document_title: Gun laws in Texas

question_text: at what age can i buy a gun in texas

question_tokens: at what age can i buy a gun in texas

text: Gun laws in Texas

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Carry license required?
No
Yes
GC Ch. 411.172[1]
Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02
Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.

Concealed carry on college campus?
No
Yes

May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
LGC §229.001.
State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
PC 46.01, PC 46.05
Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]

Peaceable journey laws?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02, PC 46.15
A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).

Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?
Yes
Yes
PC 9.32
A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

text: Firearms possession[edit]

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.

text: Firearms carry[edit]

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.

text: License to Carry[edit]

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.

text: The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:

text:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]

text: College Carry Laws[edit]

text: Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]

text: While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:

text:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)

text: 30.06 signage[edit]

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.

text: Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".

text:
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:

In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:

"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]

In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".

Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:

License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.

Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.

text: Open Carry[edit]

text: As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.

text: Exceptions to Open Carry

text:
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]

text: 30.07 signage[edit]

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):

text:
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:

Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).

text: Stand Your Ground[edit]

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).

text: Civil Immunity[edit]

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.

text: Motorists Protection Act[edit]

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.

text: National Firearms Act[edit]

text: Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]

text: State preemption of local laws[edit]

text: Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law.

text: In 2015, the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law [26].

text: Furthermore, Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county (i.e. county legislative body) is not authorized to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms [27]

text: More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale, transfer, ownership, possession, etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7, Subtitle A, Chapter 229, Subchapter A [28]

text: Further Attorney General decisions also exist. For example, in August 1995 under DM-0364, Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun: "...we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks" [29]

text: Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm. [30]


document_title: London broil

question_text: which part of the cow is london broil

question_tokens: which part of the cow is london broil

root

text: London broil

text: The cut[edit]

text: Although butchers may label top round steak or roast "London broil", the term does not refer to a specific cut of meat but to a method of preparation and cookery.

tag: p

text: Preparation[edit]

text: The preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven broiler or outdoor grill. It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain. If cut and used for sandwiches, the meat is usually rarer than traditional roast beef.

text: In Canada[edit]

text: In parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil. Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak. Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labelled as London broil. Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil "loaf", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler. In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind.


document_title: Gospel of John

question_text: when was the gospel of john probably written

text: Gospel of John

text: Structure and content[edit]

text: The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections: a prologue (1:1–18), a Book of Signs (1:19–12:50), a Book of Glory (13:1–20:31), and an epilogue (21).[10] The structure is highly schematic: there are seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discourses, culminating in Thomas's proclamation of Jesus as "my lord and my God"—the same title (dominus et deus) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian.[11]

text: Prologue[edit]

text: Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers; John the Baptist, Andrew, and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God, the Son of God, and the Christ.[12]

text: Book of Signs[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' public ministry, beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus. It consists of seven miracles, or "signs", interspersed with long dialogues, discourses, "Amen, amen" sayings, and "I Am" sayings, culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead. In John it is this, and not the cleansing of the Temple, that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed. The seven signs consist of Jesus' miracle at the wedding at Cana, his healing the royal official's son, his healing the paralytic at Bethesda, his feeding the 5,000, his walking on water, his healing the man born blind, and his raising Lazarus from the dead. Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple; Jesus' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus, wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well, wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse; the Bread of Life Discourse, which prompted many of his disciples to leave; the Woman Taken in Adultery; Jesus' claims to be the Light of the World; Jesus' answer to Pilate; the Good Shepherd pericope; Jesus' rejection by the Jews; the Jesus wept; the plot to kill Jesus; the anointing of Jesus; Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man; and the prediction of the Last Judgment.

text: Book of Glory[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' Passion, Resurrection, and post-Resurrection appearances. The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the synoptics, with Jesus washing the disciples' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood.[13] This is followed by Jesus' Farewell Discourse, an account of his betrayal, arrest, trial, death, burial, post-Resurrection appearances,[Notes 4] and final commission for his followers. It also includes Peter's denial, the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant, the promise of the Paraclete, the allegory of the True Vine, the High Priestly Prayer, the ut omnes unum sint, the What is truth?, Jesus' mocking and crowning with thorns, the Ecce homo, the discovery of the empty tomb, the noli me tangere, the Great Commission, and the incredulity of Thomas. The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel: "that [the reader] may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."[12]

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: The narrative of Jesus' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake, the miraculous catch of fish, the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter, the restoration of Peter, and the fate of the Beloved Disciple.[12] A majority of scholars believes this chapter to be an addition to the gospel.[14]

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Authorship, date, and origin[edit]

text: The Gospel of John is anonymous. Traditionally, Christians have identified the author as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved" mentioned in John 21:24,[15] who is understood to be John son of Zebedee, one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles. These identifications, however, are rejected by many modern biblical scholars.[1][16][Notes 5] Nevertheless, the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist, often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated.

