document_title: Lottery mathematics

question_text: you select 6 numbers out of 49. how many possible outcomes there is

question_tokens: you select 6 numbers out of 49 . how many possible outcomes there is

text: Lottery mathematics

text: Choosing 6 from 49[edit]

text: In a typical 6/49 game, each player chooses six non-duplicate numbers from a range of 1-49. If the six numbers on a ticket match the numbers drawn by the lottery, the ticket holder is a jackpot winner—regardless of the order of the numbers. The probability of this happening is 1 in 13,983,816.

text: The chance of winning can be demonstrated as follows : The first number drawn has a 1 in 49 chance of matching . When the draw comes to the second number, there are now only 48 balls left in the bag (because the balls already drawn are not returned to the bag) so there is now a 1 in 48 chance of predicting this number.

text:
Thus for each of the 49 ways of choosing the first number there are 48 different ways of choosing the second. This means that the probability of correctly predicting 2 numbers drawn from 49 in the correct order is calculated as 1 in 49 × 48. On drawing the third number there are only 47 ways of choosing the number; but of course we could have arrived at this point in any of 49 × 48 ways, so the chances of correctly predicting 3 numbers drawn from 49, again in the correct order, is 1 in 49 × 48 × 47. This continues until the sixth number has been drawn, giving the final calculation, 49 × 48 × 47 × 46 × 45 × 44, which can also be written as

49
!

(
49
−
6
)
!

{\displaystyle {49! \over (49-6)!}}

 or 49 factorial divided by 43 factorial. This works out to 10,068,347,520, which is much bigger than the ~14 million stated above.

text:
However; the order of the 6 numbers is not significant. That is, if a ticket has the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, it wins as long as all the numbers 1 through 6 are drawn, no matter what order they come out in. Accordingly, given any set of 6 numbers, there are 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 6! or 720 orders in which they could be drawn. Dividing 10,068,347,520 by 720 gives 13,983,816, also written as

49
!

6
!
∗
(
49
−
6
)
!

{\displaystyle {49! \over 6!*(49-6)!}}

, or more generally as

text:
This function is called the combination function; in Microsoft Excel, this function is implemented as COMBIN(n, k). For example, COMBIN(49, 6) (the calculation shown above), would return 13,983,816. For the rest of this article, we will use the notation

(

n
k

)

{\displaystyle {n \choose k}}

. "Combination" means the group of numbers selected, irrespective of the order in which they are drawn.

text: An alternative method of calculating the odds is to note that the probability of the first ball corresponding to one of the six chosen is 6/49; the probability of the second ball corresponding to one of the remaining five chosen is 5/48; and so on. This yields a final formula of

text: The range of possible combinations for a given lottery can be referred to as the "number space". "Coverage" is the percentage of a lottery's number space that is in play for a given drawing.

text: Odds of getting other possibilities in choosing 6 from 49[edit]

text:
One must divide the number of combinations producing the given result by the total number of possible combinations (for example,

(

49
6

)

=
13
,
983
,
816

{\displaystyle {49 \choose 6}=13,983,816}

). The numerator equates to the number of ways to select the winning numbers multiplied by the number of ways to select the losing numbers.

text:
For a score of n (for example, if 3 choices match three of the 6 balls drawn, then n = 3),

(

6
n

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose n}}

 describes the odds of selecting n winning numbers from the 6 winning numbers. This means that there are 6 - n losing numbers, which are chosen from the 43 losing numbers in

(

43

6
−
n

)

{\displaystyle {43 \choose 6-n}}

 ways. The total number of combinations giving that result is, as stated above, the first number multiplied by the second. The expression is therefore

(

6
n

)

(

43

6
−
n

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose n}{43 \choose 6-n} \over {49 \choose 6}}

.

text:
This can be written in a general form for all lotteries as:

(

K
B

)

(

N
−
K

K
−
B

)

(

N
K

)

{\displaystyle {K \choose B}{N-K \choose K-B} \over {N \choose K}}

, where

N

{\displaystyle N}

 is the number of balls in lottery,

K

{\displaystyle K}

 is the number of balls in a single ticket, and

B

{\displaystyle B}

 is the number of matching balls for a winning ticket.

text: The generalisation of this formula is called the hypergeometric distribution.

text: This gives the following results:

text:
Score
Calculation
Exact Probability
Approximate Decimal Probability
Approximate 1/Probability

0

(

6
0

)

(

43
6

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 0}{43 \choose 6} \over {49 \choose 6}}

435,461/998,844
0.436
2.2938

1

(

6
1

)

(

43
5

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 1}{43 \choose 5} \over {49 \choose 6}}

68,757/166,474
0.413
2.4212

2

(

6
2

)

(

43
4

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 2}{43 \choose 4} \over {49 \choose 6}}

44,075/332,948
0.132
7.5541

3

(

6
3

)

(

43
3

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 3}{43 \choose 3} \over {49 \choose 6}}

8,815/499,422
0.0177
56.66

4

(

6
4

)

(

43
2

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 4}{43 \choose 2} \over {49 \choose 6}}

645/665,896
0.000969
1,032.4

5

(

6
5

)

(

43
1

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 5}{43 \choose 1} \over {49 \choose 6}}

43/2,330,636
0.0000184
54,200.8

6

(

6
6

)

(

43
0

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 6}{43 \choose 0} \over {49 \choose 6}}

1/13,983,816
0.0000000715
13,983,816

text: When a bonus number is included, the adjusted odds are:[1]

text:
Score
Calculation
Exact Probability
Approximate Decimal Probability
Approximate 1/Probability

5, bonus not won

(

6
5

)

(

(
43
−
1
)

1

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 5}{(43-1) \choose 1} \over {49 \choose 6}}

0.0000180208
55,491.33

5, bonus won

(

6
5

)

(

(
43
−
1
)

(
1
−
1
)

)

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 5}{(43-1) \choose (1-1)} \over {49 \choose 6}}

0.0000004291
2,330,636

text: Pick8-32 odds and calculations[edit]

text: The Pick8-32 Lottery game by Trillion Coins[2] implements a lotto game ticket where 8 numbers from 01 to 32 are selected in any order and can be repeated. The odds of a play ticket matching all 8 numbers is simple to calculate and is illustrated by the following math.

text: Which means there is a 1 in 27,269,633 chance of matching all 8 numbers. The Trillion Coins lottery is a pay-out-on-every-drawing lotto game. The odds are dependent on the total number of tickets that are played. The player who matches the most of the picked numbers wins.

text: Powerballs And Bonus Balls[edit]

text: Many lotteries have a powerball (or "bonus ball"). If the powerball is drawn from a pool of numbers different from the main lottery, the odds are multiplied by the number of powerballs. For example, in the 6 from 49 lottery, given 10 powerball numbers, then the odds of getting a score of 3 and the powerball would be 1 in 56.66 × 10, or 566.6 (the probability would be divided by 10, to give an exact value of 8815/4994220). Another example of such a game is Mega Millions, albeit with different jackpot odds.

text: Where more than 1 powerball is drawn from a separate pool of balls to the main lottery (for example, in the EuroMillions game), the odds of the different possible powerball matching scores are calculated using the method shown in the "other scores" section above (in other words, the powerballs are like a mini-lottery in their own right), and then multiplied by the odds of achieving the required main-lottery score.

text:
If the powerball is drawn from the same pool of numbers as the main lottery, then, for a given target score, the number of winning combinations includes the powerball. For games based on the Canadian lottery (such as the lottery of the United Kingdom), after the 6 main balls are drawn, an extra ball is drawn from the same pool of balls, and this becomes the powerball (or "bonus ball"). An extra prize is given for matching 5 balls and the bonus ball. As described in the "other scores" section above, the number of ways one can obtain a score of 5 from a single ticket is

(

6
5

)

(

43
1

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 5}{43 \choose 1}}

 or 258. Since the number of remaining balls is 43, and the ticket has 1 unmatched number remaining, 1/43 of these 258 combinations will match the next ball drawn (the powerball), leaving 258/43 = 6 ways of achieving it. Therefore, the odds of getting a score of 5 and the powerball are

