document_title: Extreme points of Earth

question_text: what is the northern most point of land on earth

root

text: Extreme points of Earth

text: Earth[edit]

text: Latitude and longitude[edit]

text:
The northernmost point on Earth is the Geographic North Pole, in the Arctic Ocean.

The northernmost point on land is the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island, north of Greenland (83°40′N 29°50′W / 83.667°N 29.833°W / 83.667; -29.833 (northernmost point on land)), which lies slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland (83°38′N 32°40′W / 83.633°N 32.667°W / 83.633; -32.667 (Cape Morris Jesup)). Various shifting gravel bars lie farther north, the most famous being Oodaaq.

The southernmost point on Earth and the southernmost point on land is the geographic South Pole, which is on the continent of Antarctica.

The southernmost point of water[further explanation needed] is a bay on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf along the coast of Antarctica (83°S 59°W / 83°S 59°W / -83; -59) about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Berkner Island, the southernmost island in the world. The southernmost point of ocean is located on the Gould Coast (84°30′S 150°0′W / 84.500°S 150.000°W / -84.500; -150.000 (southernmost point of ocean));[1] the southernmost point of open ocean is also part of the Ross Sea, namely the Bay of Whales at 78°30'S, at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.[2]

The westernmost and easternmost points on Earth, based on the east-west standard for describing longitude, can be found anywhere along the 180th meridian in Siberia (including Wrangel Island), Antarctica, or the three islands of Fiji through which the 180th meridian passes (Vanua Levu's eastern peninsula, the middle of Taveuni, and the western part of Rabi Island).

Using the path of the International Date Line instead, the westernmost point on land is Attu Island, Alaska, and the easternmost point on land is Caroline Island, Kiribati.[note 1]

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text: Elevation[edit]

text: Highest points[edit]

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The highest point on the Earth's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China. While measurements of its height vary slightly, the elevation of its peak is usually given as 8,848 m (29,029 feet) above sea level. It was first reached by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa of Nepal Tenzing Norgay in 1953 (with speculation that it may have been reached in 1924).
The point farthest from the Earth's center is the summit of Chimborazo[3] in Ecuador, at 6,384.4 kilometres (3,967.1 mi) from the center of the earth (the peak's elevation in relation to sea level is 6,263.47 m (20,549 ft)).[note 2] This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere: it is wider at the equator and narrower between the poles. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the equator, is farther away from the center of the Earth than the summit of Mount Everest (the summit of Mount Everest is 2,168 m (7,112.9 feet) closer, at 6,382.3 km (3,965.8 miles) to the Earth's center). Peru's Huascarán contends closely with Chimborazo, the difference in the mountains' heights being just 23 m (75 feet).[citation needed]

text: Highest points attainable by transportation[edit]

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The highest point accessible...

...by land vehicle is an altitude of 6,688 metres (21,942 ft) on Ojos del Salado in Chile, which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo G. and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai, setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
...by road (dead end) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile, which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m (20,262 feet). It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.[5] The road is no longer usable. 21°12′50″S 68°28′30″W / 21.214°S 68.475°W / -21.214; -68.475
...by road (mountain pass) is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):

The highest asphalted road crosses Tibet's Semo La pass at 5,565 m (18,258 feet). It is used by trucks and buses regularly.[6] The Ticlio pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of 4,818 m (15,807 feet).
The highest unsurfaced road is claimed by several different roads. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling La, 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Demchok in Ladakh, India, which reaches 5,800 m (19,029 feet) ("19,300 feet" according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass"),[7] and Mana Pass, between India and Tibet, which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m (18,406 feet). The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m (17,582 feet). A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m (18,314 feet).

...by train is Tanggula Pass, located on the Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai/Tibet, China, at 5,072 m (16,640 feet). The Tanggula railway station is the world's highest railway station at 5,068 m (16,627 feet). Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru, reaching 4,829 m (15,843 feet) at Ticlio.[8]
...by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria, Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m (1,332 feet) above mean sea level, higher than any other lock system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.

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The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport, Sichuan, China, at 4,411 m (14,472 feet).[9] The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet, China, if built, will be 25 m (82 feet) higher at 4,436 m (14,554 feet).
The highest helipad is Sonam, Siachen Glacier, India, at a height of 6,400 m (20,997 feet) above sea level.[10]
The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada, Peru, 5,100 m (16,732 feet), in the Peruvian Andes.
The farthest road from the Earth's center is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes, at an elevation of 4,850 m (15,912 feet) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km (3,966 miles) from the center of the Earth.[11]

text: Highest geographical features[edit]

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The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina–Chile border. It has the highest summit, 6,893 m (22,615 feet), of any volcano on Earth.
The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 feet),[12] on the Argentina side. Another candidate is Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest, Tibet, China, at an elevation of 6,368 m (20,892 feet).[13]
The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes, at 3,812 m (12,507 feet).
The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal, beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7,600 to 8,000 m (24,900 to 26,200 feet).[14]
The highest river is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho, which flows into the Aong Tso (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, China, and has an elevation of about 6,100 m (20,013 feet) at its source at 32°49′30″N 81°03′45″E / 32.82500°N 81.06250°E / 32.82500; 81.06250 (Ating Ho (source)). A very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet, China, whose main stem, the Maquan River, has its source at about 6,020 m (19,751 feet) above sea level at 30°48′59″N 82°42′45″E / 30.81639°N 82.71250°E / 30.81639; 82.71250 (Maquan River (source)).[15] Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet, China, at an elevation of 5,209 m (17,090 feet).[16]

text: Lowest points[edit]

text: Lowest artificial points[edit]

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The lowest point underground ever reached was 12,262 m (40,230 feet) deep (SG-3 at Kola superdeep borehole).
The lowest human-sized point underground is 3,900 m (12,800 feet)[17] below ground at the TauTona Mine, Carletonville, South Africa.
The lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine, Germany, which reaches a depth of 293 m (961 feet) below sea level.
The lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon open-pit mine, Salt Lake City, United States, at a depth of 1,200 m (3,900 feet) below surface level.
The lowest point underwater is the 10,685 m (35,056 feet)-deep (as measured from the subsea wellhead) oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico. The wellhead of this well was an additional 1,259 m (4,131 feet) underwater for a total distance of 11,944 m (39,186 feet) as measured from sea level.[18]28°44′12″N 88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944

text: Lowest natural points[edit]

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The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 11,034 m (36,201 feet) below sea level.[19] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste, and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.
The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 m (6,600 feet) under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is 2,191 ± 20 m (7,188 ± 66 feet). In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point, breaking the world record.[20]
The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under the Byrd Glacier in Antarctica, which reaches 2,780 m (9,121 feet) below sea level.[21] It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice.

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The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Jordan, Palestine, and Israel, 418 m (1,371 feet) below sea level.
The point closest to the Earth's center on the Earth's surface (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole (6,356.77 km or 3,950 miles).

The closest point on the ground (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of the Litke Deep, the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, which is 6,351.61 km (3,947 miles) from the center of the Earth. By comparison, the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world, the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 14.7 km (9 miles) further from the center of the Earth.

text: Lowest points attainable by transportation[edit]

text:
The lowest point accessible...

...by road, excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads beside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan, which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m (1,371 feet) below sea level.

