document_title: Basal ganglia

question_text: the putamen and globus pallidus are considered to be subdivisions of the

root

text: Basal ganglia

text: Structure[edit]

text: In terms of development, the human central nervous system is often classified based on the original three primitive vesicles from which it develops: These primary vesicles form in the normal development of the neural tube of the embryo and initially include the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, in rostral to caudal (from head to tail) orientation. Later in development of the nervous system each section itself turns into smaller components. During development, the cells that migrate tangentially to form the basal ganglia are directed by the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences.[7] The following table demonstrates this developmental classification and traces it to the anatomic structures found in the basal ganglia.[1][3][8] The structures relevant to the basal ganglia are shown in bold.

tag: p

text:
Primary division of the neural tube
Secondary subdivision
Final segments in a human adult

Prosencephalon

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

On each side of the brain: the cerebral cortices, caudate, putamen
Globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, subthalamic nucleus

Mesencephalon

Mesencephalon

Mesencephalon (midbrain): substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)

Rhombencephalon

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Pons and cerebellum
Medulla

tag: table

text: The basal ganglia form a fundamental component of the cerebrum. In contrast to the cortical layer that lines the surface of the forebrain, the basal ganglia are a collection of distinct masses of gray matter lying deep in the brain not far from the junction of the thalamus. They lie to the side of and surround the thalamus.[9] Like most parts of the brain, the basal ganglia consist of left and right sides that are virtual mirror images of each other.

text: In terms of anatomy, the basal ganglia are divided into four distinct structures, depending on how superior or rostral they are (in other words depending on how close to the top of the head they are): Two of them, the striatum and the pallidum, are relatively large; the other two, the substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus, are smaller. In the illustration to the right, two coronal sections of the human brain show the location of the basal ganglia components. Of note, and not seen in this section, the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra lie farther back (posteriorly) in the brain than the striatum and pallidum.

text: Striatum[edit]

text: The striatum is a subcortical structure generally divided into the dorsal striatum and ventral striatum, although a medial lateral classification has been suggested to be more relevant behaviorally[10] and is being more widely used.[11]

text: The striatum is composed mostly of medium spiny neurons. These GABAergic projection neurons project to the external (lateral) globus pallidus and internal (medial) globus pallidus as well as the substantia nigra pars reticulata. The projections into the globus pallidus and substantia nigra are primarily dopaminergic, although enkephalin, dynorphin and substance P are expressed. The striatum also contains interneurons that are classified into nitrergic neurons (due to use of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter), tonically active [clarification needed] cholinergic interneurons, parvalbumin-expressing neurons and calretinin-expressing neurons.[12] The dorsal striatum receives significant glutamatergic inputs from the cortex, as well as dopaminergic inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta. The dorsal striatum is generally considered to be involved in sensorimotor activities. The ventral striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from the limbic areas as well as dopaminergic inputs from the VTA, via the mesolimbic pathway. The ventral striatum is believed to play a role in reward and other limbic functions.[13] The dorsal striatum is divided into the caudate and putamen by the internal capsule while the ventral striatum is composed of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle.[14][15] The caudate has three primary regions of connectivity, with the head of the caudate demonstrating connectivity to the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and amygdala. The body and tail show differentiation between the dorsolateral rim and ventral caudate, projecting to the sensorimotor and limbic regions of the striatum respectively.[16]

text: Pallidum[edit]

text: The pallidum consists of a large structure called the globus pallidus ("pale globe") together with a smaller ventral extension called the ventral pallidum. The globus pallidus appears as a single neural mass, but can be divided into two functionally distinct parts, called the internal (or medial) and external (lateral) segments, abbreviated GPi and GPe.[1] Both segments contain primarily GABAergic neurons, which therefore have inhibitory effects on their targets. The two segments participate in distinct neural circuits. The GPe, receives input mainly from the striatum, and projects to the subthalamic nucleus. The GPi, receives signals from the striatum via the "direct" and "indirect" pathways. Pallidal neurons operate using a disinhibition principle. These neurons fire at steady high rates in the absence of input, and signals from the striatum cause them to pause or reduce their rate of firing. Because pallidal neurons themselves have inhibitory effects on their targets, the net effect of striatal input to the pallidum is a reduction of the tonic inhibition exerted by pallidal cells on their targets (disinhibition) with an increased rate of firing in the targets.

text: Substantia nigra[edit]

text: The substantia nigra is a midbrain gray matter portion of the basal ganglia that has two parts – the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). SNr often works in unison with GPi, and the SNr-GPi complex inhibits the thalamus. Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) however, produces the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is very significant in maintaining balance in the striatal pathway. The circuit portion below explains the role and circuit connections of each of the components of the basal ganglia.

