document_title: 90th Academy Awards

question_text: when do 2018 academy award nominations come out

root

text: 90th Academy Awards

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
Date[7]
Event

Tuesday, February 20, 2018
Final voting begins

Tuesday, February 27, 2018
Final polls close

Sunday, March 4, 2018
90th Annual Academy Awards presentation

tag: table

text: Nominees[edit]

text: The nominees for the 90th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2018, at 5:22 a.m. PST (13:22 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, via global live stream from the Academy and by actors Tiffany Haddish and Andy Serkis.[8] The Shape of Water led all nominees with thirteen nominations; Dunkirk came in second with eight, and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri came in third with seven.[9][10]

tag: p

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Best Picture

Call Me by Your Name – Peter Spears, Luca Guadagnino, Emilie Georges, and Marco Morabito
Darkest Hour – Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, Anthony McCarten, and Douglas Urbanski
Dunkirk – Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan
Get Out – Sean McKittrick, Jason Blum, Edward H. Hamm Jr., and Jordan Peele
Lady Bird – Scott Rudin, Eli Bush, and Evelyn O'Neill
Phantom Thread – JoAnne Sellar, Paul Thomas Anderson, Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi
The Post – Amy Pascal, Steven Spielberg, and Kristie Macosko Krieger
The Shape of Water – Guillermo del Toro and J. Miles Dale
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent, Pete Czernin, and Martin McDonagh

Best Director

Christopher Nolan – Dunkirk
Jordan Peele – Get Out
Greta Gerwig – Lady Bird
Paul Thomas Anderson – Phantom Thread
Guillermo del Toro – The Shape of Water

Best Actor

Timothée Chalamet – Call Me by Your Name as Elio Perlman
Daniel Day-Lewis – Phantom Thread as Reynolds Woodcock
Daniel Kaluuya – Get Out as Chris Washington
Gary Oldman – Darkest Hour as Winston Churchill
Denzel Washington – Roman J. Israel, Esq. as Roman J. Israel

Best Actress

Sally Hawkins – The Shape of Water as Elisa Esposito
Frances McDormand – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Mildred Hayes
Margot Robbie – I, Tonya as Tonya Harding
Saoirse Ronan – Lady Bird as Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson
Meryl Streep – The Post as Katharine Graham

Best Supporting Actor

Willem Dafoe – The Florida Project as Bobby Hicks
Woody Harrelson – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Chief Bill Willoughby
Richard Jenkins – The Shape of Water as Giles
Christopher Plummer – All the Money in the World as J. Paul Getty
Sam Rockwell – Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri as Officer Jason Dixon

Best Supporting Actress

Mary J. Blige – Mudbound as Florence Jackson
Allison Janney – I, Tonya as LaVona Golden
Lesley Manville – Phantom Thread as Cyril Woodcock
Laurie Metcalf – Lady Bird as Marion McPherson
Octavia Spencer – The Shape of Water as Zelda Delilah Fuller

Best Original Screenplay

The Big Sick – Written by Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani
Get Out – Written by Jordan Peele
Lady Bird – Written by Greta Gerwig
The Shape of Water – Screenplay by Guillermo del Toro and Vanessa Taylor; Story by Guillermo del Toro
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Written by Martin McDonagh

Best Adapted Screenplay

Call Me by Your Name – James Ivory based on the novel by André Aciman
The Disaster Artist – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber based on the book by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell
Logan – Screenplay by Scott Frank, James Mangold and Michael Green; Story by James Mangold based on characters from the X-Men comic books and theatrical motion pictures
Molly's Game – Aaron Sorkin based on the memoir by Molly Bloom
Mudbound – Virgil Williams and Dee Rees based on the novel by Hillary Jordan

Best Animated Feature Film

The Boss Baby – Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito
The Breadwinner – Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo
Coco – Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson
Ferdinand – Carlos Saldanha
Loving Vincent – Dorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart

Best Foreign Language Film

A Fantastic Woman (Chile) in Spanish – Directed by Sebastián Lelio
The Insult (Lebanon) in Arabic – Directed by Ziad Doueiri
Loveless (Russia) in Russian – Directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev
On Body and Soul (Hungary) in Hungarian – Directed by Ildikó Enyedi
The Square (Sweden) in Swedish – Directed by Ruben Östlund

Best Documentary – Feature

Abacus: Small Enough to Jail – Steve James, Mark Mitten and Julie Goldman
Faces Places – Agnès Varda, JR and Rosalie Varda
Icarus – Bryan Fogel and Dan Cogan
Last Men in Aleppo – Feras Fayyad, Kareem Abeed and Søren Steen Jespersen
Strong Island – Yance Ford and Joslyn Barnes

Best Documentary – Short Subject

Edith+Eddie – Laura Chekoway and Thomas Lee Wright
Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 – Frank Stiefel
Heroin(e) – Elaine McMillion Sheldon and Kerrin Sheldon
Knife Skills – Thomas Lennon
Traffic Stop – Kate Davis and David Heilbroner

Best Live Action Short Film

DeKalb Elementary – Reed Van Dyk
The Eleven O'Clock – Derin Seale and Josh Lawson
My Nephew Emmett – Kevin Wilson Jr.
The Silent Child – Chris Overton and Rachel Shenton
Watu Wote/All of Us – Katja Benrath and Tobias Rosen

Best Animated Short Film

Dear Basketball – Glen Keane and Kobe Bryant
Garden Party – Victor Caire and Gabriel Grapperon
Lou – Dave Mullins and Dana Murray
Negative Space – Max Porter and Ru Kuwahata
Revolting Rhymes – Jakob Schuh and Jan Lachauer

Best Original Score

Dunkirk – Hans Zimmer
Phantom Thread – Jonny Greenwood
The Shape of Water – Alexandre Desplat
Star Wars: The Last Jedi – John Williams
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Carter Burwell

Best Original Song

"Mighty River" from Mudbound – Music and Lyrics by Mary J. Blige, Raphael Saadiq and Taura Stinson
"Mystery of Love" from Call Me by Your Name – Music and Lyrics by Sufjan Stevens
"Remember Me" from Coco – Music and Lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez
"Stand Up for Something" from Marshall – Music by Diane Warren; Lyrics by Common and Diane Warren
"This Is Me" from The Greatest Showman – Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul

Best Sound Editing

Baby Driver – Julian Slater
Blade Runner 2049 – Mark Mangini and Theo Green
Dunkirk – Richard King and Alex Gibson
The Shape of Water – Nathan Robitaille and Nelson Ferreira
Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Matthew Wood and Ren Klyce

Best Sound Mixing

Baby Driver – Julian Slater, Tim Cavagin and Mary H. Ellis
Blade Runner 2049 – Ron Bartlett, Doug Hemphill and Mac Ruth
Dunkirk – Mark Weingarten, Gregg Landaker and Gary A. Rizzo
The Shape of Water – Christian Cooke, Brad Zoern and Glen Gauthier
Star Wars: The Last Jedi – David Parker, Michael Semanick, Ren Klyce and Stuart Wilson

Best Production Design

Beauty and the Beast – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer
Blade Runner 2049 – Production Design: Dennis Gassner; Set Decoration: Alessandra Querzola
Darkest Hour – Production Design: Sarah Greenwood; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer
Dunkirk – Production Design: Nathan Crowley; Set Decoration: Gary Fettis
The Shape of Water – Production Design: Paul Denham Austerberry; Set Decoration: Shane Vieau and Jeff Melvin

Best Cinematography

Blade Runner 2049 – Roger Deakins
Darkest Hour – Bruno Delbonnel
Dunkirk – Hoyte van Hoytema
Mudbound – Rachel Morrison
The Shape of Water – Dan Laustsen

Best Makeup and Hairstyling

Darkest Hour – Kazuhiro Tsuji, David Malinowski and Lucy Sibbick
Victoria & Abdul – Daniel Phillips and Lou Sheppard
Wonder – Arjen Tuiten

Best Costume Design

Beauty and the Beast – Jacqueline Durran
Darkest Hour – Jacqueline Durran
Phantom Thread – Mark Bridges
The Shape of Water – Luis Sequeira
Victoria & Abdul – Consolata Boyle

Best Film Editing

Baby Driver – Paul Machliss and Jonathan Amos
Dunkirk – Lee Smith
I, Tonya – Tatiana S. Riegel
The Shape of Water – Sidney Wolinsky
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Jon Gregory

Best Visual Effects

Blade Runner 2049 – John Nelson, Gerd Nefzer, Paul Lambert and Richard R. Hoover
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 – Christopher Townsend, Guy Williams, Jonathan Fawkner and Dan Sudick
Kong: Skull Island – Stephen Rosenbaum, Jeff White, Scott Benza and Mike Meinardus
Star Wars: The Last Jedi – Ben Morris, Mike Mulholland, Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould
War for the Planet of the Apes – Joe Letteri, Daniel Barrett, Dan Lemmon and Joel Whist

text: Governors Awards[edit]

text: The Academy held its ninth annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 11, 2017, during which the following awards were presented:[11]

text:
Agnès Varda — French film director, writer, editor and producer.[12]
Charles Burnett — American director, writer, producer, editor and cinematographer.[13]
Donald Sutherland — Canadian actor.[14]
Owen Roizman — American cinematographer.[15]

tag: ul

text: Alejandro González Iñárritu for his virtual reality project Carne y Arena.[16][17]

text: Films with multiple nominations[edit]

text:
Films that received multiple nominations

Nominations
Films
Ref.

