document_title: History of time in the United States

question_text: when did daylight savings time start in washington state

text: History of time in the United States

text: War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]

text: Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.

text: During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.

text: Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]

text: From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]

text: In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")

text: In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.

text: DST 1966[edit]

text: The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.

text: In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.

text: DST 2007[edit]

text: Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.

text: Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.

text: If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.

text: Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time[edit]

text:
Key to colors

future date

2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November

1st Sunday April last Sunday October

last Sunday April last Sunday October

text:
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes

2020
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2019
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2018
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2017
Sun March 12 02:00
Sun November 5 02:00

2016
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2015
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2014
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2013
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2012
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2011
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2010
Sun March 14 02:00
Sun November 7 02:00

2009
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2008
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2007
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00
Energy Policy Act of 2005

2006
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
All of Indiana now on DST

2005
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

2004
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

2003
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

2002
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

2001
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

2000
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1999
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1998
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1997
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1996
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1995
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1994
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1993
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1992
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1991
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1990
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1989
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1988
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1987
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00
Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986

1986
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1985
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1984
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1983
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00
Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00

1982
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1981
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1980
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1979
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1978
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1977
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1976
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1975
Sun February 23 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00

1974
Sun January 6 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00

1973
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00
All of Michigan now on DST

1972
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1971
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00
Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out

1970
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1969
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST

1968
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Arizona and Michigan opt out

1967
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out

1946–66

Local decision, various dates

1945

Sun September 30 02:00
War Time ends

1944

War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]

1943

War Time all year

1942
Mon February 9 02:00

War Time begins year round

1920–41

Local decision, various dates

1919
Sun March 30 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
War Time ends

1918
Sun March 31 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
War Time begins summer only


document_title: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

question_text: who wrote the 12 steps and 12 traditions

root

text: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

text:
Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions

First edition

Author
Bill W.

Country
United States of America

Language
English

Subject
Alcoholism, Alcoholics Anonymous, Twelve Steps, Twelve Traditions

Published
1953 Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc.

Media type
Print (Hardback, Paperback and Online)

tag: table

text: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions is a 1953 book, which explains the twenty-four basic principles of Alcoholics Anonymous and their application.[1] The book dedicates a chapter to each step and each tradition, providing a detailed interpretation of these principles for personal recovery and the organization of the group.[2] Bill W. began work on this project in early 1952. By 1957, 50,000 copies were in circulation.[1]

tag: p


document_title: Robert Carlyle

question_text: who plays gold in once upon a time

question_tokens: who plays gold in once upon a time

text: Robert Carlyle

text: Early life[edit]

text: Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the son of Elizabeth, a bus company employee, and Joseph Carlyle, a painter and decorator.[3][4] He was brought up by his father after his mother left when Carlyle was four years old.[5][6] He left school at the age of 16 without any qualifications and worked for his father as a painter and decorator; however, he continued his education by attending night classes at Cardonald College in Glasgow.[7]

text: Career[edit]

text: Carlyle became involved in drama at the Glasgow Arts Centre at the age of 21 (having been inspired by reading Arthur Miller's The Crucible), and subsequently graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD). In 1991, he and four friends founded a theatre company, Raindog (which was involved in television and film work).[8] The same year he guest starred in The Bill and also starred in his first movie, Riff-Raff, directed by Ken Loach.

text: In 1994, he played the gay lover of Father Greg in the film Priest. Carlyle's first high-profile role came as murderer Albert "Albie" Kinsella in an October 1994 episode of Cracker opposite Robbie Coltrane (in which Kinsella killed five people, including Christopher Eccleston's DCI David Bilborough). This highly acclaimed role showcased Carlyle's "pure intensity".[9] Shortly after his appearance in Cracker, he landed the role of Highland policeman Hamish Macbeth in the BBC comedy-drama Hamish Macbeth. The series ran for three seasons from 1995 to 1997.

text: In 1996 and 1997, he appeared in the two highest-profile roles of his career to date: as the psychopathic Francis Begbie in Trainspotting and Gaz, the leader of a group of male amateur strippers, in The Full Monty. The latter earned Carlyle a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He also starred with Ray Winstone in the 1997 film Face. Carlyle played the senior Malachy McCourt (father of author Frank McCourt) in the 1999 film adaptation of McCourt's first memoir, Angela's Ashes; the arch villain Renard in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough; and a cannibalistic soldier in the 1999 Ravenous.

text: Carlyle appeared in the 2002 Oasis music video for "Little By Little". He played Adolf Hitler in the 2003 miniseries Hitler: The Rise of Evil. In 2006 he played the villain Durza in Eragon. In 2007 Carlyle played one of the main characters in the film 28 Weeks Later. He also played the lead role as a marine engineer attempting to save London from total devastation in the disaster film Flood. That year he also portrayed Father Joseph Macavoy in the film The Tournament.

text: In 2008 Carlyle narrated a BBC audiobook version of The Cutting Room. In 2008, he was cast as Dr. Nicholas Rush in the television series Stargate Universe.[10][11] His role in the series has been described thus: "As [the team fights] to survive, Dr. Rush (Carlyle) works to unlock the mysteries of the ship and return the group home, but evidence of his ulterior motives soon arises." His was touted by the studio as the "leading role" in Universe.[12]

text: In December 2008, Carlyle appeared in 24: Redemption, a television movie based on the popular TV series 24, starring alongside Kiefer Sutherland.

text: In 2009, Carlyle appeared in a long-form commercial for Johnnie Walker whisky, titled "The Man Who Walked Around The World." Carlyle was shown walking down a path and talking for six minutes in a single long take. The ad took two days to film. The director, Jamie Rafn, afterwards referred to Carlyle as an "utter genius".[13] He voices the character of Gabriel Belmont, and his counterpart, Dracula in the video game Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, as well as its sequels Mirror of Fate and Lords of Shadow 2.

text: Since October 2011 Carlyle has portrayed Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) in the fantasy-drama television series Once Upon A Time. The character is a wizard, deal-maker, and master manipulator.

text: In 2018, Carlyle will portray Ogilvy in a three part television adaption of The War of the Worlds for the BBC.[14]

text: Acting style[edit]

text: Known for his commitment to authenticity in roles, Carlyle has often altered his lifestyle and physical appearance to gain a better understanding of a character—much akin to method acting. Before playing a homeless character in Antonia Bird's Safe, for example, he went to live in the Waterloo area of London where the film was set. For his role as a bus driver in Ken Loach's Carla's Song, he passed the test for a PSV licence (a licence to drive a bus with passengers) in a Glasgow Leyland Atlantean bus.[15] Carlyle also removed two of his teeth before reprising his role as Begbie in T2 Trainspotting.[16] Writing of Carlyle's performance in The Full Monty, Andrew Johnston stated: "Carlyle was brilliant as the savage psycho Begbie in Trainspotting; here, he proves he can be almost as good when kept on a short leash. We don't know much about Gaz, but he's the most interesting character in the movie, largely because of Carlyle's down-to-earth warmth."[17]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Carlyle has been married to make-up artist Anastasia Shirley since 1997.[18] They have three children: Ava (born 2002), Harvey (born 2004), and Pearce Joseph (born 2006). The family lives in Glasgow. Carlyle is a patron of School For Life in Romania.[19] Carlyle supports Rangers F.C..[20]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1990

Silent Scream

Big Woodsy

Riff-Raff

Steve

1993

Being Human

Prehistoric Shaman

1994

Priest

Graham

Marooned

Peter

1995

Go Now

Nick Cameron

Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor

1996

Trainspotting

Francis "Franco" Begbie

Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best ActorNominated – Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama

Carla's Song

George Lennox

Evening Standard British Film Award for Best ActorLondon Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the Year

1997

The Full Monty

Gary "Gaz" Schofield

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RoleEvening Standard British Film Award for Best ActorLondon Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the YearSant Jordi Award for Best Foreign ActorScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Dance SequenceNominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

Face

Ray

Evening Standard British Film Award for Best ActorLondon Critics Circle Film Award for British Actor of the Year

1999

Plunkett & Macleane

Will Plunkett

Ravenous

Colonel Ives / F.W. Colqhoun

The World Is Not Enough

Renard

Angela's Ashes

Malachy McCourt

Nominated – Empire Award for Best British ActorNominated – IFTA Award for Best Actor