6

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {6} \over {49 \choose 6}}

 = 1 in 2,330,636.

text:
Of the 258 combinations that match 5 of the main 6 balls, in 42/43 of them the remaining number will not match the powerball, giving odds of

258
⋅

42

43

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {258\cdot {{42} \over {43}}} \over {49 \choose 6}}

 = 3/166,474 (approximately 55,491.33) for obtaining a score of 5 without matching the powerball.

text:
Using the same principle, the odds of getting a score of 2 and the powerball are

(

6
2

)

(

43
4

)

{\displaystyle {6 \choose 2}{43 \choose 4}}

 = 1,851,150 for the score of 2 multiplied by the probability of one of the remaining four numbers matching the bonus ball, which is 4/43. Since 1,851,150 × (4/43) = 172,200, the probability of obtaining the score of 2 and the bonus ball is

172
,
200

(

49
6

)

{\displaystyle {172,200} \over {49 \choose 6}}

 = 1025/83237. This gives approximate decimal odds of 1 in 81.2.

text:
The general formula for

B

{\displaystyle B}

 matching balls in a

N

{\displaystyle N}

 choose

K

{\displaystyle K}

 lottery with one bonus ball from the

N

{\displaystyle N}

 pool of balls is:

K
−
B

N
−
K

(

K
B

)

(

N
−
K

K
−
B

)

(

N
K

)

{\displaystyle {K-B \over N-K}{K \choose B}{N-K \choose K-B} \over {N \choose K}}

text:
The general formula for

B

{\displaystyle B}

 matching balls in a

N

{\displaystyle N}

 choose

K

{\displaystyle K}

 lottery with zero bonus ball from the

N

{\displaystyle N}

 pool of balls is:

N
−
K
−
K
+
B

N
−
K

(

K
B

)

(

N
−
K

K
−
B

)

(

N
K

)

{\displaystyle {N-K-K+B \over N-K}{K \choose B}{N-K \choose K-B} \over {N \choose K}}

text:
The general formula for

B

{\displaystyle B}

 matching balls in a

N

{\displaystyle N}

 choose

K

{\displaystyle K}

 lottery with one bonus ball from a separate pool of

P

{\displaystyle P}

 balls is:

1
P

(

K
B

)

(

N
−
K

K
−
B

)

(

N
K

)

{\displaystyle {1 \over P}{K \choose B}{N-K \choose K-B} \over {N \choose K}}

text:
The general formula for

B

{\displaystyle B}

 matching balls in a

N

{\displaystyle N}

 choose

K

{\displaystyle K}

 lottery with no bonus ball from a separate pool of

P

{\displaystyle P}

 balls is:

P
−
1

P

(

K
B

)

(

N
−
K

K
−
B

)

(

N
K

)

{\displaystyle {P-1 \over P}{K \choose B}{N-K \choose K-B} \over {N \choose K}}

text: Minimum number of tickets for a match[edit]

text: It is a hard (and often open) problem to calculate the minimum number of tickets one needs to purchase to guarantee that at least one of these tickets matches at least 2 numbers. In the 5-from-90 lotto, the minimum number of tickets that can guarantee a ticket with at least 2 matches is 100.[3]


document_title: The Mindy Project

question_text: when did the mindy project move to hulu

question_tokens: when did the mindy project move to hulu

root

text: The Mindy Project

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows obstetrician/gynecologist Mindy Lahiri (Mindy Kaling) as she tries to balance her personal and professional life,[4] surrounded by quirky co-workers in a small medical practice in New York City. The character was inspired by Kaling's own mother, an OB/GYN. Mindy explores life with the help of her co-workers: Danny Castellano, her best friend and love interest, whose religious sensibilities occasionally cause some tension; Jeremy Reed, an English physician who manages the practice; Peter Prentice, another physician who was a fraternity jock while attending Dartmouth; Morgan Tookers, a wacky, yet loveable registered nurse and an ex-con; Tamra Webb, a blunt  nurse; and Beverley, the libidinous older office receptionist.[5]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mindy Kaling

Mindy Lahiri

Main

Chris Messina

Daniel Castellano

Main

Guest

Recurring

Ed Weeks

Jeremy Reed

Main

Anna Camp

Gwendolyn Grandy

Main

Does not appear

Zoe Jarman

Betsy Putch

Main

Does not appear

Amanda Setton

Shauna Dicanio

Main

Does not appear

Stephen Tobolowsky

Marc Shulman

Main

Does not appear

Guest

Does not appear

Ike Barinholtz

Morgan Tookers

Main

Beth Grant

Beverley Janiszewski

Main

Xosha Roquemore

Tamra Webb

Recurring

Main

Adam Pally

Peter Prentice

Does not appear

Main

Recurring

Guest

Fortune Feimster

Colette Kimball-Kinney

Does not appear

Main

tag: table

text:
Mindy Kaling as Dr. Mindy Kuhel Lahiri, a romantically frustrated OB/GYN at Shulman & Associates.
Chris Messina as Dr. Daniel "Danny" Alan Castellano, another OB/GYN (formerly at Shulman & Associates, now at Freedom Tower Women's Health), Mindy's main frenemy and love interest.
Ed Weeks as Dr. Jeremiah "Jeremy" Reed, OB/GYN, Mindy and Danny's somewhat hapless supervisor at the office.
Anna Camp as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grandy, Mindy's best friend who has settled down with a family.
Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch, a former receptionist at the office.
Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio, a former receptionist at the office.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Marc Shulman, a former senior partner of the practice.
Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Fairchild Ransom Tookers, a registered nurse and ex-con at the office.
Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski, a former nurse turned receptionist at the office.
Xosha Roquemore as Tamra Webb, a nurse at the office.
Adam Pally as Dr. Peter Prentice, an OB/GYN at the office.
Fortune Feimster as Colette Kimball-Kinney, a nurse and gay sister of Jody.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Garret Dillahunt as Dr. Jody Kimball-Kinney, an OB/GYN who joins Shulman & Associates during Mindy's maternity leave.
Mark Duplass as Brendan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
Rhea Perlman as Annette Castellano, Danny's mother.
Anders Holm as Casey Peerson, a Christian minister and Mindy's ex-fiancé.
Glenn Howerton as Heathcliff "Cliff" Gilbert, a lawyer in the same building as Shulman & Associates and Mindy's ex-boyfriend.
Jenny O'Hara as Dot, Annette's best friend.
Tommy Dewey as Josh Daniels, a lawyer and Mindy's ex-boyfriend.
Jay Duplass as Duncan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
Tracey Wigfield as Dr. Lauren Neustadter (originally Dr. Lauren Barinholtz), Jeremy's ex-girlfriend who later marries Peter.
Dan Bakkedahl as Dr. Adrian Bergdahl, an OB/GYN who joins Shulman & Associates after Peter's departure.
Mort Burke as Parker, an intern at the office.
Utkarsh Ambudkar as Rishi Lahiri, an aspiring rapper and Mindy's younger brother.
Mary Grill as Maggie, Mindy's teacher friend.
Max Minghella as Richie Castellano, Danny's younger brother.
Chloë Sevigny as Christina Porter, Danny's ex-wife.
Andrew Bachelor as Dr. T.J. Gigak, Mindy's intern at the hospital.
Kelen Coleman as Alex, Mindy's friend.
Bill Hader as Dr. Tom McDougall, a dentist and Mindy's ex-boyfriend.
Tate Ellington as Dr. Rob Gurgler, Mindy's fellowship advisor in San Francisco and old friend of Danny's.
Richard Gant as Melville Fuller, Mindy's accountant.
Niecy Nash as Dr. Jean Fishman, the lesbian chief of OB/GYN at the hospital where Mindy works.
Gita Reddy as Neepa, a member of the fellowship Mindy's participating in.
B.J. Novak as Jamie, Mindy's ex-boyfriend.
Tim Daly as Charlie Lang, a police officer and Mindy's ex-boyfriend.
Joanna Garcia as Sally Prentice, Peter's sister.
Ellie Kemper as Heather, Josh's ex-girlfriend and Mindy's neighbor.
Rob McElhenney as Lou Tookers, Morgan's cousin.
Cristin Milioti as Whitney, a Wall Street stockbroker who dated Jeremy.
Eliza Coupe as Chelsea, Mindy and Danny's neighbour and love interest for Morgan.
Jay R. Ferguson as Drew Schakowsky, head football coach at Princeton.
Sakina Jaffrey as Sonu Lahiri, Mindy's mother.
Ajay Mehta as Tarun Lahiri, Mindy's father.
Randall Park as Dr. Colin Lee, an ophthalmologist and Mindy's friend.
Josh Peck as Ray Ron, Tamra's ex-boyfriend.
Kevin Smith as himself
Julia Stiles as Dr. Jessica Lieberstein, a hoarder colleague of Danny and Mindy's who ends up dating Morgan.
Allison Williams as Jillian or "Eyepatch", Danny's ex-girlfriend.
Bryan Greenberg as Ben, a new pediatric nurse forced to deal with Mindy and her child's ever changing illnesses
Rebecca Rittenhouse as Anna, a young, put-together but slightly evil doctor in the office who becomes a new foil for Mindy.
Julie Bowen as Daisy, an over-bearing mother at Leo's school.
Ana Ortiz as Dr. Mary Hernandez, a doctor at a rival women's clinic.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork124September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)Fox222September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)321September 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)426September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)Hulu514October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)610September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title It's Messy was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012. NBC then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend. On January 30, 2012, Fox greenlit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star.[6]

