document_title: List of Attack on Titan chapters

question_text: when is the next chapter of attack on titan coming out

text: List of Attack on Titan chapters

text: Manga[edit]

text: Attack on Titan[edit]

text: Chapters in the Kodansha USA publications are numbered as episodes.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
March 17, 2010[1]
ISBN 978-4-06-384276-0
June 19, 2012[3]
ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4

"To You, 2,000 Years from Now" (二千年後の君へ, Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e)
"That Day" (その日, Sono Hi)
"Night of the Disbanding Ceremony" (解散式の夜, Kaisanshiki no Yoru)
"First Battle" (初陣, Uijin)

With the advent of giant humanoid beings known as "Titans" that hunt and eat humans on sight, mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls; Wall Maria, Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years, until a 60-meter tall Titan (known henceforth as Colossus Titan) and a strong, armored one (known as Armored Titan) breach the fortified city of Shinganshina. The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans, claiming tens of thousands of lives. After his mother is killed in the attack, Eren Yeager, one of the survivors of Shinganshina, joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert. After completing their training, Eren, Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans.

2
July 16, 2010[6]
ISBN 978-4-06-384338-5
September 11, 2012[7]
ISBN 978-1-61262-025-1

"A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair" (絶望の中で鈍く光る, Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru)
"The World that the Girl Saw" (少女が見た世界, Shōjo ga Mita Sekai)
"Small Blade" (小さな刃, Chiisa na Yaiba)
"Roar" (咆哮, Hōkō)
"The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる, Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru)

While protecting Armin from a Titan, Eren is swallowed, leading his friends to believe he is dead. Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren. When the soldiers are about to lose hope, a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans. After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply, they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body.

3
December 9, 2010[8]
ISBN 978-4-06-384410-8
December 4, 2012[9]
ISBN 978-1-61262-026-8

Side Story: "Captain Levi" (リヴァイ兵士長, Rivai Heishichō)

"Where's the Left Arm?" (左腕の行方, Hidariude no Yukue)
"Response" (応える, Kotaeru)
"Icon" (偶像, Gūzō)
"Wound" (傷, Kizu)

News of Eren's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city. In the end, Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry. However, during the operation, Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned.

4
April 8, 2011[10]
ISBN 978-4-06-384469-6
March 26, 2013[11]
ISBN 978-1-61262-253-8

"Primitive Desire" (原初的欲求, Genshoteki Yokkyū)
"One by One" (個々, Koko)
"Necessity" (必要, Hitsuyō)
"Delusions of Strength" (武力幻想, Buryoku Gensō)
"What Should I Do Now?" (今、何をすべきか, Ima, Nani o Subeki ka)

Recovering his conscience, Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans. The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training.

5
August 9, 2011[12]
ISBN 978-4-06-384513-6
June 4, 2013[13]
ISBN 978-1-61262-254-5

Side Story: "Ilse's Notebook" (イルゼの手帳, Iruze no Techō)

"Still Can't See" (まだ目を見れない, Mada Me o Mirenai)
"Special Operations Squad" (特別作戦班, Tokubetsu Sakusen Han)
"Opening the Gate" (開門, Kaimon)
"Long-Distance Enemy Scouting Formation" (長距離索敵陣形, Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei)

A Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall, a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her. However, she was killed in the process. Back to the present, Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate. Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead, and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria, it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force, led by Levi, the man who is believed to be the army's strongest hero ever. Soon after, the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory, bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them.

6
December 9, 2011[14]
ISBN 978-4-06-384591-4
August 27, 2013[15]
ISBN 978-1-61262-255-2

"The Female Titan" (女型の巨人, Megata no Kyojin)
"The Titan Forest" (巨大樹の森, Kyodaiju no Mori)
"Bite" (噛みつく, Kamitsuku)
"The Easy Path" (好都合な道を, Kōtsugō na Michi o)

The expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female-like features. Figuring that its target is Eren, Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap, using it to capture the Female Titan.

7
April 9, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384652-2 [16]
ISBN 978-4-06-362208-9[17] (limited edition)
September 24, 2013[18]
ISBN 978-1-61262-256-9

"Erwin Smith" (エルヴィン・スミス, Eruvin Sumisu)
"Choices and Consequences" (選択と結果, Sentaku to Kekka)
"Crushing Blow" (鉄槌, Tettsui)
"Losers" (敗者達, Haisha Tachi)

The Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi. Having failed to discover the enemy's identity despite suffering heavy casualties, the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police.

8
August 9, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384712-3 [19]
ISBN 978-4-06-362227-0[20] (limited edition)
October 29, 2013[21]
ISBN 978-1-61262-547-8

"Grin" (微笑み, Hohoemi)
"Mercy" (慈悲, Jihi)
"Wall" (壁, Kabe)
"Soldiers Dance" (戦士は踊る, Senshi wa Odoru)

Stationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District, Annie Leonhart, an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends, is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape. However, it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition. After failing to capture Eren once again, Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible, crystal-like structure to protect herself. After the battle, it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it. As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren, the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose.

9
December 7, 2012
ISBN 978-4-06-384776-5 [22]
ISBN 978-4-06-362239-3[23] (limited edition)
November 26, 2013[24]
ISBN 978-1-61262-548-5

"The Beast Titan" (獣の巨人, Kemono no Kyojin)
"I'm Home" (ただいま, Tadaima)
"Southwestward" (南西へ, Nansei e)
"Utgard Castle" (ウトガルド城, Utogarudo-jō)

The Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose. A beast-like Titan, who is able to converse, confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans. The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages. Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans, recalls her past, and reunites with her father. On the way to Ehrmich District, Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren's Titan form. Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls. Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him. The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one. They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard, but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises.

10
April 9, 2013
ISBN 978-4-06-384839-7 [25]
ISBN 978-4-06-362243-0[26] (limited edition)
December 31, 2013[27]
ISBN 978-1-61262-676-5

"Soldier" (兵士, Heishi)
"Ymir" (ユミル, Yumiru)
"Historia" (ヒストリア, Hisutoria)
"Warrior" (戦士, Senshi)

The Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans. Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower, but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans. As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans, Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan, and uses that to beat down the attackers. Eren, Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans. Krista reveals her real name: Historia Reiss, an illegitimate child within the royal lineage. Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause, but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans, Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other.

11
August 9, 2013
ISBN 978-4-06-394901-8 [28]
ISBN 978-4-06-362256-0[29] (special edition)
January 28, 2014[30]
ISBN 978-1-61262-677-2

"The Armored Titan" (鎧の巨人, Yoroi no Kyojin)
"Strike, Throw, Submit" (打・投・極, Da Tō Kyoku)
"The Hunters" (追う者, Ou Mono)
"Opening" (開口, Kaikō)

Face to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina, Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan, while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others. Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa, he defeats the Armored Titan, but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion. Ymir and Eren are captured. Five hours later, Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others, who organize a party to chase after them.

12
December 9, 2013[31]
December 6, 2013[32] (limited edition)
ISBN 978-4-06-394976-6
ISBN 978-4-06-358465-3 (limited edition)
April 29, 2014[33]
ISBN 978-1-61262-678-9

"Children" (子供達, Kodomo Tachi)
"Someone" (誰か, Dareka)
"Charge" (突撃, Totsugeki)
"Scream" (叫び, Sakebi)

Reiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side, claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista's safety, but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys. While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans, their rescue party approaches. Ymir transforms and captures Krista. Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir, Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them. Amid the chaos of the battle, Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother. He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding, using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers. Eren and his friends then return home safely, but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt.

13
April 9, 2014[34]
April 3, 2014[35] (limited edition)
ISBN 978-4-06-395044-1
ISBN 978-4-06-358488-2 (limited edition)
August 26, 2014[36]
ISBN 978-1-61262-679-6

"Squad Levi" (リヴァイ班, Rivai Han)
"Krista Lenz" (クリスタ・レンズ, Kurisuta Renzu)
"Smoke Signal" (狼煙, Noroshi)
"Location of the Counterattack" (反撃の場所, Hangeki no Basho)

The Survey Corps take Eren and Krista, who now assumes her birth name, Historia Reiss, to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria. Furthermore, Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once, but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form, unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters. When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself, Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference.

14
August 8, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-395141-7 [37]
ISBN 978-4-06-358703-6[38] (limited edition)
November 4, 2014[39]
ISBN 978-1-61262-680-2

"Pain" (痛み, Itami)
"Actors" (役者, Yakusha)
"Kenny the Ripper" (切り裂きケニー, Kirisaki Kenī)
"Gunshots" (銃声, Jūsei)

After learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia's father, Rod Reiss, who is the true ruler inside the walls, Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen. To draw the attention of their enemies, Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait, but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman, a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi. Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces, who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans, appear to stop them.

15
December 9, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-395253-7 [40]
ISBN 978-4-06-358722-7[41] (limited edition)
March 17, 2015[42]
ISBN 978-1-61262-979-7

"Soul of a Heretic" (外道の魂, Gedō no Tamashii)
"Trust" (信頼, Shinrai)
"Reply" (回答, Kaitō)
"Sin" (罪, Tsumi)

Levi and the others escape from Kenny's troops, but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death. However, false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility's unwillingness to protect its own subjects, leading the army to revolt against them. Meanwhile, Eren's friends prepare to rescue him, who is restrained by Historia's father and the true monarch, Rod Reiss. Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father, revealing that in the occasion, he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him.