The lowest undersea road tunnel is the Eiksund Tunnel, Norway, at 287 m (942 feet) below sea level.

...by train, excluding tracks inside South African gold mines, which can be several thousand metres below sea level, is located in Japan's Seikan Tunnel, at 240 m (787 feet) below sea level. By comparison, the Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 75 m (246 feet) below sea level. The lowest railway station is Yoshioka-kaitei, at 150 m (492 feet) below sea level. The lowest railway not inside a tunnel is 71 m (233 feet) below sea level, on the line connecting Yuma, Arizona, and Palm Springs, California, in the United States.[8]

The lowest airfield is Bar Yehuda Airfield (MTZ), near Masada, Israel, at 378 m (1,240 feet) below sea level.
The lowest commercial airport is Atyrau Airport (GUW), near Atyrau, Kazakhstan, at 22 m (72 feet) below sea level.

text: Lowest cities[edit]

text: Baku is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

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text: Remoteness[edit]

text: Poles of inaccessibility[edit]

text: Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

text: Continental[edit]

text:
The most distant point from an ocean is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility (or "EPIA") 46°17′N 86°40′E / 46.283°N 86.667°E / 46.283; 86.667 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility), in China's Xinjiang region near the Kazakhstan border. Calculations have suggested that this point, located in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, is 2,645 km (1,644 miles) from the nearest coastline. The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at 46°15′N 86°50′E / 46.250°N 86.833°E / 46.250; 86.833 (Suluk), about 11 km (6.8 miles) to the east.[citation needed] A recent study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the Gulf of Ob joins the Arctic Ocean, and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA:

EPIA1, somewhere between 44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.283°N 82.183°E / 44.283; 82.183 (EPIA1.1) and 44°29′N 82°19′E / 44.483°N 82.317°E / 44.483; 82.317 (EPIA1.2), is about 2,510 ± 10 kilometres (1,559.6 ± 6.2 mi) from the nearest ocean.
EPIA2, somewhere between 45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.283°N 88.133°E / 45.283; 88.133 (EPIA2.1) and 45°28′N 88°14′E / 45.467°N 88.233°E / 45.467; 88.233 (EPIA2.2), is about 2,514 ± 7 kilometres (1,562.1 ± 4.3 mi) from the nearest ocean.[22]

text:
The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows:

Africa: 5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa),[22] close to the tripoint of the Central African Republic, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Australia: either 23°2′S 132°10′E / 23.033°S 132.167°E / -23.033; 132.167 (Australian Pole of Inaccessibility),[23] or 23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia),[22] near Papunya, Northern Territory
North America: 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America),[22] between Kyle and Allen, South Dakota, United States
South America: 14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America),[22] near Arenápolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil

text: Oceanic[edit]

text: The most distant point from land is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility (also called "Point Nemo"), which lies in the South Pacific Ocean at 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933 (Point Nemo), approximately 2,688 km (1,670 mi) from the nearest land (equidistant from Ducie Island in the Pitcairn Islands to the north, Motu Nui off Rapa Nui to the northeast, and Maher Island off Siple Island near Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, to the south).[24]

text: Other places considered the most remote[edit]

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The most remote island is Bouvet Island, a small, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway. It lies at coordinates 54°26′S 3°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400 (most remote island). The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, over 1,600 km (994 mi) to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are Tristan da Cunha, 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away, and the coast of South Africa, 2,580 km (1,603 mi) away.
The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha (population about 300) and its dependency Gough Island (with a small staffed research post), which are 399 km (248 mi) from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is 2,434 km (1,512 mi) from the island Saint Helena, 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,090 miles) from South America. It is 1,845 km (1,146 mi) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island. However, if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies 2,075 kilometres (1,289 mi) from Pitcairn Island (about 50 residents in 2013), 2,606 km (1,619 mi) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva (the nearest town with a population over 500), and 3,512 kilometres (2,182 mi) from the coast of Chile (the nearest continental point). The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying 1,340 kilometres (830 mi) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession, but otherwise more than 3,300 kilometres (2,100 mi) from the coast of Madagascar (the nearest permanently inhabited place), 450 km (280 mi) northwest of uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and 1,440 km (890 mi) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam.
The most remote city...

...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland, New Zealand. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney, Australia, 2,168.9 kilometres (1,347.7 mi) away.[25]
...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth, Australia, located 2,138 kilometres (1,328 mi)[26] away from Adelaide, Australia.
...with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population is Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Daly City, California, a suburb of San Francisco, 3,850 km (2,390 miles) away.[27]
...that is a national capital from the nearest national capital is a tie between Wellington, New Zealand, and Canberra, Australia, which are 2,326 km (1,445 mi) apart from each other.

The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport (IPC) on Easter Island, which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located 2,603 km (1,617 mi) from Totegegie Airport (GMR; very few flights) in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia and 3,759 km (2,336 mi) from Santiago, Chile (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only 1,355 kilometres (842 mi) from Williams Field (NZWD) near Ross Island.[28]

text: Farthest-apart cities[edit]

text: The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them are:[29]

text:
Rosario, Argentina to Xinghua, China: 19,996 km (12,425 mi)[30]
Lu'an, China to Río Cuarto, Argentina: 19,994 km (12,424 mi)[31]
Cuenca, Ecuador to Subang Jaya, Malaysia: 19,989 km (12,421 mi)[32]
Salamanca, Spain to Lower Hutt, New Zealand: 19,961 km (12,403 mi)[33]
Marbella, Spain to Auckland, New Zealand: 19,960 km (12,403 mi)[34]

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text: Center[edit]

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Since the Earth is a spheroid, its centre (the core) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust. On the surface, the center of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 miles) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea, at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. However, the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary.
The center of population, the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "center of the world". This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent, although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

text: Longest straight lines between two points[edit]

text: Along constant latitude[edit]

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The longest continuous east-west distance on land is 10,726 km (6,665 miles) along the latitude 48°24'53"N, from the coast of France (48°24′53″N 4°47′44″W / 48.41472°N 4.79556°W / 48.41472; -4.79556) through Central Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to a point on the east coast of Russia (48°24′53″N 140°6′3″E / 48.41472°N 140.10083°E / 48.41472; 140.10083).

The longest continuous east-west distance on land including permanent ice shelf is 7,958 km (4,945 miles) along the latitude 78°35'S; this is the minimum extent of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica and is subject to change.

The longest continuous east-west distance at sea is 22,471 km (13,963 miles) along the latitude 55°59'S, south of Cape Horn, South America. The longest in the northern hemisphere is 4,435 km (2,756 miles) along the latitude 83°40'N, north of Kaffeklubben Island, Greenland.

The longest continuous east-west distance at sea between two continents is 15,409 km (9,575 miles) along the latitude 18°39'12"N, from the coast of Hainan, China (18°39′12″N 110°15′9″E / 18.65333°N 110.25250°E / 18.65333; 110.25250) across the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Michoacán, Mexico (18°39′12″N 103°42′6″W / 18.65333°N 103.70167°W / 18.65333; -103.70167).

text: Along constant longitude[edit]

text:
The longest continuous north-south distance on land is 7,590 km (4,720 miles) along the meridian 99°1'30"E, from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation (76°13′6″N 99°1′30″E / 76.21833°N 99.02500°E / 76.21833; 99.02500), through Mongolia, China, and Myanmar, to a point on the south coast of Thailand (7°53′24″N 99°1′30″E / 7.89000°N 99.02500°E / 7.89000; 99.02500).

