document_title: My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)

question_text: who plays the singer in the my little pony movie

root

text: My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The ponies of Equestria prepare for their first Friendship Festival, which is overseen by Princess Twilight Sparkle in Canterlot. The festivities are interrupted by an invasion of monsters commanded by the broken-horned unicorn Tempest Shadow, who uses magical obsidian orbs to petrify Twilight's fellow princesses; Princess Celestia unsuccessfully urges Princess Luna to seek help from "the queen of the hippo" before being interrupted. Twilight flees the city alongside her five pony friends – Pinkie Pie, Rainbow Dash, Rarity, Applejack, and Fluttershy – and her assistant dragon, Spike. Tempest gives pursuit under orders from her superior, the Storm King, to gather all of Equestria's princesses for him to harness their magic through his mystical staff, with the promise of having her horn restored in exchange.

tag: p

text: Twilight's group travel to the desert city of Klugetown in search of the aforementioned "hippos". A feline con artist named Capper offers to escort the group, secretly intending to sell them to settle a debt. However, he develops a genuine friendship with them after Rarity generously mends his coat. Twilight discovers an atlas that reveals the "hippos" to be hippogriffs, exposing Capper's treachery. After the group evade Tempest aboard a delivery airship, Tempest brings Capper to guide her to them, but he deliberately misdirects her to atone for deceiving the group.

text: The airship's birdlike Captain Celaeno and her crew reluctantly allow the group passage during a lunch break, revealing themselves to be former pirates that have been forced into the Storm King's service. Rainbow Dash persuades the pirates to defy orders and take her group to the hippogriffs' kingdom on Mount Aris. In celebration, she performs a Sonic Rainboom that inadvertently gives their location away to Tempest, forcing the group to escape in a makeshift hot air balloon before Tempest destroys the ship with the pirates and Capper on board.

text: The group reach Mount Aris to find it deserted. They explore the ruins and become trapped in an underwater cavern, where they are saved from drowning by the seapony Princess Skystar and led to her undersea home of Seaquestria. Skystar identifies her kind as the hippogriffs, transformed by a magic pearl used by her mother, Queen Novo, to hide from the Storm King; Novo demonstrates by turning the ponies into seaponies and Spike into a pufferfish. When Novo denies them the pearl to use against the Storm King, Twilight desperately attempts to steal it while letting her friends unknowingly distract the seaponies. Pinkie Pie nearly changes Novo's mind until Twilight is caught, prompting the outraged queen to banish the entire group to the surface.

text: Abandoned by her friends over her actions, Twilight is abducted by Tempest and brought before the Storm King in Canterlot to have her magic absorbed; Tempest gains Twilight's sympathy when she divulges how she lost her horn in a monster attack as a filly, which caused her own friends to shun her for her dangerously unstable magic. Meanwhile, after Spike alerts Twilight's friends to her capture, Capper, the pirates, and the hippogriff Skystar return to help them infiltrate Canterlot and mount a rescue. The Storm King retaliates by conjuring a tornado in the city with his newly empowered staff, betraying Tempest as well. Twilight saves Tempest from the tornado and reconciles with her friends, successfully working together with them to take the staff. The Storm King hurls an obsidian orb at the group to reclaim the staff, but Tempest jumps in his way, petrifying them both. The Storm King's body falls and shatters, while the group use the staff's magic to revive Tempest, who returns the stolen magic to restore the princesses and repair the damaged city.

text: The Friendship Festival resumes, and the ponies celebrate with all of the allies Twilight's group have made on their adventure. Tempest is disheartened by her still broken horn until she is convinced by Twilight to join the party by producing a fireworks display with her magic, happily accepting the group's friendship.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle, a highly magical and intelligent alicorn who is Equestria's Princess of Friendship, responsible for spreading friendship and harmony across the kingdom. She is also the leader of the "Mane 6" ponies. Rebecca Shoichet performs Twilight Sparkle's singing voice.
Ashleigh Ball as Rainbow Dash and Applejack, two of the "Mane 6"; Rainbow Dash is a loyal pegasus with an adventurous spirit, and Applejack is an honest apple farmer pony.
Andrea Libman as Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy, two of the "Mane 6"; Pinkie Pie is a party-obsessed pony filled with joy and laughter, and Fluttershy is a kind yet timid pegasus who cares for animals. Shannon Chan-Kent performs Pinkie Pie's singing voice.
Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity, a generous fashion designer unicorn and one of the "Mane 6". Kazumi Evans performs Rarity's singing voice.
Cathy Weseluck as Spike, a baby dragon who is Twilight Sparkle's faithful assistant.
Emily Blunt as Tempest Shadow, an embittered unicorn once known as Fizzlepop Berrytwist who serves as the Storm King's second-in-command in order to repair her broken horn.[10][11] On the development of the character, screenwriter Meghan McCarthy said, "We just arrived at this idea of a character who had come from Equestria, and had not had the positive experience that Twilight [Sparkle] and her friends had. It felt like a good counterpart to our heroes was to have a villain who didn't just not get friendship, but had a reason that she didn't understand it." McCarthy also called Blunt's performance "a big influence" on how the character was animated in the film.[12]
Michael Peña as Grubber, a wisecracking hedgehog creature and Tempest Shadow's cohort.[13] McCarthy said that Grubber "needed to be goofy" to counterpoint the "very straight-laced, hardcore" Tempest. Peña ad-libbed much of the character's dialogue, with McCarthy saying, "You get Michael Peña in a recording booth, and you just are like, 'Please just go and say funny things.' He will be there for hours, just giving you all kinds of really great material that was not something that we had originally scripted!"[12]
Liev Schreiber as the Storm King, the despotic, satyr-like leader of the storm creatures who conquers lands in search of powerful magic to control the weather.[14] On his acceptance of the role, Schreiber said that he wanted something child-friendly for his kids to watch, noting his repertoire of violent, adult-oriented films.[15] Comparing his character to Basil Rathbone, Schreiber said the Storm King "is prone to temper tantrums, and he's a little crazy. He has a wide range of behaviors."[1] He considers the character to be "one of the more intense roles [he's] played".[16]
Taye Diggs as Capper, a humanoid alley cat who is a cunning yet good-hearted con artist.[17] Diggs, who was excited to appear in an animated film, says, "I'm very movement-oriented, so just looking at the way Capper is positioned, the expressions on his face, all enhances my performance. It's really cool."[1]
Zoe Saldana as Captain Celaeno, a humanoid parrot and jaded pirate captain who is relegated to the Storm King's delivery service.[18] Saldana says Celaeno "cares for her crew", adding, "She's a responsible, thoughtful, and empathetic leader. That's a terrific, very poignant message to give to children about leadership – that it's okay for you to want to be a leader as long as you know that the responsibilities that come along with it."[1]
Kristin Chenoweth as Princess Skystar, an excitable seapony and magically transformed hippogriff princess.[19][20] Chenoweth said of her character, "Let's just say she's been locked up for a while and is longing for friends." She joked that she dabbled in method acting for the role, making sure her hair was "on point for every recording session".[21]
Uzo Aduba as Queen Novo, the benevolent ruler of the hippogriffs-turned-seaponies, and Princess Skystar's mother.[22] The character is described by Chenoweth as "loving but also a little too strict and stern".[1] Detailing her role, Aduba says, "She [wants] to protect her group to the best of her ability, and [wants] to create a life of peace and stability. She doesn't take any nonsense, and will do everything in her power to protect her family."[1]
Sia as Songbird Serenade, a pegasus and famous pop star in Equestria.[23] The character's design is modeled after Sia's likeness.[24]

tag: ul

text: Nicole Oliver, St. Germain, and Britt McKillip reprise their respective roles from Friendship Is Magic as alicorns Princess Celestia, Princess Luna, and Princess Cadance. St. Germain also voices Granny Smith, Applejack's grandmother, and Muffins, a cross-eyed pegasus alternatively known as "Derpy" in the series. Michelle Creber and Peter New voice Apple Bloom and Big McIntosh, Applejack's younger sister and older brother, respectively. Michael Dobson voices Bulk Biceps, a muscular pegasus. Samuel Vincent voices Party Favor, a balloonist unicorn.

