document_title: Steel Magnolias

question_text: who dies at the end of steel magnolias

question_tokens: who dies at the end of steel magnolias

text: Steel Magnolias

text: Plot[edit]

text: Annelle Dupuy, a reserved beauty school graduate, is hired by Truvy Jones to work in her home-based beauty salon in northwestern Louisiana. At the same time, in another part of the neighborhood, M'Lynn Eatenton, and her daughter, Shelby, are preparing for Shelby's wedding, which is taking place later that day. They arrive, along with Clairee Belcher, the cheerful widow of the former mayor, to have their hair done. Suddenly, Shelby, who has type 1 diabetes, falls into a hypoglycemic state, but recovers quickly with the help of her mother's quick thinking. Later that afternoon, short-tempered, grouchy, and sarcastic Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux arrives in the salon and questions Annelle about where she has moved from, forcing Annelle to reveal that her husband has recently left her while fleeing the police, taking all their money and their car. Moved by Annelle's emotional confession, Shelby invites her to the wedding, where Annelle meets Sammy DeSoto, who is tending bar.

text: Several months pass and Shelby returns to town to celebrate Christmas. During the festivities, she announces that she and her husband, Jackson Latcherie, are expecting their first child. M'Lynn is devastated by the news, as the doctors had warned that Shelby’s extreme diabetes situation means that pregnancy could be a death sentence, but Shelby, unable to adopt, was unwilling to go on without having children, calling that a “life of nothing special.” Shelby's father Drum, and her brothers Jonathan and Tommy, are thrilled. Truvy, Annelle, and Clairee had originally thought that Shelby couldn't have children, but on the night of the big announcement, M'Lynn clarifies for them the doctors’ warnings. Unable to give her any words of wisdom, Truvy suggests they focus on the joy of the situation: Jackson and Shelby's first child, as well as Drum and M'Lynn's first grandchild. M'Lynn agrees, saying that nothing pleases Shelby more than proving her wrong.

text: Shelby successfully delivers a baby boy, Jackson Jr., but shows signs of kidney failure and starts dialysis. She celebrates July Fourth, around the time Jackson Jr. turns one, by successfully receiving a donated kidney from M'Lynn, allowing Shelby to seemingly resume a normal life. Four months later, on Halloween, Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and M'Lynn throw Annelle a surprise wedding shower, as she is now engaged to Sammy. Shelby is unavailable to attend due to a conflicting schedule with her nursing job, and is later found by Jackson unconscious on the porch of her house. Shelby is rushed to the hospital, where it is determined that her body rejected the new kidney, and she is now in a coma. The doctors inform the family that Shelby is likely to remain comatose indefinitely, and they jointly decide to take her off life support. At the funeral, after the other mourners have left, M'Lynn breaks down in hysterics in front of Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and Annelle, but is comforted by them.

text: Later, at the wake, M'Lynn begins to accept her daughter's decision to end her life in return for a few years of motherhood. Annelle, now married and pregnant, asks M'Lynn if she could name her own baby after Shelby, since Shelby was the reason Annelle and Sammy met. M'Lynn gives her blessing and assures Annelle that Shelby would have loved it. Months later, on Easter morning, Annelle goes into labor during an Easter egg hunt, is rushed to the hospital by Truvy and her husband Spud, and another life begins.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Relationship

Sally Field
Mary Lynn "M'Lynn" Eatenton
Social Worker; Wife to Drum Eatenton; Mother to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson's mother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandmother

Dolly Parton
Truvy Jones
Beautician; Wife to Spud Jones; Mother to Louie; town gossip

Shirley MacLaine
Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux
Clairee Belcher's best friend and confidant; Eatenton Family's next-door neighbor; town curmudgeon, and Drum Eatenton's nemesis

Daryl Hannah
Annelle Dupuy DeSoto
Newcomer to town; Apprentice Beautician hired by Truvy Jones; first married to Bunkie Dupuy; later marries Sammy Desoto

Olympia Dukakis
Clairee Belcher
Former town first lady; sister to Drew Marmillion, sister-in-law to Belle Marmillion; aunt to Marshall and Nancy Beth Marmillion; best friend and confidant of Ouiser Boudreaux; friend of the Eatentons and Joneses

Julia Roberts
Shelby Eatenton Latcherie
Eldest child and only daughter of Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton; sister to Jonathan and Tommy; marries Jackson Latcherie and gives birth to Jackson "Jack" Latcherie, Jr.; suffers from type one diabetes

Tom Skerritt
Thomas Drummond "Drum" Eatenton
Husband of M'Lynn Eatenton, Father to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson Latcherie's father-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandfather

Sam Shepard
Spud Jones
Sporadically employed laborer; Truvy Jones's husband and Louie's father

Dylan McDermott
Jackson Latcherie
Lawyer; Shelby Eatenton's husband; Jack Jr.'s father; Drum and M'Lynn's son-in-law and Jonathan and Tommy's brother-in-law

Kevin J. O'Connor
Sammy DeSoto
Annelle Dupuy's eventual husband, who met her at Shelby and Jackson's wedding reception

Bill McCutcheon
Owen Jenkins
Ouiser Boudreaux's former boyfriend who has returned to town

Ann Wedgeworth
Aunt Fern Thornton
Jackson Latcherie's aunt; her specialty is baking animal-shaped cakes

Knowl Johnson
Tommy Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's first-born son and middle child; Shelby and Jonathan's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Jonathan Ward
Jonathan Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's second-born son and youngest child; Shelby and Tommy's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Ronald Young
Drew Marmillion
Clairee Belcher's brother; Husband to Belle Marmillion; Father to Marshall and Nancy Beth

Bibi Besch
Belle Marmillion
Drew Marmillion's wife; Mother to Marshall and Nancy Beth; Clairee Belcher's sister-in-law

Janine Turner
Nancy-Beth Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's daughter; Marshall's sister; Clairee Belcher's niece; town's dethroned "Miss Merry Christmas"

James Wlcek
Marshall Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's son; Nancy Beth's brother; Clairee Belcher's nephew; announces to his parents he is gay

Tom Hodges
Louie Jones
Truvy and Spud Jones's rebellious son

C. Houser
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (1 year old)
Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's nephew

Daniel Camp
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (3 years old)

text: Background[edit]

text: The original play dramatized experiences of the family and friends of the play's author following the 1985 death of his sister from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and the failure of a family member's donated kidney. A writer friend continuously encouraged him to write it down in order to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story for his nephew then later to get an understanding of the deceased mother. It evolved in ten days into the play.[4][5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Released by TriStar Pictures in the United States on November 15, 1989 and grossed more than $83.7 million at the box office. Harling's first produced screenplay, he adapted the original film script which was then heavily rewritten beyond the on-stage one-set scenario (which had taken place entirely in Truvy's beauty salon) of the stage production: the scenes increased and the sequence was more tightly linked with major holidays than the play; the increased characters beyond the original, all-female play cast caused dialogue changes between on-screen characters (among them, Harling playing the preacher and Truvy has one son instead of two). Natchitoches, Louisiana served as both the 1989 film location and scenario location[6] with historian Robert DeBlieux, a former Natchitoches mayor, as the local advisor.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It received generally positive reviews from critics and has a score of 69% on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] An example of a less enthusiastic critic was Hal Hinson of The Washington Post, who said that it felt, "more Hollywood than the South."[9] More enthusiastic was Roger Ebert, who said that the film was, "willing to sacrifice its over-all impact for individual moments of humor, and while that leaves us without much to take home, you've got to hand it to them: The moments work."[10][11]

text: The movie received a limited release on November 15, 1989: entered the U.S. box office at No. 4 with an opening weekend gross of $5,425,440; by the time of wider release two days later it grossed $15,643,935; stayed in the top 10 for 16 weeks, gross $83,759,091 domestically with a further $12,145,000 with foreign markets giving a worldwide gross of $95,904,091.[12]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS on June 19, 1990 and on DVD July 25, 2000, allowing the film to gross a further $40 million.[13][14] The movie's overall gross was $135,904,091. The film was released on Blu-ray through the boutique label Twilight Time, on September 11, 2012–it has since gone out of print.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result