The longest in Africa is 7,417 km (4,609 miles) along the meridian 20°12'E, from the north coast of Libya (32°19′0″N 20°12′0″E / 32.31667°N 20.20000°E / 32.31667; 20.20000), through Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, and Botswana, to the south coast of South Africa (34°41′30″N 20°12′0″E / 34.69167°N 20.20000°E / 34.69167; 20.20000).
The longest in South America is 7,098 km (4,410 miles) along the meridian 70°2'W, from the north coast of Venezuela (11°30′30″N 70°2′0″W / 11.50833°N 70.03333°W / 11.50833; -70.03333), through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, to the southern tip of Argentina (52°33′30″S 70°2′0″W / 52.55833°S 70.03333°W / -52.55833; -70.03333).
The longest in North America is 5,813 km (3,612 miles) along the meridian 97°52'30"W, from northern Canada (68°21′0″N 97°52′30″W / 68.35000°N 97.87500°W / 68.35000; -97.87500), through the United States, to southern Mexico (16°1′0″N 97°52′30″W / 16.01667°N 97.87500°W / 16.01667; -97.87500).

The longest continuous north-south distance at sea is 15,986 km (9,933 miles) along the meridian 34°45'45"W, from the coast of Eastern Greenland (66°23′45″N 34°45′45″W / 66.39583°N 34.76250°W / 66.39583; -34.76250) across the Atlantic Ocean to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, on the coast of Antarctica (77°37′0″S 34°45′45″W / 77.61667°S 34.76250°W / -77.61667; -34.76250). The longest in the Pacific Ocean is 15,883 km (9,869 miles) along the meridian 172°8'30"W, from the coast of Siberia (64°45′0″N 172°8′30″W / 64.75000°N 172.14167°W / 64.75000; -172.14167) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica (78°20′0″S 172°8′30″W / 78.33333°S 172.14167°W / -78.33333; -172.14167).
The meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land (disregarding intervening bodies of water) is still to be determined. It is likely located in the vicinity of 22°E, which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion, crossing a total of 13,035 km (8,100 miles) of land through Europe (3,370 km (2,090 miles)), Africa (7,458 km (4,634 miles)), and Antarctica (2,207 km (1,371 miles)). More than 65% of the meridian's length is located on land. The meridian that crosses Giza Great Pyramid (31°08'3.69"E) is 855 km (531 miles) shorter.

The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are, in order:

23°E: 12,953 km (8,049 miles) through Europe (3,325 km (2,066 miles)), Africa (7,415 km (4,607 miles)), and Antarctica (2,214 km (1,376 miles))
27°E: 12,943 km (8,042 miles) through Europe (3,254 km (2,022 miles)), Asia (246 km (153 miles)), Africa (7,223 km (4,488 miles)), and Antarctica (2,221 km (1,380 miles))
25°E: 12,875 km (8,000 miles) through Europe (3,344 km (2,078 miles)), Africa (7,327 km (4,553 miles)), and Antarctica (2,204 km (1,370 miles))
26°E: 12,858 km (7,990 miles) through Europe (3,404 km (2,115 miles)), Africa (7,258 km (4,510 miles)), and Antarctica (2,196 km (1,365 miles))
24°E: 12,794 km (7,950 miles) through Europe (3,263 km (2,028 miles)), Africa (7,346 km (4,565 miles)), and Antarctica (2,185 km (1,358 miles))
28°E: 12,778 km (7,940 miles) through Europe (3,039 km (1,888 miles)), Asia (388 km (241 miles)), and Africa (7,117 km (4,422 miles))

text: Along any geodesic[edit]

text: These are the longest straight lines that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude.

text:
The longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction on land is 13,573 km (8,434 miles), along a line that begins on the West African coast near Greenville, Liberia (5°2′51.59″N 9°7′23.26″W / 5.0476639°N 9.1231278°W / 5.0476639; -9.1231278), goes across the Suez Canal, and ends at the top of a peninsula approximately 100 km (62 miles) northeast of Wenzhou, China 28°17′7.68″N 121°38′17.31″E / 28.2854667°N 121.6381417°E / 28.2854667; 121.6381417.[35]

The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Africa is 8,402 km (5,221 miles), along a line that begins just east of Tangier, Morocco and ends 100 km (62 miles) east of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This line passes through Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Asia is 10,152 km (6,308 miles), along a line that begins on the Indian coast near Kanyakumari and ends at the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia. This line passes through India, Nepal, China, Mongolia and Russia.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Europe (defining the Ural Mountains as the border between Europe and Asia) is 5,325 km (3,309 miles), along a line that begins at Cape St. Vincent, Portugal and ends at the Urals, near the town of Perm, Russia. This line passes through Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia.
The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Australia is 4,053 km (2,518 miles), along a line that begins at the southern end of Cape Range National Park in Western Australia and ends at the town of Byron Bay in New South Wales.

There are several possible candidates for the longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea, as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the antipodic[disambiguation needed] length of 19,840 km (12,330 miles). Some good examples of such routes would be:

From the south coast of Balochistan province somewhere near Port of Karachi, Pakistan (25°25′N 66°25′E / 25.417°N 66.417°E / 25.417; 66.417) across the Arabian Sea, southwest through the Indian Ocean, near Comoros, passing Namaete Canyon, near the South African coast, across the South Atlantic Ocean, then west across Cape Horn, then northwest across the Pacific Ocean, near Easter Island, passing the antipodal point near Amlia island, through the South Bering Sea and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of Kamchatka, near Ossora (59°38′N 163°24′E / 59.633°N 163.400°E / 59.633; 163.400). This route is 32,040 km (19,910 miles) long.[36]
From the south coast of Hormozgan province, Iran (25°35′N 58°22′E / 25.583°N 58.367°E / 25.583; 58.367) across the Gulf of Oman, southeast across the Arabian Sea, passing south of Australia and New Zealand, near the Antarctic coast, then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean, passing the antipodal point and ending on the southwest coast of Mexico somewhere near Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas (17°57′N 101°57′W / 17.950°N 101.950°W / 17.950; -101.950). This route is 25,267 km (15,700 miles) long.[37]
From Invercargill, New Zealand (46°37′S 168°59′E / 46.617°S 168.983°E / -46.617; 168.983) across Cape Horn, then off the coast of Brazil close to Recife, passing north of Cape Verde, passing the antipodal point and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of Ireland (52°09′N 6°34′W / 52.150°N 6.567°W / 52.150; -6.567). This route is 20,701 km (12,863 miles) long.[38]

text: By region[edit]