2000

The Beach

Daffy

There's Only One Jimmy Grimble

Eric Wirral

2001

To End All Wars

Major Ian Campbell

The 51st State

Felix DeSouza

2002

Once Upon a Time in the Midlands

Jimmy

Black and White

David O'Sullivan

2004

Dead Fish

Danny Devine

2005

The Mighty Celt

O

Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School

Frank Keane

Human Trafficking

Sergei Karpovich

2006

Eragon

Durza

2007

28 Weeks Later

Don Harris

Flood

Robert Morrison

2008

Stone of Destiny

John MacCormick

Summer

Shaun

Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor

I Know You Know

Charlie

2009

The Tournament

Father Joseph MacAvoy

The Unloved

Lucy's Father

2012

California Solo

Lachlan MacAldonich

2015

The Legend of Barney Thomson

Barney Thomson

DirectorNominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor[21]Nominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Director[22]

2017

T2 Trainspotting

Francis "Franco" Begbie

Nominated – BAFTA Scotland for Best Actor[23]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1990

Taggart

Gordon Inglis

Episode: "Hostile Witness"

1991

The Bill

Tom Ward

Episode: "The Better Part of Valour"

1993

Screenplay

Nosty

Episode: "Safe"

1994

99-1

Detective Constable Trevor Prescott

Episode: "Doing the Business"

Cracker

Albie Kinsella

3 episodesBAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor – TV

1995–98

Hamish Macbeth

Hamish Macbeth

20 episodesRTS Television Award for Best Actor – MaleNominated – BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor – TVNominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor

1998

Looking After Jo Jo

John Joe "Jo Jo" McCann

Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor

2001

Chewin' the Fat

Himself

Hogmanay Special

2003

Hitler: The Rise of Evil

Adolf Hitler

Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film

2004

Gunpowder, Treason & Plot

King James I

Television film

2005

Human Trafficking

Sergei Karpovich

Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor – Miniseries or a Movie

Class of '76

Detective Inspector Tom Monroe

Television film

2006

Born Equal

Robert

Television film

2008

The Last Enemy

David Russell

5 episodes

24: Redemption

Carl Benton

Television film

2009

The Unloved

Father

Scottish BAFTA for Best TV Actor

The Man Who Walked Around the World

Himself

Advert for Johnnie Walker[24]

Zig Zag Love

Jacko

Television film

2009–11

Stargate Universe

Doctor Nicholas Rush

40 episodesGemini Award Winner for Continuing Leading Dramatic Role 2010

2011–18

Once Upon a Time

Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver

138 episodes

2018

The War of the Worlds

Ogilvy

Filming

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2006

Eragon

Shade Durza

Voice only

2010

Castlevania: Lords of Shadow

Gabriel Belmont

Voice only

2013

Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate

Gabriel Belmont / Dracula

Voice only

2014

Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2

Gabriel Belmont / Dracula / Inner Dracula

Voice only

2014

Watch Dogs

Stephen Fedder

Mission: Pawnee Control Center Voice only

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2002

Oasis

"Little By Little"

text: Audio books[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2008

The Cutting Room

Narrator


document_title: PAW Patrol

question_text: who does the voice of everest on paw patrol

text: PAW Patrol

text: Format[edit]

text: Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes. Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives, often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground. Ryder, a ten-year-old boy, is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself. His most frequent caller is an accident-prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot, who knows much about Adventure Bay's wildlife. Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags. The team members report to their base, the Lookout, and enter its elevator. Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises. When they reach the top floor, they arrange themselves in a line. Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened. He chooses several members of the team, normally two first responders, to help solve whatever problem has emerged. They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission. When they have finished, Ryder says his catchphrase: "Whenever you're in trouble, just yelp for help!", and congratulates the pups.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12)
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)

2
26[4]
August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13)
December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)

3
26
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)

4
26
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
February 3, 2018 (2018-02-03)

5
26[5]
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)[6]
TBA

text: Characters[edit]

text: PAW Patrol members[edit]

text: Original members[edit]

text:
Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol. He is a ten-year-old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use. His vehicle is an ATV. He is the only character to be featured in every mission, and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode. He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013–2015, by Elijha Hammill from 2015–2016, and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward.
Marshall is a Dalmatian. He serves as a firedog and medic. His vehicle is a fire engine, which transforms into an ambulance. He is known for being exceptionally clumsy. A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol's elevator. His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often "I'm good." He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013–2015 and by Drew Davis from 2015 onward.
Chase is a German Shepherd. He serves as a police and spy dog. His vehicle is a police car. He is the most mature of the dogs, and will always announce "Ready for action, Ryder, sir!" when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission. He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013–2014, by Max Calinescu from 2014–2018, and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward.
Rubble is an English bulldog. He serves as a construction dog. His vehicle is a bulldozer. He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating. He is voiced by Devan Cohen.
Rocky is a grey-and-white mongrel of an unspecified breed. He serves as a recycling dog. His vehicle is a recycling truck, which can also transform into a salvage tugboat. A running gag in the series is Rocky's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe. He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013–2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward.
Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever. He serves as an aquatic rescue pup. His vehicle is a hovercraft, which can also convert into a submarine. He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013–2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward.
Skye is a cockapoo. She serves as an aviator. Her vehicle is a helicopter, and she has wings built into her backpack. She is voiced by Kallan Holley.

tag: ul

text: Occasional members[edit]

text:
Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol's most frequent caller, who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup-themed special episodes. He is a marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay. His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder. In the second season, an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle. He is the team's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay. He is voiced by Ron Pardo. Along with Everest, Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three.
Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice. Her vehicle is a snowmobile. Like Tracker, she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay's ski resort, but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed. She is voiced by Berkley Silverman. Everest, along with Cap'n Turbot, was added to the opening theme in season three.
Tracker is a brown-and-white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup. His vehicle is a Jeep, and he is bilingual, speaking fluently in Spanish and English. Like Everest, he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker, a boy named Carlos. He is voiced by David Lopez. As of season four, he and Robo-Dog have not been added to the opening theme.
Robo-Dog is a robotic dog introduced in "Pups Save Ryder's Robot." He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol's multi-member vehicles. Unlike the other pups, Robo-Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks. His vehicle (the PAW Patroller) was added to the opening theme in season three, but Robo-Dog himself does not appear.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay. She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta, whom she keeps in her purse. She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom. She is voiced by Deann Degruijter.
Chickaletta is the mayor's pet chicken. She is not quick-witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway. She is introduced in "Pup Pup and Away" when she jumps into Mayor Goodway's purse during a hot air balloon race.
Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot's cousin and sidekick, who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse. He is very self-centered and loves to show off. Francois works as a zoologist and nature photographer. He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words. He is voiced by Peter Cugno.
Wally is Cap'n Turbot's pet walrus, who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island. He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child. Although he cannot talk, Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers.
Katie is a girl Ryder's age. She runs Adventure Bay's pet clinic. She is voiced by Katherine Forrester.
Cali is Katie's pet cat. She has lavender-colored fur. Her meows are provided by Julie Lemieux.
Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom who is Mayor Goodway's rival. He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew. He is voiced by Ron Pardo.
The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger's group of cats who closely resemble the six main PAW Patrol pups. Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup's outfits and abilities.
Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay. He is voiced by Blair Williams.
Alex Porter is Mr. Porter's young grandson. He is voiced by Christian Distefano.
Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay. They own a barn and have several animals, such as a pair of pigs and a cow. Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013–2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward. Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo.
Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay. He becomes Everest's caretaker after she is introduced. He is voiced by Scott McCord.
Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker's caretaker. He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli.
Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode "Pups Save Daring Danny X".
Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg. She acts as an antagonist in "Mission PAW"-themed episodes in the fourth season. She is voiced by Anya Cooke.