text: Subthalamic nucleus[edit]

text: The subthalamic nucleus is a diencephalic gray matter portion of the basal ganglia, and the only portion of the ganglia that produces an excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. The role of the subthalamic nucleus is to stimulate the SNr-GPi complex and it is part of the indirect pathway. The subthalamic nucleus receives inhibitory input from the external part of the globus pallidus and sends excitatory input to the GPi.

text: Circuit connections[edit]

text: Multiple models of basal ganglia circuits and function have been proposed, however there have been questions raised about the strict divisions of the direct and indirect pathways, their possible overlap and regulation.[17] The circuitry models has evolved since the first proposed model in the 1990s by DeLong in the parallel processing model, in which the cortex and substantia nigra pars compacta project into the dorsal striatum giving rise to an inhibitory indirect and excitatory direct pathway. The inhibitory indirect pathway involved the inhibition of the globus pallidus externus, allowing for the disinhibition of the globus pallidus internus allowing it to inhibit the thalamus. The direct or excitatory pathway involved the disinhibition of the thalamus through the inhibition of the GPe/SNr. However the speed of the direct pathway would not be concordant with the indirect pathway in this model leading to problems with it. To get over this, a hyperdirect pathway where the cortex sends glutamatergic projections through the subthalamic nucleus exciting the inhibitory GPe under the center surround model, as well as a shorter indirect pathway have been proposed. Generally, the basal ganglia circuitry is divided into a limbic, two associative(prefrontal), an oculomotor and one motor pathway. The motor and oculomotor are sometimes grouped into one motor pathway. The 5 general pathways are organized as follows:[18]

text:
The motor loop involving projections from the supplementary motor area, arcuate premotor area, motor cortex and somatosensory cortex into the putamen, which projects into the ventrolateral GPi and caudolateral SNr which projects into the cortex through the ventralis lateralis pars medialis and ventralis lateralis pars orialis.
The oculomotor loop involved projections from the frontal eye fields, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the posterior parietal cortex into the caudate, into the caudal dorsomedial GPi and ventrolateral SNr, finally looping back into the cortex through the lateral ventralis anterior pars magnocellularis(VAmc).
The first cognitive/associative pathway proposes a pathway from the DLPFC, into the dorsolateral caudate, followed by a projection into the lateral dosomedial GPi, and rostral SNr before projecting into the lateral VAmc and medial pars magnocellularis.
The second cognitive/associative pathway proposed is a circuit projecting from the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, the temporal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex into the ventromedial caudate, followed by a projection into the lateromedial GPi, and rostrolateral SNr before looping into the cortex via the medial VAmc and medial magnocellularis.
The limbic circuit involving the projections from the ACC, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and insula into the ventral striatum, then into the rostrodorsal GPi, ventral palladium and rostrodorsal SNr, followed by a loop back into the cortex through the posteromedial part of the medial dorsal nucleus.[19] However, more subdivisions of loops have been proposed, up to 20,000.[20]

tag: ul

text: The direct pathway, originating in the dorsal striatum inhibits the GPi and SNr, resulting in a net disinhibition or excitation of the thalamus. This pathway consist of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that express dopamine receptor D1, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, and adenosine receptor A1.[21] The direct pathway has been proposed to facilitate motor actions, timing of motor actions, gating of working memory, and motor responses to specific stimuli.[20]

text: The (long) indirect pathway originates in the dorsal striatum and inhibits the GPe, resulting in disinhibition of the GPi which is then free to inhibit the thalamus. This pathway consists of MSNs that express dopamine receptor D2, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, and adenosine receptor A2a.[21] This pathway has been proposed to result in global motor inhibition(inhibition of all motor activity), and termination of responses. Another shorter indirect pathway has been proposed, which involves cortical excitation of the subthalamic nucleus resulting in direct excitation of the GPe, and inhibition of the thalamus. This pathway is proposed to result in inhibition of specific motor programs based on associative learning.[20]

text: A combination of these indirect pathways resulting in a hyperdirect pathway that results in inhibition of basal ganglia inputs besides one specific focus has been proposed as part of the center surround theory.[22][23] This hyperdirect pathway is proposed to inhibit premature responses, or globally inhibit the basal ganglia to allow for more specific top down control by the cortex.[20]

text: The interactions of these pathways are currently under debate. Some say that all pathways directly antagonize each other in a "push pull" fashion, while others support the center surround theory, in which one focused input into the cortex is protected by inhibition of competing inputs by the rest of the indirect pathways.[20]

text: Neurotransmitters[edit]

text: The basal ganglia contains many afferent glutamatergic inputs, with predominantly GABAergic efferent fibers, modulatory cholinergic pathways, significant dopamine in the pathways originating in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, as well as various neuropeptides. Neuropeptides found in the basal ganglia include substance P, neurokinin A, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, neurokinin B, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, dynorphin, enkephaline. Other neuromodulators found in the basal ganglia include nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and phenylethylamine.[24]

text: Functional Connectivity[edit]