1990
Academy Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Olympia Dukakis
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Sally Field
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Julia Roberts
Won

1990
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture
Steel Magnolias
Won

1991
BAFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

text: Failed TV sequel pilot[edit]

text: CBS broadcast on August 17, 1990, a half-hour television pilot sitcom sans Shelby's character as the story line was post death. The cast included Cindy Williams as M'Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle.

text: Remake[edit]

text: Lifetime Television Network announced (October 10, 2011) a planned remake under the direction of Kenny Leon, director of the ABC movie A Raisin in the Sun (2008), set in Louisiana[15] featuring lead role black actors: Queen Latifah (M'Lynn), Jill Scott (Truvy), Alfre Woodard (Ouiser), Phylicia Rashād (Clairee), Adepero Oduye (Annelle) and Condola Rashād (Shelby).[16][17] The New York Times had mixed reactions: applauded it on some points and on others as either schmaltz or less attentive than the 1989 film.[18]


document_title: Patellar reflex

question_text: state the type of stimulus that would cause a knee jerk reflex to occur

root

text: Patellar reflex

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought.

tag: p

text: The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (Reciprocal innervation).

text: This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by the patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver as a distraction or diversion in order to ensure a more valid reflex test.

text: Purpose of testing[edit]

text: After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign. This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On the other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of cerebellar diseases. Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism[3], anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk."[4]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk."[4]


document_title: Robert Baratheon

question_text: who killed robert baratheon in game of thrones

text: Robert Baratheon

text: Character description[edit]

text: Robert is in his mid-thirties when the events of the books begin. He is jovial and fun-loving, fond of battle, women and drink. As a young man Robert was a formidable warrior, noted for his chivalry, sense of honor and immense charisma. He won several loyal Targaryen bannermen to his cause through strength of personality alone. Very tall and incredibly muscular, Robert was considered one of the most attractive men in Westeros, desired by every maiden in the realm, being described in A Game of Thrones as "Muscled like a maiden's fantasy." However, after becoming king, Robert let himself go somewhat, becoming fat, soft and indolent, though still capable of great generosity to his friends. Robert has also become more bitter following Lyanna's death and his unhappy marriage to Cersei, despite their multiple children.

text: Overview[edit]

text: Robert Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Ned Stark.[5]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the books[edit]

text: Robert Baratheon is King of the Seven Kingdoms at the beginning of A Game of Thrones. He was the ward of Jon Arryn and was raised at the Eyrie alongside Eddard Stark. Fifteen years before the novels, Robert was betrothed to Ned's sister Lyanna, and after Lyanna and Rhaegar Targaryen disappeared, Robert killed Rhaegar and seized the throne. He then married Cersei Lannister to ensure House Lannister's support for his rule, but remained attached to the memory of Lyanna, which estranged Cersei.

text: At the beginning of A Game of Thrones Robert, then king, has just come to Winterfell to appoint Eddard Stark the Hand of The King.[6] He was unaware that Cersei's three children were therefore fathered by her brother Jaime. More interested in food, drink, and tourneys than in governance, Robert has squandered the royal treasury, leaving the crown heavily in debt. After he dies in a hunting accident orchestrated by Cersei, the kingdoms plunge into civil war. His death incites the war that encompasses the entirety of the following two books, the War of the Five Kings, in which his two brothers, Lords Renly and Stannis Baratheon, declare themselves the rightful kings. Robb Stark is also declared King in the North and King of the Trident, and Lord Balon Greyjoy declares himself King of the Iron Islands.[7]

text: In the show[edit]

text: Robert Baratheon, formerly a fierce warrior, became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen. He was betrothed to Ned Stark's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply, but she loved Rhaegar Targaryen and married him in secret before they fled. Robert assumed Lyanna was abducted, beginning his revolt with Ned Stark after his father and brother were killed in King's Landing while trying to reclaim Lyanna. The event, known as Robert's Rebellion, resulted with the Targaryens mostly slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms. Since Robert's family had closer ties to the former Royal family, this put Robert on the Iron Throne. Now, Robert has grown fat and miserable; he has no more wars to fight, is surrounded by plotters and sycophants, hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly, and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister, whom he has never loved. He is unaware that none of his three children are his, but instead Jaime Lannister's. Under his reign, the realm has been bankrupted, and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife's family. Killed while hunting, he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind. His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey, many of which are killed, and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital.[8] In seasons six and seven, Bran Stark's gift of vision as the Three-Eyed Raven revealed to him the truth of Rhygar and Lyanna's relationship and that Robert's Rebellion was built on a lie.

text: Family tree of House Baratheon[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Family tree of House Baratheon

Ormund[a]

Rhaelle
Targaryen[a]

Steffon[a]

Cassana
Estermont[a]

Delena
Florent[b]

Robert[a]
283–298

Cersei
Lannister[a]

Jaime
Lannister

Stannis[a]

Selyse
Florent[a]

Renly[a]

Margaery
Tyrell[a][c]

Edric
Storm[d]

Gendry[e][d]

Bella[f]

Myrcella[a][g]

Shireen[a]

Mya
Stone[d]

Barra[h]

11 Others

Joffrey[a][g]
298–300

Margaery
Tyrell[a][c]

Tommen[a][g]
300–

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Targaryen Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: The King in the Narrow Sea". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Margaery Tyrell first married Renly, then Joffrey, and then Tommen.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Appendix: The King on the Iron Throne". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 27, Eddard VI". A Game of Thrones. ISBN 0-553-10354-7.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 29, Arya V". A Storm of Swords. ISBN 0-553-10663-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joffrey, Myrcella and Tommen, although recognized by Robert, are secretly the illegitimate children of Jaime Lannister.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 35, Eddard IX". A Game of Thrones. ISBN 0-553-10354-7.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Robert Baratheon is played by Mark Addy in the television adaption of the series of books.[9] Addy's audition for the role was according to showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss the best they saw, him being the easiest actor to cast for the show.[10]


document_title: The Boss Baby: Back in Business

question_text: who voices stacy in boss baby back in business

text: The Boss Baby: Back in Business

text: Premise[edit]

text: Taking place after the film, the series follows Boss Baby, and his big brother Tim, as they navigate around the world of Baby Corp while dealing with a new cute threat that involves battling cats.[2][3]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
JP Karliak as Theodore Lindsey "Ted" Templeton Jr. / Boss Baby
Pierce Gagnon as Timothy Leslie "Tim" Templeton
David W. Collins as Ted Templeton Sr.
Hope Levy as Janice Templeton
Kevin Michael Richardson as Jimbo
Alex Cazares as Staci
Eric Bell Jr. as The Triplets
Flula Borg as Mega Fat CEO Baby
Jake Green as Bootsy Calico
David Lodge as Magnus
Brandon Scott as Manager Baby Hendershot
Kari Wahlgren as Marsha Krinkle