text: Adam Bengis voices Code Red, one of the Canterlot ponies. Brian Dobson voices Verko, a mole-rat crime boss in Klugetown. Max Martini, Mark Oliver, and Nicole Oliver respectively perform as three of Captain Celaeno's parrot-like crew: Boyle, first mate Mullet, and Lix Spittle. Michael Dobson, Andrew McNee, Tegan Moss, Sabrina Pitre, Rhona Rees, and Vincent all feature as assorted citizens of Canterlot. Richard Ian Cox, Michael Dobson, McNee, New, and Nicole Oliver also perform as denizens of Klugetown. Additional voices are provided by Alistair Abell, Caitlyn Bairstow, Julia Benson, Christine Chatelain, Brian Dobson, Paul Dobson, Rondel Reynoldson, Jason Simpson, Sarah Troyer, and Siobhan Williams.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International in 2012, Friendship Is Magic head writer Meghan McCarthy commented on the possibility of a feature film based on the series, saying that it was not in her control whether or not the film would be made.[25] The film was announced on October 20, 2014, with Joe Ballarini attached as screenwriter and McCarthy as co-executive producer.[5] Hasbro Studios president Stephan Davis said of the film that "I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story, that maybe we [can't] tell on television" and that "[it's] also an opportunity to broaden the franchise".[26] The film is one of the first being produced through Hasbro Studios' self-financing film label Allspark Pictures, which also produced the live-action adaptation of Jem and the Holograms.[5] During PonyCon AU on February 22, 2015, McCarthy said that the movie would be unrelated to the Equestria Girls spin-off franchise, and that the crew was "going all out on it, to make sure it doesn't just feel like an extended episode".[27]

text: Series director Jayson Thiessen and McCarthy were both confirmed as the film's director and screenwriter, respectively;[28] Michael Vogel was also signed on as co-executive producer alongside McCarthy, with Hasbro executives Brian Goldner and Stephen Davis as producers.[28] Rita Hsiao and Vogel were later announced as co-writers alongside McCarthy.[4][29]

text: On April 30, 2016, concept artwork and other information was officially revealed at PonyRadioCon in Moscow; the panel included additional plot details such as the main characters' transformation into "sea ponies" for a portion of the film.[30]

text: While Hasbro has not released any production costs to date, Cartoon Brew's Amid Amidi estimated that the film had a budget between $5 to $8 million, based on budgets for films with similar styles as well as accounting for the work being done primarily in-house at Hasbro to reduce costs.[31]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The initial Lionsgate announcement listed the principal voice cast of Friendship Is Magic – Tara Strong, Ashleigh Ball, Andrea Libman, Tabitha St. Germain, and Cathy Weseluck – reprising their roles alongside actress Kristin Chenoweth as a new character.[32] On February 12, 2016, it was announced that Emily Blunt joined the voice cast.[33] By April 27, 2016, actors Michael Peña and Uzo Aduba were in negotiations to join the cast.[34] On May 16, Liev Schreiber and Taye Diggs were confirmed additions to the cast.[4] On June 20, Ashleigh Ball stated through Twitter that she had begun recording for the film's songs.[35] At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2016, singer Sia was announced to be portraying a new "pop star pony" character called Songbird Serenade.[23] On January 11, 2017, it was reported by Variety that Zoe Saldana had joined the cast.[36] Friendship Is Magic voice actress Nicole Oliver confirmed via Twitter on January 23 that she would also be a part of the film's cast,[37] reprising her role as Princess Celestia.[38]

text: Animation[edit]

text: Michel Gagné joined the film as an effects animator on April 2, 2016, taking an eight-month hiatus from Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse made by Sony Pictures Animation.[39][40][41][42][specify] In early October 2016, Gagné reported that Nik Gipe was hired onto the film's staff as his assistant. He also mentioned that the film was being animated using Toon Boom Harmony instead of the usual animation software Adobe Flash that is used in the television series.[7] According to art director Rebecca Dart, they wanted to keep to the look and feel of the television show, and the use of Toon Boom Harmony enabled them to add "simple yet impactful changes" to the designs for the big screen, such as depth and shadows for their eyes and ears, and the impression of heart-shaped indentations on the bottom of their hooves.[43] The production of the film ended by July 29, 2017.[44]

text: The production crew used simple 3D modeling in Autodesk Maya as to determine camera locations, lens, and angles, rough lighting, character and prop placement, and which way the characters would be looking and expressing. The pre-visualization crew were able to use the 3D backdrops that became more detailed throughout the film's development to integrate the simple 3D character models, and then were able to test the Toon Boom animations on top of these scenes using the placement established by Maya, helping to speed up the production.[45]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's official soundtrack was released on September 22, 2017 by RCA Records.[46]

text: The film's songs and score were composed by Friendship Is Magic songwriter Daniel Ingram, who first announced at GalaCon 2015 that he would be collaborating with a live studio orchestra for the film.[47] On his songwriting for the film, Ingram said, "I had to challenge myself to push beyond what had been done in the TV show; to write bigger, more epic."[48] It was stated through the PonyRadioCon panel that the film would have a total of eight original songs.[30] At Hasbro's Toy Fair investor presentation on February 17, 2017, it was announced that there would be seven songs.[49] Around 5,800 pages of sheet music were created for all orchestral parts of the score.[50] Recording for the score began on June 5, 2017, and finished on June 11.[51][52]

text: Sia contributed an original song to the film,[53] "Rainbow", which was released as a single on September 15, 2017.[54] A music video for the song later released by Entertainment Weekly on September 19. The video was directed by Daniel Askill and features a dance performance by Maddie Ziegler, a previous collaborator with Sia, intercut to scenes from the film.[55] Danish band Lukas Graham also contributed an original song for the film titled "Off to See the World",[56] which was used in the film's first trailer. Other artists included in the album are DNCE and CL.[57][58]

text: Release[edit]

text: On August 7, 2015, Lionsgate announced that they would distribute and market the film worldwide except in China.[32][28] The film was showcased at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 10 along with eight other Lionsgate features to help sell the film to international distributors.[59]

text: My Little Pony: The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3, 2017,[60] but it was subsequently moved up to October 6, 2017.[9] Theatrically, the film was accompanied by a 5-minute animated short from Hasbro Studios' web series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures.[61] A private premiere screening was held in New York City on September 24, 2017, twelve days prior to the nationwide release date.[8]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Numerous toys based on characters, sets, and props from the film were made by Hasbro, and a vast majority of the products was released on August 1, 2017.[62] The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film, including T-shirts and graphics.[30] On July 27, 2016, the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film.[63] Hasbro's toyline for the film was shown and promoted at Toy Fair 2017 and various other toy conventions.[64][65][66]

text: Several books and comics related to the film have been announced: My Little Pony: Annual 2018, which contains "exclusive content from the My Little Pony movie" was released on August 10, 2017;[67] and a "prequel" story released on August 1.[68] On January 23, 2017, Hachette Book Group listed five different books for the film, all released on August 29, 2017.[69][70][71][72][73] Books based on the film have been showcased at BookCon 2017 on June 4, with guest appearances by Andrea Libman and Ashleigh Ball.[74] IDW Publishing released a four-issue comic book miniseries titled My Little Pony: The Movie Prequel, with the first issue released on June 28, 2017.[75] Viz Media released an art book for the film on August 29, 2017.[76] A comic adaptation based on the film by IDW was released on September 27, 2017.[77]

text: A teaser trailer for the film was released online on April 6, 2017,[78] and in theaters alongside Smurfs: The Lost Village the following day. The first full trailer debuted online on June 28, 2017,[79] and was released with Despicable Me 3 two days later.[80] Another trailer was released by USA Today online on September 12, 2017.[81] The same day, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with two of the movie's characters, Pinkie Pie (voiced by Andrea Libman) and Twilight Sparkle (voiced by Tara Strong).[82] Another trailer was played during the season 12 finale of America's Got Talent on September 20, 2017.[83] On September 27, 2017, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with art director Rebecca Dart, who drew a custom artwork of Rainbow Dash (voiced by Ashleigh Ball).[84]

text: On September 30, 2017, a special titled The Making of My Little Pony: The Movie aired on Discovery Family, a joint venture between Discovery Communications and Hasbro.[85] It was watched by 18,000 viewers.[86]

text: Home media[edit]

text: My Little Pony: The Movie was released on December 19, 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9, 2018 for DVD, Blu-ray, and On Demand.[87] Its special features includes a deleted scene, a music video for the song "I'm the Friend You Need", three featurettes starring the Mane Six, an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short, and the Hanazuki: Full of Treasures short bundled with the film's theatrical release.[88]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: My Little Pony: The Movie has grossed $21.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $38.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $60.3 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was expected to gross between $10 million and $17 million from 2,528 theaters in its opening weekend.[89][90] It made $3 million on its first day, including $290,000 from Thursday night previews.[91] It ended up opening to $8.9 million finishing 4th at the box office behind Blade Runner 2049, The Mountain Between Us and It.[92] Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew stated that, despite the opening being considered a disappointment, any reasonable return from the film would be seen as positive by Hasbro because it is tied to the toy line.[31] The film dropped 54% in its second weekend, making $4.1 million and falling to 9th.[93]