13
The Shape of Water
[18][19]

8
Dunkirk
[20]

7
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
[21][22]

6
Darkest Hour
[23][24]

Phantom Thread
[25][26][27]

5
Blade Runner 2049
[28]

Lady Bird
[29][30][31]

4
Call Me by Your Name
[32][33]

Get Out
[34][35]

Mudbound
[36][37][38][39]

Star Wars: The Last Jedi
[40][41][42]

3
Baby Driver
[43]

I, Tonya
[44][45]

2
Beauty and the Beast
[46]

Coco
[47]

The Post

Victoria & Abdul
[48][49][50][51]

text: Presenters and performers[edit]

text: Presenters[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role

Stewart, PatrickPatrick Stewart
Presenter of the segment of the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards

Davis, ViolaViola Davis
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor

Ali, MahershalaMahershala Ali
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress

Stone, EmmaEmma Stone
Presenter of the award for Best Actor

TBA
Presenter of the award for Best Actress

text: Performers[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role
Performed

Blige, Mary J.Mary J. Blige
Performer
"Mighty River" from Mudbound

Stevens, SufjanSufjan Stevens
Performer
"Mystery of Love" from Call Me by Your Name

Miguel, Miguel
Lafourcade, NataliaNatalia Lafourcade
Performers
"Remember Me" from Coco

Day, AndraAndra Day
Common, Common
Performers
"Stand Up for Something" from Marshall

Settle, KealaKeala Settle
Performer
"This Is Me" from The Greatest Showman

text: Other notable events[edit]

text: The nominations for the 90th Academy Awards represented many records and firsts in the history of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).[52][53][54] Among the records and firsts include:

text:
The 90th Academy Awards have broken a record for the number of married couples that share a nomination. Among them include: Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan (Best Picture for Dunkirk); JoAnne Sellar and Daniel Lupi (Best Picture for Phantom Thread); Elaine McMillion Sheldon and Kerrin Sheldon (Best Documentary Short for Heroin(e)); Kate Davis and David Heilbroner (Best Documentary Short for Traffic Stop); Max Porter and Ru Kuwahata (Best Animated Short for Negative Space); Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani (Best Original Screenplay for The Big Sick); Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (Best Original Song for Coco); and Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman (Best Animated Feature for Loving Vincent).
Also broken is the record for the highest number of actors who appeared in more than one Best Picture nominee in a single year. Among them include Timothée Chalamet (Call Me by Your Name and Lady Bird), Lucas Hedges (Lady Bird and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri), Caleb Landry Jones (Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri and Get Out), Tracy Letts (Lady Bird and The Post), Kathryn Newton (Lady Bird and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri), Nick Searcy (The Shape of Water and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri), Michael Stuhlbarg (Call Me by Your Name, The Shape of Water and The Post) and Bradley Whitford (Get Out and The Post). Chalamet is the only one with an individual nomination. Stuhlbarg is the first actor since Thomas Mitchell in 1940 to appear in more than two Best Picture nominees and not get individual nominations for any of them.
At the age of 89, director Agnès Varda became the oldest person to be nominated for a competitive award in Academy Award history (Best Documentary Feature for Faces Places). James Ivory, who is just about one week younger than Varda, became the oldest man to be nominated for a competitive award in Academy Award history (Best Adapted Screenplay for Call Me by Your Name). Varda is the first filmmaker to receive an Honorary Academy Award and then be nominated for a competitive Academy Award in the same year since Saul Zaentz for The English Patient in 1997. She and her daughter Rosalie are the first mother-daughter pair to share a nomination.
At the age of 88, Christopher Plummer became the oldest actor to be nominated for a competitive award in Academy Award history (Best Supporting Actor for All the Money in the World), surpassing Gloria Stuart who was nominated for her performance in Titanic at the age of 87. In addition, he is both the oldest acting winner (Best Supporting Actor for Beginners in 2012) and oldest acting nominee of all time.
The following distinctions are held for the first time since 2003: The Post is the first Meryl Streep movie to be nominated for Best Picture since The Hours. Daniel Kaluuya is the first Best Actor nominee since Nicolas Cage for Adaptation to not compete against the actor to whom they lost the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (Cage lost to Richard Gere for Chicago and Kaluuya lost to James Franco for The Disaster Artist). Michael Stuhlbarg is the first actor to appear in three Best Picture nominees in the same year since John C. Reilly.
Meryl Streep, with her twenty-first nomination, broke her own record and is still the most nominated performer of all time. She is also the first Best Actress nominee for a Steven Spielberg film since Whoopi Goldberg for The Color Purple in 1986 and the first woman to receive an acting nomination for a film directed by him since Sally Field for Lincoln in 2013.
John Williams, with his fifty-first nomination, broke his own record and is still most nominated living individual.
Greta Gerwig became the fifth woman filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director.
Guillermo del Toro became the fifth Latin American filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director.
Jordan Peele became the fifth black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director, as well as the first black filmmaker to receive nominations for producing, directing and writing in the same year, and the third filmmaker overall to ever do so for their directorial debut.
Rachel Morrison became the first woman in Academy Award history to be nominated for Best Cinematography.
Christopher Nolan received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Director, having been nominated four times by the Directors Guild of America.
Dee Rees is the first African-American woman to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay, the second African-American woman to be nominated for writing since Suzanne de Passe for Lady Sings the Blues in 1973, and the first queer black woman to be nominated for writing.
With two nominations for Best Picture and Best Actress, The Post holds the distinction of being director Steven Spielberg's lowest-tally for a Best Picture-directed nominee ever.
With the four nominations for Mudbound, Netflix broke through the top categories at the Academy Awards for the first time. It had previously earned nominations for Best Documentary Feature, including two for this ninetieth awards ceremony, but has never yet won.
Get Out is the first horror film since Black Swan in 2011, and the first film released in February since The Silence of the Lambs to be nominated for Best Picture.
Logan is the first superhero film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the first superhero film to be nominated for screenwriting since The Incredibles.
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri is the first movie to receive two nominations for Best Supporting Actor since Ben Kingsley and Harvey Keitel were both nominated for Bugsy in 1992, as well as the first Best Picture nominee that won the Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award not to be nominated for Best Director since The Big Chill in 1984.
The nominations for Timothée Chalamet and Daniel Kaluuya mark the first time since Kenneth Branagh and Tom Cruise in 1990 in which there are two Best Actor nominees in their twenties.
Timothée Chalamet is the first Best Actor nominee born in the 1990s, as well as the first for a movie in which they did not receive top billing since Ben Kingsley in 2004.
With his nomination for Roman J. Israel, Esq., Denzel Washington is now the most honored African-American actor and the fifth-most honored actor in Academy Award history with eight nominations for acting, tying the latter honor with Marlon Brando, Jack Lemmon, Peter O'Toole, Al Pacino, and Geraldine Page.
Mary J. Blige became the first person to be nominated for acting and songwriting in the same year.
Octavia Spencer now ties with Viola Davis as the most-nominated African-American actress in Academy Award history, with three nominations for acting. Additionally, she has the distinction of being nominated exclusively for Best Picture nominees that take place in the 1960s (The Help, Hidden Figures and The Shape of Water). At the 89th Academy Awards, she also became the first African-American actress to be nominated after a competitive win.
Carlos Saldanha is the first Brazilian to be nominated more than once.
Octavia Spencer and Denzel Washington are the first African-American actors to earn consecutive Academy Award nominations.
Kobe Bryant is the first NBA player to receive an Academy Award nomination.
The Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories matched five out of five for the first time ever.
Jacqueline Durran is the first costume designer to receive more than one nomination for Best Costume Design in the same year (Beauty and the Beast and Darkest Hour) since Sandy Powell in which she earned two nominations in 2016 in the same category: (Cinderella and Carol). Alongside with Powell, Durran had the distinction of being nominated for Best Costume Design nominees with one that is based on a Disney live-action adaptation of its animated classic and the other that take place in the 1940s to 1950s within the late modern period to the contemporary period.
Yance Ford is the first openly transgender director to be nominated for an Academy Award.
Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer are the first production designers to receive more than one nomination for Best Production Design in the same year (Beauty and the Beast and Darkest Hour) since Dennis Gassner and Nancy Haigh in 1992 in which the latter two earned two nominations in the same category simultaneously, (Bugsy and Barton Fink).
For the first time, all five directors nominated were nominated upon screenplays that they themselves had written or had written being part of a team. All five were Original (not based on previously adapted materials.) (Three of those screenplays were nominated for Best Original Screenplay. Anderson and Nolan were not nominated.)