text: On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy.[7] Two days later, the title was changed from It's Messy to The Mindy Project.[8] On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series. On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of The Mindy Project.[9] On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season,[10] which began on September 17, 2013. On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that The Mindy Project would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014.[11] Fox announced the third season renewal of The Mindy Project on March 7, 2014.[12]

text: On May 6, 2015, Fox cancelled the series after three seasons.[13] On May 15, 2015 Hulu picked up the show, commissioning a 26 episode fourth season.[14] On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16-episode season 5,[15] which was later reduced to 14.[16] On March 29, 2017, Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season; the final episode of the series aired on November 14, 2017.[3]

text: Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr. Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice.[17] Zoe Jarman and Dana Delorenzo then joined in series regular roles. Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst Delorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice.[18] In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr. Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice.[19] Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and  Mindy's best friend.[20]

text: A few months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series. Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr. Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con  who joins the practice as a nurse.[21]

text: Cast changes[edit]

text: The first change occurred when Stephen Tobolowsky's role was eliminated after the second episode – following re-shoots that saw his character be re-written into a mere authoritarian figure in the office – when it was decided that "they didn't really want Mindy to have a boss in the office".[22] Tobolowsky returned, albeit in a voice-over only role, in the eighth episode to explain that his character had retired. The second change of the season, which was first reported on November 20, 2012, saw Amanda Setton's role also eliminated entirely and Anna Camp downgraded to a recurring cast member. They both departed after the twelfth episode.[23] Despite becoming a recurring cast member, Camp only made a single appearance in the seventeenth episode.[24] Neither Setton or Camp's characters had their absence referenced, nor were they mentioned again.

text: The first change for the second season, which occurred before production of the season began, saw Xosha Roquemore upgraded to a series regular role after recurring in the final three episodes of the previous season.[25] The second change, which occurred just prior to the production of the season's fifth episode, resulted in Adam Pally also being upgraded to a series regular role. He had previously signed onto the series in a recurring role but had filmed only two episodes prior to being promoted.[26]

text: The first change of the third season occurred prior to the start of production and saw Zoe Jarman's role eliminated from the show.[27] Like Setton and Camp's departures in the first season, the absence of her character was never addressed. The second cast change of the season was announced on November 21, 2014, and saw Adam Pally leave the series after the season's thirteenth episode. His departure after the thirteenth episode of the season was a condition of his upgrade to a series regular that had occurred the previous year. It was reported that Pally is "expected to make occasional guest appearances".[28] Pally made multiple guest appearances after his departure, where he was still credited amongst the regular cast in episodes he appeared, making his final appearance as a part of the main cast in the third-season finale.

text: In December 2015 it was reported that Fortune Feimster had been upgraded to a series regular role beginning with the fourteenth episode of the fourth season, after appearing in seven of the first thirteen episodes.[29] Garret Dillahunt joined the show in a major recurring role as Dr. Jody Kimball-Kinney.[30]

text: In June 2016, it was announced that Chris Messina would not be returning as a series regular for season five, but will instead appear as a guest star.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Mindy Project received positive reviews from critics, with many highlighting Kaling's performance and her unique character, as well as the writing and directing.[32] On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 81%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Mindy Project is such a charming comedy, led by Mindy Kaling's impressive talent, that its faults are easy to forgive."[33] Review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean based on reviews from mainstream critics, season one received a score of 69 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[32] It was the number-six best-reviewed show according to the site's fall 2012 season.[32]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, Season 2 has a rating of 89%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Mindy Kaling earns consistent laughs with wit, charm and physical comedy, as she and her cast grow into well-rounded and familiar, albeit peculiar, characters."[34] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 55 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[35] Season 3 of the show holds a rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project, while still wildly funny, travels further into rom-com country this season."[36]

text: Season 4 of the show holds a rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project begins its online migration with some of the show's best-ever episodes, further refining the balance between heart and humor struck during the first three seasons."[37] On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[38]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Mindy Project has been the object of intense scrutiny not only from traditional media forms but also from feminists and people of color, who often weigh in on the show's decisions in casting and writing. At the end of the first season, Jezebel posted an article called "Mindy Kaling Only Makes Out with White Guys",[39] a critique of the casting of romantic leads on the show. The same article contains a response from Nisha Chittal, who has defended Kaling's success in the past,[40] who applauded the show for not making Kaling's race central to her character, and for showing that an Indian woman could date non-Indian men.

text: During the second season, the episode "Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist" provoked discussion as to whether or not Kaling had made "reparations" for showing a predominantly white cast.[41]

text: Before the third season began airing, Kaling was criticized for a comment in a Flare article entitled "She's the Boss",[42] in which she stated that the show would not address abortion, as "it would be demeaning to the topic to talk about it in a half-hour sitcom." In an appearance on The Colbert Report two weeks later, she clarified:

text: A lot of women look to me and look to the show, and they want me to be a spokesperson for a lot of issues, and I actually think that's a responsibility that's cool, I want to live up to that ... I want to be able to talk plainly on things but I also want to create an entertaining show. We haven't found a hilarious take on abortion that has not been done yet—but we might. I have faith in us.[43]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Tuesday 9:30 pm (1–19, 21–24)Thursday 9:30 pm (20)

24

September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)

4.67[44]

May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)

2.57[45]
2012–13
128
3.71[46]

2
Tuesday 9:30 pm (1–14, 16, 18–22)Thursday 9:30 pm (15, 17)

22

September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)

3.83[47]

May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)

2.48[48]
2013–14
125
3.40[49]

3
Tuesday 9:30 pm

21

September 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)

2.68[50]

March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2.05[51]
2014–15
151
2.95[52]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2012

Critics' Choice Television Award

Most Exciting New Series

Won

[53]

Writers Guild of America Award

Television: Best Written New Series

Nominated

[54]

2013

Casting Society of America

Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Pilot Comedy

Felicia Fasano

Won

[55]

Gracie Awards

Outstanding Producer – Entertainment

Mindy Kaling

Won

[56]

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[57]

People's Choice Awards

Favorite New TV Comedy

Nominated

[58]

TCA Awards

Outstanding New Program

Nominated

[59]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Breakout Show

Nominated

[60]

Choice TV Actress: Comedy

Mindy Kaling

Nominated

TV Guide Awards

Favorite New Series

Nominated

[61]

2014

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Actor in a Comedy Series

Chris Messina

Nominated

[62]

Gracie Awards

Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series

Mindy Kaling

Won

[63]

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series

Mindy Kaling

Nominated

[64]

People Magazine Awards

TV Couple of the Year

Mindy Kaling and Chris Messina

Won

[65]

Satellite Award

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

Mindy Kaling

Won

[66]

TCA Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy

Nominated

[67]

Individual Achievement in Comedy

Mindy Kaling

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Actress: Comedy

Mindy Kaling

Nominated

[68]

Choice Comedian

Nominated

2015

Critics' Choice Television Award

Best Actor in a Comedy Series

Chris Messina

Nominated

[69]

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series

Mindy Kaling

Nominated

[70]

Outstanding Writer in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Outstanding Director in a Comedy Series

Ken Whittingham

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Salvador Pérez Jr.