text: Afro-Eurasia[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia

Extreme points of Africa

Extreme points of Algeria
Extreme points of Angola
Extreme points of Benin
Extreme points of Botswana
Extreme points of Burkina Faso
Extreme points of Burundi
Extreme points of Cameroon
Extreme points of Cape Verde
Extreme points of Central African Republic
Extreme points of Chad
Extreme points of Comoros
Extreme points of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Extreme points of the Republic of Congo
Extreme points of Côte d'Ivoire
Extreme points of Djibouti
Extreme points of Egypt
Extreme points of Equatorial Guinea
Extreme points of Eritrea
Extreme points of Ethiopia
Extreme points of Gabon
Extreme points of the Gambia
Extreme points of Ghana
Extreme points of Guinea
Extreme points of Guinea-Bissau
Extreme points of Kenya
Extreme points of Lesotho
Extreme points of Liberia
Extreme points of Libya
Extreme points of Madagascar
Extreme points of Malawi
Extreme points of Mali
Extreme points of Mauritania
Extreme points of Mauritius
Extreme points of Morocco
Extreme points of Mozambique
Extreme points of Namibia
Extreme points of Niger
Extreme points of Nigeria
Extreme points of Rwanda
Extreme points of São Tomé and Príncipe
Extreme points of Senegal
Extreme points of Seychelles
Extreme points of Sierra Leone
Extreme points of Somalia
Extreme points of South Africa
Extreme points of Sudan
Extreme points of South Sudan
Extreme points of Swaziland
Extreme points of Tanzania
Extreme points of Togo
Extreme points of Tunisia
Extreme points of Uganda
Extreme points of Western Sahara
Extreme points of Zambia
Extreme points of Zimbabwe

Extreme points of Eurasia

Extreme points of Asia

Extreme points of Afghanistan
Extreme points of Armenia
Extreme points of Azerbaijan
Extreme points of Bangladesh
Extreme points of Bhutan
Extreme points of Cambodia
Extreme points of China
Extreme points of Georgia
Extreme points of India
Extreme points of Indonesia
Extreme points of Iran
Extreme points of Israel
Extreme points of Japan
Extreme points of Jordan
Extreme points of Kazakhstan
Extreme points of Kyrgyzstan
Extreme points of Laos
Extreme points of the Maldives
Extreme points of Mongolia
Extreme points of Myanmar
Extreme points of Nepal
Extreme points of North Korea
Extreme points of Pakistan
Extreme points of the Philippines
Extreme points of Russia
Extreme points of Singapore
Extreme points of South Korea
Extreme points of Sri Lanka
Extreme points of Taiwan
Extreme points of Tajikistan
Extreme points of Thailand
Extreme points of Turkey
Extreme points of Turkmenistan
Extreme points of Uzbekistan
Extreme points of Vietnam

Extreme points of Europe

Extreme points of the European Union
Extreme points of Albania
Extreme points of Andorra
Extreme points of Austria
Extreme points of Belarus
Extreme points of Belgium
Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Extreme points of Bulgaria
Extreme points of Croatia
Extreme points of the Czech Republic
Extreme points of Denmark
Extreme points of Estonia
Extreme points of Finland
Extreme points of France
Extreme points of Germany
Extreme points of Greece
Extreme points of Hungary
Extreme points of Iceland
Extreme points of Ireland
Extreme points of Italy
Extreme points of Kosovo
Extreme points of Latvia
Extreme points of Liechtenstein
Extreme points of Lithuania
Extreme points of Luxembourg
Extreme points of Macedonia
Extreme points of Malta
Extreme points of Moldova
Extreme points of Monaco
Extreme points of Montenegro
Extreme points of the Netherlands
Extreme points of Norway
Extreme points of Poland
Extreme points of Portugal
Extreme points of Romania
Extreme points of Russia
Extreme points of San Marino
Extreme points of Serbia
Extreme points of Slovakia
Extreme points of Slovenia
Extreme points of Spain
Extreme points of Sweden
Extreme points of Switzerland
Extreme points of Ukraine
Extreme points of the United Kingdom
Extreme points of Vatican City

text: The Americas[edit]

text:
Extreme points of the Americas

Extreme points of North America

Extreme points of Canada

Extreme points of Canadian provinces
Extreme communities of Canada

Extreme points of Greenland
Extreme points of Mexico
Extreme points of the United States

Extreme points of U.S. states
Extreme points of New England

Extreme points of Central America

Extreme points of Belize
Extreme points of Costa Rica
Extreme points of El Salvador
Extreme points of Guatemala
Extreme points of Honduras
Extreme points of Nicaragua
Extreme points of Panama

Extreme points of the Caribbean

Extreme points of Cuba
Extreme points of Jamaica

Extreme points of South America

Extreme points of Argentina
Extreme points of Bolivia
Extreme points of Brazil
Extreme points of Chile
Extreme points of Colombia
Extreme points of Ecuador
Extreme points of French Guiana
Extreme points of Guyana
Extreme points of Paraguay
Extreme points of Peru
Extreme points of Suriname
Extreme points of Uruguay
Extreme points of Venezuela

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Oceania

Extreme points of Australia
Extreme points of Fiji
Extreme points of Guam
Extreme points of Indonesia
Extreme points of Kiribati
Extreme points of the Marshall Islands
Extreme points of Micronesia
Extreme points of Nauru
Extreme points of New Zealand
Extreme points of Niue
Extreme points of the Northern Mariana Islands
Extreme points of Palau
Extreme points of Papua New Guinea
Extreme points of Tuvalu

text: Antarctica[edit]

text:
Extreme points of Antarctica
Extreme points of the Antarctic

text: Arctic[edit]

text: Extreme points of the Arctic


document_title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

question_text: where was the lockwood estate filmed in jurassic world

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: Plot

text: Shortly after the events of Jurassic World,[9][10] a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park's lagoon. After successfully collecting a bone fragment, the team's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex.

text: Three years later in 2018, a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington, D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption. Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond's mistake of cloning them. Meanwhile, Jurassic World's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals. After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs, Hammond's former partner, Benjamin Lockwood, summons Claire to his Northern California estate. Lockwood and his aide, Eli Mills, reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary. Claire is needed to help reactivate the park's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals, particularly Blue, the last living Velociraptor. Although they are estranged, Claire recruits Jurassic World's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue's alpha, Owen Grady, to help capture her.

text: On Isla Nublar, Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online. Owen, paleo-veterinarian Zia Rodriguez, and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue. Upon finding her, the encounter escalates, resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen. The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue's injury. Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption. Claire, Franklin, and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood. The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose.

text: Back at the estate, Lockwood's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market. They will also unveil the Indoraptor, a new genetically-engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and  Velociraptor DNA. Wu wants Blue's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor, unaware that Blue's blood is contaminated. After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction, he confronts Mills, who murders him. Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond, who opposed human cloning, ended their partnership.

text: The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood's estate and caged. Zia and Franklin evade capture, but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined. Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell. They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu's protests that it is a prototype. Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room. In the ensuing chaos, Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy, but it feigns sedation and escapes, killing him, Eversol, and others. The Indoraptor hunts Owen, Claire, and Maisie throughout the mansion. Zia releases Blue, who attacks the Indoraptor, causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death.

text: When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals, Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen's warning. Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus. Owen, Claire, Maisie, Zia, and Franklin safely get away, while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape.

text: In a new U.S. Senate hearing, Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist. The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas.