text: Its biggest markets outside North America are China with $7.3 million, the UK with $4.9 million, Russia with $2.3 million, and Germany with $2.3 million.[94]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 47% based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Charming and sweet, My Little Pony: The Movie will please its dedicated fanbase, even if it's unlikely to encourage non-devotees to gallop along for the ride."[95] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[96] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[91]

text: Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Truthfully, this film feels like four episodes of a cartoon strung together, and there are times, especially during some of the latter musical numbers, where it truly drags." She also remarked on the film's animation, saying it "embraces the flat, colorful, Saturday-morning cartoon look and feel".[97] Christy Lenore of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4, criticizing the narrative as being "all over the place" and having "a multitude of underdeveloped, crammed-in characters", while commending the film for retaining the Friendship Is Magic television series cast and staff.[98] Josh Terry of Deseret News criticized the film, saying parents should "put their money into some new My Little Pony toys" rather than go see the movie.[99]

text: Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the film a "C" grade, favoring the improved animation over the television series, but adding "you have to wonder to what use it's being put".[100] Elizabeth Weitzman of TheWrap wrote positively of the film, saying, "Like its television predecessor, is all dressed up in bubbles and cupcakes and rainbows. But it's so jam-packed with rousing girl power, it passes the Bechdel Test with (literally) flying colors."[101] Amy Nicholson of Variety called the film "at once clichéd and exceptional", praising its female characters and calling the story "emotionally wise".[102]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Davey Awards
Best Home Page Website
My Little Pony: The Movie
Won
[103]

Muse Creative Awards
Platinum Winner - Website
Won
[104]

tag: table


document_title: The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)

question_text: where was last of the mohicans filmed north carolina

text: The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains, in the British colony of New York. British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany. He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro, the commander of Fort William Henry. Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel’s two daughters, Cora and Alice, to their father. He is a family friend and in love with Cora, to whom he proposes before they leave, but she does not give him an answer.

text: Major Heyward, the two women, and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside, guided by Magua, a Huron warrior. Magua leads the party into an ambush. All of the soldiers are killed or wounded, but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook, his son Uncas, and his white, adopted son "Hawkeye", who kill all of the ambushers except Magua, who escapes. The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort. During the fight, Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why. During the trek, Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other, as are Uncas and Alice.

text: When the party nears the fort, they find it under siege by the French and their Huron allies. The party manages to sneak in and are greeted by Colonel Munro, who asks Major Heyward about the requested, desperately needed reinforcements. While there, Cora and Hawkeye share a passionate kiss, and Heyward becomes jealous. In response, Cora finally tells him she will not marry him.

text: When Munro refuses to allow the militiamen to sneak away to defend their own families and homes, as he had earlier promised, Hawkeye arranges it anyway. He stays, however, and is condemned to death. Before that happens, during a parlay, French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm shows Munro an intercepted message which states that no reinforcements have been sent. Montcalm offers to allow the British to evacuate the fort with honor, keeping their weapons. Munro has little choice but to accept. However, Magua, a French ally, is furious at this arrangement. He harbors great hatred for Munro, blaming him for past wrongs done to him and his family.

text: The following day, Colonel Munro, his soldiers, and their women and children leave the fort. Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them. Magua personally kills Munro. Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out, leading Cora, Alice, and Heyward to temporary safety. Later, however, Magua captures the major and the women. Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem. He is interrupted by Hawkeye, who comes in alone to plead for their lives.

text: The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British, Alice given to Magua, and Cora burned alive. Hawkeye, for his great bravery, may leave unharmed. Hawkeye tells Heyward, who is serving as translator, to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora's place. Instead, Heyward trades his own life for Cora’s.

text: Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away, Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering. Chingachgook, Uncas, and Hawkeye then set out after Magua's party to free Alice. Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat, but is killed. Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua. While Hawkeye holds Magua's remaining men at bay, Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son. Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas, calling himself "the last of the Mohicans".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Day-Lewis as Hawkeye/Nathaniel Poe
Madeleine Stowe as Cora Munro
Russell Means as Chingachgook
Eric Schweig as Uncas
Jodhi May as Alice Munro
Steven Waddington as Maj. Duncan Heyward
Wes Studi as Magua
Maurice Roëves as Col. Edmund Munro
Patrice Chéreau as Gen. Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
Edward Blatchford as Jack Winthrop

Tracey Ellis as Alexandra Cameron
Terry Kinney as John Cameron
Sebastian Roché as Martin
Justin M. Rice as James Cameron
Dennis Banks as Ongewasgone
Pete Postlethwaite as Capt. Beams
Colm Meaney as Maj. Ambrose
Mac Andrews as Gen. Daniel Webb
Benton Jennings as Scottish Officer
Jared Harris as British Lieutenant

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Props[edit]

text: Much care was taken with recreating accurate costumes and props. American Bladesmith Society master bladesmith Daniel Winkler made the tomahawks used in the film and knifemaker Randall King made the knives.[3] Wayne Watson is the maker of Hawkeye's "Killdeer" rifle used in the film. The gunstock war club made for Chingachgook was created by Jim Yellow Eagle. Magua's tomahawk was made by Fred A. Mitchell of Odin Forge & Fabrication.

text: Costumes were originally designed by multiple Academy Award winner James Acheson, but he left the film and had his name removed because of artistic differences with Mann. Designer Elsa Zamparelli was brought in to finish.

text: Locations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.

text: Reception and honors[edit]

text: The Last of the Mohicans opened to general acclaim, with critics praising the film for its cinematography and music. Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and called it "quite an improvement on Cooper's all but unreadable book, and a worthy successor to the Randolph Scott version," going on to say that "The Last of the Mohicans is not as authentic and uncompromised as it claims to be — more of a matinee fantasy than it wants to admit — but it is probably more entertaining as a result."[4]

text: Desson Howe of The Washington Post classified the film as "glam-opera" and "the MTV version of gothic romance".[5] Rita Kempley of the Post recognized the "heavy drama," writing that the film "sets new standards when it comes to pent-up passion", but commented positively on the "spectacular scenery".[6]

text: The Last of the Mohicans is certified "Fresh" at the film site Rotten Tomatoes, with a positive rating of 94% (34 reviews out of 35 counted fresh).[7]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound (Chris Jenkins, Doug Hemphill, Mark Smith, Simon Kaye).[8]

text: American Film Institute recognition:

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Hawkeye - Nominated Hero[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in the United States on September 25, 1992, in 1,856 theaters. It was the number 1 movie on its opening weekend.[10][11] By the end of its first weekend, The Last of the Mohicans had generated $10,976,661, and by the end of its domestic run, the film had made $75,505,856.[2] It was ranked the 17th highest-grossing film of 1992 in the United States.[12]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: The film was released theatrically in 1992 at a length of 112 minutes. It was released at this length on VHS in the U.S. It was re-edited to a length of 117 minutes[13] for its U.S. DVD release on November 23, 1999,[14] which was billed as the "Director's Expanded Edition". It was again re-edited for its U.S. Blu-ray release on October 5, 2010,[15] this time billed as the "Director's Definitive Cut", with a length of 114 mins.[16]


document_title: List of massacres in Australia

question_text: when was the last time there was a mass shooting in australia

text: List of massacres in Australia

text: Massacres[edit]

text:
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Injuries
Notes

Shipwreck of the Batavia
1628
Houtman Abrolhos (Western Australia)
0110 !110
Many
Dutch shipwreck survivors are murdered by a break-away group of survivors

Cape Grim massacre
10 February 1828
Cape Grim, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
0030 !30
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians by four shepherds

Convincing Ground massacre
1833–34
Portland, Victoria
0200 !60–200
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a heated dispute between whalers and Aboriginal tribes

Pinjarra massacre
28 October 1834
Pinjarra, Western Australia
0040 !14–40

Massacre by British colonists led by Governor Stirling against the Pinjarup people

Waterloo Creek massacre/Slaughterhouse Creek massacre
January 1838
Waterloo Creek, NSW
0041 !40–70
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians as part of a clash between mounted police and Indigenous Australians

Myall Creek massacre
10 June 1838
Myall Creek, NSW
0030 !27-30
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians. The attack was racially motivated, and subsequently the colonists who carried out the attack were hanged

Murdering Gully massacre
1839
Mount Emu Creek, near Camperdown, Victoria
0040 !35–40
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians undertaken by Frederick Taylor apparently in retaliation to Aborigines having killed the colonists' sheep

Campaspe Plains massacre
June 1839
Campaspe Creek, Central Victoria
0040 !up to 40
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians led by commander Charles Hutton as a reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance to the invasion and occupation of their lands

Shipwreck survivors of the Maria massacred
1840
Coorong, SA
0025 !25
13 people survived
Ship travelling from Port Adelaide to Hobart was shipwrecked on the SE coast of South Australia, with all surviving the wreck. The survivors were being guided to safety by the local Narrindjeri people, but were massacred when they breached local law.