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byStoryboarded byOriginal release date1"Scooter Buskie"Matt EngstromBrandon SawyerScott Cooper, Steve Cooper & Christo StambolievApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
A neighborhood baby named Scooter Buskie has been constantly crying and throwing tantrums, and the baby love goes down. Ted "Boss Baby" Templeton Jr. and his field team try to stop him and retrain him, but Tim shows that the neighborhood needs to see him the same way his parents see him. Ted learns that family is important.
2"Cat's in the Cradle"Pete JacobsBrandon SawyerMandy Clotworthy, Steve Cooper & Ben McLaughlinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Ted "Boss Baby" Templeton Jr. and his field team investigate kitty chatter translated to Bootsy Calico, and his parents find a stray kitten. Ted and the kitten compete for the parents' love and Tim helps Ted win by pitching the idea of making it seem that the kitten scratched and mauled Ted. Ted learns that the kitten is from an insane vet named Bootsy Calico who knows about Baby Corp and wants to take it down.
3"Family Fun Night"Matt Engstrom & Allan JacobsenJD RyznarZeus Cervas, Scott Cooper, Glenn Harmon, Brian Hatfield, Trevor Tamboline & Kenji OnoApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Ted's family plan for a Family Fun Night where they decide to visit a kitten-themed restaurant. Tim is excited but a grumpy Ted grows suspicious of the restaurant's out-of-ordinary feline practices. They discover that Bootsie Calico runs the restaurant and he is trying to win their neighborhood's love by gifting kittens in takeout boxes. Ted and his field team foil Bootsie's plan by using sea shells to make the kittens aggressive.
4"Formula for Menace: A Dekker Moonboots Mystery"Allan JacobsenSam CheringtonScott Cooper, Kenji Ono, Greg Leysens & Paul ScarlataApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Ted repeatedly naps unexpectedly during work at Baby Corp. and soon discovers that all the babies working there are showing signs of growing up. Ted and his field team discover that the baby formula meant to keep babies as babies forever was tainted with vanilla milkshake. They suspect Mega Fat CEO Baby but later discover that an abandoned baby had tainted the formula in an attempt to win her place in Baby Corp. despite her imaginative ideas. Ted learns that it is important to allow creative out-of-box thinking in the corporate workplace.
5"Monster Machine"Pete JacobsAlexandra Decas & Melanie KirschbaumMandy Clothworthy & Ben McLaughlinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
Ted is worried that the annual Little Dumpling Pageant will cause a dip in baby love levels after the last year's winner Jarreau McIntosh had his fame go to his head, making him a spoilt baby. Ted enlists Jimbo to enter the competition and win it. However Jimbo is a fan of Jarreau and becomes his bodyguard. Ted pushes Staci to enter the competition instead and she eliminates the opponents one by one. Meanwhile Tim tries to get the crown from Jarreau but is stopped by Jimbo. He learns that his own victory years ago was a lie told by his parents to make him feel like winner. Jarreau gives up the crown to go back to being a drummer instead. Staci wins but she turns around and crowns the crying runner-up baby. The other babies join them on stage and pass the crown around; this restores the dipping baby love levels. The parents and the host Marsha terminate the show seeing a contest based on cute looks is vain. Ted commends Staci on the change of her heart, but Staci dismisses him saying that she was merely getting the vain contest cancelled; she prefers contests that compete on talent.
6"The Constipation Situation"Christo StambolievSam CheringtonIan Abando, Wolf-Rüdiger Bloss, Paul Cohen, Fred Gonzales, Howard Perry & Rossen VarbanovApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
A backed-up Boss Baby is forced to take a sick day when his system stalls -- and he can't go boom-boom. Now it's up to Tim to take over.
7"The Boss Babysitter"Allan JacobsenAlexandra Decas & Melanie KirschbaumClayton Christman, Brian Hatfield & Arielle RosensteinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
The brothers stay home with a babysitter while their parents go out for the night. Boss Baby wants to make her look bad -- but she's just too good.
8"Into the Belly of the Den of the House of the Nest of Cats"Pete JacobsAlexandra Decas & Melanie KirschbaumJerome Co & Ben McLaughlinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
While Tim works overtime to do good in the neighborhood, Staci and Boss Baby go undercover to rescue Jimbo from a house that's crawling with cats.
9"Spirit Day"Christo StambolievSam CheringtonWolf-Rüdiger Bloss & Fred GonzalesApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
The team suits up to stop Mega FAT CEO Baby from winning an office spirit day contest that's totally rigged. Because nobody likes a bully.
10"Par Avion"Christo StambolievBrandon SawyerPaul Cunningham, Fred Gonzales, Brian Hatfield & Jon MagramApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
A "free" family vacation comes at a cost when Tim's tasked with keeping a plane full of babies calm on an eight-hour flight to Paris.
11"Cat Cop!"Pete JacobsJD RyznarMandy Clotworthy & Ben McLaughlinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
The Templetons cross paths with a "Cat Cop" with connections to cunning villain Bootsy Calico. Tim masters the art of negotiation.
12"Hang in There, Baby"Allan JacobsenJD RyznarPaul Cunningham & Arielle RosensteinApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
An after-hours break-in to save Boss Baby's job transforms a do-gooding Tim into the daring Tim Templeton: Unleashed.
13"Six Well-Placed Kittens"Christo StambolievBrandon SawyerWolf-Rüdiger Bloss & Fred GonzalesApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
With Bootsy Calico's plan in full swing, Boss Baby rallies his co-workers to bring Calico and his kittens down and save the town.

text: Release[edit]

text: The series premiered on Netflix on April 6, 2018.[4][5]


document_title: Station 19

question_text: when does the show station 19 come on

question_tokens: when does the show station 19 come on

text: Station 19

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows a group of heroic firefighters of the Seattle Fire Department at Station 19 from the captain down the ranks to the newest recruit in their personal and professional lives.[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea "Andy" Herrera: A confident Lieutenant at Station 19 and the daughter of Captain Pruitt Herrera. She is Acting Captain of Station 19.[1][2]
Jason George as Ben Warren: A rookie firefighter at Station 19 and a former anesthesiologist-turned-surgical-resident at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. He is married to Miranda Bailey.[1][2]
Grey Damon as Jack Gibson: Lieutenant at Station 19. He is passionate, energetic, and fearless. He is Station 19’s Acting Captain [1][2]
Barrett Doss as Victoria "Vic" Hughes: A younger firefighter at Station 19.[1][2]
Alberto Frezza as Ryan Tanner: A police officer at Seattle PD. He and Andy are longtime friends and had a romantic relationship in high school.[1][2]
Jay Hayden as Travis Montgomery: A firefighter and the heart of Station 19.[1][2]
Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller: A charismatic firefighter at Station 19.[1][2]
Danielle Savre as Maya Bishop: A bisexual firefighter at Station 19 and a former Olympic athlete who is also Andy's best friend.[1][2]
Miguel Sandoval as Pruitt Herrera: Captain at Station 19 and a mentor to Andy and Jack. He steps down from his role in the series premiere.[1][2]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey: Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and Ben Warren's wife.[3]
Marla Gibbs as Edith, a feisty retirement home retiree who sets up Travis with her grandson, Grant[4]
Brett Tucker as Fire Chief Lucas Ripley, the Fire Chief for Seattle Fire Department[5]
Brenda Song as JJ, a music reviewer who Dean saves from a fire and later begins to date[6]
BJ Tanner as Tuck Jones, the step-son of Warren who is dealing with Warren's change of job and schedule
Leslie Hope as Battalion Chief Frankel, the battalion chief for Seattle Fire Department
Sterling Sulieman as Grant, the sous chef grandson of Edith who she sets up with Travis