Busby is Sweetie's chew toy, robot minion and sidekick.

text: Production[edit]

text: According to Spin Master, the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010.[7] Later the same year, the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy, and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman. Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs. Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further; after the concept was in place, they began designing merchandise.[8]

text: Chapman's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team. Scott Kraft, the show's first writer, and Jamie Whitney, the show's first director, decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012. The name of the series' protagonist, Ryder, was changed multiple times during production; he was originally called Raffi, Roddy, and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder.

text: According to a 2017 Spin Master interview, "everything pup-related was debated endlessly: names, sizes, ages, breeds."[9] The pups' designs underwent major changes after Chapman's pitch; they were originally very realistic, with unique fur and textures based on their breeds, but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish. The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot, mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose, was based on the design of Chapman's Bob the Builder character. Ryder's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary.[9]

text: In January 2012, Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters. The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon, and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada.[10] The series became Spin Master's first solely-owned intellectual property (IP)[11] once it was released in August 2013.[12]

text: Since it began production, the show's animation has been provided by Guru Studio. In a 2016 interview with Maclean's Magazine, Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio's animators were originally suspicious of the show's "toyetic" concept.[13] The series' rock-inspired[14] original score was composed by the Ontario-based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post. The opening theme song, and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons.

text: With each season of the show, new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes. In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star, Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie-in merchandise.[15] In August of the same year, Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show's content "fresh" and "relevant".[16]

text: The first season aired from August 2013 to August 2014. The second season premiered in August 2014; in Canada, it concluded in September 2015 and in the United States, it concluded in December 2015. A third season premiered in November 2015. A fourth season premiered February 6, 2017. Spin Master has confirmed that fifth and sixth seasons are in development.[17] The fifth season premiered on February 6, 2018.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries.[19]

text: In Canada, the series is shown on TVOKids,[20] Knowledge Kids, Télé-Québec and City Kids. In the United States, the series is aired on Nickelodeon with reruns on Nick Jr.

text: As required for Canadian programs aired on federally-funded networks, PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1.[21] Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub.[22] A British English dub, which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes, is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr. UK.[23] Anione, JEI TV, and KBS have all broadcast the Korean-dubbed version.[24] The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015.[25] The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2.[26] The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese-dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016.[27]

text: In July 2016, film distribution company Notorious Pictures acquired the rights to an Italian theatrical release of the series.[28] Six episodes of PAW Patrol were screened as a package film in select Italian cinemas from December 22, 2016 until January 8 of the following year.[29] Sabahat Khan, of Spin Master partner RBC Capital Markets, has stated that he "wouldn't be surprised by a [North American] feature film down the line."[3] In November 2017, Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is "currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months."[30]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Title
Region 1
Region 2

PAW Patrol
May 13, 2014
March 30, 2015

Winter Rescues
October 7, 2014[31]
October 19, 2015

Marshall and Chase On the Case!
March 3, 2015[32]
July 27, 2015

Pups and the Pirate Treasure
N/A
March 4, 2016

Meet Everest!
September 1, 2015[33]
July 18, 2016

Brave Heroes, Big Rescues
March 1, 2016[34]
February 13, 2017

All Wings on Deck
N/A
October 24, 2016

Sports Day!
Game On!
August 2, 2016[35]
May 22, 2017

Pups Save Christmas
November 1, 2016[36]
October 31, 2016

Pups Save the Bunnies
Easter Egg Hunt
March 7, 2017[37]
March 13, 2017

Air Pups
N/A
July 17, 2017

The Great Pirate Rescue!
September 5, 2017[38]
N/A

The Great Snow Rescue
October 24, 2017[39]

Sea Patrol
March 6, 2018[40]

Summer Rescues
May 1, 2018[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon. Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon's 2014 ratings growth.[42] It ranked as the highest-rated, preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013[43] and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season.[44] The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016, but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month.[45] Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a "creative resurgence" that increased the Nick Jr. channel's viewership in 2016.[46] At Nickelodeon's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers, Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network (the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines).[47]

text: In March 2015, two back-to-back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings (among total viewers) in Australia.[48] In May 2015, it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool-aged children.[49]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four-star rating, stating that "perhaps the show's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem-solving".[50] Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show, calling it "packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... can't help but snicker at".[51] Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series, but felt that some of the characters "seem rather arbitrary, like Rocky the Recycling Pup".[52] The About Group's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review, criticizing its "formulaic" nature but affirming that the "show is not without funny moments".[14]

text: A research study, commissioned by Sky in March 2016, reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program.[53]

text: Criticism has been directed toward the show's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only one main female. Cat Conway of Dan Abrams' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked, "the police pup, firefighting pup, builder pup, sea-rescue pup, and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male, because of course you couldn't have a female police dog, could you?"[54] Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health "found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable" while watching the program.[55] Today's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag "#IncludeTheGirls".[56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2014, the series' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[57] In 2016, the season two episode "Pups Save a Mer-Pup" was nominated for Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards.[58] As of 2017, PAW Patrol has received four Canadian Screen Award nominations, winning one of them in 2016[59] and two in 2017.[60]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2014
41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo
Scott Krippayne
Smidi Smith
Nominated
[61]

Parents' Choice Foundation
"Fun Stuff" Award
Spin Master
Won
[62]

Environmental Media Awards
Environmental Media Award in Children's Television
Spin Master
Won
[63]

2015
Toy of the Year Awards
Property of the Year, 2015
Spin Master
Nominated
[64]

Preschool Toy of the Year, 2015
Spin Master
Nominated
[64]

2016
Toy of the Year Awards
Property of the Year, 2016
Spin Master
Nominated
[65]

43rd Annie Awards
Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children
Spin Master
Nominated
[58]

4th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Pre-School Program or Series
Spin Master
Nominated
[66]

Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series
Jamie Whitney
Won
[66]

Licensing.biz People Awards
Licensee Team of the Year
Spin Master
Won
[67]

Australian Toy Association
Preschool License of the Year
Spin Master
Won
[68]

Canadian Cinema Editors Awards
Best Editing in Animation
Tom Berger
Nominated
[69]

SOCAN Awards
International TV Series Music Award
Voodoo Highway Music & Post
Won
[70]

2017
5th Canadian Screen Awards
Best Pre-School Program or Series
Spin Master
Won
[60]

Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series
Jamie Whitney
Won
[60]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: On May 18, 2014, Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys "R" Us locations across Canada.[71] The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year.[72] Dion Vlachos, a representative from Nickelodeon, was in charge of the U.S. product launch.[73]

text: PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master's most profitable brands. Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. (or 25 per cent) of Spin Master's gross product sales for 2015.[3] Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the "continuing strength" of PAW Patrol toys, in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses, made up 40.5 per cent of the firm's second quarter revenue.[74] Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company's presence in the preschool market.[75] Throughout 2016, Spin Master's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category. PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this.[76]

text: The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom.[77] The group also reported that it was the best-selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015.[49] Dave Brandon, the chief executive officer of Toys "R" Us, listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season's "hottest" items.[78][79] Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season.[80]

text: Live events[edit]

text: In April 2016, a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live: Race to the Rescue was announced.[81] The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race. It toured Canada, the United States, Mexico, Australia and the Philippines.[82][83] A sequel show, titled PAW Patrol Live: The Great Pirate Adventure, was announced in June 2017. It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern, and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor.[84] The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group, which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years.

text: Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. They joined an "Etch A Sketch Day" celebration at Spin Master's office in Toronto on July 26, 2016.[85] The characters, along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program, were included as part of the Nick Jr. Play Date Tour in autumn 2015.[86] Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham, Suffolk, and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016.[87] Multiple meet-and-greet events attracted far more attendees than expected, with some reaching over 5,000 visitors.[88][89] They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13, 2016.[90] They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon-themed area of the Thurrock's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London, England.[91]

text: Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show's characters have attracted the attention of the show's distributor. In February 2016, several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups. Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead.[92] There was some consumer backlash as a result, but the events were not held.[93]


document_title: Happy Days

question_text: who played fonzie's nephew on happy days

question_tokens: who played fonzie 's nephew on happy days

text: Happy Days

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the series revolves around teenager Richie Cunningham and his family: his father, Howard, who owns a hardware store; traditional homemaker and mother, Marion; younger sister Joanie; Richie's older brother Chuck (seasons 1 and 2 only), and high school dropout, biker and suave ladies' man Arthur "Fonzie"/"The Fonz" Fonzarelli, who would eventually become Richie's best friend and the Cunninghams' upstairs tenant. The earlier episodes revolve around Richie and his friends, Potsie Weber and Ralph Malph, with Fonzie as a secondary character. However, as the series progressed, Fonzie proved to be a favorite with viewers and soon more story lines were written to reflect his growing popularity, and Winkler was eventually credited with top billing in the opening credits alongside Howard as a result.[5] Fonzie befriended Richie and the Cunningham family, and when Richie left the series for military service, Fonzie became the central figure of the show, with Winkler receiving sole top billing in the opening credits. In later seasons, other characters were introduced including Fonzie's young cousin, Charles "Chachi" Arcola, who became a love interest for Joanie Cunningham. The eleven seasons of the series roughly track the eleven years from 1955 to 1965, inclusive, in which the show was set.