Nominated

[71]

2016

Gracie Awards

Outstanding Ensemble Cast – Comedy

Won

[72]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
In India the show airs on Comedy Central.
In Canada the show was aired by City. A network spokesperson confirmed that The Mindy Project would continue to air new episodes on City[73] City didn't air Season 6 until January 2018.[74][75] (Hulu is not accessible in Canada.)
In Oceania the show airs for Australia on the Seven Network[76] from January 28, 2013 at 10PM Mondays and for New Zealand on FOUR[77] from March 11, 2013 at 9:30PM Mondays.
In Israel the show airs on the Hot 3 on-demand service from January 23, 2013.
In Europe the show aired for the United Kingdom on E4 until 2015[78] from March 26, 2013 at 9:30PM Tuesdays, for the Netherlands on Foxlife[79] from January 20, 2014 at 8:30PM Mondays and for Spain on Cosmopolitan TV[80] from January 23, 2014 at 9:30PM Thursdays. In Germany the show airs on Comedy Central Germany[81] since 2013.


document_title: Indianapolis 500

question_text: what kind of cars race in the indy 500

question_tokens: what kind of cars race in the indy 500

text: Indianapolis 500

text: Race specifics[edit]

text: The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5-mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counter-clockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles. Since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race.

text: Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by "Indy cars", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–700 horsepower (410–520 kW). Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider.

text: The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar, and one of the oldest and most important automobile races. It has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity. The total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports.

text: Similar to NASCAR's Daytona 500, the Indianapolis 500 is typically held early in the IndyCar Series season. That is unique to most sports where major events are usually at the end of the respective season. Currently the Indy 500 is the sixth event of the 17-race IndyCar schedule. In the 1970s-1990s, Indianapolis was often the second or third race of the season, and as late as the 1950s, it was sometimes the first championship event of the year. Due to the high prestige of the Indianapolis 500 - rivaling or even surpassing the season championship - it is not uncommon for teams and drivers to concentrate heavily on preparation for the 500 during the early part of the season, and not focus fully on the championship battle until after Indy.

text: The traditional 33-car starting field at Indianapolis is larger than the fields at the other IndyCar races. The field at Indy typically consists of all of the full-time IndyCar Series entries (roughly 20-22 cars), along with 10-15 part-time or "Indy-only" entries. The "Indy-only" entries may be an extra car added to an existing full-time team, or a part-time team altogether that does not enter any of the other races. The "Indy-only" drivers may come from a wide range of pedigrees, but are usually experienced Indy car drivers that either lack a full-time ride, are former full-time drivers that have elected to drop down to part-time status, or occasional one-off drivers from other racing disciplines. It is not uncommon for some drivers (particularly former Indy 500 winners), to quit full-time driving during the season, but race at Indy singly for numerous years afterwards before retirement.

text: Due to safety issues such as aquaplaning, the race is not held in wet conditions. In the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance (i.e., 101 laps) has been completed.

text: History[edit]

text: The early years[edit]

text: The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles.[2] The first long distance event, in "fearful conditions",[3] was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909, won by Bob Burman in a Buick.[4] Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long-distance events (a 250 mi (400 km) and 300 mi (480 km), which was shortened to 235 mi (378 km) after two severe wrecks).[5]

text: That these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers (and crowds of up to 40,000)[6] persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US$155,000[7] on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks;[8] he also added a 2 ft 9 in (0.84 m) concrete wall around the track's circumference.[7] During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend, the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi (320 km) Wheeler-Schebler Trophy in a Marmon.[7]

text: The crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season, however, so the track owners chose to focus on a single race. They considered a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a 1,000 mi (1,600 km).[7] They instead chose a 500 mi (800 km) contest, as the estimated distance a race car could run before dark descended on the track.[9] A spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to 37.615 kg (82.93 lb) of pure gold.[7] The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races.

text: The first "500" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911,[10] run to a 600 cu in (9,800 cc) maximum engine size formula.[7] It saw a field of 40 starters,[7] with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32-based Wasp racer — outfitted with his invention, the rear view mirror.[11] Harroun (with relief from Cyrus Patschke)[12] was declared the winner, although Ralph Mulford protested the official result. 80,000 spectators were in attendance, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming.[13]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Train and Trolley Bear in Thousands

text: In 1912, the purse was raised to US$50,000.[12] The field was limited to 33 (where it remains) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory.[14] This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National,[15] after Ralph de Palma's Mercedes broke.[12] Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1912 to 1919. The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cu in (7,400 cc) maximum engine size.[12]

text: After World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race. Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders.[16] His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s.

text: For musical entertainment prior to the start of the race, the Purdue All-American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since. In 1946, American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing "Back Home Again in Indiana" with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman. This tradition has continued through the years, notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014.[17] Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing. In 2015, the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race.[18]

text: Miller and Offenhauser[edit]

text: Following the European trends, engine sizes were limited to 183 cu in (3,000 cc) during 1920–1922, 122 cu in (2,000 cc) for 1923–1925, and 91 cu in (1,490 cc) in 1926–1929.[12] The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac, prepared by his brothers, powered by the first eight-cylinder engine to win the 500.[12] For 1923, riding mechanics were no longer required.[19] A supercharged car, ID, first won the race in 1924.[19] In 1925, Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph (160 km/h), with a speed of 101.13 mph (162.75 km/h).[12]

text: In the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race.[16] Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis).[20] The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 (two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0-liter formula.

text: After purchasing the Speedway in 1927, Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cu in (6,000 cc), while also re-introducing the riding mechanic.[19]

text: In 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or "Offy" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964.[21]

text: European incursions[edit]

text: Meanwhile, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis, in 1939 and 1940.[22] With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960,[23][24] Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari,[25] but European entries were few and far between during those days. Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was five-time world champion, Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio, though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race.

text: In fact, it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963,[26] dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and giving the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race.[27] The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola-Ford.[28]

text: The Offenhauser engine was also paired with a European maker, McLaren, obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue,[29] and two for the McLaren works team in 1974[30] and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford.[31] This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers continued to fill the majority of entries at the Brickyard in the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting in 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer[32] (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor, respectively.

text: Fernando Alonso was the last active Formula One driver to race at the Indy 500 mile race, in 2017. Prior to that, no active F1 driver had competed in the Indy 500 since 1984.

text: World Series[edit]

text: After foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, Italian Teo Fabi, and Colombian Roberto Guerrero, were able to obtain good outings in the 1980s, as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk. However, it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts.[33] Foreign-born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era, it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers.

text: Race name[edit]

text: The race was originally advertised as the "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race"[10] from 1911 to 1916. However, from its inception, the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or, more simply as "the 500". In 1919, the race was referred to as the "Liberty Sweepstakes" following WWI.[34] From 1920 to 1980, the race officially reverted to the "International Sweepstakes" moniker, as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia, with slight variations over the years.

text: Following WWII, the race was commonly recognized as "The 500", "The 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", "Indianapolis 500", or the simple form "Indy 500". Usually the ordinal (e.g. "50th") preceded it. Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the "Annual Memorial Day race," or similar variations.

text: For the 1981 race, the name "65th Indianapolis 500-Mile Race" was officially adopted, with all references as the "International Sweepstakes" dropped. Since 1981, the race has been formally advertised in this fashion, complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included. Around that same time, in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy, and the formation of CART, the race changed to an invitational event, rather than an Open, rendering the "sweepstakes" description inappropriate.

text: For nearly a century, the race eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor, a move, though uncommon in the modern sports world, that was well received by fans. This tradition finally ended in 2016 when a presenting sponsor was added for the first time. The race became known as the "Indianapolis 500 presented by PennGrade Motor Oil." In the 21st century, the facility has also slowly added sponsorship ads on the retaining walls and infield grass. In the 2000s on television, the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor. Currently on ABC-TV, the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone, but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts, and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track.

