document_title: Legally Blonde (musical)

question_text: who played brooke wyndham in legally blonde the musical

text: Legally Blonde (musical)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act One[edit]

text: The overjoyed girls of UCLA's sorority Delta Nu, led by Margot, Serena, and Pilar, celebrate the engagement that is expected to happen that night of Warner Huntington III to their perky, sweet, and strikingly blonde sorority president, Elle Woods, who is fretting over finding the perfect dress for the occasion ("Omigod You Guys"). Once she acquires her dream dress, Elle goes to dinner with Warner, where he tells her that he needs someone more serious and breaks up with her ("Serious"). Elle is devastated and sulks for twelve days ("Daughter Of Delta Nu") but decides to chase Warner to Harvard Law School to show him that she can be serious. With help from Delta Nu sister Kate, Elle studies for the LSAT. Instead of writing a personal essay, Elle bursts into the Harvard admission offices backed by a squad of cheerleaders. She is accepted after revealing she is motivated by love ("What You Want").

text: Elle's snobby classmates disapprove of her attire, and the only person who is willing to help her is law teaching assistant, Emmett Forrest ("The Harvard Variations"). However, he can't protect her in class from the bloodthirsty Professor Callahan ("Blood In The Water"). Callahan kicks the under-prepared Elle out of class at the suggestion of her classmate Vivienne Kensington, who happens to be Warner's new girlfriend. This "tragedy" summons the apparitions of the sisters of Delta Nu, who, acting as a Greek Chorus visible and audible only to Elle, tell her to stay positive ("Positive"). Elle, believing that being blonde is the problem, decides to become a brunette. She heads to the Hair Affair salon where she meets the spunky beautician Paulette, who tells Elle that when she is down, she puts on her favorite CD, and dreams of Ireland ("Ireland"). At the salon, Vivienne gives Elle an unexpected invitation to a costume party. Paulette sends Elle off with a costume for the party, her positivity and blonde hair still intact ("Ireland (Reprise)").

text: Walking into the party as a Playboy Bunny, Elle soon realizes that she was tricked by Vivienne - the party was not a costume party. Despite this, she still courageously seeks Warner in an effort to win him back, leaving him unimpressed ("Serious (Reprise)"). Elle runs from the party, only to meet Emmett, who struggles to understand Elle's love problems. He has Elle assess her priorities until she realizes it is her obsession with Warner that keeps her from earning his respect ("Chip On My Shoulder"). Freed from her need to please Warner, she defeats him in a classroom debate. Elle then helps Paulette in a way that proves she is beginning to understand law. Warner and Vivienne win two of Callahan's coveted internship positions, and Warner proposes to Vivienne on the spot right in front of Elle. Vivienne accepts with a kiss. Before Elle's heart can break, Emmett shows her the internship list. Below the names of Vivienne, Warner, and classmate Enid Hoopes is the name Elle Woods, at which she is ecstatic ("So Much Better").

text: Act Two[edit]

text: Act Two begins with fitness queen, Brooke Wyndham, and her fitness team's workout video, which is being viewed by Elle, Callahan, Emmett, Vivienne, Warner, and Enid ("Whipped Into Shape"). Callahan tells the legal team that Brooke is accused of murdering her billionaire husband. At the jail, the legal team are unable to get Brooke to tell them her alibi and refuses to plead guilty. Upon learning that they were both Delta Nu sisters, Brooke then privately tells Elle her alibi that she was getting liposuction, but makes Elle promise not to tell anyone ("Delta Nu Nu Nu"). Because of Elle's loyalty to her client and refusal to state the alibi, Elle and Emmett are shunned by the group. To cheer Emmett up and to increase his chances of impressing Callahan, Elle gives him a makeover ("Take It Like A Man").

text: Back at the Hair Affair, Elle is getting a manicure when Kyle, a sexy UPS courier, walks into the salon to deliver a package to Paulette, leaving her in complete awe. When he leaves, Pilar, Serena, and Margot are summoned by Paulette's amazing "Bend and Snap" when picking up the package. The sorority girls tell Paulette to use the "Bend and Snap" dance move on Kyle, but when she does, she accidentally breaks his nose ("Bend and Snap").

text: At the trial, Brooke's pool boy Nikos claims to have been having an affair with Brooke, giving her a motive for murdering her husband. After doing the Bend and Snap in front of Nikos and getting no attention. Elle suspects that Nikos is gay although Callahan and her teammates are not convinced. Her colleagues posit that his perceived flamboyance might just be a cultural difference as Nikos is European. Emmet successfully makes Nikos slip and state that his boyfriend's name is Carlos, though Nikos claims that he misunderstood "boyfriend" for "best friend". Carlos, fed up with the closeted nature of his boyfriend, appears from the gallery and proclaims Nikos's homosexuality. Nikos confesses that he is indeed gay and European ("There! Right There!").

text: Later that night in Callahan's office, the interns celebrate Elle's skill. Warner finds problems with calling a finely tuned awareness of homosexuality a legal victory. Callahan, annoyed with Warner's behavior, sends Warner out of the room to fetch a coffee. Callahan dismisses Emmett and the other interns but requests Elle to remain for a few moments. Callahan forcibly kisses Elle, who slaps him. In turn, Callahan fires her. Warner and Vivienne both see the kiss through the door of the room. Warner turns away in anger, leaving Vivienne to be the only one to witness the slap. After Callahan leaves, Warner re-enters the office and mocks Elle, but Vivienne tells him to shut up and they both leave. A defeated Elle prepares to go home, despite Emmett asking her to stay, finally realizing that he is in love with her ("Legally Blonde").

text: Elle heads to the Hair Affair to say goodbye to Paulette, but before she can leave, Vivienne and Enid convince Elle otherwise. Elle discards her lawyerly navy suits, dons a pink dress and leads a parade back to the courtroom. They meet Kyle on the way, who takes a liking to Paulette, and reveals himself to be the Irish man of her dreams, prompting to Irish Dance among the ensemble. Back at the trial, Brooke fires Callahan and hires Elle ("Legally Blonde Remix"). Brooke's stepdaughter Chutney goes to the witness stand and her testimony is damning, stating after she got out of the shower she saw Brooke covered in her father's blood. After Chutney states she received a perm the day of the murder, Elle realizes a flaw in Chutney's alibi and suggests that the entire court should be moved to the scene of the crime - the bathroom where the murder took place ("Scene of the Crime"). As a demonstration, Elle asks Paulette to give Enid a perm, and asks Enid to step into the shower upon entering the crime scene. Relying on her knowledge of hair maintenance, Elle's demonstration is successful as Enid walks out of the shower with completely flattened hair—revealing that Chutney could not have possibly showered immediately after getting a perm because her perm was still intact. Under Elle's intense questioning, Chutney accidentally confesses that she killed her father, thinking that it was Brooke ("Omigod You Guys (Reprise)"). Chutney is arrested and Brooke is set free.

text: Warner proposes to Elle, having been dumped by Vivienne. Elle gently refuses, claiming to have been changed by the experience. Three years later, Elle ends up as the valedictorian of her class. Paulette tells the audience that Elle is not one to brag about her valedictorian status, so she decided to allow Paulette to play "Where Are They Now" during her speech. Paulette says that Enid practices family law, Vivienne is training for the Peace Corps, and Warner dropped out and pursues a modeling career. Callahan ran for governor but was defeated, and his wife hired Emmett to handle their divorce. Paulette married Kyle, had two kids, and is pregnant with a third. They live in Worcester, Massachusetts and Paulette bought a new salon (the Worcester detail was taken from the London script, and replaced with the detail that a child of hers was named Seamus) ("Find My Way"). At the end of the graduation, Elle proposes to Emmett, and Emmett accepts ("Finale").

