document_title: KFC

question_text: where did the name kentucky fried chicken come from

question_tokens: where did the name kentucky fried chicken come from

text: KFC

text: History

text: Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana (near Louisville, Kentucky).[5] When Sanders was five years old, his father died, forcing his mother to work at a canning plant.[6] This left Sanders, as the eldest son, to care for his two younger siblings.[6] After he reached seven years of age, his mother taught him how to cook.[5] After leaving the family home at the age of 13, Sanders passed through several professions, with mixed success.[7] In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky, a small town on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains.[8] It was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child: fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham.[8] After four years of serving from his own dining room table, Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road and expanded to six tables.[9] By 1936, this had proven successful enough for Sanders to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon.[10] In 1937 he expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he purchased across the street, naming it Sanders Court & Café.[11]

text: Sanders was unhappy with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan, but he refused to deep fry the chicken, which he believed lowered the quality of the product.[12] If he pre-cooked the chicken in advance of orders, there was sometimes wastage at day's end.[5] In 1939, the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market, mostly designed for steaming vegetables.[13] Sanders bought one, and modified it into a pressure fryer, which he then used to fry chicken.[14] The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying, while, in the opinion of Sanders, retaining the quality of pan-fried chicken.[12]

text: In July 1940, Sanders finalised what came to be known as his "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[15] Although he never publicly revealed the recipe, he admitted to the use of salt and pepper, and claimed that the ingredients "stand on everybody's shelf".[16] After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby, Sanders began to dress the part, growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat (later switched to a white suit), a string tie, and referring to himself as "Colonel".[16] His associates went along with the title change, "jokingly at first and then in earnest", according to biographer Josh Ozersky.[17]

text: The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his chicken recipe to restaurant owners.[18] Independent restaurants would pay four (later five) cents on each chicken as a franchise fee, in exchange for Sanders' "secret blend of herbs and spices" and the right to feature his recipe on their menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes.[19] In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his recipe to his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, the operator of one of the city's largest restaurants.[20]

text: Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name "Kentucky Fried Chicken".[21] For Harman, the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors; a product from Kentucky was exotic, and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality.[21] Harman trademarked the phrase "It's finger lickin' good", which eventually became the company-wide slogan.[19] He also introduced the "bucket meal" in 1957 (14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket).[22] Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company.[22]

text: By 1963 there were 600 KFC restaurants, making the company the largest fast food operation in the United States.[18] KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger.[23]

text: In 1964, Sanders sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US$2 million (around US$15 million in 2013).[10] The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company's quality controller and trademark.[24] The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970.[25] In July 1971, Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and drinks corporation, for US$285 million (around US$1.6 billion in 2013).[26] Sanders died in 1980, his promotional work making him a prominent figure in American cultural history.[23] By the time of his death, there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in 48 different countries worldwide, with $2 billion of sales annually.[27]

text: In 1982, Heublein was acquired by R. J. Reynolds, the tobacco giant.[22] In July 1986, Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for $850 million (around US$1.8 billion in 2013).[28] PepsiCo made the chain a part of its restaurants division alongside Pizza Hut and Taco Bell.[29] The Chinese market was entered in November 1987, with an outlet in Beijing.[22]

text: In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism.[30] Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".[31] The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain, including spicy "Hot Wings" (launched in 1990), popcorn chicken (1992), and internationally, the "Zinger", a spicy chicken fillet burger (1993).[32] By 1994, KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US, and 9,407 overall, with over 100,000 employees.[33] In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013).[34] The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants, and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion (around US$14 billion in 2013), making it second in the world only to McDonald's.[35] Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.[36]

text: By 2015, the company was struggling, having lost business to other retailers and being surpassed by Chick-fil-A as the leading chicken retailer three years previously. To combat this, the company launched a new initiative with a plan to revamp its packaging, decor and uniforms, as well as expanding its menu. Additionally, beginning in May 2015, a new series of advertisements was launched featuring Darrell Hammond as Colonel Sanders.[37] Subsequently, in a planned rotation of actors, Norm Macdonald, Jim Gaffigan, George Hamilton and Rob Riggle portrayed Sanders in similar ads through the fall of 2016.[38][39][40][41][42]

text: Operations

text: KFC is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, one of the largest restaurant companies in the world. KFC had sales of $23 billion in 2013.[3] KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, Kentucky, in a three-story colonial style building known colloquially as the "White House" due to its resemblance to the US president's home.[43][44] The headquarters contain executive offices and the company's research and development facilities.[45] KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St, Wilmington, Delaware.[46]

text: By December 2013, there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world.[1] There are 4,563 outlets in China, 4,491 in the United States, and 9,821 across the rest of the world.[1] Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company.[47] Eleven percent of outlets are company owned, with the rest operated by franchise holders.[48] Although capital intensive, company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain.[49]

text: Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder, Colonel Harland Sanders.[45] As well as dine-in and take-out, many stand-alone KFC outlets offer a drive-through option.[50] KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets.[50] Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non-traditional locations such as filling stations, convenience stores, stadia, theme parks and colleges, where a full scale outlet would not be practical.[50] Average annual sales per unit was $1.2 million in 2013.[51] Worldwide, the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250, with most occurring within a two-hour peak-period.[52]

text: As chairman and CEO of Yum!, David C. Novak ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations.[2] Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum!'s Chinese operations, and Muktesh Pant is the CEO of KFC.[2] Richard T. Carucci is president of Yum!, and Roger Eaton is the COO of Yum! and the president of KFC.[2]

text: Africa

text: The company hopes to expand its African operations, where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains.[53][54] The company is slowly expanding across the African continent, opening 70 outlets, but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues, such as a lack of quality suppliers.[49]

text: Asia

text: KFC continues to grow in Asia.