text: John is usually dated to AD 90–110.[17][Notes 6] It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue.[18] Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions, or "editions", before reaching its current form.[19][20]

text: John, which regularly describes Jesus' opponents simply as "the Jews", is more consistently hostile to "the Jews" than any other body of New Testament writing.[21][Notes 7] Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states: "The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John, when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing 'the Jews' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan."[22] In John 8:44 Jesus tells the Jews: "You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and he stood not in the truth; because truth is not in him." In 8:38 and 11:53, "the Jews" are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus. However, Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessolonians should be viewed as "evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews" in the early years of the Christian church.[23]

text: As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks, Jr.: "Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism, a careful reading reveals 'the Jews' to be a class designation, not a religious or ethnic grouping; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general, the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities."[24] In later centuries, John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics, but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew, championed Jesus and his followers as Jews, and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community.[25][26]

text: Sources[edit]

text: Rudolf Bultmann, in a seminal work published in 1941, argued that John's sources were a hypothetical "Signs Gospel" listing Christ's miracles, a revelation discourse, and a passion narrative. Bultmann's work, combined with that of other scholars (the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English-speaking world), led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the synoptic gospels. This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century, and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the synoptics, especially Mark, while the hypothesis of a "signs" source has been increasingly undermined.[27]

text: But theories of either complete independence of or complete dependence on the synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship: on the one hand, elements such as distinctive Johannine language, the lengthy discourses, and the prologue on the Logos, are clearly unique to John; on the other, John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three.[28]

text: The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures (the Tanakh, more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament), probably in the Greek translation. John quotes from them directly, references important figures from them, and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses. But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources: the Logos of the prologue (the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers, while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco-Roman mystery cults, while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs.[29]

text: Historical reliability[edit]

text: Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that "the Disciple whom Jesus loved", or "the Beloved Disciple", was an eyewitness to Jesus' ministry, but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value.[30][31] With the exception of the "Johannine Thunderbolt" passages,[Notes 8] the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John, and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical, and more likely to have been written for theological purposes.[33]

text: Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value.[34] It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts. His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics, his testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.[34]

text: Textual history and position in the New Testament[edit]

text: Rylands Library Papyrus P52, a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18:31–33 on one side and 18:37–38 on the other, commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century, is the oldest New Testament manuscript known.[35] A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest, so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other. John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels, after Matthew, Mark and Luke.

text: Theology[edit]

text: Christology[edit]

text: The Gospel of John presents a "high Christology," depicting Jesus as divine, and yet, according to some interpretations, subordinate to the one God.[36] However, in his Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas flatly rejects any denial of equality among the persons of the Trinity, including denials based on Johannine passages.[37][Notes 9] John's gospel gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the synoptics, as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel.

text: Jesus' divine role[edit]

text: In the synoptics, Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God; his own divine role is obscured (see Messianic Secret). In John, Jesus talks openly about his divine role. He echoes the Father's own statement of identity, i.e. "I Am Who I Am", with several "I Am" declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance.[39] He says "I am":

text:
"the bread of life"[6:35]
"the light of the world"[8:12]
"the gate for the sheep"[10:7]
"the good shepherd"[10:11]
"the resurrection and the life"[11:25]
"the way and the truth and the life"[14:6] and
"the true vine"[15:1]

tag: ul

text: Logos[edit]

text: In the prologue, John identifies Jesus as the Logos (Word). In Ancient Greek philosophy, the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason. In this sense, it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom, God's companion and intimate helper in creation. The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world. The evangelist adapted Philo's description of the Logos, applying it to Jesus, the incarnation of the Logos.[39]

text: The opening verse of John is translated as "the Word was with God and the Word was God" in all "orthodox" English Bibles.[Notes 10] There are alternative views. The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah's Witnesses has "The Word was with God, and the Word was a god." The Scholars Version of the gospel, developed by the Jesus Seminar, loosely translates the phrase as "The Logos was what God was," offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist.[40]

text: Cross[edit]

text: The portrayal of Jesus' death in John is unique among the four Gospels. It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice (cf. Mk 10:45, Rom 3:25) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father. Likewise, the three "passion predictions" of the Synoptic Gospels (Mk 8:31, 9:31, 10:33–34 and pars.) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or "lifted up"(Jn 3:14, 8:28, 12:32). The verb for "lifted up" reflects the double entendre at work in John's theology of the cross, for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also, at the same time, exalted and glorified.[41]

text: Sacraments[edit]

text: Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology. Scholars' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental, to sacramental, to ultra-sacramental and hyper-sacramental. Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all, and on the degree of importance he places upon them. Individual scholars' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other.[42]

text: Frequency of allusion[edit]

text: According to Rudolf Bultmann, there are three sacramental allusions: one to baptism (3:5), one to the Eucharist (6:51–58), and one to both (19:34). He believed these passages to be later interpolations, though most scholars now reject this assessment. Some scholars on the weaker-sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole, while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages. Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter, a Protestant and a Catholic respectively, and both on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum, have found sacramental allusions in most chapters. Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel, and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2:1–11, anointing of the sick in 12:1–11, and penance in 20:22–23. Towards the center of the spectrum, Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school, identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty.[42]

text: Importance to the evangelist[edit]

text: Most scholars on the stronger-sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist. However, perhaps counterintuitively, some scholars who find fewer sacramental references, such as Udo Schnelle, view the references that they find as highly important as well. Schnelle in particular views John's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism. On the other hand, though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages, James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John, meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual.[42]