Gippsland massacres
1840-1850
Gippsland, VIC
0450 !300-1000
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians, combined with the introduction of diseases by the British Colonists which also contributed to the heavy losses of the Aborigines. The technical superiority of the Europeans' weapons gave the Europeans an absolute advantage over the Aborigines and, as a result, very few white settlers died during the course of the massacres.

Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
17 October 1861
Central Queensland
0019 !19
0000 !0
Massacre of white settlers by Indigenous Australians

Flying Foam massacre
February–May 1868
Flying Foam Passage, WA
0150 !20–150
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a series of confrontations between white settlers and Aboriginal people near the Flying Foam Passage

Palmer massacre
August 1878
Palmer River, Queensland
0150 !20–150
Unknown
Massacre by Cantonese and Pekinese against each other.[1]

Ching family murders
16 November 1911
Alligator Creek, Mackay, Queensland
0006 !6
0000 !0
George David Silva murdered six members of the Ching family by shooting and bashing. Silva was hanged at Boggo Road Gaol in Brisbane on 10 June 1912.

Battle of Broken Hill
1 January 1915
Broken Hill, New South Wales
0004 !4
0007 !7
Spree shooting by two Ghans gunmen - Terror attack - by modern definition[2]

Mowla Bluff massacre
1916
Kimberley, Western Australia
0400 !Up to 12[3]
0000 !0
Massacre of Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal Men, women and children were rounded up and subsequently shot and their bodies burned

Forrest River massacre
May–July 1926
Kimberley Region of Western Australia
0011 !11
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians by law enforcement.

Coniston massacre
14 August – 18 October 1928
Coniston, Northern Territory
0170 !60–170
Unknown
Probably the last known massacre of Indigenous Australians

Hope Forest massacre
6 September 1971
Hope Forest, SA
0010 !10
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Clifford Bartholomew, who shot dead ten members of his family[4]

Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub fire
8 March 1973
Fortitude Valley, Queensland
0015 !15
Unknown
Arson attack that killed 15 people and injured many more at a nightclub

Campsie murders
24 September 1981
Campsie, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Fouad Daoud, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself[5]

Wahroonga murders
1 June 1984
Wahroonga, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Rampage killing by John Brandon, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself.[6]

Milperra massacre
2 September 1984
Milperra, New South Wales
0007 !7
0028 !28
Shootout between two rival motorcycle gangs. 1 bystander was among those killed in the incident

Top End Shootings
June 1987
Top End, Northern Territory
0005 !5

Spree killing by Joseph Schwab over a five-day period. Shot dead by police

Hoddle Street massacre
9 August 1987
Clifton Hill, Victoria
0007 !7

A Spree shooting by Julian Knight

Canley Vale Huynh family murders
10 October 1987
Canley Vale, New South Wales
0005 !5

Rampage killing by John Tran, who shot dead 5 members of a family

Queen Street massacre
8 December 1987
Melbourne, Victoria
0008 !8

A spree shooting/murder–suicide by Frank Vitkovic

Oenpelli shootings
25 September 1988
Oenpelli, Northern Territory
0006 !6
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Dennis Rostron, six members of his family at a remote Arnhem Land outstation in Oenpelli[7]

Surry Hills shootings
30 August 1990
Surry Hills, New South Wales
0005 !5
0007 !7
A spree shooting by Paul Anthony Evers who killed 5 people and injured 7 with a 12 gauge pump-action shotgun at a public housing precinct in Surry Hills before surrendering to police.[8]

Strathfield massacre
17 August 1991
Strathfield, New South Wales
0007 !7

A spree shooting/murder–suicide by Wade Frankum

Central Coast massacre
27 October 1992
Terrigal, New South Wales
0006 !6

A spree shooting by Malcolm George Baker

1993 Cangai siege
March 1993
Cangai, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Leonard Leabeater, Robert Steele and Raymond Bassett went on a nine-day rampage resulting in their taking hostages in a siege in a farmhouse at Hanging Rock Station in Cangai

Hillcrest murders
25 January 1996
Hillcrest, Queensland
0006 !6
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Peter May, who shot dead six members of his family before killing himself[9]

Port Arthur massacre
28 April 1996
Port Arthur, Tasmania
0035 !35
0024 !24
A spree shooting by Martin Bryant

Murder Suicide
28 June 1997
Richmond, Tasmania
005 !5

Peter Shoobridge cut the throat of his 4 daughters whilst they slept then took his own life with a rifle after cutting off one of his hands with an axe.
[10]

Wright St Bikie Murders
8 October 1999
Adelaide, Australia
0003 !3
000 !0
Hell's Angels feud[11]

Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel fire
23 June 2000
Childers, Queensland
0015 !15
unknown
Arson attack by Robert Paul Long, which killed 15 international backpackers

Monash University shooting
21 October 2002
Melbourne, Victoria
002 !2
005 !5
Mass shooting attack by Huan Yun "Allen" Xiang

Churchill Fire
7 February 2009
Churchill, Victoria
0010 !10
unknown
Arson attack by Brendan Sokaluk that killed 10 people, during the Black Saturday bushfires period

Lin family murders
18 July 2009
North Epping, New South Wales
0005 !5
unknown
Blunt instrument attack that killed 5 members of the Lin family

Quakers Hill nursing home fire
18 November 2011
Sydney, NSW
0011 !11

Arson attack by Roger Kingsley Dean, a nurse, which killed 11 people

Rozelle fire murders
4 September 2014
Rozelle, New South Wales
0003 !3
0002 !2
Arson attack by Adeel Khan which killed 3 and injured another 2.[12]

Hunt family murders
9 September 2014
Lockhart, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
A Mass shooting and Familicide by Geoff Hunt who killed his wife and three children before turning the gun on himself

Sydney Siege
15 - 16 December 2014
Sydney, NSW
0008 !3
0001 !4
Siege. A lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place in Sydney, Australia. The NSW Police Tactical Operations Unit shot Monis dead, after he executed a hostage. In the exchange five others were hit by Police bullet fragments, causing accidental death to one of them.

Cairns child killings
19 December 2014
Cairns, Queensland
0008 !8
0001 !1 (self-inflicted by perpetrator)
Stabbing attack. 8 children aged 18 months to 15 years killed. Thirty-seven-year-old woman also found injured. The woman, Raina Mersane Ina Thaiday, was later charged with the murder of the children, 7 of whom were hers, plus her niece.[13]

2017 Melbourne car attack
20 January 2017
Melbourne, Victoria
0006 !6
0030 !30
Vehicular attack. Dimitrious Gargasoulas drove a Holden Commodore into Bourke St Mall, resulting in the deaths of 6 people and injuring 30+ others.

text: Murders over an extended period of time[edit]

text:
Eric Edgar Cooke murdered 8 people between 1959 and 1963.
Backpacker murders – Ivan Milat killed seven international backpackers in the early 1990s, and is widely suspected of killing 30 more young adults.
Melbourne gangland killings – 36 underworld figures murdered so far in gang related violence between 1998 and 2010.
Snowtown murders – 12 murders committed from 1992 until 1999.
John Wayne Glover – murders of six elderly women on Sydney's North Shore over a fourteen-month period in 1989–90.
Truro murders – murders of seven women from 1976 until 1977.
William Fraser - murders of at least 100 men, women and children between 1857-1867

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Douglas Crabbe – Truck driver deliberately crashed his truck into a hotel, killing five and badly wounding 16.
Russell Street Bombing – 23 wounded when a car bomb ignites outside a Police Building. One of the wounded, a female police officer, died later of injuries from the explosion.
Sydney Hilton bombing – Two garbage men were killed and 12 passers-by were injured by a bomb planted in a garbage bin outside the Sydney Hilton Hotel in 1978. A police officer who was wounded died later.
2014 Sydney hostage crisis – Two hostages and hostage-taker Man Haron Monis were killed, during a 16-hour siege inside a Lindt cafe in Martin Place, Sydney, with six other people injured.