16
April 9, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395358-9 [43]
ISBN 978-4-06-358723-4[44] (limited edition)
August 25, 2015[45]
ISBN 978-1-61262-980-3

"Chains" (鎖, Kusari)
"Welcome Party" (歓迎会, Kangeikai)
"Dreams and Curses" (夢と呪い, Yume to Noroi)
"Wish" (願い, Negai)

The Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia, while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren's powers by eating him. Despite Eren's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family's death at his father's hands, Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place. However, Rod's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size, larger than the Colossal Titan itself, and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed, Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask.

17
August 7, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395446-3 [46]
ISBN 978-4-06-362303-1[47] (limited edition)
December 15, 2015[48]
ISBN 978-1-63236-112-7

"Outside the Walls of Orvud District" (オルブド区外壁, Orubudo-ku Gaiheki)
"Ruler of the Walls" (壁の王, Kabe no Ō)
"Friends" (友人, Yūjin)
"A Dream I Once Had" (いつか見た夢, Itsuka Mita Yume)

The Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District, ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls. Historia then is crowned queen, but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans. Afterwards, Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis, the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers. Meanwhile in Shinganshina, the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form, and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others, certain that they will eventually appear there.

18
December 9, 2015
ISBN 978-4-06-395549-1 [49]
ISBN 978-4-06-358783-8[50] (limited edition)
April 5, 2016[51]
ISBN 978-1-63236-211-7

"Bystander" (傍観者, Bōkansha)
"Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall" (奪還作戦の夜, Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru)
"The Town Where Everything Began" (はじまりの街, Hajimari no Machi)
"Mission Objectives" (作戦成功条件, Sakusen Seikō Jōken)

Eren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren's father and the night of his death. After that, the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina, where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans. However, the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence, assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control, putting the Corps in disarray, while Bertolt lays low, waiting for his time to strike.

19
April 8, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395636-8 [52]
ISBN 978-4-06-362328-4[53] (limited edition)
August 2, 2016[54]
ISBN 978-1-63236-259-9

"War on Two Fronts" (二つの戦局, Futatsu no Senkyoku)
"The Thunder Spears" (雷槍, Raisō)
"The World They Saw" (彼らが見た世界, Karera ga Mita Sekai)
"Descent" (光臨, Kōrin)

Eren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form, the "Thunder Spear". With his friend in trouble, Bertolt joins the battle, transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him.

20
August 9, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395720-4 [55]
ISBN 978-4-06-362335-2[56] (limited edition)
December 27, 2016[57]
ISBN 978-1-63236-309-1

"Perfect Game" (完全試合, Pāfekuto Gēmu)
"The Unknown Soldiers" (名も無き兵士, Na mo Naki Heishi)
"Promise" (約束, Yakusoku)
"Hero" (勇者, Yūsha)

To break the enemy encirclement, Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces. The Beast Titan's forces are defeated, but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded. Meanwhile, Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt, but Armin's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him.

21
December 9, 2016
ISBN 978-4-06-395815-7 [2]
ISBN 978-4-06-362347-5[58] (limited edition)
April 18, 2017[59]
ISBN 978-1-63236-327-5

"Falling Axe" (大鉈, Ōnata)
"Midnight Sun" (白夜, Byakuya)
"Basement" (地下室, Chikashitsu)
"That Day" (あの日, Ano Hi)

Zeke, the Beast Titan, rescues Reiner and flees, while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin, both almost dying, with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession. In the end, they decide to use the serum on Armin, and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him, in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers, while Erwin passes away. With Shinganshina secured, Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty, but is thriving instead. Grisha also reveals that their race, the Eldians, are oppressed outside the walls by the dominant race, the Marleyans, and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them, until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son, who was actually Zeke.

22
April 7, 2017
ISBN 978-4-06-395909-3 [60]
ISBN 978-4-06-362355-0[61] (limited edition)
August 1, 2017[62]
ISBN 978-1-63236-425-8

"Boundary" (境界線, Kyōkaisen)
"The Attack Titan" (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin)
"Meeting" (会議, Kaigi)
"To the Other Side of the Wall" (壁の向こう側へ, Kabe no Mukōgawa e)

After Zeke's betrayal, his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island, where the walls are situated, and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away, but was saved by Eren Kruger, an undercover agent known as "Owl", who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces. After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before, and will soon die because of them, Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him. Upon looking at Grisha's memories inside his mind, Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live, but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina. Meanwhile, Historia receives a letter from Ymir, who reveals that she will soon be killed, and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while. After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha's documents to the public, the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans. However, Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina, a member of the royal family turned titan, and, fearing for Historia's safety, decides to keep that information to himself.

23
August 9, 2017
ISBN 978-4-06510-100-1 [63]
ISBN 978-4-06510-007-3[64] (limited edition)
December 19, 2017[65]
ISBN 978-1-63236-463-0

"The Other Side of the Ocean" (海の向こう側, Umi no Mukōgawa)
"Marley's Soldiers" (マーレの戦士, Māre no Senshi)
"Midnight Train" (闇夜の列車, Yamiyo no Ressha)
"The Boy Inside The Wall" (壁の中の少年, Kabe no Naka no Shōnen)

text: Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]

text:
"Liar" (嘘つき, Usotsuki)
"Gate of Hope" (希望の扉, Kibō no Tobira)
"From One Hand to Another" (手から手へ, Te kara Te e)

tag: ol

text: Junior High[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Junior High (進撃!巨人中学校, Shingeki! Kyojin Chūgakkō) is a parody manga written and illustrated by Saki Nakagawa, serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine since its May 2012 issue.[66] The first tankōbon volume was released April 9, 2013,[67] and as of December 9, 2015, 9 volumes have been released.[68] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, who published the first volume on March 11, 2014.[69][a]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 9, 2013[67]
ISBN 978-4-06-384841-0
March 11, 2014[69]
ISBN 978-1-61262-916-2

2
August 9, 2013[70]
ISBN 978-4-06-394903-2
March 11, 2014[69]
ISBN 978-1-61262-916-2

3
December 9, 2013[71]
ISBN 978-4-06-394979-7
November 25, 2014[72]
ISBN 978-1-61262-918-6

4
April 9, 2014[73]
ISBN 978-4-06-395046-5
November 25, 2014[72]
ISBN 978-1-61262-918-6

5
August 8, 2014[74]
ISBN 978-4-06-395143-1
April 28, 2015[75]
ISBN 978-1-61262-961-2

6
December 9, 2014[76]
ISBN 978-4-06-395254-4
April 28, 2015[75]
ISBN 978-1-61262-961-2

7
April 9, 2015[77]
ISBN 978-4-06-395359-6
November 24, 2015[78]
ISBN 978-1-63236-113-4

8
August 7, 2015[79]
ISBN 978-4-06-395445-6
November 24, 2015[78]
ISBN 978-1-63236-113-4

9
December 9, 2015[68]
ISBN 978-4-06-395550-7
September 13, 2016[80]
ISBN 978-1-63236-410-4

10
April 8, 2016[81]
ISBN 978-4-06-395637-5
September 13, 2016[80]
ISBN 978-1-63236-410-4

11
August 9, 2016[82]
ISBN 978-4-06-395721-1
—
—

text: Before the Fall[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Before the Fall (進撃の巨人 Before the fall) is a spinoff manga illustrated by Satoshi Shiki, based on the prequel light novel series of the same name written by Ryō Suzukaze. The series has been serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius since August 2013.[83] The first tankōbon volume was released December 9, 2013.[84] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, who published the first volume on March 11, 2014.[85]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 9, 2013[84]
ISBN 978-4-06-376439-0
March 11, 2014[85]
ISBN 978-1-61262-910-0

2
April 9, 2014[86]
ISBN 978-4-06-376460-4
August 19, 2014[87]
ISBN 978-1-61262-912-4

3
August 8, 2014[88]
ISBN 978-4-06-376486-4
December 9, 2014[89]
ISBN 978-1-61262-914-8

4
December 9, 2014[90]
ISBN 978-4-06-376515-1
March 31, 2015[91]
ISBN 978-1-61262-981-0

5
April 9, 2015[92]
ISBN 978-4-06-376537-3
August 25, 2015[93]
ISBN 978-1-61262-982-7

6
August 7, 2015[94]
ISBN 978-4-06-376564-9
December 29, 2015[95]
ISBN 978-1-63236-224-7

7
December 9, 2015[96]
ISBN 978-4-06-376590-8
April 12, 2016[97]
ISBN 978-1-63236-225-4

8
April 8, 2016[98]
ISBN 978-4-06-390619-6
August 9, 2016[99]
ISBN 978-1-63236-260-5

9
August 9, 2016[100]
ISBN 978-4-06-390641-7
December 13, 2016[101]
ISBN 978-1-63236-320-6

10
December 9, 2016[102]
ISBN 978-4-06-390667-7
April 18, 2017[103]
ISBN 978-1-63236-381-7

text: No Regrets[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: No Regrets (進撃の巨人 悔いなき選択, Shingeki no Kyojin Kuinaki Sentaku) is a spinoff manga written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga, serialized in the Aria magazine from its start in the November 28, 2013 issue to June 28, 2014. The manga is an adaptation of the visual novel of the same name. It focuses on the origin story of Levi, before he was a part of the Survey Corps Special Operations Squad. In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, which released both volumes in 2014.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 9, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-376961-6 [104]
ISBN 978-4-06-362271-3[105] (special edition)
June 24, 2014[106]
ISBN 978-1-61262-941-4

