001956-12-18-000018 December 1956
Japan and the United Nations

Jordan
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Kazakhstan[note 14]
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Kenya
000000001963-12-16-000016 December 1963
~ !

Kiribati
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Kuwait
000000001963-05-14-000014 May 1963
~ !

Kyrgyzstan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Lao People's Democratic Republic[note 15]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Latvia
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Lebanon
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Lesotho
000000001966-10-17-000017 October 1966
~ !

Liberia
000000001945-11-02-00002 November 1945
~ !

Libya[16][note 16]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Liechtenstein
000000001990-09-18-000018 September 1990
~ !

Lithuania
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Luxembourg
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Luxembourg and the United Nations

Madagascar[note 17]
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Malawi
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Malaysia
000000001957-09-17-000017 September 1957
Former member: Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations

Maldives[note 18]
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
~ !

Mali
000000001960-09-28-000028 September 1960
~ !

Malta
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Marshall Islands
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Marshall Islands and the United Nations

Mauritania
000000001961-10-27-000027 October 1961
~ !

Mauritius
000000001968-04-24-000024 April 1968
~ !

Mexico
000000001945-11-07-00007 November 1945
Mexico and the United Nations

Federated States of Micronesia
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations

Monaco
000000001993-05-28-000028 May 1993
~ !

Mongolia
000000001961-10-27-000027 October 1961
~ !

Montenegro
000000002006-06-28-000028 June 2006
Former member: Yugoslavia

Morocco
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Mozambique
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Myanmar[note 19]
000000001948-04-19-000019 April 1948
~ !

Namibia
000000001990-04-23-000023 April 1990
~ !

Nauru
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Nepal
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Netherlands
000000001945-12-10-000010 December 1945
~ !

New Zealand
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
New Zealand and the United Nations

Nicaragua
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Niger
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Nigeria
000000001960-10-07-00007 October 1960
~ !

Norway
000000001945-11-27-000027 November 1945
~ !

Oman
000000001971-10-07-00007 October 1971
~ !

Pakistan
000000001947-09-30-000030 September 1947
Pakistan and the United Nations

Palau
000000001994-12-15-000015 December 1994
~ !

Panama
000000001945-11-13-000013 November 1945
~ !

Papua New Guinea
000000001975-10-10-000010 October 1975
~ !

Paraguay
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Peru
000000001945-10-31-000031 October 1945
~ !

Philippines[note 20]
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Philippines and the United Nations

Poland
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Portugal
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Qatar
000000001971-09-21-000021 September 1971
~ !

Republic of Korea
000000001991-09-17-000017 September 1991
Korea and the United Nations

Republic of Moldova[note 21]
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Romania
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Russian Federation
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations

Rwanda
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
~ !

Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 22]
000000001983-09-23-000023 September 1983
~ !

Saint Lucia
000000001979-09-18-000018 September 1979
~ !

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
000000001980-09-16-000016 September 1980
~ !

Samoa
000000001976-12-15-000015 December 1976
~ !

San Marino
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
~ !

São Tomé and Príncipe[note 23]
000000001975-09-16-000016 September 1975
~ !

Saudi Arabia
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Senegal
000000001960-09-28-000028 September 1960
~ !

Serbia
000000002000-11-01-00001 November 2000
Former member: Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations

Seychelles
000000001976-09-21-000021 September 1976
~ !

Sierra Leone
000000001961-09-27-000027 September 1961
~ !

Singapore
000000001965-09-21-000021 September 1965
Former member: Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations

Slovakia
000000001993-01-19-000019 January 1993
Former member: Czechoslovakia

Slovenia
000000001992-05-22-000022 May 1992
Former member: Yugoslavia

Solomon Islands
000000001978-09-19-000019 September 1978
~ !

Somalia
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

South Africa[note 24]
000000001945-11-07-00007 November 1945
~ !

South Sudan
000000002011-07-14-000014 July 2011
~ !

Spain
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Sri Lanka[note 25]
000000001955-12-14-000014 December 1955
~ !

Sudan
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Suriname[note 26]
000000001975-12-04-00004 December 1975
~ !

Sweden
000000001946-11-19-000019 November 1946
~ !