text: The Borg-Warner Trophy, introduced in 1936,[35] proclaims the event as the "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race", with no reference at all to the name "International Sweepstakes".

text: Centennial Era[edit]

text: In 2009, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three-year-long "Centennial Era" to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track (1909), and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 (1911).[36] As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration (2009–2011), tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker "93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes".[37] It is the first time since 1980 that the "Sweepstakes" title has been used. During the month of May 2009, the ordinal (93rd) was used very sparingly, and for the first time since 1981, was not identified on the annual logo. Instead, in most instances in print, television, and radio, the race was referred to as the "2009 Indianapolis 500". Since the race was not held during the United States' participation in the two World Wars (1917–1918, 1942–1945), the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings. To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary, and the actual number of times the race has been run, references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed.

text: Six years later, in 2016, the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance.[38]

text: Female drivers[edit]

text: Female participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition. As such, female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971.[39] There have been nine female drivers to qualify, starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977.

text: Sarah Fisher has competed nine times, the most of any woman. Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race, the only times a woman has led laps during the race. Pippa Mann has raced in Indy every year since 2013.

text: African-American drivers[edit]

text: Two African-American drivers have competed in the Indy 500. Willy T. Ribbs was the first, racing in 1991 and 1993. George Mack drove in the 2002 race.

text: Spanish drivers[edit]

text: In 2017, two Spaniards competed in the Indy 500. Oriol Servia and two-time Formula 1 World Champion Fernando Alonso. Alonso led for 27 laps before having to stop the car due to engine failure with 21 laps remaining. [40]

text: Race sanctioning[edit]

text: AAA and USAC[edit]

text: From 1911 to 1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956, which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing.[41]

text: From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA's World Championship of Drivers (now synonymous with Formula One), although few drivers participated in the other races of that series. Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European-based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years. His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race. Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958 but declined an offer to race.

text: Control issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s. Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978[42] to sanction the sport of Indy car racing.

text: The Indianapolis 500 itself, however, remained under the sanctioning control of USAC. It became the lone top-level race the body still sanctioned, as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races (as well as their stock car division) to concentrate on sprints and midgets. For the next three years, the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar, but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field. By 1983, an agreement was made for the USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar, and the race awarded points towards the CART championship.

text: Despite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony. CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations, but utilized the same machines and the CART-based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year.

text: IndyCar Series[edit]

text: In 1994, Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League.[43] The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece. Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race's lack of status within CART, the increasing number of foreign drivers (as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR), and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series. Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States.

text: In 1995, and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events, George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings (similar in practice to NASCAR's Top 35 rule introduced years later). The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART-regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races. CART's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts, skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points, boycott the race,[44] and stage a competing event, the U.S. 500, on the same day at Michigan. Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash-filled 1996 Indy 500. Two CART teams, Walker Racing and Galles Racing, competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident. The U.S. 500, meanwhile, failed to garner as much interest[citation needed] and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars. CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300-mile race in ensuing years (1997–1999) instead.

text: For 1997, new rules for less expensive cars and "production based" engines were put into place. The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment; no CART-based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years.

text: In 2000, Target Chip Ganassi Racing, still a CART-mainstay, made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya. On race day, Montoya dominated the event, leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory.[45] In 2001, Penske Racing returned and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves.[46] Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002.

text: By 2003, Ganassi, Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently. CART went bankrupt later in the year, and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners, and it became the Champ Car World Series. The two series continued to operate separately through 2007. In early 2008, the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12-year split being run under Indy Racing League/IMS control—known as the IndyCar Series.[47]

text: The 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V-6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines.[citation needed]

text: NASCAR and the 500[edit]

text: In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Indy 500 and the World 600 (now known as the Coca-Cola 600) at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week. A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year, including Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Cale Yarborough, and Lee Roy Yarbrough. From 1974 to 1992, the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time, making participation in both impossible. A few stock car drivers during that time, namely Neil Bonnett in 1979, nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy, even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether.

text: "Double Duty"[edit]

text: From 1994 to 2014,[48] several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day. Since 1993, the Coca-Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500. The effort has been known as "Double Duty". At the conclusion of the Indy 500, drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport. From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport, and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race. John Andretti, Tony Stewart, and Robby Gordon attempted the feat, with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles) in both races on the same day.[49]

text: For 2005, the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings. This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day. (The race's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST – 12 noon EDT – because in 1911, race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event, and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime. Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one-half hours.)

text: Two drivers, Mario Andretti and A. J. Foyt, have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, America's premier endurance races, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Foyt won Le Mans in 1967, about one month after winning his third Indy 500. Andretti won the 1978 Formula One World Championship and is a three-time Sebring winner (he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona). Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races. In 2010, Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year, with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500.

text: In 2010, Bruton Smith (owner of Speedway Motorsports, Inc.), offered $20,000,000 to any driver, IndyCar or NASCAR, who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 – a feat that has never been done before. For 2011, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12:15 PM EDT (prior to 2005, the engines started at 10:52 AM EST; under the modern schedule, engines start around 12:05 PM for a start around 12:15 PM), which re-opened the window for travel. Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014.[50] It was announced on March 4, 2014, that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500, driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team.[51] Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400-mile mark.

text: Technical regulations[edit]

text: Technical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar. Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race. In the past, particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 (but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races), rules at Indy slightly differed at times. The result, for example, would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy, but not so at the CART-sanctioned events. This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when "stock-block" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the "stock block" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994.[52]

text: Teams may enter up to two machines under a given car number – the "primary" car and a "backup" car. The backup car is identified by the letter "T". For example, the two cars for the #2 team would be numbered #2 and #2T. Both cars may be practiced during the month, but due to engine lease rules, they must share the same engine. It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car, if it is deemed faster, or for other strategic reasons. Additionally, as the month wears on, a "T car" may be split off into its own entry, and reassigned a new number, or be sold to another team.

text: All cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice. Various criteria includes minimum weight, dimensions, and approved parts, particularly safety equipment. Prior to and following qualification attempts, cars must pass another inspection. The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue. It is relatively brief, due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure. The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy, and takes place in the garage area. It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league, and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection.

text: Qualifying procedure[edit]

text: Throughout the years, the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures. The current four-lap (ten-mile) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920 and has been used every year since 1939.[53]

text: In 2014, the qualifying procedure was refined, such that the pole position winner and the starting grid would be determined over two days. On the weekend before the race (Saturday and Sunday), all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order.

text:
Saturday: All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify. The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid. The top nine cars will advance to a special "shootout" session to determine the pole position. Making a second (or third) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt.
Sunday: The drivers that qualified 10–33 on Saturday have their original times erased, and go out to make a new run. This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10–33. The drivers who qualified 1–9 on Saturday advance to the "Fast 9". Those cars also have their original time erased. Each car makes a new attempt, and determine the lineup for positions 1–9, including the highly coveted pole position.

text: For each attempt, cars are allowed two warm-up laps. At that time, a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch. He or she must wave a green flag, signaling an attempt, or else the car will be waved off. The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team, driver, or race officials. (The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day.) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts, the attempt counts towards the three-attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited, unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Memorabilia[edit]

text: Many people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting.[54] The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. The organization was established January 1, 1985, in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general.

text: The longest-running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show.[citation needed]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films and has been referenced many times in television, movies, and other media.

text: Milk[edit]

text: Louis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933. After winning his third title in 1936, he requested another glass but instead received a bottle. He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win. A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and, being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk, offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races. Milk has been presented each year since then, apart from 1947 to 1955. Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole, 2%, and skim.[55]

text: At the 1993 Indianapolis 500, winner Emerson Fittipaldi, who owned and operated an orange grove, notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner's interview. He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over, but the public relations damage had already been done.[56] The snub led to Fittipaldi being booed at the next ChampCar race, the Milwaukee Mile, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the heart of dairy country, and by some, as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car. In the 2016 Indianapolis 500, as a promotion, the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 attendees to toast the winner with milk after the race.[57]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Radio coverage of the race dates back to 1922. The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953.