2
August 8, 2014
ISBN 978-4-06-377046-9 [107]
ISBN 978-4-06-362277-5[108] (special edition)
October 28, 2014[109]
ISBN 978-1-61262-943-8

text: Spoof on Titan[edit]

text: Sungeki no Kyojin (寸劇の巨人, "Titan Short Skits") is a comedic yonkoma manga written and illustrated by hounori, released on Kodansha's "Manga Box" smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30, 2014, in both Japanese and English.[110] The first tankōbon was published on August 8, 2014, and the second on April 9, 2015.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

01
August 8, 2014[111]
ISBN 978-4-06-395152-3
September 13, 2016[112]
ISBN 9781632364081

02
April 9, 2015[113]
ISBN 978-4-06-395360-2
December 13, 2016[114]
ISBN 9781632364098

text: Lost Girls[edit]

text: A manga adaptation by Ryōsuke Fuji of visual and light novel by the same name, that began serialization in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9, 2015.[115] The series ended in the June 2016 issue of the magazine on May 9, 2016.[116] In North America, the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA, which released both volumes in 2016.

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 8, 2016[117]
ISBN 978-4-06-395638-2
August 30, 2016[118]
ISBN 9781632363855

2
August 9, 2016[119]
ISBN 978-4-06-395722-8
November 15, 2016[120]
ISBN 9781632364180

text: Novels[edit]

text: Before the Fall[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Before the Fall (進撃の巨人 Before the fall) is a light novel written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto.[121] It initially follows the story of Angel, the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment, before focusing on a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan. Three volumes of Before the Fall were published between December 2, 2011, and June 29, 2012.[121][122] Vertical licensed the light novels in October 2013 for distribution in English.[123][124]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 2, 2011[121]
ISBN 978-4-06-375202-1
September 16, 2014[125]
ISBN 978-1-939130-86-0

2
March 30, 2012[126]
ISBN 978-4-06-375228-1
May 26, 2015[127]
ISBN 978-1-939130-87-7

3
June 29, 2012[122]
ISBN 978-4-06-375243-4
May 26, 2015[127]
ISBN 978-1-939130-87-7

text: Harsh Mistress of the City[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Harsh Mistress of the City (進撃の巨人　隔絶都市の女王, Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō) is written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata.[128] It depicts the aftermath of the fall of Wall Maria first shown at the beginning of the manga. The first volume of Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joou was published on August 1, 2014.[128]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
August 1, 2014[129]
ISBN 978-4-06-375296-0
August 25, 2015[130]
ISBN 978-1-941220-62-7

2
May 1, 2015[131]
ISBN 978-4-06-375299-1
September 29, 2015[132]
ISBN 978-1-942993-29-2

text: Lost Girls[edit]

text: Attack on Titan: Lost Girls (進撃の巨人 Lost Girls)[133] is written by Hiroshi Seko.[134] It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa Ackerman and Annie Leonhart, titled "Lost in the cruel world", "Wall Sina, Goodbye",[b] and "Lost Girls".[135] It was published in Japan on December 9, 2014,[134] and in North America on June 28, 2016 by Vertical.[135]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
December 9, 2014[136]
ISBN 978-4-06-377096-4
June 28, 2016[137]
ISBN 9781942993353

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Kodansha USA is releasing Junior High volumes in a 2-in-1 omnibus format.
Jump up ^ The Japanese version of Attack on Titan: Lost Girls uses an English title "Wall Sina, Goodbye". This is subject to change after the official English release[133]


document_title: Red velvet cake

question_text: where did the name red velvet cake come from

root

text: Red velvet cake

text:
Red Velvet cake

Four-layer slice of red velvet cake

Type
Layer cake

Course
Dessert

Place of origin
United States

Region or state
United States

Main ingredients
Flour, buttermilk, butter, sugar, cocoa powder, and/or cream cheese icing, beetroot, or red food colouring

 Cookbook: Red Velvet cake   Media: Red Velvet cake

tag: table

text: Red Velvet cake is traditionally a red, red-brown, or "mahogany" colored[1] layer cake, layered with white cream cheese icing or Ermine[2] frosting (sometimes called "cooked roux" frosting). It has a distinctive fluffy texture owing to the gas-producing reaction of alkaline buttermilk with acidic vinegar and/or acidic non-alkalized cocoa.[1] The cake is commonly served on Christmas or Valentine's Day. Common modern red velvet cake is made with red dye,[3][4] however the red color was originally due to non-Dutched anthocyanin-rich cocoa.[1]

tag: p

text: Common ingredients include: buttermilk, butter, cocoa, vinegar, and flour for the cake; beetroot or red food coloring for the color.

text: History[edit]

text: James Beard's reference, American Cookery (1972),[5] describes three red velvet cakes varying in the amounts of shortening, butter, and vegetable oil. All used red food coloring. The reaction of acidic vinegar and buttermilk tends to better reveal the red anthocyanin in cocoa and keeps the cake moist, light, and fluffy. This natural tinting may have been the source for the name "red velvet", as well as "Devil's food" and similar names for chocolate cakes.[6][7] Contemporarily, chocolate has often undergone Dutch processing, which prevents the color change of the anthocyanins.[8] A reconstruction of the original red velvet cake involves reducing or eliminating the vinegar and colorants, and using a non-Dutched cocoa to provide the needed acidity and color.[1]

text: When foods were rationed during World War II, bakers used boiled beet juices to enhance the color of their cakes. Beets are found in some red velvet cake recipes, where they also serve to retain moisture. Adams Extract, a Texas company, is credited with bringing the red velvet cake to kitchens across America during the Great Depression era, by being one of the first to sell red food coloring and other flavor extracts with the use of point-of-sale posters and tear-off recipe cards.[9][10] The cake and its original recipe are well known in the United States from New York City's famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, which has dubbed the confection Waldorf-Astoria cake. However, it is widely considered a Southern recipe.[7] Traditionally, red velvet cake is iced with a French-style butter roux icing (also called ermine icing), which is very light and fluffy, but time-consuming to prepare. Cream cheese frosting and buttercream frosting are variations which have increased in popularity.[11][12]

text: In Canada, the cake was a well-known dessert in the restaurants and bakeries of the Eaton's department store chain in the 1940s and 1950s. Promoted as an exclusive Eaton's recipe, with employees who knew the recipe sworn to silence, many mistakenly believed the cake was the invention of the department store matriarch, Lady Eaton.[13]

text: In recent years, red velvet cake and red velvet cupcakes have become increasingly popular in the US and many European countries. A resurgence in the popularity of this cake is attributed by some to the film Steel Magnolias (1989), which included a red velvet groom's cake made in the shape of an armadillo.[7] Magnolia Bakery in Manhattan, has served it since its opening in 1996, as did restaurants known for their Southern cooking like Amy Ruth's in Harlem,[7] which opened in 1998.[14] In 2000,[15] Cake Man Raven opened one of the first bakeries devoted to the cake in Brooklyn.[citation needed]


document_title: Union Stock Yards

question_text: which city was known as porkopolis after its slaughterhouse district

text: Union Stock Yards

text: History[edit]

text: Before construction of the various private stockyards, tavern owners provided pastures and care for cattle herds waiting to be sold.  With the spreading service of railroads, several small stockyards were created in and around the City of Chicago.[8] In 1848, a stockyard called the Bulls Head Market was opened to the public.[9]  The Bulls Head Stock Yards were located at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue.[10]  In the years that followed, several small stockyards were scattered throughout the city.  Between 1852 and 1865, five (5) railroads were constructed to Chicago.[9]  The stockyards that sprang up were usually built along various rail lines of these new railroad companies.[11] Some railroads built their own stockyards in Chicago.  The Illinois Central and the Michigan Central railroads combined to build the largest set of pens on the lake shore east of Cottage Grove Avenue from 29th Street to 35th Street.[9]  In 1878, the New York Central Railroad managed to buy a controlling interest in the Michigan Central Railroad.[12]:33  In this way, Cornelius Vanderbilt, owner of the New York Central Railroad,[13] got his start in the stockyard business in Chicago.

text: Several factors contributed to consolidation of the Chicago stockyards: westward expansion of railroads between 1850 and 1870,[14] which drove great commercial growth in Chicago as a major railroad center, and the Mississippi River blockade during the Civil War that closed all north-south river trade.  The United States government purchased a great deal of beef and pork to feed the Union troops fighting the Civil War.  As a consequence, hog receipts at the Chicago stockyards rose from 392,000 hogs in 1860 to 1,410,000 hogs over the winter butchering season of 1864-1865; over the same time period, beef receipts in Chicago rose from 117,000 head to 339,000 head.[15] With an influx of butchers and small meat packing concerns, the number of businesses greatly increased to process the flood of livestock being shipped to the Chicago stockyards.[16] The goal was to butcher and process the livestock locally rather than transferring it to other northern cities for butchering and processing.[11] Keeping up with the huge number of animals arriving each day proved impossible until a new wave of consolidation and modernization altered the meatpacking business in the post-Civil War era.