text: The series' pilot was originally shown as Love and the Television Set, later retitled Love and the Happy Days for syndication, a one-episode teleplay on the anthology series Love, American Style, aired on February 25, 1972. Happy Days spawned the hit television shows Laverne & Shirley and Mork & Mindy as well as three failures, Joanie Loves Chachi, Blansky's Beauties featuring Nancy Walker as Howard's cousin,[6] and Out of the Blue. The show is the basis for the Happy Days musical touring the United States since 2008. The leather jacket worn by Winkler during the series was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution for the permanent collection at the National Museum of American History.[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
January 15, 1974
May 7, 1974

2
23
September 10, 1974
May 6, 1975

3
24
September 9, 1975
March 2, 1976

4
25
September 21, 1976
March 29, 1977

5
27
September 13, 1977
May 30, 1978

6
27
September 5, 1978
May 15, 1979

7
25
September 11, 1979
May 6, 1980

8
22
November 11, 1980
May 26, 1981

9
22
October 6, 1981
March 23, 1982

10
22
September 28, 1982
March 22, 1983

11
22
September 27, 1983
September 24, 1984

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Ron Howard
Richie Cunningham

Anson Williams
Warren "Potsie" Weber

Marion Ross
Marion Cunningham

Tom Bosley
Howard Cunningham

Henry Winkler
Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli

Don Most
Ralph Malph

Erin Moran
Joanie Cunningham

Al Molinaro
Al Delvecchio

Pat Morita
Matsuo "Arnold" Takahashi

Scott Baio
Charles "Chachi" Arcola

Lynda Goodfriend
Lori Beth Cunningham

Cathy Silvers
Jenny Piccalo

Ted McGinley
Roger Phillips

Linda Purl
Ashley Pfister

text: Cast changes[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With season four, Al Molinaro was added as Al Delvecchio, the new owner of Arnold's, after Pat Morita's character of Arnold moved on after his character got married. (Morita had left the program to star in a short-lived sitcom of his own, Mr. T and Tina, which was actually a spin-off of Welcome Back, Kotter. Morita also starred in a subsequent short lived Happy Days spin-off series titled Blansky's Beauties.) Al Molinaro also played Al's twin brother Father Anthony Delvecchio, a Catholic priest. Al eventually married Chachi's mother (played by Ellen Travolta) and Father Delvecchio served in the wedding of Joanie to Chachi in the series finale.

text: The most major character changes occurred after season five with the addition of Scott Baio as Fonzie's cousin, Charles "Chachi" Arcola. Originally, the character Spike (mentioned as Fonzie's nephew in the episode "Not With My Sister You Don't," but also claimed to be his cousin, as was stated in one episode) was supposed to be the character who became Chachi. Season five also saw the introduction of more outlandish and bizarre plots including Fonzie making a bet with the Devil, and the appearance of Mork (Robin Williams), an alien who wanted to take Richie back to his homeworld. Although when first aired this ended with it all simply being a dream Richie was having, this episode was retconned in subsequent airings by way of additional footage to have actually taken place, with Mork having wiped everyone's memory except Richie's and then deciding to time travel to the present day (the setting of Mork & Mindy).

text: Lynda Goodfriend joined the cast as semi-regular character Lori Beth Allen, Richie's steady girlfriend, in season five, and became a permanent member of the cast between seasons eight and nine, after Lori Beth married Richie.

text: After Ron Howard (Richie) left the series, Ted McGinley joined the cast as Roger Phillips, the new physical education teacher at Jefferson High and nephew to Howard and Marion. He took over from the departed Richie Cunningham character, acting as counterpoint to Fonzie. Cathy Silvers also joined the cast as Jenny Piccalo, Joanie's best friend who was previously referenced in various episodes from earlier seasons and remained as a main cast member until the final season. Both actors were originally credited as guest stars but were promoted to the main cast during season ten after several series regulars left the show. The real focus of the series was now on the Joanie and Chachi characters, and often finding ways to incorporate Fonzie into them as a shoulder to cry on, advice-giver, and savior as needed. The Potsie character, who had already been spun off from the devious best friend of Richie to Ralph's best friend and confidante, held little grist for the writers in this new age, and was now most often used as the occasional "dumb" foil for punchlines (most often from Mr. C., whom he later worked for at Cunningham Hardware, or Fonzie).

text: Billy Warlock joined the cast in season 10 as Roger's brother Flip, along with Crystal Bernard as Howard's niece K.C. They were intended as replacements for Erin Moran and Scott Baio (who departed for their own show, Joanie Loves Chachi) and were credited as part of the semi-regular cast. Both characters left with the return of Moran and Baio, following the cancellation of Joanie Loves Chachi. Al Molinaro also left Happy Days in season 10 for Joanie Loves Chachi. Pat Morita then returned to the cast as Arnold in his absence.

