document_title: Toyota Highlander

question_text: when did the highlander get a 3rd row seat

text: Toyota Highlander

text: First generation (XU20; 2000–2007)[edit]

text:
First generation

Overview

Production
November 2000 – May 2007[4]

Model years
2001–2007

Assembly
Japan: Miyawaka, Fukuoka (Miyata plant)[4]

Body and chassis

Platform
Toyota K platform

Powertrain

Engine

2.4 L 2AZ-FE I4
3.0 L 1MZ-FE V6
3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6

Transmission

4-speed U140E/140F/241E automatic
5-speed U141E/F automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
106.9 in (2,715 mm)

Length

2001: 184.3 in (4,681 mm)
2002–03: 184.4 in (4,684 mm)
2004–07: 184.6 in (4,689 mm)
Hybrid: 185.6 in (4,714 mm)

Width
71.9 in (1,826 mm)

Height

2001–05 4WD: 66.5 in (1,689 mm)
2001–05 Limited 4WD: 68.7 in (1,745 mm)
2003–05 FWD: 66.1 in (1,679 mm)
2003–05 Limited FWD: 68.3 in (1,735 mm)
2006–07 FWD: 67.9 in (1,725 mm)
2006–07 4WD & FWD Hybrid: 68.3 in (1,735 mm)
4WD Hybrid: 68.9 in (1,750 mm)

Curb weight
3,784 lb (1,716 kg)

Chronology

Successor
Toyota Vanguard (XA30) (for Kluger, Japan)

text: The Highlander (or Kluger in Japan and Australia) shared a platform with its Lexus RX/Toyota Harrier cousin. It came in five (2001–2007) and seven-seat (2004–2007) configurations and became a sales success for Toyota in a number of markets across the world. The Highlander came standard with front wheel drive and offered all wheel drive (50:50 front:rear fixed torque split). Unlike Toyota's own 4Runner and other mid-sized competitors such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee, or Chevrolet TrailBlazer, the Highlander aimed for on-road comfort with its unibody construction and independent rear suspension. Although it was longer than the 1996–2002 4Runner available at the time it was launched, the Highlander was surpassed in length by the redesigned 4Runner in 2002.

text: The Highlander was available in three trim lines in the United States: the base model, the Sport model, and the Limited model. The base and Limited models were present when the Highlander was initially introduced, while the Sport model was introduced in March 2006. In Japan, it is regarded as a luxury vehicle as the Kluger exceeds Japanese Government regulations regulating engine displacement and exterior dimensions.

text: In 2004 the wheels on the Limited trim changed from a six-spoke, to a five-spoke alloy. The base-model Highlander wheels also changed from steel-rims to the alloy wheels that were on the 2001–2003 model year Highlander Limited and B-Package. The Sport models had a distinctive grille design, differentiating themselves from the non-Sport models. Wheel styling also serves to differentiate the various models—the hybrid sports a unique twin-spoke design.

text: The Kluger was introduced to Australia in October 2003. It was available in three guises: CV, CVX, and Grande. A limited edition CV Sport model was also released in 2006. There was no hybrid model available in Australia. The only engine offered was the 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6. Typical fuel economy using the Australian standard testing regime is 12.3 L/100 km (23.0 mpg‑imp; 19.1 mpg‑US).

text: Engines:

text:
2001–2007 2.4 L 2AZ-FE I4, 155 hp (119 kW)
2001–2003 3.0 L 1MZ-FE V6, 220 hp (164 kW)
2004–2007 3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6, 225 hp (172 kW)

text: The 3.0-liter engine was able to propel the Kluger from 0–60 mph in approximately 8.8 seconds. In 2004 the Kluger was given a new 3.3-liter V6 engine to compete with the more powerful V6 offerings from its competitors, mainly the Nissan Murano and the Honda Pilot. The larger engine made it possible for the Kluger to reach 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.8 seconds.

text: 2001 update[edit]

text: The Japanese and Australian Kluger was released with a center console integrated with the dashboard, while the North American Highlander initially lacked this integrated center console. The integrated center console was introduced in all U.S. Highlanders and in Canadian Limited Highlanders in 2001, for the 2002 model year, and in all Canadian Highlanders in 2003, for the 2004 model year. However, for these early Highlanders without the integrated center console, a smaller non-integrated stand-alone center console was available as an option, which was installed at the factory or could be installed by the dealer.

text: 2003 update[edit]

text: In 2003, for the 2004 model year, in addition to the 3.3-liter engine, V6-powered models were equipped with a new five-speed automatic transmission, replacing the four-speed automatic transmission, while the inline-four models continued to use the old four-speed. This year also saw the introduction of the optional third row seat allowing for two additional passengers. The center console, which was previously exclusive to the top trim level, is now standard across all trims. The unibody was slightly modified behind the second row seats to include a depression in the trunk floor able to accommodate the optional third row seating. On models without third row seating, this depression was turned into a storage compartment (prior to 2004 the spare tire was accessible from inside the vehicle where the third row seating would subsequently be located; beginning in 2004 the spare tire is accessible from underneath the vehicle). Subtle changes to the front grille, front and rear bumpers, headlights and taillights (LED taillights on later hybrid models) round-out the major changes for the 2003 mid-cycle refresh.

text: 2005 update[edit]

text: In 2005, for the 2006 model year, Highlanders sold in Canada are offered only in a V6 all-wheel drive configuration. Hybrid models are available with part-time four-wheel drive which Toyota refers to as 4WD-i where the rear wheels are powered by the separate electric motor. This system is intended for use on snow and ice, and is prone to overheating the rear electric motor off-road.[5]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution were standard, Vehicle Stability Control w/traction control optional on 2001–03 models became standard for 2004 models (Hybrids come standard with VDIM). Also standard for 2004 was a tire pressure monitor. Front seat-mounted side torso airbags were optional on 2001–06 models, while front and second row side curtain airbags were optional on 2004–06 models. Side airbags became standard on 2007 models and the curtain airbags gained a rollover sensor that year as well.

text:
NHTSA crash test ratings, no side airbags (2002):[6]

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Rear Passenger:

Rollover:

text:
NHTSA crash test ratings, no side airbags (2004):[7]

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Rear Passenger:

Rollover (2005):[8]

text: In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash tests the Highlander was rated "Good" overall in the frontal offset crash test.[9] The IIHS reported the Highlander had one of the lowest driver fatality rates among all vehicles, and amongst SUVs, only the Toyota 4Runner had a lower driver fatality rate. This report looked at 2001–2005 model year vehicles in the US.[10]

text: Hybrid (MHU28, 2005–2007)[edit]

text: Initially, the Kluger was a regular, non-hybrid SUV driven by an internal combustion engine, but later Toyota introduced a hybrid version, the Kluger Hybrid that utilizes the company's Hybrid Synergy Drive technology combined with the company's 3MZ-FE 3.3-liter V6 engine offered in either FWD or AWD trim. The hybrid drivetrain was unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, and was offered to the public in July 2005 as a 2006 model. The power steering pump, water pump and AC compressor were changed from belt-drive to electrically powered versions. A modified alternator was incorporated into the hybrid system.

text: In North America, the hybrid version was called the Highlander Hybrid. It was also the first seven-seat hybrid vehicle.[11] With the electric motors providing power including lower speeds overall acceleration is improved particularity at passing speeds. Other additions include Toyota's Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) system and Electronically Controlled Brake (ECB). The California Air Resources Board gave it a SULEV emission rating. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (revised standards) rated it at 28 mpg‑US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) City/25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp) Highway for FWD models and 27 mpg‑US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp)/25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp) for AWD models. This system is near identical to that of the Lexus RX 400h. All-wheel drive models were rated to tow 3,500 lb (1,600 kg).

text: Second generation (XU40; 2007–2013)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Overview

Also called
Toyota Kluger (Australia)

Production
May 2007–2013
October 2009–November 2013 (US)

Model years
2008–2013

Assembly
Japan: Miyawaka, Fukuoka (Miyata plant);[4][12]
China: Guangzhou[13]
United States: Princeton, Indiana (TMMI)

Designer
Ian Cartabiano (2005)[14]

Body and chassis

Platform
Toyota K platform

Powertrain

Engine
2.7 L 1AR-FE I4
3.5 L 2GR-FE V6
3.3 L 3MZ-FE V6 (hybrid)
3.5 L 2GR-FXE V6 (hybrid)

Transmission
5-speed U151E automatic
6-speed U760E automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
109.8 in (2,789 mm)

Length
188.4 in (4,785 mm)

Width
2008-2010: 75.2 in (1,910 mm)
2011-2013: 75.5 in (1,917 mm)

Height
2008-2010: 69.3 in (1,760 mm)
2011-2013: 68.1 in (1,729 mm)

Curb weight
4,045 lb (1,835 kg)

text: Toyota revealed the second-generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show, with American sales beginning in July and hybrids in late September.[15][16] But the second-generation Highlander and Highlander Hybrid are not sold in Japan. The five-seat Highlander for the United States and Canada was dropped as the larger Venza replaced it.