text: The Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500, largely to maximize gate attendance. The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM-TV, after which the practice was discontinued. From 1964 to 1970, the race was broadcast live on closed-circuit television in theaters around the country. From 1965 through 1970, a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC's Wide World of Sports. From 1971 through 1985, an edited same-day, tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time. The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration (including commercials).

text: Since 1986, ABC has televised the race live in its entirety. However, at the request of the Speedway, Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance. In 2007 (the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding), the race was first aired in high-definition.[58]

text: In 2015, ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500.

text: In 2016, the IMS declared a sell-out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950.[59][60]

text: Coverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961. ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape-delayed formats from 1961 to 2008 and since 2014. ESPN (and later along with ESPN2) carried various portions of time trials from 1987 to 2008. Versus (now NBCSN) covered time trials from 2009 to 2013.

text: Practice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001.[61]


document_title: Red Dawn

question_text: where was the original red dawn movie filmed

text: Red Dawn

text: Plot[edit]

text: The United States has gradually become strategically isolated after several European nations (except the United Kingdom) withdraw from NATO. At the same time, the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact partners aggressively expand their sphere of influence. In addition, the Ukrainian wheat harvest fails while a Communist coup d'etat occurs in Mexico.

text: On a September morning, in the small town of Calumet, Colorado, a local high school teacher pauses when he sees Soviet paratroopers landing in a nearby field. The paratroopers open fire when the teacher confronts them. Pandemonium follows as students flee amid heavy gunfire. In downtown Calumet, Cuban and Soviet troops are trying to impose order after a hasty occupation. Cuban Colonel Bella instructs the KGB to go to a local sporting goods store and obtain the records of the store's gun sales on the ATF's Form 4473, which lists citizens who have purchased firearms.

text: Brothers Jed and Matt Eckert, along with their friends Robert, Danny, Daryl, and Aardvark, flee into the wilderness after hastily equipping themselves at a sporting goods store owned by Robert's father. While on the way to the mountains, they run into a Soviet roadblock, but are saved by an attacking U.S. Army UH-1 helicopter gunship. After several weeks in the forest, they sneak back into town; Jed and Matt learn that their father is being held in a re-education camp. They visit the site and speak to him through the fence; Mr. Eckert orders his sons to avenge his inevitable death.

text: The kids visit the Masons and learn that they are behind enemy lines in "Occupied America." Robert's father is revealed to have been executed because of the missing inventory from his store. The Masons charge Jed and Matt with taking care of their two granddaughters, Toni and Erica. After killing Soviet soldiers in the woods, the youths begin an armed resistance against the occupation forces, calling themselves "Wolverines," after their high school mascot. The occupation forces initially try reprisal tactics, executing groups of civilians following every Wolverine attack. During one of these mass executions, the fathers of Jed, Matt and Aardvark are killed. Daryl's father, Mayor Bates, is a collaborator and tries to appease the occupation authorities. Despite the reprisal tactics the occupation forces get nowhere.

text: The Wolverines find a downed pilot, Lt. Col. Andrew Tanner, who informs them of the current state of the war: several American cities, including Washington, D.C., were destroyed by nuclear strikes; the Strategic Air Command was crippled by Cuban saboteurs; and paratroopers were dropped from fake commercial airliners to seize key positions in preparation for subsequent assaults via Mexico and Alaska. The middle third of the U.S. has been taken over, but American counterattacks have halted Soviet advances along the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River and the lines have stabilized. The only remaining U.S. allies, the UK and China, are militarily crippled. Concerned about nuclear fallout, both sides refrain from the further use of nuclear weapons.

text: Tanner assists the Wolverines in organizing raids against the Soviets. Soon after, in a visit to the front line, Tanner and Aardvark are killed in the crossfire of a tank battle. Daryl is caught by the Soviets after being turned in by his collaborating father. Using threats of torture, KGB officers force Daryl to swallow a tracking device, then release him to rejoin the guerrillas. Spetsnaz are sent into the mountains carrying portable radio triangulation equipment, but are ambushed by the Wolverines. The group trace the source of the signal to Daryl, who confesses and pleads for mercy, but is executed by Robert after Jed executes a captured Soviet soldier.

text: The remaining members are ambushed by Mi-24 helicopter gunships, and Robert and Toni are killed. Jed and Matt attack the Soviet headquarters in Calumet to distract the troops while Danny and Erica escape. The plan works, but Jed and Matt are wounded. Though Colonel Bella comes across the brothers, he is unable to bring himself to kill them and lets them go. Nevertheless, it is implied the brothers die in the park where they spent time as kids.

text: Erica narrates that the U.S. repelled the Soviet invasion some time later. A plaque is seen with Partisan Rock in the background, with each dead (presumed) Wolverine's name inscribed upon it. The rock is fenced off and an American flag flies nearby. The plaque reads:

text: ...In the early days of World War III, guerrillas – mostly children – placed the names of their lost upon this rock. They fought here alone and gave up their lives, so "that this nation shall not perish from the earth."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Patrick Swayze as Jed Eckert
C. Thomas Howell as Robert Morris
Lea Thompson as Erica Mason
Charlie Sheen as Matt Eckert
Darren Dalton as Daryl Bates
Jennifer Grey as Toni Mason
Brad Savage as Danny Bates
Doug Toby as Arturo "Aardvark" Mondragon
Powers Boothe as Lt. Col. Andrew "Andy" Tanner, USAF
Ben Johnson as Jack Mason
Harry Dean Stanton as Tom Eckert
Ron O'Neal as Colonel Ernesto Bella
William Smith as Colonel Strelnikov
Vladek Sheybal as General Bratchenko
Frank McRae as Mr. Teasdale
Roy Jenson as Samuel Morris
Pepe Serna as Mr. Mondragón
Lane Smith as Mayor Bates
Judd Omen as Nicaraguan Captain
Radames Pera as Sgt. Stepan Gorsky

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was originally called Ten Soldiers and was written by Kevin Reynolds. It was set in the near future as a combined force of Russians and Cubans launched an invasion of the Southwestern USA. Ten kids take to the hills when their small town is captured and they turn into a skilled and lethal guerrilla band.

text: The script was shown to MGM where then senior vice-president for production, Peter Bart, who remembers it as a "sharply written anti-war movie... a sort of Lord of the Flies."[5] He took the project to the head of the studio, Frank Yablans. Bart recalls that things changed when "the chieftains at MGM got a better idea. Instead of making a poignant little antiwar movie, why not make a teen Rambo and turn the project over to John Milius, a genial and rotund filmmaker who loved war movies and also loved war? The idea was especially popular with a member of the MGM board of directors, General Alexander Haig, the former Nixon chief of staff, who yearned to supervise the film personally and develop a movie career."[5]

text: Milius admits he was enthusiastic about the project:

text: When I was a kid in the early 60s and 50s, even... I went to high school in Colorado. One of the big things we wanted to be, aside from football players and skiers and everything else–we wanted to be mountain men. And so we read everything about Jim Pritchard and Jim Carson, all that kind of thing, you know, to be a woodsman. The greatest fantasy of all was that we were going to go up to the mountains and resist the Russians with flint-lock rifles, cap-lock rifles, anyway.[6]

text: Milius says MGM decided to make the film because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan. "MGM decided we’re going to make this patriotic movie that’s mirroring the situation in Afghanistan, and we’ll release it during the Olympics."[6] Milius set about rewriting the script. Some of the changes included a shift in focus from conflict within the group to conflict between the teens and their oppressors, and the acceleration of the ages of some of the characters from early teens to high school age and beyond.[7]

text: Haig took Milius under his wing, bringing him to the Hudson Institute, the conservative think tank founded by Herman Kahn, to develop a plausible scenario. Milius saw the story as a Third World liberation struggle in reverse; Haig introduced Nicaragua and suggested that, with the collapse of NATO, a left-wing Mexican regime would participate in the Soviet invasion, effectively splitting the U.S. in half.[8] Bart says "Even Milius was taken aback by Haig's approach to the project. "This is going to end up as a jingoistic, flag-waving movie," Milius fretted. Meanwhile, despite Haig's enthusiasm (or perhaps because of it) the Department of Defense flatly refused to extend any cooperation whatsoever. As a result, the budget of this once $6 million movie almost tripled."[5]

text: Milius later said "I see this as an anti-war movie in the sense that if both sides could see this, maybe it wouldn't have to happen. I think it would be good for Americans to see what a war would be like. The film isn't even that violent – the war shows none of the horrors that could happen in World War III. In fact, everything that happened in the movie happened in World War Two."[2]

text: Shooting[edit]

text: The movie was filmed in and around the city of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Many of the buildings and structures which appeared in the film, including a historic Fred Harvey Company hotel adjacent to the train depot, the train yard, and a building near downtown, which was repainted with the name of "Calumet, Colorado", are still there today. An old Safeway grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie.[9]

text: Before starting work on the movie, the cast underwent an intensive eight-week military training course. During that time, production crews designed and built special combat vehicles in Newhall, California. Soldier of Fortune reported that the movie's T-72 tank was such a precise replica that "while it was being carted around Los Angeles, two CIA officers followed it to the studio and wanted to know where it had come from".