text: In season 11, the story line of Richie and Lori Beth is given closure with the two-part episode "Welcome Home." Richie returns home from the Army, but barely has time to unpack when he learns that his parents have lined up a job interview at the Milwaukee Journal for him. However, they are taken aback when he tells them he prefers to take his chances in California to become a Hollywood screenwriter. They remind him of his responsibilities and while Richie gives in, he becomes angry and discontented, torn between his obligations to his family and fulfilling his dream. After a confrontation that ends with a conversation with Fonzie, he decides to face his family and declare his intentions. While somewhat reluctant at first, they support him and bid Richie, Lori Beth, and Little Richie an emotional farewell.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Richie Cunningham – The protagonist for the first seven years of the series (1974–80). When Ron Howard left the show due to his burgeoning directorial career, Richie was written out by leaving to join the United States Army. He marries his girlfriend, Lori Beth, in season eight by phone, while Fonzie stands-in for him in the wedding.[8] Howard returned for guest appearances as Richie during the show's final season. He came back with Lori Beth and their son, Richie Jr., and Ralph in the season 11 two-part episode, "Welcome Home", and then left for California with Lori Beth and Richie Jr. to pursue a career in screenwriting. He also returned in "Passages", when he and his family attended Joanie and Chachi's wedding.[9]
Marion "Mrs. C" Cunningham – Wife of Howard Cunningham, mother of Richie and Joanie, and a traditional homemaker. She is the only character who is allowed to call Fonzie by his real first name, Arthur, which she does affectionately.[10][better source needed] She sometimes gets tired of being at home, such as in "Marion Rebels" where she gets into an argument with Howard and briefly gets a job as a waitress at Arnold's.[11] In "Empty Nest" when Joanie left for Chicago to pursue her music career, Marion had "empty nest syndrome" and was thrilled when her and Howard's niece, K.C., moved in with them.[12] Marion was one of only four characters to remain with the show throughout its entire run.
Howard "Mr. C" Cunningham – Husband of Marion Cunningham, father of Richie and Joanie, business owner of a hardware store called "Cunningham's Hardware", he is a lodge member, and family man. Frequently seen reading the daily newspaper in his easy chair.[1] Enjoys driving his beloved 1948 DeSoto Suburban. In "Letting Go", he did not want Joanie to go to Chicago, still seeing her as his "little girl". But after talking with Fonzie and realizing how much she has grown up, he supports her going.[13] In "Passages", Howard says that he is proud of Richie and Joanie in Joanie and Chachi's wedding. Howard is one of only two characters (the other being Fonzie) to appear in every episode of the series.
Joanie Cunningham – Richie's younger sister. In early seasons, she is sometimes snooping on Richie's activities and would occasionally be sent to her room by her parents. She is affectionately called "Shortcake" by Fonzie. Later on, Joanie briefly joins a motorcycle gang after going on a date with a boy, whom she considered to be "dull". In "Smokin' Ain't Cool", Joanie started smoking in order to be in a cool club, until Fonzie sets her straight. For years, Fonzie's cousin, Chachi, had been chasing her until she eventually agreed to a date with him. She and Chachi would eventually form a band together; and in "Letting Go", they leave for Chicago to pursue their music career (which spun off the short-lived series Joanie Loves Chachi). Joanie, however, eventually left the band to return home to pursue a teaching career.[14] She and Chachi then broke up for a time until Chachi proposes to her and they get married in the series finale.
Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli – Initially a minor character, he was a hugely popular breakout character and was made a series regular. Fonzarelli's "Fonzie" nickname and comeback phrase, "Sit on it," were created by the show's producer, Bob Brunner.[15][16][17] Known for being especially cool and for his catchphrases "(H)eyyyy!" and "Whoa!" His coolness gave him special powers, such as making machinery (such as Arnold's jukebox and other vending machines, electric lights, and car engines) function by pounding on them with his fist, or getting the attention of girls by snapping his fingers. His parents abandoned him as a child and his grandmother raised him from the age of four.
Warren "Potsie" Weber – Richie's best friend and an aspiring talented singer. He is somewhat more carefree and worldly than Richie in early seasons, then in mid-seasons, he becomes more often paired with Ralph for plots, and the two became inseparable. In later seasons, his character evolves to increasingly emphasize his dimwitted side, and Ralph would often say to him "You're such a Potsie". Potsie often lightheartedly mentioned the supposed hatred his father (who never appeared on the show) had for him. Potsie remained with the show after Richie and Ralph joined the Army; however, he was seen less frequently. While Potsie's character became underdeveloped in these later episodes (and he, along with Ralph, was one of the few characters absent from the finale), he is mentioned to regularly bowl with the Cunninghams and still continues his position as assistant manager of Cunningham Hardware, and as pledge master of the Leopard Lodge.
Ralph Malph – In the first season, Ralph was more of a side character to plots, but when Most became a main cast member in season two, Ralph was more commonly seen, and he, Richie, and Potsie (these two also later became roommates) became the three amigos. Known for saying "I still got it!" after delivering one of his jokes. Ralph left with Richie after the 1979–80 season to join the Army. Malph returned as a guest star in the final season, although he is absent in the finale (along with Potsie) – he is mentioned as having left to continue college to become an optometrist like his father.
Charles "Chachi" Arcola – Fonzie's younger cousin and later Al Delvecchio's stepson. Chachi is very close to his older cousin Fonzie. Fonzie acts as the older brother figure that Chachi needs. Chachi has a similar personality to his older cousin. He has Fonzie's smoothness and charisma, but Chachi is more laidback. Chachi becomes "one of the guys" as he gets older, joining Richie, Potsie, Ralph, and Fonzie in their antics. After Richie and Ralph leave the show, Chachi and Fonzie often have plots together. Chachi has a crush on Joanie Cunningham from the moment he meets her in season 5, but she initially thinks of him as a little kid, calling him names like "shrimp," "drip," etc. But as they enter high school, she too begins to find him attractive. In season 11, they broke up for a short period. But as the season progresses, they get back together and Chachi eventually proposes to Joanie and she says yes. The series finale features Chachi and Joanie's wedding.
Al Delvecchio – From seasons four to nine (1976–82), Al became the new owner/cook of the drive-in after Arnold got married the previous season. Al later married Chachi's mother Louisa, thereby becoming Chachi's stepfather and Fonzie's uncle. Molinaro left Happy Days in 1982 to take his "Al" character to Joanie Loves Chachi, and returned as Al in three later episodes of Happy Days. Known for sighing "Yeeep, yep, yep, yep, yep" when he was disappointed or when things did not go his way.
Jenny Piccalo – Joanie's boy-crazy best friend (1980–83), often mentioned in early episodes, but did not appear in person until the 1980 season. Returned as a guest star in the series finale. Jenny's father appeared in one episode, played by Silvers' real-life father Phil Silvers.
Roger Phillips – Marion's nephew, coach and teacher at Jefferson High, until "Vocational Education" where he became principal at Patton High.[18] Introduced in 1980 after Richie left the show as a recurring character.
Lori Beth Allen-Cunningham – Richie's girlfriend and later his wife (1977–82). She married Richie by phone in season eight. Fonzie helped Lori Beth while she delivers the baby in "Little Baby Cunningham." She returned as a guest star in the final season.
Ashley Pfister – (Linda Purl) Divorced mother who becomes Fonzie's steady girlfriend, but later broke up offscreen sometime before, "Where the Guys Are." Note Linda Purl was also on Happy Days in Season 2 as Richie's part-time girlfriend Gloria.

text: Minor/recurring[edit]