text: Individualism[edit]

text: In comparison to the synoptic gospels, the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic, in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church.[42][43] This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel.[42][Notes 11] According to Richard Bauckham, emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John.[42] There is also a theme of "personal coinherence", that is, the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer "abides" in Jesus and Jesus in the believer.[43][42][Notes 12] According to C. F. D. Moule, the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer; this realized eschatology is not, however, to replace "orthodox", futurist eschatological expectations, but is to be "only [their] correlative."[44] Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus, inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ. Beyond this, the emphasis on the individual's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ.[45]

text: John the Baptist[edit]

text: John's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels. In this gospel, John is not called "the Baptist."[46] The Baptist's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned, but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous.[46] The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it.[47] He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus, perhaps in response to members of the Baptist's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement.[13]

text: In John's gospel, Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod. He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John's own. The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black, containing no historically accurate information.[40] According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.[48]

text: Gnostic elements[edit]

text: Although not commonly understood as Gnostic, many scholars, including Bultmann, have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism.[13] Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century, and so 2nd-century Proto-Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it.[49] To say John's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it.[50] Bultmann, for example, argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John, the pre-existing Logos, was actually a Gnostic theme. Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs, and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus.[51]

text: Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says, but in the language he uses to say it, notably, use of the concepts of Logos and Light.[52] Other scholars, e.g. Raymond E. Brown, have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness. The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th-century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings (which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings (which are often similar to the Gospel of John).[53]

text: Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did.[54] Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis, secret knowledge, and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge.[55] Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom, specifically belief in (literally belief into) Jesus.[56]

text: Raymond Brown contends that "The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above, who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world,[57] and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling[58] could be fitted into the gnostic world picture (even if God's love for the world in 3:16 could not)."[59] It has been suggested that similarities between John's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.[60]

text: Comparison with the synoptics[edit]

text: The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels, with major variations in material, theological emphasis, chronology, and literary style.[61] There are also some discrepancies between John and the synoptics, some amounting to contradictions.[61]

text: Material[edit]

text: John lacks scenes from the synoptics such as Jesus' baptism,[62] the calling of the Twelve, exorcisms, parables, the Transfiguration, and the Last Supper. Conversely, it includes scenes not found in the synoptics, including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana, the resurrection of Lazarus, Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, and multiple visits to Jerusalem.[61]

text: In the fourth gospel, Jesus' mother Mary, while frequently mentioned, is never identified by name.[63][64] John does assert that Jesus was known as the "son of Joseph" in 6:42. For John, Jesus' town of origin is irrelevant, for he comes from beyond this world, from God the Father.[65]

text: While John makes no direct mention of Jesus' baptism,[62][61] he does quote John the Baptist's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove, as happens at Jesus' baptism in the synoptics. Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent, including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse,[66] and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the synoptics.[62][67] John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple, Nathanael, whose name is not found in the synoptics. Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name, described as "Doubting Thomas".[68]

text: Theological emphasis[edit]

text: Jesus is identified with the Word ("Logos"), and the Word is identified with theos ("god" in Greek);[69] no such identification is made in the synoptics.[70] In Mark, Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret, but in John he is very open in discussing it, even referring to himself as "I AM", the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self-revelation to Moses. In the synoptics the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven (the latter specifically in Matthew), while John's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice.[61][67] In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom (using the term parousia, meaning "coming"), John presents a more individualistic, realized eschatology.[71][72][Notes 13]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: In the synoptics the ministry of Jesus takes a single year, but in John it takes three, as evidenced by references to three Passovers. Events are not all in the same order: the date of the crucifixion is different, as is the time of Jesus' anointing in Bethany, and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus' ministry rather than near its end.[61]

text: Literary style[edit]

text: In the synoptics, quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short, pithy sayings; in John, longer quotations are often given. The vocabulary is also different, and filled with theological import: in John, Jesus does not work "miracles" (Greek: δῠνάμεις, translit. dynámeis, sing. δύνᾰμῐς, dýnamis), but "signs" (Greek: σημεῖᾰ, translit. sēmeia, sing. σημεῖον, sēmeion) which unveil his divine identity.[61] Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables.[74] Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories, such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine, in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person, group, or thing. Some scholars, however, find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman (16:21) or the dying grain (12:24).[Notes 14]

text: Discrepancies[edit]

text: According to the synoptics, the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple, while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus.[61] The Pharisees, portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, are instead portrayed as sharply divided; they debate frequently in John's accounts. Some, such as Nicodemus, even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus. This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees, who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief.[75]

text: Representations[edit]

text: The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions, skits, plays, and Passion Plays, as well as in film. The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film 'The Gospel of John', directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox, with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus. The 2003 film The Gospel of John, was directed by Philip Saville, narrated by Christopher Plummer, with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus.