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey: Chief of General Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital.[3]
Jake Borelli as Levi Schmitt: A new intern at Grey Sloan Memoral Hospital.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Backdoor pilot (2018)[edit]

text: For the backdoor pilot, "No. overall" and "No. in season" refer to the episode's place in the order of episodes of the parent series Grey's Anatomy.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

306
13
"You Really Got a Hold on Me"
Nzingha Stewart
Stacy McKee
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
7.52[7]

A house fire brings two young boys, who were rescued by the Seattle fire department—Station 19, to the ER. Meredith Grey meets Andy Herrera, a firefighter, who has her hand inside the patient, clamping his abdominal aorta. While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR, Ben Warren struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore. Dr Koracik, Amelia Shepherd's former professor, shows up to help her with her research project, but quickly shoots down her ideas. However, when they confront each other about their difference in opinion, they come up with an idea to save her patient. Richard Webber watches Miranda Bailey very closely, as it's her first day back after recovering from her heart attack. Jackson Avery begins to worry about April Kepner and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her "the Party."

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Stuck"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
5.43[8]

When the team responds to an apartment fire, Captain Pruitt takes a hit, the future of the station's leadership is in jeopardy and firefighter Andy Herrera is forced to step up. Meanwhile, new recruit Ben Warren is trading in the scalpel for a fresh start as a firefighter, but it hasn’t been easy and he has a hard time realizing that emergencies in the field are vastly different than those at Grey Sloan Memorial.

2
"Invisible To Me"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
5.43[8]

With the absence of Captain Pruitt, Andy and Jack try to navigate how to work together, when they have to take turns on being captain. Andy is the first one, but things get complicated on her first day. Warren and Victoria start working together when the fire alarm is pulled on Ben's son (Tucker)'s school; In the meantime, Dean meets a civilian, JJ, when she asks him help to fix her apartment's alarm. A car accident on a rural road puts both the victims and the crew’s lives at risk.

3
"Contain the Flame"
Mary Lou Belli
Wendy Calhoun
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
5.86[9]

The team responds to the house fire at JJ's apartment with Dean risking his life to save Seth, who ends up dying at the hospital. An emotional JJ visits Dean at the station to help her process the loss. After a disagreement between Jack and Andy on the scene, Frankel calls them both out on their mistakes and later shows her respect for Jack because he, unlike Andy, had to work his way up without connections. Andy overhears this but leaves before Jack tells Frankel that if anything, Andy's father held her back. Maya and Travis pick sides for the Captain position. Ben finds it difficult not to have a follow-up with the people they rescue. Pruitt has a hard time staying at home and ends up returning to the station for administrative duties while Ryan wonders if Andy still sees him as his teenage self like her father does.

4
"Reignited"
Dennis Smith
Ilene Rosenzweig
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
5.09[10]

The team deals with a fire at a brand-new bed-and-breakfast that keeps reigniting. Jack and Andy resume their sexual relationship after a week of bickering as co-captains, but they are not at secretive as they think they are. Maya keeps her distance from Andy after she asked Maya to back off and doesn't tell her when Ryan has her come over to the police station to identify her brother, who was caught shoplifting art supplies. Instead, she confides in Ryan that her brother lost his way because of their parents' devotion to her Olympic career. Dean seeks to ask out JJ and asks Travis and Pruitt for advice. Travis meets a handsome man through Edith. Meanwhile, Ben notices that the blue fire experience has left a mark on Victoria, who denies having developed a fear of fire as it would end her career.

5
"Shock to the System"
Milan Cheylov
Anupam Nigam
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
5.59[11]

Maya and Andy go on a stakeout for a raid set up by Ryan and his team. While they fear for his safety, they hash out the recent tension between them and come clean about their problems. Seeing Ryan in his professional environment sparks Andy's interest. Pruitt turns up the heat on Jack following his discovery of his and Andy's sexual relationship. One by one, the other team members find out as well. Bailey visits the station and reprimands Pruitt for not following her instructions. JJ asks Dean out on a date. The team responds to a man caught in a dangerous, electrical situation while a pregnant woman, who turns out to be the man's wife, comes to the station looking for help with car seats.

6
"Stronger Together"
Nzingha Stewart
Angela L. Harvey
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
5.41[12]

Jack and Andy participate in the captaincy drill test, The Incinerator. Much to their dismay, they learn that all the candidates are up for the department's sole available captain position at Station 19. Jack and Andy decide to work together in order to make sure one of them will end up getting the position. After Andy breaks protocol to save a life, Frankel's bias towards Andy is called into question by Fire Chief Ripley, whom Jack impresses with his test. With Travis as acting captain, the team responds to a woman whose leg is caught in a pothole. Inspired by the woman's courage to finally express her love to her long-time friend, Victoria comes clean to the team about her fear of fire. The team decides to keep it a secret from the lieutenants and to help Victoria any way they can. Pruitt seeks out Bailey for help when his health takes a turn for the worse.

7
"Let It Burn"
James Hanlon
Barbara Kaye Friend
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
5.17[13]

Despite his increase in symptoms, Pruitt runs before Bailey can perform a checkup. He tries to hide his worsening symptoms but his colleagues find out and take him back to the hospital, where his treatment is increased. He also realizes he has to let people in and allows Andy to be kept in the loop. Edith plays Cupid for Travis and Grant, but Travis isn't too eager to start dating again. Maya and Travis help Victoria face her fears, while Maya runs into her homeless brother again and tries to offer him help. Ryan joins the team as they respond to a strip mall fire much to Jack's dismay. It leads Ryan to discover his heroic side, which causes him to tell Andy that he's done standing back. Bailey discovers that Ben has been hiding the dangerous calls from her.

8
"Every Second Counts"
Marisol Adler
Tia Napolitano
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
5.14[14]

The time has come for peer reviews in the battle for the Captain position. Fire Chief Ripley interviews each team member and stresses the importance of a call earlier that day that went horribly wrong due to decisions made by both Jack and Andy. After piecing together what happened exactly from their testimonies, Ripley forces everyone to take a side based on the difficult dilemma the lieutenants were faced with. Victoria lashes out and tells him he has to pick either Jack or Andy rather than an outside candidate, but her behavior does more harm than good. Maya is surprised by Ripley's recommendation to run for Lieutenant herself. Travis surprisingly backs Andy given his bad experiences with incapable Captains while Dean also backs her despite his support for Jack. Pruitt, who's stuck at the hospital for a new round of chemo, confides in Ripley that he should choose neither Jack nor Andy.