text: In Malaysia, the first KFC restaurant was opened in 1973 on Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman.[55] There are 609 outlets as of June 2016.[56][57] In 1995, Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanages every quarter.[55]

text: In Sri Lanka, KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City. There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014.[58]

text: In Singapore, the first KFC franchise was opened in 1977 along Somerset Road. In 1993, KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the Zinger burger. KFC restaurants in Singapore are currently owned and operated by KFC (Malaysia) Holdings Bhd.[59]

text: In Bangladesh, the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006. As of June 2016, the country is home to 19 KFC outlets.[60][61]

text: In Cambodia, KFC first opened on Monivong Boulevard in Phnom Penh in 2008.[62]

text: In Myanmar, the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015.[63][64]

text: In Taiwan, KFC entered the market in 1984 and opened its first store in 1985 in Taipei City. The 100th store in Taiwan opened in 1999. It was the second largest fast food chain restaurant in Taiwan until Mos Burger exceeded the number of branches of KFC in 2008. Now KFC is the third largest fast food chain restaurant with 137 stores as of 2017. [65]

text: China

text: KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China, with 5,003 outlets as of 2015.[66] They are operated by the Yum! China division. KFC became the first Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen, Beijing, in November 1987.[67]

text: Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad, with an average of 50 different menu items per store.[67][68]

text: In December 2012, the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations.[69] This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100 suppliers, and agreeing to "actively co-operate" with a government investigation into its use of antibiotics.[67] KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year.[70] To counter sluggish sales, the menu was revamped in 2014.[71]

text: In July 2014, Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group, amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat.[72] Yum! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier, and stated that the revelation had led to a "significant [and] negative" decline in sales.[73]

text: KFC opens its first outlet in Tibet in March 2016.[74]

text: India

text: There are 350 KFC outlets in India.[66] The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes and the menu options in India include the Hot & Crispy Chicken and Fiery Grilled bucket options, Chicken Zinger Burger, Rice Bowlz, the more recently launched 5-in-1 Meal Box and a range of shakes called Krushers.[75] The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a year-and-a-half-long exercise to reorganize its business under larger, well-capitalized franchisees. In this regard, about a third of its outlets, operated by several of its franchisees, have been sold to a newly formed entity—Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd. The new entity is owned by a consortium of four private equity funds, led by Samara Capital. The other investors are CX Partners, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a fourth fund, said a top executive at the local arm of the American food company.[76]

text: The first Indian KFC was a two-storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995.[77] According to journalist Michael White, the company could not have chosen a "more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country".[78] Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha, one of the most influential, vocal and anti-foreign investment farmers' associations in the country.[78] The first outlet suffered protests from left wing, anti-globalisation and environmental campaigners, as well as local farmers, who objected to the chain bypassing local producers.[79] Many[quantify] Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism, the loss of national self-sufficiency, and the disruption of indigenous traditions.[80] The protests came to a head in August 1995, when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked.[77] The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded, and received, a police van permanently parked outside for a year.[79] The outlet was closed on September 13, 1995 by local authorities, who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in its food.[81] The outlet re-opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court. The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store.[82] Rural activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished, by diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal feed.[83] Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement.[83] A second outlet opened in Delhi, but was closed by the authorities throughout November, purportedly for health reasons, but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore incident.[84] The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently.[85]

text: KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004,[86] with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat-free menu across the chain's worldwide operations. It introduced a vegetarian menu that included rice meals, wraps and side dishes and, like McDonald's, served eggless mayonnaise and sauces. Unnat Varma, marketing director of KFC India, states "The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for KFC's growth." KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques to localize its chicken dishes. By 2008–09, KFC operated 34 outlets in India.[87] In 2014, KFC launched the "So Veg, So Good" menu as part of an India-specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their vegetarian range. The company has been up to a lot of innovation over the past few months with the launch of the first-ever no crust, all chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016.[88] More recently, KFC got Mumbai's dabbawalas to deliver its newly launched 5-in-1 Meal Boxes. The city's dabbawalas, famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches, took on the role of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign. They supplied specially created 5-in-1 meal boxes to some office-goers instead of their regular dabbas.[89] The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a Box, a practical new take on the 5-in-1 Meal Box, which can also charge phones.[90]

text: Indonesia

text: In Indonesia KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain, with 466 outlets as of December 2013.[1][91] The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share, and menu items include spaghetti, wraps and chicken porridge.[92] The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia.[93]

text: The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979.[93] Salim Group, Indonesia's largest conglomerate, became a major shareholder in 1990, which provided the company with funds for major expansion.[93] Its master franchisee, PT Fastfood Indonesia, was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993.[93]

text: Japan

text: KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation.[94] In December 1974, KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal.[95] Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan.[96] As of 2013[update], Japan is the third-largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1,200 outlets.[97]

text: In December 2007, Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP¥ 14.83 billion transaction.[98]

text: Pakistan

text: KFC has a presence in eighteen major cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sukkur, Muree etc.) with more than 65 outlets nationwide. Its first outlet was in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC Pakistan menu consists of burgers, fried chicken, nuggets, fries, rice dishes and drinks.[99]

text: Europe

text: United Kingdom

text: As of December 2013, there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom.[1] British turnover was around £684.5 million in 2013, according to Technomic.[100] About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees, with the remainder company owned.[101] The company employs 24,000 people.[101] Around 400 sites are drive-through outlets.[101] Average outlet turnover is between £1 and £1.5 million.[101]

text: Annual sales amount to 60,000 metric tonnes of chicken, 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK, including Faccenda Group[102] and 2 Sisters Food Group,[103][104] and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week.[105] The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe, Thailand (including Charoen Pokphand Foods) and Brazil.[106] All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK.[106]

text: England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade.[107] Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee.[108] The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968.[109] In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets.[110] In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in 1984.[111] By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets.[112]

text: In May 1997, the "Tower Burger", a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown, was first launched in the United Kingdom.[113] In 2006, the company stopped pre-salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products.[101] In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers.[101] Between 2004 and 2014, KFC UK increased its offering of "portable" foods: burgers, wraps and salads.[101] During that period, sales rose from around £500 million to almost £1 billion.[101] In 2012, KFC UK invested £9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets, so that it could offer griddled chicken.[101] In 2013, KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets.[114] As of 2014, KFC UK is trialling serving only halal meat at 96 of its outlets.[115]