text: Cast

text:
Chris Pratt as Owen Grady: A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World.[11]
Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing: Jurassic World's former operations manager, now a dinosaur-rights activist, who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group at San Francisco to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar.[11][12]
Rafe Spall as Eli Mills: Lockwood's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs. Speaking of his character’s actions over the course of the film, Spall noted that, “Ambition is such a powerful emotion, you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed. This character believes he is doing right. He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood’s fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies. Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do.”[13][3]
Justice Smith as Franklin Webb: A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's systems analyst and hacker.[14][12]
Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez: A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group's paleoveterinarian.[14][12][3]
James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood: John Hammond's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs.[15][16]
Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol: An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit.[17][3] In an interview, Jones likened his character to that of “a rogue arms dealer; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons. He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling. He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit.”[3]
Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley: A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar.[3]
B. D. Wong as Henry Wu:  The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park. Speaking of his character’s actions, Wong stated: “I do think he’s motivated by his love for science and his own ego, which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he’s looking at some bigger picture.”[18][19]
Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood: Lockwood's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents' deaths.[20][21][22][23]
Geraldine Chaplin as Iris: The Lockwood Estate housekeeper, Maisie's nanny, and protector of the Lockwood family's secrets.[24][3]
Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm: An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen's Jurassic Park.[25] In a podcast interview, Goldblum revealed of his role "It's small… who knows, they may cut me out entirely! But if I stay in, I'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish, hopefully with some impact!"[26][27] Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum's role is simply a cameo, stating, "He doesn't have a major role in the action but it's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story."[28]
Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood: A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar.

text: Production

text: Development

text: During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World, executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made.[29] In April 2014, Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed: "We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story."[30] Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked.[30] Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series.[29] In May 2015, Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series: "I would be involved in some way, but not as director." Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films.[31] Pratt had been signed for future films in the series,[32] as was Ty Simpkins, who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World.[33]

text: On June 3, 2015, Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open: "I really like the idea that this group of geneticists aren't the only people who can make a dinosaur […] when you think of the differences between Apple and PC—the minute something goes open-source, there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology."[34] On June 8, 2015, Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel.[35] Later that month, Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve "dinosaur soldiers"[36] and said the series is "not always gonna be about a Jurassic Park", saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing.[29] Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park[37] and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors, whose names he did not mention.[38]

text: Pre-production

text: On July 23, 2015, Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly, as they did for Jurassic World; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers. Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film.[11] At the time of the film's announcement, Trevorrow said the series "isn't always going to be limited to theme parks" and confirmed that the film would not involve "a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island" stating, "That'll get old real fast."[39] Trevorrow also spoke of the film's possible open-source storyline: "It's almost like InGen is Mac, but what if PC gets their hands on it? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur?"[39]

text: In August 2015, Howard said that the script was being written,[40] and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early, on June 7, 2018.[41] Later that year, B. D. Wong said he "would be happy to return" as Dr. Henry Wu,[42] while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017.[43] Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film, saying, "I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back."[44] By October 2015, director J. A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film, although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel, a project to which he had already signed on.[45] In January 2016, it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments.[46]

text: In March 2016, London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film,[47] and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio.[48] On April 14, 2016, actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm, although he said he was open to the possibility.[49] On April 18, 2016, Bayona was announced as the film's director, with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers.[50] Spielberg, Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona's 2012 film, The Impossible, and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World, but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production.[51][52] Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film, The Orphanage.[53][54] Before Bayona was hired, he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script's second half, which would play out like a haunted house film.[55] After Bayona was hired, Trevorrow said about the film, "We're moving it into new territory. J. A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he'll push the boundaries of what a 'Jurassic' movie is. I think it's important that we take risks. A franchise must evolve or perish."[56] Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film's production.[3] In June 2016, actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded, "You never say never, but I think it's moved on. It's different times."[57]

text: The film, under the working title of Ancient Futures,[58] was in full pre-production as of July 2016, with storyboards being designed.[59] Andy Nicholson was hired as the film's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona, discussing reference pictures and background details, as well as Bayona's ideas for the Lockwood mansion.[3] Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017.[60][61] Wales was also confirmed as a filming location,[62] including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn.[63] Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location, while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios, without the story taking place there. Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film's story would involve militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in the film.[64]

text: For the film's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland, Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings, while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal, but such locations ultimately did not work for the film's story. Although the film was partially shot in England, Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in-film setting during the second half, as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat. Crowley stated, "Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat, which is not very exciting, you needed to get to the place."[65]

text: In September 2016, Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy.[66] Later that year, Marshall said that Wong was "probably going to come back,"[67] while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film.[68] Óscar Faura was announced as the film's cinematographer at the end of the year.[69]

text: Writing

text: Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World, he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel, while retaining final approval on the project.[70] In June 2015, approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World, Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont. Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film.[3] During their eight-day trip,[71] the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story.[72][73] Trevorrow said the film's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film: "Dinosaurs and man, two species separated by 65 million years of evolution, have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together. How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect?"[74] Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that, "A mistake made a long time ago just can't be undone."[64]

text: The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park (1990) and its sequel The Lost World (1995), and includes dialogue from the first novel.[64] Isla Nublar's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel, and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film's plot.[75] Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to "the burning down of a church or a temple," stating, "I honestly think it's like killing off a character in a way, and if you're going to do that, as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you're doing is, then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they won't hate you for it."[76] The idea to include a "silent partner" of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel. Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel, the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs, which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project, convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people.[77]

text: In his initial film treatment, Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film, as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire's lives after the events of Jurassic World.[65] Although the original ending was the same as the final film, Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world, before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused.[78] For the script's structure, Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg's 2015 film Bridge of Spies, in which two seemingly unrelated stories "collide in the middle, and move on together."[70] Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor, stating, "It's one of those places where you think you know what the score is, and then everything changes, and then suddenly you don't know who to trust."[70] Having directed Jurassic World, Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use, as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running.[79]

text: Regarding the idea of human cloning, Trevorrow stated that "we're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs. It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do. [...] To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on, I think is something we all feel. So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea."[80] Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in "the larger impact" of genetic power, including its emotional impact and its potential human impact, while further stating "we knew that we didn't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science. We want to tell a story about where we are now, which is that we have messed with science, we have fundamentally altered our world and now we're dealing with the consequences."[77] Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story's human cloning aspect, an idea that was supported by Spielberg, who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film's sequel.[76] Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film, Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, "We made sure that every death was earned. Everybody deserves their death in this movie, a lesson learned. In 2018 everyone earns it. Horrible people."[76]

text: After Bayona was hired, he began reading all of Crichton's novels—including Jurassic Park and The Lost World—for inspiration and "to try to immerse myself in Crichton's mind."[81][82] Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016, to perfect the script to the director's liking.[64] Trevorrow stated that the film would be more "suspenseful and scary" than its predecessor: "It's just the way it's designed; it's the way the story plays out. I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility, so the whole thing was just built around his skillset."[64] Trevorrow later described the film as "The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs."[54] Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island, "you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie," while the second half "moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful, darker, claustrophobic, and even has this kind of gothic element, which I love."[83] Bayona's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films,[84] and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, which were both considered darker than their predecessors.[85]

text: Trevorrow said the film's dinosaurs would be "a parable of the treatment animals receive today: the abuse, medical experimentation, pets, having wild animals in zoos like prisons, the use the military has made of them, animals as weapons."[86] The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg.[71][87] Trevorrow said that with the film's dinosaur auction, "The worst instincts of mankind are revealed. The first film was very clearly about corporate greed. This is just about human greed."[88] The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV (later Jurassic World), presented in the same structure: a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland. The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft, which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film.[89][90]