text:
Marsha Simms (Beatrice Colen) (seasons 1–3, 5; 22 episodes) – A carhop in the first two seasons. Appeared in the background of a few episodes during the first and second seasons before disappearing from the show in the third season. However, she later returned for a flashback guest appearance in the episode "Our Gang".
Bobby Melner (Harris Kal) (seasons 8–11; 19 episodes) – Friend of Chachi and Joanie seen in episodes after Richie and Ralph left the show. He is a student in Fonzie's auto shop class, as well as in Roger's health class. At one point, he was also on the Jefferson High basketball team, and performed in a band with Joanie and Chachi.
K.C. Cunningham (Crystal Bernard) (season 10; 15 episodes) – Howard's niece. She moved in with Howard and Marion after Joanie left for Chicago. She left an all-girls boarding school in Texas because it closed down. Her parents are always traveling. She also became friends with Jenny and she went on her first date with Melvin.
Leopold "Flip" Phillips (Billy Warlock) (seasons 9 & 10; 13 episodes) – Roger's rebellious younger brother. He usually wears a shirt cut off over his bellybutton.
Tommy (Kevin Sullivan) (seasons 8–11; 13 episodes) – Another friend of Chachi and Joanie in episodes after Richie and Ralph left the show. Like Bobby, Tommy is a student in Fonzie's auto shop class, as well as in Roger's health class. At one point, he was also on the Jefferson High basketball team, and performed in a band with Joanie and Chachi.
Heather Pfister (Heather O'Rourke) (season 10; 12 episodes) – Ashley Pfister's daughter. Initially did not get along with Fonzie, but gradually learned to accept him as a father figure.
 Charles "Chuck" Cunningham (Gavan O'Herlihy, Randolph Roberts) (seasons 1 & 2; 11 episodes) – The oldest son of Howard and Marion Cunningham and older brother of Richie and Joanie, Chuck is a college student and basketball player. He is rarely seen and disappears without explanation in season two, never to be seen nor referenced again after "Guess Who's Coming to Christmas". The character's disappearance gave rise to the pejorative term "Chuck Cunningham Syndrome", used to describe TV characters that disappear from shows without explanation and are later retconned to have never existed.[19] Gavan O'Herlihy played Chuck, but then he asked to leave the series.[20] Gavan was eventually replaced by Randolph Roberts until the episode "Guess Who's Coming to Christmas".
Eugene Belvin (Denis Mandel) (seasons 8 & 9; 10 episodes) – Nerdy classmate of Joanie and Chachi, and twin brother of Melvin Belvin. Is in Fonzie's auto shop class, and has a crush on Jenny Piccalo. Despite being a general stooge to his classmates at Jefferson High, he frequently tags along with Joanie and Chachi's circle of friends.
"Bag" Zombroski (Neil J. Schwartz) (seasons 1–4; 9 episodes) – A schoolmate and leader of a gang called "The Demons".
Police Officer Kirk / Army Reserve Major Kirk (Ed Peck) (seasons 3–10; 9 episodes) – Fonzie's nemesis and antagonist, who's eager to demonstrate his inflated sense of authority, and on the watch for delinquents and "pinkos" (communists). Kirk took over as acting Sheriff following the untimely death of Sheriff Flanaghan.
Wendy (Misty Rowe) (season 2; 8 episodes) – A carhop from Arnold's in season two. She was paired with Marsha Simms in five episodes.
Melvin Belvin (Scott Bernstein) (seasons 9 & 10; 8 episodes) – Nerdy classmate of Joanie and Chachi, and twin brother of Eugene Belvin. Like his brother, Melvin frequently tags along with Joanie's and Chachi's circle of friends. He once went on a date with K.C. Cunningham.
Leather Tuscadero (Suzi Quatro) (seasons 5 & 6; 7 episodes) – Musician; younger sister of Pinky Tuscadero, and a former juvenile delinquent; formed her own girl group called "Leather and the Suedes".
Jennifer Jerome (Lorrie Mahaffey) (seasons 5 & 6; 6 episodes) – Potsie's steady girlfriend. Mahaffey was Anson Williams' then wife.
Laverne De Fazio (Penny Marshall) and Shirley Feeney (Cindy Williams) (seasons 3, 6 & 7; 5 episodes) – Dating interest of Fonzie, Laverne, and her friend, Shirley, appeared prominently in three episodes during the season three ("A Date with Fonzie", "Football Frolics", and "Fonzie the Superstar"), which led to the two starring in the spin-off series Laverne & Shirley; they also make guest appearances in the season six's "Fonzie's Funeral (Part 2)" and season seven's "Shotgun Wedding" (Part 1) (the second part of "Shotgun Wedding" concluded on a crossover episode of Laverne and Shirley.)
Louisa Arcola-Delvecchio (Ellen Travolta) (seasons 8–11; 5 episodes) – Mother of Chachi Arcola and Fonzie's aunt. She married Al Delvecchio and they moved to Chicago.
Gloria (Linda Purl) (season 2; 5 episodes) – Richie's occasional girlfriend in season two.
Dr. Mickey Malph (Alan Oppenheimer, Jack Dodson) (season 3 & 4, 7; 4 episodes) – Ralph's father, an optometrist and, like his son, a self-styled comedian. Briefly separated from his wife Minnie, but apparently resolved issues with her after a talk with Ralph. It was Dr. Malph who convinced Fonzie to wear glasses after he started having vision problems.
Raymond "Spike" Fonzarelli (Danny Butch) (seasons 2–4; 4 episodes) – Fonzie's cousin (often referred to as his nephew, but Fonzie explains that he couldn't be his nephew as Fonzie was an only child) and his copycat. He went on a date with Joanie in "Not with My Sister, You Don't." Made fleeting appearances before the introduction of Chachi. The kinship between Spike and Chachi was never explained.
Carol "Pinky" Tuscadero (Roz Kelly) (season 4; 3 episodes) – Former girlfriend of Fonzie and a traveling demolition derby driver.
Clarence (Gary Friedkin) (season 10; 3 episodes) – A cook at Arnold's who is referred to several times throughout the show, but never actually seen until the episode "A Woman Not Under the Influence". There, it is revealed that Clarence is a little person. Clarence seems to have a good relationship with Al, but also frequently upsets him while goofing off in the kitchen.
Bill "Sticks" Downey (John-Anthony Bailey) (season 3; 2 episodes) – Friend of Fonzie, Richie, Potsie and Ralph and drummer for their band, hence his nickname "Sticks", though he claimed he got the nickname because he was skinny.
Mitsumo "Arnold" Takahashi (Pat Morita) (seasons 3 10-11: 26 episodes) depicted the owner of Arnold's Drive-In for season three (1975–76). He stated that he obtained the moniker when he purchased Arnold's restaurant and people thought it was named after him, explaining that it was too costly to buy enough letter signs needed to rename it "Takahashi". He moonlighted as a martial arts instructor, teaching self-defense classes at the drive-in after hours. Morita also played "Arnold" as a guest star in 1977 and 1979 before returning as a recurring character after Al Molinaro departed in 1982.
Grandma Nussbaum (Frances Bay) (seasons 9, 10 & 11: 3 episodes) – Chachi Arcola and Fonzie's Grandmother.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Henry "Hank" Aaron, the Milwaukee Braves home run king, appeared in season seven, episode nine
Frankie Avalon appeared as himself (in season 9), singing his signature song "Venus" to a swooning Jenny Piccalo at the Leopard Lodge's annual "Poo Bah Doodah" musical
Dr. Joyce Brothers (season 5, episode 19) appears as herself, trying to help Fonzie's dog out of a depression
Julie Brown made her television debut in the episode "Ahhh Wilderness" (season 7) as one of three girls who went camping with Richie, Fonzie et al.
Morgan Fairchild appears in season five, episode ten as a snooty rich socialite who tries to humiliate Fonzie
Herbie Faye appeared as "Pop" in the 1974 episode "Knock Around the Block"
Lorne Greene made a brief walk-on cameo during the season five premiere, which took place in Hollywood
Tom Hanks appeared in an episode as a character seeking revenge on Fonzie for pushing him off a swing when the two of them were in the 3rd grade; the confrontation occurs just as Fonzie was about to be given a community leader award
John Hart (TV's The Lone Ranger in 1952) appeared in season 9, episode 17 where Fonzie meets his childhood idol (Hart's last acting job)
Christopher Knight (Peter Brady on ABC's The Brady Bunch) played Joanie's boyfriend on the season five episode "Be My Valentine"
Cheryl Ladd appeared in "Wish Upon a Star" (season 2), playing the part of a Hollywood starlet Richie wins a date with
Michael McKean and David L. Lander, of Laverne & Shirley, portrayed their "Lenny" and "Squiggy" characters in the season-six episode "Fonzie's Funeral" (Part 2)
Eddie Mekka, also from Laverne & Shirley, portrayed his "Carmine" character in the season four's "Joanie's Weird Boyfriend" and the season six's "Fonzie's Funeral" (Part 2)
Maureen McCormick (Marcia Brady on The Brady Bunch) was "Hildie" in season 2, episode 16
James Millhollin, a character actor, made the last television appearance of his career as Mr. Rudi in the 1979 episode "Potsie Quits School"
James Randi ("The Amazing Randi") appeared as himself in the episode "The Magic Show" (season 6)[21]
Buffalo Bob Smith and Bob Brunner as Clarabell the Clown appeared in the episode "The Howdy Doody Show" (season 2); the characters come to town looking for Howdy Doody look-alikes
Craig Stevens, the star of detective show Peter Gunn played Ashley Pfister's father in "Hello Pfisters" (season 10)
Danny Thomas appeared in the episode "Grandpa's Visit" (season 5) as Sean Cunningham, Howard's father.
Charlene Tilton appeared in the episode "They Shoot Fonzies, Don't They?" (season 4) as Jill Higgins, who challenges Fonzie and Joanie at a dance marathon until Fonzie might have to get a crewcut.
Robin Williams appeared in two episodes as Mork from Ork; in season five's "My Favorite Orkan", Mork wants to take Richie back to Ork with him to study earthlings, which led to the spin-off Mork & Mindy; season six's "Mork Returns" aired during the height of the popularity of Mork and Mindy
Lyle Waggoner appeared in the episode "Dreams Can Come True" (season 8) as Bobby Burns, host of the titular game show on which Marion appears as a contestant, and again in the episode "Like Mother, Like Daughter" (season 11) as Frederick Hamilton, Marion's former college boyfriend.

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Happy Days originated during a time of 1950s nostalgic interest as evident in 1970s film, television, and music. Beginning as an unsold pilot filmed in late 1971 called New Family in Town, with Harold Gould in the role of Howard Cunningham, Marion Ross as Marion, Ron Howard as Richie, Anson Williams as Potsie, Ric Carrott as Charles "Chuck" Cunningham, and Susan Neher as Joanie, Paramount passed on making it into a weekly series, and the pilot was recycled with the title Love and the Television Set (later retitled Love and the Happy Days for syndication), for presentation on the television anthology series Love, American Style. In 1972, George Lucas asked to view the pilot to determine if Ron Howard would be suitable to play a teenager in American Graffiti, then in pre-production. Lucas immediately cast Howard in the film, which became one of the top-grossing films of 1973. Show creator Garry Marshall and ABC recast the unsold pilot to turn Happy Days into a series. According to Marshall in an interview, executive producer Tom Miller said while developing the sitcom, "If we do a TV series that takes place in another era, and when it goes into reruns, then it won't look old." This made sense to Marshall while on the set of the show.

text: Gould had originally been tapped to reprise the role of Howard Cunningham on the show. However, during a delay before the start of production he found work doing a play abroad and when he was notified the show was ready to begin production, he declined to return because he wanted to honor his commitment.[22] Bosley was then offered the role.