text: Initially the sole powertrain for the 2008 Highlander was a 270 horsepower (201 kW) 3.5-liter 2GR-FE V6 mated to a five-speed automatic. The four-cylinder model had been discontinued but added again in 2009. While the 3.5-liter engine has 55 more bhp than the previous 3.3-liter V6 and dimensional increases along with increased sound proofing added nearly 500 pounds to the vehicle's curb weight of approximately 4,000 lbs, fuel economy is slightly improved. The EPA estimated fuel economy for front-wheel drive models is at 18 mpg‑US (13 L/100 km; 22 mpg‑imp) city / 24 mpg‑US (9.8 L/100 km; 29 mpg‑imp) highway (last gen: 17 mpg‑US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg‑imp) city / 23 mpg‑US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) hwy).[17]

text: For 2009, Toyota again offered a 4-cylinder for 5-passenger front-wheel drive models with the all-new ULEV-II certified 2.7-liter 1AR-FE I4 paired to a six-speed automatic. It generates 187 hp (139 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 186 lb⋅ft (252 N⋅m) of peak torque at 4,100 rpm on regular 87 octane fuel. The four-cylinder delivers an EPA estimated fuel economy of 20 mpg‑US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg‑imp) city and 27 mpg‑US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp) highway.[18] This is better than the previous model's four-cylinder with 19 mpg‑US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg‑imp)/25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp).

text: The same three trim levels were offered (Base, Sport, and Limited) until early 2010 when the SE model replaced the Sport model, buyers are still able to choose between front-drive or all-wheel drive on V6 platforms. Also new is an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. Sport and Limited models get a standard backup camera using a 3.5-inch LCD display. Major options include leather seats, heated seats, a touch-screen DVD based navigation system, a new Smart Key System, an upgraded JBL Synthesis stereo, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system with 9-inch screen, and a towing package that increases towing capacity to 5000 pounds.

text: The XU40 was initially produced exclusively at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka, Fukuoka, Japan for all global markets beginning in May 2007.[19][4][12][20] Production in China for local sales was started on 25 May 2009 by GAC Toyota in Nansha District, Guangzhou, Guangdong.[21] Toyota had intended on building the Highlander in Blue Springs, Mississippi for the North American market in the 2011 model year.[22] However, the Corolla was built there instead, and the Highlander is being built at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana in Princeton, Indiana, from the 2010 model year onward for a majority of North America, replacing Tundra production.[23] TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009 for gasoline engine models only; hybrids continued to be imported from Japan until the release of the third generation XU50, where all production except for China was consolidated at TMMI.

text: In Australia, the new generation Kluger was launched in August 2007. There are three grades available, KX-R, KX-S and Grande. All grades are available with either 2WD or AWD. The base model KX-R is also available with either five or seven seats, whilst the latter grades are seven seaters only. Specifications are mostly similar to the US Highlander, sharing the same 3.5-litre V6 2GR-FE engine and five-speed automatic transmission. However, there are no plans at present to introduce a hybrid version of the Kluger into the Australian market.

text: 2010 update[edit]

text: In 2010, for the 2011 model year, Toyota made some changes to the Highlander and Highlander Hybrid. While the general design remains similar to the 2010 model, the Highlander's front end has been significantly revised, now featuring new headlights, a new black with chrome accent rocker panel, and new front grille. The non-hybrid engines for 2011 remain the same, although now the 2.7-liter four-cylinder engine may be had on the SE trim level, previously only available on the base model. More standard features are now equipped on all trim levels, with the base model receiving front and rear air conditioning, power locks/windows, cruise control, and a multi-function keyless entry control.[24]

text: Pre-facelift styling

text:
Front

Rear

text: Post-facelift styling

text:
Front (Kluger KX-S)

Rear (Kluger KX-R)

text: Safety[edit]

text:
NHTSA crash test ratings (2008):[25]

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Rear Passenger:

Rollover:

text: All models come standard with enhanced Vehicle Stability Control which immediately alters electric powering steering assist w/traction control (hybrids come standard with VDIM), anti-lock brakes, brake assist and electronic brakeforce distribution. Also standard is a tire pressure monitor, a driver's knee airbag, front seat-mounted side torso airbags, side curtain airbags for all three rows which includes a rollover sensor and active front headrests. Hill Start Assist Control (HAC) is also standard which prevents rolling backwards on slopes, and Downhill Assist Control (DAC) is standard on AWD trims.

text: The IIHS rates the Highlander "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test, and good in all subcategories except for "Head/neck," which is rated as "Acceptable."[26] And "Good" overall in the side impact crash test, with "Good" rating in all nine measured categories.[27] The Highlander is also rated "Good" in the roof strength test, giving it a "top safety pick" rating.[28]

text: In Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) testing the Kluger is given a  rating but only a  rating for pedestrian protection.[29]

text: The safety and effectiveness of the Highlander/Kluger's Vehicle Stability Control system has been questioned by some motoring journalists. During testing for Wheels magazine Car of the Year in 2007, the magazine's editor rolled the vehicle during high-speed gravel road testing. Noting that it was the first such event in the magazine's 45-year history, he criticised the vehicle's stability system stating that "Deficiencies in the Kluger's ESP contributed to the crash". Six of the seven other judges also stated that they felt "the vehicle's ESP performance was sub-standard", and remarked that the vehicle was "almost dangerous on dirt [roads]". In a written response, Toyota disputed the circumstances of the accident and criticised the testing procedures as "unscientific".[30][31]

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The Kluger Hybrid features Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds. Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid.[32][33]

text: The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb weight. All Highlander Hybrids are all-wheel drive, and the EPA has rated the hybrid at 27 mpg‑US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp) for the city and 25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp) for the highway,[34] same as the previous model. The Highlander's fuel economy, while better than the Lexus RX 400h's, lags behind the compact 4cyl Ford Escape Hybrid, which ceased production in 2012, and the latest RX 450h, but still produces significantly fewer emissions than the non-hybrid version with a CARB SULEV rating.

text: The Highlander Hybrid continues to use the same 3.3-liter 3MZ-FE V6 (208 hp[clarification needed]) offered in AWD from the prior model, net power is 270 hp (201 kW). VDIM and Electronically Controlled Brake remain new features include a driver selectable electric only EV mode (when possible) and another ECON mode which restricts acceleration and minimizes air conditioning during acceleration.[citation needed] The Highlander Hybrid Hybrid uses a 1.9 kWh sealed nickel-metal hydride traction battery.[35]

text: For the 2011 model year the Highlander Hybrid received styling changes and was upgraded with the 3.5-liter 2GR-FXE V6 (245 hp), increasing net power by 10 hp (7 kW), and a powertrain similar to the RX450h. The vehicle is now rated at 28 mpg‑US (8 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) for the city, highway and combined cycles.

text: Highlander FCHV (2007)[edit]

text: It was a test vehicle using compressed hydrogen gas, with average fuel economy of 68.3 miles/kg (approximate mpg equivalent).[36]

text: The vehicle was unveiled in 2007 LA motor show.[37]

text: Chinese version[edit]

text: The Chinese version of the Highlander (ASU40/GSU45) was unveiled in 2009 at the 13th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition.[38]

text: Israel[edit]

text: In mid-2012, Union Motors (Toyota's Israeli-Market Import Company) announced that it will begin importing the Highlander in late 2012, however, this was delayed to 2013.

text: Third generation (XU50; 2013–present)[edit]

text:
Third generation (XU50)

Overview

Also called
Toyota Kluger (Australia)

Production
December 2013[39] – present

Model years
2014–present

Assembly
China: Guangzhou[13]
United States: Princeton, Indiana (TMMI)

Designer
Matt Sperling (2009)[40]

Body and chassis

Platform
Toyota K platform

Related
Toyota Harrier (XU60)

Powertrain

Engine

2.0 L 8AR-FTS I4 turbo (China)
2.7 L 1AR-FE I4
3.5 L 2GR-FE V6
3.5 L 2GR-FXE V6 (hybrid)
3.5 L 2GR-FKS V6 (2016–present)

Transmission

6-speed U660E/760E automatic
8-speed UA80E/UA80F automatic (2016–present)

Dimensions

Wheelbase
109.8 in (2,789 mm)

Length
191.1 in (4,854 mm)

Width
75.8 in (1,925 mm)

Height
68.1 in (1,730 mm)

Curb weight
4,508 lb (2,045 kg)

Chronology

Predecessor
Toyota Venza

text: On 27 March 2013, Toyota unveiled the third-generation XU50 series Highlander at the New York International Auto Show, with plans to have the vehicle reach dealerships in early 2014. Production began on 5 December.[39] This version is longer and wider than the outgoing generation and its design has changed from its boxy look to one that is similar to other mid-size crossover SUVs.

text: In addition to the changes, this one will feature seating for eight people with a sliding second-row point of entry that gives it 4.3 inches of added width space, soft-touch materials on the instrument panel, lane-departure warning, pre-collision warning and blind spot monitoring systems. HD Radio and Bluetooth will become a standard on all trims for the US version, which will also come equipped with Toyota's Entune multimedia system along with a 6.1-inch touchscreen display audio system. An eight-inch touchscreen system and Toyota's Entune app suite with 12 JBL speakers will be offered as an optional feature. The three powertrain trims that will be offered include a 2.7-liter, six-speed automatic, front-wheel drive base model, a 3.5-liter, six-speed automatic model in both front- or all-wheel drive, and the AWD-only Hybrid trim with a 3.5-liter V6 mated to an eCVT.[41][42]

text: The newest Highlander is also approved for use as a New York City taxicab.[43]

text: 2016 update[edit]

text: A refreshed 2017 model year Highlander appeared at the March 2016 New York Auto Show with sales starting in the fourth quarter of 2016.[44] In V6 powered models, an eight-speed automatic replaced the six-speeder and the revised V6 engine (now designated 2GR-FKS) added Toyota's D4-S direct injection fuel system.[45][46] The new Highlander has a new fascia with restyled headlights and taillights, new SE grade, and XLE and LE Hybrid grades plus new exterior and interior colors.[47]

text: Pre-facelift styling

text:
Front (GXL)

Rear (Grande)

text: Post-facelift styling

text:
Front (GX)

Rear

text: Safety[edit]

text:
2016 Toyota Highlander on NHTSA[48]

Overall:

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Passenger:

Side Pole Driver:

Rollover AWD:
 16.9%

text:
2015 Toyota Highlander on IIHS:[49]

Category
Rating

Moderate overlap frontal offset
Good

Small overlap frontal offset (2014–2015)
Acceptable1

Side impact
Good

Roof strength
Good2

text: Sales[edit]

text: Toyota set a Highlander sales record in the US in 2017, selling 215,775 Highlanders.

text:
Calendar year
US total sales
US hybrid sales[50]

2000[51]
n/a
n/a

2001
86,700
n/a

2002[52]
113,134
n/a

2003
120,174
n/a

2004[53]
133,077
n/a

2005
137,409
17,989

2006[54]
129,794
31,485

2007
127,878
22,052

2008[55]
104,661
19,441

2009
83,118[56]
11,086

2010
92,121
7,456[57]

2011
101,252
4,549[58]

2012
121,055[59]
5,921[60]

2013
127,572[61]
5,070[60]

2014
146,127[62]
3,621[63]

2015
158,915[64]
4,015[65]

2016
191,379[66]
5,976[67]

2017
215,775[68]
16,864[69]


document_title: Balamory

question_text: who lives in the yellow house in balamory

root

text: Balamory

text: Characters[edit]

text: There are eight central characters in Balamory. Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow, and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle, with the exception of Penny Pocket (who shares the red house/shop with Suzie Sweet, and wears blue) and PC Plum (who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform). Each character also has one or more individual songs.

tag: p

text:
Character
Actor
Job
House
Song(s)

Miss Hoolie
Julie Wilson Nimmo
Nursery teacher
Green house

Nursery Song:Everybody everyone
Day off song:What do you want to do today (Series 1–2)
Strike up the band (Series 3–4)

Archie the Inventor
Miles Jupp
Inventor
Pink castle

I'm Archie the Inventor (Series 1-4)
Great Inventions, Groovy Solutions (Series 3–4)

Josie Jump
Buki Akib (series 1-2)
Kasia Haddad (Series 3–4)
Fitness instructor
Yellow house

Josie Jump is My Name (Jump a Little Higher) (Series 1-4)
Cheer You Up (Series 3–4)

Edie McCredie
Juliet Cadzow
Bus driver
Blue garage/house

When I Honk My Horn (Series 1-4)
Let Me Take You on a Journey (Series 3–4)

PC Plum
Andrew Agnew
Policeman
Black and white police station

I'm PC Plum (Series 1–4)
Follow the Clue (Series 3–4)

Spencer the Painter
Rodd Christensen
Painter/Musician
Orange house

Climbing Up My Musical Ladder (Series 1–4)
If You Need a Little Rhythm (Series 3–4)

Suzie Sweet
Mary Riggans
Shop and café workers
Red shop

I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Suzie's Cooking (Series 3–4)

Penny Pocket
Kim Tserkezie

I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Sort It (Series 3–4)

tag: table

text: The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode. She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved, provides a recap in the middle, and summarises the story at the end of the episode.

text: Archie the Inventor builds zany creations from household objects, such as boxes, bottles, yoghurt pots, string, and similar items that young children might typically use in craft projects. His inventions are intended to be useful, but sometimes backfire.

text: Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie's nursery school. She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics, sports, and dance, and encourages the young viewers to exercise. She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance.

text: Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus. She has travelled all over the world, and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about. She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic, and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users.

text: Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective, but Balamory is a crime free village. He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills, to figure out what the animals have been doing. He is also particularly interested in rules, regulations, and safety.

text: Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory, but also paints pictures and creates music. His painter's ladder is musical, each rung sounding a different note. Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black.

text: Suzie Sweet and Penny Pocket together run the village shop and cafe. Suzie Sweet is an older, grandmotherly figure who loves to tell customers about the items in the shop. Penny Pocket is a young woman who uses a wheelchair; she has a talent for mathematics.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: A typical episode follows this general plan:

text: The opening credits show the town of "Balamory" with its brightly coloured houses. Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school, greets the nursery children, and talks about that day's weather.

text: One of the other characters (who will be the main character of that episode) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem. This character then sings "Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem. The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved. Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point, and a final recap at the end of the episode.

text: For example, in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour's rabbit, but does not know what it needs. She is advised to visit PC Plum, who advises her to feed it vegetables. She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food, and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie's nursery for the children to feed and pat it.

text: Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs:

text:
"What's the Story in Balamory?", the theme song
Miss Hoolie's opening song, either "Everybody, Everyone" if the nursery school is open, or one of the two "day off" songs otherwise
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", sung by the main character after presenting his or her problem
Character-specific songs, sung by the characters visited by the main character

tag: ul

text: Episode guide[edit]

text:
Series One
Series Two
Series Three
Series Four

text: Audience[edit]

text: The programme was aimed at pre schoolers. The programme's creator had intended it as a "soap opera for children".[1] The show can also be seen in a humorous light. The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted, often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles. The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers' minds.

text: Songs[edit]

text: There are many songs in Balamory, mainly sung by the actors. These songs are used consistently throughout the series, when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced. In the run starting from September 2004, new songs were introduced. These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode, so the old versions were still often used.

text: In addition to the character specific songs mentioned in the "Characters" section, there are two general songs:

text:
"What's the Story in Balamory?" is the show's theme song, sung over the opening titles and played as an instrumental over the closing credits.
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?" is sung by the main character of each episode after introducing that episode's problem.

text: Production[edit]

text: Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children. Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode (The Game Show) as a television director. This episode also featured Greg Hemphill (Julie Wilson Nimmo's husband in real life) and John Altman, who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet's song "Suzie's Cookin'".

text: Occasionally, the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons.

text: Retirement[edit]

text: On 30 April 2005, the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series, citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas. In that year, all the cast (except for two of them) performed a farewell touring show called "Balamory Live: Strike up the Band", a follow up to the "Balamory Live: What's The Story" tour from 2004.

text: By the time the programme was retired, many of the cast were also keen to move on. Miles Jupp, who played Archie, stated that his role caused some problems when he was performing stand up on the Edinburgh Fringe, due to parents assuming his show was child friendly, and bringing their children to see it. Julie Wilson Nimmo, who played Miss Hoolie, complained that she could not take her children to the local play area without being mobbed.[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2003 BAFTA Children's Awards.[3]
Awarded Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2004 BAFTA Children's Awards.[4]
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2005 BAFTA Children's Awards.[5]


document_title: List of spaceflight records

question_text: who set a new record for the longest space flight by a woman

text: List of spaceflight records

text: First independent sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight by country[edit]

text:
Country
Mission
Crew
Spacecraft
Launch vehicle
Date
Type

 USSR[1]
Vostok 1[1]
Yuri Gagarin[1]
Vostok 3KA[1]
Vostok-K[1]
12 April 1961[1]
Orbital[1]

 USA[2]
Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2]
Alan Shepard[2]
Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2]
Mercury-Redstone[2]
5 May 1961[2]
Sub-orbital[2]

 USA[3]
Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3]
John Glenn[3]
Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3]
Atlas LV-3B
20 February 1962[3]
Orbital[3]

 China[4]
Shenzhou 5[4]
Yang Liwei[4]
Shenzhou spacecraft[4]
Long March 2F[4]
15 October 2003[4]
Orbital[4]

text: Most spaceflights[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
7 spaceflights

Jerry L. Ross – USA[5]
Franklin Chang-Diaz – Costa Rica/USA*[5]

text:
6 spaceflights

John W. Young[6] – USA
Story Musgrave – USA
Curtis Brown – USA
James Wetherbee – USA
Michael Foale – United Kingdom/USA*
Sergei Krikalev – Russia[7]
Yuri Malenchenko – Russia

text: Note: While Young has made six spaceflights, he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted.

text: * Dual citizen.

text: Duration of spaceflight[edit]

text: Most time in space[edit]

text: Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space over 5 missions, became the man who spent the most time in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of Sergei Krikalev who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Currently, second is Yuri Malenchenko who spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[7][8][9][10]

text: Ten longest human space flights[edit]

text:
#
Time in space
Crew
Country
Launch date (Launch craft)
Landing date (Landing craft)
Space station or mission type

1
437.7 days[11][12]
Valery Polyakov[11]
 Russia
1994-01-09 (Soyuz TM-18)
1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)
Mir[11]

2
379.6 days[12]
Sergei Avdeyev[12]
 Russia
1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)
1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)
Mir[12]

3
365.0 days[12]
Vladimir Titov[12]
Musa Manarov[12]
 Soviet Union
1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)
1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)
Mir[12]

4
340.4 days
Mikhail Kornienko
Scott Kelly
 Russia
 United States
2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)
2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)
International Space Station
ISS year long mission

5
326.5 days[13]
Yury Romanenko[13]
 Soviet Union
1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)
1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)
Mir[13]

6
311.8 days[14]
Sergei Krikalev[14]
 Soviet Union/ Russia
1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)
1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)
Mir[14]

7
289.2 days[15]
Peggy Whitson[15]
 United States
2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)
2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)
International Space Station[15]

8
240.9 days[16]
Valeri Polyakov[16]
 Soviet Union
1988-08-29 (Soyuz TM-6)
1989-04-7 (Soyuz TM-7)
Mir[16]

9
237.0 days[17]
Leonid Kizim[17]
Vladimir Solovyov[17]
Oleg Atkov[17]
 Soviet Union
1984-02-08 (Soyuz T-10)
1984-10-02 (Soyuz T-11)
Salyut 7[17]