document_title: McDonald's Monopoly

question_text: when did mcdonald's start the monopoly game

question_tokens: when did mcdonald 's start the monopoly game

text: McDonald's Monopoly

text: History[edit]

text: The promotion has been offered in the United States, Canada,[1] Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and United Kingdom since 1987. Argentina and Brazil were included in 2013 as well as Ireland in 2016. From 2003-2009, Best Buy was involved in the U.S. version, and later in the Canadian version.

text: Like many merchants, McDonald's offered sweepstakes to draw customers into its restaurants. Laws generally forbid a company from administering its own contests, in order to prevent fraud and to ensure that all prizes are given away. McDonald's had a relationship with Simon Worldwide Inc., which was responsible for the distribution of the contest pieces and the awarding of major prizes.

text: In 2015, the Monopoly game was replaced in the US by "Game Time Gold", using an NFL theme.[2] In 2016, the Monopoly game returned, but has not since.

text: Fraud[edit]

text: In 2000, the U.S. promotion was halted after fraud was uncovered. A subcontracting company called Simon Marketing (a then-subsidiary of Cyrk), which had been hired by McDonald's to organize and promote the game, failed to recognize a flaw in its procedures. Chief of security Jerome P. Jacobson[3] was able to remove the most expensive game pieces, which he then passed to associates who would redeem them and share the proceeds. The associates won almost all of the top prizes between 1995 and 2000, including McDonald's giveaways that did not have the Monopoly theme. The associates netted over $24 million. While the fraud appeared to have been perpetrated by only one key employee of the promotion company, and not by the company's management, eight people were originally arrested, leading to a total of 21 indicted individuals.[4] The relationship between McDonald's and Simon Marketing broke down in a pair of lawsuits over breach of contract, eventually settled out of court, with McDonald's' claim being thrown out and Simon receiving $16.6 million.[5] Due to a constitutional violation, four of those convicted of the fraud were later released as they were not initially charged with the offense.[6]

text: In 1995, St. Jude Children's Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee received an anonymous letter postmarked Dallas, Texas which contained a $1 million winning game piece. Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and made its last $50,000 annuity payment in 2014.[7] Investigations later indicated that Jacobson had admitted to sending the winning piece to the hospital.[8]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The promotion mimics the game Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens come only with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board (with the exception of the Golden Avenue/Arches Avenue "properties", which were added in the 2008 edition; and Electric Company/Water Works utilities added in 2014). When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money. Historically, the grand prize ($1 million, annuity only) has been the combination of the two most costly properties, Park Place and Boardwalk, but in the 2006–2007 games the top prize ($5 million, with the traditional $1 million prize for Boardwalk/Park Place) was awarded for collecting the four railroads. There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food (typically small menu items, such as a free small McFlurry or medium fries) but never for any food item that has game pieces, money, or other prizes. The 2001 edition was titled "Pick Your Prize!", in which winners could choose which of three ways they wanted their prize awarded to them (i.e. they could choose if they wanted their $1 million in gold, diamonds, or $50,000 per year for 20 years). In 2016, the game changed where all available prizes were cash, including the $1 million for Park Place and Boardwalk, and was titled "Money Monopoly".

text: Coupon pieces[edit]

text: Additionally, in the 2005 edition, certain foods always came with one coupon which could be used at either Best Buy, Toys R Us, or Foot Locker (including online stores). The value of each coupon was random, with Toys R Us coupons ranging from $1 to $5; up to $5 in coupons could be used in a single transaction. In 2008, these coupons were redeemed for up to 25% off any Foot Locker item(s). Since 2009, the promotion has not featured any coupons.

text: Products with game pieces[edit]

text: As of 2017 (Canada) and 2016 (US), the following products contained game pieces:

text:
Canada[9]
USA[10]

Big Mac (Single/Double)
Big Mac

Chicken McNuggets (10/20 pc.)

McChicken Sandwich

Angus sandwiches (Bacon Cheddar/Mighty/Smokehouse)
Filet-O-Fish

Medium French Fries

Medium & Large Hot McCafe Beverages

Medium & Large Soft Drink Cups/Milkshakes
Medium Soft Drink Cups

Coffee (Medium/Large/X-Large)

Muffin

McMuffin Sandwiches (except Sausage McMuffin)

Hashbrowns

Quarter Pounder with Cheese/BLT sandwiches (Single/Double)

Signature McWraps

Regular McFlurry

Breakfast McWraps
Biscuit Sandwiches (except Sausage Biscuit)

text: Canadian and US laws require that game pieces be available upon request with no purchase necessary (Alternative Method of Entry, "AMOE"), and can be requested by the mailing of a handwritten, self-addressed stamped envelope.[10]

text: Rare pieces in US/Canada[edit]

text: The rare collectible pieces that dictate the odds of winning are as follows:

text:
Property
2017 Canadian Name*****[11]
2017 code
2017 prize
2016 code
2016 prize
2014 code
2014 prize
2013 code
2013 prize
2012 code
2012 prize
2011 code
2011 prize
2010 code
2010 prize
2009 code
2009 prize
2008 code
2008 prize
2007 code
2007 prize

Mediterranean Avenue
Rideau Canal
801
CN$150,000
601
$50 ($100 in Canada)
501
$50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada)
431/461
$1,000 ($25 McDonald's Gift Card in Canada)
925
$50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada)
321
$50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada)
750
$50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada)
101
$50 (Paid in McDonald's Gift Cards in Canada)
251
$100
801
$50

Vermont Avenue
Mackenzie River
804
2 Yamaha SnoScoot Snowmobiles & two 250 Yamabucks gift cards
604
$1,000 (Berkley Family Equipment Package in Canada)
504
Shell fuel for 1 Year ($2,500 in Canada)
434/464
$5,000 ($50 McDonald's Gift Card in Canada)
928
$5,000
324
$100
753

104

254

804

Virginia Avenue
Percé Rock
806
CN$10,000
608
$2,000 ($10,000 in Canada)
508
$5,000
438/468
$10,000 ($20,000 in Canada)
932
Beach Resort Vacation
328
$200 Spa Certificate
757

108

258

808

Tennessee Avenue
Tunnels of Moose Jaw
811
Cineplex Premiere Card for winner & guest for 1 year
610
$5,000 (Cineplex Premiére Card in Canada)
510
Softcard Mobile Wallet Prize + $2,500 for wireless service ($5,000 Wal-Mart Gift Card in Canada)
440/470
EA Sports Super Bowl XLVIII trip for 2 ($5,000 Wal-Mart Gift Card in Canada)
934
$10,000
330
Beach Resort Vacation
759
$1,000
110
$5,000
260
$5,000
810
$5,000

Kentucky Avenue
Confederation Bridge
812
CN$5,000 in Prepaid MasterCard Gift Card
612
$10,000 ($5,000 in Vanilla Prepaid Gift Cards in Canada)
512
Any Delta Air Lines Vacations Destination for 2
442/472
Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2
936
Any Delta Air Lines Destination for 2
332
$50,000
761
Beaches Resorts Vacation
112
$10,000
262
$10,000
812
$10,000

Ventnor Avenue
Whistler
817
Cabela's Camping Package
616
$25,000 (Polaris Snowmobile in Canada)
516
Beaches Resorts Vacation
446/476
$20,000 ($10,000 in Canada)
940
$20,000
336
$100,000
765
$25,000
116
$25,000
266
$25,000
816
$25,000

Pennsylvania Avenue
Portage and Memorial
820
CN$2,000 Hudson's Bay Gift Card
620
$50,000 ($2,000 Hudson's Bay Gift Card in Canada)
520
Cessna Private Jet Trip
450/480
2014 Fiat 500L (2013 Fiat POP in Canada)
944
2013 Fiat 500 Sport Hatchback
340
2012 Nissan Leaf or 2012 Nissan 370z
769
$50,000
120
$50,000
270
$50,000
820
$50,000

Boardwalk
Le Château Frontenac
821
2018 Volkswagen Atlas SUV
622
$1,000,000 (annuity, 2017 Volkswagen Golf SportsWagen in Canada)
522
$1,000,000 (annuity)
452/482
$1,000,000 (annuity, $100,000 for Canada)
946
$1,000,000 (annuity)
342
$1,000,000 (annuity)
771
$1,000,000 (annuity)
122
$1,000,000 (annuity)
274
$1,000,000 (annuity)
822
$1,000,000 (annuity)