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

"Overture" – Orchestra †‡
"Omigod You Guys" – Elle, Serena, Margot, Pilar and Company
"Serious" – Warner and Elle
"Daughter of Delta Nu" – Serena, Margot, Pilar and Company †
"What You Want" – Elle, Serena, Margot, Pilar, Kate, Elle's Parents, Grandmaster Chad and Company
"The Harvard Variations" – Emmett, Aaron, Enid, Padamadan and Harvard Students
"Blood in the Water" – Callahan and Company
"Positive" – Elle, Serena, Margot, Pilar and Greek Chorus
"Ireland" – Paulette
"Ireland" (Reprise) – Paulette
"Serious" (Reprise) – Elle and Warner
"Chip On My Shoulder" – Elle, Emmett, Greek Chorus
"Run Rufus Run/Elle Reflects"- Elle, Emmett
"So Much Better" – Elle, Greek Chorus and Company

Act II

"Entr'acte" – Orchestra †‡
"Whipped into Shape" – Brooke, Callahan and Company
"Delta Nu Nu Nu" – Brooke and Elle †
"Take It Like a Man" – Elle, Emmett and Salespeople
"Bend and Snap" – Elle, Paulette, Serena, Margot, Pilar, Bend and Snap Guys and Salonfolk
"There! Right There!" – Elle, Callahan, Emmett, Brooke, Vivienne, Warner, Enid, Judge, Nikos, Carlos and Company
"Legally Blonde" – Elle and Emmett
"Legally Blonde Remix" – Vivienne, Elle, Enid, Brooke, Elle's Parents and Company
"Scene of the Crime/Omigod You Guys (Reprise)" – Elle, Judge, Serena, Margot, Pilar and Company †
"Find My Way/Finale" – Elle, Paulette, Emmett and Company
"Bows" – Orchestra and Company †

text: During its San Francisco run, the musical included a song called "Love and War" in place of what is now "Positive".[2] Another predecessor to "Positive" was "Beacon of Positivity".[3]

text: During the musical's workshop stage, the song "Good Boy" existed in what would go on to become "Ireland"'s place in the musical.[4] In the song, Paulette and Elle bond over the idea that men are like dogs and should therefore be treated as such.

text: "Bows" is featured as an iTunes bonus track on the UK iTunes on the Live London Cast Recording but not featured on the Broadway Recording. "Kyle the Magnificent" is also a bonus track on the Live London Cast Recording after "Take It Like a Man" which is where it is in the show. On the Broadway Cast Recording, it is a hidden track at the end of "Find My Way/Finale".

text: † Not featured on Original Broadway Cast Recording ‡ Instrumental Mix

text: Instrumentation[edit]

text: The licensed orchestration follows the orchestration that was used in the West End production: three keyboards, bass, guitar, drums, percussion, two woodwind parts, two trumpets, trombone, and solo violin. The first keyboard part is played by the conductor. The bass part doubles on electric bass, double bass, fretless bass, and 5-string bass. The guitar doubles on electric, acoustic, and 12-string guitars, as well as mandolin. The first woodwind part doubles on alto sax, flute, piccolo, clarinet, oboe (optional), and English horn (optional); the second part doubles on flute, clarinet, and baritone sax. Both trumpets double on flugelhorn and the trombone doubles on tenor and bass trombones.

text: This orchestration was originally used for the first United States national tour, without the violin and with slightly different reed doublings. The first reed player doubled on alto sax, clarinet, flute, piccolo, oboe (optional), and English horn (optional); the second player doubled on flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, tenor and baritone sax, and pennywhistle.

text: In addition to the licensed orchestration, the original Broadway production also had a French horn part, a viola and cello part, a second guitar, and had three woodwind parts instead of two. The first reed part doubled on alto sax, clarinet, flute, piccolo, and pennywhistle; the second part doubled on clarinet, flute, oboe, English horn, and tenor sax; the third doubled on flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, and baritone sax.

text: Production history[edit]

text: Broadway (2007–2008)[edit]

text: Before going to Broadway, Legally Blonde did a short tryout at San Francisco's Golden Gate Theatre from January 23 to February 25, 2007, with an official opening on February 5. [5] Legally Blonde later opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 29, 2007, following previews which began on April 3. The production was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, with set design by David Rockwell, costume design by Gregg Barnes, and lighting design by Kenneth Posner and Paul Miller. The original Broadway cast included Laura Bell Bundy in the lead role of Elle Woods and featured Christian Borle, Orfeh and Michael Rupert.[6] The show received mostly positive reviews and was nominated for seven Tony Awards, including Best Original Score and Best Leading Actress in a Musical, but did not win any.[7]

text: During the week ending June 24, 2007, the Broadway production achieved a milestone, joining the millionaires' club for weekly Broadway grosses, by grossing $1,003,282.[8] The musical was filmed for television in front of a live audience on September 18, 2007, as well as two other dates where it was filmed without an audience. The three performances edited together were broadcast on MTV on October 13 and 14, 2007 with subsequent air dates on November 3 and 14, 2007.[9] MTV's involvement with the musical continued with a reality show program called Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods, which aimed to cast the next actress to play Elle Woods on Broadway, replacing Laura Bell Bundy. The show was hosted by Haylie Duff, and premiered on June 2, 2008 on MTV.[10] The competition was won by Bailey Hanks, age 20, from Anderson, South Carolina.[11] The results were first aired on July 21, 2008 on MTV,[12] and her debut as Elle Woods was on July 23.[11] The runner-up, Autumn Hurlbert, also debuted on Broadway in this show as a sorority sister in Delta Nu, as well as serving as Hanks's understudy.[13]

text: The production closed on October 19, 2008 after playing 30 previews and 595 regular performances. Asmeret Ghebremichael and Lindsay Nicole Chambers were part of the closing cast alongside Hanks.[13]

text: North American Tours (2008–2011)[edit]

text: First National US Tour The first national tour started on September 21, 2008.[14] Becky Gulsvig, who appeared in the ensemble of the original Broadway cast and understudied the role of Elle Woods, is featured as Elle Woods.[15] Lauren Ashley Zakrin and Rhiannon Hansen, both finalists of the MTV reality show, appeared in the national tour.[14] The original tour closed on August 15, 2010 in Vienna, Virginia at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts.

text: Second National US Tour A non-equity tour launched in Jackson, Mississippi on September 21, 2010. Nikki Bohne led the cast as Elle Woods, with Kahlil Joseph as Professor Callahan[16] The tour closed on May 15, 2011 at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut.[17]

text: West End (2009–2012)[edit]

text: The West End production opened at the Savoy Theatre on January 13, 2010, following previews from December 5, 2009.[18][19] The original London cast included Sheridan Smith in the lead role of Elle Woods, with Duncan James, Alex Gaumond, Jill Halfpenny and Peter Davison.[20] In the London production, the lyrics to Ireland were changed.[21]

text: In October 2009, Sheridan Smith, with other cast members, recorded a pop video to the song "So Much Better".[22] The West End cast of Legally Blonde performed a medley from the show at the BBC Television Center on November 19, 2009 during the Children in Need telethon.[23]

text: Legally Blonde was the first West End show to offer a ticket lottery. The trend is popular on Broadway but had never been used for a West End production.[24] The show had taken $2 million in advance sales before it officially opened.[25] It extended its booking period from the earlier date of October 2011 until the March 31, 2012.

text: Susan McFadden replaced Sheridan Smith as Elle on January 10, 2011. McFadden was later replaced by Carley Stenson on July 11, 2011. Other notable replacements included Richard Fleeshman and Ben Freeman as Warner, Denise Van Outen and Natalie Casey as Paulette, Lee Mead and Stephen Ashfield as Emmett, Carley Stenson as Margot and Siobhan Dillon as Vivienne.[26]

text: The West End show won three Laurence Olivier Awards on March 13, 2011 - 'Best New Musical', 'Best Actress in a Musical' (Sheridan Smith), and 'Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical' (Jill Halfpenny).

text: The show closed in London on April 7, 2012,[27][28] after 974 performances, significantly more than it played on Broadway.