text: Middle East

text: The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait. Today there are over 700 outlets, certified halal, including the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.[116] KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants.[117] In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority[8] and later expanded to Hebron,[9] Bethlehem,[10] Jenin,[11] and three separate outlets in Ramallah: the Ersal Branch (Bacri), Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch.[118] In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels.[119][120]

text: North America

text: United States

text: KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $4.22 billion by Technomic.[121]

text: The basic model for KFC in the United States, not necessarily duplicated elsewhere, is a focus on low prices, a limited menu (29 items on average) and an emphasis on takeout.[48] A "very strong percentage" of sales come from African American customers.[122] Many KFC locations are co-located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut, or other Yum! restaurants.[50] When Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants, these brands were often co-branded with KFC as well.[123] Often these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands.[124] In 2003, there were 354 KFC-Taco Bell combines, offering the full KFC menu and Taco Bell items, and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a limited number of Pizza Hut items.[50] The concept originated in 1991, when a KFC-Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia.[22] Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, but this failed to catch on, and Yum! CEO David Novak blamed a lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success.[125]

text: Initially, Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying, but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean.[126][127] In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. By April 2007, the chain had switched to trans fat-free soybean oil in all of its US outlets.[128]

text: In 2008, Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items.[129] The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline.[130] In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations, introducing value items and providing healthier menu options.[130] In the same year, Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival, Chick-fil-A.[131] In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as "an also-ran to McDonald's Corp".[132] In 2012, Forbes magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were "aged and uninviting", and that the chain "hasn't introduced an exciting new food item in ages".[133]

text: KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek as a "muscular player" in developing regions, specifically Africa, China and India, while noting its falling market share in the US to rivals such as Chick-fil-A and Popeyes.[134] Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations.[134] That year, the company began divesting control of company-owned US restaurants to franchised operations, with the intention of reducing overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent.[134]

text: Oceania

text: There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia, and around 100 in New Zealand.[97] KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries.[135] In 2013, KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations.[136]

text: Australia

text: Yum! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia.[136] The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods, which operates 169 stores.[136][137] KFC's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams, Steggles and Turi Foods.[136]

text: The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford, a suburb of Sydney.[138] The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe.[139] Between 1970 and 1971, 75 outlets were opened.[139] This had a major impact on Australian chicken production, which increased by 38 percent during the period.[139] By 1995 there were 452 outlets, and the company employed 12,000 staff.[138] That year, Australia produced 35 percent of KFC's international earnings.[138]

text: New Zealand

text: The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak, a suburb of Auckland.[140] By 1980 there were 37 outlets.[135] In 1989, PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielder conglomerate.[140] In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time.[140]

text: Products

text: KFC's core product offering is pressure fried, on-the-bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders' "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices. The product is typically available in either two or three piece individual servings, or in a family size cardboard bucket, typically holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces. Poultry is divided into 9 different cuts (2 drumsticks, 2 thighs, 2 wings, 1 keel, and a backbone-based breast cut divided into 2 pieces).[141] The product is hand-breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two- to four-minute process.[52][136]

text: It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes (the timing differs between countries) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius.[52][142][143] Following this, the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven.[52] It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes, in order to ensure freshness.[52] The frying oil varies regionally, and versions used include sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and palm oil.[49] A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between regions depending on the oil variety used, and whether the chicken has been corn-fed or wheat-fed.[49]

text: As well as its core chicken on the bone offering, KFC's major products include chicken burgers (including the Zinger and the Tower burgers); wraps ("Twisters" and "Boxmasters"); and a variety of finger foods, including crispy chicken strips and hot wings.[144][145] Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products, and consists of small pieces of fried chicken.[146] In some locations, chicken nuggets are also sold.[147]

text: KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes, and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide.[48] Some locations, such as the UK and the US, sell grilled chicken.[148][149] In predominantly Islamic countries, the chicken served is halal.[52] In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods, such as the Zinger chicken burger.[150] Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards.[151] A small number of US outlets offer an all-you-can-eat buffet option with a limited menu.[152]

text: In multiracial Malaysian markets, KFC also has different limited-time products to cater to different festive seasons such as Ayam Kicap Meletup for Eid al-Fitr seasons and Golden Treasures for Chinese New Year in 2015.

text: A number of territories, such as Japan, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the "Colonel's Catch" banner.[153] In Jamaica, what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year-round offering from 2010.[154]

text: Value menu items are sold under the "Streetwise" name in locations such as Canada.[155] Side dishes often include French fries, coleslaw, barbecue baked beans, corn on the cob, mashed potato, bread rolls and American biscuits.[156] Salads include the bean salad, the Caesar salad and the garden salad.[157] In a number of territories, KFC sell onion rings.[158] In Asia, rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold.[67] In Malaysia, chicken meatball soup is sold. In the US and Greece, potato wedges are sold instead of French fries.[159]

text: McCormick & Company is KFC's largest supplier of sauces, seasonings and marinades, and is a long-term partner in new product development.[136]

text: Due to the company's previous relationship with PepsiCo, most territories supply PepsiCo products, but exceptional territories include Barbados, Greece, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Turkey, which stock drinks supplied by The Coca-Cola Company, and Aruba, which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation.[160][161][162][163] In Peru, the locally popular Inca Kola is sold.[164] In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal, beer is offered, in addition to soft drinks.[165][166][167]

text: Launched in 2009, the Krusher/Krushem range of frozen beverages containing "real bits" such as Kit Kat, Oreo and strawberry shortcake, is available in over 2,000 outlets.[168] Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide, but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru.[169]

text: In 2012, the "KFC am" breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally, including such items as pancakes, waffles and porridge, as well as fried chicken.[170]

text: 11 herbs and spices

text: Sanders' Original Recipe of "11 herbs and spices" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry.[171] The recipe is not patented, because patents eventually expire, whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity.[172]

text: A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices.[134][173] To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.[174]

text: In 1999, a couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel Sanders found scribbled notes of purportedly the secret recipe. Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple to stop an auction of the notes, but by early 2001, it dropped the lawsuit, claiming the scribbled notes are "nowhere close" to the original recipe.[175]