text: The Union Stock Yards, designed to consolidate operations, was built in 1864 on swampland south of the city.[17] It was south and west of the earlier stock yards in an area bounded by Halsted Street on the east, South Racine Avenue on the west, with 39th Street as the northern boundary and 47th Street as the southern boundary.  Led by the Alton, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway a consortium of nine railroad companies (hence the "Union" name) acquired the 320-acre (1.3 km2) swampland area in southwest Chicago for $100,000 in 1864.[18] The stockyards were connected to the city's main rail lines by 15 miles (24 km) of track.[18]  In 1864, the Union Stock Yards were located just outside the southern boundary of the City of Chicago. Within five years the area was incorporated into the city.[19]

text: Eventually, the 375-acre (1.52 km2) site had 2300 separate livestock pens,  room to accommodate 75,000 hogs, 21,000 cattle and 22,000 sheep at any one time.[20]  Additionally, hotels, saloons, restaurants, and offices for merchants and brokers sprang up in the growing community around the stockyards.[21] Led by Timothy Blackstone, a founder and the first president of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company, "The Yards" experienced tremendous growth. Processing two million animals yearly by 1870, in two decades the number rose to nine million by 1890. Between 1865 and 1900, approximately 400 million livestock were butchered within the confines of the Yards.[22]

text: By the start of the 20th century, the stockyards employed 25,000 people and produced 82 percent of the domestic meat consumed nationally.[23] In 1921, the stockyards employed 40,000 people.[24] Two thousand men worked directly for the Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., and the rest worked for companies such as meatpackers, which had plants in the stockyards.[22] By 1900, the 475-acre (1.92 km2) stockyard contained 50 miles (80 km) of road, and had 130 miles (210 km) of track along its perimeter.[18] At its largest area, The Yards covered nearly 1 square mile (3 km2) of land, from Halsted Street to Ashland Avenue and from 39th (now Pershing Rd.) to 47th Streets.[5][8]

text: At one time, 500,000 US gallons (2,000 m3) a day of Chicago River water were pumped into the stockyards. So much stockyard waste drained into the South Fork of the river that it was called Bubbly Creek due to the gaseous products of decomposition.[18] The creek bubbles to this day.[25] When the City permanently reversed the flow of the Chicago River in 1900, the intent was to prevent the Stock Yards' waste products, along with other sewage, from flowing into Lake Michigan and contaminating the City's drinking water.[24]

text: The meatpacking district was served between 1908 and 1957 by a short Chicago 'L' line with several stops, devoted primarily to the daily transport of thousands of workers and even tourists to the site. The line was constructed when the City of Chicago forced the removal of surface trackage on 40th Street.[26]

text: Evolving methods of transportation and distribution led to declining business and the closing of the Union Stock Yards in 1971. National Wrecking Company negotiated a contract whereby National Wrecking cleared a 102-acre site and removed some 50 acres of animal pens, auxiliary buildings and the eight story Exchange Building. It took approximately eight months to complete the job and ready the site for the building of an industrial park.[27]

text: Effect on industry[edit]

text: The area and scale of the stockyards, along with technological advancements in rail transport and refrigeration, allowed for the creation of some of America's first truly global companies led by entrepreneurs such as Gustavus Franklin Swift and Philip Danforth Armour. Philip Armour was the first person to build a modern large-scale meatpacking plant in Chicago in 1867.[28]  The Armour plant was built at 45th Street and Elizabeth Avenue immediately to the west of the Union Stockyards.  This new plant employed the modern "assembly line" (or rather dis-assembly line) method of work. The mechanized process with its killing wheel and conveyors helped inspire the automobile assembly line that Henry Ford popularized in 1913.[29]  For a time the Armour plant, located on a twelve (12) acre site,[30] was renowned as the largest factory in the world.

text: In addition, hedging transactions by the stockyard companies was pivotal in the establishment and growth of the Chicago-based commodity exchanges and futures markets.[31]  Selling on the futures market allowed the seller to have a guaranteed price at a set time in the future.  This was extremely helpful to those sellers who expected their cattle or hogs to come to market with a glut of other cattle or hogs when prices might necessarily be substantially lower than the guaranteed futures price.

text: Following the arrival of Armour in 1867, Gustav Swift's company arrived in Chicago in 1875 and built another modern large-scale meatpacking plant at 42nd Street and South Justine Street.[32]  The Morris Company built a meatpacking plant at 42nd Street and Elizabeth Street.  The Hammond Company and the Wilson Company also built a meatpacking plants in the area west of the Chicago stockyards.[23][33]  Eventually, meatpacking byproduct manufacturing of leather, soap, fertilizer, glue (such as the large glue factory located at 44th Street and Loomis Street[34]), pharmaceuticals, imitation ivory, gelatin, shoe polish, buttons, perfume, and violin strings prospered in the neighborhood.[23]  Additionally, there was a "Hair Factory," located at 44th Street and Ashland Avenue, which processed hair from butchered animals into saleable items.[35]

text: Next to the Union Stock Yards, the International Amphitheatre building was built on west side of Halsted Street at 42nd Street in the 1930s, originally to hold the annual International Live Stock Exposition which began in 1900.  It became a venue for many national conventions.[36]

text: Historian William Cronon  concludes:

text: Fires[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to the fires.

text: The Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire started on December 22, 1910, destroying $400,000 of property and killing twenty-one firemen, including the Fire Marshal James J. Horan. Fifty engine companies and seven hook and ladder companies fought the fire until it was declared extinguished by Chief Seyferlich on December 23.[38] In 2004, a memorial to all Chicago firefighters who have died in the line of duty was erected just behind the Union Stock Yards Gate at the intersection of Exchange Avenue and Peoria Street.

text: A larger fire occurred on Saturday, May 19, 1934,[39]  which burned almost 90% of the stockyards, including the exchange building, stockyard inn, and the International Livestock Exposition building. This larger fire was seen as far away as Indiana, and caused approximately $6 million worth of damages.  While only one watchman was killed, a few cattle also perished, but the yards were in business the following Sunday evening.

text: Workers and unions[edit]

text: Following the opening of the new Union Stockyards on December 25, 1865, a community of workers began living in the area just west of the packing plants between Ashland Avenue and South Robey Street and bounded on the north by 43rd Street and on the south by 47th Street.[35]  At first, the residents were overwhelmingly Irish and German—60% Irish and 30% German.[40]  Officially designated the "Town of Lake" until its incorporation into the City of Chicago in about 1870, the neighborhood was known locally as "Packingtown."[14]  However, much later in the 1930s, the community would become known as the "Back of the Yards."

text: The overwhelming sensation about the neighborhood was the smell of the community caused not just by the packing plants located immediately to the east, but also by the 345-acre Chicago Union Stock Yards containing 2,300 pens of livestock, located further east from the packing plants.[41]

text: Back of the Yards Community[edit]

text: Settlement in the area that was to become known as the "Back of the Yards" began in the 1850s before there were any meat packers or stockyards in the area.  At this time the area was known as the "Town of Lake."  Indeed, the area would continue to be called Town of Lake until 1939.  Witness that the newspaper of the area was called the Town of Lake Journal.  Only with the founding of the community organization called the "Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council" in 1939 did the neighborhood west and south of the meat packinghouses start being called the "Back of the Yards."  It was a name that the residents proudly claimed as their own.  In 1939, the Town of Lake Journal officially changed its name to Back of the Yards Journal.[42]

text: Pioneers to the area first called "Town of Lake" were S. S. Crocker and John Caffrey.  Indeed, Crocker earned the nickname "Father of the Town of Lake."[17]  By February 1865 the area was incorporated officially as "Town of Lake" the area still consisted of fewer than 700 persons.  In the early 1860s the meat packing industry of the United States was still located in Cincinnati, Ohio, the original "Porkopolis" of the pre-Civil War era.[43]  However, with the end of the American Civil War, the meat packing industry had started to move westward along with the westward migration of the population of the United States.  For the meat packing industry moving west meant coming to Chicago.  As early as 1827, Archibauld Clybourn had established himself as a butcher in a log slaughter house on the north branch of the Chicago River and supplied most to the garrison of Fort Dearborn.  Other small butchers came later.  In 1848, the Bull's Head Stockyard began operations at Madison Street and Ogden Avenue on the West Side of Chicago.  Operations for this early stockyard, however, still meant holding and feeding cattle and hogs in transit to meat packing plants further east—Indianapolis[44]  and, of course, Cincinnati.

text: Decline and current use[edit]

text: The prosperity of the stockyards was due to both the concentration of railroads and the evolution of refrigerated railroad cars.[45] Its decline was due to further advances in post-World War II transportation and distribution. Direct sales of livestock from breeders to packers, facilitated by advancement in interstate trucking, made it cheaper to slaughter animals where they were raised and excluded the intermediary stockyards.[2][22] At first, the major meatpacking companies resisted change, but Swift and Armour both surrendered and vacated their plants in the Yards in the 1950s.[22]

text: In 1971, the area bounded by Pershing Road, Ashland, Halsted, and 47th Street became The Stockyards Industrial Park. The neighborhood to the west and south of the industrial park is still known as Back of the Yards, and is still home to a thriving immigrant population.