text: Ceremony information[edit]

text: Despite the mixed reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd as producers for the second consecutive year.[55] In May 2017, it was announced that Jimmy Kimmel will return as host for a second consecutive year.[56] Kimmel expressed that he was thrilled to be selected to MC the gala again, commenting, "Hosting the Oscars was a highlight of my career and I am grateful to Cheryl [Boone Isaacs], Dawn [Hudson], and the Academy for asking me to return to work with two of my favorite people, Mike De Luca and Jennifer Todd. If you think we screwed up the ending this year, wait until you see what we have planned for the 90th anniversary show!"[57] Jimmy extensively campaigned for the ceremony, shooting several promos and discussions on his talk show.

text: On December 4, 2017, it was announced that the timing of the ceremony and its pre-show has been changed and both are scheduled to broadcast a half-hour earlier than prior telecasts.[58][59] In the first half of the nominations announcement pre-taped category introductions were included by actresses Priyanka Chopra, Rosario Dawson, Gal Gadot, Salma Hayek, Michelle Rodriguez, Zoe Saldana, Molly Shannon, Rebel Wilson and Michelle Yeoh.[60][61]

text: As per the tradition of the Academy, the previous year's Best Actor winner usually presents the Best Actress award for the next year's ceremony; in lieu of this, last year Best Actor winner Casey Affleck has reportedly decided not to attend the ceremony due to his sexual harassment allegations.[62][63]

text: Box office performance of nominated films[edit]

text: At the time of the nominations announcement on January 23, 2018, the combined gross of the nine Best Picture nominees at the North American box offices was $567.9 million, with an average of $63.1 million per film. When the nominations were announced, Dunkirk was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $188 million in domestic box office receipts. Get Out was the second-highest-grossing film with $175.6 million, followed by The Post ($45.7 million), Darkest Hour ($41 million), Lady Bird ($39.1 million), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri ($32.2 million), The Shape of Water ($30.4 million), Call Me by Your Name ($9.1 million), and Phantom Thread ($6.3 million).[64]

text: Thirty-six nominations went to 15 films on the list of the top 50 grossing movies of the year. Of those 15 films, only Logan (11th), Coco (13th), Dunkirk (14th), Get Out (16th), The Boss Baby (17th), and Ferdinand (39th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box-office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars: The Last Jedi (1st), Beauty and the Beast (2nd), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (4th), Kong: Skull Island (19th), War for the Planet of the Apes (29th), Wonder (24th), The Greatest Showman (27th), Baby Driver (28th), and Blade Runner 2049 (35th).


document_title: Driving licence in Australia

question_text: what age do you get your full license in nsw

text: Driving licence in Australia

text: Classes of licences[edit]

text: All states and territories in Australia have a uniform driver licence system.[2]

text:
Class
Type
Description

C
Car licence
Covers vehicles up to 4.5 tonnes gross vehicle mass (GVM). GVM is the maximum recommended weight a vehicle can be when loaded. The licence allows the holder to drive cars, utilities, vans, some light trucks, car-based motor tricycles, tractors and implements such as graders, vehicles that seat up to 12 adults, including the driver.

R
Rider licence
Applies to motorcycle riders with any registrable motorcycle.

RE
Restricted Rider licence
Covers motorcycles matching the LAMS (Learner Approved Motorcycle Scheme) list of motorcycles of each state. Generally this means abiding by a power-to-weight ratio and a total engine size limit. Riders must hold this licence for 12 months before being permitted to upgrade to a R class motorcycle licence.

LR
Light Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5 tonnes up to 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. This class also includes vehicles with a GVM up to 8 tonnes which carry more than 12 adults including the driver. A holder of a LR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class C.

MR
Medium Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with 2 axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. A holder of a MR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class LR and lower.

HR
Heavy Rigid licence
Covers a rigid vehicle with 3 or more axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. This class also includes articulated buses. A holder of a HR licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class MR and lower.

HC
Heavy Combination licence
Covers heavy combination vehicles like a prime mover towing a semi-trailer, or rigid vehicles towing a trailer with a GVM of more than 9 tonnes. A holder of a HC licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class HR and lower.

MC
Multi-Combination licence
Covers multi-combination vehicles like Road Trains and B-Double Vehicles. A holder of a MC licence is also permitted to drive vehicles in class HC and lower.

text: The medical standards for drivers of commercial vehicles are set by the National Transport Commission and Austroads.

text: The driver of a vehicle carrying paying passengers (such as a school bus or tourist coach) is required to hold a driver licence depending on the size of the vehicle as well as a "Public Passenger Vehicle Driver Authority" which is issued by the state or territory Ministry of Transport.

text: Car licences – rules by jurisdiction[edit]

text: Terms[edit]

text: The official nomenclature for car licences varies in the states and territories, for example "Driver's Licence" or "Driver Licence". However, "Driver's Licence" is most commonly used.

text: The official names for learners also vary, for example "Learner Driver Licences" or "Learner's Permit".

text: Driving age[edit]

text: The minimum driving age for drivers varies between States and Territories. Learner drivers may drive, under the supervision of a fully licensed driver, from 15 years and 9 months in the ACT,[3] and 16 years in the other states and the Northern Territory. The minimum unsupervised driving age is 18 years in Victoria, 16 years and 6 months in the Northern Territory, and 17 years in all other states and the ACT. After obtaining a licence, drivers continue to be subject to restrictions during a probationary period. It is three years in the ACT, New South Wales and South Australia, and two years in the Northern Territory.

text: Australian Capital Territory[edit]

text: The driving age in the Australian Capital Territory is 17 years. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.[citation needed]

text: The road ready course is a minimum of ten hours, if undertaken at a road ready centre and not through school. During the course, applicants for a Learner Licence learn the road rules, undergo alcohol education and hazard perception training. Once this course has been completed, and a computerised Road rules test is passed, a Learner's Licence is obtained.[citation needed] This licence is valid for two years.[citation needed] Learners must display black on yellow "L Plates" and drive under the supervision of a full Australian licence holder, who has held their licence for at least four years.[citation needed]

text: The second method in which a Provisional Licence may be obtained, is through recording driving experience in the same logbook, with a supervisor who has held an open licence for twelve months for the class of vehicle used. The difference in using this method to obtain a provisional licence is that the log book only records time spent driving, and not the Learner's ability to drive. While no minimum amount of hours are required, Learners are advised when obtaining their Learner's licence, that 50 or more practical hours are recommended before attempting the practical test. Using this method, provided the driver has held their Learner's licence for a period greater than 6 months, they may book into an ACT Roads and Transit Authority Centre, and attempt the practical driving test.

text: If either method is used, and the driver has obtained their licence in an Automatic transmission vehicle, an "A" condition is placed on the licence, for a period of 12 months. This condition restricts the license holder, for the duration of this period, to driving vehicles with automatic transmission only. To remove the condition prior to 12 months, the provisional driver must re-attempt the practical driving exam in a manual transmission vehicle.[4][5] The Provisional Licence is valid for three years.[4] Provisional drivers must display red on white "P Plates" for three years unless: (a) they take an additional road safety program Road Ready Plus after six months of obtaining their Provisional Licence; or (b) they are over 26 years of age and held their licence for six months.[4] Provisional holders who have taken the Road Ready Plus (RRP) course, (commonly called a "P-off" course), or are over 26 years of age also get an additional four demerit point allowance. A "PC" condition is displayed on the licence, which indicates that the provisional driver can drive with "P plates not displayed".[citation needed] Provisional drivers must have a zero blood-alcohol limit. No speed restrictions are imposed on ACT learner or Provisional drivers, and they are permitted to drive the posted speed limit.[5]

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: The Roads and Maritime Services is responsible for driver licensing in New South Wales.

text: The minimum driving age in New South Wales is 16 years.[6] The government introduced the Graduated Licensing Scheme in 2000 and therefore learners progress from a learner licence, to a provisional P1 licence, to a provisional P2 licence and finally to a full licence over an extended period of time.[6] After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.[citation needed]

text: In New South Wales the minimum age to be eligible for a provisional P1 licence is 17.[6] As of 1 July 2007, new laws for P1 drivers have been introduced, including a limit of one passenger under the age of 21 between 11 pm and 5 am, and instant suspension for three months for any speeding offence.[6] Furthermore, it is also now a requirement that red "P-plates" be displayed on the outside of the vehicle.[citation needed]

text: P1 and P2 drivers are also prohibited from driving a vehicle with a power-to-weight ratio of or greater than 130 kilowatts per tonne as of 1 August 2014, replacing the previous law of being prohibited from driving vehicles with 8 or more cylinders and being turbocharged or supercharged (diesel vehicles exempt) If a P1 or P2 licence holder is disqualified by a court for a serious driving offence, they will have a one-passenger condition imposed on them at all times while on their P1 or P2 licence. It is also worth noting that any time a P1 or P2 licence is suspended or disqualified will NOT count towards the 12 months/24 months needed for the holder to progress to a P2/full licence.