text: Parts of the gospel have been set to music. One such setting is Steve Warner's power anthem "Come and See", written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs. Additionally, some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel, most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, although some verses are borrowed from Matthew.[76]


document_title: Independent agencies of the United States government

question_text: is an independent regulatory agency charged with licensing television and radio stations

text: Functional characteristics[edit]

text: This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Independent agencies can be distinguished from the federal executive departments and other executive agencies by their structural and functional characteristics.[2] Congress can also designate certain agencies explicitly as "independent" in the governing statute, but the functional differences have more legal significance.[3]

text: While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the President of the United States, independent agencies (in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency.[2] (This is why many independent agencies include the word "Commission" or "Board" in their name.) The president appoints the commissioners or board members, subject to Senate confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four-year presidential term,[4] meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson.[4] Normally there are statutory provisions limiting the president's authority to remove commissioners, typically for incapacity, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or other good cause.[5] In addition, most independent agencies have a statutory requirement of bipartisan membership on the commission, so the president cannot simply fill vacancies with members of his own political party.[4]

text: In reality, the high turnover rate among these commissioners or board members means that most presidents have the opportunity to fill enough vacancies to constitute a voting majority on each independent agency commission within the first two years of the first term as president.[6] In some famous instances, presidents have found the independent agencies more loyal and in lockstep with the president's wishes and policy objectives than some dissenters among the executive agency political appointments.[7] Presidential attempts to remove independent agency officials have generated most of the important Supreme Court legal opinions in this area.[4] Presidents normally do have the authority to remove heads of independent agencies, but they must meet the statutory requirements for removal, such as demonstrating that the individual has committed malfeasance. In contrast, the president can remove regular executive agency heads at will.

text: If the independent agency exercises any executive powers like enforcement, and most of them do, Congress cannot participate in the regular removal process of commissioners.[8] Constitutionally, Congress can only participate directly in impeachment proceedings. Congress can, however, pass statutes limiting the circumstances under which the president can remove commissioners of independent agencies.[9] Members of Congress cannot serve as commissioners on independent agencies that have executive powers,[10] nor can Congress itself appoint the commissioners – the Appointments Clause of the Constitution vests that power in the president.[11] The Senate does participate, however, in appointments through "advice and consent", which occurs through confirmation hearings and votes on the president's nominees.

text: Regulatory agencies[edit]

text: There is a further distinction between an independent agency and an independent regulatory agency. The Paperwork Reduction Act lists 19 enumerated "independent regulatory agencies". Generally, the heads of independent regulatory agencies can only be removed for cause, whereas Cabinet members and heads of executive agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, serve "at the pleasure of the president".[12] Executive Order 12866, which requires cost-benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions, does not apply to independent regulatory agencies.[12]

text: Examples of agencies[edit]