text: First National UK tour[edit]

text: The first UK tour began on July 8, 2011 at The Liverpool Empire Theatre. The cast included Faye Brooks as Elle, Dave Willetts as Professor Callahan and Iwan Lewis as Emmett. Liz McClarnon initially played Paulette, followed by Claire Sweeney.[29]

text: Following Willets, Professor Callahan was played by Matthew Kelly, and later Les Dennis, alongside Niki Evans as Paulette. Amy Lennox covered as Elle for the Aberdeen leg of the tour, with Stephen Ashfield briefly reprising Emmett just weeks after leaving the show in London. On the 17th July 2012, Jennifer Ellison replaced Niki Evans as Paulette and Gareth Gates replaced Ray Quinn as Warner.

text: The final show of the UK tour was performed at the New Wimbledon Theatre on 6 October 2012.

text: Australian Production 2012[edit]

text: The Australian production began previews in September 2012 at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney, before opening on October 4, 2012.

text: Lucy Durack played Elle Woods with Rob Mills as Warner, David Harris as Emmett, Erika Heynatz as Brooke Wyndham, Helen Dallimore as Paulette[citation needed] with Cameron Daddo returning to the Australian stage for the first time in 20 years to play Professor Callahan. [30]

text: The production concluded its run at Melbourne's Princess Theatre on July 14, 2013.[31] The show won five Helpmann Awards including Best Musical.[32]

text: International Productions[edit]

text: Legally Blonde has had international productions in South Korea, Malaysia, The Netherlands, France, The Philippines, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Dominican Republic, Panama[citation needed] and New Zealand[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

text: Casts[edit]

text: The principal original casts of the major productions of Legally Blonde.

text:
Character
Original Broadway Cast[41]
Original U.S. Tour Cast[42]
Original London Cast[20]
Original UK Tour Cast[43]

Elle Woods
Laura Bell Bundy
Becky Gulsvig
Sheridan Smith
Faye Brookes

Emmett Forrest
Christian Borle
D.B. Bonds
Alex Gaumond
Iwan Lewis

Warner Huntington III
Richard H. Blake
Jeff Mclean
Duncan James
Neil Toon

Paulette Bonafonté
Orfeh
Natalie Joy Johnson
Jill Halfpenny
Liz McClarnon
Claire Sweeney

Professor Callahan
Michael Rupert
Ken Land
Peter Davison
Dave Willetts

Brooke Wyndham/Shandi
Nikki Snelson
Coleen Sexton
Aoife Mulholland
Hannah Grover

Vivienne Kensington
Kate Shindle
Megan Lewis
Caroline Keiff
Charlotte Harwood

Chad/Dewey/Kyle
Andy Karl
Ven Daniel
Chris Ellis-Stanton
Lewis Griffiths

Enid Hoopes
Natalie Joy Johnson
Gretchen Burghart
Suzie McAdam
Gemma Baird

Serena
Leslie Kritzer
Cortney Wolfson
Susan McFadden
Sinead Long

Margot
Annaleigh Ashford
Rhiannon Hansen
Amy Lennox
Sophie Isaacs

Pilar
DeQuina Moore
Crystal Joy
Ibinabo Jack
Micha Richardson

Kate/Chutney
Kate Wetherhead
Alex Ellis
Roxanne Palmer
Nia Jermin

text: The cast for the TV airing, filmed in mid-September 2007,[44] consisted of the entire original Broadway cast, except for Tracy Jai Edwards taking over for Leslie Kritzer as Serena and Asmeret Ghebremichael replacing DeQuina Moore as Pilar. Moore departed from the production in July 2007,[45][46] and Kritzer in August that same year.[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The musical received mixed reviews but was praised for being a fun and upbeat production. Ben Brantley, reviewing the musical in The New York Times, wrote that the show was a "high-energy, empty-calories, and expensive-looking hymn to the glories of girlishness"; he praised Laura Bell Bundy saying, "she sings and dances flawlessly, and she delivers silly lines as if she meant them."[47] Clive Barnes, in his New York Post review, wrote that he loved the "effervescent and radiant Bundy" as well as others in the cast, and that the "dances certainly have a slick snap, crackle, and pop".[48] Elysa Gardner in the USA Today wrote that the musical was an "ingratiating trifle", and the "game cast ensure that the proceedings, however patronizing, aren't irritating."[49] Jeremy McCarter in New York Magazine lamented that the musical "doesn’t summon memories of Tracy Flick, the steely student-council campaigner that Reese Witherspoon played in Election before starring in Legally Blonde", writing that the "Flickish manic drive" in Witherspoon's Legally Blonde performance had been his favorite part of the film.[50]

text: The West End production received mostly positive reviews. Benedict Nightingale in The Times wrote "Let's overlook some forgettable tunes and welcome dance that embraces everything from skipping with ropes to spoof Riverdance. Let's relish the support both of a fake-Greek chorus dressed as cheerleaders and of two cute, unnaturally obedient dogs. Let's agree that Legally Blonde is, well, fun".[51] whilst Paul Taylor for The Independent wrote "Ridiculously enjoyable from start to finish." [52]

text: The show also received some negative criticism. Tim Walker wrote in the Sunday Telegraph: "It is a great big empty vessel of a show that makes a lot of noise and not much else, and would have been better entitled 'Irredeemably Bland'. I was aware that for the whole of the two hours and 25 minutes that it ran, I was sitting among a group of people with vacant smiles on faces that otherwise seemed entirely numbed. That was how I looked, too. It is the expression that registers when what one is seeing doesn't entirely sync with what is going on in one's brain." Quentin Letts wrote for Daily Mail, "It is pink not just in the colour of many of the clothes and stage effects. It is pink to the core of its little, tiny soul ... The plot is pap, the musical unmemorable, the dancing often hefty except for one routine with skipping ropes."[51]

text: Recordings[edit]

text: The Original Broadway Cast recording was recorded on May 7 and 8, 2007 and released on July 17, 2007 by Ghostlight Records (an imprint of Sh-K-Boom Records). During the week of July 23, 2007, the cast album made its debut on Billboard's Cast Album chart, placing at #1 and charted at #86 on the Billboard 200.[53]

text: Before previews, a promotional sampler CD was released featuring "Omigod You Guys", "So Much Better", and "Take It Like a Man", featuring a slightly divergent cast, arrangement and lyrics of that of the final show's.[54]

text: During the development phase of the musical, a demo recording was released with twelve songs featuring Kerry Butler and others as Elle. The demo featured workshop versions of "There! Right There!" (labelled on the sampler as "Gay or European"), "Blood in the Water", "Omigod You Guys", "Serious", "What You Want", "Legally Blonde", "Legally Blonde Remix", "So Much Better", "Take It Like a Man", in addition to two songs not present in the finalized version of the show, "Beacon of Positivity" (which became "Love and War" for the previews and eventually "Positive" for the finalized version of the show), and "Good Boy", a song in the place of "Ireland".[55]

text: Bailey Hanks, who won the reality show The Search for Elle Woods, recorded the song "So Much Better", which was released as a single on July 22, 2008.[12]

text: A live London cast recording was recorded featuring Sheridan Smith, Alex Gaumond and Duncan James, on June 12, 13 and 14, 2010. It was released on August 16, 2010.[56] The London Cast Recording used the same track listing as the Broadway Cast Recording, with bonus tracks "Kyle the Magnificent" and the curtain call music added to the digital download version.[57]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2007
Actors’ Equity Association
Outstanding Broadway Chorus

Won

Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Book of a Musical
Heather Hach
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Laura Bell Bundy
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
Christian Borle
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Orfeh
Nominated

Outstanding Choreography
Jerry Mitchell
Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Lyrics
Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin
Nominated

Outstanding Music
Nominated

Outstanding Set Design of a Musical
David Rockwell
Nominated

Drama League Award
Distinguished Production of a Musical
Nominated

Distinguished Performance
Laura Bell Bundy
Nominated

Christian Borle
Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Award
Best Featured Actress in a Musical
Orfeh
Nominated