9
"Hot Box"
Nicole Rubio
Phillip Iscove
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
4.45[15]

Pruitt warns Andy not to get her hopes up for the Captain position. A tired Dean messes up at the scene of a house fire and traps part of the team, police officers, and a civilian in a garage that was specifically built to keep people out. As the rest of the team has trouble reaching the fire inside the highly protected house, the temperature in the garage keeps rising, threatening the lives of everyone inside. With a similar call that ended with the deaths of his colleagues in his mind, Pruitt arrives at the scene to urge Andy to fight herself a way out. The trapped people work together and cause an explosion to bust open the garage doors. While celebrating their victory, Victoria covers for Dean, Jack finds out about Andy's involvement with Ryan, and Pruitt comes clean to Andy about his recommendation for the Captain position, explaining he wanted to rally the team against an outsider.

10
"Not Your Hero"
Paris Barclay
Stacy McKee
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)
5.10[16]

The team celebrates Ben surviving 50 fires. Ripley's interviews with the remaining candidates are cut short when he has to help out at a skyscraper fire. Jack tells Andy he's transferring to another station if he doesn't make Captain. After remaining on standby for hours, the team is finally called to the skyscraper fire. Maya and Victoria work with Molly, an evacuation captain, to control a crowd stuck on a floor above the fire. Maya hides her hearing problems following the barotrauma she suffered in the garage. Dean and Jack try to keep the fire away from combustibles on the building's maintenance floor. After the fire jumps floors and chaos ensues, Ben has to save a lethally injured Travis and finds a trampled Molly in the staircase, forcing him to choose between saving her or Travis. Andy saves Charlotte and impresses Ripley. However, she openly defies his orders by sending an elevator to the floor Jack and Dean are stuck on. Jack stays behind to close fire doors to save the scattered crew. As Andy begs him to save himself, they lose contact and a blast shakes the building, putting everyone's life in jeopardy. Meanwhile, back the station, Ryan and Bailey work to resuscitate an unconscious Pruitt.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On May 16, 2017, ABC chief Channing Dungey announced at ABC's upfront presentation that the network had given a straight-to-series order for a second Grey's Anatomy spin-off. Stacy McKee, a long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as showrunner and executive producer, with Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers also serving as executive producers. The series, which would be set in a Seattle firehouse, would follow the lives of a group of firefighters.[17] The order consisted of 10 episodes.[2] When announcing the series, Dungey said, "No one can interweave the jeopardy firefighters face in the line of duty with the drama in their personal lives quite like Shonda, and Grey's signature Seattle setting is the perfect backdrop for this exciting spinoff."[18] Patrick Moran, president at ABC Studios, added that "We talked [with Shonda] about the elements of Grey's Anatomy that seem to resonate with the audience — emotional storytelling, deep human connection, a high-stakes environment and strong and empowered women — and those elements will carry over to the spinoff."[19] In July 2017, Paris Barclay signed on to the series as producing director and executive producer.[20] In January 2018, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo had renewed her contract to portray Meredith Grey through season 16 of Grey's, in addition to becoming a producer on the show and a co-executive producer on the spin-off.[21] Later that month, ABC announced that the series would be titled Station 19.[22]

text: An episode of Grey's Anatomy, originally planned to air in fall 2017 but instead set to air in March 2018, will serve as a backdoor pilot for the series.[20][23] The backdoor pilot episode will feature the introduction of the lead character of the spin-off, Andy Herrera, "as a story within the episode" and "showcase a really lovely story for Ben, where we get to just juxtapose his two worlds and see his reaction as he transitions from one world to the next".[23]

text: On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[24]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On July 26, 2017, Jaina Lee Ortiz was cast as the female lead.[25] In September 2017, it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 of Grey's Anatomy, would be leaving the series to join the spin-off as a series regular. He is expected to continue to be a series regular on Grey's until production on the spin-off begins.[26] On October 6, Grey Damon was cast as Lieutenant Jack, Jay Hayden as Travis, Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean, Danielle Savre as Maya, and Barrett Doss as Victoria.[27][28][2] They were shortly followed by Miguel Sandoval as Captain Pruitt,[29] and Alberto Frezza as police officer Ryan.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series began on October 18, 2017,[31] and concluded on April 2, 2018.[citation needed] Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles;[23] additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Station 19 began airing on March 22, 2018, on ABC in the United States.[33] CTV acquired the broadcast rights for Canada.[34] Sky Living acquired the rights for to air the series in the UK & Ireland.[citation needed]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In early December 2017, Entertainment Weekly released first look images of the series.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Stuck"
March 22, 2018
1.1/5
5.43[8]
0.9
3.11
2.0
8.54[35]

2
"Invisible To Me"
March 22, 2018
1.1/5
5.43[8]
0.9
3.11
2.0
8.54[35]

3
"Contain the Flame"
March 29, 2018
1.2/5
5.86[9]
0.8
2.70
2.0
8.56[36]

4
"Reignited"
April 5, 2018
1.0/4
5.09[10]
0.8
2.63
1.8
7.72[37]

5
"Shock to the System"
April 12, 2018
1.0/4
5.59[11]
0.8
2.40
1.8
7.99[38]

6
"Stronger Together"
April 19, 2018
1.1/4
5.41[12]
0.7
2.42
1.8
7.84[39]

7
"Let It Burn"
April 26, 2018
0.9/3
5.17[13]
0.7
2.30
1.6
7.47[40]

8
"Every Second Counts"
May 3, 2018
1.0/4
5.14[14]
0.7
N/A
1.7[41]
N/A

9
"Hot Box"
May 10, 2018
0.9/4
4.45[15]
0.7
N/A
1.6[42]
N/A

10
"Not Your Hero"
May 17, 2018
1.0/4
5.10[16]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 62% approval rating with an average rating of 6.14/10 based on 13 reviews.[43] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44]


document_title: Red telephone box

question_text: when was the first red telephone box invented

text: Red telephone box

text: Design history[edit]

text: The first standard public telephone kiosk introduced by the United Kingdom Post Office was produced in concrete in 1920 and was designated K1 (Kiosk No.1). This design was not of the same family as the familiar red telephone boxes. As of 2017, there are six K1 boxes in existence, all of which have been listed at Grade II by Historic England, with two still located on British streets.[5] The first is situated in Trinity Market in Kingston-upon-Hull,[6] and the other, in Bembridge High Street, Isle of White.[7]

text: The red telephone box was the result of a competition in 1924 to design a kiosk that would be acceptable to the London Metropolitan Boroughs which had hitherto resisted the Post Office's effort to erect K1 kiosks on their streets.