text:
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gathers foreign intelligence and provides national security assessments to policymakers in the United States. It acts as the primary human intelligence provider for the federal government.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) regulates commodity futures and option markets in the United States. The agency protects market participants against manipulation, abusive trade practices, and fraud. Through oversight and regulation, the CFTC enables the markets to serve better their important functions in the US economy, providing a mechanism for price discovery and a means of offsetting price risk.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. Its jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors, other financial companies in the United States.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) works with state and local governments throughout the United States to control and abate environmental pollution and to address problems related to solid waste, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances. The EPA sets and enforces standards for air, soil and water quality, evaluates the impact of pesticides and chemical substances, and manages the Superfund program for cleaning toxic waste sites.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. It licenses radio and television broadcast stations, assigns radio frequencies, and enforces regulations designed to ensure that cable rates are reasonable. The FCC regulates common carriers, such as telephone and telegraph companies, as well as wireless telecommunications service providers.
The Federal Election Commission (FEC) oversees campaign financing for all federal elections. The Commission oversees election rules as well as reporting of campaign contributions by the candidates.
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is the United States federal agency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, and oil pipeline rates. FERC also reviews and authorizes liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, interstate natural gas pipelines, and non-federal hydropower projects.
The Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) regulates the international ocean transportation of the United States. It is charged with ensuring a competitive and efficient ocean transportation system.[13]
The Federal Reserve Board of Governors is the governing body of the Federal Reserve System (often called "the Fed"),[14] the central bank of the United States. It conducts the nation's monetary policy by influencing the volume of credit and money in circulation. The Federal Reserve regulates private banking institutions, works to contain systemic risk in financial markets, and provides certain financial services to the federal government, the public, and financial institutions.
The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (FRTIB) is one of the smaller Executive Branch agencies, with just over 100 employees. It was established to administer the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), which provides federal employees the opportunity to save for additional retirement security. The Thrift Savings Plan is a tax-deferred defined contribution plan similar to a private sector 401(k) plan.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces federal antitrust and consumer protection laws by investigating complaints against individual companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media. The commission seeks to ensure that the nation's markets function competitively by eliminating unfair or deceptive practices.
The General Services Administration (GSA) is responsible for the purchase, supply, operation, and maintenance of federal property, buildings, and equipment, and for the sale of surplus items. GSA also manages the federal motor vehicle fleet and oversees telecommuting centers and civilian child care centers.
The International Trade Commission (ITC) provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches of the federal government, determines the impact of imports on US industries, and directs actions against certain unfair trade practices, such as patent, trademark, and copyright infringement.
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) preserves the nation's history by overseeing the management of all federal records. The holdings of the National Archives include original textual materials, motion picture films, sound and video recordings, maps, still pictures, and computer data. The Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are preserved and displayed at the National Archives building in Washington, D.C.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the federal government's space agency. It is responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) administers the principal United States labor law, the National Labor Relations Act. The board is vested with the power to prevent or remedy unfair labor practices and to safeguard employees' rights to organize and determine through elections whether to have a union as their bargaining representative.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is responsible for civil transportation accident investigation in the US.[15] The NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, and railroad accidents.[16]
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 from the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and opened January 19, 1975. The NRC oversees reactor safety and security, reactor licensing and renewal, radioactive material safety, and spent fuel management (storage, security, recycling, and disposal).
The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
The Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) was created in 1971 as the Postal Rate Commission and strengthened under the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act enacted in December 2006. Provides regulatory oversight over the activities of the United States Postal Service.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to protect investors who buy stocks and bonds. Federal laws require companies that plan to raise money by selling their own securities to file reports about their operations with the SEC, so that investors have access to all material information. The commission has powers to prevent or punish fraud in the sale of securities and is authorized to regulate stock exchanges.
The Selective Service System (SSS) is an independent federal agency operating with permanent authorization under the Military Selective Service Act. It is not part of the Department of Defense; however, it exists to serve the emergency manpower needs of the military by conscripting untrained men, or personnel with professional health care skills, if directed by Congress and the President. Its statutory missions also include being ready to administer an alternative service program, in lieu of military service for men classified as conscientious objectors.
The Small Business Administration (SBA) was created in 1953 to advise, assist, and protect the interests of small business concerns. The SBA guarantees loans to small businesses, aids victims of floods and other natural disasters, promotes the growth of minority-owned firms, and helps secure contracts for small businesses to supply goods and services to the federal government.
The Smithsonian Institution (SI) is an independent establishment of the United States created by an act of Congress August 10, 1846. The SI conducts scientific and scholarly research; publishes the results of studies, explorations, and investigations; organizes exhibits representative of the arts, the sciences, American history, and world culture; and engages in educational programming and national and international cooperative research. Most of the National Museums in Washington, D.C., are part of the Smithsonian.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is the United States federal agency that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. To qualify for these benefits, most American workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; future benefits are based on employee contributions.
The Surface Transportation Board (STB) was created in the ICC Termination Act of 1995 and is the successor agency to the Interstate Commerce Commission. The STB is an economic regulatory agency that Congress charged with resolving railroad rate and service disputes and reviewing proposed railroad mergers. The STB is decisionally independent, although it is administratively affiliated with the Department of Transportation.
The United States Postal Service (USPS) is defined by statute as an "independent establishment" of the federal government, which replaced the Cabinet-level Post Office Department in 1971. The Postal Service is responsible for the collection, transportation, and delivery of the mails, and for the operation of thousands of local post offices across the country. It also provides international mail service through the Universal Postal Union and other agreements with foreign countries.
Other independent agencies: the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).

text: Former agencies[edit]

text:
The Committee on Public Information was an agency created to influence US public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Lasting from April 14, 1917, to June 30, 1919 it was directed by George Creel. The agency used propaganda available to achieve its goals.
The Interstate Commerce Commission regulated common carriers and was thus able to render far reaching orders, such as the desegregation of public transportation. After trucking and railroads were largely deregulated, the ICC was replaced with the independent Surface Transportation Board, with remaining functions transferred to the Department of Transportation.
The United States Maritime Commission was intended to formulate a merchant shipbuilding program to design and build five hundred modern merchant cargo ships for the US Merchant Marine. It also formed the United States Maritime Service. In 1950, its functions were transferred to the United States Maritime Administration, which later became part of the Department of Transportation.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was designed to help finance projects during the Great Depression. It later helped finance the nation's military buildup as World War II approached. Scandals led to its eventual dissolution in 1956.
The Atomic Energy Commission was established for peacetime development of atomic energy. In 1974 it was abolished, and two new agencies were created, the Energy Research and Development Administration for military development of nuclear materials and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for regulation of civilian uses of nuclear materials, such as nuclear power plants and medical uses.
The Office of the United States Nuclear Waste Negotiator was responsible for the placement and long term storage of radioactive waste. It was dissolved in 1995.[17]
The United States Information Agency, which was partially merged into the Department of State in 1999.


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Sikkim

question_text: who is the present health minister of sikkim

text: List of Chief Ministers of Sikkim

text:
Chief Minister of Sikkim
IncumbentPawan Kumar Chamlingsince 12 December 1994Appointer
Governor of SikkimInaugural holder
Kazi Lhendup DorjeeFormation
16 May 1975

text: The Chief Minister of Sikkim, an east Indian state, is the head of the Government of Sikkim. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Sikkim is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Sikkim Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: Since 1975, Sikkim has had five chief ministers. The first was Kazi Lhendup Dorjee of the Indian National Congress. Pawan Kumar Chamling of the Sikkim Democratic Front has served as Chief Minister of Sikkim since 1994. He has occupied the office longer than all his predecessors put together.

text: Chief Ministers of Sikkim[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Indian National Congress
  Sikkim Democratic Front
  Sikkim Janata Parishad
  Sikkim Sangram Parishad
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No