text: Milius says the scene that meant the most to him was when the Wolverines execute the Russian soldier and the mayor's son, Daryl.

text: The rationale that Jed [Patrick Swayze's character] gives is, "We live here." For me that sort of summed up the anger and fear that followed Sept. 11. That's the emotional core of it, isn't it though? That's it. We live here. This is what we are. At the time I remember that was a very, very powerful scene... [I]t was extremely [difficult] to shoot that. We were way, way up on a place called Johnson's Mesa. It snowed. The wind was blowing in. It dropped below zero, everybody was getting frostbite, as well as the fact, I remember, everyone had dysentery. So you had the problem of everyone having to rush to various facilities wearing Avirex assault gear... I remember the power of that scene and that they got into it because of the fact that it was so bitterly cold. And yet it was so beautiful at the same time. Everybody became kind of strongly attached to the place.[6]

text: Powers Boothe later claimed "Milius cut out the emotional life of its characters. Originally, my character was anti-war, as well as a rightist. I was supposed to be the voice of reason in that movie. But certain cuts negated my character."[10]

text: Lea Thompson says the original cut featured a love scene between her and Powers Boothe but it "was cut out after some previews because of the age difference. And that was the main reason I took the movie-it was such a terrific scene."[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Red Dawn was the 20th highest-grossing film of 1984, opening on August 10, 1984 in 1,822 theatres and taking in $8,230,381 on its first weekend. Its box office gross is $38,376,497.[1]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Red Dawn received mixed reviews, receiving a score of 50% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews.[12]

text: The New York Times reviewer said "to any sniveling lily-livers who suppose that John Milius... has already reached the pinnacle of movie-making machismo, a warning: Mr. Milius's Red Dawn is more rip-roaring than anything he has done before. Here is Mr. Milius at his most alarming, delivering a rootin'-tootin' scenario for World War III."[13]

text: MGM apologised to Alaska war veterans for the film's advertising, which claimed that no foreign troops had ever landed on US soil, thereby overlooking the Aleutian Islands Campaign.[14]

text: At the time it was released, Red Dawn was considered the most violent film by the Guinness Book of Records and The National Coalition on Television Violence, with a rate of 134 acts of violence per hour, or 2.23 per minute.[15] The DVD Special Edition (2007) includes an on-screen "Carnage Counter" in a nod to this.[16]

text: A few days after the NCTV survey came out, 35 protestors picketed the MGM/UA building in opposition to the film.[17] John Milius said:

text: What these people really don't like is that the movie shows violence being perpetrated against Russian and Cuban invaders, which is what the demonstration was all about. My question is, where were all these demonstrators when the Russians shot down that airliner? Were they cheering? And what about the people being gassed and yellow-rained in Afghanistan?... There's really no pleasure in outraging these people. I suppose next some extreme right wing organisation will give me an award, which is equally ridiculous.[14]

text: Soon after the Gun Owners of America announced that they were honoring Milius for "dramatically depicting the importance in our time of the Second Amendment."[18]

text: Later reputation[edit]

text: National Review Online has named the film No. 15 in its list of "The Best Conservative Movies."[19] Adam Arseneau at the website DVD Verdict opined that the film "often feels like a Republican wet dream manifested into a surrealistic Orwellian nightmare".[16]

text: According to Jesse Walker of Reason,

text: The film outraged liberal critics, but further to the left it had some supporters. In a witty and perceptive piece for The Nation, Andrew Kopkind called it "the most convincing story about popular resistance to imperial oppression since the inimitable Battle of Algiers," adding that he'd "take the Wolverines from Colorado over a small circle of friends from Harvard Square in any revolutionary situation I can imagine."[20]

text: Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard argued that the film was "not so much pro-war as it is anti-State." Rothbard gave the film a generally positive review, while expressing some reservations with the story:

text: One big problem with the picture is that there is no sense that successful guerrilla war feeds on itself; in real life the ranks of the guerrillas would start to swell, and this would defeat the search-and-destroy concept. In Red Dawn, on the other hand, there are only the same half-dozen teenagers, and the inevitable attrition makes the struggle seem hopeless when it need not be.

text: Another problem is that there is no character development through action, so that, except for the leader, all the high school kids seem indistinguishable. As a result, there is no impulse to mourn as each one falls by the wayside.[21]

text: Milius said that:

text: The movie was very successful. It was just roundly hated by the liberal community and critics. I was vilified and excoriated to a degree–and I was one who was used to being vilified and excoriated for my movies–but that movie really got their dander up... You see the tremendous cost of everything. Nobody comes out of it whole or unscarred. The ones that in the end, when they get away, they’re looking down on this vast plain and say, "We’re free now." And he says, "Free to do what?"[6]

text: References in the film[edit]

text:
The NRA slogan, "I'll give you my gun when you take it from my cold, dead fingers", is seen on a truck's bumper sticker as the paratroopers take over Calumet before a dead man's M1911 pistol is taken from him.[22]
The movie being shown to American prisoners at the Soviet camp near Calumet is Alexander Nevsky (1938), Sergei Eisenstein's Soviet anti-Nazi film. It is also playing in the town cinema across from the drugstore.[23]
Much of the story is set in the Arapaho National Forest, and a group of Soviet soldiers refer specifically to the Colorado War, which was fought there between the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indian insurgencies and the occupying U.S. government.[24]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris; it was the first soundtrack album to be released (on LP and compact disc) by Intrada Records. The label issued the complete score in 2007.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The movie has become a cult film. Milius:

text: It was almost like a Revolutionary War message. It’s the nature of America’s struggle against oppression. But the movie, because it was a rare patriotic movie in a time when that really wasn’t done very often, I think it really struck a chord. It really struck a chord with people who’ve grown up [with it]… They've told me, "God, I just love that movie." Because everybody, I think, had that fantasy of what would happen if your home was invaded and you would fight the Russians and whatever.[6]

text: Operation Red Dawn[edit]

text: The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was named Operation Red Dawn and its targets were dubbed Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2. Army Captain Geoffrey McMurray, who named the mission, said the naming "was so fitting because it was a patriotic, pro-American movie." Milius approved of the naming: "I was deeply flattered and honored. It's nice to have a lasting legacy."[25]

text: "I was very proud," said Milius. "I was just thrilled. It's nice to be liked someplace in the world. I have very strong supporters in the military."[6]

text: Remake[edit]

text: The remake takes place in a slightly altered version of the modern day (c. 2012), with North Korea invading the United States. Milius did not like the remake, and criticised it as "terrible" after reading an original script where the villains were Chinese.

text: There was a strange feeling to the whole thing. They were fans of the movie so they put in stuff they thought was neat. It's all about neat action scenes, and has nothing to do with story.... There's only one example in 4,000 years of Chinese territorial adventurism, and that was in 1979, when they invaded Vietnam, and to put it mildly they got their [butts] handed to them... Why would China want us? They sell us stuff. We're a market. I would have done it about Mexico.[26]


document_title: Abby Cadabby

question_text: when did abby cadabby first appear on sesame street

text: Abby Cadabby

text: Character launch[edit]

text: Abby Cadabby was officially announced in TV Guide, months before the 37th season debut of Sesame Street, and a press kit was issued soon after.[2] Rumors had floated on the Internet before that, with an anonymous Sesame Workshop or Muppet insider revealing the addition on Muppet Wiki.[citation needed]

text: She made her Street debut on August 14, 2006.