text: The Royal Fine Art Commission was instrumental in the choice of the British standard kiosk. Because of widespread dissatisfaction with the GPO's design, the Metropolitan Boroughs Joint Standing Committee organised a competition for a superior one in 1923, but the results were disappointing. The Birmingham Civic Society then produced a design of its own—in reinforced concrete—but it was informed by the Director of Telephones that the design produced by the Office of the Engineer-in-Chief was preferred; as the Architects’ Journal commented, 'no one with any knowledge of design could feel anything but indignation with the pattern that seems to satisfy the official mind.' The Birmingham Civic Society did not give up and, with additional pressure from the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Town Planning Institute and the Royal Academy, the Postmaster General was forced to think again; and the result was that the RFAC organised a limited competition.

text: The organisers invited entries from three respected architects and, along with the designs from the Post Office and from The Birmingham Civic Society, the Fine Arts Commission judged the competition and selected the design submitted by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.[8] The invitation had come at the time when Scott had been made a trustee of Sir John Soane's Museum: his design for the competition was in the classical style, but topped with a dome reminiscent of Soane's self-designed mausoleums in St Pancras' Old Churchyard and Dulwich Picture Gallery, London.[9]

text: The original wooden prototypes of the entries were later put into public service at under-cover sites around London. That of Scott's design is the only one known to survive and is still where it was originally placed, in the left entrance arch to the Royal Academy.

text: The Post Office chose to make Scott's winning design in cast iron (Scott had suggested mild steel) and to paint it red (Scott had suggested silver, with a "greeny-blue" interior) and, with other minor changes of detail, it was brought into service as the Kiosk No.2 or K2. From 1926 K2 was deployed in and around London and the K1 continued to be erected elsewhere.

text: K3, introduced in 1929, again by Giles Gilbert Scott, was similar to K2 but was constructed from concrete and intended for nationwide use. Cheaper than the K2, it was still significantly more costly than the K1 and so that remained the choice for low-revenue sites. The standard colour scheme for both the K1 and the K3 was cream, with red glazing bars. A rare surviving K3 kiosk can be seen beside the Penguin Beach exhibit at ZSL London Zoo, where it has been protected from the weather by the projecting eaves and recently restored to its original colour scheme. There is also one other in use at Rhynd in Perthshire.

text: K4 (designed by the Post Office Engineering Department in 1927) incorporated a post box and machines for buying postage stamps on the exterior. Only a single batch of 50 K4 kiosks were built. Some contemporary reports said the noise of the stamp-machines in operation disturbed phone-users, and the rolls of stamps in the machines became damp and stuck together in wet weather. This has been widely repeated (including by Stamp [10]) but Johannessen [11] chose not to, having found no evidence to support the story. Ten survive with four in public use at Frodsham, Warrington, Whitley Bay and near Tunstall, East Riding of Yorkshire.

text: K5 was a metal-faced plywood construction introduced in 1934 and designed to be assembled and dismantled and used at exhibitions. It is not known how many were produced, and there is little evidence they ever reached more than prototype stage. A fully detailed replica (constructed using the original drawings) can be seen at The Avoncroft Museum (Bromsgrove, Worcestershire), as part of the National Telephone Kiosk Collection.

text: In 1935 the K6 (kiosk number six) was designed to commemorate the silver jubilee of King George V. It was consequently sometimes known as the "Jubilee" kiosk. It went into production in 1936.[12] The K6 was the first red telephone kiosk to be extensively used outside London, and many thousands were deployed in virtually every town and city, replacing most of the existing kiosks and establishing thousands of new sites. In 1935 there had been 19,000 public telephones in the UK: by 1940, thanks to the K6, there were 35,000.[13]

text: The design was again by Scott, and was essentially a smaller and more streamlined version of the K2, intended to be produced at a considerably cheaper cost, and to occupy less pavement space. The principal differences between the two designs were:

text:
Size. The K6 was 8 feet 3 inches (2.51 m) tall and weighed 13.5 cwt (0.69 tonnes). This compared with 9 feet 3 inches (2.82 m) and 1.25 tons (1.27 tonnes) for the K2.
Elements of the design were simplified and streamlined, in keeping with the "moderne" aesthetics of the 1930s. The Grecian fluting was removed from the door and window surrounds, and the previously separate pediment and frieze were merged.
The Crown motif (see below), which had previously been pierced through the ironwork to give ventilation, was now embossed in bas-relief. A new, separate ventilation slot was provided.
A new glazing pattern was introduced. The door and two glazed sides of the K2 each had 18 equal-sized panes of glass arranged in 6 rows of 3. In the K6 the number of rows was increased to 8, and the central column of panes was made considerably wider than those to either side. This improved visibility, and gave a more horizontal appearance to the windows, again in keeping with "moderne" principles.[14]

text: The K6 has since become a British icon, but it was not universally loved at the start. The red colour caused particular local difficulties and there were many requests for less visible colours. The Post Office was forced into allowing a less strident grey with red glazing bars scheme for areas of natural and architectural beauty. Ironically, some of these areas that have preserved their telephone boxes have now painted them red.

text: Kiosk installation: the early years[edit]

text: With continued demand for K6 kiosks, siting them was more widespread than ever before. A purpose built kiosk trailer was designed from 1953 to reduce the running costs of cranes.[15]

text: Numbers installed[edit]

text: The K6 was the most prolific kiosk in the UK and its growth, from 1935, can be seen from the BT archives:

text:
Period
Number
Notes

1925–
1,000
(K1 Only)

1930–
8,000
(K2 & K3 added)

1935–
19,000
(K6 introduced)

1940–
35,000

1950–
44,000

1960–
64,000

1970–
70,000
(K8 introduced in 1968)

1980–
73,000

text: Fabrication[edit]

text: The K1 and the later K3 concrete kiosks were produced at various (and largely unrecorded) locations, around the country. This made quality control and supervision of the manufacturing process difficult, when compared to the GPO's experience with cast-iron posting boxes, and was an important aspect of the GPO's move towards cast-iron telephone kiosks. Over the years, five foundries were involved in this work for the Post Office. Lion Foundry in Kirkintilloch, MacFarlane (Saracen Foundry), and Carron Ironworks near Falkirk all produced batches of the K2, the K6 and the K8; and, in addition, Carron produced the single batch of K4 kiosks. The other two manufacturers were McDowall Steven and Bratt Colbran, both of which produced only relatively small batches of the pre-War Mk1 K6.

text: Although many kiosks have been fitted with replacement backs over recent years, unmodified examples generally have the identity of their manufacturer marked on a plate on the outside at the bottom of their back panel. The only exceptions are the few Mk1 models made by Bratt Colbran, which are anonymous. A supplementary way of identifying the manufacturer is by means of casting marks on the various component parts – i.e. LF, CC, MF, MS and BC – which were used to various extents over the years. A more consistent manufacturer mark can be found at about shoulder height on the inner face of the back panel. These marks generally identify both the manufacturer and the precise model of kiosk. Up to around 1949, the year of manufacture is also included. The more recently erected non-BT K6 kiosks (generally painted black) are for the most part new castings, sourced from new manufacturers.

text: Crown[edit]

text: From 1926 onwards, the fascias of Post Office kiosks were emblazoned with a prominent crown, representing the British government (of which the Post Office was an agency). The design was initially the "Tudor Crown", then in widespread use in government service. The same crown was used in all parts of the United Kingdom and British Empire. On the K2, the design was pierced through the ironwork, and acted as a ventilation hole. On the K6, a separate ventilation slot was provided, and the crown was embossed in bas-relief.