Name

Term[2]

Party[a]

Tenure

1

Kazi Lhendup Dorjee

16 May 1975

18 August 1979

Indian National Congress

1555 Days

–

Vacant[b](President's rule)

18 August 1979

18 October 1979

N/A

2

Nar Bahadur BhandariMLA for Soreong

18 October 1979

11 May 1984

Sikkim Janata Parishad

1668 Days

3

B. B. GurungMLA for Jorthang-Nayabazar

11 May 1984

25 May 1984

Indian National Congress

13 Days

–

Vacant[b](President's rule)

25 May 1984

8 March 1985

N/A

(2)

Nar Bahadur BhandariMLA for Soreong

8 March 1985

17 June 1994

Sikkim Sangram Parishad

3389 Days[Total 5057 Days]

4

Sanchaman Limboo

17 June 1994

12 December 1994

179 Days

5

Pawan Kumar ChamlingMLA for Namchi-Singhithang

12 December 1994

Incumbent

Sikkim Democratic Front

8628 Days

text:
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.

^ Jump up to: a b When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[3]

tag: ol


document_title: Blood type distribution by country

question_text: what is the world most common blood type

text: Blood type distribution by country

text: ABO and distribution by country[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)

Country
Population[1]
O+
A+
B+
AB+
O−
A−
B−
AB−

 Argentina
44,270,440
45.4%
34.26%
8.59%
2.64%
8.4%
0.44%
0.21%
0.06%

 Armenia[2]
2,931,568
29.0%
46.3%
12.0%
5.6%
2.0%
3.7%
1.0%
0.4%

 Australia[3]
24,642,693
40.0%
31.0%
8.0%
2.0%
9.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Austria[4]
8,592,470
30.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Bahrain
1,418,695
48.48%
19.35%
22.61%
3.67%
3.27%
1.33%
1.04%
0.25%

 Bangladesh
164,833,667
31.18%
21.44%
34.58%
8.85%
1.39%
0.96%
0.96%
0.64%

 Belgium[5]
11,444,053
38.0%
34.0%
8.6%
4.1%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.8%

 Bolivia
11,053,376
51.53%
29.45%
10.11%
1.15%
4.39%
2.73%
0.54%
0.1%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,792,730
31.0%
36.0%
12.0%
6.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Brazil[6]
211,248,418
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Bulgaria
7,045,097
28.0%
37.0%
13.0%
7.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Cambodia
16,077,172
46.7%
27.2%
18.5%
4.9%
1.3%
0.8%
0.5%
0.1%

 Cameroon
24,515,533
42.8%
38.8%
12.0%
3.3%
1.4%
1.2%
0.4%
0.1%

 Canada[7]
36,627,140
39.0%
36.0%
7.6%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.4%
0.5%

 Chile
18,314,060
85.5%
8.7%
3.35%
1.0%
1.2%
0.1%
0.05%
0.1%

 China
1,388,251,023
47.7%
27.8%
18.9%
5.0%
0.28%
0.19%
0.1%
0.03%

 Colombia
49,069,267
61.3%
26.11%
2.28%
1.47%
5.13%
2.7%
0.7%
0.31%

 Côte d'Ivoire
23,869,656
46.5%
22.5%
22.5%
4.3%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.2%

 Croatia
4,207,355
29.0%
36.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Cuba
11,486,750
45.8%
33.5%
10.2%
2.9%
3.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.2%

 Cyprus[8]
1,189,395
35.22%
40.35%
11.11%
4.72%
3.85%
3.48%
0.87%
0.40%

 Czech Republic[9]
10,555,152
27.0%
36.0%
15.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Denmark[10]
5,711,902
35.0%
37.0%
8.0%
4.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Dominican Republic
10,766,932
46.2%
26.4%
16.9%
3.1%
3.7%
2.1%
1.4%
0.2%

 Ecuador
16,665,756
75.0%
14.0%
7.1%
0.5%
2.38%
0.7%
0.3%
0.02%

 Egypt
95,220,838
52.0%
24.0%
12.4%
3.8%
5.0%
2.0%
0.6%
0.2%

 El Salvador[11]
6,171,483
62.0%
23.0%
11.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.7%
0.3%

 Estonia[12]
1,305,745
29.5%
30.8%
20.7%
6.3%
4.3%
4.5%
3.0%
0.9%

 Ethiopia
104,352,727
39.0%
28.0%
21.0%
5.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Finland[13]
5,541,328
27.0%
38.0%
15.0%
7.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 France[14]
64,939,560
36.0%
37.0%
9.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Germany
80,635,980
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Greece
10,892,849
37.4%
32.9%
11.0%
3.7%
7.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Guinea
13,291,741
46.88%
21.64%
22.86%
4.52%
2.0%
0.9%
1.0%
0.2%

 Honduras
9,348,898
57.5%
27.0%
7.8%
2.5%
2.7%
1.7%
0.6%
0.2%

 Hong Kong
7,402,115
41.5%
26.13%
25.34%
6.35%
0.32%
0.17%
0.14%
0.05%

 Hungary
9,787,801
27.0%
33.0%
16.0%
8.0%
5.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Iceland[15]
334,311
47.6%
26.4%
9.3%
1.6%
8.4%
4.6%
1.7%
0.4%