text: Joe Ledington of Kentucky, a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders, claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook. In August 2016, Chicago Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe and claimed after a few attempts that, with the addition of MSG flavor-enhancer, Ac'cent, they produced fried chicken which tasted "indistinguishable" from the chicken they purchased at KFC.[176]

text: Equipment

text: KFC initially used stove-top covered cooking pots to fry its chicken.[177] In the 1960s, the officially recommended model was the L S Hartzog developed "KFC 20-Head Cooker", a large device that cost $16,000.[178] The Hartzog model had no oil filtration system, meaning that filtering had to be done manually, and the pressure fryers occasionally exploded, often causing harm to employees.[177] In 1969, inventor and engineer Winston L. Shelton developed the "Collectramatic" pressurized fryer to overcome the problems KFC faced in quickly frying chicken to meet growing customer demand. The Collectramatic used precision time and temperature controls and self-filtered the cooking oil – all while meeting Colonel Sander's legendary high quality standards.[177] Fred Jeffries, then vice president of purchasing at KFC, claimed that the invention helped fuel the company's rapid expansion and success:

text: There's no way it (KFC) could have grown like it did without the Collectramatic. Stores were doing about $200,000 a year in sales on average with the pots . . . but they could never have done the $900,000 a year it became without Win's fryer. He (Shelton) helped set the stage for that with true engineering thinking.[177]

text: Although a number of franchisees bought the Collectramatic, which had the support of Colonel Sanders from 1970 onwards, John Y. Brown had given tacit approval to franchisees to exclusively use the older L S Hartzog fryer, saying "Though those old pots were damn dangerous, at least we knew they worked! I was mostly afraid these new fryers would break down in the middle of business."[177] Brown warned franchisees that they were in violation of their contract if they used the Collectramatic.[177] Brown held his ground on the issue until he learned that his father, John Y. Brown Sr., who owned multiple KFC franchises, was successfully using the Collectramatic in every franchise he owned.[177] The issue was eventually resolved after Heublein purchased KFC, acquired Hartzog and nullified the contract.[178] The Collectramatic has been an approved pressure fryer for KFC from 1972 onwards.[178]

text: Advertising

text: Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his death in 1980. Despite his death, Sanders remains a key icon of the company as an "international symbol of hospitality".[179] Early official slogans for the company included "North America's Hospitality Dish" (from 1956) and "We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week".[180][181] The "finger lickin' good" slogan was used from 1956, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the 20th century.[182] The trademark expired in the US in 2006.[183] The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a "Kentucky Fried Chicken" typeface and a logo of the Colonel.[184]

text: Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders, and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of US$4 million in 1966.[185] In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns, the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co-Op was established, giving franchisees ten votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns. In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett.[22] A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the "Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.[22] By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US.[186]

text: Controversies and criticism

text: Since the beginning of the 21st century, fast food has been criticized for its animal welfare record, its links to obesity and its environmental impact.[187] Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation (2002) and Morgan Spurlock's film Super Size Me (2004) reflected these concerns.[21] Since 2003, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has protested KFC's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide.[188] The exception is KFC Canada, which signed an agreement pledging to only use "animal friendly" suppliers.[189] PETA have held thousands of demonstrations, sometimes in the home towns of KFC executives, and CEO David Novak was notably soaked in fake blood by a protester.[189] President of KFC's US division Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens.[190] In 2008, Yum! stated: "[As] a major purchaser of food products, [Yum!] has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals supplied to us are treated. We take that responsibility very seriously, and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis."[191]

text: In 2006, Greenpeace accused KFC Europe of sourcing the soya bean for its chicken feed from Cargill, which had been accused of clearing large swathes of the Amazon rainforest in order to grow the crop.[192]

text: In 2010, the Australian arm of KFC was accused of racial insensitivity over a television commercial showing an outnumbered white cricket fan handing out pieces of fried chicken to appease a dancing, drumming and singing group of black West Indies supporters. The clip found its way around the world on the internet, prompting stinging criticism in the United States where fried chicken remains closely associated with long-standing racist stereotypes about black people in the once segregated south.[193]

text: In May 2012, Greenpeace accused KFC of sourcing paper pulp for its food packaging from Indonesian rainforest wood.[194] Independent forensic tests showed that some packaging contained more than 50 percent mixed tropical hardwood fiber, sourced from Asia Pulp & Paper (APP).[195][196] APP said such fiber can be found in recycled paper, or: "It can also come from tree residues that are cleared, after a forest area has become degraded, logged-over or burned, as part of a sustainable development plan. APP has strict policies and practices in place to ensure that only residues from legal plantation development on degraded or logged-over forest areas and sustainable wood fiber enters the production supply chain."[195] KFC said: "From a global perspective, 60 percent of the paper products that Yum! (our parent company) sources are from sustainable sources. Our suppliers are working towards making it 100 percent."[194]

text: In December 2012, the chain was criticized in China when it was discovered that a number of KFC suppliers had been using growth hormones and an excessive amount of antibiotics on its poultry in ways that violated Chinese law.[197] In February 2013, Yum! CEO David Novak admitted that the scandal had been "longer lasting and more impactful than we ever imagined."[197] The issue is of major concern to Yum!, which earns almost half of its profits from China, largely through the KFC brand. In March 2013, Yum! reported that sales had rebounded in February, but that lower sales in December and January would result in a decline in same-store sales of 20 percent in the first quarter.[198]

text: In 2017 KFC was fined £950,000 after two workers were scalded by boiling hot gravy. The company admitted to charges of failing in a duty of care to employees, and was ordered by Teesside Crown Court to pay fines of £800,000 and £150,000.[199]


document_title: Local self-government in India

question_text: who is called the pioneer of local government in india

root

text: Local self-government in India

text: Rural[edit]

text: The panchayati raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels. The modern system is based in part on traditional panchayat governance, in part on the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and in part by the work of various committees to harmonize the highly centralized Indian governmental administration with a degree of local autonomy.[3] The result was intended to create greater participation in local government by people and more effective implementation of rural development programs. Although, as of 2015, implementation in all of India is not complete the intention is for there to be a gram panchayat for each village or group of villages, a tehsil level council, and a zilla panchayat at the district level.