text: Gate[edit]

text: A remnant of the Union Stock Yard Gate still arches over Exchange Avenue, next to the firefighters' memorial, and can be seen by those driving along Halsted Street. This limestone gate, marking the entrance to the stockyards, survives as one of the few relics of Chicago's heritage of livestock and meatpacking. The steer head over the central arch is thought to represent "Sherman," a prize-winning bull named after John B. Sherman, a founder of the Union Stock Yard and Transit Company.[5]  The gate is a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In 1906 Upton Sinclair published The Jungle, uncovering the horrid conditions in the stockyards around the start of the 20th century. The stockyards are referred to in Carl Sandburg's poem Chicago: "proud to be Hog Butcher, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and Freight Handler to the Nation."[3] Frank Sinatra mentioned the yards in his 1964 song "My Kind of Town," and the stockyards receive a mention in the opening chapter of Thomas Pynchon's novel Against the Day. The Skip James song "Hard Times Killing floor blues" refers to the nickname of the slaughter part of the stockyards during the great depression in the 1930s. The Yards were a major tourist stop, with visitors such as Rudyard Kipling, Paul Bourget and Sarah Bernhardt. The play Saint Joan of the Stockyards, a version of the story of Joan of Arc by Bertolt Brecht, takes place in the stockyards. The 1950 film Union Station  with William Holden has the final scene at the Union Stockyards.  In "Rose Fights Back", a 1989 episode of The Golden Girls, Rose Nyland reveals that she and her husband Charlie splurged on a trip to the Chicago Stock Yards as a romantic trip for their 20th Anniversary.


document_title: Little Caesars

question_text: when did little caesars start hot n ready

text: Little Caesars

text: History[edit]

text: Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8, 1959, by Detroit Tigers farm team shortstop Mike Ilitch and his wife Marian Ilitch. The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Mike wanted to call it simply "Pizza Treat," but Marian didn't like the name. Marian considered Mike her "little Caesar". Mike ultimately relented, and the store opened as "Little Caesar's Pizza Treat." The original store is still open today.[citation needed]

text: The company is famous for its advertising catchphrase, "Pizza! Pizza!" which was introduced in 1979. The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the comparable price of a single pizza from competitors. Originally, the pizzas were served in a single long package (a piece of corrugated cardboard in 2-by-1 proportions, with two square pizzas placed side by side, then slid into a form-fitting paper sleeve that was folded and stapled closed). In addition to pizza, they served hot dogs, chicken, shrimp, and fish. Little Caesars has since discarded the unwieldy packaging in favor of typical pizza boxes.

text: In 1998, Little Caesars filled what was then the largest pizza order, filling an order of 13,386 pizzas from the VF Corporation of Greensboro, North Carolina.[4]

text: Starting in 2004, the chain began offering "Hot-N-Ready", a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5. The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain, and Little Caesars' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout.[5]

text: Little Caesars was among the first to use a new kind of speed cooking conveyor oven, the "Rotary Air Impingement Oven" as described in U.S. Patent 5676044.[6]

text: On December 10, 2014, Little Caesars announced plans for a new 8-story, 205,000-square-foot Global Resource Center to be built at Woodward Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Detroit. The new facility will double the size of Little Caesars World Headquarters Campus, currently located in the Fox Office Center building, which houses both the iconic Fox Theatre, and 186,000 square feet of office space for Little Caesars, and other Ilitch-affiliated ventures. The plans include a complete renovation of the 186,000 square foot Fox Office space into a modern, flexible, open and collaborative workspace. An overhead pedestrian bridge over Columbia Street will connect the Fox with the new Little Caesars Global Resource Center, and workspace for an additional 600 jobs to be brought to Detroit over time.[7][8]

text: On January 31, 2016, it was announced that the new Little Caesars Pizza Global Resource Center, has grown by one floor to be a nine-story building at Woodward and Columbia Street. It will sit next to the company's current headquarters inside the Fox Theatre. Original plans called for a 205,000-square-foot building; it is now expected to be about 240,000-square-feet.[9]

text: Corporate[edit]

text: Ilitch Holdings, Inc. provides professional and technical services to companies owned by Marian Ilitch. These include the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (whose new NHL arena from 2017 onward is named for the American pizza chain), the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball, Blue Line Foodservice Distribution, Little Caesars Pizza Kits, Champion Foods, Olympia Entertainment, Olympia Development, Uptown Entertainment, and the Hockeytown Cafe (also the site of City Theater), and the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit.[10]

text: Trademark[edit]

text: While Little Caesars owns the "Pizza! Pizza!" trademark in the U.S., the unaffiliated Canadian Pizza Pizza restaurant chain, founded on New Year's Eve in 1967, in Toronto (twelve years before Little Caesars began using its trademarked version in the United States) owns the Canadian trademark. As a result, Little Caesars cannot directly use its well-known slogan in Canada, due to a copyright claim by JAD Productions Corporation. Instead, the company has used "Two Pizzas!" along with "Delivery! Delivery!", "Quality! Quality!" or other such double-word tag lines in its advertising and packaging in Canada. They have used "Hot 'N Ready!" in their TV commercials for their "Hot 'N Ready" pizzas.[citation needed]

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Little Caesars sold its first franchise in 1962, and, by 1987, had restaurants in all 50 states.[11] Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Little Caesars were commonly found in Kmart stores, more specifically in Big Kmarts and Super Kmarts. The first Kmart and the first Little Caesars were both built in Garden City, Michigan. After Kmart's bankruptcy issues, some of today's Kmarts have replaced the Little Caesars with their own branded "K-Cafe". However, several Little Caesars remain. Little Caesars pizza was also included in many remodeled Kmart locations or re-branded stores such as Sears Grand or Sears Essentials.[citation needed]

text: Today, Little Caesars is the fastest-growing pizza chain in the United States,[12] and continues to expand across the country and internationally.[13]

text: International growth[edit]

text: By 1987,[14] the company was operating across the Northern United States, purchasing the Mother's Pizza chain out of receivership in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1989.[15] As of 2017, the company is present in Canada (some Canadian cities had locations since 1969), Puerto Rico, Chile, US Virgin Islands, Guam, Honduras, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Guatemala, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Bahrain, Australia and Trinidad and Tobago.[16]

text: Products[edit]

text: Little Caesars specializes in a variety of pizzas. Several core menu items are part of the HOT-N-READY menu, designed to make popular items available for immediate carry-out at lower prices than competing chains, while others are made to order and customizable using an assortment of toppings, which vary by store. Standard pizza options include their Classic Cheese and/or Pepperoni, Italian Sausage Pizza, Hula Hawaiian Pizza, Three Meat Treat Pizza, Ultimate Supreme Pizza, and Veggie Pizza.[17] In 2013, they added the DEEP!DEEP! Dish Pizza, a Detroit-style pizza, to the menu,[18] which can be ordered as a full-size, 8-corner pizza, or as of 2014, in a smaller portion with a Pepsi product as part of their lunchtime combo deal.[19]

text: Additional entrée options include flavored wings and bread, such as Crazy Bread and Italian Cheese Bread.[20] Select locations offer salads. All Little Caesars locations carry Pepsi products.[citation needed]

text: On occasion, Little Caesars releases limited time offers. In 2014, they introduced the Soft Pretzel Crust Pizza,[21] which was brought back for a second time in 2015 due to high demand.[citation needed]

text: Little Caesars was the first among pizza chains in their category to introduce a pizza wrapped in bacon when they released the Bacon Wrapped Crust Pizza, also in 2015, which featured their deep dish pizza wrapped in 3.5 feet of bacon.[22]

text: Community outreach[edit]

text: Love Kitchen[edit]

text: The Little Caesars Love Kitchen is a kitchen on wheels that serves pizza to those in need. Since its creation in 1985, it has traveled to 48 states and 4 Canadian provinces and responded to several disasters, including the September 11 terrorist attacks. Former Presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush recognized the Love Kitchen by awarding Little Caesars with The President’s Volunteer Action Award Citation.[23]

text: Veterans program[edit]

text: In 2006, Little Caesars started its Veterans Program, which provides incentives to honorably discharged veterans looking to open their own business when transitioning back to civilian life or seeking a career change.[24] Mike Ilitch was inspired to start the program after hearing a story about a veteran, who lost both legs in war, returning to civilian life.[25]


document_title: List of best-selling game consoles

question_text: who has sold more ps4 or xbox one

question_tokens: who has sold more ps4 or xbox one

text: List of best-selling game consoles

text: Best-selling game consoles[edit]

text: The following tables contain video game consoles and handheld game consoles that have sold at least 1 million units worldwide either through to consumers or inside retail channels. Each console include sales from every iteration unless otherwise noted. The years correspond to when the home or handheld game console was first released—excluding test markets. Each year links to the corresponding "year in video gaming".

text: Background shading indicates current generation consoles on the market.    Dagger glyph indicates dedicated consoles.    Double-dagger glyph indicates hybrid video game consoles.

text: Hardware firms labelled  Atari ,  Microsoft ,  Nintendo ,  Sega  or  Sony  have more than two consoles listed; those with a white background do not.

text: All game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy
Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989
1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[32]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
70.6 million
[39][40][41]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
68.98 million
[42]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[43]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(estimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[44]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[45]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
10–15 million
(estimate)
[note 1]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
10 million
[52]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[54]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[55]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[55][56][57][58]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