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: The learner licence may be obtained at age 16. Learner drivers may not use a mobile phone and must be supervised by a full licence holder and may not drive faster than 80 km/h. After holding the learner licence for six months a provisional licence may be obtained. Once the provisional licence is obtained, it must be held for a minimum of 2 years before obtaining the full northern territory licence.[11]

text: The provisional licence period is a minimum of two years.

text: Provisional drivers need to comply with all road rules and traffic laws and other restrictions: eg., the speed limit is 100 km/h, The Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) must be a zero, provisional drivers are not permitted to use a mobile phone in any form whilst driving, including hands-free devices and texting. Accumulating five or more demerit points within a 12-month period will trigger action against a provisional driver.

text: Provisional drivers must display approved P-plates that are clearly visible to the front and rear of the vehicle and which do not obstruct the driver's vision. P-plates must have the letter ‘P’ in red on a white background. The plate must be a minimum of 150mm wide and 150mm tall. P-plates must not be displayed when the person driving the vehicle is not a provisional driver.

text: Source: Northern Territory Department of Transport

text: Queensland[edit]

text: The Department of Transport and Main Roads is responsible for driver licensing in Queensland.

text: Persons may apply for their Learner Licence at 16 years of age, passing a written Road Rules Test. Learners under 25 must hold a licence for at least one year and log a total of 100hrs on-road driving experience (including 10hrs night driving) in the issued logbook. However, a logbook exemption can be applied for, meaning the learner will not need to submit a logbook with 100 hours of driving, but will need to hold a Learner Licence for a minimum of 12 months before going for the provisional licence. Learners over 25 years of age are not required to complete a log book of 100 logged driving hours; however, they may voluntarily do so. Learners must display yellow L-plates and are not speed restricted by the licence. Learners must be accompanied by an open licence holder who has held the relevant class open licence for at least 1 year. The drinking level must be 0.00 for a learner and instructor must be under 0.049.

text: From 2005, Queensland licences have been called a "Driver Licence" (as opposed to the traditional "Driver's Licence" or the variant "Driving Licence"), and no longer carry information about the holder's organ donor status. The Australian Organ Donor Register[12] is now used for national registration of tissue donation status.

text: Elderly drivers are required to have their licences renewed more often and are required to have compulsory eye tests, which does not include colour vision.

text: For more information on driver's licences in Queensland, see Department of Transport and Main Roads and click on Licensing.

text: South Australia[edit]

text: The Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure is responsible for driver licensing in South Australia.

text: To get a Provisional Licence (also called a probationary licence and commonly referred to as Ps), you must have held a learner's permit for at least 12 months, be at least 17 years of age or have an equivalent interstate or overseas driver's licence and be at least 17. If you had a learner's permit, you must also have a log book showing you have had at least 75 hours driving experience (including at least 15 hours of night-time driving) which must have all been signed by the Qualified Supervising Driver. All applicants must pass a practical driving test or be signed off on several points by a driving instructor in a competency-based training course. Drivers are then issued with a P1 licence. The main restrictions on P-platers are a maximum speed limit of 100 km/h (even where the posted speed limit is higher), a requirement that no alcohol or party drugs be in the system, and not being allowed to accrue more than 4 demerit points. They must also display red P plates (shown on left).

text: Drivers who obtain a P1 provisional licence on or after 4 September 2010 must not drive a high-powered vehicle if they are under the age of 25. High powered includes vehicles with engines of eight or more cylinders, vehicles with turbocharged or supercharged engines (excluding diesel powered vehicles), vehicles that have been modified to increase engine performance, and nominated high-performance vehicles. High-powered vehicle restrictions do not apply to drivers over 25 years of age. P plates of any kind are not displayed when on the P2 licence.

text: A driver must have held a provisional licence (combined P1s and P2s) for at least 3 years (one year on P1 and 2 years on P2) before becoming a fully licensed driver. Fully licensed drivers have their restrictions on alcohol relaxed to 0.05 per cent blood alcohol concentration and may drive at the full speed limit (which is 110 km/h on many country roads).

text: Tasmania[edit]

text: After 3 months a Learner can go for a practical driving test, this test proves in the driver can drive safely. This test can be undertaken in an automatic or manual vehicle, if the L2's test was undertaken in an automatic vehicle the learner can still go for their manual licence when the undertake the P's test. (there is no plate change it still remains the yellow L plate) Once a Learner is on their L2's they begin logging their driving hours, a learner must complete 50hours of driving and must be of the age of 17 before they can take the practical driving test. This test contains several sections including the "I left something behind" task. If the learner fails the test he/she must wait 28 days before retaking the test.

text: Note: there are no vehicle restrictions in Tasmania.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: VicRoads is the authority in Victoria responsible for the administration of driver licensing in the state.

text: The minimum driving age in Victoria is 18 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver since 1966. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 4-year probationary period.

text: 'L' plates must be displayed while driving, and must not tow a trailer. There are no special speed or vehicle restrictions.

text: Learner permits, P1 and P2 probationary licences may incur a maximum of 5 demerit points in any 12 month period, and 12 points in any 3 year period.[18]

text: An applicant for a Driver Licence must have held a Learner's Permit for at least 12 months if the applicant is under 21 years at the time of applying; 6 months if the applicant is between 21 and 24 years; and 3 months for applicants aged over 25 years. If a driver obtained their Learner's Permit after 1 July 2007, and are under 21 years of age, they must have logged 120 hours of practice, including 10 hours at night.

text: Probationary drivers must drive with a zero BAC, and are not permitted to drive 'high powered vehicles' (formerly those powered at more than 125 kW/tonne or 3.5 litres/tonne; now all petrol turbocharged and supercharged cars and any car of more than 6 cylinders, refer below). If the driver was tested in an automatic vehicle, the driver will have an "A" condition applied to their licence and are not permitted to drive a manual transmission vehicle. The "A" condition can be lifted anytime during the probationary period(s) by taking the practical drive test in a manual transmission vehicle.

text: There are no speed restrictions, however trailers may not be towed except for work purposes. P1 drivers have a peer passenger restriction which sees P1 drivers only able to carry no more than one passenger aged between 16–21 years old (excluding family members; exemptions may also be allowed by VicRoads for other reasons) at any time. They must not use any form of mobile phone including hands-free.

text: On 1 July 2008, what is considered a high power vehicle was redefined. P plate drivers were no longer allowed to drive cars with engines larger than a V6, cars that have a turbo or supercharger (unless it is a diesel). A shortlist was produced of cars that comply with these restrictions but are still considered powerful and therefore banned. The list includes BMW M3 and Porsche 911. There have been many complaints about this system as several slower cars have been banned, such as the Peugeot 308, but faster cars such as VW Golf R32 and BMW 130i were still permitted.

text: On 1 July 2014, the rules were again modified, to distinguish between vehicles manufactured before 1 January 2010, and those manufactured after. Probationary drivers are now permitted to drive any vehicle manufactured after 1 January 2010 that does not have a power-to-mass ratio of greater than 130 kilowatts per tonne, and does not have a modified engine for increased performance. Vehicles manufactured before 1 January 2010 remain subject to previous restrictions, which include a restriction on engines larger than a V6, and cars that have a turbocharger or supercharger.[19]

text: After 1 July 2008, those aged over 21 years when applying for a licence qualify as P2 drivers after passing the computerised Hazard Perception Test and a practical driving test, as well as an eyesight test.[20]

text: The same P1 restrictions apply, except P2 drivers may tow trailers. As of 25 November 2013, P2 drivers must not use a mobile phone while driving, including hands-free phones. The peer passenger restriction does not apply to P2 drivers. They must display the white-on-green 'P-plates', rather than the red. If a person is over 21 when licensed they go straight onto the P2 licence for three years.

text: P2 licences last for 3 years, making the minimum age of receiving a full licence 22 years, up from 21 years for drivers who obtained their Probationary Licence before 1 July 2008. The minimum age for obtaining a P2 Licence is 19 years. All drivers who obtained their Probationary Licence before 1 July 2008 qualify as P2 drivers and must display the green 'P' plates.

text: There are few restrictions on fully licensed drivers, other than not being able to drive while holding a mobile phone, and the requirement to have a BAC under 0.05%. Full licences are valid for ten years, but can be made available for three years if requested.

text: Full driver licences may incur a maximum of 12 demerit points in any 3 year period.

text: More information on driver's licences in Victoria, is found at the Arrive Alive website.