10
215.4 days[18]
Mikhail Tyurin[18]
Michael López-Alegría[18]
 Russia
 United States
2006-09-18 (Soyuz TMA-9)
2007-04-21 (Soyuz TMA-9)
International Space Station[18]

text: Longest single flight by a woman[edit]

text: Peggy Whitson, NASA Astronaut, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti's 199 days, 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017. She returned to Earth in September 2017, having spent approximately 290 days in space.[19][20] Third is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days[21][22] on the ISS where she was a member of Expedition 14/Expedition 15 (2006–2007).

text: Longest continuous occupation of space[edit]

text: An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[5][23] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 7003621600000000000♠17 years, 7 days.[5]

text: Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft[edit]

text: The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 (7003621400000000000♠17 years, 5 days).[5][23] It broke the record of 9 years 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[23]

text: Longest solo flight[edit]

text: Valery Bykovsky flew for 4 days and 23 hours solo in Vostok 5, 14–19 June 1963.[24] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

text: Longest time on lunar surface[edit]

text: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[25] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).[25]

text: Longest time in lunar orbit[edit]

text: Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours),[26] however for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon, T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

text: Animal records[edit]

text: First animals in space[edit]

text: Fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (108 km).[27] Also the first animals to safely return from space.[27]

text: First animal in orbit[edit]

text: Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to deorbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka were the first to successfully return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

text: Longest canine single flight[edit]

text: Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

text: First animals beyond low–Earth orbit[edit]

text: An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Zond 5 spacecraft.[27] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket on 15 September 1968.[27] The capsule came within 2000 km of the moon and returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the moon.[27]

text: Speed and altitude[edit]

text: Farthest humans from Earth[edit]

text: Apollo 13 crew; Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.[28] This record breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[28]

text: Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission[edit]

text: Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).[29]

text: Fastest[edit]

text: The Apollo 10 crew; Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans; 39,897 km/h (11.082 km/s, 24,791 mph, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and approximately 0.0037 percent of the speed of light).[5] The record was set 26 May 1969.[5]

text: Age records[edit]

text: Earliest-born to reach space (suborbital flight)[edit]

text: Joe Walker born 20 February 1921, on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963.

text: Earliest-born to go into space (orbital flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Georgy Beregovoy born 15 April 1921, on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968.
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova born 6 March 1937, on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Youngest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Gherman Titov, aged 25 years, on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.[5]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova, aged 26 years on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Oldest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – John Glenn at age 77, 29 October 1998 on STS-95.[5]
Woman – Peggy Whitson at age 56, 17 November 2016 on Soyuz MS-03. Turned 57 while in space.[30]

text: Spacewalks[edit]

text: Most spacewalks[edit]

text:
Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for total of 82 hours, 21 minutes (which is also the duration record).[31]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[32][33][34]

text: Most spacewalks during a single mission[edit]

text:
7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98.

Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.

6: Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

text: Human spaceflight firsts[edit]

text:
First
Person(s)
Mission
Country
Date

Person to reach space
Person in orbit

Yuri Gagarin
Vostok 1[35]
 USSR
12 April 1961

Person to make suborbital flight
Person to (land) in a spacecraft after spaceflight
thus achieving the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions
Person to pilot a craft in space
Alan Shepard
Freedom 7
 USA
5 May 1961

Person in space for over 24 hours
Multiple orbits during a spaceflight
Gherman Titov
Vostok 2
 USSR
6 August 1961 –
7 August 1961

Person to land (splashdown)
in a spacecraft after orbital flight
John Glenn
Friendship 7
 USA
20 February 1962

Group flight
Adjacent orbits
Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications
Andrian Nikolayev
Pavel Popovich
Vostok 3
Vostok 4
 USSR
12 August 1962 –
15 August 1962

Woman in space
Civilian in space
Valentina Tereshkova
Vostok 6
 USSR
16 June 1963 –
19 June 1963

Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft
Joe Walker
X-15 Flight 90
 USA
19 July 1963

Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 km)
Joe Walker
X-15 Flights
90 and 91
 USA
22 August 1963

Three-person spaceflight, single spacecraft
Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground
Manned flight without pressurized spacesuits
Vladimir Komarov
Konstantin Feoktistov
Boris Yegorov
Voskhod 1[35]
 USSR
12 October 1964 –
13 October 1964

Spacewalk

Alexey Leonov
Voskhod 2[35]
 USSR
18 March 1965

Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)
Gus Grissom, John W. Young
Gemini 3[35]
 USA
23 March 1965

Person to fly two orbital spaceflights
Gordon Cooper
Faith 7
Gemini 5
 USA
15 May 1963 –
16 May 1963;
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Persons to spend one week in space
Gordon Cooper
Pete Conrad
Gemini 5
 USA
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Space rendezvous
(orbital maneuver and station-keeping)
Four people in space
Frank Borman, Jim Lovell
Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford
Gemini 7
Gemini 6A[35]
 USA
15 December 1965 –
16 December 1965

Space docking

Neil Armstrong
David Scott
Gemini 8 and Agena[35]
 USA
16 March 1966

Multiple rendezvous
John W. Young
Michael Collins
Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8
 USA
19 July 1966;
20 July 1966

Spaceflight fatality (during landing)
Vladimir Komarov
Soyuz 1
 USSR
23 April 1967 –
24 April 1967

Person to complete three spaceflights
Walter Schirra
Apollo 7
(previous flights Mercury-Atlas 8, Gemini 6A)
 USA
22 October 1968

Persons to leave Low Earth orbit (LEO)
Persons to escape Earth's influence
Persons to enter lunar orbit

Frank Borman
Jim Lovell
Bill Anders
Apollo 8
 USA
24 December 1968 –
25 December 1968

Space docking of two manned spacecraft
Dual spacewalk
Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)
Vladimir Shatalov
Boris Volynov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Yevgeny Khrunov
Soyuz 4
Soyuz 5
 USSR
16 January 1969

Solo flight around the Moon
John Young
Apollo 10
 USA
22 May 1969

Moon landing/
planetary surface EVA

Neil Armstrong
Buzz Aldrin
Apollo 11
 USA
20 July 1969

Time five people are in space
Georgi Shonin, Valeri Kubasov
Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
 USSR
12 October 1969 –
13 October 1969

Triple spaceflight
Seven-people in space
Shonin, Kubasov
Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko
Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
Soyuz 8
 USSR
13 October 1969 –
16 October 1969

Person to complete four spaceflights
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flights Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8)
 USA
17 April 1970

Person to fly two lunar flights
Person to complete two flights beyond low–Earth orbit
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flight Apollo 8)
 USA
11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970

People to spend two weeks in space
Night launch
Andrian Nikolayev
Vitali Sevastyanov
Soyuz 9
 USSR
1 June 1970 –
19 June 1970

People to EVA out of
sight of their spacecraft
Alan Shepard
Edgar Mitchell
Apollo 14
 USA
6 February 1971

Docking with space station
Night landing
Vladimir Shatalov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Nikolai Rukavishnikov
Soyuz 10
docked with Salyut 1 (soft dock)
 USSR
22 April 1971 –
24 April 1971

Manned space station

Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
docked with Salyut 1
 USSR
7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971

In-space fatalities
Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
 USSR
29 June 1971

People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth.
Dave Scott
Jim Irwin
Apollo 15
 USA
31 July 1971–
2 August 1971

EVA in outer space outside Low Earth orbit (trans-Earth trajectory)
Al Worden
Apollo 15
 USA
5 August 1971

Person twice in lunar orbit
(during separate lunar expeditions)
John W. Young
Apollo 16 (previous flight Apollo 10)
 USA
16 April 1972 –
27 April 1972

People in orbit for four weeks
Pete Conrad
Joseph Kerwin
Paul Weitz
Skylab 2
 USA
25 May 1973 –
22 June 1973

People in orbit for eight weeks
Alan Bean
Jack Lousma
Owen Garriott
Skylab 3
 USA
28 July 1973 –
25 September 1973

People in orbit for 12 weeks
Gerald Carr
William Pogue
Edward Gibson
Skylab 4
 USA
16 November 1973 –
8 February 1974

Spaceflight aborted during liftoff
(at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude)
Re-entry (emergency) with 20g acceleration
Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 18a
 USSR
5 April 1975

Crew to visit occupied space station
Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew
 USSR
10 January 1978 –
16 January 1978

People in orbit 19 weeks
(4 months)
Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31
 USSR
15 June 1978 –
2 November 1978

People in orbit 26 weeks
(6 months)
Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin
Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37
 USSR
9 April 1980 –
11 October 1980

Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft
John W. Young
Robert L. Crippen
STS-1
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to fly four different types of spacecraft
John W. Young
STS-1 (previous flights in Gemini, Apollo, and Lunar Module)
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to complete five spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-1
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16)
 USA
14 April 1981

Four-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Vance Brand, Robert F. Overmyer
Joseph P. Allen, William B. Lenoir
STS-5
 USA
11 November 1982 –
16 November 1982

Five-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Robert L. Crippen, Frederick H. Hauck
John M. Fabian, Sally K. Ride, Norman E. Thagard
STS-7
 USA
18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983

Six-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA
Ulf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)
STS-9
 USA
 West Germany
28 November 1983 –
8 December 1983

Person to complete six spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-9
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1)
 USA
8 December 1983

Untethered spacewalk

Bruce McCandless II
STS-41-B
 USA
7 February 1984

Time eight people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR
Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B
 USSR
 USA
8 February 1984 –
11 February 1984

Time 11 people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR
Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA
Rakesh Sharma – India
STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
 USA
 India
6 April 1984 –
11 April 1984

People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov
Salyut 7
 USSR
26 April –
18 May 1984

Spacewalk by woman
Svetlana Savitskaya
Soyuz T-12
 USSR
25 July 1984

People in orbit 33 weeks
(7 months)
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
8 February 1984 –
2 October 1984