Switzerland
000000002002-09-10-000010 September 2002
~ !

Syrian Arab Republic
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: United Arab Republic

Tajikistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Thailand[note 27]
000000001946-12-16-000016 December 1946
~ !

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
000000001993-04-08-00008 April 1993
Former member: Yugoslavia

Timor-Leste
000000002002-09-27-000027 September 2002
~ !

Togo
000000001960-09-20-000020 September 1960
~ !

Tonga
000000001999-09-14-000014 September 1999
~ !

Trinidad and Tobago
000000001962-09-18-000018 September 1962
Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations

Tunisia
000000001956-11-12-000012 November 1956
~ !

Turkey
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
~ !

Turkmenistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Tuvalu
000000002000-09-05-00005 September 2000
Tuvalu and the United Nations

Uganda
000000001962-10-25-000025 October 1962
~ !

Ukraine
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
Former member: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

United Arab Emirates
000000001971-12-09-00009 December 1971
~ !

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
United Kingdom and the United Nations

United Republic of Tanzania
000000001961-12-14-000014 December 1961
Former member: Tanganyika and Zanzibar

United States of America
000000001945-10-24-000024 October 1945
United States and the United Nations

Uruguay
000000001945-12-18-000018 December 1945
~ !

Uzbekistan
000000001992-03-02-00002 March 1992
Former member: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Vanuatu
000000001981-09-15-000015 September 1981
Vanuatu and the United Nations

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela[note 28]
000000001945-11-15-000015 November 1945
~ !

Vietnam
000000001977-09-20-000020 September 1977
~ !

Yemen
000000001947-09-30-000030 September 1947
Former member: Yemen and Democratic Yemen

Zambia
000000001964-12-01-00001 December 1964
~ !

Zimbabwe
000000001980-08-25-000025 August 1980
~ !

text: Former members[edit]

text: Republic of China[edit]

text: The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[17] In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang-led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan, and the Communist Party-led government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members.[citation needed] Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.[18]

text: By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC's admission into the UN,[19] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that "the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council," and decided "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it."[20] This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN. From the United Nations' perspective the "Republic of China" is not a former member. No UN member was expelled in 1971. Rather, the credentials of one Chinese delegation (from Taipei) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation (from Beijing) were accepted.[citation needed]

text: In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary-General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China. Consequently, the Secretary-General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it.[21]

text: Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan[edit]

text: In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies, applying for observer status, applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN.[22]

text: Every year from 1993–2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations.[23] This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto.[22] Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea. Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names: "Republic of China in Taiwan" (1993–94), "Republic of China on Taiwan" (1995–97, 1999–2002), "Republic of China" (1998), "Republic of China (Taiwan)" (2003) and "Taiwan" (2004–06).

text: However, all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC.[24]

text: While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name "Taiwan" for full membership in the UN.[25] However, the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758,[26] without being forwarded to the Security Council. Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon stated that:

text: The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China.[27]

text: Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation.[28] The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly,[29] contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59).[30] On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the one-China principle".[31] A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application.[25]

text: The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout. That fall the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" be allowed to have "meaningful participation" in the UN specialized agencies.[32] Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda.[24] In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993.[33]

text: In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before.[34]

text: The Republic of China is officially recognized by 17 UN member states and the Holy See. It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations, including the United States and Japan.

text: Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia, in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993.[35]

text: German Democratic Republic[edit]

text: Both the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany, effective from 3 October 1990, the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, today simply known as Germany. Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist.[35]

text: Federation of Malaya[edit]

text: The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957. On 16 September 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia, following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore, North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya. Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965.

text: Tanganyika and Zanzibar[edit]

text: Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961, and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963. Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states merged to form the single member "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar", with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964.[35][5]

text: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[edit]

text: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[17] Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR, in a letter dated 24 December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[35]

text: The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN:

text:
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR. After declaring independence, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991, and on 19 September 1991, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus.
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991, after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR.
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992.
Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992.