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: Driver's licences in Western Australia are administered by the Department of Transport.[22] The driving age in Western Australia is 17 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 2-year probationary period.

text: Graduated demerit points[edit]

text: As of 1 December 2010, the Western Australian Government introduced a new Graduated Demerit Point system for Novice Drivers (which includes L- and P-plate drivers).[24] Under this system, a driver may accrue less than 4 demerit points within the first year of their provisional licence, and less than 8 points within the second year, before losing their licence. These limits include demerit points accrued before these 1- and 2-year periods.

text: Full driver's licence[edit]

text: The provisional licence automatically converts into a full driver's licence after the 2-year probationary period. Drivers with full driver's licences must drive with a blood alcohol content less than 0.05%, may accrue less than 12 demerit points before being disqualified, and may drive at up to 110 km/h (the maximum speed limit in the state). 'P' plate drivers may also drive up to 110 km /h, where permitted by the state.

text: WA has two classes of drivers licence: C which enables one to drive any vehicle weighing less than 4.5 tonnes C-A which enables one to drive any vehicle fitted with an automatic transmission and weighing less than 4.5 tonnes. Refer [25]

text: Double or nothing[edit]

text: Drivers who have accrued 12 or more demerit points can choose to continue driving on a 12-month Good Behaviour Period. If more than two demerit points are accrued during the 12-month period (even on different fines), the licence is lost for twice the original disqualification period; usually 6 months (3 months x 2).

text: Identification[edit]

text: In Australia, where there is no national identity card in operation, driver's licences serve as a common means of photo identification. Photo cards are also available, especially for non-drivers. These may be used for entry to venues which have age restrictions, such as alcohol selling premises.

text: Licences and photo cards are hologrammed, and contain a photograph, signature, the holder's address, and date of birth.

text: Electronic online identification can be (partly) established using a drivers licence for online applications for some services such as SIM card activation, and opening bank accounts.

text: The Australian Attorney-General's Department provides a document verification service that allows for validation of some licences.[26]

text: Many issuing authorities such as NSW allow for an online check of the validity of a drivers licence.[27]

text: Overseas licences[edit]

text: Visitors from other countries are conditionally permitted to drive with their overseas drivers licence for a period of time. Conditions vary for every state and territory. Generally, drivers must carry their overseas licence with them. A certified translation or International Driving Permit is only required if the licence is not in English, and the original licence must be carried regardless. Once a driver becomes a permanent resident a local licence should be obtained generally within three months.[28]

text: Interstate travel[edit]

text: Interstate visitors are permitted to travel on their current Australian or New Zealand licence. They must obey the local road rules of that state. The differences in state laws have generated much confusion to visiting drivers, with many pushing for uniform federal road rules.[29]

text: Drivers who move interstate must apply for a new driver's licence within three months of moving.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Unless a driving test is required, there is no charge for a conversion from a current interstate licence. Usually, licences are converted in the same day, to the same or equivalent class, or, in the case of the conversion of a non-GLS licence to a GLS system, a P1 or P2 licence is issued, depending on the length of time that the holder of the licence has been driving. The licence may need to be confirmed by obtaining a letter from the interstate licence issuing authority (on their letterhead) confirming the licence details (including first issue date) and status.

text: Drivers moving states may be eligible to upgrade their licence class, due to the varying age rules that apply in each state. For example, a Victorian learner driver who moves to NSW may be eligible to sit the driving test to obtain a P1 licence. However, drivers who are under 18 will not be able to obtain the same licence class in Victoria, where one must be at least 18 to do so. Another example is a Victorian over 25 moving to Tasmania, SA, QLD or WA will be able to obtain a full licence after having held their Ps for 12 months in Victoria despite the fact that the probationary period for over-21-year-olds in Victoria is 3 years. If a driver is about to lose their licence in their home state, they may obtain a new licence in another state of Australia, provided that the demerit points have not already been added and the fine has not yet been paid, or in the case of immediate licence disqualification, the actual disqualification period has not yet commenced (prior 28 days after offence)[citation needed].

text: Interstate commercial driving jobs[edit]

text: Most states do not allow a person to have an interstate commercial driving job if the person does not "reside" in that state. For example, a person with a Queensland Driver's Licence and Driver's Authority[38] (a variation of the wording Driver's Accreditation) cannot obtain a commercial driving job in South Australia[39] unless that person registers a "residential" address in South Australia, even though they may not live there, and swap over the Driver's Licence and obtain a new Driver's Accreditation.


question_text: when is the baseball home run derby 2018

text:
2018 Major League Baseball Home Run DerbyDate
July 16, 2018Venue
Nationals ParkCity
Washington, D.C.Winner
Bryce HarperScore
19–18

← 2017
Major League Baseball Home Run Derby
2019 →

text: The 2018 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby was a home run hitting contest between eight batters from Major League Baseball (MLB). The derby was held on July 16, 2018, at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C., the site of the 2018 MLB All-Star Game. On July 11, the participants were announced.[1] Bryce Harper was the winner, as he beat Kyle Schwarber, in the final 19–18, winning the derby in front of his hometown crowd. He tied Schwarber on the last pitch as time expired in regulation; then won it with 16 seconds left in bonus time. A controversy aroused on Twitter among viewers that Harper's father pitched before the previous pitch landed, which is a violation of the rules. Other users argued with them that multiple other contestants were also breaking the rules.

text: Rules[edit]

text: Eight players participate in the derby in a bracket-style, single-elimination timed event. Each player has four minutes to hit as many home runs as possible. Hitters are awarded an additional 30 seconds if they hit two home runs over 440 feet (130 m). Hitters are also allowed one 45 second timeout to stop the clock (two in the finals). Homers hit off a T-Mobile Ball during the final minute result in a $10,000 donation to charity by T-Mobile & MLB, to Team Rubicon.

text: The eight competing players are seeded 1-8 based on their home run totals. While the lower seed hits first, the higher seed hits second in all rounds. The round ends if the higher seed exceeds the total of the first hitter. In the event of a tie, three sets of tiebreakers are employed: first, a 90-second swing-off (with no timeouts nor bonus time awarded); second, each player gets three swings; whoever hits more home runs in the three swings will be declared the winner; thereafter, sudden death swings will occur until the tie is broken.

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
         1
Jesús Aguilar (MIL)
12
8
Rhys Hoskins (PHI)
17
8
Rhys Hoskins (PHI)
20

5
Kyle Schwarber (CHC)
21
4
Alex Bregman (HOU)
15
5
Kyle Schwarber (CHC)
16
5
Kyle Schwarber (CHC)
18

2
Bryce Harper (WSH)
19
3
Max Muncy (LAD)
17
6
Javier Báez (CHC)
16
3
Max Muncy (LAD)
12

2
Bryce Harper (WSH)
13
2
Bryce Harper (WSH)
13
7
Freddie Freeman (ATL)
12


document_title: Sweet potato

question_text: where did the first sweet potato come from

question_tokens: where did the first sweet potato come from

text: Sweet potato

text: Naming[edit]

text: Although the soft, orange sweet potato is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, the sweet potato is botanically very distinct from a genuine yam (Dioscorea), which is native to Africa and Asia and belongs to the monocot family Dioscoreaceae. To add to the confusion, a different crop plant, the oca (Oxalis tuberosa, a species of wood sorrel), is called a "yam" in many parts of Polynesia, including New Zealand.

text: Although the sweet potato is not closely related botanically to the common potato, they have a shared etymology. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus's expedition in 1492. Later explorers found many cultivars under an assortment of local names, but the name which stayed was the indigenous Taino name of batata. The Spanish combined this with the Quechua word for potato, papa, to create the word patata for the common potato.

text: In Argentina, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic the sweet potato is called batata. In Mexico, Peru, Chile, Central America, and the Philippines, the sweet potato is known as camote (alternatively spelled kamote in the Philippines), derived from the Nahuatl word camotli.[6]

text: In Peru, the Quechua name for a type of sweet potato is kumar, strikingly similar to the Polynesian name kumara and its regional Oceanic cognates (kumala, umala,  'uala, etc.), which has led some scholars to suspect an instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact.

text: In New Zealand, the most common cultivar is the red (purple) cultivar called kumara, a name derived from the Māori name kūmara, but orange ('Beauregard') and gold cultivars are also available.[7] Kumara is particularly popular as a roasted food, or in contemporary cuisine as kumara chips, often served with sour cream and sweet chili sauce. Occasionally, shops in Australia will label purple cultivars as "purple sweet potato" to denote the difference to the other cultivars. About 95% of Australia's production is of the orange cultivar named 'Beauregard', originally from North America, known simply as "sweet potato". A reddish-purple cultivar, 'Northern Star', is 4% of production and is sold as "kumara".

text: Origin, distribution and diversity[edit]

text: The origin and domestication of sweet potato is thought to be in either Central America or South America.[8] In Central America, sweet potatoes were domesticated at least 5,000 years ago.[9] In South America, Peruvian sweet potato remnants dating as far back as 8000 BC have been found.

text: One author postulated that the origin of I. batatas was between the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela.[10] The cultigen had most likely been spread by local people to the Caribbean and South America by 2500 BC.[11] Strong supporting evidence was provided that the geographical zone postulated by Austin is the primary center of diversity.[10] The much lower molecular diversity found in Peru–Ecuador suggests this region should be considered as a secondary center of sweet potato diversity.