text: Production and scheduling notes[edit]

text:
Jerry Paris, who played next-door neighbor Jerry Helper on The Dick Van Dyke Show and directed several episodes of that series, directed every episode of Happy Days from season three on, except for three episodes in season three ("Jailhouse Rock", "Dance Contest" and "Arnold's Wedding").[23]
Producer and writer Bob Brunner created Arthur Fonzarelli's "Fonzie" nickname and his iconic comeback phrase, "Sit on it."[15][16][17]
Until the show went out of production, reruns of the show were syndicated under the title Happy Days Again.
Happy Days was produced by Miller-Milkis Productions, a teaming of Thomas L. Miller with former film editor Edward K. Milkis, which became Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions when Robert L. Boyett joined the company in 1980, and was the first ever show to be produced by the company's most recent incarnation, Miller-Boyett Productions, which followed Milkis's resignation from the partnership. It was also produced by Henderson Productions and was one of the popular shows produced in association with Paramount Television.
In its 11 seasons on the air, Happy Days is the second-longest running sitcom in ABC's history (behind The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran 14 seasons, from 1952 to 1966), and one of the longest-running primetime programs in the network's history. It is also unique in that it remained in the Tuesday at 8:00 p.m. time slot for the series' first ten seasons. Tuesdays at 8 p.m. became a signature timeslot for ABC, with Who's The Boss? instantly becoming a Top 10 hit when it was moved from Thursdays and staying in that time slot for six seasons, followed by the equally family-friendly sitcom Full House (another Miller-Boyett co-production). That sitcom also hit the Top 10 immediately after inheriting the Tuesday at 8 p.m. slot and then stayed there for four seasons.
Happy Days also proved to be quite popular in daytime reruns; they joined the ABC daytime schedule in 1975, airing reruns at 11:30 a.m. (ET), being moved to 11 a.m. in 1977, paired with Family Feud following at 11:30 a.m. It was replaced on the daytime schedule by reruns of its spin-off, Laverne & Shirley, in April 1979.
CBS programming head Fred Silverman scheduled the Maude spin-off Good Times directly against Happy Days during their respective second seasons in an attempt to kill the ABC show's growing popularity. In a way this move backfired on Silverman, as he was named president of ABC in 1975— thus forcing him to come up with a way to save the show he tried to kill the year before. After having knocked Happy Days out of the top 20 programs on television his last year at CBS, Silverman had the series at the top of the Nielsen ratings by 1977 (see below). Good Times was later cancelled in 1979.
Ron Howard later revealed that many of the exterior scenes filmed in Happy Days were actually shot in Munster, Indiana.

text: Production styles[edit]

text: The first two seasons of Happy Days (1974–75) were filmed using a single-camera setup and laugh track. One episode of season two ("Fonzie Gets Married") was filmed in front of a studio audience with three cameras as a test run. From the third season on (1975–84), the show was a three-camera production in front of a live audience (with a cast member, usually Tom Bosley, announcing in voice-over, "Happy Days is filmed before a live audience" at the start of most episodes), giving these later seasons a markedly different style. A laugh track was still used during post-production to smooth over live reactions.

text: Gary Marshall's earlier television series The Odd Couple had undergone an identical change in production style after its first season in 1970–71.

text: Sets[edit]

text: The show had two main sets: the Cunningham home and Arnold's/Al's Drive-in.

text: In seasons one and two, the Cunningham house was arranged with the front door on the left and the kitchen on the right of screen, in a triangular arrangement. From season three on, the house was rearranged to accommodate multiple cameras and a studio audience.

text: The Cunninghams' official address is 565 North Clinton Drive, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[24] The house that served as the exterior of the Cunningham residence is actually located at 565 North Cahuenga Boulevard (south of Melrose Avenue) in Los Angeles, several blocks from the Paramount lot on Melrose Avenue.

text: The Milky Way Drive-In, located on Port Washington Road in the North Shore suburb of Glendale, Wisconsin (now Kopp's Frozen Custard Stand), was the inspiration for the original Arnold's Drive-In; it has since been demolished. The exterior of Arnold's was a standing set on the Paramount Studios lot that has since been demolished. This exterior was close to Stage 19, where the rest of the show's sets were located.

text: The set of the diner in the first season was a room with the same vague details of the later set, such as the paneling, and the college pennants. When the show changed to a studio production in 1975, the set was widened and the entrance was hidden, but allowed an upstage, central entrance for cast members. The barely-seen kitchen was also upstaged and seen only through a pass-through window. The diner had orange booths, downstage center for closeup conversation, as well as camera left. There were two restroom doors camera right, labeled "Guys" and "Dolls". A 1953 Seeburg Model G jukebox (with replaced metal pilasters from Wico Corp.) was positioned camera right, and an anachronistic "Nip-It" pinball machine (actually produced in 1972) was positioned far camera right.

text: College pennants adorned the walls, including Purdue and University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, along with a blue and white sign reading "Jefferson High School". Milwaukee's Washington High School provided the inspiration for the exteriors of the fictional Jefferson.

text: In a two-part episode from the seventh season, the original Arnold's Drive-In was written out of the series as being destroyed by fire (see List of Happy Days episodes, episodes 159 and 160). In the last seasons that covered the 60s timeline, a new Arnold's Drive-In set (to portray the new Arnold's that replaced the original Arnold's destroyed by the fire) emerged in a 60s decor with wood paneling and stained glass.

text: In 2004, two decades after the first set was destroyed, the Happy Days 30th Anniversary Reunion requested that the reunion take place in Arnold's. The set was rebuilt by production designer James Yarnell based on the original floor plan. The reunion special was taped at CBS Television City's Bob Barker Studio in September 2004.[25]

text: Theme music[edit]

text: Season one used a newly recorded version of "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets (recorded in the fall of 1973) as the opening theme song. This recording was not commercially released at the time, although the original 1954 recording returned to the American Billboard charts in 1974 as a result of the song's use on the show. The "Happy Days" recording had its first commercial release in 2005 by the German label Hydra Records. (When Happy Days entered syndication in 1979, the series was retitled Happy Days Again and used an edited version of the 1954 recording instead of the 1973 version). In some prints intended for reruns and overseas broadcasts, the original "Rock Around the Clock" opening theme is replaced by the more standard "Happy Days" theme.

text: The show's closing theme song in seasons one and two was a fragment from "Happy Days" (although in a different recording with different lyrics to that which would become the standard version), whose music was composed by Charles Fox and whose lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel. According to SAG, this version was performed by Jimmy Haas on lead vocals, Ron Hicklin of the Ron Hicklin Singers, Stan Farber, Jerry Whitman, and Gary Garrett on backing vocals, and studio musicians.

text: From seasons three to ten inclusive, a longer version of "Happy Days" replaced "Rock Around the Clock" at the beginning of the show. Released as a single in 1976 by Pratt & McClain, "Happy Days" cracked the Top 5. The show itself finished the 1976–77 television season at #1, ending the five-year Nielsen reign of All in the Family. On the Season 2 DVD set release & later re releases of the Season 1 DVD set, the song "Rock Around the Clock" was replaced with a reconstructed version of "Happy Days" because of music rights issues.

text: For the show's 11th and final season (1983–84), the theme was rerecorded in a more modern style. It featured Bobby Arvon on lead vocals, with several back-up vocalists. To accompany this new version, new opening credits were filmed, and the flashing Happy Days logo was reanimated to create an overall "new" feel which incorporated 1980s sensibilities with 1950s nostalgia (although by this time the show was set in 1965).

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Time
Rank
Rating
Ref.