text: Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly.[59] The film's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly's script, and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set.[55] Among Trevorrow's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum's character of Ian Malcolm, who appeared in the franchise's earlier films.[91] Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm, and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton's Jurassic Park novel for the character.[3][92] Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as "the 'Uh oh, danger, I told you so' kind of character,"[52] and Trevorrow said about the character, "I saw him as kind of Al Gore. He's got a beard now, and he's like, 'I told all of you this was going to be a disaster, and sure enough it is.'"[93] Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel, which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world.[76]

text: Casting

text: In October 2016, casting was underway for the role of a nine-year-old girl.[94] Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role, which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon, marking her film debut.[3] By November 2016, Tom Holland—who previously starred in The Impossible—had discussed having a possible role in the film, but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts.[95] Toby Jones, Rafe Spall, and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year.[96][97][98]

text: Daniella Pineda, Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017,[99][100][16] while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu.[18] To maintain secrecy, the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase. During auditions, references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears.[101][102] To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia, Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes, as well as improvisation. Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role. She auditioned for Bayona, Atienza, and Crowley, and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming.[103]

text: In March 2017, Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin, who had roles in each of his previous films, had joined the cast.[24] The next month, it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films.[25] Bayona considered Malcolm a "great character!"[82] while Marshall said, "The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever. He told us about chaos theory, he was right."[104]

text: Filming

text: Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough, England, on February 23, 2017.[105][106] Scenes shot at the business center included Claire's Dinosaur Protection Group office, Owen training his baby raptors, and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex.[3] A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios.[107] Because of its large sound stages, Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film's many interior scenes.[65] After filming concluded in England, production moved to Hawaii,[108] which was used as a primary filming location.[64] Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films.[109] Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales.[110] The film was shot in CinemaScope, and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40:1 aspect ratio. The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming.[91] Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity (1953) and Dracula (1979), as well as Spielberg's films Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).[76][111] Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona.[53]

text: During filming and in between takes, Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes, as he had done for his previous films.[112][113] Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series,[114] including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors.[115] In particular, Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes, as his character is portrayed as easily frightened.[101][112] Prior to being filmed, Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen, and many of Pratt's ideas were added into the film. Speaking about Levine's character, Bayona said, "He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man. He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible. […] And he was so creative on set, trying to give ideas, bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable."[55] The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump, including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the "U.S. president" has questioned the "existence of dinosaurs in the first place."[116][117][76][118] Jones was allowed to decide his character's appearance, which included a wig similar to Trump's hairstyle.[76][117] An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine's character referring to Pineda's character Zia as a "nasty woman", a line that was previously made famous by Trump.[117][119][118]

text: In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[122][123] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a "massive action piece" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[124] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[123] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[125][126]

text: Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes, stating, "Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long, but until you see it in the space, you can't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it."[3] The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios. The estate set included Eli Mills' office, Dr. Wu's large underground laboratory, an underground dinosaur containment facility, separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood, and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts. When filming was completed in the Lockwood library, the set was redecorated and converted into the estate's underground garage, where the dinosaur auction takes place.[3] Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor.[3] An improvised fist fight scene, between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction, was added late in filming. It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series, and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track.[76]

text: On May 10, 2017, it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.[127] On May 24, 2017, scenes were shot at Hampshire's Blackbushe Airport, which stood in as an American airfield.[128] Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10, 2017.[108] Up to that point, Trevorrow was present as an on-set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes.[129][130] Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios,[131] during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom.[132] Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios.[3]

text: Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13, 2017,[133][134] and lasted more than 25 days, with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point.[135] On June 21, 2017, filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia, Hawaii,[136] which served as Isla Nublar's shipping dock.[3] More than half of the harbor was closed for filming, which required the use of smoke machines. Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month.[136][137] Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue.[3] As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film, the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer, previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle. Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World, before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead.[138] On June 22, 2017, the film's official title was announced as Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[139] At the time, filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.[140] Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker.[3]

text: In Hawaii, scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm, a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane, which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors. The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain.[141] The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball-shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs.[142] The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch[3] and in England, and Bayona described it as one of the film's biggest challenges.[142] In Hawaii, the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement.[142][141] In England, an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40-foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere, which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar.[142][143] Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen, Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene.[143] The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios, where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin.[142][144] Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot; to achieve this, the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot.[145] Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene, which also involved Howard and Smith underwater.[142][144] Filming in the tank lasted five days,[3] and required 85 crew members.[146] The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew, as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages.[145]

text: David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research. According to Vickery, the team inquired "how a volcano of this type might erupt" and also requested information about "the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow. We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film, but it is definitely all based on real science."[3] All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects, although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand-in on set, so the actors would know where to react. The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof. The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid, and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set.[143][147]

text: The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island.[3] The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World, but was dismantled after filming concluded.[138] For the sequel, Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built, although the park's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size. Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions. Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii, and required more than three months to complete.[3] Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set, which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment.[138]

text: On July 7, 2017, filming took place at Oahu's Hālona Blowhole,[148][149] where Pratt, Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach.[3] Filming concluded on July 8, 2017,[150] after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole.[151] Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life.[54] The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes,[152] which the filmmakers considered too long.[153] The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut.[152] One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian, an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow, who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons.[153]

text: Creatures on screen

text: The film's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI).[3] Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film's creature effects creative supervisor,[154] while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors.[155] Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs, while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI.[154] ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes, while ILM's London studio created the remaining creature scenes. Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film.[156] Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures,[154] and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs, which included consulting with paleontologists. The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave.[3] Dinosaur expert John Hankla, of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, served as an advisor on the film.[157] After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children, Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up, and stated, "I thought that was the area where I could play with. They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie."[154] New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought.[3]

text: The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series,[54] as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films,[154] including Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Sinoceratops, Stygimoloch, and the fictional Indoraptor.[158] Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI.[156] Dilophosaurus was in the film's original cut, but was removed.[152] The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel,[159][160] and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films.[159] Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film, whereas the previous film only featured one.[3] More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor, including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex.[3][161] Bayona stated that animatronics "are very helpful on set, especially for the actors so they have something to perform against. There's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real."[154] Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene: "In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule; you have to take time to film with an animatronic. In the balance, we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way, or as a post-production effect. Once we have looked at each particular case, with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether—because of the environment or the circumstances—it is the right way to go practically."[3]

text: Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming, with a crew of approximately 35 people.[162] Scanlan's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex, the Indoraptor and Blue, while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures.[154][156]

text:
The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming, in the form of a full-scale head and shoulders. ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World, and Scanlan used it to create a full-scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders.[3] The life-sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks, with the ability to breathe and move its head.[159] The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it. The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic, while the ending shots solely used CGI, with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods.[156] Within the film's story, the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films.[163] Trevorrow said, "We've been following this same character since the beginning; she's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World. She is iconic—not just because she's a T. rex, but because she's this T. rex."[3]
The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table, depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature. Up to 12 puppeteers, hidden under the operating table, were needed to control the animatronic during filming.[3] The scene was shot twice, with and without the Blue animatronic, and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect.[76] In creating Blue through CGI, the animators referred to the animal's appearance in the previous film.[156] According to Vickery, Blue's movements were designed to resemble a dog: "You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you. It's exactly like a dog. You're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human."[155]
The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI, while a practical head, neck, shoulders, foot and arm were created for close-up shots.[157] For some scenes, an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand-in on set, while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later.[143] The Indoraptor was designed to have long human-like arms,[76] and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped,[156] with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs.[3] The Indoraptor's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow, stating that "it's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth."[76]