tag: p

text: Rural Local Governments (or Panchayat Raj Institutions) [1]

text:
Zilla Panchayat
Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats
Gram Panchayats

tag: ul

text: The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957)[edit]

text: In 1957, Balwant Rai Mehta Committee studied the Community Development Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in the process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas. The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation process.[4] The suggestions were for as follows:[5]-

text:
an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution to them of necessary resources, power and authority,
that the basic unit of democratic decentralisation was at the block/samiti level since the area of jurisdiction of the local body should neither be too large nor too small. The block was large enough for efficiency and economy of administration, and small enough for sustaining a sense of involvement in the citizens,
such body must not be constrained by too much control by the government or government agencies,
the body must be constituted for five years by indirect elections from the village panchayats,
its functions should cover the development of agriculture in all its aspects, the promotion of local industries and others
services such as drinking water, road building, etc., and
the higher level body, Zilla Parishad, would play an advisory role.

text: The PRI structure did not develop the requisite democratic momentum and failed to cater to the needs of rural development. There are various reasons for such an outcome which include political and bureaucratic resistance at the state level to share power and resources with local level institutions, domination of local elites over the major share of the benefits of welfare schemes, lack of capability at the local level and lack of political will.

text: It was decided to appoint a high-level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta to examine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs. The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs. They made the following recommendations:[6]-

text:
the district is a viable administrative unit for which planning, co-ordination and resource allocation are feasible and technical expertise available,
PRIs as a two-tier system, with Mandal Panchayat at the base and Zilla Parishad at the top,
the PRIs are capable of planning for themselves with the resources available to them,
district planning should take care of the urban-rural continuum,
representation of SCs and STs in the election to PRIs on the basis of their population,
four-year term of PRIs,
participation of political parties in elections,
any financial devolution should be committed to accepting

text: that much of the developmental functions at the district level would be played by the panchayats.

text: The states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal passed new legislation based on this report. However, the flux in politics at the state level did not allow these institutions to develop their own political dynamics.

text: G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985)[edit]

text: The G.V.K. Rao Committee was appointed by Planning Commission[7] to once again look at various aspects of PRIs. The Committee was of the opinion that a total view of rural development must be taken in which PRIs must play a central role in handling people's problems. It recommended the following:[8]-

text:
PRIs have to be activated and provided with all the required support to become effective organisations,
PRIs at district level and below should be assigned the work of planning, implementation and monitoring of rural development programmes, and
the block development office should be the spinal cord of the rural development process.

text: L.M.Singhvi Committee (1986)[edit]

text: L.M. Singhvi Committee studied panchayati raj. The Gram Sabha was considered as the base of a decentralised, and PRIs viewed as institutions of self-governance which would actually facilitate the participation of the people in the process of planning and development. It recommended:[9]

text:
local self-government should be constitutionally recognised, protected and preserved by the inclusion of new chapter in the Constitution,
non-involvement of political parties in Panchayat elections.

text: The suggestion of giving panchayats constitutional status was opposed by the Sarkaria Commission, but the idea, however, gained momentum in the late 1980s especially because of the endorsement by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1989. The 64th Amendment Bill was prepared and introduced in the lower house of Parliament. But it got defeated in the Rajya Sabha as non-convincing. He lost the general elections too. In 1989, the National Front introduced the 74th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which could not become an Act because of the dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha. All these various suggestions and recommendations and means of strengthening PRIs were considered while formulating the new Constitutional Amendment Act.

text: The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act[edit]

text: The idea which produced the 73rd Amendment [10] was not a response to pressure from the grassroots, but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered, that the extent of rural poverty was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed. It is interesting to note that this idea evolved from the Centre and the state governments. It was a political drive to see PRIs as a solution to the governmental crises that India was experiencing. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level". Its main features are as follows:[11]

text:
The Gram Sabha or village assembly as a deliberative body to decentralised governance has been envisaged as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj System.73rd Amendment of the Constitution empowered the Gram Sabhas to conduct social audits in addition to its other functions.
A uniform three-tier structure of panchayats at village (Gram Panchayat — GP), intermediate or block (Panchayat Samiti — PS) and district (Zilla Parishad — ZP) levels.
All the seats in a panchayat at every level are to be filled by elections from respective territorial constituencies.
Not less than one-third of the total seats for membership as well as office of chairpersons of each tier have to be reserved for women.
Reservation for weaker castes and tribes (SCs and STs) have to be provided at all levels in proportion to their population in the panchayats.
To supervise, direct and control the regular and smooth elections to panchayats, a State Election Commission has The Act has ensured constitution of a State Finance Commission in every State/UT, for every five years, to suggest measures to strengthen finances of panchayati raj institutions.
To promote bottom-up-planning, the District Planning Committee (DPC) in every district has been accorded to constitutional status.
An indicative list of 29 items has been given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. Panchayats are expected to play an effective role in planning and implementation of works related to these 29 items.

text: Present scenario[edit]

text: At present, there are about 3 million elected representatives at all levels of the panchayat, one-half[clarification needed] of which are women. These members represent more than 2.4 lakh (240,000) Gram Panchayats, about 6,000 intermediate level tiers and more than 500 district panchayats. Spread over the length and breadth of the country, the new panchayats cover about 96% of India's more than 5.8 lakh (580,000) villages and nearly 99.6% of the rural population. This is the largest experiment in decentralisation of governance in the history of humanity.

text: The Constitution of India visualises panchayats as institutions of self-governance. However, giving due consideration to the federal structure of India's polity, most of the financial powers and authorities to be endowed on panchayats have been left at the discretion of concerned state legislatures. Consequently, the powers and functions vested in PRIs vary from state to state. These provisions combine representative and direct democracy into a synergy and are expected to result in an extension and deepening of democracy in India. Hence, panchayats have journeyed from an institution within the culture of India to attain constitutional status.