Tony Award
Best Book of a Musical
Heather Hach
Nominated

Best Original Score
Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical
Laura Bell Bundy
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical
Christian Borle
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical
Orfeh
Nominated

Best Choreography
Jerry Mitchell
Nominated

Best Costume Design of a Musical
Gregg Barnes
Nominated

2008
Daytime Emmy Award[58]
(for the televised version)
Outstanding Special Class Directing
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Nominated

Outstanding Special Class Special
Nominated

text: North American Tour[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2009
Helen Hayes Award[59]
Outstanding Performance in a Non-Resident Production
Becky Gulsvig
Nominated

Touring Broadway Awards
Best New Touring Musical
Won

Best Design of a Touring Production
Won

Best Choreography of a Touring Production
Jerry Mitchell
Won

text: Original West End production[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2010
Evening Standard Theatre Awards
Best Musical
Nominated

Best Actress
Sheridan Smith
Nominated

2011
Laurence Olivier Award[60]
Best New Musical
Won

Best Actor in a Musical
Alex Gaumond
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Sheridan Smith
Won

Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical
Jill Halfpenny
Won

Best Theatre Choreographer
Jerry Mitchell
Nominated

Theatregoers’ Choice Awards[61]
Best New Musical
Won

Best Actor in a Musical
Alex Gaumond
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Sheridan Smith
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Musical
Chris Ellis-Stanton
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Musical
Jill Halfpenny
Won

Best Takeover in a Role
Denise van Outen
Nominated

Best Choreographer
Jerry Mitchell
Won

2012
Best Takeover in a Role
Susan McFadden
Nominated


document_title: Derek Shepherd

question_text: what season of greys anatomy does derek die

root

text: Derek Shepherd

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate[2] and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he couldn’t refuse"[3] – the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine[4][5][6] and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes" and "impossible" cases[7] that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared — well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards.[4][8] He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being.[9][10][11][8]

tag: p

text: Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern";[12] as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law.[13] His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white.[14]

text: Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If/Then", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd" and "McDreary".

text: When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.

text: In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.

text: Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.

text: Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world".

text: In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.

text: Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo." Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful."[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules." Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]

text: In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons.[20] However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off[21] while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out."[22] In August 2015, Rhimes commented:

text:
“
The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time.[23]
”

tag: table

text: The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt" the character as an alumnus.[24] Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.[2]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.[citation needed] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole."[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity".[26] In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy."[27]

text: Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship."[28]

text: Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[29] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[30][31] His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[32]

text: Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[33] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[34][35][36][37] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[38]


document_title: Immigration to Canada

question_text: where do most of the immigrants to canada come from

text: Immigration to Canada

text: History[edit]

text: After the initial period of British and French colonization, four major waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries. The fifth wave is currently occurring.

text: First wave[edit]

text: The first wave of significant, non-aboriginal immigration to Canada occurred over almost two centuries with slow but progressive French settlement of Quebec and Acadia with smaller numbers of American and European entrepreneurs in addition to British military personnel. This wave culminated with the influx of 46–50,000 British Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States mostly into what is today Southern Ontario, the Eastern Townships of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia of whom 36,000 went to the Maritimes. Some of these later made their way to Ontario. A second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. Some thousands of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders from land clearances also Nova Scotia during this period. It marked a new age for Canada and its people.

text: Second wave[edit]

text: The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, and included British army regulars who had served in the war. The colonial governors of Canada, who were worried about another American invasion attempt and to counter the French-speaking influence of Quebec, rushed to promote settlement in back country areas along newly constructed plank roads within organized land tracts, mostly in Upper Canada (present-day Ontario). With the second wave Irish immigration to Canada had been increasing and peaked when the Irish Potato Famine occurred from 1846 to 1849 resulting in hundreds of thousands more Irish arriving on Canada's shores, although a significant portion migrated to the United States either in the short-term or over the subsequent decades. Over 800,000 immigrants arrived between 1815 and 1850, 60% of them British and the remainder mostly Irish before or after the Famine. This movement of people is known as the Great Migration and boosted Canada's population from 600,000 in 1812 to 2.4 million in 1850 and made it an majority English-speaking country. In 1815 80% of the English-speakers who numbered 250,000 were American colonists of their descendants not including in the count the 35,000 inhabitants of Newfoundland. By 1851 they as a percentage had dropped 35% due to the arrival of 800,000 immigrants from the UK (Upper Canada population 750,000; Maritimes 550,000). The French-speaking population exceeded 300,000 in 1812. The population of Quebec in 1851 was 900,000.

text: The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres of land free (except for a small registration fee) to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens, but had to live on the plot and improve it.

text: Also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the U.S. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a hassle-free way to enter the U.S. especially as the U.S. began barring entry to certain ethnicities. The U.S. and Canada mitigated this situation in 1894 with the Canadian Agreement which allowed for U.S. immigration officials to inspect ships landing at Canadian ports for immigrants excluded from the U.S. If found, the transporting companies were responsible for shipping the persons back.[6]

text: Clifford Sifton, minister of the Interior in Ottawa, 1896–1905, argued that the free western lands were ideal for growing wheat and would attract large numbers of hard-working farmers. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement. Land companies, the Hudson's Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent land. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take legal title to the even-numbered lands they were due, thus blocking sale of odd-numbered tracts. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U.S. and Europe, with a host of agents promoting the Canadian west. He also brokered deals with ethnic groups that wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement. His goal was to maximize immigration from Britain, eastern Canada and the U.S.[7]

text: Third wave (1890–1920) and fourth wave (1940s–1960s)[edit]

text: The third wave of immigration coming mostly from continental Europe peaked prior to World War I, between 1911–1913 (over 400,000 in 1912). The fourth wave came from Europe after the Second World War, peaking at 282,000 in 1957. Together, they made Canada a more multiethnic country with substantial non-British or non-French European elements. For example, Ukrainian Canadians accounted for the largest Ukrainian population outside Ukraine and Russia. The Church of England took up the role of introducing British values to farmers newly arrived on the prairies. In practice, they clung to their traditional religious affiliations.[8]

text: Periods of low immigration have also occurred: international movement was very difficult during the world wars, and there was a lack of jobs "pulling" workers to Canada during the Great Depression in Canada.

text: Canadianization was a high priority for new arrivals lacking a British cultural background.[9] Immigrants from Britain were given highest priority.[10] There was no special effort to attract Francophone immigrants. In terms of economic opportunity, Canada was most attractive to farmers headed to the Prairies, who typically came from eastern and central Europe. Immigrants from Britain preferred urban life.[11]

text: Fifth wave (1970s–present)[edit]

text: Immigration since the 1970s has overwhelmingly been of visible minorities from the developing world. This was largely influenced in 1976 when the Immigration Act was revised and this continued to be official government policy. During the Mulroney government, immigration levels were increased. By the late 1980s, the fifth wave of immigration has maintained with slight fluctuations since (225,000–275,000 annually). Currently, most immigrants come from South Asia, China and Caribbean and this trend is expected to continue.[citation needed]

text: Chinese[edit]

text: Prior to 1885, restrictions on immigration were imposed mostly in response to large waves of immigration rather than planned policy decisions, but not specifically targeted at one group or ethnicity, at least as official policy. Then came the introduction of the first Chinese Head Tax legislation passed in 1885, which was in response to a growing number of Chinese working on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Subsequent increases in the head tax in 1900 and 1903 limited Chinese entrants to Canada. In 1907 a major riot against Asians took place in Vancouver, BC. In 1923 the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act which excluded Chinese from entering Canada altogether between 1923 and 1947. For discriminating against Chinese immigrants in past periods, an official government apology and compensations were announced on 22 June 2006.