Color TV-Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[67][68]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[69]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[70]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[74]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[79][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[81]

text: Home game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling home game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

PlayStation 2
Sony
2000
>155 million
[note 1]

PlayStation
Sony
1994
102.49 million
[32]

Wii
Nintendo
2006
101.63 million
[16]

Xbox 360
Microsoft
2005
84 million
[note 3]

PlayStation 3
Sony
2006
>83.8 million
[note 1]

PlayStation 4
Sony
2013
70.6 million
[39][40][41]

Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1983
61.91 million
[16]

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo
1990
49.10 million
[16]

Nintendo 64
Nintendo
1996
32.93 million
[16]

Sega Genesis
Sega
1988
30.75 million
[note 4]

Atari 2600
Atari
1977
30 million
[43]

Xbox One
Microsoft
2013
25–30 million
(estimate)
[note 3]

Xbox
Microsoft
2001
24 million
[44]

GameCube
Nintendo
2001
21.74 million
[16]

Wii U
Nintendo
2012
13.56 million
[16]

Master System
Sega
1986
10–13 million
[note 5]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
10 million
[52]

TurboGrafx-16
NEC/Hudson Soft
[note 6]
1987
10 million
[54]

Sega Saturn
Sega
1994
9.26 million
[55]

Dreamcast
Sega
1998
9.13 million
[55][56][57][58]

Sega Pico
Sega
1993
>3.4 million
[note 7]

Color TV Game
Nintendo
1977
3 million
[67][68]

Intellivision
Mattel
1980
3 million
[69]

ColecoVision
Coleco
1982
>2 million
[note 9]

Magnavox Odyssey²
Magnavox/Philips
1978
2 million
[74]

Philips CD-i
Philips
1991
>1 million
[note 11]

Telstar
Coleco
1976
>1 million
[79][note 12]

Atari 5200
Atari
1982
1 million
[81]

text: Handheld game consoles[edit]

text:
Million-selling handheld game consoles

Platform
Firm
Released[2]
Units sold
Ref.

Nintendo DS
Nintendo
2004
154.02 million
[16]

Game Boy
Game Boy Color
Nintendo
1989
1998
118.69 million
[note 2]

PlayStation Portable
Sony
2004
82 million
[note 1]

Game Boy Advance
Nintendo
2001
81.51 million
[16]

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo
2011
68.98 million
[42]

Sega Game Gear
Sega
1990
10.62 million
[45]

PlayStation Vita
Sony
2011
10–15 million
(estimate)
[note 1]

Nintendo Switch
Nintendo
2017
10 million
[52]

WonderSwan
Bandai
1999
3.5 million
[note 8]

N-Gage
Nokia
2003
3 million
[70]

Atari Lynx
Atari
1989
>1 million
[note 10]

text: Best-selling game consoles by firm[edit]

text: Total amount of every console with at least 1 million units sold.

text:
Million-selling game consoles by firm

Manufacturer
Home
console sales
Handheld
console sales
Total sales

Nintendo
283.67 million
415.79 million
699.46 million

Sony
>388.69 million
>86 million
>474.69 million

Microsoft
118 million
–
118 million

Sega
59.14–62.14 million
>14.02 million
>76.16 million

Atari
31 million
>1 million
>32 million

Hudson Soft/NEC
10 million
–
10 million

Bandai
–
3.5 million
3.5 million

Coleco
>3 million
–
>3 million

Magnavox/Philips
>3 million
–
>3 million

Mattel
3 million
–
3 million

Nokia
–
3 million
3 million

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports,[17][18] and continues to sporadically.[19] PlayStation 2: 138.8 million units sold as of Sony's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 (Q1 FY2009).[20] Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[21] It was discontinued worldwide on January 4, 2013.[22] PlayStation 3: A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2, 2013.[23] 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015.[24] PlayStation Portable: 52.9 million units sold as of Q1 FY2009.[20] Sony sold 23.4 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31, 2012.[25] On June 3, 2014, IGN reported a sales figure of 80 million,[26] but the Associated Press noted "More than 76 million PSP machines were sold, as of two years ago, the last time a tally was taken."[27] Shipments to North America ended in January 2014, and to Japan in June 2014. Shipments to Europe ended during the latter part of 2014.[27] IGN reported in mid-November that 82 million PSP were manufactured and shipped at end of production.[28] PlayStation Vita: 4 million reported by The Guardian on January 4, 2013.[22] Glixel stated in June 2017 that 15 million were sold,[29] while the Electronic Entertainment Design and Research suggests a couple million less by end of 2015.[30]
^ Jump up to: a b Nintendo only provided a combined sales total.[31] Before Game Boy Color's release in late-1998,[2] previous models sold 64.42 million units combined worldwide.[16]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Starting with Microsoft's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 (Q4), the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports.[33][34] Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015.[35] Xbox 360: Sold 84 million as of June 2014.[36] Xbox One: Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.[37] Third-party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25-30 million worldwide by late 2016.[38]
^ Jump up to: a b 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996,[45][55] not including third-party sales. In addition, Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil,[83][84] and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States.[85]
^ Jump up to: a b 10–13 million, not including recent Brazil sales figures.[46][47] Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993. Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million, the United Kingdom at 1.35 million, Germany at 700 thousand, Spain at 550 thousand, the Netherlands at 200 thousand, and other Western European countries at 1.4 million. However, Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand, and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand. Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe.[48] 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986.[49] 2 million were sold in the United States.[50] 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016.[51]
^ Jump up to: a b Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC.[53]
^ Jump up to: a b Sega sold this amount as of April 2005.[59] Its successor launched on August 6, 2005.[60] Majesco re-manufactured and distributed the Pico in the United States starting at the end of 1999.[61]
^ Jump up to: a b Bandai released three WonderSwan iterations.[62] A March 2003 Famitsu article reported the original (March 1999)[63] and color (December 2000)[63] versions sold approximately 3 million units combined,[64] while the SwanCrystal (July 2002)[62] sold over 200 thousand units.[64] Bandai announced the transition from hardware to third-party development in February 2003 due to declining sales and will supply software to the competitor's Game Boy Advance by March 2004.[65] Average weekly Famitsu sales during the transition were only a couple hundred units,[1] and the SwanCrystal went build to order starting in autumn 2003.[64] WonderSwan hardware designer Koto claimed over 3.5 million were sold.[66]
^ Jump up to: a b The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984. Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time, but it continued to sell modestly[71][72] with most inventory gone by October 1985.[73]
^ Jump up to: a b The Wall Street Journal reported in November 1992 approximately 1 million were sold.[75] Around June 1994, Atari shifted its focus from the Lynx to its Jaguar console.[76]
^ Jump up to: a b This Philips-reported figure was in The New York Times on September 15, 1994.[77] The CD-i was discontinued in 1998.[78]
^ Jump up to: a b Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million. Production and delivery issues, and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977. Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978, and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year[72]—almost bankrupting the company.[80]


document_title: Interstate 95 in North Carolina

question_text: what is the last exit in north carolina

question_tokens: what is the last exit in north carolina

text: Interstate 95 in North Carolina

text: Route description[edit]

text: Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line, just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland. Traveling mostly northeast from the border, the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I-74. Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services, including restaurants, shops, and hotels. Leaving Lumberton, the route turns due north through a rural area of the state, past the small farming community of St. Pauls. I-95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business, an older alignment, connects I-95 to downtown Fayetteville.

text: I-95 interchanges with I-40 in Benson, North Carolina, U.S. 264 in Wilson, and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount, three of the main east-west routes in the eastern part of the state. The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. For most of the route, I-95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301.

text: Services[edit]

text: The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I-95. Welcome centers, which have a travel information facility on site, are located at mile markers 5 (northbound) and 181 (southbound); rest areas are located at mile markers 47 (north and southbound), 99 (north and southbound) and 142 (north and southbound). Common at all locations are public restrooms, public telephones, vending machines, picnic area and barbecue grills.[4]

text: The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) operate and maintain four truck inspection/weigh stations along I-95. The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24, each has one fixed scale. The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151, each has two fixed scales.[5]

text: Dedicated and memorial names[edit]

text: Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges, interchanges and stretches of freeway.

text:
Blue Star Memorial Highway: Official North Carolina honorary name of Interstate 95 throughout the state (approved on June 13, 1980).[6][7][8]
Dick Fleming Freeway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 from exit 95, in Smithfield, to exit 97, in Selma, in Johnston County. He is honored as being a visionary businessman, who help spur businesses along the two exits and the establishment of Carolina Pottery Store in 1983, which later grew to become Carolina Premium Outlets (approved January, 2013; dedicated March 22, 2013).[9]
Hector MacLean Highway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 within Lumberton city limits (approved on October 3, 1997).[6]

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: Established in 1956, as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, I-95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina. By 1961, two stretches of the interstate opened: from mile marker 56, in Fayetteville, to mile marker 107, near Kenly; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls. In 1964, the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton; while another small stretch opened from US 158, in Roanoke Rapids, to the Virginia state line. In 1969, I-95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145, in Gold Rock (later used for NC 4). In 1973, Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line.