text: The sweet potato was grown in Polynesia before western exploration. Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1000 AD, and current thinking is that it was brought to central Polynesia around 700 AD, possibly by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread across Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand from there.[12][13] It is possible, however, that South Americans brought it to the Pacific, although this is unlikely as it was the Polynesians, and not the native South Americans, who had a strong maritime tradition. The theory that the plant could spread by floating seeds across the ocean is not supported by evidence. Another point is that the sweet potato in Polynesia is the cultivated Ipomoea batatas, which is generally spread by vine cuttings and not by seeds.[14]

text: Sweet potatoes are cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions wherever there is sufficient water to support their growth.[15] Due to a major crop failure, sweet potatoes were introduced to Fujian province of China in about 1594 from Luzon. The growing of sweet potatoes was encouraged by the Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng).[16][17] Sweet potatoes were introduced as a food crop in Japan, and by 1735 were planted in Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune's private garden.[18] It was also introduced to Korea in 1764.[19]

text: Sweet potatoes became popular very early in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, spreading from Polynesia to Japan and the Philippines. One reason[original research?] is that they were a reliable crop in cases of crop failure of other staple foods because of typhoon flooding. They are featured in many favorite dishes across Asia and North America. Sweet potato, also known as kelang in Tulu, is part of Udupi cuisine in South India. Uganda (the second largest grower after China), Rwanda, and some other African countries also grow a large crop which is an important part of their peoples' diets. The New World, the original home of the sweet potato, grows less than three percent (3%) of the world's supply. Europe has only a very small sweet potato production, mainly in Portugal. In the Caribbean, a cultivar of the sweet potato called the boniato is popular. The flesh of the boniato is cream-colored, unlike the more popular orange hue seen in other cultivars. Boniatos are not as sweet and moist as other sweet potatoes, but many people prefer their fluffier consistency and more delicate flavor.

text: Sweet potatoes have been an important part of the diet in the United States for most of its history, especially in the Southeast. From the middle of the 20th century, however, they have become less popular. The average per capita consumption of sweet potatoes in the United States is only about 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) per year, down from 13 kg (29 lb) in 1920. Southerner Kent Wrench writes: "The Sweet Potato became associated with hard times in the minds of our ancestors and when they became affluent enough to change their menu, the potato was served less often."[20]

text: Transgenicity[edit]

text: A study published in 2015 by scientists from Ghent University and the International Potato Center found that the genome of cultivated sweet potatoes contains sequences of DNA from Agrobacterium, with genes being actively expressed by the plants. The discovery of the transgenes was made while performing metagenomic analysis of the sweet potato genome for viral diseases. Transgenes were observed both in the sweet potato's closely related wild relatives, and also were found in more distantly related wild species. This observation makes cultivated sweet potatoes the first known example of a naturally transgenic food crop.[21][22]

text: Cultivation[edit]

text:
Producers (in million tonnes)[23]
Data for year 2011

China
81.7

Uganda
2.8

Nigeria
2.8

Indonesia
2.0

Tanzania
1.4

Vietnam
1.3

India
1.1

United States
1.0

World
106.5

text:
Raw sweet potato

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
359 kJ (86 kcal)

Carbohydrates

20.1 g

Starch
12.7 g

Sugars
4.2 g

Dietary fiber
3 g

Fat

0.1 g

Protein

1.6 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene

(89%)
709 μg

(79%)
8509 μg

Thiamine (B1)

(7%)
0.078 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(5%)
0.061 mg

Niacin (B3)

(4%)
0.557 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(16%)
0.8 mg

Vitamin B6

(16%)
0.209 mg

Folate (B9)

(3%)
11 μg

Vitamin C

(3%)
2.4 mg

Vitamin E

(2%)
0.26 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(3%)
30 mg

Iron

(5%)
0.61 mg

Magnesium

(7%)
25 mg

Manganese

(12%)
0.258 mg

Phosphorus

(7%)
47 mg

Potassium

(7%)
337 mg

Sodium

(4%)
55 mg

Zinc

(3%)
0.3 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text:
Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, without salt

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
378 kJ (90 kcal)

Carbohydrates

20.7 g

Starch
7.05 g

Sugars
6.5 g

Dietary fiber
3.3 g

Fat

0.15 g

Protein

2.0 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.

(120%)
961 μg

Thiamine (B1)

(10%)
0.11 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(9%)
0.11 mg

Niacin (B3)

(10%)
1.5 mg

Vitamin B6

(22%)
0.29 mg

Folate (B9)

(2%)
6 μg

Vitamin C

(24%)
19.6 mg

Vitamin E

(5%)
0.71 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(4%)
38 mg

Iron

(5%)
0.69 mg

Magnesium

(8%)
27 mg

Manganese

(24%)
0.5 mg

Phosphorus

(8%)
54 mg

Potassium

(10%)
475 mg

Sodium

(2%)
36 mg

Zinc

(3%)
0.32 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: The plant does not tolerate frost. It grows best at an average temperature of 24 °C (75 °F), abundant sunshine and warm nights. Annual rainfalls of 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) are considered most suitable, with a minimum of 500 mm (20 in) in the growing season. The crop is sensitive to drought at the tuber initiation stage 50–60 days after planting, and it is not tolerant to water-logging, as it may cause tuber rots and reduce growth of storage roots if aeration is poor.[24]

text: Depending on the cultivar and conditions, tuberous roots mature in two to nine months. With care, early-maturing cultivars can be grown as an annual summer crop in temperate areas, such as the northern United States and China. Sweet potatoes rarely flower when the daylight is longer than 11 hours, as is normal outside of the tropics. They are mostly propagated by stem or root cuttings or by adventitious shoots called "slips" that grow out from the tuberous roots during storage. True seeds are used for breeding only.

text: They grow well in many farming conditions and have few natural enemies; pesticides are rarely needed. Sweet potatoes are grown on a variety of soils, but well-drained, light- and medium-textured soils with a pH range of 4.5-7.0 are more favorable for the plant.[2] They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. However, sweet potatoes are very sensitive to aluminum toxicity and will die about six weeks after planting if lime is not applied at planting in this type of soil.[2] Because they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. Because the rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed. A commonly used herbicide to rid the soil of any unwelcome plants that may interfere with growth is DCPA, also known as Dacthal. In the tropics, the crop can be maintained in the ground and harvested as needed for market or home consumption. In temperate regions, sweet potatoes are most often grown on larger farms and are harvested before first frosts.

text: In the Southeastern United States, sweet potatoes are traditionally cured to improve storage, flavor, and nutrition, and to allow wounds on the periderm of the harvested root to heal.[20] Proper curing requires drying the freshly dug roots on the ground for two to three hours, then storage at 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) with 90 to 95% relative humidity from five to fourteen days. Cured sweet potatoes can keep for thirteen months when stored at 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) with >90% relative humidity. Colder temperatures injure the roots.[25][26]

text: Yields[edit]

text: In 2010, the world average annual yield for sweet potato crop was 13.2 tonnes per hectare. The most productive farms of sweet potato breeds were in Senegal, where the nationwide average annual yield was 33.3 tonnes per hectare.[27] Yields as high as 80 metric tonnes per hectare have been reported from farms of Israel.[28]

text: Diseases[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, world production in 2004 was 127 million tonnes.[29] The majority comes from China, with a production of 105 million tonnes from 49,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). About half of the Chinese crop is used for livestock feed.[9]

text: Per capita production is greatest in countries where sweet potatoes are a staple of human consumption, led by Papua New Guinea at about 500 kg (1,100 lb)[30] per person per year, the Solomon Islands at 160 kg (350 lb), Burundi and Rwanda[31] at 130 kg (290 lb) and Uganda at 100 kg (220 lb).

text: About 20,000 tonnes of sweet potatoes are produced annually in New Zealand, where sweet potato is known by its Māori name, kūmara. It was a staple food for Māori before European contact.[32]

text: In the United States, North Carolina, the leading state in sweet potato production, provided 38.5% of the 2007 U.S. production of sweet potatoes. In 2007, California produced 23%, Louisiana 15.9%, and Mississippi 19% of the U.S. total.[33][34]

text: Mississippi has about 150 farmers growing sweet potatoes on about 8,200 acres (30 km2), contributing $19 million to the state's economy. Mississippi's top five sweet-potato-producing counties are Calhoun, Chickasaw, Pontotoc, Yalobusha, and Panola. The National Sweet Potato Festival is held annually the entire first week in November in Vardaman (Calhoun County), which proclaims itself as "The Sweet Potato Capital".

text: Nutrient content[edit]

text: Besides simple starches, raw sweet potatoes are rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber and beta-carotene (a provitamin A carotenoid), while having moderate contents of other micronutrients, including vitamin B5, vitamin B6 and manganese (table).[35] When cooked by baking, small variable changes in micronutrient density occur to include a higher content of vitamin C at 24% of the Daily Value per 100 g serving (right table).[36][37]

text: The Center for Science in the Public Interest ranked the nutritional value of sweet potatoes as highest among several other foods.[38]

text: Sweet potato cultivars with dark orange flesh have more beta-carotene than those with light-colored flesh, and their increased cultivation is being encouraged in Africa where vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem. A 2012 study of 10,000 households in Uganda found that children eating beta-carotene enriched sweet potatoes suffered less vitamin A deficiency than those not consuming as much beta-carotene.[39]

text: Comparison to other food staples[edit]

text: The table below presents the relative performance of sweet potato to other staple foods. While sweet potato provides less edible energy and protein per unit weight than cereals, it has higher nutrient density than cereals.[40]

text: According to a study by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, sweet potatoes are the most efficient staple food to grow in terms of farmland, yielding approximately 70,000 kcal/ha d.[41]

text:
Nutrient content of major staple foods per 100 g portion[42]