Seven person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA
Marc Garneau – Canada
STS-41-G
 USA
 Canada
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Time two women in space
Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride
STS-41-G
 USA
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Partial crew exchange at a space station
Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7
 USSR
17 September 1985 –
26 September 1985

Eight person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA
Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany
Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)
STS-61-A
 USA
 West Germany
 Netherlands
30 October 1985 –
6 November 1985

Fatalities during launch
Francis "Dick" Scobee
Michael J. Smith
Ellison Onizuka
Judith Resnik
Ronald McNair
Sharon Christa McAuliffe
Gregory Jarvis
STS-51-L
 USA
28 January 1986

Space station to space station flight/
Space station to space station return flight/
Expedition on two space stations
Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov
Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[17]
 USSR
15 March 1986 –
16 July 1986

Complete crew exchange at a space station
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov
Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
29 December 1987

People in orbit 52 weeks
(one year)
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov
Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
21 December 1988

Time 12 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA
Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir:
Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia
Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan

STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10-Soyuz TM-11
 USSR
 USA
 Japan
2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990

Time three women in space
Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon
STS-40
 USA
5 June 1991 –
14 June 1991

Three-person spacewalk

Pierre J. Thuot, Richard J. Hieb
Thomas D. Akers
STS-49
 USA
13 May 1992

Time 13 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA
Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia
Soyuz/Mir:
Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Norman E. Thagard – USA

STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
14 March 1995 –
18 March 1995

Time ten people in one spacecraft; docking

Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA
Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
29 June 1995 –
4 July 1995

Space tourist
Dennis Tito
Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1
 USA
 Russia
April 28, 2001 –
May 6, 2001

Person to complete seven trips to space
Jerry L. Ross
STS-110
(previous flights STS-61B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88)
 USA
19 April 2002

Citizen of an independent African country in space
Mark Shuttleworth
Soyuz TM-34
 South Africa
25 April 2002 -
5 May 2002

Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)

Mike Melvill
SpaceShipOne flight 15P
 USA
21 June 2004

Time 13 people in one spacecraft; docking[5]

Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA
Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia
Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada
Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency)
Koichi Wakata – Japan
ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127
 USA
 Russia
 Canada
 Belgium
 Japan
17 July 2009

Four women in space at once

Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA
Naoko Yamazaki – Japan
ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA
STS-131
ISS Expedition 23
 USA
 Japan
5 April 2010 –
20 April 2010

text: Total time in space[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:List of spaceflight records. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, as of 3 September 2017.[36] Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only.

text: Color-key:

text:
Currently in space
  Active
  Retired
  Deceased

text:
Rank
Person
Days
Flights
Status
Nationality

1
Gennady Padalka
878.480
5
Retired
 Russia

2
Yuri Malenchenko
827.389
6
Retired
 Russia

3
Sergei Krikalev
803.371
6
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

4
Alexandr Kaleri
769.276
5
Active
 Russia

5
Sergei Avdeyev
747.593
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

6
Valeriy Polyakov
678.690
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

7
Fyodor Yurchikhin
672.860
5
Active
 Russia

8
Peggy A. Whitson
665.932
3
Active
 United States

9
Anatoly Solovyev
651.117
5
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

10
Viktor Afanasyev
555.772
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

11
Yury Usachev
552.773
4
Retired
 Russia

12
Sergey Volkov
547.931
3
Retired
 Russia

13
Pavel Vinogradov
546.939
3
Active
 Russia

14
Musa Manarov
541.021
2
Retired
 Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)

15
Jeffrey Williams
534.116
4
Active
 United States

16
Oleg Kononenko
533.000
3
Active
 Russia

17
Mikhail Tyurin
532.118
3
Active
 Russia

18
Oleg Kotov
526.211
3
Retired
 Russia

19
Scott Kelly
520.440
4
Retired[37]
 United States

20
Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko
516.417
2
Active
 Russia

21
Alexander Viktorenko
489.066
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

22
Nikolai Budarin
444.060
3
Retired
 Russia

23
Yuri Romanenko
430.765
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

24
Alexander Volkov
391.495
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

25
Yuri I. Onufrienko
389.282
2
Retired
 Russia

26
Vladimir G. Titov
387.036
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

27
Vasili Tsibliyev
381.662
2
Retired
 Russia

28
Valery G. Korzun
381.653
2
Retired
 Russia

29
Michael Fincke
381.633
3
Active
 United States

30
Leonid Kizim
374.749
3
Deceased
 Soviet Union

31
Michael Foale
373.763
6
Retired
 United States /  United Kingdom[38]

32
Aleksandr Serebrov
372.954
4
Deceased
 Soviet Union /  Russia

33
Valeri Ryumin
371.725
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

34
Donald Pettit
369.696
3
Active
 United States

35
Anton Shkaplerov
365.001
2
Active
 Russia

36
Vladimir Solovyov
361.952
2
Retired
 Soviet Union

37
Thomas Reiter
350.239
2
Retired
 Germany

38
Koichi Wakata
347.356
4
Active
 Japan

39
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov
345.267
2
Active
 Russia

40
Talgat Musabayev
341.408
3
Retired
 Russia

41
Oleg Novitskiy
340.419
2
Active
 Russia

42
Andrei Borisenko
337.377
2
Active
 Russia

43
Maksim Surayev
334.508
2
Retired
 Russia

44
Roman Romanenko
333.459
2
Retired
 Russia

45
Vladimir Lyakhov
333.324
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

46
Oleg Skripochka
331.521
2
Active
 Russia

47
Aleksandr Samokutyayev
331.474
2
Retired
 Russia

48
Yuri P. Gidzenko
329.950
3
Retired
 Russia

49
Sunita Williams
321.719
2
Active
 United States

50
Gennadi Manakov
309.889
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

text: Total human spaceflight time by country[edit]

text:
Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation [39] [40]

Nation
Total persons
Total person flights
Total in orbit (@ update)*
Total person days*+
 % of Total person days

TOTAL
551
1247
6
50893.75
-
1

 Russia
 Soviet Union
122
266
2
26888.11

0.528318458861964

 United States
338
847
3
19232.15

0.3778881559224

  ESA[show]
 Austria
 Belgium
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Ireland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom

39
63
1
2734.61

0.0537317111143447

 Japan
11
19
-
1186.54

0.0233140249640924

 Italy
7
12
1
728.77

0.0143194973339673

 Germany
11
15
-
658.97

0.0129479712754931

 France
10
18
-
628.92

0.0123576073818738

 Canada
9
17
-
506.14

0.00994510592087971

 Netherlands
2
3
-
210.69

0.00413980638701864

 Belgium
2
3
-
207.65

0.00408016416035082

 United Kingdom
2
2
-
193.81

0.00380809681705871

 China
11
14
-
165.35

0.00324896629265525

  Switzerland
1
4
-
42.50

0.000835113978208871

 Sweden
1
2
-
26.73

0.000525290963173486

 Spain
1
2
-
18.78

0.000369042247187836

 Israel
1
1
-
15.93

0.000313015941377244

 Ukraine
1
1
-
15.69

0.000308294776786289

 Bulgaria
2
2
-
11.80

0.000231828284394045

 Malaysia
1
1
-
10.88

0.000213857839982805

 South Korea
1
1
-
10.88

0.000213857839982805

 South Africa
1
1
-
9.89

0.000194372802306837

 Brazil
1
1
-
9.89

0.000194263642431902

 Denmark
1
1
-
9.84

0.000193404008416786

 Kazakhstan
1
1
-
9.84

0.000193404008416786

 Afghanistan
1
1
-
8.85

0.000173918970740818

 Syria
1
1
-
7.96

0.000156426100782421

 Czechoslovakia
1
1
-
7.93

0.000155771141532808

 Austria
1
1
-
7.93

0.000155716561595341

 Poland
1
1
-
7.92

0.000155580111751671

 Slovakia
1
1
-
7.91

0.00015549824184547

 India
1
1
-
7.90

0.000155279922095599

 Hungary
1
1
-
7.86

0.000154529447955418

 Cuba
1
1
-
7.86

0.000154502157986684

 Mongolia
1
1
-
7.86

0.000154488513002317

 Vietnam
1
1
-
7.86

0.000154488513002317

 Romania
1
1
-
7.86

0.00015447486801795

 Saudi Arabia
1
1
-
7.07

0.000138878650886556

 Mexico
1
1
-
6.88

0.000135139925170019

Astronauts currently in space:
 Mark Thomas Vande Hei
 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Misurkin
 Paolo Angelo Nespoli
 Sergei Nikolayevich Ryazansky
 Joseph Michael Acaba
 Randolph James "Randy" Bresnik
Crew Vehicles currently in space:
Soyuz MS-05
Soyuz MS-06

Table data accurate as of 2017-11-07 05:05 UTC

* includes those in orbit at time table was updated
+TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens (based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references).

text: Notable unmanned spaceflights[edit]

text:
In reference to:
Spacecraft
Event
Origin
Date

Earth
MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))
First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).
 Germany
20 June 1944

Earth
V-2 No. 20
First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USA
20 February 1947

Earth
R-1V[41]
First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USSR
22 July 1951

Earth
Sputnik 1
First satellite in orbit.[35]
 USSR
4 October 1957

Earth
Sputnik 2
First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.
 USSR
3 November 1957

Earth
Vanguard 1
Oldest satellite still in orbit— expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.
 USA
17 March 1958

Earth
Pioneer 1
Failed to reach the moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 km from Earth.
 USA
11 October 1958

Earth
Jupiter AM-13
First monkey in space.
 USA
13 December 1958

Earth
Luna 1
First spacecraft to reach Earth's escape velocity.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 1
First flyby, dist. of 5,995 km.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Sun
Luna 1
First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 2
First impact.[35]
 USSR
14 September 1959