 India[16]
1,342,561,902
27.85%
20.8%
38.14%
8.93%
1.43%
0.57%
1.79%
0.49%

 Indonesia
263,519,317
36.82%
25.87%
28.85%
7.96%
0.18%
0.13%
0.15%
0.04%

 Iran
80,982,137
33.5%
27.0%
22.2%
7.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.5%
0.8%

 Iraq
38,657,787
32.1%
25.0%
25.6%
7.4%
3.6%
2.7%
2.7%
0.9%

 Ireland[17]
4,749,263
47.0%
26.0%
9.0%
2.0%
8.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Israel[18]
8,323,659
32.0%
34.0%
17.0%
7.0%
3.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Italy
59,797,969
39.0%
36.0%
7.5%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.5%

 Jamaica[19]
2,813,316
47.0%
23.0%
20.0%
3.0%
3.5%
2.0%
1.0%
0.5%

 Japan[20]
126,044,340
29.9%
39.8%
19.9%
9.9%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%

 Kenya
48,470,780
45.6%
25.2%
21.28%
4.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.9%
0.02%

 Latvia
1,944,122
30.6%
31.0%
17.0%
6.0%
5.4%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Lebanon
6,039,438
38.4%
32.3%
9.5%
3.2%
7.7%
6.5%
1.7%
0.7%

 Libya
6,408,990
42.64%
28.86%
11.19%
4.5%
6.26%
4.24%
1.64%
0.67%

 Lithuania
2,827,573
36.0%
33.0%
11.0%
4.0%
7.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Luxemburg[21]
587,297
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Macao
606,413
41.5%
26.1%
25.4%
6.3%
0.33%
0.17%
0.15%
0.05%

 Macedonia
2,083,690
30.0%
34.0%
15.0%
6.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Malaysia
31,165,480
34.32%
30.35%
27.37%
7.46%
0.17%
0.15%
0.14%
0.04%

 Mauritania
4,266,765
46.3%
26.68%
17.47%
3.85%
2.8%
1.6%
1.1%
0.2%

 Mauritius
1,267,303
38.3%
26.0%
25.0%
6.7%
1.7%
1.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Mexico
130,227,836
55.79%
29.9%
8.0%
1.63%
2.7%
1.5%
0.4%
0.08%

 Mongolia
3,052,044
55.4%
27.7%
10.9%
4.96%
0.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.04%

 Myanmar
53,507,932
35.7%
23.8%
32.7%
6.95%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
0.05%

   Nepal
29,188,100
35.2%
28.3%
27.1%
8.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%

 Netherlands[22]
17,033,012
39.5%
35.0%
6.7%
2.5%
7.5%
7.0%
1.3%
0.5%

 New Zealand[23]
4,604,996
38.0%
32.0%
9.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Nigeria
191,851,411
51.3%
22.4%
20.7%
2.6%
1.6%
0.7%
0.6%
0.1%

 Norway[24]
5,330,986
33.0%
41.5%
6.8%
3.4%
6.0%
7.5%
1.2%
0.6%

 North Korea
25,432,033
27.15%
31.08%
30.15%
11.32%
0.08%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Pakistan
180,440,005
24.63%
20.6%
34.40%
9.52%
4.17%
2.66%
3.57%
0.45%

 Papua New Guinea
7,952,511
48.0%
37.2%
9.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%

 Peru
32,167,717
70.0%
18.4%
7.8%
1.6%
1.4%
0.5%
0.28%
0.02%

 Philippines[25]
103,801,747
36.9%
28.9%
26.9%
6.97%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Poland[26]
38,563,480
31.0%
32.0%
15.0%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Portugal[27]
10,264,672
36.3%
40.0%
6.6%
2.9%
6.0%
6.6%
1.1%
0.5%

 Republic of Moldova[28]
4,043,722
28.5%
31.8%
17.6%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.1%

 Romania
19,237,087
28.0%
37.0%
14.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Russia
143,374,801
28.0%
30.0%
20.0%
7.0%
4.9%
5.8%
3.2%
1.1%

 Saudi Arabia[29]
32,744,532
47.8%
23.9%
17.0%
4.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Serbia
8,776,827
31.92%
35.28%
12.6%
4.2%
6.08%
6.72%
2.4%
0.8%

 Singapore
5,784,819
43.6%
23.9%
24.4%
6.0%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
0.1%

 Slovakia[30]
5,432,265
27.2%
35.7%
15.3%
6.8%
4.8%
6.3%
2.7%
1.2%

 Slovenia
2,071,258
31.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 South Africa[31]
55,437,815
39.0%
32.0%
12.0%
3.0%
6.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 South Korea
50,748,307
27.9%
33.87%
26.92%
10.98%
0.1%
0.13%
0.08%
0.02%

 Spain[32]
46,070,163
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Sudan
40,827,975
48.0%
27.7%
15.2%
2.8%
3.5%
1.8%
0.8%
0.2%

 Sweden[33]
9,920,843
32.0%
37.0%
10.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