text: Urban[edit]

text: 'Urban Local Governments [2]

text:
Municipal Corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar Panchayats

text: Functions[edit]

text: All municipal acts in India provide for functions, powers and responsibilities to be carried out by the municipal government. These are divided into two categories - obligatory or discretionary.

text: Obligatory functions

text:
supply of pure and wholesome water
construction and maintenance of public streets
lighting and watering of public streets
cleaning of public streets, places and sewers
regulation of offensive, dangerous or obnoxious trades and callings or practices
maintenance or support of public hospitals
establishment and maintenance of primary schools
registration of births and deaths
removing obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges and other places
naming streets and numbering houses

text: Discretionary functions

text:
laying out of areas
securing or removal of dangerous buildings or places
construction and maintenance of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, rest houses, leper homes, orphanages and rescue homes for women
public buildings
planting of trees and maintenance of roads
housing for low income groups
conducting surveys
organizing public receptions, public exhibitions, public entertainment
provision of transport facilities with the municipality
promotion of welfare of municipal employees

text: Some of the functions of the urban bodies overlap with the work of state agencies. The functions of the municipality, including those listed in the Twelfth Schedule are left to the discretion of the state government. Local bodies have to be bestowed with adequate powers, authority and responsibility to perform the functions entrusted to them by the Act. However, the Act has not provided them with any powers directly and has instead left it to state government discretion.[12]


document_title: Elena Gilbert

question_text: who does elena end up with in the vampire diaries season 8

text: Elena Gilbert

text: Casting and portrayal[edit]

text:
When I look in the mirror, I just feel different when I'm Katherine or when I'm Elena. My voice changes a little bit, I think, and even just mentally, I feel like I can get away with a lot more.[1]
“
”

—Dobrev

tag: div

text: On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the "worst audition ever", and they "didn't even look at her a second time". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]

text: Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was "this average girl who was damaged in many ways".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the "bad girl" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the "complete opposite".[5] Dobrev described this as "one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; "Changing my hair helps me transform," she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said "I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it "interesting" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said, "The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila".[7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: In the books, Elena is considered "one of the popular girls" at her high school and always gets "anything she wants".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was "really kind of selfish". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's "selfishness" in the books as a human was never explored, because it "didn't ever feel like a characteristic" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said "We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her "deep, deep connection to other people".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is "one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed". Williamson told her that "the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a "conniving, narcissistic, bitch".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a "younger, naive, sad, young girl" to a "strong woman".[1]

text: Romances[edit]

text: Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have "different qualities that are very appealing", which combined make "the perfect man". She said "Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting".[5]

text: After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena "really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real", and the couple "wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.

text: Transition[edit]

text: Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: "That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didn’t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt "it would have been too soon", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]

text: In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as "monumental changes" which would have Elena in for a "wild ride". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is "an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes", and "she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to "rip the band-aid off".[18] Plec felt that "She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her",[18] while describing the situation as "a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially".[18]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. After she and Stefan slept together, Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires. Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote. She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together. Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam. Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship,Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Elena doesn't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon's name when he visits the Armory vault. It was a way of Sybill, the Siren, luring him into a trap.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said "Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the "fierce" and "ripper" side of Elena would emerge when "someone messes with the people she loves".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, "their strongest personality traits are heightened", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's "compassion and selflessness" double into "helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena "has had a taste for blood", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and "slightly boring", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and "stop protecting everyone's feelings".[20]

text: Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them "Stelena" and "Delena".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live "happily ever after".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was "over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle" and questioned whether Elena was "ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Tonner Doll Company, Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon, from 1864.[23][24]


document_title: The Flash (season 4)

question_text: the flash season 4 episode 1 trailer release date

text: The Flash (season 4)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"The Flash Reborn"
Glen Winter
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
T27.13401
2.84[1]

Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City, but refusing to grieve Barry. A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, defying the Flash and threatening the city if he refuses. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force, opposed by a skeptical Iris. Cisco tracks down Caitlin to a bar and convinces her for. Behind Iris's back, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who appears dazed and confused, continually writing symbols on walls. Wally engages the Samurai instead, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence, proving Caitlin's other theory that Barry has dementia. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the Samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai, who is revealed to be a robot. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called the Amunet at the bar, also having a split personality shared by Killer Frost. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.

71
2
"Mixed Signals"[2]
Alexandra La Roche
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
TBA
TBD

72
3
"Luck Be a Lady"[3]
Armen V. Kevorkian
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
TBA
TBD

73
4
TBA
Tom Cavanagh[4]
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

74
5
"Girls Night Out"[5]
Laura Belsey[6]
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

tag: table

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[7]
Candice Patton as Iris West[7]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[8]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[7]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[7]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[9]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells[7]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[7]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jessica Camacho as Gypsy[10]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[11]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[5]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[12]
Kim Engelbrecht as Mechanic[9]
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[13]
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon[14]
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[15]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh
Danny Trejo as Breacher[9]
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[5]
Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand[16]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[17] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[18] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[19]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.

—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[20]

text: In March 2017, Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[21] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we’re going to focus on the present."[22] In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / The Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[23] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[12] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[24]

text: Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[25] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[26] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[26] Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[26] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[27] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[28]

text: In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[29] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[30] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[31] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to The Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[32]

text: In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[33] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[34] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[35]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[7] Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth-2 at the start of the season, without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on.[26] Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells, Cavanagh said, "We're going to start with Harry and then find a way, I think, to try and get a different version of Wells in there, be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season's gaps present themselves."[36] Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy,[10] and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand.[16] Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, was revealed not to be returning to the series, although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton's availability permits.[37] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[38] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[39] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, will reprise her role in the season premiere.[13]

text: In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, Devoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[9] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[40] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[41] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[11] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[42] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[5]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[43] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 21, 2018.[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathan Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[45]

text: Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]

text: In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[46] The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[47] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[48] Emily Bett Rickards will appear as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[49] and on CTV in Canada.[50]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[51] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[52] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[53] Collider.com's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it’s great!"[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Flash Reborn"
October 10, 2017
1.1/4
2.84[1]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"Mixed Signals"
October 17, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Luck Be a Lady"
October 24, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.78/10 based on 7 reviews.[55]

text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of The Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[56]


document_title: No pain, no gain

question_text: where did the phrase no pain no gain come from

text: No pain, no gain

text: Exercise motto[edit]

text: It came into prominence after 1982 when actress Jane Fonda began to produce a series of aerobics workout videos. In these videos, Fonda would use "No pain, no gain" and "Feel the burn" as catchphrases for the concept of working out past the point of experiencing muscle aches.[1]

text: It expresses the belief that solid large muscle is the result of training hard.  Delayed onset muscle soreness is often used as a measure of the effectiveness of a workout.[2]

text: In terms of the expression used for development, the discomfort caused may be beneficial in some instances while detrimental in others. Detrimental pain can include joint pain. Beneficial pain usually refers to that resulting from tearing microscopic muscle fibers, which will be rebuilt more densely, making a bigger muscle.