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: The term Canadian as a term of nationalism or citizenship was first used under the Immigration Act, 1910, to designate those British subjects who were domiciled in Canada. All other British subjects required permission to land. A separate status of "Canadian national" was created under the Canadian Nationals Act, 1921, which was defined as being a Canadian as defined above, their wives, and any children (fathered by such citizens) that had not yet landed in Canada. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy ceased to be an exclusively British institution. Because of this Canadians, and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms, were known as subjects of the Crown. However, in legal documents the term "British subject" continued to be used and "Canadians" were officially British Subjects born or regularly domiciled in Canada.

text: Canada was the first nation in the then British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law in 1946, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946. This took effect on January 1, 1947. In order to be deemed a Canadian citizen on January 1, 1947, one generally had to be a British subject on that date, or had been admitted to Canada as landed immigrants before that date. First Nations people were later included by amendment in 1956. The phrase British subject refers in general to anyone from the United Kingdom, its colonies at the time, or a Commonwealth country. Acquisition and loss of British subject status before 1947 was determined by United Kingdom law.

text: Canada offers Canadian citizenship through naturalization. In June 2015 the implementation of the latest reforms to the Citizenship Act took effect and revised access to Canadian citizenship. The new reforms raises the residency requirements to 4 years out of 6 years during the period immediately prior to filing the application thereby reducing the length of time to 66% from 75% of the relevant residency period. However, it also requires physical residence for 183 days in each of four the qualifying calendar years prior to submission and a requirement to file income tax. Persons aged 14 to 64 years of age must demonstrate a knowledge of Canada and a basic ability in either official language. There is a provision of an intention to reside on the part of an applicant that applies only during the application process and is irrelevant once a person is a citizen.[12] On 15 February 1977, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship. Many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1946 legislation were repealed. Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of immigration fraud.

text: Statistics Canada has tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001.[13]

text: Emigration[edit]

text: Emigration from Canada to the United States has historically exceeded immigration, but there were short periods where the reverse was true; for example, the Loyalist refugees; during the various British Columbia gold rushes and later the Klondike Gold Rush which saw many American prospectors inhabiting British Columbia and the Yukon; land settlers moving from the Northern Plains to the Prairies in the early 20th century and also during periods of political turmoil and/or during wars, for example the Vietnam War. In recent years, the emigration from Canada to the U.S. is very small in numbers compared to immigrants coming to Canada.[citation needed]

text: It should be noted that immigration has always been offset by emigration: at times this was of great concerns of governments intent on filling up the country, particularly the western provinces. The United States was overall the primary destination followed by reverse migration. Emigration to the US was 370,000 in the 1870s averaged on million a decade from 1880 to 1910, almost 750,000 from 1911 to 1920 and 1.25 through 1930. Many of these were not Canadians but recent immigrants from the British Isles who did not stay. As a result the population of Canada at Confederation which was 10% that of the US, 3.75 million, dropped to 7.5% or 5.5 million to 76 million in the US. Between 1945 and 1965 emigration to the US averaged 40–45000 yearly. The population of Canada was roughly 10% of the US population from 1830 to 1870, but dropped to 6% by 1900 due to the emigration to the US and in spite of large-scale immigration. It was not until 1960 that the population of Canada reached the 10% mark again, 18 million. In times of economic difficulty, Canadian governments frequently resorted to deportation and coerced "voluntary" deportation to thin out ranks of unemployed workers; however, by the time of the Mackenzie-King government it was realized that this was an improvident short-term solution resulting in future labor shortages (that immigration was initially intended to overcome).[citation needed]

text: Immigration rate[edit]

text: In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada, relative to a total population of 30,007,094 people per the 2001 Census. Since 2001, immigration has ranged between 221,352 and 262,236 immigrants per annum.[14] The three main official reasons given for the level of immigration are:

text:
100,000 +

  50,000-99,999

  20,000-49,999

  10,000-19,999

text:
The social component – Canada facilitates family reunification.
The humanitarian component – Relating to refugees.
The economic component – Attracting immigrants who will contribute economically and fill labour market needs.

tag: ul

text: The level of immigration peaked in 1993 in the last year of the Progressive Conservative government and was maintained by Liberal Party of Canada. Ambitious targets of an annual 1% per capita immigration rate were hampered by financial constraints. The Liberals committed to raising actual immigration levels further in 2005. All political parties are now cautious about criticizing the high level of immigration. Consequently, immigration levels to Canada (roughly 0.7% per year) are considerably higher per capita than to the United States (about a million, or 0.3%, per year). Further, much of the immigration to the United States is from Latin America, with relatively less from Asia; the United States only admits about twice as many immigrants from Asian countries like China, India, the Philippines, and Pakistan as Canada, despite having nine times the population. Due to this, the largest minority in the United States is the Latin American population, while Canada's largest minority is its Asian population.

text: Immigrant population growth is concentrated in or near large cities (particularly Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). These cities are experiencing increased services demands that accompany strong population growth, causing concern about the capability of infrastructure in those cities to handle the influx. For example, a Toronto Star article published on 14 July 2006 authored by Daniel Stoffman noted that 43% of immigrants move to the Greater Toronto Area and said "unless Canada cuts immigrant numbers, our major cities will not be able to maintain their social and physical infrastructures".[15] Most of the provinces that do not have one of those destination cities have implemented strategies to try to boost their share of immigration.

text: According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, under the Canada-Quebec Accord of 1991, Quebec has sole responsibility for selecting most immigrants destined to the province. Of course, once immigrants are granted permanent residency or citizenship they are free to move between and reside in any provinces under Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: Immigration categories[edit]

text: There are three main categories to Canadian immigration:

text: Economic immigrants[edit]

text: Citizenship and Immigration Canada uses seven sub-categories of economic immigrants. The high-profile Skilled worker principal applicants group comprised 19.8% of all immigration in 2005. Canada has also created a VIP Business Immigration Program which allows immigrants with sufficient business experience or management experience to receive the Permanent Residency in a shorter period than other types of immigration. The Province of Quebec has a program called the Immigrant Investor Program.[14]

text: The Business immigration program (BIP) was cancelled by the Harper government in 2014.[16]

text: Family class[edit]

text: Under a government program, both citizens and permanent residents can sponsor family members to immigrate to Canada.

text: Refugees[edit]

text: Immigration of refugees and those in need of protection.

text: Acceptance of refugees has been strangely erratic; for example, Canada once accepted a large block of Estonians displaced by Russian advances but refused Jewish people displaced to western Europe prior to WWII and refused entry to Jewish DPs after WWII. A large block of Romanian refugees was accepted during the height of the communist regime. At times Mennonites and Hutterites were accepted based on their agricultural acumen but at other times denied based on their tendency to not integrate with Anglo-Saxon society (often held to be the ideal).

text: In 2010, Canada accepted 280,681 immigrants (permanent and temporary) of which 186,913 (67%) were Economic immigrants; 60,220 (22%) were Family class; 24,696 (9%) were Refugees; and 8,845 (2%) were Other.[17] Some 60,000 come to Canada each year under the International Experience Canada initiative, which provides Working Holiday, internship, and study visas.[18]

text: Under Canadian nationality law an immigrant can apply for citizenship after living in Canada for 1095 days (3 years) in any 5-year period provided that they lived in Canada as a permanent resident for at least two of those years.[19]

text: As of May 1, 2014, the Federal Skilled Worker Class opened once again accepting 25,000 applicants with intake caps at 1,000 per category. A New Economic Action Plan 2015 took effect in January 2015 in which the skilled worker program will be more of an employer based program. The current list of accepted occupations for 2014 includes many occupations such as senior managers, accountants, physicians and medical professionals, professionals in marketing and advertising, real estate professionals and many more.[20] The changes in 2015 moved permanent residency in Canada away from the 'first come, first served' model, and towards a new structure that took on permanent residents based on Canada's economic need. The new system is called "Express Entry".[21]

text: Effective August 2, 2016, all home buyers (including immigrants and refugees) who are not Canadian citizens nor have landed immigrant status are obliged to pay a 15% Property Transfer Tax when purchasing residential property in the Greater Vancouver Regional District.[22]

text: Sources of immigration[edit]

text: Canada receives its immigrant population from almost 200 countries.