Short Line
Vancouver International Airport
826
3,000 WestJet Dollars
626
$500 (A "dream vacation" in Canada)
526
$5,000 Target Shopping Experience on Black Friday ($1,000 in Canada)
456/486
Shell Fuel for 1 Year ($5,000 in Canada)
950
EA SPORTS Fan Trip Championship Get-A-Way
346
EA SPORTS Trip
775
EA SPORTS Trip
126
$500
278
$500
826
$5,000,000 (annuity)

Reading Railroad
Route Transcan Highway
828
Shell "Fuel for a Year"

Water Works***

527
$10,000

Golden Avenue**

271
$100,000

Free Parking****

???
$100,000

text: Note that the rare piece is alphabetically the last property in each group, except for Boardwalk. In 2013, McDonald's allowed two Boardwalk pieces to be produced, previously there was only one produced.

text: [*] Until 2007, Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues were dark purple properties on the traditional Monopoly board; since 2008, it has been brown.

text: [**] McDonald's added Golden Avenue and Arches Avenue for 2008 only; obtaining both won $100,000.

text: [***] Electric Company & Water Works were added for 2014; obtaining both won $10,000.

text: [****] One Free Parking $100,000 prize was seeded on each of the following in only the US Territory: Bacon Clubhouse (1 in 9,836,000), Filet-O-Fish (1 in 19,585,000), Big Mac (1 in 45,000,000) and Large Fries (1 in 150,254,000)[12]

text: [*****] In 2016, the Canadian version replaced all properties with Canadian landmarks (such as replacing Boardwalk with Le Château Frontenac, and swapping Kentucky Avenue with the Confederation Bridge) and replaced all train stations with well-known Canadian airports, including Toronto Pearson International Airport and Vancouver International Airport.

text: Germany[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The German version of the rare piece list is as follows:

text:
Property
2009 code
2009 prize
2009 number awarded

Jackpot
???
1 each of the below + 1 each of the instant win prizes.
1x
0 property
1 instant

Turmstraße
902
Monopoly Game set.
1000x
340 property
660 instant

Elisenstraße & Poststraße
904 & 905
€1,000 Prepaid Visa Card
1000x
950 property
50 instant

Hafenstraße
907
LG Netbook
500x
170 property
330 instant

Wiener Straße & Berliner Straße
910 & 911
Audi A3 Cabriolet
100x
90 property
10 instant

Museumstraße
913
Nintendo Wii with Avatar the game
777x
259 property
518 instant

Schillerstraße
916
MSC cruise for two
5x
2 property
3 instant

Hauptstraße
919
ETI dream vacation to Egypt
100x
34 property
66 instant

Parkstraße
921
Hercules Mountain Bike
100x
34 property
66 instant

Südbahnhof & Westbahnhof
932 & 924
€100,000 from Visa
10x
10 property
0 instant

text: In addition to the property pieces, there are also Instant Win pieces for a Samsung MP3 player, a LG Touchscreen cellphone, €150 gift certificates to S.Oliver, a JBL iPod dock, a Funai Flatscreen television, Nikon digital camera, Noxon internet radio, and SnowTrex one-week ski vacation for two.

text: Online games[edit]

text: In 2005, McDonald's introduced an online counterpart to its traditional game. In addition to the traditional "sticker" game, participants can play online. Each game piece lists a code which can be entered online, to a maximum of 10 entries per 24 hours, a day starts at midnight EDT. Up to 2014, each code entered grants the user one roll on a virtual Monopoly game board, identical to the board game's board. Rolling "doubles" (two dice sharing the same number), as with the real board game, allows the user to move again.

text: Landing on Electric Company, Income Tax, Jail/Just Visiting, Go to Jail, Water Works, or Luxury Tax does not count towards any prize. If a player lands on an unowned property (not landed upon by the player in a previous turn), the user will "collect" that property. When all properties of a colored set are collected, the user wins a prize, with prize values similar to those of the sticker game. In addition to collecting property sets, users can also win by landing on certain "instant win" spaces, including Go, Chance, Community Chest, and Free Parking. Landing on Go (but not simply passing it) gives the player a code worth one free hour of WiFi access at participating McDonald's restaurants. Landing on Chance is worth money to spend at Foot Locker. Landing on Community Chest allows the user to be given a code worth 25 My Coke Rewards points. Landing on Free Parking is a prize of a $50 refillable gas card from Shell, or alternatively 25 complimentary apple pies.

text: In 2007, landing on Community Chest won game downloads.[13]

text: In 2009, the prizes became two hours of Wi-Fi and a $25 Arch Card for landing on Go, an entry into an online roll for $1,000,000 (annuity) for landing on Chance, 25 My Coke Rewards points for landing on Community Chest, and a $50 refillable Shell gift card for landing on Free Parking.

text: The values of the dice are not random. As stated in the contest rules, one property in each set is "rare," similar to the sticker game. These rare properties are landed on only when the game server "seeds" a winning roll. Winning rolls are seeded at specific times on specific dates, and the first user to roll the dice once a win has been seeded will land on a winning piece. This allows McDonald's to declare the odds of winning certain prizes, a legal requirement for contests in most jurisdictions.

text: In 2010, the online game was changed, removing the dice and the game board, presenting only 3 Chance cards from which to pick. One has a prize, starting at 30 My Coke Rewards points, but may be (non-randomly) seeded with a higher-valued prize. Player chooses one card, is asked if that is the choice the player wants to make, and the card is flipped. If it is the pre-selected winning card, the player wins the pre-selected prize.

text: In 2011, the game was changed again – the mascot, Rich Uncle Pennybags (aka "Mr. Monopoly"), is shown attempting to throw a Chance card into a top hat. If the card lands in the hat, the player can claim a prize. Players must choose a "throwing style", which only changes the animations used – it does nothing to affect one's odds of winning.

text: In 2012, the game was changed once more. Players must click on "Spin" first, and if it landed on "GO!", the player wins the online prize shown. The next year, players had to click on "Play"; a win resulted in the prize shown onscreen; regardless of the outcome, players received an entry to win a 2013 Fiat 500 Cabrio. For the 2014 game, players must click on "GO!", and if it results in a win, the online prize is shown onscreen; regardless of the outcome, the participant receives an entry to win $50,000.

text: In 2016, players can enter up to ten codes daily in order to win weekly sweepstakes with a $50,000 grand prize.

text: Restrictions[edit]

text: For all versions of the online game, players are restricted to a set number of online entries per day.[14] In the UK, this is restricted to 24 entries. In USA, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Saipan, the limit is 10.

text: Players in the UK must be aged 16 years or older.

text: Note that the official rules state: "The purchase, sale, trading, or barter of Game Pieces, Game Stamps, FREE Codes or Game Codes via Online or live auctions, or any other methods, does not constitute Legitimate Channels and is expressly prohibited."[14] This includes eBay.com, where it is also a violation of that site's lottery policy.


document_title: World energy consumption

question_text: what percentage of the world's electricity is supplied by coal

question_tokens: what percentage of the world 's electricity is supplied by coal

text: World energy consumption

text: Overview[edit]

text: Energy supply, consumption and electricity[edit]

text:
Key figures (TWh)

Year
Primary energy
supply (TPES)1
Final energy
consumption1
Electricity
generation
Ref

1973

71,013
(Mtoe 6,106)

54,335
(Mtoe 4,672)

6,129
[2]

1990
102,569
–
11,821
–

2000
117,687
–
15,395
–

2010

147,899
(Mtoe 12,717)

100,914
(Mtoe 8,677)

21,431
[5]

2011

152,504
(Mtoe 13,113)

103,716
(Mtoe 8,918)

22,126
[6]

2012

155,505
(Mtoe 13,371)

104,426
(Mtoe 8,979)

22,668
[7]

2013

157,482
(Mtoe 13,541)

108,171
(Mtoe 9,301)

23,322
[8]

2014

155,481
(Mtoe 13,369)

109,613
(Mtoe 9,425)

23,816
[9]

2015

168,519
(Quad BTU 575)

[10]

1 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh)
and from Quad BTU into TWh (1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh)

text: World total primary energy supply (TPES), or "primary energy" differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers. For instance, when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline, so that it can be used in a car, and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers. World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity.