text: The expression has been adopted in a variety of sports and fitness activities, beginning in the early-80s to present day.

text: David B. Morris wrote in The Scientist in 2005, "'No pain, no gain' is an American modern mini-narrative: it compresses the story of a protagonist who understands that the road to achievement runs only through hardship."[3]  The concept has been described as being a modern form of Puritanism.[4]

text: Origin[edit]

text: A form of this expression is found in the beginning of the second century, written in The Ethics of the Fathers 5:21 (known in Hebrew as Pirkei Avot):

text: Rabbi Ben Hei Hei says, "According to the pain is the gain."

text: This is interpreted to be a spiritual lesson; without the pain in doing what God commands, there is no spiritual gain.

text: One of the earliest attestations of the phrase comes from the poet Robert Herrick in his "Hesperides". In the 1650 edition, a two-line poem was added:

text: NO PAINS, NO GAINS.

text: If little labour, little are our gains:

text: Man's fate is according to his pains.

text: A version of the phrase was crafted by Benjamin Franklin, in his persona of Poor Richard (1734), to illustrate the axiom "God helps those who help themselves":

text: Industry need not wish, as Poor Richard says, and he that lives upon hope will die fasting. There are no gains, without pains...


document_title: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles

question_text: who won olympic gold in mens figure skating 2018

text: Summary[edit]

text: With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.

text: After the short program, Hanyu, Fernández, Uno, and Jin Boyang were first, second, third, and fourth respectively. Nathan Chen, originally one of the favorites for the podium, skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th, but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08--8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu. He ended up fifth overall. In the free program, Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall, and placed fourth.

text: In the victory ceremony, the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda, member of the International Olympic Committee, accompanied by Alexander Lakernik, ISU Figure Skating Vice President.

text: Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics. Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads, five clean. He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics. [5] With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score.[6] For complete list of figure skating records, see list of highest scores in figure skating.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event, with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three. 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. Each country decided the entry of its teams, and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete.[7] All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score, which does not include component scores. For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00.[8]

text: Schedule[edit]

text: All times are (UTC+9).

text:
Date
Time
Round

16 February
10:00[3]
Short program

17 February
10:00[3]
Free skating

text: Results[edit]

text: Short program[edit]

text: The short program was held on 16 February 2018.[3][9]

text:
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN

1
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
111.68
63.18
48.50
9.71
9.43
9.86
9.75
9.75
0.00
25

2
Javier Fernández
 Spain
107.58
59.79
47.79
9.36
9.36
9.71
9.68
9.68
0.00
29

3
Shoma Uno
 Japan
104.17
58.13
46.04
9.29
9.00
9.25
9.29
9.21
0.00
28

4
Jin Boyang
 China
103.32
60.27
43.05
8.79
8.29
8.82
8.54
8.61
0.00
30

5
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
98.98
56.98
42.00
8.43
8.11
8.50
8.50
8.46
0.00
20

6
Patrick Chan
 Canada
90.01
45.08
45.93
9.36
9.07
9.00
9.29
9.21
–1.00
21

7
Adam Rippon
 United States
87.95
44.48
43.47
8.57
8.43
8.86
8.68
8.93
0.00
19

8
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
86.69
43.84
43.85
8.96
8.54
8.64
8.82
8.89
–1.00
27

9
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
85.15
44.34
40.81
8.25
7.89
8.25
8.21
8.21
0.00
13

10
Keegan Messing
 Canada
85.11
45.50
40.61
8.04
7.96
8.07
8.29
8.25
−1.00
12

11
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
84.74
44.17
40.57
7.96
7.89
8.25
8.18
8.29
0.00
17

12
Vincent Zhou
 United States
84.53
48.50
36.03
7.39
6.96
7.11
7.32
7.25
0.00
3

13
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
84.13
43.63
40.50
7.93
7.71
8.36
8.18
8.32
0.00
23

14
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
83.90
41.75
42.15
8.18
8.18
8.54
8.46
8.79
0.00
16

15
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
83.43
43.79
39.64
7.93
7.68
8.07
8.00
7.96
0.00
14

16
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
83.06
45.49
37.57
7.57
7.36
7.61
7.57
7.46
0.00
10

17
Nathan Chen
 United States
82.27
41.39
41.88
8.46
8.32
8.14
8.57
8.39
–1.00
26

18
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
80.69
43.29
38.40
7.79
7.29
7.79
7.71
7.82
–1.00
18

19
Yan Han
 China
80.63
40.99
40.64
8.46
8.07
7.86
8.18
8.07
−1.00
8

20
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
80.05
40.30
40.75
8.36
7.86
8.07
8.21
8.25
–1.00
22

21
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
79.52
39.34
41.18
8.25
8.00
8.18
8.39
8.36
–1.00
24

22
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
76.56
40.88
36.68
7.46
7.11
7.32
7.43
7.36
−1.00
11

23
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
75.63
39.23
36.40
7.29
7.11
7.29
7.39
7.32
0.00
5

24
Paul Fentz
 Germany
74.73
37.71
37.02
7.46
7.25
7.46
7.46
7.39
0.00
15

Did not advance to free skating

25
Julian Yee
 Malaysia
73.58
38.37
35.21
7.07
6.82
7.11
7.14
7.07
0.00
9

26
Chafik Besseghier
 France
72.10
38.41
33.69
6.79
6.29
6.89
6.86
6.86
0.00
2

27
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan
70.12
30.77
39.35
8.11
7.82
7.46
8.07
7.89
0.00
4