text:
Permanent Residents Admitted in 2015, by Top 10 Source Countries[23]

Rank
Country
Number
Percentage

1
 Philippines
50,846
18.7

2
 India
39,530
14.5

3
 China
19,532
7.2

4
 Iran
11,669
4.3

5
 Pakistan
11,329
4.2

6
 Syria
9,853
3.6

7
 United States
7,522
3.0

8
 France
5,807
2.0

9
 United Kingdom
5,451
2.0

10
 Nigeria
4,133
2.0

Top 10 Total
165,672
61.5

Other
106,173
38.5

Total
271,845
100

text: Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, almost one-half of the population over the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have at least one foreign-born parent.[24] The number of visible minorities will double and make up the majority of the population of cities in Canada.[25]

text: Canadian immigrant population by country of birth (2005)[edit]

text: "Immigrant" refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.[26][27]

text:
Rank
Country of birth
Population
Portion of immigrants in Canada
Portion of Canadian population
Notes

1
 Canada
24,788,720
N/A
7001793000000000000♠79.3%

2
 United Kingdom
579,620
7000940000000000000♠9.4%
7000190000000000000♠1.9%
From England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

3
 China
466,940
7000750000000000000♠7.5%
7000150000000000000♠1.5%
The official name is 'People's Republic of China'. These figures exclude Hong Kong and Macau, which have separate lines below in this table.

4
 India
443,690
7000720000000000000♠7.2%
7000140000000099999♠1.4%

5
 Philippines
303,195
7000490000000000000♠4.9%
7000100000000000000♠1%

6
 Italy
296,850
7000480000000000000♠4.8%
7000100000000000000♠1%

7
 United States
250,535
7000400000000000000♠4%
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

8
 Hong Kong
215,430
7000350000000000000♠3.5%
6999700000000000000♠0.7%
Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

9
 Germany
171,405
7000280000000099999♠2.8%
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

10
 Poland
170,490
7000280000000099999♠2.8%
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

11
 Vietnam
160,170
7000260000000000000♠2.6%
6999500000000000000♠0.5%
Many from the former Republic of Vietnam

12
 Portugal
150,390
7000240000000000000♠2.4%
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

13
 Pakistan
133,280
7000220000000000000♠2.2%
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

14
 Jamaica
123,420
7000200000000000000♠2%
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

15
 Netherlands
111,990
7000180000000000000♠1.8%
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

16
 Sri Lanka
105,670
7000170000000000000♠1.7%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

17
 South Korea
98,395
7000160000000000000♠1.6%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

18
 Iran
92,090
7000150000000000000♠1.5%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

19
 Guyana
87,195
7000140000000099999♠1.4%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

20
 Romania
82,645
7000130000000000000♠1.3%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

21
 France
79,550
7000130000000000000♠1.3%
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

22
 Lebanon
75,275
7000120000000000000♠1.2%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

23
 Greece
73,125
7000120000000000000♠1.2%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

24
 Trinidad and Tobago
65,540
7000110000000000000♠1.1%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

25
 Taiwan
65,205
7000110000000000000♠1.1%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
The official name is 'Republic of China'.

26
 Russia
64,130
7000100000000000000♠1%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

27
 Haiti
63,350
7000100000000000000♠1%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

28
 Ukraine
59,460
7000100000000000000♠1%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

29
 Mexico
49,925
6999800000000000000♠0.8%
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

30
 Hungary
45,940
6999700000000000000♠0.7%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

31
 El Salvador
42,780
6999700000000000000♠0.7%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

32
 Egypt
40,575
6999700000000000000♠0.7%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

33
 Croatia
39,250
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

34
 Colombia
39,145
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

35
 Morocco
39,055
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

36
 South Africa
38,305
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

37
 Yugoslavia, n.o.s.
37,205
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
The abbreviation 'n.o.s.' means 'not otherwise specified'. Includes immigrants from the former Yugoslavia who did not specify Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, or Slovenia.

38
 Afghanistan
36,165
6999600000000000000♠0.6%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

39
 Iraq
33,545
6999500000000000000♠0.5%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

40
 Bangladesh
33,230
6999500000000000000♠0.5%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

41
 Algeria
32,255
6999500000000000000♠0.5%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

42
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
28,730
6999500000000000000♠0.5%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

43
 Chile
26,505
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

44
 Serbia
25,465
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Now divided into Serbia and Montenegro.

45
 Fiji
24,390
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

46
 Kenya
22,475
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

47
 Ireland
22,370
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

48
 Peru
22,080
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

49
 Czech Republic
22,030
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

50
 Malaysia
21,885
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

51
 Japan
21,705
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

52
 Turkey
21,580
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

53
 Israel
21,320
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

54
 Austria
20,795
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

55
 Belgium
20,215
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

56
 Cambodia
20,190
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

57
  Switzerland
19,955
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

58
 Tanzania
19,765
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

59
 Ethiopia
19,715
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

60
 Somalia
19,515
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

61
 Ghana
18,830
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

62
 Syria
18,800
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

63
 Australia
18,165
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Includes Norfolk Island.

64
 Argentina
18,120
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

65
 Denmark
17,360
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Includes the Faroe Islands.

66
 Bulgaria
15,955
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

67
 Guatemala
15,705
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

68
 Barbados
15,325
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

69
 Brazil
15,120
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

70
 Slovakia
14,825
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

71
 Nigeria
14,705
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

72
 Laos
14,465
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

73
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
14,125
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

74
 Ecuador
13,480
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

75
 Sudan
12,590
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Now divided into Sudan and South Sudan.

76
 Finland
12,545
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

77
 Indonesia
12,260
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

78
 Saudi Arabia
11,630
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

79
 Uganda
11,005
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

80
 Kuwait
10,520
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

81
 Albania
10,295
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

82
 Spain
10,290
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

83
 Venezuela
10,270
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

84
 Singapore
9,880
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

85
 United Arab Emirates
9,865
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

86
 Thailand
9,705
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

87
 Mauritius
9,660
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

88
 Slovenia
9,460
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%

89
 New Zealand
9,415
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Includes Niue and Tokelau.

90
 Nicaragua
9,095
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

91
 Cuba
8,865
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

92
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
8,795
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

93
 Grenada
8,740
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

94
 Macedonia
8,505
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

95
 Malta
8,255
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

96
 Paraguay
7,530
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

97
 Jordan
7,440
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

98
 Tunisia
7,410
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

99
 Belarus
7,270
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

100
 Latvia
7,085
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

101
 Sweden
6,845
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

102
 Uruguay
6,635
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

103
 Zimbabwe
6,525
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

104
 Dominican Republic
6,505
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

105
 Kazakhstan
6,420
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

106
 Lithuania
6,415
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

107
 Palestine
6,200
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Composed of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

108
 Eritrea
6,130
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

109
 Macau
6,005
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

110
 Estonia
5,300
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

111
 Moldova
5,250
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

112
 Norway
5,245
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

113
 Honduras
5,165
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

114
 Myanmar
4,800
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Formerly known as Burma.

115
 Brunei
4,425
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

116
 Cyprus
4,220
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

117
 Burundi
4,175
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

118
 Bolivia
3,770
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

119
 St. Lucia
3,520
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

120
 Rwanda
3,440
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

121
   Nepal
3,305
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%

122
 Cameroon
3,090
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

123
 Angola
3,045
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

124
 Costa Rica
2,940
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

125
 Dominica
2,830
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

126
 Sierra Leone
2,800
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

127
 Panama
2,760
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

128
 Libya
2,620
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

129
 Uzbekistan
2,610
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

130
 Zambia
2,520
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

131
 St. Kitts and Nevis
2,370
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

132
 Antigua and Barbuda
2,340
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

133
 Ivory Coast
2,305
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Also known as Côte d'Ivoire.

134
 Azerbaijan
2,260
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

135
 Soviet Union, n.o.s.
2,220
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
The abbreviation 'n.o.s.' means 'not otherwise specified'. The official name of the country was 'Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. Includes immigrants from the former Soviet Union who did not state which former Soviet country they were born in. As of the Canada 2006 Census, the countries that were once part of the Soviet Union include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