text: Scanlan's team also made puppeteering aids, rod puppets, and several prop dinosaurs, all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI.[154] Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry, such as blinking, were instead created with computer technology.[3] Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors, which were used for a scene with Pratt,[162] while the final, wider shots of the scene used two-wheeled, remote-controlled toys to stand-in for the baby raptors on set. The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump, and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt.[143] Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors, ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films. However, some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona.[156] ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs, and referred to high-speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes.[156]

text: The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor, set in Maisie's bedroom, was designed in London and key framed by ILM. Jance Rubinchik, animation supervisor for ILM, stated that the fight was the "trickiest sequence" because of the lack of previsualization.[156] According to Bayona, a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park. The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film. The dinosaur's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene's colors and composition, shortly before the film's release.[76]

text: For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements, the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife. Jonathan Cranston, a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon, was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa. Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs. Cranston also worked closely with Pratt, Howard, Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures. Additionally, Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements, and also worked with Bayona on two scenes. Cranston was on set for 12 days, primarily at Pinewood Studios.[164]

text: Marketing

text: A six-second clip from the film was released on November 22, 2017.[165][166] The first trailer was teased for release on November 30, 2017, but this was later confirmed to be incorrect.[167] Several teaser trailers and a behind-the-scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017,[168][169][170][171] prior to the release of a full-length trailer on December 7.[23][168] That month,[172] Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island's dinosaurs,[14] as well as a video featuring Howard, Pineda and Smith as their characters.[173] The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins, who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World.[174] A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[175][176] A 30-second teaser trailer was released on April 13, 2018, announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18.[177][178] Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world, which frustrated Trevorrow, who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film's release.[77][179]

text: Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign, more than double the cost of the previous film's partner program.[180] The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film. The partners were Dairy Queen, Doritos, Dr Pepper, Ferrero SpA, Jeep, Juicy Fruit, Kellogg's, M&M's, and Skittles.[180] The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film, including 100 million boxes of Kellogg's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero.[180] Dairy Queen, a returning partner from the previous film, sold "Jurassic Chomp" ice cream desserts in collectable cups, while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film's dinosaurs.[180][181] For Super Bowl LII, Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex. Within 24 hours of its release, the commercial received 39.7 million online views, which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut.[180] Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur-sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film.[182][183]

text: Licensing partners included Mattel, Lego, and Funko, all of which created toys based on the film.[184][185][186][187] Mattel produced a variety of toys,[188] including dinosaurs and action figures,[189][190] as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters.[185] A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie-in to Mattel's dinosaur toys, which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature.[190] Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film.[186] A video game, Jurassic World Evolution, was released simultaneously with the film.[191] A two-part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World: Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie-in. It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic, and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption.[192][193][194][195] A website and campaign for "Extinction Now!", the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group, was created by Trevorrow, Glover and Ewins, and was launched shortly before the film's release.[174] The campaign included a found-footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego, a reference to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[174][196]

text: Release

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid, Spain, on May 21, 2018.[197][198] The international theatrical release began on June 6,[199] with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7,[200][201] in the United Kingdom, India, Italy, South Korea and Angola on June 8,[202] and in Pakistan on June 16, 2018. The film was released in the United States on June 22, 2018.[11][84]

text: Home media

text: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4, 2018 and Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D and 4K Blu-ray on September 18, 2018.[203]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of  August 12, 2018[update], Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has grossed $409.6 million in the United States and Canada and $866.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.276 billion, against a production budget in the range of $170–187 million.[7]

text: The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5, 2018, becoming the 35th film all-time to make the milestone, and seventh for Universal. It also made Universal the second studio (behind Disney) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide, alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me.[204]

text: United States and Canada

text: In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018.[205] Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130–150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325–380 million for its final domestic gross.[206][207] By the week of its release, the low-end of projections had reached $135 million.[6] It was released on June 22, 2018, in 4,475 theaters (the second-widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day, the second-highest of the franchise and 28th-best on record.[208] The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters, down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World. It ended up debuting to $148 million, the 20th-best opening weekend of all-time and second highest for Universal. It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back-to-back weekends, following the Incredibles 2's $182.7 million debut the week before.[208][209] In its second weekend the film made $60 million, a drop of 59% and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend, and in its third weekend made $28.3 million.[210][211]

text: Outside North America

text: Overseas, the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8, 2018, including France, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, and Spain, and was projected to gross $130–145 million in its opening weekend.[212] It made $20.2 million on its first day, including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia. In South Korea, it grossed $9.7 million (₩10.3 billion) and sold over 1 million tickets, setting opening day records for both (beating The Mummy's ₩7.4 billion and Avengers: Infinity War's 980,000, respectively).[213] It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million, including $8 million from IMAX screenings. Its largest opening markets were South Korea ($27.2 million), the UK ($19.9 million), France ($10 million), Spain ($9.5 million) and Germany ($9.1 million).[214] In China, the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million (¥220 million) on its opening day, nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ($17.5 million).[215] It went on to open to $111.9 million (¥715 million), the fourth best-ever in the country for a Hollywood release (behind The Fate of the Furious, Avengers: Infinity War and Transformers: The Last Knight), and bringing the film's two week international total to $372.1 million, more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ($368 million).[216] In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million, bringing its total to $561.5 million. China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million (a standard 71% drop for Hollywood films in the country), while it was also released in Mexico ($12.3 million), Brazil ($9.2 million) and Australia $7.9 million).[217] As of July 5, 2018, the film has grossed $245.5 million in China, making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all-time in the country.[204]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51% based on 311 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece-packed entry to the blockbuster franchise, although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply."[218] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 59 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[219] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score.[208]

text: Variety's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote "...[Fallen Kingdom] ends up being just a so-so ride. I hope the next one is an all-out ride—but that for the first time since Spielberg's 1993 original, it's actually a great one. The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves."[220] Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny, and yet, it’s kind of an enjoyable, preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list."[221] The Boston Globe's Ty Burr likened the film to a "Universal Studios theme park ride" noting, "It’s enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else: character, mystery, wonder, danger. The film’s a rush for an audience that only wants the high." [222]

text: In a more critical assessment, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that "...this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex-related, no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed-over the plot." [223] Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating, "The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters’ motives."[224] The Verge's Bryan Bishop was equally critical, writing, "Like its predecessor, Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums, and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom's attempted philosophical musings seriously."[225] Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of "a sixth-grade sketchbook mash of dino-murder, cartoonish villains, and plot holes",[226] while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had "achieved the impossible: it makes dinosaurs boring".[227]

text: In a positive review, Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous, mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX. That it doesn't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it's merely a good movie instead of a great one."[228] Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, John DeFore also praised the film saying, "Finally making good on its name, J.A. Bayona's Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good, not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films."[229] Exclaim!'s Alex Hudson said the film is "a straight-ahead monster movie: it's dumb, occasionally gory, and mostly plenty of fun...It won't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs, but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature."[230]