28
Michael Christian Martinez
 Philippines
55.56
26.04
29.52
5.96
5.64
5.96
6.00
5.96
0.00
6

29
Felipe Montoya
 Spain
52.41
22.59
30.82
6.25
6.07
6.00
6.25
6.25
−1.00
1

30
Yaroslav Paniot
 Ukraine
46.58
18.68
29.90
6.43
5.79
5.61
6.21
5.86
−2.00
7

text:
Notes:
WR - World record
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number

text: Free skating[edit]

text: The free skating was held on 17 February 2018.[3][10]

text:
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN

1
Nathan Chen
 United States
215.08
127.64
87.44
8.82
8.32
9.04
8.79
8.75
0.00
9

2
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
206.17
109.55
96.62
9.71
9.50
9.64
9.71
9.75
0.00
22

3
Shoma Uno
 Japan
202.73
111.01
92.72
9.36
9.07
9.25
9.32
9.36
–1.00
24

4
Javier Fernández
 Spain
197.66
101.52
96.14
9.46
9.43
9.64
9.79
9.75
0.00
23

5
Jin Boyang
 China
194.45
109.69
85.76
8.71
8.21
8.64
8.68
8.64
–1.00
20

6
Vincent Zhou
 United States
192.16
112.24
79.92
8.04
7.71
8.25
7.96
8.00
0.00
15

7
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
177.56
91.62
87.94
9.00
8.64
8.68
8.86
8.72
–2.00
16

8
Patrick Chan
 Canada
173.42
81.56
91.86
9.32
9.14
8.66
9.29
9.32
0.00
21

9
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
172.88
89.08
83.80
8.39
8.04
8.61
8.43
8.43
0.00
7

10
Adam Rippon
 United States
171.41
84.47
86.94
8.75
8.54
8.68
8.71
8.79
0.00
18

11
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
170.75
89.03
81.72
8.32
7.75
8.32
8.18
8.29
0.00
8

12
Keegan Messing
 Canada
170.32
84.88
85.44
8.50
8.29
8.61
8.61
8.71
0.00
14

13
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
168.53
85.39
85.13
8.64
8.39
8.32
8.61
8.61
–2.00
19

14
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
165.16
84.94
81.22
8.21
7.86
8.25
8.11
8.18
–1.00
13

15
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
164.78
85.64
81.14
8.36
7.89
8.00
8.18
8.14
–2.00
5

16
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
164.21
81.79
82.42
8.25
7.96
8.36
8.25
8.39
0.00
13

17
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
161.04
74.96
86.08
8.46
8.36
8.54
8.75
8.93
0.00
10

18
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
160.92
76.58
84.34
8.57
8.21
8.39
8.57
8.43
0.00
17

19
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
156.78
80.86
75.92
7.64
7.32
7.79
7.64
7.57
0.00
2

20
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
155.06
76.42
80.64
8.14
7.86
7.96
8.18
8.18
–2.00
1

21
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
150.75
73.33
77.42
7.96
7.54
7.68
7.82
7.71
0.00
12

22
Paul Fentz
 Germany
139.82
66.98
72.84
7.50
7.14
7.14
7.39
7.25
0.00
3

23
Yan Han
 China
132.38
53.80
79.58
8.56
7.82
7.57
8.04
8.00
–1.00
4

24
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
128.01
63.35
70.66
7.34
6.86
6.68
7.32
7.04
–6.00
6

text:
Notes:
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number

text: Overall[edit]

text: The skaters were ranked according to their overall score.[11]

text:
Rank
Name
Nation
TP
SP
FS

01 !
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
317.85
111.68
1
206.17
2

02 !
Shoma Uno
 Japan
306.90
104.17
3
202.73
3

03 !
Javier Fernández
 Spain
305.24
107.58
2
197.66
4

4
Jin Boyang
 China
297.77
103.32
4
194.45
5

5
Nathan Chen
 United States
297.35
82.27
17
215.08
1

6
Vincent Zhou
 United States
276.69
84.53
12
192.16
6

7
Dmitri Aliev
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
267.51
98.98
5
168.53
13

8
Mikhail Kolyada
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
264.25
86.69
8
177.56
7

9
Patrick Chan
 Canada
263.43
90.01
6
173.42
8

10
Adam Rippon
 United States
259.36
87.95
7
171.41
10

11
Oleksii Bychenko
 Israel
257.01
84.13
13
172.88
9

12
Keegan Messing
 Canada
255.43
85.11
10
170.32
12

13
Daniel Samohin
 Israel
251.44
80.69
18
170.75
11

14
Jorik Hendrickx
 Belgium
248.95
84.74
11
164.21
16

15
Cha Jun-hwan
 South Korea
248.59
83.43
15
165.16
14

16
Michal Březina
 Czech Republic
246.07
85.15
9
160.92
18

17
Misha Ge
 Uzbekistan
244.94
83.90
14
161.04
17

18
Keiji Tanaka
 Japan
244.83
80.05
20
164.78
15

19
Deniss Vasiļjevs
 Latvia
234.58
79.52
21
155.06
20

20
Brendan Kerry
 Australia
233.81
83.06
16
150.75
21

21
Matteo Rizzo
 Italy
232.41
75.63
23
156.78
19

22
Paul Fentz
 Germany
214.55
74.73
24
139.82
22

23
Yan Han
 China
213.01
80.63
19
132.38
23

24
Moris Kvitelashvili
 Georgia
204.57
76.56
22
128.01
24

Did not advance to free skating

25
Julian Yee
 Malaysia

73.58
25

26
Chafik Besseghier
 France

72.10
26

27
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

70.12
27

28
Michael Christian Martinez
 Philippines

55.56
28

29
Felipe Montoya
 Spain

52.41
29

30
Yaroslav Paniot
 Ukraine

46.58
30

text: TP - Total points; SP - Short program; FS - Free skating