text: In 1953 the new Queen, Elizabeth II, decided to replace the Tudor Crown in all contexts with a representation of the actual crown generally used for British coronations, the St Edward's Crown. This new symbol therefore began to appear on the fascias of K6 kiosks.

text: St Edward's Crown was initially used on kiosks in all parts of the United Kingdom. However, from 1955, in Scotland, the Post Office opted to use a representation of the actual Crown of Scotland, in line with a wider policy for government agencies in Scotland. To accommodate the two different designs of crown on K6 kiosks, the fascia sections were henceforth cast with a slot in them, into which a plate bearing the appropriate crown was inserted before the roof section was fitted.

text: The crowns were originally painted the same red as the rest of the box. However, since the early 1990s, when the heritage value of red kiosks began to be widely recognised, British Telecom has picked out the crowns (on both K2s and K6s) in gold paint.

text: Kiosks installed in Kingston upon Hull were not fitted with a crown, as those kiosks were installed by the Hull Corporation (later Hull City Council, then Kingston Communications). All boxes in Hull were also painted in cream.

text: Modernisation – K7 & K8[edit]

text: In 1959 architect Neville Conder was commissioned to design a new box. The K7 design went no further than the prototype stage. K8 was introduced in 1968 designed by Bruce Martin. It was used primarily for new sites; around 11000 were installed, replacing earlier models only when they needed relocating or had been damaged beyond repair. The K8 retained a red colour scheme, but it was a different shade of red: a slightly brighter "Poppy Red", which went on to be the standard colour across all kiosks.

text: The K8 featured a single large glass panel on two sides and the door. While improving visibility and illumination inside the box, these were vulnerable to damage. There were two versions – the Mk1 and the Mk2 – with the most visible difference being in the detail of the roof and the surround of the 'TELEPHONE' opals.

text: With regards to create a new box with easier access, lower maintenance and brighter lighting, the Post Office introduced a prototype run of "Croydon" telephone boxes from 1972, named as such because they were erected in Croydon, Surrey.[16] The Croydon boxes, which featured a black handset silhouette with bright yellow paintwork, were erected as an experimental prototype to replace the red telephone boxes. However, whilst the trials were successful, the quality of the materials and design made it too expensive for the Post Office to mass-produce and the design was not adopted.[17]

text: In either the late 1970s or late 1980s, a new, smaller hooded booth was introduced known as Booth 7A.[18] These yellow booths were introduced into areas where previous red telephone boxes had been vandalised or even pulled out of the ground. They became known as "Oakham" boxes – a reference to the similarity in shape with an Oak Ham tin.

text: Privatisation and the KX series[edit]

text: In 1980, in preparation for privatisation, Post Office Telephones was rebranded as British Telecom (BT). In February 1981, it was announced that all the red telephone boxes would be repainted yellow, which was BT's new corporate colour. There was an immediate public outcry; the Daily Mail launched a campaign "against the yellow peril"[19] and questions were asked in Parliament. In the House of Lords, the Earl of Gowrie, the Minister of State for Employment, called on BT "to abandon this ridiculous scheme".[20] In the House of Commons, Mark Lennox-Boyd MP asked the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, if she would treat the decision "with the greatest possible dismay". Mrs Thatcher, who was responsible for the privatisation, would only say that she could "see my honourable Friend's point".[21] Shortly afterwards, BT announced that only 90 of the 77,000 remaining traditional boxes had been painted different colours "as an experiment" and that no final decision had been reached.[19]

text: After privatisation in 1982, British Telecom introduced the KX100, a more utilitarian design, which began to replace most of the existing boxes. The KX100 was one of a series of designs, including the wheelchair-accessible open-sided KX200, and the triangular-footprint KX300.[22] In January 1985, Nick Kane, the Director of Marketing for BT Local Communications Services announced that the old red telephone boxes would be replaced because they "...no longer meet the needs of our customers. Few people like to use them. They are expensive and difficult to clean and maintain and cannot be used by handicapped people".[23] This time, BT did not relent, despite another vociferous campaign. Many local authorities used legislation designed to protect buildings of architectural or historic importance to keep old telephone boxes in prominent locations and around 2,000 of them were given listed status. Several thousand others were left on low-revenue mostly rural sites but many thousands of recovered K2 and K6 boxes were sold off. Some kiosks have been converted to be used as shower cubicles in private homes. In Kingston upon Thames a number of old K6 boxes have been used to form a work of art resembling a row of fallen dominoes.[24] It is estimated that 11,000 traditional red telephone boxes remain in public service.[25] The KX+, better known as the KX100 PLUS, introduced in 1996 featured a domed roof reminiscent of the familiar K2 and K6. Subsequent designs have departed significantly from the old style red boxes. BT followed the KX series with the Multi.phone in 1999 and the ST6 in 2007.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Little-used red telephone boxes can be adopted[26] by parish councils in England for other uses. Some examples are shown below. The kiosk may be used for any legal purpose other than telephony and the contract of sale[27] includes the following clause 5.5.4:

text: The buyer shall covenant not to sell, lease or license the Goods to a competitor to the Seller nor to permit a competitor to install electronic communications apparatus (as defined in schedule 2 of the Telecommunications Act 1984) within the Goods or itself (as the Buyer) shall not install, provide or operate any form of electronic communications apparatus (as defined in schedule 2 of the Telecommunications Act 1984) within the Goods.

text: It is unclear why BT wishes to prohibit the kiosk from being re-used for electronic communications and why the regulator, Ofcom, has allowed it. In the US, there is an active movement seeking new telecom uses for little-used telephone booths, e.g. as wi-fi hotspots.[28][29]

text: Libraries[edit]

text: During 2009 a K6 in the village of Westbury-sub-Mendip in Somerset was converted into a library or book exchange replacing the services of the mobile library which no longer visits the village.[30][31][32] Similar libraries now exist in the villages of North Cadbury in Somerset, Great Budworth in Cheshire,[33] Little Shelford and Upwood in Cambridgeshire,[34] and some 150 other locations.[35]

text: Art gallery[edit]

text: Also in 2009, the town of Settle in North Yorkshire established the Gallery on the Green in a K6, which had been adopted by the Parish Council. The Gallery has featured a range of exhibitions (see the online gallery on the website) of both notable artists and photographers (Tessa Bunney, Martin Parr, Mariana Cook) and local community groups. Its most famous contributor was Brian May, with his stereoscopic photography show 'A Village Lost and Found'.

text: Defibrillator[edit]

text: Following a competition by a Girl Guide unit in 2011 to find a use for their local disused telephone box in Glendaruel, Argyll, it has been fitted with a defibrillator. The equipment can only be accessed by following instructions from the Scottish Ambulance Service during an emergency call. The conversion of the box was paid for by BT under the Adopt A Kiosk scheme and the defibrillator was supplied by the Community Heartbeat Trust. A similar installation has been made at Loweswater, Cumbria.[36] [37]

text: Other[edit]

text: In 2010, in the village of Brookwood, Surrey, a project was initiated to restore and preserve the sole remaining K6 kiosk in the village. The kiosk had been adopted by Woking Borough Council in 2009 and a group of residents set about restoring the kiosk. This was achieved through private donations and sponsorship from local businesses.[38] A blog detailed the restoration.[39]

text: As of 2012[update], remanufactured units were offered for sale by X2Connect.[40][41][42]

text: From October 2014, several of London's disused K6 telephone boxes have been painted green and converted to free mobile phone chargers named Solarboxes.[43] They have been considered an outdoor kiosk alternative to indoor chargers such as the Chargebox.