136
 Senegal
2,205
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

137
 Armenia
2,195
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

138
 Belize
2,080
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

138
 Czechoslovakia, n.o.s.
2,080
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
The abbreviation 'n.o.s.' means 'not otherwise specified'. Includes immigrants from the former Czechoslovakia who did not state which former Czechoslovak country they were born in. As of the Canada 2006 Census, the countries that were once part of Czechoslovakia include the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

139
 Guinea
2,055
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

140
 Madagascar
2,030
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

141
 Bermuda
1,930
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

142
 Bahrain
1,590
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

143
 Georgia
1,530
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

144
 Liberia
1,400
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

145
 Qatar
1,340
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

146
 Togo
1,255
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

147
 Kyrgyzstan
1,215
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

148
 Yemen
1,090
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

149
 Mozambique
1,050
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

150
 Bahamas
970
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

151
 Seychelles
885
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

152
 Mali
855
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

153
 Oman
830
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

154
 Chad
810
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

155
 Suriname
765
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

156
 Montserrat
730
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

157
 Benin
685
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

158
 Republic of the Congo
630
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

159
 Aruba
580
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

160
 Luxembourg
570
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

161
 Tajikistan
560
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

162
 Iceland
530
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

163
 Mongolia
525
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

164
 Djibouti
515
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

165
 Gabon
510
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

166
 Netherlands Antilles
500
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Now divided into Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten. At one time it also included Aruba.

167
 Malawi
425
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

168
 Martinique
385
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

169
 The Gambia
380
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

170
 St. Pierre and Miquelon
375
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

171
 Burkina Faso
365
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

172
 Mauritania
335
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

173
 Namibia
330
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

174
 Puerto Rico
325
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

175
 Guadeloupe
320
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

176
 Papua New Guinea
275
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

177
 Turkmenistan
225
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

178
 Niger
220
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

179
 Botswana
215
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

179
 Gibraltar
215
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

180
 Cayman Islands
200
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

181
 Cape Verde
165
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

181
 North Korea
165
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
The official name is 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea'.

182
 Central African Republic
160
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

183
 Swaziland
140
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

184
 Anguilla
100
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

185
 Monaco
95
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

186
 French Polynesia
90
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

186
 Lesotho
90
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

186
 Samoa
90
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

187
 Bhutan
85
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

187
 New Caledonia
85
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

188
 Tonga
80
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

189
 French Guiana
70
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

189
 Guinea-Bissau
70
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

190
 Réunion
60
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

190
 British Virgin Islands
60
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

191
 Liechtenstein
55
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

192
 Federated States of Micronesia
45
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

192
 Turks and Caicos Islands
45
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

193
 Comoros
40
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

194
 Greenland
40
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

195
 Solomon Islands
35
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

196
 Andorra
30
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

196
 Equatorial Guinea
30
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

196
 Guam
30
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

197
 Maldives
20
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

197
 Nauru
20
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

197
 Palau
20
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

198
 East Timor
15
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Also known as Timor-Leste.

198
 Falkland Islands
15
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

198
 St. Helena and Dependencies
15
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Now known as St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

198
 San Marino
15
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 American Samoa
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 Marshall Islands
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 Tuvalu
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 Vanuatu
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 United States Virgin Islands
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

199
 Wallis and Futuna
10
5000000000000000000♠0%
5000000000000000000♠0%

Outside Canada
6,186,950
7002100000000000000♠100%
7001198000000000000♠19.8%

Others
6,220
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
5000000000000000000♠0%
Includes a small number of immigrants who were born in Canada, as well as other places of birth not classified elsewhere.

text: 2011 immigration statistics[edit]

text:
Number of immigrants granted permanent residence in Canada in 2011 by source country[28]

Rank
Country
Number of immigrants admitted
Proportion of total
Notes

1
 Philippines
34,991
7001141000000000000♠14.1%

2
 China
28,696
7001115000000000000♠11.5%
Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan included separately.

3
 India
24,965
7001100000000000000♠10%

4
 United States
8,829
7000350000000000000♠3.5%

5
 Iran
6,840
7000270000000000000♠2.7%

6
 United Kingdom
6,550
7000260000000000000♠2.6%

7
 Haiti
6,208
7000250000000000000♠2.5%

8
 Pakistan
6,073
7000240000000000000♠2.4%

9
 France
5,867
7000240000000000000♠2.4%

10
 United Arab Emirates
5,223
7000210000000000000♠2.1%

11
 Iraq
4,698
7000190000000000000♠1.9%

12
 South Korea
4,573
7000180000000000000♠1.8%

13
 Colombia
4,317
7000170000000000000♠1.7%

14
 Morocco
4,155
7000170000000000000♠1.7%

15
 Algeria
3,800
7000150000000000000♠1.5%

16
 Mexico
3,642
7000150000000000000♠1.5%

17
 Egypt
3,403
7000140000000099999♠1.4%

18
 Sri Lanka
3,104
7000120000000000000♠1.2%

19
 Nigeria
2,768
7000110000000000000♠1.1%

20
 Ukraine
2,455
7000100000000000000♠1%

21
 Bangladesh
2,449
7000100000000000000♠1%

22
 Lebanon
2,335
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

23
 Saudi Arabia
2,299
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

24
 Germany
2,254
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

25
 Ethiopia
2,038
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

26
 Jamaica
2,021
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

27
 Afghanistan
1,977
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

28
 Israel
1,967
6999800000000000000♠0.8%
Does not include the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, or the West Bank.

29
 Taiwan
1,894
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

30
 Russia
1,887
6999800000000000000♠0.8%

31
 Romania
1,723
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

32
 Vietnam
1,682
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

33
 Brazil
1,519
6999600000000000000♠0.6%

34
 Japan
1,475
6999600000000000000♠0.6%

35
 Venezuela
1,446
6999600000000000000♠0.6%

36
 Tunisia
1,368
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

37
 Moldova
1,349
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

38
 Turkey
1,339
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

39
 Somalia
1,256
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

40
   Nepal
1,249
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

41
 Syria
1,181
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

42
 Kuwait
1,179
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

43
 Cameroon
1,166
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

44
 Mauritius
1,120
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

45
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,058
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

46
 South Africa
1,036
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

47
 Jordan
1,025
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

48
 Australia
979
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

49
 Cuba
938
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

50
 Peru
876
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

51
 Eritrea
874
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

52
 Hong Kong
820
6999300000000000000♠0.3%
Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

53
 Guyana
761
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

54
 Dominican Republic
759
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

55
 Kenya
750
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

56
 Ireland
662
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

57
 El Salvador
658
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

58
 Poland
657
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

59
 Belgium
633
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

60
 Netherlands
629
6999300000000000000♠0.3%

61
 Qatar
615
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

61
 Trinidad and Tobago
615
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

62
 Italy
572
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

63
 Libya
544
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

64
 Honduras
542
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

65
 Senegal
523
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

66
 Burundi
518
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

67
 Ghana
511
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

68
 Portugal
506
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

69
 Ivory Coast
503
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

70
 Sudan
488
6999200000000000000♠0.2%
Now divided into Sudan and South Sudan.

71
 Malaysia
485
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

72
 Albania
471
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

73
 Singapore
458
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

74
 Thailand
455
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

75
  Switzerland
448
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

76
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
447
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

77
 Ecuador
437
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

78
 Rwanda
436
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

79
 New Zealand
410
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

80
 Zimbabwe
388
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

81
 Indonesia
368
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

82
 Kazakhstan
367
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

83
 Bulgaria
356
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

84
 Belarus
355
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

85
 Myanmar
311
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

85
 Fiji
311
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

86
 Argentina
298
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

87
 Uganda
288
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

88
 Oman
285
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

89
 Hungary
281
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

90
 Guatemala
276
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

91
 St. Lucia
262
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

92
 Palestine
261
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Includes the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