text: By the mid 1970s, I-95 had two gaps along its route: Fayetteville and Kenly-Gold Rock. In May 1978, two Interstate 95 Business loops were established, both overlapping US 301, to help connect through the gaps and make I-95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state. In November 1978, the first gap to be completed was the Kenly-Gold Rock section.[10] The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980, an easterly bypass of Fayetteville.[11][12]

text: Tolls[edit]

text: The idea of tolling I-95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route. In 2003, state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route. However, this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley, who did not support tolls.[13]

text: In 2006, when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway, North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states.[14] Again, this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley, who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95.[12]

text: In 2010, North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95, submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route. Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions. Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out-of-state drivers.[12]

text: On January 20, 2012, NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I-95 in North Carolina. The following recommendations were made:

text:
Widen I-95 to eight lanes (four lanes in each direction) from exit 31 to exit 81;
Widen the remaining sections of I-95 to six lanes (three lanes in each direction);
Make necessary repairs to pavement;
Raise and rebuild bridges;
Improve interchanges; and
Bring I-95 up to current safety standards for interstates.

text: It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls. Construction would begin in two phases: Phase 1 (exit 31-exit 81) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion; phase 2 would begin in 2019, which covers the remainder of the interstate.[15][16][17] With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls, NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls (to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll); main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each. Gaps along the route, where no toll collectors are located, will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free. Though the toll rates have not been established, a NCDOT report suggest charging 19.2 cents per mile (11.9 ¢/km) for cars in the phase 1 section, with a much lower rate of 6.4 ¢/mi (4.0 ¢/km) on phase 2 sections; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border (trucks with three axles or more will be charged more). Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder (i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail, at a higher toll rate.[18]

text: Future[edit]

text: NCDOT plans to widen I-95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21, in Robeson County. However, it is currently flagged "Scheduled for Reprioritization," with no estimated cost or date established.[19]

text: An improvement project along I-95 is in the development stage, between mile markers 56 and 81, in Cumberland and Johnston counties. Improvements include upgraded interchanges, raise and rebuild bridges, and widening of the interstate. The total estimated cost is $526 million, with date of construction starting on the first phase on October, 2017. However, it is currently flagged "Subject to Reprioritization."[20]

text: Auxiliary routes in North Carolina[edit]

text:
Interstate
City
Type
Notes

Interstate 95 Business
Fayetteville
Business loop
Expressway and boulevard grades.

Interstate 95 Business
Wilson and Rocky Mount
Business loop
Boulevard grade. Decommissioned.

Interstate 295
Fayetteville
Bypass
Future; completed segments designated as NC 295.

Interstate 495
Raleigh
Connector
Connected between I-40 and I-540; future to I-95 in Rocky Mount. Replaced by I-87.

Interstate 795
Wilson and Goldsboro
Spur

text: Exit list[edit]

text:
County
Location
mi[3]
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes

Robeson

0.00
0.00

 I-95 south – Florence
Continuation into South Carolina

1
 US 301 / US 501 – Rowland, Laurinburg, Dillon
Signed as exits 1A (south) and 1B (north) southbound; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina

2.3
3.7
2
 NC 130 to NC 904 – Rowland, Fairmont

7.2
11.6
7
Raynham Road – McDonald, Raynham

10.4
16.7
10
 US 301 south – Raynham
South end of US 301 overlap

Lumberton
13.0
20.9
13
 I‑74 / US 74 – Whiteville, Wilmington, Laurinburg, Rockingham
Signed as exits 13A (east) and 13B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes

13.7
22.0
14
 US 74
Permanently closed in 2007; replaced by exit 13

17.0
27.4
17
 NC 72 / NC 711 – Lumberton, Pembroke, Red Springs

18.7
30.1
19
Carthage Road

19.9
32.0
20
 NC 211 to NC 41 – Lumberton, Red Springs, Fairmont

21.5
34.6
22
 US 301 north – Lumberton
North end of US 301 overlap

25.0
40.2
25
 US 301

St. Pauls
31.4
50.5
31
 NC 20 – St. Pauls, Raeford

33.0
53.1
33
 US 301 to NC 71 – Parkton, St. Pauls

 I‑295
Proposed interchange (unfunded)[21]

Cumberland

40.0
64.4
40
 I‑95 Bus. north to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg

Hope Mills
41.3
66.5
41
 NC 59 north – Hope Mills

43.9
70.7
44
Snow Hill Road – Fayetteville Regional Airport

46.0
74.0
46
 NC 87 – Elizabethtown, Fayetteville
Signed as exits 46A (south) and 46B (north); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes

Fayetteville
49.0
78.9
49
 NC 53 / NC 210 – Fayetteville

Vander
51.6
83.0
52
 NC 24 – Fayetteville, Clinton
Signed as exits 52A (east) and 52B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes

Eastover
54.6
87.9
55
Murphy Road

55.1
88.7
56
 I‑95 Bus. south to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg

58.0
93.3
58
 US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 – Newton Grove, Fort Bragg

61.2
98.5
61
Wade–Steadman Road – Wade

65.3
105.1
65
 NC 82 – Godwin, Falcon

Harnett

69.5
111.8
70
Bud Hawkins Road

70.8
113.9
71
Long Branch Road

Dunn
72.4
116.5
72
Pope Road

73.0
117.5
73
 US 421 / NC 55 – Dunn, Clinton, Newton Grove

75.0
120.7
75
Jonesboro Road

76.9
123.8
77
Hodges Chapel Road

Johnston
Benson
79.5
127.9
79
 NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 – Benson, Newton Grove

81.0
130.4
81
 I‑40 – Wilmington, Raleigh, Durham
Signed southbound as exits 81A (west) and 81B (east)

Four Oaks
87.6
141.0
87
Keen Road – Four Oaks

89.8
144.5
90
 US 701 south / NC 96 – Newton Grove

Smithfield
93.1
149.8
93
Brogden Road – Smithfield

94.8
152.6
95

 US 70 Bus. – Smithfield, Goldsboro
To Carolina Premium Outlets

Selma
96.9
155.9
97
 US 70 (NC 39) – Selma, Pine Level, Goldsboro

98.0
157.7
98
Pine Level–Selma Road – Selma

Micro
101.4
163.2
101
Pittman Road

102.5
165.0
102
Main Street – Micro

Kenly
104.6
168.3
105
Bagley Road

106.0
170.6
106
Truck Stop Road

107.2
172.5
107
 US 301 – Kenly, Wilson
To Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum

Wilson

116.4
187.3
116
 NC 42 – Wilson, Clayton

Wilson
119.4
192.2
119A
 I‑795 south / US 264 east – Wilson, Greenville, Goldsboro
Signed as exits 119A (east/south) and 119B (west)
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways

119B
 US 264 west – Raleigh

121.5
195.5
121

 US 264 Alt. – Wilson, Sims

Nash

126.9
204.2
127
 NC 97 – Rocky Mount–Wilson Regional Airport

132.4
213.1
132
 To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road

Rocky Mount

Sunset Avenue
Proposed interchange (unfunded).[22][23]

138.5
222.9
138
 US 64 – Nashville, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Tarboro
Signed as exits 138A (west) 138B (east)
To NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways

Dortches
140.8
226.6
141
 NC 43 – Red Oak

Rocky Mount
145.0
233.4
145
 NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 – Gold Rock, Rocky Mount

149.8
241.1
150
 NC 33 – Whitakers

Halifax

153.7
247.4
154
 NC 481 – Enfield

160.5
258.3
160
 NC 561 – Halifax
To Medoc Mountain State Park

167.7
269.9
168
 NC 903 – Halifax

Roanoke Rapids
170.7
274.7
171
 NC 125 – Roanoke Rapids

173.0
278.4
173
 US 158 – Roanoke Rapids, Weldon

Northampton

175.8
282.9
176
 NC 46 – Gaston, Garysburg

180.0
289.7
180
 NC 48 – Gaston

181.7
292.4

 I-95 north – Richmond
Continuation into Virginia

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

      Closed/former
      Concurrency terminus
      Unopened


document_title: Ruby

question_text: where can rubies be found in the us

question_tokens: where can rubies be found in the us

text: Ruby

text: Physical properties

text: Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Among the natural gems only moissanite and diamond are harder, with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and moissanite falling somewhere in between corundum (ruby) and diamond in hardness. Sapphire, ruby, and pure corundum are α-alumina, the most stable form of Al2O3, in which 3 electrons leave each aluminum ion to join the regular octahedral group of six nearby O2− ions; in pure corundum this leaves all of the aluminum ions with a very stable configuration of no unpaired electrons or unfilled energy levels, and the crystal is perfectly colorless.

text: When a chromium atom replaces an occasional aluminum atom, it too loses 3 electrons to become a chromium3+ ion to maintain the charge balance of the Al2O3 crystal. However, the Cr3+ ions are larger and have electron orbitals in different directions than aluminum. The octahedral arrangement of the O2− ions is distorted, and the energy levels of the different orbitals of those Cr3+ ions are slightly altered because of the directions to the O2− ions.[4] Those energy differences correspond to absorption in the ultraviolet, violet, and yellow-green regions of the spectrum.

text: If one percent of the aluminum ions are replaced by chromium in ruby, the yellow-green absorption results in a red color for the gem.[4] Additionally, absorption at any of the above wavelengths stimulates fluorescent emission of 694-nanometer-wavelength red light, which adds to its red color and perceived luster.