Moon
Luna 3
First image of lunar far-side.[35]
 USSR
7 October 1959

Earth
Discoverer 13
First satellite recovered from orbit.[35]
 USA
11 August 1960

Earth
Korabl-Sputnik 2
First living beings recovered from orbit.[42]
 USSR
19 August 1960

Venus
Venera 1
First flyby, dist. of 100,000 km (lost communication contact before).[35]
 USSR
19 May 1961

Moon
Ranger 4
First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[43]
 USA
26 April 1962

Venus
Mariner 2
First planetary flyby, dist. of 34,762 km (with communication contact).
 USA
14 December 1962

Earth
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1
Oldest spacecraft still in use, 50 yrs as of 2015
 USA
6 May 1965

Mars
Mariner 4
First Mars flyby, first planetary imaging, dist. of 9,846 km.
 USA
14 July 1965

Earth
Astérix
First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the US or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).
 France
26 November 1965

Moon
Luna 9
First soft landing, first pictures from lunar surface.[35]
 USSR
3 February 1966

Venus
Venera 3
First impact.[35]
 USSR
1 March 1966

Moon
Luna 10
First orbiter.[35]
 USSR
3 April 1966

Docking
Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188
First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft.
 USSR
30 October 1967

Moon
Zond 5
First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.
First animals to circle the Moon.
 USSR
15 September 1968

Moon
Luna 16
First automated sample return.
 USSR
24 September 1970

Moon
Luna 17
First automated roving vehicle – Lunokhod 1.
 USSR
17 November 1970

Venus
Venera 7
First soft landing.
 USSR
15 December 1970

Mars
Mariner 9
First orbiter.
 USA
14 November 1971

Mars
Mars 2
First impact.
 USSR
27 November 1971

Mars
Mars 3
First soft landing, telemetry signal for 20 seconds
before transmissions ceased.
 USSR
2 December 1971

Sun
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to reach Sun's escape velocity.
 USA
3 March 1972

Jupiter
Pioneer 10
First flyby, dist. of 132,000 km.
 USA
4 December 1973

Mercury
Mariner 10
First flyby, dist. of 703 km.
 USA
29 March 1974

Venus
Venera 9
First orbiter.
First surface-level imaging of another planet.
 USSR
22 October 1975

Sun
Helios 2
Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the sun, 252,792 km/h.
Closest ever approach to the sun at a record distance of 0.29 AU (43 million km), slightly inside the orbit of Mercury. Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 but to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe (0.23 AU / 33 million km).
 West Germany
 USA
17 April 1976

Mars
Viking 1
First surface-level imaging of Mars.
 USA
20 July 1976

Saturn
Pioneer 11
First flyby, dist. of 21,000 km.
 USA
1 September 1979

Venus
Venera 13
First sound record on another planet.
 USSR
1 March 1982

Trans-Neptunian region
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the sun.
 USA
13 June 1983

Venus
Vega 1
First helium balloon atmospheric probe.
 USSR
11 June 1985

Comet Giacobini-Zinner
International Cometary Explorer (ICE)
First flyby through comet tail, dist. of 7,800 km, no pictures.
 USA
11 September 1985

Uranus
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 81,500 km.
 USA
24 January 1986

Comet Halley
Vega 1
First comet flyby with pictures returned, dist. of 8,890 km.
 USSR
6 March 1986

Orbital Spaceplane
Buran
First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).
 USSR
15 November 1988

Phobos
Phobos 2
First flyby, dist. of 860 km.
 USSR
21 February 1989

Neptune
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 40,000 km.
 USA
25 August 1989

951 Gaspra
Galileo
First asteroid flyby, dist. of 1,600 km.
 USA
29 October 1991

Jupiter
Galileo probe
First impact.
 USA
7 December 1995

Jupiter
Galileo
First orbiter.
 USA
8 December 1995

Mars
Mars Pathfinder
First automated roving vehicle – Sojourner.
 USA
4 July 1997

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid orbiter.
 USA
14 February 2000

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid soft landing.
 USA
12 February 2001

Saturn
Cassini orbiter
First orbiter.
 ESA
 USA
1 July 2004

Solar wind
Genesis
First sample return from farther than the Moon.
 USA
8 September 2004

Titan
Huygens probe
First soft landing.
 ESA
 USA
14 January 2005

Comet Tempel 1
Deep Impact
First comet impact.
 USA
4 July 2005

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First asteroid ascent.
First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.
 Japan
19 November 2005

81P/Wild
Stardust
First sample return from comet.
 USA
15 January 2006

Farthest distance from Earth
Voyager 1
At greatest distance from Sun, 20.479 billion km.
 USA
As of November 2016[update][44]

Longest time in operation
Voyager 2
Longest operating space probe, since August 1977
 USA
As of 2015[update]

Earth to Venus trajectory
IKAROS
First interplanetary solar sail.
 Japan
set sail on 10 June 2010

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First sample return from asteroid.
 Japan
13 June 2010

Mercury
MESSENGER
First orbiter.
 USA
17 March 2011

Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point
Chang'e 2
First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[45]
 China
25 August 2011

International Space Station
SpaceX Dragon
First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.
 SpaceX
25 May 2012

Interstellar Medium
Voyager 1
First spacecraft to cross the Heliopause, exiting the Heliosphere and entering interstellar space.
 USA
25 August 2012

4179 Toutatis
Chang'e 2
First object to reach asteroid directly from Sun-Earth Langrangian point.
First probe to explore both Moon and asteroid.[46]
 China
13 December 2012

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Rosetta
First comet orbiter.[47]
 ESA
6 August 2014

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Philae
First comet soft landing.[48]
 ESA
12 November 2014

Ceres
Dawn
First dwarf planet orbiter.[49]
 USA
6 March 2015

Mars
Opportunity
Longest distance traveled on surface of another world – 26.219 miles (42.195 km) (marathon-length)[50]
 USA
23 March 2015 (ongoing)

Mercury
MESSENGER
First impact.[51]
 USA
30 April 2015

Pluto
New Horizons
First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx, first up-close images of Pluto system, first images of Pluto and Charon's surfaces, first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt.
 USA
14 July 2015

All 9 planets in the pre-IAU 2006 redefinition version of the Solar System
All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons
With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes to explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.
 USA
14 July 2015

Earth
Juno
Fastest man-made object relative to Earth, ca. 265,000 km/h.[52]
 USA
4 July 2016

Earth
Falcon 9
First reflight of orbital class rocket.[53]
 SpaceX
30 March 2017


document_title: Energy conversion efficiency

question_text: what percentage of energy usage by muscles is converted into heat energy

text: Energy conversion efficiency

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Energy conversion efficiency depends on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle. Energy converter is an example of an energy transformation. For example a light bulb falls into the categories energy converter.

η
=

P

o
u
t

P

i
n

{\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {P_{\mathrm {out} }}{P_{\mathrm {in} }}}}

Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness, efficiency is considered a technical or physical term. Goal or mission oriented terms include effectiveness and efficacy.

text: Generally, energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.0, or 0% to 100%.  Efficiencies may not exceed 100%, e.g., for a perpetual motion machine.  However, other effectiveness measures that can exceed 1.0 are used for heat pumps and other devices that move heat rather than convert it.

text: When talking about the efficiency of heat engines and power stations the convention should be stated, i.e., HHV (a.k.a. Gross Heating Value, etc.) or LCV (a.k.a. Net Heating value), and  whether gross output (at the generator terminals) or net output (at the power station fence) are being considered.  The two are separate but both must be stated. Failure to do so causes endless confusion.

text: Related, more specific terms include

text:
Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed;
Mechanical efficiency, where one form of mechanical energy (e.g. potential energy of water) is converted to mechanical energy (work);
Thermal efficiency or Fuel efficiency, useful heat and/or work output per input energy such as the fuel consumed;
'Total efficiency', e.g., for cogeneration, useful electric power and heat output per fuel energy consumed.  Same as the thermal efficiency.
Luminous efficiency, that portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision.

text: Fuel heating values and efficiency[edit]

text: In Europe the usable energy content of fuel is typically calculated using the lower heating value (LHV) of that fuel, the definition of which assumes that the water vapor produced during fuel combustion (oxidation), remains gaseous, and is not condensed to liquid water so the latent heat of vaporization of that water is not  usable. Using the LHV, a condensing boiler can achieve a "heating efficiency" in excess of 100% (this does not violate the first law of thermodynamics as long as the LHV convention is understood, but does cause confusion). This is because the apparatus recovers part of the heat of vaporization, which is not included in the definition of the lower heating value of fuel.[citation needed] In the U.S. and elsewhere, the higher heating value (HHV) is used, which includes the latent heat for condensing the water vapor, and thus the thermodynamic maximum of 100% efficiency cannot be exceeded with HHV's use.

text: Wall-plug efficiency, luminous efficiency, and efficacy[edit]

text: In optical systems such as lighting and lasers, the energy conversion efficiency is often referred to as wall-plug efficiency. The wall-plug efficiency is the measure of output radiative-energy, in watts (joules per second), per the total of the input electrical-energy in watts. The output-energy is usually measured in terms of absolute irradiance and the wall-plug efficiency is given as a percentage of the total input-energy, with the inverse percentage representing the losses.