93
 Guinea
252
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

94
 Spain
248
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

95
 Sweden
244
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

96
 Benin
233
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

97
 Tanzania
229
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

98
 Armenia
227
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

99
 Bahrain
209
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

100
 Cambodia
196
6999100000000000000♠0.1%
#

101
 Yemen
188
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

102
 Chile
183
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

103
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
178
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

104
 Costa Rica
173
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

105
 Grenada
169
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

106
 Greece
163
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

107
 Togo
154
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

108
 Kyrgyzstan
152
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

109
 Uzbekistan
146
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

110
 Azerbaijan
141
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

111
 Georgia
138
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

112
 Denmark
129
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

113
 Czech Republic
128
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

113
 Mali
128
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

114
 Sierra Leone
127
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

115
 Slovakia
125
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

115
 Djibouti
125
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

116
 Macedonia
124
5000000000000000000♠0%

117
 Croatia
123
5000000000000000000♠0%

118
 Madagascar
120
5000000000000000000♠0%

118
 Nicaragua
120
5000000000000000000♠0%

119
 Burkina Faso
117
5000000000000000000♠0%

120
 Barbados
110
5000000000000000000♠0%

121
 Latvia
104
5000000000000000000♠0%

121
 Paraguay
104
5000000000000000000♠0%

122
 Niger
97
5000000000000000000♠0%

123
 Mongolia
96
5000000000000000000♠0%

124
 Finland
95
5000000000000000000♠0%

125
 Austria
93
5000000000000000000♠0%

126
 North Korea
91
5000000000000000000♠0%

127
 Botswana
90
5000000000000000000♠0%

128
 Bolivia
82
5000000000000000000♠0%

129
 Republic of the Congo
79
5000000000000000000♠0%

130
 Uruguay
77
5000000000000000000♠0%

131
 Zambia
75
5000000000000000000♠0%

132
 Norway
71
5000000000000000000♠0%

133
 Gabon
65
5000000000000000000♠0%

134
 Chad
59
5000000000000000000♠0%

134
 Bahamas
59
5000000000000000000♠0%

135
 Panama
56
5000000000000000000♠0%

136
 Cyprus
54
5000000000000000000♠0%

137
 Tajikistan
53
5000000000000000000♠0%

138
 Liberia
49
5000000000000000000♠0%

139
 Malawi
45
5000000000000000000♠0%

140
 Antigua and Barbuda
43
5000000000000000000♠0%

141
 Lithuania
42
5000000000000000000♠0%

141
 Brunei
42
5000000000000000000♠0%

142
 Dominica
41
5000000000000000000♠0%

143
 Belize
40
5000000000000000000♠0%

144
 Angola
38
5000000000000000000♠0%

145
 Mauritania
34
5000000000000000000♠0%

146
 Bermuda
31
5000000000000000000♠0%

147
 Macau
29
5000000000000000000♠0%
Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

148
 Luxembourg
28
5000000000000000000♠0%

149
 The Gambia
27
5000000000000000000♠0%

150
 Serbia
25
5000000000000000000♠0%
Now divided into Serbia, and Montenegro.

151
 Namibia
24
5000000000000000000♠0%

151
 Martinique
24
5000000000000000000♠0%

152
 Laos
23
5000000000000000000♠0%

152
 Cayman Islands
23
5000000000000000000♠0%

153
 Turkmenistan
19
5000000000000000000♠0%

154
 Estonia
16
5000000000000000000♠0%

154
 Suriname
16
5000000000000000000♠0%

155
 Malta
14
5000000000000000000♠0%

155
 Swaziland
14
5000000000000000000♠0%

155
 St. Kitts and Nevis
14
5000000000000000000♠0%

156
 Central African Republic
12
5000000000000000000♠0%

156
 Seychelles
12
5000000000000000000♠0%

157
 Slovenia
10
5000000000000000000♠0%

158
 Guadeloupe
6
5000000000000000000♠0%

Other countries
2,326
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

Country not stated
58
5000000000000000000♠0%

Total
248,748
7002100000000000000♠100%

text: Permanent Residents admitted in 2013[edit]

text:
Permanent Residents admitted in 2013, by top 10 source countries[29]

Rank
Country
Number
Percentage

1
 China
33,908
13.1

2
 India
30,576
11.8

3
 Philippines
27,292
10.5

4
 Pakistan
11,354
4.4

5
 United States
10,624
4.1

6
 Iran
10,038
3.9

7
 France
7,148
2.8

8
 United Kingdom
5,935
2.3

9
 South Korea
4,450
1.7

10
 United Arab Emirates
4,093
1.6

Top 10 Total
145,418
56.2

Other
113,535
43.8

Total
258,953
100

text: Intellectual Disabilities and Excessive Demand[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Several families have recently been denied immigration to Canada because members of their family have an autism spectrum diagnosis and Citizenship and Immigration Canada felt the potential cost of care for those family members would place an excessive demand on health or social services.[30][31] People with autism disorders can be accepted if they are able to depend on themselves.[31]

text: Temporary Foreign Worker Program[edit]

text: In 2012 more than 200 000 people were admitted to Canada under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, three times the number in 2002.[32]

text: Illegal immigration in Canada[edit]

text: Estimates of illegal immigrants in Canada range between 35,000 and 120,000.[33] James Bissett, a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.[34] A 2008 report by the Auditor General Sheila Fraser stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.[35][36]

text: Recent Canadian attitudes towards immigration[edit]

text: An October 2016 study of Canadian values by pollster Angus Reid [37] gave a conflicting picture: Although 68% of those polled said they wanted minorities to do more to fit into the mainstream, the same number also said they were nonetheless happy with how the immigrants they knew were integrating themselves into the community. Further, 79% of Canadians believe immigration policy should be based on the country's economic and labour needs, rather than on the needs of foreigners to escape crises in their home countries. In an analysis of the survey, Reid wrote that although Canadians' commitment to multiculturalism is not increasing, nevertheless their attitudes on immigration have no white-preference racism, and that the vast majority of newcomers feel that they are treated fairly and equally as "Canadians".[38]

text: Settlement workers[edit]

text: Settlement workers help immigrants in Canada to understand their rights and responsibilities and find them programs and services they need to integrate with the new culture and prospect of livelihood. They motivate organizations to hire immigrants and support immigration through recruiting new members. They work with government agency, school board, library and other community organization with network of resources.[39]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: In L'Express, the French news magazine, Canadian academic, and environmental activist David Suzuki called Canada's immigration policy "disgusting" (We "plunder southern countries to deprive them of their future leaders, and wish to increase our population to support economic growth") and insisted that "Canada is full" ("Our useful area is reduced").[40]


document_title: National Hugging Day

question_text: what day is national take a picture hugging day

text: National Hugging Day

text:
National Hugging Day

Self-portrait with Her Daughter by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, 1789

Also called
National Hug Day

Observed by
United States

Type
Secular

Celebrations
Offer hugs

Date
21 January

Next time
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)

Frequency
annual

text: National Hugging Day is an annual event dedicated to hugging. It was created by Kevin Zaborney[1][2] and occurs annually on January 21. The day was first celebrated on January 21, 1986 in Clio, Michigan, USA.[3] The holiday is also observed in many other countries.[4][5] The idea of National Hug Day is to encourage everyone to hug family and friends more often.[1] Zaborney cautions to ask first if one is unsure of the response.

text: History[edit]

text: Kevin Zaborney is credited with coming up with the idea of National Hugging Day in 1986. It was included in Chase's Calendar of Events; Zaborney's friend at the time was the granddaughter of the proprietors of the publication. He chose January 21 as it fell between the Christmas and New Year's Holidays and Valentine's Day and birthdays when he found people are generally in low spirits.[1] Zaborney considered that "American society is embarrassed to show feelings in public" and hoped that a National Hugging Day would change that,[1] although he thought that his idea would fail.[2]