text: Abby was scheduled to be interviewed 10 August 2006 on The Today Show on NBC; "NBC Special Report" coverage of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot pre-empted the interview. Abby appeared for a short chat on 14 August, a few short minutes with Bobbie Thomas and Hoda Kotb before the weather. The scheduled "satellite-tour" of local stations across America went on later that day.[3]

text: Abby was to be featured as ABC World News "Person of the Week" on 11 August 2006; Hurricane Katrina/2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict dog rescuer Linda Nealon pre-empted her.[4] Cadabby was featured on the 18 August broadcast, with the teaser, "Femininity comes to Sesame Street".[5] She was touted as the first 3-year-old "Person of The Week".

text: Abby appeared on the August 11 edition of All Things Considered on NPR. [6]

text: In 2007, Abby had her own balloon made after her in the 2007 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In 2008, Abby starred as 'Alice' in the Sesame Street direct-to-DVD film Abby in Wonderland that adapts Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Abby is also now featured in the 2007-2009 tour of Sesame Street Live show When Elmo Grows Up and also on the 2012-2013 leg of the "Elmo Makes Music" tour.

text: In 2014's direct-to-DVD film "Elmo's Super Numbers", Abby appears at NumberCon as "One-Da Woman", a numeric spoof and pun of the DC comic book female superhero, Wonder Woman.

text: Abby is the host of Sesame Street's autism initiative.

text: Animation team[edit]

text: The animation studio SpeakEasy FX, founded by director Scott Stewart, produces the "Abby's Flying Fairy School" series.[7]


document_title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin

question_text: how old do you have to be to drink in wisconsin with a parent

text: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin

text: History[edit]

text: When Wisconsin became a state, settlers from the eastern United States (known as Yankees) took issue with the consumption of alcohol by German immigrants on Sunday, as well as the prevalence of alcoholism. The Wisconsin legislature passed a law in 1849 that made liquor sellers liable for the costs incurred by local governments in supporting alcoholics. Ten years later, the state prohibited liquor sales on Sundays.[1]

text: In 1872, alcohol regulation reached new heights in the state with the passage of the Graham Law. This legislation prohibited drunkenness and the sale of alcohol to minors, and required all liquor sellers to post a $2,000 bond (more than $30,000 in 2007 U.S. dollars).[2] German-Americans fought the new law in the courts and at the ballot box. Although they lost challenges in the courts, they were able to elect a legislature friendlier to alcohol consumption. In 1874, the new lawmakers passed less restrictive laws that lowered the bond to $500, allowed Sunday liquor sales, and created certain safe havens for liquor sellers to escape liability for alcoholics.[1]

text: Alcohol consumption was banned in Wisconsin during Prohibition (1920-1933).  But even before Prohibition ended, Wisconsin created work-arounds. In 1926, voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer, if not its consumption. The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929.[3] Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, ending Prohibition.[4] The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25, 1933.[5]

text: Retail sale of alcohol[edit]

text: State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and beer between midnight and 6:00 a.m.[6] State law allows local municipalities to further restrict retail sales of alcohol, or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether.[7] Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9:00 p.m.

text: At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently: the city of Sparta,[8][9] and the village of Ephraim.[10][11] In the April 1, 2014 Wisconsin spring election, voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores. The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect.[12] In the April 5, 2016, voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses.[13]

text: Beverage sale of alcohol[edit]

text: State law requires that bars be closed between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday. Exceptions are made on New Year's Eve, when no closing is required, and for changes in Daylight Saving Time. State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed.[6] Municipalities may elect, however, to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses, making the municipality effectively dry.[7]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text:
The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21. Those under the legal drinking age may be served, possess, or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age.[14] Those age 18-20 may also be served, possess or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. [15]
Those age 18 to 20 may also possess (but not consume) alcohol as part of their employment.[6]

text: The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74, effective July 1, 1984, created a drinking age of 19. Meeting in special session at the call of the governor, the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337, which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA (National Minimum Drinking Age) on September 1, 1986.[16]

text: The NMDA law was amended to permit an exception for those persons who were between ages 18 and 21 on the effective date of the law. Wisconsin 19- and 20-year-olds were “grandfathered in” by this exception after enactment of Act 337. In effect, the state did not have a uniform age of 21 until September 1, 1988.[16]


document_title: Pygmy goat

question_text: how long does a pygmy goat live for

question_tokens: how long does a pygmy goat live for

text: Pygmy goat

text: Appearance[edit]

text: Females, called does or nannys, weigh 24 to 34 kg (53 to 75 lb) and males, called bucks or billys, weigh 27 to 39 kg (60 to 86 lb). Wither height ranges from 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in). Castrated billys are called wethers. In the U.S. Pygmies only come in 7 breed standard approved colors, and can be categorized into caramel patterned, agouti patterned, and black patterned. Within these categories, there are caramel with black markings, caramel with brown markings, brown agouti, grey agouti, black agouti, black with white markings, and solid black. The faulting matrix allows for faulting random white markings from moderate to very serious and these animals will be judged accordingly. White belly bands are not considered random markings. The U.S. African Pygmy will also only have brown colored eyes.[2][3]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Pygmy goats are precocial and polyestrous breeders; bearing one to four young every nine to 12 months after a five-month gestation period. Does are usually bred for the first time at about 18 to 24 months, although they may conceive as early as two months if care is not taken to separate them early from male kids. Breeding under age does often results in c-sections. Newborn kids will nurse almost immediately, begin eating grain and roughage within a week, and are weaned by ten weeks of age.

text: Polyestrous sexual behavior means that they experience heat and can be freshened (made to come into milk production) year-round. If milking is a priority, a continuous supply of milk can be obtained by breeding two or more pygmy does alternately. Some full-size dairy breeds are also noted for polyestrous sexual behavior.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The Pygmy goat was developed from the west african dwarf goat, a landrace of Central and West Africa, found most commonly in the Cameroon Valley. They were taken to Europe primarily by the British during the colonial era. They were later imported into the United States from European zoos in the 1950s for use in zoos as well as research animals. They were eventually acquired by private breeders and quickly gained popularity as pets and exhibition animals due to their good-natured personalities, friendliness and hardy constitution. Today, they are common as back-yard pets and in petting zoos.[4]

text: Housing and care[edit]

text: Pygmy goats are adaptable to most climates. Their primary diet consists of greens and grains. They enjoy having items to jump on and may be able to leap onto small vehicles. They are also in need of a shed and open area accessible at all times. They also need a companion, which doesn't necessarily have to be its own species. They are prey animals and should therefore be sheltered in a predator-proof area -especially at night. Goats require fresh water at all times or they won't drink it. Pygmy goats are often affectionate if they are treated with respect. They can also be trained, though it requires quite a bit of work. It is important to make sure pygmy goats are comfortable and warm during the winter months.[5] Simple measures such as feeding pygmy goats lukewarm water and lukewarm food, as well as ensuring their living quarters are free from drafts, can make pygmy goats a lot happier during the winter.[6]

text: General information[edit]

text:
Scientific name: Capra aegagrus hircus[7]
Average lifespan: 8–18 years
Normal body temperature: 101.5-104 °F (39.1 - 40 °C)
Normal pulse rate: 60-90 beats per minute (faster for kids)
Normal respiration rate: 15-30 per minute
Rumen movement: 1-1.5 per minute
Gestation period: 145–155 days (average 150 days)
Heat (oestrus) cycle: 18–24 days (average 21 days)
Length of heat: 12–48 hours (average 1 day)
Weaning age (recommended): 8–10 weeks
Males sexually mature: 9–12 weeks
Females onset of heat: 3–12 months*
Dehorning (by veterinary surgeon): By 7 days
Castration:

Using elastrator ring: 8 weeks and older (recommended to limit risk of Urinary Calculi)[1]
Surgical method (by vet): No age limit