  Switzerland[34]
8,454,321
35.0%
40.0%
7.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Syria
18,920,698
43.0%
30.0%
14.0%
3.7%
5.0%
3.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Taiwan
23,234,936
43.9%
25.9%
23.9%
6.0%
0.17%
0.1%
0.01%
0.02%

 Thailand
68,298,027
40.8%
16.9%
36.8%
4.97%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.03%

 Turkey[35]
80,420,065
29.8%
37.8%
14.2%
7.2%
3.9%
4.7%
1.6%
0.8%

 Uganda
43,276,492
43.7%
39.0%
10.7%
3.9%
1.3%
1.0%
0.3%
0.1%

 Ukraine
44,404,078
32.0%
34.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United Arab Emirates
3,398,017
44.1%
21.9%
20.9%
4.3%
4.3%
2.1%
2.0%
0.4%

 United Kingdom[36]
65,512,375
36.0%
30.0%
8.0%
2.0%
8.0%
9.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United States[37]
326,481,533
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
3.4%
6.6%
6.3%
1.5%
0.6%

 Venezuela[38]
32,011,082
58.5%
28.3%
5.3%
1.8%
3.5%
1.7%
0.7%
0.2%

 Vietnam
95,414,640
41.7%
21.9%
30.8%
4.98%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.02%

 Zimbabwe
16,642,880
63.3%
18.5%
14.6%
0.99%
1.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.01%

World
6,635,281,257
38.67%
27.42%
22.02%
5.88%
2.55%
1.99%
1.11%
0.36%

text: 50.0% and above   40.0–49.9%   30.0–39.9%   20.0–29.9%   10.0–19.9%   5.0–9.9%

text:
[show]Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[39]
(This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)

People group
O (%)
A (%)
B (%)
AB (%)

Aboriginal people
61
39
0
0

Abyssinians
43
27
25
5

Ainu (Japan)
17
32
32
18

Albanians
38
43
13
6

Grand Andamanese
9
60
23
9

Arabs
34
31
29
6

Armenians
31
50
13
6

Asian Americans
40
28
27
5

Austrians
36
44
13
6

Bantus
46
30
19
5

Basques
51
44
4
1

Belgians
47
42
8
3

Bororo (Brazil)
100
0
0
0

Brazilians
47
41
9
3

Bulgarians
32
44
15
8

Burmese
36
24
33
7

Buryats (Siberia)
33
21
38
8

Bushmen
56
34
9
2

Chinese-Canton
46
23
25
6

Chinese-Peking
29
27
32
13

Chuvash
30
29
33
7

Croats
42
34
17
7

Czechs
30
44
18
9

Danes
41
44
11
4

Dutch
45
43
9
3

Egyptians
33
36
24
8

English
47
42
9
3

Inuit (Alaska)
38
44
13
5

Inuit (Greenland)
54
36
23
8

Estonians
34
36
23
8

Fijians
44
34
17
6

Finns
34
41
18
7

French
43
47
7
3

Georgians
46
37
12
4

Germans
41
43
11
5

Greeks
40
42
14
5

Romani people (Hungary)
29
27
35
10

Hawaiians
37
61
2
1

Hindus (Bombay)
29
25
35
11

Hungarians
36
43
16
5

Icelanders
56
32
10
3

Indians (India)
29
21
40
9

Native Americans
79
16
4
1

Irish
52
35
10
3

Italians (Milan)
46
41
11
3

Japanese
30
38
22
10

Jews (Germany)
42
41
12
5

Jews (Poland)
33
41
18
8

Kalmuks
26
23
41
11

Kikuyu (Kenya)
60
19
20
1

Koreans
28
32
31
10

Sami people
29
63
4
4

Latvians
32
37
24
7

Lithuanians
40
34
20
6

Malays
62
18
20
0

Māori
46
54
1
0

Mayans
98
1
1
1

Moros
64
16
20
0

Navajo Indians
73
27
0
0

Nicobarese
74
9
15
1

Norwegians
39
50
8
4

Papuans (New Guinea)
41
27
23
9

Persians
38
33
22
7

Peruvian Indians
100
0
0
0

Filipinos
45
22
27
6

Poles
33
39
20
9

Portuguese
35
53
8
4

Romanians
33
43
16
8

Russians
33
36
23
8

Sardinians
50
26
19
5

Scots
51
34
12
3

Serbians
38
42
16
5

Shompen Nicobarese
100
0
0
0

Slovaks
42
37
16
5

South Africans
45
40
11
4

Spanish
38
47
10
5

Sudanese
62
16
21
0

Swedish
38
47
10
5

Swiss
40
50
7
3

Tatars
28
30
29
13

Thais
37
22
33
8

Turks
43
34
18
6

Ukrainians
37
40
18
6

Black Americans
49
27
20
4

White Americans
45
40
11
4

Vietnamese
42
22
30
5

Mean
43.91
34.80
16.55
5.14

Standard deviation
16.87
13.80
9.97
3.41

text: Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland.[40][41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[41][42]

text: Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[43][44]

text: Maps of allele ABO among native populations[edit]

text:
Map of allele A
among native populations

Map of allele B
among native populations

Map of allele O
among native populations