text: In 2014, world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt-hour (TWh) or 13,541 Mtoe, while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5% less than the total supply.[9] World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel. This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh (809 Mtoe) in 2012.[11]

text: By the end of 2014, the total installed global power generating capacity is nearly 6.142 TW (million MW) which does not include the DG sets not connected to local electricity grids.[12] In 2014, world energy consumption for electricity generation was coal 40.8%, natural gas 21.6%, nuclear 10.6%, hydro 16.4%, 'others' (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) 6.3% and oil 4.3%. Coal and natural gas were the most popular energy fuels for generating electricity. The world's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh[citation needed] in 2012. This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated electricity, due to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross generation). Cogeneration (CHP) power stations use some of the energy that is otherwise wasted for heating buildings or in industrial processes.

text: 2014 World electricity generation (23,816 TWh) by source (IEA, 2016)[13]

text: The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. For 2013, estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 1020 joules, or 157,481 TWh. According to the IEA the total world energy consumption was 143,851 TWh in 2008, 133,602 TWh in 2005, 117,687 TWh in 2000, and 102,569 TWh in 1990. Total world electricity consumption was 19,504 TWh in 2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in 2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000.[2] In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region.[1]

text: Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.[3][14] One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.[3] From 2000–2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history, with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy. The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period.[1]

text: Trends[edit]

text: The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2% in 2011, after the strong increase of 2010. The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth. For several years now, the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets, while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies, high oil prices, resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption.[18]

text: According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per person increased 10% while world population increased 27%. Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by 91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and world overall grew by 39%.

text: In 2008, total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 474 exajoules (EJ).[19] In 2012, primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh (567 EJ).[20]

text: Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5% in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1%, or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), as a result of the financial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0.6% in 2009.[21]

text: This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends: Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

text: Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm) and hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt).[22]

text: Most of the world's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via solar PV/thermal, wind, hydro- or wave power. The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter (see solar constant), though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun. This value, after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth, is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89,000 TW, reaches the Earth's surface.[23]

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 1023 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."[24]

text: According to IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 °C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes. If action is not taken before 2017, CO2 emissions would be locked-in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017. Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables.[25]

text:
Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)[26][27]

kWh/capita
Population (million)
Energy use (1,000 TWh)

Region
1990
2008
Growth
1990
2008
Growth
1990
2008
Growth

USA
89,021
87,216
−2%
250
305
22%
22.3
26.6
20%

EU-28
40,240
40,821
1%
473
499
5%
19.0
20.4
7%

Middle East
19,422
34,774
79%
132
199
51%
2.6
6.9
170%

China
8,839
18,608
111%
1,141
1,333
17%
10.1
24.8
146%

Latin America
11,281
14,421
28%
355
462
30%
4.0
6.7
66%

Africa
7,094
7,792
10%
634
984
55%
4.5
7.7
70%

India
4,419
6,280
42%
850
1,140
34%
3.8
7.2
91%

Others*
25,217
23,871
nd
1,430
1,766
23%
36.1
42.2
17%

The World
19,422
21,283
10%
5,265
6,688
27%
102.3
142.3
39%

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

text: Emissions[edit]

text: Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem. Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol, which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts, which a number of nations have signed. Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius, thought to be a risk by the SEI, is now doubtful.

text: To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75% decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 billion in 2050.[28] Across 40 years, this averages to a 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).[29]

text: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SOx), nitrous oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution.[30] Biomass combustion is a major contributor.[30][31][32] In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion, most biomass has high CO2 emissions.[33]

text: By source[edit]

text: Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[13][7]:28

text: Fossil fuels[edit]

text: The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[19] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

text: Coal[edit]

text: In 2000, China accounted for 28% of world coal consumption, other Asia consumed 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. The single greatest coal-consuming country is China. Its share of the world coal production was 28% in 2000 and rose to 48% in 2009. In contrast to China's ~70% increase in coal consumption, world coal use increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.[34] China's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector, the majority of which comes from coal consumption.[35]

text: World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32% in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005, of which over 70% was in China and 8% in India. Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt, and 2009 6,903 Mt, equal to 12.7% production increase in two years.[36]

text: If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008, proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years. This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe. Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal.[37] Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1% of the world coal export in 2011. China, Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan had 65% share of all the world coal import in 2011.[38]

text:
Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000–2010[34][39]

Region
2000
2008
2009*
2010*
 %*
Change
2000–2009*

North America
6,654
6,740
6,375
6,470
16%
−1.2%

Asia excl. China
5,013
7,485
7,370
7,806
19%
18.9%

China
7,318
16,437
18,449
19,928
48%
85.5%

EU
3,700
3,499
3,135
3,137
8%
−3.8%

Africa
1,049
1,213
1,288
1,109
3%
0.4%

Russia
1,387
1,359
994
1,091
3%
−2.0%

Others
1,485
1,763
1,727
1,812
4%
2.2%

Total
26,607
38,497
39,340
41,354
100%
47.9%

Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP
*Change 2000–2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

text:
Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[40]

Rank
Nation
2010
2011
Share
% 2011
2012

1
Indonesia
162
309
29.7%
383

2
Australia
298
285
27.4%
302

3
Russia
89
99
9.5%
103

4
US
57
85
8.2%
106

5
Colombia
68
76
7.3%
82

6
South Africa
68
70
6.7%
72

7
Kazakhstan
33
34
3.3%
32

8
Canada
24
24
2.3%
25

9
Vietnam
21
23
2.2%
18

10
Mongolia
17
22
2.1%
22

x
Others
19
14
1.3%

Total (Mt)
856
1,041

1,168

Top ten
97.8%
98.7%

text: Oil[edit]

text: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[41] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[42] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[43]

text: It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present.[44]

text: Natural Gas[edit]

text: In 2009, the world use of natural gas grew 31% compared to 2000. 66% of this growth was outside EU, North America, Latin America, and Russia. Others include the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.[45]

text:
Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[39][45]

Land
2000
2008
2009
2010
 %

North America
7,621
7,779
8,839
8,925
27%

Asia excl. China
2,744
4,074
4,348
4,799
14%

China
270
825
1,015
1,141
3%

EU
4,574
5,107
4,967
5,155
16%

Africa
612
974
1,455
1,099
3%

Russia
3,709
4,259
4,209
4,335
13%

Latin America
1,008
1,357
958
nd
nd

Others
3,774
5,745
6,047
7,785
23%

Total
24,312
30,134
31,837
33,240
100%

Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

text: Nuclear power[edit]

text: As of 1 July 2016, the world had 444 operable grid-electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction.[46] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[47][48]

text: Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh, and another 1.6% in 2011 to 2518 TWh, despite increases in production from most countries worldwide, because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan. Nuclear power met 11.7% of the world's electricity demand in 2011. Source: IEA/OECD[6]

text: Renewable energy[edit]

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[50] Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[51]

text: Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[52] Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[53] In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[54] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[55]

text: The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity, and has capacity factors that range from 11% for solar, to 40% for hydropower.[56]

text:
Selected renewable energy global indicators
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

Investment in new renewable capacity (annual) (109 USD)[57]
182
178
237
279
256
232
270
285

Renewables power capacity (existing) (GWe)
1,140
1,230
1,320
1,360
1,470
1,578
1,712
1,849

Hydropower capacity (existing) (GWe)
885
915
945
970
990
1,018
1,055
1,064

Wind power capacity (existing) (GWe)
121
159
198
238
283
319
370
433

Solar PV capacity (grid-connected) (GWe)
16
23
40
70
100
138
177
227

Solar hot water capacity (existing) (GWth)
130
160
185
232
255
373
406
435

Ethanol production (annual) (109 litres)
67
76
86
86
83
87
94
98

Biodiesel production (annual) (109 litres)
12
17.8
18.5
21.4
22.5
26
29.7
30

Countries with policy targets
for renewable energy use
79
89
98
118
138
144
164
173

Source: The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)–Global Status Report[58][59][60][61][62]

text:
Renewable energy 2000-2013 (TWh) [63]

2000
2010
2013

North-America
1,973
2,237
2,443

EU
1,204
2,093
2,428

Russia
245
239
271

China
2,613
3,374
3,847

Asia (-China)
4,147
4,996
5,361

Africa
2,966
3,930
4,304

Latin America
1 502
2,127
2,242

Other
567
670
738

Total renewable
15,237
19,711
21,685

Total energy
116,958
148,736
157,485

Share
13.0%
13.3%
13.8%

Total nonrenewable
101,721
129,025
135,800

text: From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh.

text: Hydro[edit]

text: Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity,[64] which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.[65] Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWh) of production in 2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[65] Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric, one is wind.