text: The wall-plug efficiency differs from the luminous efficiency in that wall-plug efficiency describes the direct output/input conversion of energy (the amount of work that can be performed) whereas luminous efficiency takes into account the human eye's varying sensitivity to different wavelengths (how well it can illuminate a space). Instead of using watts, the power of a light source to produce wavelengths proportional to human perception is measured in lumens. The human eye is most sensitive to wavelengths of 555 nanometers (greenish-yellow) but the sensitivity decreases dramatically to either side of this wavelength, following a Gaussian power-curve and dropping to zero sensitivity at the red and violet ends of the spectrum. Due to this the eye does not usually see all of the wavelengths emitted by a particular light-source, nor does it see all of the wavelengths within the visual spectrum equally. Yellow and green, for example, make up more than 50% of what the eye perceives as being white, even though in terms of radiant energy white-light is made from equal portions of all colors (i.e.: a 5 mw green laser appears brighter than a 5 mw red laser, yet the red laser stands-out better against a white background). Therefore, the radiant intensity of a light source may be much greater than its luminous intensity, meaning that the source emits more energy than the eye can use. Likewise, the lamp's wall-plug efficiency is usually greater than its luminous efficiency. The effectiveness of a light source to convert electrical energy into wavelengths of visible light, in proportion to the sensitivity of the human eye, is referred to as luminous efficacy, which is measured in units of lumens per watt (lm/w) of electrical input-energy.

text: Unlike efficacy (effectiveness), which is a unit of measurement, efficiency is unitless number expressed as a percentage, requiring only that the input and output units be of the same type. Therefore, the luminous efficiency of a light source is the percentage of luminous efficacy per the theoretical-maximum efficacy at a specific wavelength. The amount of energy carried by a photon of light is determined by its wavelength. In lumens, this energy is offset by the eye's sensitivity to the selected wavelengths. For example, a green laser pointer can have greater than 30 times the apparent brightness of a red pointer of the same power output. At 555 nm in wavelength, 1 watt of radiant energy is equivalent to 685 lumens, thus a monochromatic light source at this wavelength, with a luminous efficacy of 685 lm/w, has a luminous efficiency of 100%. The theoretical-maximum efficacy lowers for wavelengths at either side of 555 nm. For example, low-pressure sodium lamps produce monochromatic light at 589 nm with a luminous efficacy of 200 lm/w, which is the highest of any lamp. The theoretical-maximum efficacy at that wavelength is 525 lm/w, so the lamp has a luminous efficiency of 38.1%. Because the lamp is monochromatic, the luminous efficiency nearly matches the wall-plug efficiency of < 40%.[1][2]

text: Calculations for luminous efficiency become more complex for lamps that produce white light or a mixture of spectral lines. Fluorescent lamps have higher wall-plug efficiencies than low-pressure sodium lamps, but only have half the luminous efficacy of ~ 100 lm/w, thus the luminous efficiency of fluorescents is lower than sodium lamps. A xenon flashtube has a typical wall-plug efficiency of 50--70%, exceeding that of most other forms of lighting. Because the flashtube emits large amounts of infrared and ultraviolet radiation, only a portion of the output energy is used by the eye. The luminous efficacy is therefore typically around 50 lm/w. However, not all applications for lighting involve the human eye nor are restricted to visible wavelengths. For laser pumping, the efficacy is not related to the human eye so it is not called "luminous" efficacy, but rather simply "efficacy" as it relates to the absorption lines of the laser medium. Krypton flashtubes are often chosen for pumping Nd:YAG lasers, even though their wall-plug efficiency is typically only ~ 40%. Krypton's spectral lines better match the absorption lines of the neodymium-doped crystal, thus the efficacy of krypton for this purpose is much higher than xenon; able to produce up to twice the laser output for the same electrical input.[3][4] All of these terms refer to the amount of energy and lumens as they exit the light source, disregarding any losses that might occur within the lighting fixture or subsequent output optics. Luminaire efficiency refers to the total lumen-output from the fixture per the lamp output.[5]

text: With the exception of a few light sources, such as incandescent light bulbs, most light sources have multiple stages of energy conversion between the "wall plug" (electrical input point, which may include batteries, direct wiring, or other sources) and the final light-output, with each stage producing a loss. Low-pressure sodium lamps initially convert the electrical energy using an electrical ballast, to maintain the proper current and voltage, but some energy is lost in the ballast. Similarly, fluorescent lamps also convert the electricity using a ballast (electronic efficiency). The electricity is then converted into light energy by the electrical arc (electrode efficiency and discharge efficiency). The light is then transferred to a fluorescent coating that only absorbs suitable wavelengths, with some losses of those wavelengths due to reflection off and transmission through the coating (transfer efficiency). The number of photons absorbed by the coating will not match the number then reemitted as fluorescence (quantum efficiency). Finally, due to the phenomenon of the Stokes shift, the reemitted photons will have a shorter wavelength (thus lower energy) than the absorbed photons (fluorescence efficiency). In very similar fashion, lasers also experience many stages of conversion between the wall plug and the output aperture. The terms "wall-plug efficiency" or "energy conversion efficiency" are therefore used to denote the overall efficiency of the energy-conversion device, deducting the losses from each stage, although this may exclude external components needed to operate some devices, such as coolant pumps.[6][7]

text: Example of energy conversion efficiency[edit]

text: This article is missing information about clear definition of the energy conversion efficiency for light sources. The numbers listed for some light sources are unclear as to whether they refer to conversion efficiency or luminous efficiency. Please help by clarifying the percentages. . Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (March 2018)

text:
Conversion process

Conversion type

Energy efficiency

Electricity generation

Gas turbine

Chemical to electrical

up to 40%

Gas turbine plus steam turbine (combined cycle)

Chemical/thermal to electrical

up to 60%

Water turbine

Gravitational to electrical

up to 90% (practically achieved)

Wind turbine

Kinetic to electrical

up to 59% (theoretical limit)

Solar cell

Radiative to electrical

6–40% (technology-dependent, 15-20% most often, 85–90% theoretical limit)

Fuel cell

Chemical to electrical

up to 85%

World Electricity generation 2008

Gross output 39%

Net output 33%[8]

Electricity storage

Lithium-ion battery

Chemical to electrical/reversible

80–90% [9]

Nickel-metal hydride battery

Chemical to electrical/reversible

66% [10]

Lead-acid battery

Chemical to electrical/reversible

50–95% [11]

Engine/motor

Combustion engine

Chemical to kinetic

10–50%[12]

Electric motor

Electrical to kinetic

70–99.99% (> 200 W); 50–90% (10–200 W); 30–60% (< 10 W)

Turbofan

Chemical to kinetic

20-40%[13]

Natural process

Photosynthesis

Radiative to chemical

up to 6%[14]

Muscle

Chemical to kinetic

14–27%

Appliance

Household refrigerator

Electrical to thermal

low-end systems ~ 20%; high-end systems ~ 40–50%

Incandescent light bulb

Electrical to radiative

0.7–5.1%,[15] 5–10%[citation needed]

Light-emitting diode (LED)

Electrical to radiative

4.2–53% [16]

Fluorescent lamp

Electrical to radiative

8.0–15.6%,[15] 28%[17]

Low-pressure sodium lamp

Electrical to radiative

15.0–29.0%,[15] 40.5%[17]

Metal-halide lamp

Electrical to radiative

9.5–17.0%,[15] 24%[17]

Switched-mode power supply

Electrical to electrical

currently up to 96% practically

Electric shower

Electrical to thermal

90–95% (multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other water-heating systems)

Electric heater

Electrical to thermal

~100% (essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply with the energy efficiency of electricity generation for comparison with other heating systems)

Others

Firearm

Chemical to kinetic

~30% (.300 Hawk ammunition)

Electrolysis of water

Electrical to chemical

50–70% (80–94% theoretical maximum)


document_title: List of Yona of the Dawn volumes

question_text: how many volumes of akatsuki no yona are there

text: List of Yona of the Dawn volumes

text: The Japanese manga series Yona of the Dawn is written and illustrated by Mizuho Kusanagi. Kusanagi began serializing the manga in Hakusensha's Hana to Yume shōjo manga magazine on August 4, 2009.[1]

text: The story follows Yona, a princess of the fictional kingdom of Kouka. She is forced to go on the run with her friend and bodyguard Son Hak when her childhood friend Soo-won murders her father and takes the throne.

text: Viz Media announced their license to the series during their panel at New York Comic Con on October 9, 2015, along with their plans to publish the first volume in summer 2016.[2]

text: An original anime DVD adapting two bonus chapters from the twelfth volume was included in a limited edition of the manga's nineteenth volume on September 18, 2015.[3] Two more OADs will be included with the twenty-first and twenty second volumes of the manga on August 19, 2016, and December 20, 2016, respectively.[4]

text: Hakusensha published the first tankōbon volume on January 19, 2010, and since then a total of twenty volumes have been released. Viz Media will publish the first volume in North America on August 2, 2016.

text: Volumes[edit]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
January 19, 2010[5]
ISBN 978-4-592-19081-3
August 2, 2016[6]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8781-3

"Princess Yona" (皇女ヨナ, Ōjo Yona)
"Shattered Bonds" (ちぎれた絆, Chigireta Kizuna)
"Hidden Strength" (うしろ手の強さ, Ushirode no Tsuyosa)
"Distant Skies" (遠い空, Tōi Sora)
"Just Breathing" (ただ息をしているだけ, Tada Iki o Shiteiru Dake)

2
May 19, 2010[7]
ISBN 978-4-592-19082-0
October 4, 2016[8]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8783-7

"The Wind Tribe" (風の部族, Kaze no Buzoku)
"The Spear in My Heart" (心におさめた槍, Kokoro ni Osameta Yari)
"It's My Decision" (自分で決めた, Jibun de Kimeta)
"Roar" (咆哮, Hōkō)
"Crimson Hair" (紅い髪, Akai Kami)
"Accession of the New King" (新王即位, Shin Ō Sokui)

3
September 17, 2010[9]
ISBN 978-4-592-19083-7
December 6, 2016[10]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8784-4