text: Usage elsewhere[edit]

text: Several of these distinctive telephone boxes have been installed on the Norman, Oklahoma, campus of the University of Oklahoma, where they continue to serve their originally intended function. Elsewhere in the United States, a few have also been installed in downtown Glenview, Illinois. There is also one outside the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. A red telephone box can also be found on the Courthouse Square in Oxford, Mississippi. There are two in use in Tennessee. One is located on the square in Collierville, Tennessee, and the other is located next to Pepper Palace in The Village Shops shopping center in Gatlinburg, Tennessee.[44] In Massachusetts, there is also a red telephone box in the student centre of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In addition, there is a red telephone box outside the town building (town hall/police station/post office) in the tiny mountain town of Rowe, Massachusetts, which is an original installation dating back to when the town of Rowe first got telephone service. Two red telephone boxes are on display at the World Showcase area of Disney's Epcot in Orlando, Florida, one located in the United Kingdom area and one in the Canada area. One is on display at English Gardens a Place for Weddings in Winter Park close to downtown Orlando.An original K6 can also be found outside of the Allied Building in Treasure Island, Florida. There are also a few red boxes at the Ellenton Outlet Mall, just off I-75, near Bradenton, Florida. These still have their original STD code cards in place and have working US payphone equipment. There is a red telephone box in Westminster Maryland on the corner of West Main Street and Rt. 27 outside of Johanson's Dining House.[45]

text: In Lake Havasu City, Arizona, a few K6s arrived when the old London Bridge was preserved there. As they are in the US, and not under British restriction, they are fully functional, but with updated electronics to make them code compliant.

text: British K6 phone boxes are to be found, painted green, in the centre of Kinsale, an old historic town in County Cork within the Republic of Ireland.

text: Red telephone boxes are also found across Malta, Gozo, parts of the Caribbean such as Antigua, Barbados, as well as in Cyprus, showing that the colonial influence is still present. Some of those telephone booths are being used as internet kiosks. A box can also be found in the centre of the town of Chinon, France [46] and another in the German town of Bad Münstereifel.

text: Australia and New Zealand each had their own design of red telephone box, and some examples have been preserved in sensitive or historic sites. A brief and colourful campaign was run to "save" the red telephone box in New Zealand by the Wizard of New Zealand.[47]

text: In 2008 ten K6 telephone boxes were imported from the United Kingdom to the Israeli city of Petah Tikva and installed on its main street, Haim Ozer.[48]

text: Kingston upon Hull[edit]

text: Kingston upon Hull was the only area of the UK not under the Post Office monopoly, with telephones being under the control of the Corporation of Hull (city council). In Hull and the surrounding area this meant that the telephone boxes were painted cream and had the crown omitted. The Hull telephone system was subsequently privatised and is now operated by Kingston Communications. Kingston Communications (KC) have removed many of the famous cream K6 boxes circa 2007. An outraged public complained that they were losing part of their heritage. KC have retained approx 125 K6s in use today. KC allocated limited numbers (approximately 1,000) to be sold to the general public, and many were sold off before they had even been removed from service.

text: Crown Dependencies[edit]

text: The telephone services of the Crown Dependencies were split at various times from the GPO.

text: Guernsey[edit]

text: Guernsey Telecoms painted its kiosks yellow with white window frames; they were repainted in blue when the company was sold to Cable and Wireless in 2002.

text: Jersey[edit]

text: Jersey Telecom used locally made kiosks, painted in cream and yellow.

text: Isle of Man[edit]

text: Manx Telecom has left its kiosks in the red colour used by its predecessors British Telecom and the GPO. A green telephone box exists in Cregneash, as was the practice in many rural areas of Britain.

text: Overseas territories[edit]

text: Gibraltar[edit]

text: Gibtelecom operate Red Kiosks of various vintages.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Outside of the former British Empire, red phone boxes can be seen in Portugal – for example, they are a common sight in the city of Porto.[49]

text: Use in contemporary art[edit]

text: Out of Order[edit]

text: Scottish sculptor David Mach created the permanent public work Out of Order in 1989 in Kingston upon Thames, London. It takes the form of a row of twelve K6 telephone boxes, the first one upright, the others gradually falling over like dominoes. It was originally intended that the first upright box was to contain a working telephone.

text: BT Artboxes[edit]

text: In 2012, BT helped celebrate the 25th anniversary of the free-phone charity ChildLine by commissioning eighty artists to design and decorate full-sized K6 replicas. These were displayed in public spaces across London and then auctioned by Sotheby's as BT Artboxes. Artists included Peter Blake, Willie Christie, David Mach, Denis Masi, Zaha Hadid and Ian Ritchie.

text: Pop culture[edit]

text: The red telephone box has appeared in British pop culture, such as in Adele's video "Hello", the front cover of One Direction's album Take Me Home, the back cover of David Bowie's album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, and features in a prominent scene in the 1955 black comedy film The Ladykillers where a motley gang of crooks led by Professor Marcus (Alec Guinness) cram into one.[50][51]

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
GPO/BT telephone kiosks

K1 Telephone Box, Lowestoft Transport Museum

Scott's K2 wooden prototype is a working telephone box in the left entrance arch to the Royal Academy of Arts, London

K2 with a London double-decker bus and Big Ben in the background

The only K3 Mk2 kiosk still in use, near Rhynd in Perth and Kinross, Scotland

K4 Post Office in Warrington - the vertical panels either side of the letter-slot originally housed stamp vending machines

K6 in Goathland, North Yorkshire

K6 kiosks, illuminated at night

A green K6 box near Stokesley in North Yorkshire

KX100 in Hapsford, Cheshire

Red Telephone Box on display at Chester Zoo, England.

text:
Non-GPO/BT kiosks in the United Kingdom

Preserved Kingston-upon-Hull crown-less K6 in original Hull Corporation livery in Hull Transport Museum

Kingston Communications K6 in Hull

K8 housing an internal telephone at Golders Green tube station

Kingston Communications KX100 PLUS in Hull

Two black K6 telephone boxes in Piccadilly in the City of Westminster, operated by New World Payphones Ltd

text:
British telephone kiosks abroad

A K2 box at the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens

K6s in St. John's, Antigua

K6 in Valletta, Malta

Crown-less K6s in the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus

K6 in Petah Tikva, Israel

Queens crown K6 at Fifth Street Public Market in Eugene, Oregon

University of Oklahoma - red K6 in front of Copeland Hall.

A replica of a K6 in a British themed shop window in Hong Kong

A K6 box at the Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Percy, Manche in Normandy, France

Two imitation British red telephone boxes at Brussels-South railway station

British red phone box alongside standard Bell Canada boxes at former Kingston and Pembroke Railway station

Red telephone box at Bünde railway station, Germany.

Telephone box standing in Bielefeld, Germany.