text: After absorbing short-wavelength light, there is short interval of time when the crystal lattice of ruby is in an excited state before fluorescence occurs. If 694-nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time, they can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be emitted in-phase with them, thus strengthening the intensity of that red light. By arranging mirrors or other means to pass emitted light repeatedly through the crystal, a ruby laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent red light.

text: All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, simulants, or substitutes. Usually, the rough stone is heated before cutting. These days, almost all rubies are treated in some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. Untreated rubies of high quality command a large premium.

text: Some rubies show a three-point or six-point asterism or "star". These rubies are cut into cabochons to display the effect properly. Asterisms are best visible with a single-light source and move across the stone as the light moves or the stone is rotated. Such effects occur when light is reflected off the "silk" (the structurally oriented rutile needle inclusions) in a certain way. This is one example where inclusions increase the value of a gemstone. Furthermore, rubies can show color changes—though this occurs very rarely—as well as chatoyancy or the "cat's eye" effect.

text: Ruby vs. pink sapphire

text: Generally, gemstone-quality corundum in all shades of red, including pink, are called rubies.[5][6] However, in the United States, a minimum color saturation must be met to be called a ruby; otherwise, the stone will be called a pink sapphire.[5] Drawing a distinction between rubies and pink sapphires is relatively new, having arisen sometime in the 20th century. Often, the distinction between ruby and pink sapphire is not clear and can be debated.[7] As a result of the difficulty and subjectiveness of such distinctions, trade organizations such as the International Colored Gemstone Association (ICGA) have adopted the broader definition for ruby which encompasses its lighter shades, including pink.[8][9]

text: Natural occurrence

text: The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar (Burma) was for centuries the world's main source for rubies. That region has produced some very fine rubies, but in recent years few good rubies have been found there. In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world's main ruby mining area. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin.

text: Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam.[10] In Sri Lanka, lighter shades of rubies (often "pink sapphires") are more commonly found. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep. Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms.[11] A few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.

text: Spinel, another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Red spinel may be mistaken for ruby by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have a value approaching that of the average ruby.[12]

text: Factors affecting value

text: Rubies, as with other gemstones, are graded using criteria known as the four Cs, namely color, cut, clarity and carat weight. Rubies are also evaluated on the basis of their geographic origin.

text: Color: In the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is the most important factor. Color divides into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Hue refers to color as we normally use the term. Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral hues of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet.[13] In nature, there are rarely pure hues, so when speaking of the hue of a gemstone, we speak of primary and secondary and sometimes tertiary hues. Ruby is defined to be red. All other hues of the gem species corundum are called sapphire. Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues, including orange, purple, violet, and pink.

text:
A naturally occurring ruby crystal

Natural ruby with inclusions

A cut pink ruby

Purple rubies

Victorian ruby and diamond brooch

text: The finest ruby is described as being a vivid medium-dark toned red. Secondary hues add an additional complication. Pink, orange, and purple are the normal secondary hues in ruby. Of the three, purple is preferred because it reinforces the red, making it appear richer.[13] Purple also occupies a position on the color wheel halfway between red and blue. When a purplish-red ruby is set in yellow, the yellow neutralizes its complement blue, leaving the stone appearing to be pure red in the setting.[citation needed]

text: Treatments and enhancements

text: Improving the quality of gemstones by treating them is common practice. Some treatments are used in almost all cases and are therefore considered acceptable. During the late 1990s, a large supply of low-cost materials caused a sudden surge in supply of heat-treated rubies, leading to a downward pressure on ruby prices.

text: Improvements used include color alteration, improving transparency by dissolving rutile inclusions, healing of fractures (cracks) or even completely filling them.

text: The most common treatment is the application of heat. Most rubies at the lower end of the market are heat treated to improve color, remove purple tinge, blue patches, and silk. These heat treatments typically occur around temperatures of 1800 °C (3300 °F).[14] Some rubies undergo a process of low tube heat, when the stone is heated over charcoal of a temperature of about 1300 °C (2400 °F) for 20 to 30 minutes. The silk is partially broken, and the color is improved.

text: Another treatment, which has become more frequent in recent years, is lead glass filling. Filling the fractures inside the ruby with lead glass (or a similar material) dramatically improves the transparency of the stone, making previously unsuitable rubies fit for applications in jewelry.[15] The process is done in four steps:

text:
The rough stones are pre-polished to eradicate all surface impurities that may affect the process
The rough is cleaned with hydrogen fluoride
The first heating process during which no fillers are added. The heating process eradicates impurities inside the fractures. Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1400 °C (2500 °F) it most likely occurs at a temperature of around 900 °C (1600 °F) since the rutile silk is still intact.
The second heating process in an electrical oven with different chemical additives. Different solutions and mixes have shown to be successful, however mostly lead-containing glass-powder is used at present. The ruby is dipped into oils, then covered with powder, embedded on a tile and placed in the oven where it is heated at around 900 °C (1600 °F) for one hour in an oxidizing atmosphere. The orange colored powder transforms upon heating into a transparent to yellow-colored paste, which fills all fractures. After cooling the color of the paste is fully transparent and dramatically improves the overall transparency of the ruby.[16]

text: If a color needs to be added, the glass powder can be "enhanced" with copper or other metal oxides as well as elements such as sodium, calcium, potassium etc.

text: The second heating process can be repeated three to four times, even applying different mixtures.[17] When jewelry containing rubies is heated (for repairs) it should not be coated with boracic acid or any other substance, as this can etch the surface; it does not have to be "protected" like a diamond.

text: The treatment can identified by noting bubbles in cavities and fractures using a 10x loupe.[18]

text: Synthetic and imitation rubies

text: In 1837, Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing potash alum at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment. In 1847, Ebelmen made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid. In 1877, Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF2 and Al2O3 with a little chromium at red heat. In 1903, Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process.[19] By 1910, Verneuil's laboratory had expanded into a 30 furnace production facility, with annual gemstone production having reached 1,000 kilograms (2,000 lb) in 1907.

text: Other processes in which synthetic rubies can be produced are through Czochralski's pulling process, flux process, and the hydrothermal process. Most synthetic rubies originate from flame fusion, due to the low costs involved. Synthetic rubies may have no imperfections visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal curves, striae and gas bubbles. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is; unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a perfect ruby), in which case it will be suspected of being artificial. Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified as synthetic, but most need gemological testing to determine their origin.

text: Synthetic rubies have technological uses as well as gemological ones. Rods of synthetic ruby are used to make ruby lasers and masers. The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960.[20] Maiman used a solid-state light-pumped synthetic ruby to produce red laser light at a wavelength of 694 nanometers (nm). Ruby lasers are still in use. Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required such as at wear exposed locations in modern mechanical clockworks, or as scanning probe tips in a coordinate measuring machine.

text: Imitation rubies are also marketed. Red spinels, red garnets, and colored glass have been falsely claimed to be rubies. Imitations go back to Roman times and already in the 17th century techniques were developed to color foil red—by burning scarlet wool in the bottom part of the furnace—which was then placed under the imitation stone.[21] Trade terms such as balas ruby for red spinel and rubellite for red tourmaline can mislead unsuspecting buyers. Such terms are therefore discouraged from use by many gemological associations such as the Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee (LMHC).

text: Records and famous rubies

text:
The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. has some of the world's largest and finest ruby gemstones. The 23.1 carats (4.62 g) Burmese ruby, set in a platinum ring with diamonds, was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen Lúcia. This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency. The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections. The stone was mined from the Mogok region of Burma (now Myanmar) in the 1930s.[22]
In 2007 the London jeweler Garrard & Co featured on their website a heart-shaped 40.63-carat ruby.[23]
On December 13/14, 2011 Elizabeth Taylor's complete jewellery collection was auctioned by Christie's. Several ruby-set pieces were included in the sale, notably a ring set with an 8.24 ct gem that broke the 'price-per-carat' record for rubies ($512,925 per carat, i.e. over $4.2 million in total),[24] and a necklace[25] that sold for over $3.7 million.
The Liberty Bell Ruby is the largest mined ruby in the world. It was stolen in a heist in 2011.[26]
The Sunrise Ruby is the world's most expensive ruby, most expensive coloured gemstone, and most expensive gemstone other than a diamond. In May 2015, it sold at auction in Switzerland to an anonymous buyer for US$30 million.[27]
A synthetic ruby crystal became the gain medium in the world's first optical laser, conceived, designed and constructed by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman, on the 16th of May, 1961 at Hughes Research Laboratories.[20][28] The concept of electromagnetic radiation amplification through the mechanism of Stimulated Emission had already been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory by way of the Maser, using other materials such as ammonia and indeed, later, ruby, but the Ruby Laser was the first device to work at optical (694.3 nm) wavelengths. Maiman's prototype laser is still in working order.

text: Historical and cultural references

text:
In Job 28:18 and Proverbs 3:15, wisdom is more valuable than rubies. In Proverbs 31:10, a wife of noble character is worth more than rubies.
An early recorded transport and trading of rubies arises in the literature on the North Silk Road of China, wherein about 200 BC rubies were carried along this ancient trackway moving westward from China.[29]
Rubies have always been held in high esteem in Asian countries. They were used to ornament armor, scabbards, and harnesses of noblemen in India and China. Rubies were laid beneath the foundation of buildings to secure good fortune to the structure.[30]