"The Valley That the Voice of God Calls" (神の声が呼ぶ谷, Kami no Koe ga Yobu Tani)
"Fate" (天命, Tenmei)
"The Chosen Door" (選んだ扉, Eranda Tobira)
"Wavering Determination" (ふるえる覚悟, Furueru Kakugo)
"The Hidden Village of the Dragon" (龍の隠れ里, Ryū no Kakurezato)
"At Long Last" (待望, Taibō)

4
January 19, 2011[11]
ISBN 978-4-592-19084-4
February 7, 2017[12]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8785-1

"The Dragon's Claws" (龍の爪, Ryū no Tsume)
"This Way and That" (あちらへこちらへ, Achira e Kochira e)
"The Tunnel Dwellers" (あなぐらの民, Anagura no Tami)
"The Blindfolded Dragon" (目隠しの龍, Mekakushi no Ryū)
"Calling to Each Other" (呼びあう, Yobiau)
"Echoes of Fear" (反響する恐怖, Hankyō Suru Kyōfu)

5
May 19, 2011[13]
ISBN 978-4-592-19085-1
April 4, 2017[14]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8786-8

"Light" (光, Hikari)
"A Name is Given" (呼び名, Yobina)
"To a New Land" (新たな地へ, Arata na Chi e)
"The Third Dragon" (三人目の龍, Sanninme no Ryū)
"Pirates of Awa" (阿波の海賊, Awa no Kaizoku)
"Ties" (縁, Enishi)

6
September 20, 2011[15]
ISBN 978-4-592-19086-8
June 6, 2017[16]
ISBN 978-1421587875

"Negotiation" (交渉, Kōshō)
"The Senju Herb Test" (千樹草の試し, Senjusō no Tameshi)
"Connection" (繋がり, Tsunagari)
"Preparing for War" (戦支度, Ikusajitaku)
"Chain of Courage" (勇気の連鎖, Yūki no Rensa)
"Sweet-Scented Cargo" (馨しい積荷, Kaguwashii Tsumini)

7
November 18, 2011[17]
ISBN 978-4-592-19087-5
August 1, 2017[18]
ISBN 978-1421587882

"A Spark of Light" (火花, Hibana)
"History Is Made at Night" (歴史は夜作られる, Rekishi wa Yoru Tsukurareru)
"The Night of the Banquet" (宴の夜に, Utage no Yoru ni)
"The Menacing Clouds of Dawn" (曉雲は暗く, Gyōun wa Kuraku)
"The Morning of the Vow" (誓いの朝, Chikai no Asa)
"Dragon, Human or Both?" (龍であり人であり, Ryū deari Hito deari)

8
March 19, 2012[19]
ISBN 978-4-592-19088-2
October 3, 2017[20]
ISBN 978-1421587899

"All Together" (皆さん おそろいで, Minasan Osoroi de)
"From Here On" (これから, Kore Kara)
"People's Expectations" (それぞれの思惑, Sorezore no Omowaku)
"War Games" (戦ごっこ, Ikusa Gokko)
"Paving the Way" (地ならし, Jinarashi)
"A Welcome Rain" (甘雨, Kan'u)

9
July 20, 2012 (regular edition)[21]
July 20, 2012 (limited edition)[22]
ISBN 978-4-592-19089-9
ISBN 978-4-592-10551-0
—
—

Warumedachi (悪目立ち)
Ankoku Ryū to Yukai na Haraheritachi (暗黒龍と ゆかいな腹ヘリ達)
Kaihō (解放)
Bōga no Sakai (忘我の境)
Migi ni Tasshitsu (右に立っ失)
Yukitagari no Tejun-sama (逝きたがりのテジュン様)

10
December 20, 2012[23]
ISBN 978-4-592-19090-5
—
—

Maboroshi de Shiyou ka (幻でしようか)
Yume no Yō de (夢のようで)
Hi de Hi wa Kienu (火で火は消えぬ)
Hito wa Shiranai Koto wa Kangaerarenai (人は知らないことは考えられない)
Ikuji to Yowamushi (意気地と弱虫)
Anata wa Watashi no Inori (あなたは私の祈り)

11
April 19, 2013[24]
ISBN 978-4-592-19691-4
—
—

Wakaba Kaze Zenpen (若葉風 前編)
Wakaba Kaze Kōhen (若葉風 後編)
Sono Yaiba ga Todoku Mae ni (その刃が届く前に)
Yureru Dōchū (ゆれる道中)
Kai Teikoku Senshū Senri-mura (戒帝国 千州千里村)
Kachin no Matsuri Hajimaru (火鎮の祭始まる)

12
August 20, 2013[25]
ISBN 978-4-592-19692-1
—
—

Hi no Nai Tokoro ni Kemuri wa Tatanu (火の無い所に煙は立たぬ)
Hinote (火の手)
Hi no Mamoritetachi (火の守り手たち)
Taika no Kizashi (大火の兆し)
Makka na Mōshū (真赤な妄執)

Sono Sei ni wa (その背には)
Kijiya (キジヤ)

13
December 20, 2013[26]
ISBN 978-4-592-19693-8
—
—

Ama no Saihai (天の采配)
Michibiku Mono (導く者)
Kōya de Ō no Yume o Mita (荒野で王の夢を見た)
Kimi no Kutsuato ni Saku Hana (きみの靴跡に咲く花)
Mittsu no Jōken (三つの条件)
Nagaremono no Ichiba (流れ者の市場)

Raijū (雷獣)

14
April 18, 2014[27]
ISBN 978-4-592-19694-5
—
—

Kirisame ni Shizumu Machi (霧雨に沈む町)
Shisen o Mushibamu Nadai (四 (シ)泉 (セン)を蝕むナダイ)
Tada Miteiru Dake (ただ見ているだけ)
Kachū (渦中)
Soko no Mienai Uzu (底の見えない渦)
Sono Tsurugi ni Fukutsu o Chikau (その剣に不屈を誓う)

15
September 19, 2014 (regular edition)[28]
September 19, 2014 (limited edition)[29]
ISBN 978-4-592-19695-2
ISBN 978-4-592-10556-5
—
—

The Sound of Invisible Tears (見えない涙の音がする)
Koko de o Wakare (ここでお別れ)
Sensui e (仙水へ)
Deai wa Hito o Tsukuru (出会いは人を創る)
Tsuigeki (追撃)
Sono Hitomi wa Onaji Umi no Iro (その瞳は同じ海の色)

16
December 19, 2014[30]
ISBN 978-4-592-19696-9
—
—

Kao no Mienai Mikata (顔の見えない味方)
Ikari no Hokosaki wa (怒りの矛先は)
Kare wa Totemo Taisetsu na Yūjin datta (彼はとても大切な友人だった)
Sora ni Ano Egao o Sagasu (空にあの笑顔をさがす)
Dōka Ki o Tsukete (どうか気をつけて)
Jidai wa Tomaranai (時代は止まらない)

17
March 20, 2015[31]
ISBN 978-4-592-19697-6
—
—

Takoku no Shōnen (他国の少年)
Kurokumo (黒雲)
Kotae o Sagashite Tabi o Suru (答えを探して旅をする)
Nigero (逃げろ)
Tatakai ga Owaranai (闘いが終わらない)

Tobe (飛べ)

18
June 19, 2015[32]
ISBN 978-4-592-19698-3
—
—

Kizutsukanai Karada (傷つかない体)
Hajimari no Ryū (はじまりの龍)
Kamisama no Kodomotachi (神さまの子供たち)
Wagakimi Nemurite (我が君眠りて)
Doko ni mo Tsukanai Kobune (どこにも着かない小舟)
Akai Hoshi ga Noboru (あかい星が昇る)

Fuyuki na Ten wa Owabi Itashimasu (不行きな点はお詫び致します)

19
September 18, 2015 (regular edition)[33]
September 18, 2015 (limited edition)[34]
ISBN 978-4-592-19699-0
ISBN 978-4-592-10512-1
—
—

Aokunaru Mori Zenpen (青くなる森 前編)
Aokunaru Mori Chūhen (青くなる森 中編)
Aokunaru Mori Kōhen (青くなる森 後編)
Meguri Megutte (めぐりめぐって)
Chiisana Okurimono (小さな贈り物)
Hito ga Kieru Machi (人が消える町)

Kyō wa Oyasumi (今日はおやすみ)

20
March 18, 2016 (regular edition)[35]
March 18, 2016 (limited edition)[36]
ISBN 978-4-592-21510-3
ISBN 978-4-592-21802-9
—
—

Yoseatsume no Toride (寄せ集めの砦)
Tatakae (闘え)
Itsuka Ieru Darō ka (いつか言えるだろうか)
Sakusen Kaigi (作戦会議)
Teki wa Mikata wa (敵は味方は)
Kono Mune ni Chikatta (この胸に誓った)

21
August 19, 2016 (regular edition)[37]
August 19, 2016 (limited edition)[38]
ISBN 978-4-592-21511-0
ISBN 978-4-592-10515-2
—
—

Kimi no Moto e (君のもとへ)
Kushibi no Toride (ｸｼﾋﾞの砦)
Todoke (とどけ)
Ano hi Kara (あの日から)
Anata no Soba ni (あなたのそばに)
Ienai Kimochi (言えない気持ち)

Okeyou kara Oyasumi Made (おけようから おやすみまで)

22
December 20, 2016 (limited edition)[39]
ISBN 978-4-592-10516-9
—
—

text: Novel[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN

01
Yona of the Dawn: Under the Same Moon
Akatsuki no Yona Onaji Tsuki no Shita de (暁のヨナ　同じ月の下で)
March 20, 2015[40]
ISBN 978-4-592-19795-9