Nutrient component:
Maize / Corn[A]
Rice (white)[B]
Rice (brown)[I]
Wheat[C]
Potato[D]
Cassava[E]
Soybean (Green)[F]
Sweet potato[G]
Yam[Y]
Sorghum[H]
Plantain[Z]
RDA

Water (g)
10
12
10
13
79
60
68
77
70
9
65
3000

Energy (kJ)
1528
1528
1549
1369
322
670
615
360
494
1419
511
8368–10,460

Protein (g)
9.4
7.1
7.9
12.6
2.0
1.4
13.0
1.6
1.5
11.3
1.3
50

Fat (g)
4.74
0.66
2.92
1.54
0.09
0.28
6.8
0.05
0.17
3.3
0.37

Carbohydrates (g)
74
80
77
71
17
38
11
20
28
75
32
130

Fiber (g)
7.3
1.3
3.5
12.2
2.2
1.8
4.2
3
4.1
6.3
2.3
30

Sugar (g)
0.64
0.12
0.85
0.41
0.78
1.7
0
4.18
0.5
0
15

Calcium (mg)
7
28
23
29
12
16
197
30
17
28
3
1000

Iron (mg)
2.71
0.8
1.47
3.19
0.78
0.27
3.55
0.61
0.54
4.4
0.6
8

Magnesium (mg)
127
25
143
126
23
21
65
25
21
0
37
400

Phosphorus (mg)
210
115
333
288
57
27
194
47
55
287
34
700

Potassium (mg)
287
115
223
363
421
271
620
337
816
350
499
4700

Sodium (mg)
35
5
7
2
6
14
15
55
9
6
4
1500

Zinc (mg)
2.21
1.09
2.02
2.65
0.29
0.34
0.99
0.3
0.24
0
0.14
11

Copper (mg)
0.31
0.22

0.43
0.11
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
-
0.08
0.9

Manganese (mg)
0.49
1.09
3.74
3.99
0.15
0.38
0.55
0.26
0.40
-
-
2.3

Selenium (μg)
15.5
15.1

70.7
0.3
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.7
0
1.5
55

Vitamin C (mg)
0
0
0
0
19.7
20.6
29
2.4
17.1
0
18.4
90

Thiamin (B1)(mg)
0.39
0.07
0.40
0.30
0.08
0.09
0.44
0.08
0.11
0.24
0.05
1.2

Riboflavin (B2)(mg)
0.20
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.06
0.03
0.14
0.05
1.3

Niacin (B3) (mg)
3.63
1.6
5.09
5.46
1.05
0.85
1.65
0.56
0.55
2.93
0.69
16

Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg)
0.42
1.01
1.49
0.95
0.30
0.11
0.15
0.80
0.31
-
0.26
5

Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.62
0.16
0.51
0.3
0.30
0.09
0.07
0.21
0.29
-
0.30
1.3

Folate Total (B9) (μg)
19
8
20
38
16
27
165
11
23
0
22
400

Vitamin A (IU)
214
0
0
9
2
13
180
14187
138
0
1127
5000

Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg)
0.49
0.11
0.59
1.01
0.01
0.19
0
0.26
0.39
0
0.14
15

Vitamin K1 (μg)
0.3
0.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
0
1.8
2.6
0
0.7
120

Beta-carotene (μg)
97
0

5
1
8
0
8509
83
0
457
10,500

Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg)
1355
0

220
8
0
0
0
0
0
30

Saturated fatty acids (g)
0.67
0.18
0.58
0.26
0.03
0.07
0.79
0.02
0.04
0.46
0.14

Monounsaturated fatty acids (g)
1.25
0.21
1.05
0.2
0.00
0.08
1.28
0.00
0.01
0.99
0.03

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)
2.16
0.18
1.04
0.63
0.04
0.05
3.20
0.01
0.08
1.37
0.07

text:
A yellow corn

B raw unenriched long-grain white rice

C hard red winter wheat

D raw potato with flesh and skin

E raw cassava

F raw green soybeans

G raw sweet potato

H raw sorghum

Y raw yam

Z raw plantains

I raw long-grain brown rice

text: Culinary uses[edit]

text: Although the leaves and shoots are also edible, the starchy tuberous roots are by far the most important product. In some tropical areas, they are a staple food crop.

text: Africa[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Amukeke (sun-dried slices of root) and inginyo (sun-dried crushed root) are a staple food for people in northeastern Uganda.[43] Amukeke is mainly served for breakfast, eaten with peanut sauce. Inginyo is mixed with cassava flour and tamarind to make atapa. People eat atapa with smoked fish cooked in peanut sauce or with dried cowpea leaves cooked in peanut sauce. Emukaru (earth-baked root) is eaten as a snack anytime and is mostly served with tea or with peanut sauce. Similar uses are also found in South Sudan.

text: The young leaves and vine tips of sweet potato leaves are widely consumed as a vegetable in West African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, for example), as well as in northeastern Uganda, East Africa.[43] According to FAO leaflet No. 13 - 1990, sweet potato leaves and shoots are a good source of vitamins A, C, and B2 (riboflavin), and according to research done by A. Khachatryan, are an excellent source of lutein.

text: In Kenya, Rhoda Nungo of the home economics department of the Ministry of Agriculture has written a guide to using sweet potatoes in modern recipes.[44] This includes uses both in the mashed form and as flour from the dried tubers to replace part of the wheat flour and sugar in baked products such as cakes, chapatis, mandazis, bread, buns and cookies. A nutritious juice drink is made from the orange-fleshed cultivars, and deep-fried snacks are also included.

text: In Egypt, sweet potato tubers are known as "batata" (بطاطا) and are a common street food in winter, when street vendors with carts fitted with ovens sell them to people passing time by the Nile or the sea. The cultivars used are an orange-fleshed one as well as a white/cream-fleshed one. They are also baked at home as a snack or dessert, drenched with honey.

text: In Ethiopia, the commonly found cultivars are black-skinned, cream-fleshed and called "bitatis" or "mitatis". They are cultivated in the eastern and southern lower highlands and harvested during the rainy season (June/July). In recent years, better yielding orange-fleshed cultivars were released for cultivation by Haramaya University as a less sugary sweet potato with higher vitamin A content.[45] Sweet potatoes are widely eaten boiled as a favored snack providing calories and carbohydrates.

text: Asia[edit]

text: In East Asia, roasted sweet potatoes are popular street food. In China, sweet potatoes, typically yellow cultivars, are baked in a large iron drum and sold as street food during winter. In Korea, sweet potatoes, known as goguma, are roasted in a drum can, baked in foil or on an open fire, typically during winter. In Japan, a dish similar to the Korean preparation is called yaki-imo (roasted sweet potato), which typically uses either the yellow-fleshed "Japanese sweet potato" or the purple-fleshed "Okinawan sweet potato", which is known as beni-imo.

text: Sweet potato soup, served during winter, consists of boiling sweet potato in water with rock sugar and ginger. Sweet potato greens are a common side dish in Taiwanese cuisine, often boiled or sautéed and served with a garlic and soy sauce mixture, or simply salted before serving. They, as well as dishes featuring the sweet potato root, are commonly found at bento (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-tong) restaurants. In northeastern Chinese cuisine, sweet potatoes are often cut into chunks and fried, before being drenched into a pan of boiling syrup.[46]

text: In some regions of India, sweet potato is roasted slow over kitchen coals at night and eaten with some dressing while the easier way in the south is simply boiling or pressure cooking before peeling, cubing and seasoning for a vegetable dish as part of the meal. In Indian state of Tamil Nadu, it is known as 'Sakkara valli Kilangu'. It is boiled and consumed as evening snack. In some parts of India, fresh sweet potato is chipped, dried and then ground into flour; this is then mixed with wheat flour and baked into chapattis (bread). Between 15 and 20 percent of sweet potato harvest is converted by some Indian communities into pickles and snack chips. A part of the tuber harvest is used in India as cattle fodder.[3]

text: In Pakistan, sweet potato is known as shakarqandi and is cooked as vegetable dish and also with meat dishes (chicken, mutton or beef). The ash roasted sweet potatoes are sold as a snack and street food in Pakistani bazaars especially during the winter months.[47]

text: In Sri Lanka, it is called 'Bathala' and tubers are used mainly for breakfast (boiled sweet potato commonly with sambal or grated coconut) or as an supplementary curry dish for rice. There are many other culinary uses with sweet potato as well.