text: United Arab Republic[edit]

text: Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945. Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member. On 13 October 1961, Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state, resumed its separate membership in the UN. Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic, until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971. Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971.[35]

text: Yemen and Democratic Yemen[edit]

text: Yemen (i.e., North Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947; Southern Yemen (i.e., South Yemen) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967, with its name changed to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970, and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen. On 22 May 1990, the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen, which continued as a single member under the name Yemen.[35]

text: Yugoslavia[edit]

text: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, referred to as Yugoslavia, joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. By 1992, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN:

text:
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992.[36]
Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993, being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.[37]
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000.[38]

text: Due to the dispute over its legal successor states, the member state "Yugoslavia", referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution.[35] Following the admission of all five states as new UN members, "Yugoslavia" was removed from the official roster of UN members.

text: The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia,[39] claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;[40] however, on 30 May 1992, United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted, by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars, and noted that "the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted,"[41] and on 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly".[42][43] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years, but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office, it applied for membership, and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000.[38] On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[44]

text: On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006. In a letter dated on the same day, the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence, in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro.[45] Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006.[46]

text: In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, the territory of Kosovo, then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999. On 17 February 2008 it declared independence, but this has not been recognised by Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the International Monetary Fund[47] and the World Bank Group,[48] both specialized agencies in the United Nations System. The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 113 UN member states, including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (France, the United Kingdom, and the United States), while the other two—China and Russia—do not recognise Kosovo. On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial organ of the UN, issued an advisory opinion, ruling that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law.[49]

text: Suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal of members[edit]

text: A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN, according to the United Nations Charter. From Chapter II, Article 5:[3]

text: A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

text: From Article 6:[3]

text: A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

text: Since its inception, no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6. However, in a few cases, states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6:

text:
On 25 October 1971, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, which recognized the People's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China (since 1949 controlling only Taiwan) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 (see the section Former members: Republic of China). This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6, as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members, which included the Republic of China itself and the United States, which at that time still recognized the Republic of China.[50]
In October 1974, the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN, in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter, due to its apartheid policies.[35] However, the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In response, the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly's 29th session on 12 November 1974; however, South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5. The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994, following its successful democratic elections earlier that year.[51]
On 28 April 1992, the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established, by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly". It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 (see the section Former members: Yugoslavia).

text: Withdrawal of Indonesia (1965–1966)[edit]

text: Since the inception of the UN, only one member state (excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN. During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, in a letter dated 20 January 1965, Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that it had decided "at this stage and under the present circumstances" to withdraw from the UN. However, following the overthrow of President Sukarno, in a telegram dated 19 September 1966, Indonesia notified the Secretary-General of its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty-first session of the General Assembly". On 28 September 1966, the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly.[35]

text: Unlike suspension and expulsion, no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN (largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail, or to evade obligations under the Charter, similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations),[50] or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership, i.e., requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval. Indonesia's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required; however, scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view.[52]

text: Observers and non-members[edit]

text: In addition to the member states, there are two non-member permanent observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine.[53]

text:
The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states. It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964,[54] and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004.[55]
The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a "non-member entity" on 22 November 1974.[56] Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, effective as of 15 December 1988, the designation "Palestine" should be used in place of the designation "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the United Nations System.[57] On 23 September 2011, Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon;[58][59] the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council. On 31 October 2011, the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member, becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member.[60] The State of Palestine was recognized as a "non-member state" on 29 November 2012, when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 by a vote of 138 to 9, with 41 abstentions.[61][62][63] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".[64] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents".[53]

text: The Sovereign Military Order of Malta, while not a state, has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries.[65][66]

text: A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members.[67][68][69] The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland, which was admitted in 2002.[70]

text: A European Union institution, the European Commission, was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974. The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU.[71] It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly, bar the right to vote and put forward candidates, via UNGA Resolution A/RES/65/276 on 10 May 2011.[72] It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions, and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences.[73]

text: The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front. Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco, the remainder (the Free Zone) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, proclaimed by the Polisario Front. Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a "non-self-governing territory".[74]

text: The Cook Islands and Niue, which are both associated states of New Zealand, are not members of the UN, but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO[75] and UNESCO,[76] and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively.[77][78] They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[79] and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[80] and are treated as non-member states.[81][77] Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state, but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship, in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship.[82][83]