1 (1973–74)
Tuesday at 8:00–8:30 PM on ABC
16
21.5
[26]

2 (1974–75)
49
17.5
[27]

3 (1975–76)
11
23.9
[28]

4 (1976–77)
1
31.5
[29]

5 (1977–78)
2
31.4
[30]

6 (1978–79)
3
28.6 (tied with Mork & Mindy)
[31]

7 (1979–80)
17
21.7
[32]

8 (1980–81)
15
20.8 (tied with Too Close for Comfort)
[33]

9 (1981–82)
18
20.6
[34]

10 (1982–83)
28
17.4 (tied with Little House: A New Beginning)
[35]

11 (1983–84)
Tuesday at 8:30–9:00 p.m. on ABC (September 27, 1983 – May 8, 1984)
Thursday at 8:30–9:00 p.m. on ABC (June 28 – July 19, 1984)
63
13.9
[36]

text: "Jumping the shark"[edit]

text: The idiom "jumping the shark" describes a point in a series where it resorts to outlandish or preposterous plot devices to maintain or regain good ratings. Specifically, the term arose from the season five episode "Hollywood (Part 3)" that first aired on September 20, 1977, in which a water-skiing Fonzie (clad in swim trunks and signature leather jacket) jumps over a confined shark. Despite the decline in ratings, Happy Days continued for several years until its cancellation in 1984. The program never received an Emmy nomination for writing during its entire run; comedy writing Emmy nominations during Happy Days broadcast history were routinely awarded to the writers of such shows as M*A*S*H, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and All in the Family.[37][38]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Happy Days has been syndicated by many networks. It aired in the United States on TBS from 1989 to 1995, Nick at Nite from 1995 to 2000 (and again in 2002–03), Odyssey Network/Hallmark Channel from 1999 to 2002 (and again from January to April 2013), TV Land from 2002 to 2007, WGN America from 2002 until 2008, and FamilyNet from 2009 to 2010, INSP from 2012 to 2013, The Hub Network from 2010 to 2014. It currently airs reruns on MeTV.

text: In the United Kingdom reruns aired on Five USA and on Channel 4 between the early 1990s and the early 2000s. Original-run episodes in the 1970s and 1980s were shown on various regions of the ITV network usually on a weekday afternoon at 17:15. It is currently (2015–16) being shown on the True Entertainment channel.

text: When reruns first went into syndication on local stations while the series was still producing new episodes, the reruns were re-titled Happy Days Again. The series went into off-network syndication in fall 1979, just as season seven began on ABC. There are also some episodes still aired with the Happy Days Again title.

text: Merchandising revenue lawsuit[edit]

text: On April 19, 2011, five Happy Days co-stars; Erin Moran, Don Most, Marion Ross, Anson Williams and the estate of Tom Bosley, who died in 2010, filed a $10 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS, which owns the show, claiming they had not been paid for merchandising revenues owed under their contracts.[39] The cast members claimed they had not received revenues from show-related items, including comic books, T-shirts, scrapbooks, trading cards, games, lunch boxes, dolls, toy cars, magnets, greeting cards and DVDs where their images appear on the box covers. Under their contracts, they were supposed to be paid 5% of the net proceeds of merchandising if their sole image were used, and half that amount if they were in a group. CBS said it owed the actors $8,500 and $9,000 each, most of it from slot machine revenues, but the group said they were owed millions.[40] The lawsuit was initiated after Ross was informed by a friend playing slots at a casino of a "Happy Days" machine on which players win the jackpot when five Marion Rosses are rolled.

text: In October 2011, a judge rejected the group's fraud claim, which meant they could not receive millions of dollars in potential damages.[41] On June 5, 2012, a judge denied a motion filed by CBS to have the case thrown out, which meant it would go to trial on July 17 if the matter was not settled by then.[42] In July 2012, the actors settled their lawsuit with CBS. Each received a payment of $65,000 and a promise by CBS to continue honoring the terms of their contracts.[43][44]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS DVD have released the first six seasons of Happy Days on DVD in Region 1, as of December 2, 2014.[45] For the second season, CBS features music replacements due to copyright issues, including the theme song "Rock Around the Clock". (The Complete First Season retains the original opening, as it was released before CBS was involved). Each DVD release after season 2 has contained the original music. (except for seasons 5 and 6)[46] The Sixth Season was released on December 2, 2014. As of June 2016, no more seasons have been planned for release.[47]

text: Seasons 1 to 4 have also been released on DVD in the UK and in regions 2 and 4.

text:
DVD name
No. of
episodes
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete First Season
16
August 17, 2004
August 27, 2007
September 19, 2007

The Second Season
23
April 17, 2007
November 12, 2007
March 6, 2008

The Third Season
24
November 27, 2007
April 7, 2008
September 4, 2008

The Fourth Season
25
December 9, 2008
January 9, 2011
February 5, 2009

The Fifth Season
26
May 20, 2014

The Sixth Season
27
December 2, 2014

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Happy Days, itself a spin-off from Love, American Style, resulted in seven different spin-off series, including two that were animated: Laverne & Shirley, Blansky's Beauties, Mork & Mindy, Out of the Blue, Joanie Loves Chachi, The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (animated) and Laverne & Shirley with Special Guest Star the Fonz (animated).

text:
The most successful of these spin-offs, Laverne & Shirley (starring Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams, respectively), also took place in early/mid-1960s Milwaukee. As Shotz Brewery workers, modeled after the Miller, Schlitz, and Pabst Breweries once located in Milwaukee, Laverne and Shirley find themselves in adventures with The Fonz, Lenny and Squiggy and even the Cunninghams also living in the midwestern city. The two starring characters eventually moved to Los Angeles in the show's later years. Penny Marshall is the sister of producer Garry Marshall. Happy Days and Laverne & Shirley had a crossover episode, "Shotgun Wedding", in which Richie and Fonzie get into trouble with a farmer for courting his daughters and Laverne and Shirley try to help them. Part one is the season seven premiere of Happy Days and part two is the season five premiere of Laverne & Shirley.
Robin Williams made his first appearance as "Mork" on Happy Days. In his own sitcom, Mork & Mindy, his character of Mork, the alien from the planet Ork, landed in 1970s Boulder, Colorado, to study humans and took up residence with Pam Dawber's character of Mindy McConnell. Originally, Mork's appearance was explained as a dream of Richie's, but after the spin-off was established, a new ending was tagged on to the repeat of the Happy Days episode explaining that Mork would return to Earth in 1978.
Joanie Loves Chachi was a short-lived show about Richie's younger sister Joanie and Fonzie's younger cousin Chachi's relationship during their years as musicians in Chicago. While commonly believed that the show was canceled due to low ratings, the program finished in the Top 20 its first season, but ABC determined that the show was losing too much of its lead-in, suggesting low appeal if the show were moved (a suggestion that came to be realized, as the show's ratings dropped dramatically after a move to another time slot in its second season). This type of cancellation seemed strange in the early 1980s, but soon became a commonplace part of TV audience research.
Out of the Blue is a spin-off of Happy Days, though a scheduling error had the series airing prior to the main character's introduction on Happy Days.
Blansky's Beauties (1977) starred Nancy Walker as former Las Vegas showgirl Nancy Blansky. One week before the show's premiere, the Blansky character appeared on Happy Days as a cousin of Howard Cunningham. Scott Baio and Lynda Goodfriend co-starred before joining Happy Days the following fall, and Pat Morita reprised his role of Arnold. Similarly, Eddie Mekka of Laverne & Shirley played the cousin of his Carmine character, while pulling double duty as a regular in both shows.

text: Books[edit]

text: A series of novels based on characters and dialog of the series was written by William Johnston and published by Tempo Books in the 1970s.

text: Animation[edit]

text: There are two animated series. Both were produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions in association with Paramount Television (now known as CBS Television Distribution). The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang ran from 1980 to 1982. There are also animated spin-offs of Laverne & Shirley (Laverne & Shirley in the Army) and Mork and Mindy (centering on a young Mork and Mindy in high school). The following season, they were connected together as The Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour (1982).[48]

text: Musicals[edit]

text: In the late 1990s, a touring arena show called Happy Days, The Arena Spectacular toured Australia's major cities.[49] The story featured a property developer, and former girlfriend of Fonzie called Miss Frost (Rebecca Gibney) wanting to buy the diner and redevelop it. It starred Craig McLachlan as Fonzie, Max Gillies and Wendy Hughes as Mr. and Mrs. Cunningham, Doug Parkinson as Al and Jo Beth Taylor as Richie's love interest Laura. Tom Bosley presented an introduction before each performance live on stage, and pop group Human Nature played a 1950s-style rock group.

text: Another stage show, Happy Days: A New Musical began touring in 2008.[50][51]

text: Reunions[edit]

text: There have been two reunion shows which aired on ABC: the first was The Happy Days Reunion Special, originally aired in March 1992, followed by a second special in 2005 to commemorate the program's 30th anniversary. Both were set up in interview/clip format.