text: The tubers of this plant, known as kattala in Dhivehi, have been used in the traditional diet of the Maldives. The leaves were finely chopped and used in dishes such as mas huni.[48]

text: In Japan, both sweet potatoes (called "satsuma-imo") and true purple yams (called "daijo" or "beni-imo") are grown. Boiling and steaming are the most common cooking methods. Also, the use in vegetable tempura is common. Daigaku-imo is a baked sweet potato dessert. Because it is sweet and starchy, it is used in imo-kinton and some other traditional sweets, such as ofukuimo. Shōchū, a Japanese spirit normally made from the fermentation of rice, can also be made from sweet potato, in which case it is called imo-jōchū. Imo-gohan, sweet potato cooked with rice, is popular in Guangdong, Taiwan and Japan. It is also served in nimono or nitsuke, boiled and typically flavored with soy sauce, mirin and dashi. In Korean cuisine, sweet potato starch is used to produce dangmyeon (cellophane noodles). Sweet potatoes are also boiled, steamed, or roasted, and young stems are eaten as namul. Pizza restaurants such as Pizza Hut and Domino's in Korea are using sweet potatoes as a popular topping. Sweet potatoes are also used in the distillation of a variety of Soju.

text: In Malaysia and Singapore, sweet potato is often cut into small cubes and cooked with yam and coconut milk (santan) to make a sweet dessert called bubur caca or "bubu chacha". A favorite way of cooking sweet potato is deep frying slices of sweet potato in batter, and served as a tea-time snack. In homes, sweet potatoes are usually boiled. The leaves of sweet potatoes are usually stir-fried with only garlic or with sambal belacan and dried shrimp by Malaysians.

text: In the Philippines, sweet potatoes (locally known as camote or kamote) are an important food crop in rural areas. They are often a staple among impoverished families in provinces, as they are easier to cultivate and cost less than rice.[49] The tubers are boiled or baked in coals and may be dipped in sugar or syrup. Young leaves and shoots (locally known as talbos ng kamote or camote tops) are eaten fresh in salads with shrimp paste (bagoong alamang) or fish sauce. They can be cooked in vinegar and soy sauce and served with fried fish (a dish known as adobong talbos ng kamote), or with recipes such as sinigang.[49] The stew obtained from boiling camote tops is purple-colored, and is often mixed with lemon as juice. Sweet potatoes are also sold as street food in suburban and rural areas. Fried sweet potatoes coated with caramelized sugar and served in skewers (camote cue) are popular afternoon snacks.[50] Sweet potatoes are also used in a variant of halo-halo called ginatan, where they are cooked in coconut milk and sugar and mixed with a variety of rootcrops, sago, jackfruit and bilu-bilo (glutinous rice balls).[51] Bread made from sweet potato flour is also gaining popularity. Sweet potato is relatively easy to propagate, and in rural areas that can be seen abundantly at canals and dikes. The uncultivated plant is usually fed to pigs.

text: In Indonesia, sweet potatoes are locally known as ubi jalar (lit: spreading tuber) and are frequently fried with batter and served as snacks with spicy condiments, along with other kinds of fritters such as fried bananas, tempeh, tahu, breadfruits, or cassava. In the mountainous regions of West Papua, sweet potatoes are the staple food among the natives there. Using the bakar batu way of cooking (free translation: burning rocks), rocks that have been burned in a nearby bonfire are thrown into a pit lined with leaves. Layers of sweet potatoes, an assortment of vegetables, and pork are piled on top of the rocks. The top of the pile then is insulated with more leaves, creating a pressure of heat and steam inside which cooks all food within the pile after several hours.

text: Young sweet potato leaves are also used as baby food particularly in Southeast Asia and East Asia.[52][53] Mashed sweet potato tubers are used similarly throughout the world.[54]

text: North America[edit]

text: Candied sweet potatoes are a side dish consisting mainly of sweet potatoes prepared with brown sugar, marshmallows, maple syrup, molasses, orange juice, marron glacé, or other sweet ingredients. It is often served in America on Thanksgiving. Sweet potato casserole is a side dish of mashed sweet potatoes in a casserole dish, topped with a brown sugar and pecan topping.[55] Sweet potato pie is also a traditional favorite dish in Southern U.S. cuisine. Sweet potato slices are fried in bacon drippings and eaten with the bacon on toast. Sweet potato fries or chips are another common preparation, and are made by julienning and deep frying sweet potatoes, in the fashion of French fried potatoes. Sweet potato fries are served with a variety of condiments such as blue cheese salad dressing. Baked sweet potatoes are sometimes offered in restaurants as an alternative to baked potatoes. They are often topped with brown sugar and butter. Sweet potato butter can be cooked into a gourmet spread. Sweet potato mash is served as a side dish, often at Thanksgiving dinner or with barbecue. John Buttencourt Avila is called the "father of the sweet potato industry" in North America. Another variation on the typical sweet potato pie is the Okinawan (Sweet Potato) Haupia pie, which is made with purple sweet potatoes, native to the island of Hawaii and believed to have been originally cultivated as early as 500 AD.[56]

text: The town of Opelousas, Louisiana's "Yambilee" has been celebrated every October since 1946. The Frenchmen who established the first settlement at Opelousas in 1760 discovered the native Atakapa, Alabama, Choctaw, and Appalousa tribes eating sweet potatoes. The sweet potato became a favorite food item of the French and Spanish settlers and thus continued a long history of cultivation in Louisiana.[57]

text: The town of Benton, Kentucky, celebrates the sweet potato annually with its Tater Day Festival on the first Monday of April. The town of Gleason, Tennessee, celebrates the sweet potato on Labor Day weekend with its Tater Town Special. The town of Gilmer, Texas celebrates the East Texas Yamboree each year in October.

text: Sweet potatoes are recognized as the state vegetable of North Carolina.[58]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Before European contact, the Māori grew the small, yellow-skin, finger-sized kūmara known as taputini,[59] hutihuti and rekamaroa[60] that they had brought with them from east Polynesia. Modern trials have shown that the taputini was capable of producing well,[61] but when American whalers, sealers and trading vessels introduced larger cultivars in the early 19th century, they quickly predominated.[62][63][64][65]

text: In New Zealand, Māori traditionally cooked the kūmara in a hāngi earth oven. This is still a common practice when there are large gatherings on marae.

text: Currently there are three main cultivars or groups of cultivar (red, orange and gold) grown in the subtropical northern part of the North Island near Dargaville[66] and widely available throughout New Zealand year-round, where they are a popular alternative to potatoes.[67] The red cultivar has dull red skin and purple-streaked white flesh, and is the most popular. The orange cultivar is the same as the American 'Beauregard'. The gold kumara has pale, yellowish skin and flesh.

text: Kūmara are an integral part of roast meals in New Zealand. They are served alongside such vegetables as potatoes and pumpkin and, as such, are generally prepared in a savory manner. Kūmara are ubiquitous in supermarkets, roast meal takeaway shops and hāngi.

text: Other[edit]

text: Among the Urapmin people of Papua New Guinea, taro (known in Urap as ima) and the sweet potato (Urap: wan) are the main sources of sustenance, and in fact the word for "food" in Urap is a compound of these two words.[68]

text: In Spain, sweet potato is called boniato. On the evening of All Souls' Day, in Catalonia (northeastern Spain) it is traditional to serve roasted sweet potato and chestnuts, panellets and sweet wine. The occasion is called La Castanyada.[69] Sweet potato is also appreciated to make cakes or to eat roasted through the whole country.

text: In Peru, sweet potatoes are called 'camote' and are frequently served alongside ceviche. Sweet potato chips are also a commonly sold snack, be it on the street or in packaged foods.

text: Dulce de batata is a traditional Argentine, Paraguayan and Uruguayan dessert, which is made of sweet potatoes. It is a sweet jelly, which resembles a marmalade because of its color and sweetness but it has a harder texture, and it has to be sliced in thin portions with a knife as if it was a pie. It is commonly served with a portion of the same size of soft cheese on top of it.

text: In the Veneto (northeast Italy), sweet potato is known as patata mericana in the Venetian language (patata americana in Italian, meaning "American potato"), and it is cultivated above all in the southern area of the region;[70] it is a traditional fall dish, boiled or roasted.

text: Nonculinary uses[edit]

text: In South America, the juice of red sweet potatoes is combined with lime juice to make a dye for cloth. By varying the proportions of the juices, every shade from pink to black can be obtained.[71]

text: Purple sweet potato color is used as food coloring.[72]

text: All parts of the plant are used for animal fodder.

text: Sweet potatoes or camotes are often found in Moche ceramics.[73]

text: Several selections are cultivated in gardens as ornamental plants for their attractive foliage, including the dark-leafed cultivars 'Blackie' and 'Ace of Spades' and the chartreuse-foliaged 'Margarita'.

text: Cuttings of sweet potato vine, either edible or ornamental cultivars, will rapidly form roots in water and will grow in it, indefinitely, in good lighting with a steady supply of nutrients. For this reason, sweet potato vine is ideal for use in home aquariums, trailing out of the water with its roots submerged, as its rapid growth is fueled by toxic ammonia and nitrates, a waste product of aquatic life, which it removes from the water. This improves the living conditions for fish, which also find refuge in the vast root systems.

text: Researchers at North Carolina State University are breeding sweet potato cultivars that would be grown primarily for biofuel production.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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