text: Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus, stranded on Isla Nublar, succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship, as "poignant" or "haunting", especially given the species role in the first movie.[220][223][231][232]

text: Sequel

text: An untitled sequel, known as Jurassic World 3, is scheduled for release on June 11, 2021.[233][234] Trevorrow will direct the film,[235] and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by him and Connolly. Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers.[236][237][233] Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film.[238]


document_title: List of fastest-selling products

question_text: who holds the record for fastest sold out concert

text: List of fastest-selling products

text: Books[edit]

text:
2014 Book – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling selling approximately 15 million copies worldwide in its first day.[1]
2014 Book – Children's book The English Roses by Madonna is the fastest-selling children’s book of all time.[2]
2012 Novel – Erotica novel Fifty Shades of Grey by E. L. James selling more than 100,000 copies in its first week.[3]

text: Cars[edit]

text:
2016 Car – Tesla, Inc. Model 3 reservations for over 180,000 units, the record for the highest single-day commitment of cars.[4][5][6] 276,000 units pre-sold in the first 3 days, equivalent to US$11.5 billion.[7][8][9]
2014 Car – Tesla, Inc. Model X having advanced sales of over $40 million without any advertising.[10]
2012 Car (US) – Toyota Prius c is fastest selling cars of 2012.[11]
2012 Hybrid Vehicle – Ford C-Max Hybrid is fastest selling hybrid vehicle ever by Ford.[12]

text: Consumer electronics[edit]

text:
2017 Game Console (Japan) – Nintendo Switch selling 1.3 million units in 1 week.[13]
2010 Gaming Peripheral – Kinect selling 8 million units in its first 60 days on sale.[14]
2010 Operating System – Windows 7 selling over 90 million licenses in around 4 months.[15]
2010 Reader Device – Barnes & Noble Product Nook titles were sold and downloaded almost a million on Christmas Day alone.[16]

text: Music[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
2015 Album (UK) – 25 by Adele selling 800,307 units in its first week.[17]
2015 Album (US) – 25 by Adele selling 3,378,000 units in its first week.[18]
2015 Album (worldwide) – 25 by Adele selling 3,378,000 units in its first week.[18]
2012 Album (UK) – Unorthodox Jukebox by Bruno Mars, selling 136,000 copies in 1 week.[19][needs update]
2012 Single – Impossible by James Arthur, selling 490,000 copies on 1 week.[20][needs update]
2012 Single – Live While We're Young by One Direction, reaching #1 in 40 countries immediately after pre-order release on iTunes.[21]
2006 Debut Album (UK) – Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not by indie rock band Arctic Monkeys selling over 360,000 copies in its first week.[22]
2002 Debut single (UK) – Anything is Possible/Evergreen by Will Young selling 1.11 million copies in its first week.[citation needed]
2001 Album (Japan) – Distance by Hikaru Utada selling 3,002,720 units in its first week.[23]
1997 Single (UK) – Candle in the Wind 1997 by Elton John selling 1.5 million copies in its first week.[24]
1997 Single (US) – Candle in the Wind 1997 by Elton John selling 3.5 million copies in its first week.[24]
1990 Hip hop Album – To the Extreme by Vanilla Ice peaking at #1, staying on the charts for 16 weeks, and selling eleven million copies.[citation needed]
1964 Album (US) – John Fitzgerald Kennedy—A Memorial Album, recorded on the day of John F. Kennedy's assassination, sold 4 million copies at 99 cents each within six days of its release.[25]
1964 Single (US) – Can't Buy Me Love by The Beatles selling 940,225 copies in its first day.[26]

text: Concerts[edit]

text:
2015 Concert (Korea) – EXO Planet ＃2 – The Exo'luxion Concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena sold out (67,040 tickets) in 0.4 seconds.[27]
2014 Concert (Korea) – EXO Planet ＃1 – The Lost Planet Concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena sold out (42,000 tickets) in 1.47 seconds.[28]
2013 Show (UK) – The return of Monty Python's Flying Circus at London's O2 Arena, sold out (14,500 tickets) in 43.5 seconds.[29]
2012 Concert (UK) – The Stone Roses at Manchester’s Heaton Park, sold out (220,000 tickets) in 68 minutes.[30]
2012 Concert (Japan) – TVXQ Live Tour 2012 'TONE' Concert at Tokyo Dome sold out (165,000 tickets) within 30 seconds.[31]
2008 Concert (Japan) – TVXQ 3rd Live Tour ~T~ Concert at Saitama Super Arena sold out (40,000 tickets) in 1 second.[32]

text: Smartphones[edit]

text:
2014 Samsung Electronics – Galaxy S5 sold 11 million units during the first month of availability.[33]
2014 Apple Inc. – iPhone 6s pre-orders exceeded 4 million units in 24 hours.[34]
2012 Apple Inc. – iPhone 5 pre-orders exceeded 2 million in 24 hours of its launch.[35]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
2017 Nintendo Switch and Wii U Game – The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is considered Nintendo's fastest selling launch title of all time with 1.3 Million units sold in US alone in its first month (925,000 units on Switch and 460,000 units on Wii U).[36]
2017 Nintendo Switch Game – Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is considered the fast selling game in Mario Kart's franchise history with over 1.0 million units sold in its first 3 days (459,000 units in USA in 2 days).[37]
2016 PlayStation 4 Game – Final Fantasy XV shipped 5 million units on its first day.[38]
2013 Xbox 360 Game – Grand Theft Auto V sold 12 million units in its first day making $800 million in sales (including pre-orders) and 16.5 million units in three days ($1 billion in sales).[39]
2013 Nintendo 3DS Game – Pokémon X and Y selling 4 million units in two days.[40]
2012 PC Game – Diablo III selling 6.3 million units in its first week.[41]
2012 Mobile Game – Angry Birds Space has been downloaded 50 million times in 35 days, making it the fast selling mobile game of all time.[42]
2012 Xbox Live Game – Minecraft selling 100,000 units within its first day.[43]
2012 PlayStation Network Game – Journey is the fastest-selling game ever released in the SCEA region on the PlayStation Network.[44][45]
2011 Steam Game – The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim sold 10 million units for the PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms in about a month and 7 million in the first week.[46][47]
2011 IP (UK) – L.A. Noire becomes fastest selling IP in the UK.[48]
2008 Wii Game – Super Smash Bros. Brawl selling 2.7 million units in its first week.[citation needed]
2007 Nintendo DS Game – Pokémon Diamond and Pearl selling 1.757 million units in its first week.[citation needed]
2004 PlayStation 2 Game – Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas selling 2.06 million units in its first week.[citation needed]
2000 Game Boy Color Game – Pokémon Gold and Silver selling 1.4 million units in its first week.[citation needed]

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
2014 Jetliner Family – Airbus A320 sold 250 airplanes in one order with list price of $26.6 billion minus discounts.[49][50]
2012 Perfume – Lady Gaga Fame by Lady Gaga was the fastest selling perfume after Coco Chanel.[51]
2011 Jetliner Family – Boeing 737 MAX was ordered more than 900 airplanes from 13 customers during launch with the real market value of the order is estimated at about $10.5 billion.[52][53]