text: Marine energy[edit]

text: Marine energy, also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy, with most projects still in the pilot phase, but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4–18 million tonne of oil equivalent (toe). MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as, wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves, tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas, in-stream turbines in fast-moving rivers, ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents, and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters.[66]

text: Wind[edit]

text: Wind power is growing at the rate of 17% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2015,[67][68][69] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[70][71] Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark,[72] 18% in Portugal,[72] 16% in Spain,[72] 14% in Ireland[73] and 9% in Germany in 2010.[72][74] As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.[74] Continuing strong growth, by 2016 wind generated 3% of global power annually.[75]

text: Solar[edit]

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels."[76] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3% of global energy.[77]

text: Geothermal[edit]

text: Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[78] In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 petajoules (75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000♠10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000♠28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[79][80] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000♠100 GW.[78]

text: Bio energy[edit]

text: Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[79] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7×109 US gal), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[79] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 gigalitres (1.0×109 US gal), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[79]

text: By country[edit]

text: World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 (IEA, 2016)[13]

text: Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

text: The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.[81] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[81]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

text: One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

text: Oil[edit]

text: Saudi Arabia, Russia and the United States accounted for 34% of oil production in 2011. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36% of oil export in 2011.

text:
Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[40]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
Saudi Arabia
519
509
452
471
517
12.9%
544

2
Russia
470
485
494
502
510
12.7%
520

3
United States
307
300
320
336
346
8.6%
387

4
Iran
205
214
206
227
215
5.4%
186

5
China
183
190
194
200
203
5.1%
206

6
Canada
143
155
152
159
169
4.2%
182

7
UAE
nd
136
120
129
149
3.7%
163

8
Venezuela
162
137
126
149
148
3.7%
162

9
Mexico
188
159
146
144
144
3.6%
nd

10
Nigeria
133
nd
nd
130
139
3.5%
nd

x
Kuwait
nd
145
124
nd
nd
nd
152

x
Iraq
nd
nd
114
140
nd
nd
148

x
Norway
139
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
3,923
3,941
3,843
3,973
4,011
100%

Top ten
62%
62%
61%
62%
63%

text:
Top 10 oil exporters (Mt)[82]

Rank
Nation
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
Saudi Arabia
333
17.0%

2
Russia
246
12.5%

3
Nigeria
129
6.6%

4
Iran
126
6.4%

5
UAE
105
5.4%

6
Iraq
94
4.8%

7
Venezuela
87
4.4%

8
Angola
84
4.3%

9
Norway
78
4.0%

10
Mexico
71
3.6%

x
Others
609
31.0%

Total (Mt)
1,962

text: Coal[edit]

text:
Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[40]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011
2012

1
China
2,226
2,761
2,971
3,162
3,576
46%
3,549

2
US
1,028
1,076
985
997
1,004
13%
935

3
India
430
521
561
571
586
8%
595

4
Australia
372
397
399
420
414
5%
421

5
Indonesia
318
284
301
336
376
5%
443

6
Russia
222
323
297
324
334
4%
354

7
South Africa
315
236
247
255
253
3%
259

8
Germany
nd
nd
nd
nd
189
2%
197

9
Poland
160
144
135
134
139
2%
144

10
Kazakhstan
79
108
101
111
117
2%
126

11
Colombia
65
79
73
74
1%
nd
nd

Total
5,878
6,796
6,903
7,229
7,783
100%
7,831

Top ten
89%
87%
88%
88%
nd
90%

*include hard coal and brown coal

text:
Top 10 coal importers (Mt)[83]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011

1
China
25
nd
114
157
177

2
Japan
178
186
165
187
175

3
South Korea
77
100
103
119
129

4
India
37
58
66
88
101

5
Taiwan
61
66
60
63
66

6
Germany
38
46
38
45
41

7
UK
44
43
38
26
32

8
Turkey
nd
19
20
27
24

9
Italy
24
25
19
22
23

10
Malaysia
nd
nd
nd
19
21

x
Spain
25
19
16
nd
nd

x
France
nd
21
nd
nd
nd

x
US
28
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
778
778
819
949
1,002

Top ten
69%
75%
78%
79%
79%

Import of production
16%
13%
14%
15%
13%

*2005–2010 hard coal

text: Natural gas[edit]

text:
Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[82]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011

1
Russia
627
657
589
637
677
20.0%

2
US
517
583
594
613
651
19.2%

3
Canada
187
175
159
160
160
4.7%

4
Qatar
nd
79
89
121
151
4.5%

5
Iran
84
121
144
145
149
4.4%

6
Norway
90
103
106
107
106
3.1%

7
China
nd
76
90
97
103
3.0%

8
Saudi Arabia
70
nd
nd
82
92
2.7%

9
Indonesia
77
77
76
88
92
2.7%

10
Netherlands
79
85
79
89
81
2.4%

x
Algeria
93
82
81
nd
nd
nd

x
UK
93
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
2,872
3,149
3,101
3,282
100%
3,388

Top ten
67%
65%
65%
65%
67%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text:
Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[82]

Rank
Nation
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Share %
2011

1
Japan
81
95
93
99
116
13.9%

2
Italy
73
77
69
75
70
8.4%

3
Germany
91
79
83
83
68
8.2%

4
US
121
84
76
74
55
6.6%

5
South Korea
29
36
33
43
47
5.6%

6
Ukraine
62
53
38
37
44
5.3%

7
Turkey
27
36
35
37
43
5.2%

8
France
47
44
45
46
41
4.9%

9
UK
nd
26
29
37
37
4.4%

10
Spain
33
39
34
36
34
4.1%

x
Netherlands
23
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Total
838
783
749
820
834
100%

Top ten
70%
73%
71%
69%
67%

Import of production
29%
25%
24%
25%
25%

bcm = billion cubic meters

text: Wind power[edit]

text:
Top 10 countries
by nameplate windpower capacity
(2011 year-end)[84]

Country
Windpower capacity
(MW) ǂprovisional
 % world total

China
62,733ǂ
26.3

United States
46,919
19.7

Germany
29,060
12.2

Spain
21,674
9.1

India
16,084
6.7

France
6,800ǂ
2.8

Italy
6,747
2.8

United Kingdom
6,540
2.7

Canada
5,265
2.2

Portugal
4,083
1.7

(rest of world)
32,446
13.8

World total
238,351 MW
100%

text:
Top 10 countries
by windpower electricity production
(2010 totals)[85]

Country
Windpower production
(TWh)
 % world total

United States
95.2
27.6

China
55.5
15.9

Spain
43.7
12.7

Germany
36.5
10.6

India
20.6
6.0

United Kingdom
10.2
3.0

France
9.7
2.8

Portugal
9.1
2.6

Italy
8.4
2.5

Canada
8.0
2.3

(rest of world)
48.5
14.1

World total
344.8 TWh
100%

text: By sector[edit]

text:
World energy use by sector, 2012[86]

Sector
1015Btu
Petawatt-hours
percentage

Residential
53.0
15.5
13

Commercial
29.3
8.6
7

Industrial
222.3
65.1
54

Transportation
104.2
30.5
26

Total*
408.9
119.8
100

Source: US DOE. PWh from 0.293 times Btu column.
Numbers are the end use of energy

text: The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors, according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy:

text:
Residential (heating, lighting, and appliances)
Commercial (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services)
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction)
Transportation (passenger, freight, and pipeline)

text: Of the total 120 PWh (7020432000000000000♠120×1015 Wh) consumed, 19.4 were in the form of electricity, but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce. Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh (ca 7020580280718941000♠550×1015 Btu).[86] The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[87] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[88]

text: Another report gives different values for the sectors, apparently due to different definitions. According to this, total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[89]

text:
World energy use per sector[89]

Year
2000
2008
2000
2008

Sector
TWh
 %*

Industry
21,733
27,273
26.5
27.8

Transport
22,563
26,742
27.5
27.3

Residential and service
30,555
35,319
37.3
36.0

Non-energy use
7,119
8,688
8.7
8.9

Total*
81,970
98,022
100
100

Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors
Numbers are the end use of energy
Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

text: European Union[edit]

text: The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8% of final energy consumption, households 26.2%, industry 25.6%, services 13.5% and agriculture 2.9% in 2012.[90] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[91]

text: While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32–40%.[92] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[92] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[92] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58–59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[92] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km3 (3.6 cu mi) of natural gas and 25 Mt (25,000,000 long tons; 28,000,000 short tons) of coal.[92]