text: The functional connectivity, measured by regional co-activation during functional neuroimaging studies, is broadly consistent with the parallel processing models of basal ganglia function. The putamen was generally coactivated with motor areas such as the Supplementary motor area, caudal Anterior cingulate cortex and Primary motor cortex, while the caudate and rostral putamen were more frequently coactivated with the rostral ACC and DLPFC. The ventral striatum was significantly associated with the amygdala and hippocampus, which although was not included in the first formulations of basal ganglia models, has been an addition to more recent models.[25]

text: Function[edit]

text: Eye movements[edit]

text: One intensively studied function of the basal ganglia is its role in controlling eye movements.[26] Eye movement is influenced by an extensive network of brain regions that converges on a midbrain area called the superior colliculus (SC). The SC is a layered structure whose layers form two-dimensional retinotopic maps of visual space. A "bump" of neural activity in the deep layers of the SC drives an eye movement directed toward the corresponding point in space.

text: The SC receives a strong inhibitory projection from the basal ganglia, originating in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr).[26] Neurons in the SNr usually fire continuously at high rates, but at the onset of an eye movement they "pause", thereby releasing the SC from inhibition. Eye movements of all types are associated with "pausing" in the SNr; however, individual SNr neurons may be more strongly associated with some types of movements than others. Neurons in some parts of the caudate nucleus also show activity related to eye movements. Since the great majority of caudate cells fire at very low rates, this activity almost always shows up as an increase in firing rate. Thus, eye movements begin with activation in the caudate nucleus, which inhibits the SNr via the direct GABAergic projections, which in turn disinhibits the SC.

text: Role in motivation[edit]

text: Extracellular dopamine in the basal ganglia has been linked to motivational states in rodents, with high levels being linked to satiated "euphoria", medium levels with seeking, and low with aversion. The limbic basal ganglia circuits are influenced heavily by extracellular dopamine. Increased dopamine results in inhibition of the Ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, resulting in disinhibition of the thalamus. This model of direct D1, and indirect D2 pathways explain why selective agonists of each receptor are not rewarding, as activity at both pathways is required for disinhibition. The disinhibition of the thalamus leads to activation of the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, selective for increased D1 activity leading to reward.[19]

text: Decision making[edit]

text: Two models have been proposed for the basal ganglia, one being that actions are generated by a "critic" in the ventral striatum and estimates value, and the actions are carried out by an "actor" in the dorsal striatum. Another model proposes the basal ganglia acts as a selection mechanism, where actions are generated in the cortex and are selected based on context by the basal ganglia.[27] The CBGTC loop is also involved in reward discounting, with firing increasing with an unexpected or greater than expected reward.[28] One review supported the idea that the cortex was involved in learning actions regardless of their outcome, while the basal ganglia was involved in selecting appropriate actions based on associative reward based trial and error learning.[29]

text: Working memory[edit]

text: The basal ganglia has been proposed to gate what enters and what doesn't enter working memory. One hypothesis proposes that the direct pathway(Go, or excitatory) allows information into the PFC, where it stays independent of the pathway, however another theory proposes that in order for information to stay in the PFC the direct pathway needs to continue reverberating. The short indirect pathway has been proposed to, in a direct push pull antagonism with the direct pathway, close the gate to the PFC. Together these mechanisms regulate working memory focus.[20]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Basal ganglia disease is a group of movement disorders that result from either excessive output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus – hypokinetic disorders, or from insufficient output – hyperkinetic disorders. Hypokinetic disorders arise from an excessive output from the basal ganglia, which inhibits the output from the thalamus to the cortex, and this limits voluntary movement. Hyperkinetic disorders result from a low output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus which gives not enough inhibition to the thalamic projections to the cortex and this gives uncontrolled/involuntary movements. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia circuitry can also lead to other disorders.[30]

text: The following is a list of disorders that have been linked to the basal ganglia:[citation needed]

text:
Addiction
Athetosis
Athymhormic syndrome (PAP syndrome)
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Blepharospasm
Bruxism
Cerebral palsy: basal ganglia damage during second and third trimester of pregnancy
Chorea
Dystonia
Fahr's disease
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS)
Huntington's disease
Kernicterus
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Major Depressive Disorder [31]
Obsessive-compulsive disorder[32][33]
Other anxiety disorders [33]
PANDAS
Parkinson's disease
Spasmodic dysphonia
Stuttering[34]
Sydenham's chorea
Tardive dyskinesia, caused by chronic antipsychotic treatment
Tourette's disorder
Wilson's disease

text: History[edit]

text: The acceptance that the basal ganglia system constitutes one major cerebral system took time to arise. The first anatomical identification of distinct subcortical structures was published by Thomas Willis in 1664.[35] For many years, the term corpus striatum[36] was used to describe a large group of subcortical elements, some of which were later discovered to be functionally unrelated.[37] For many years, the putamen and the caudate nucleus were not associated with each other. Instead, the putamen was associated with the pallidum in what was called the nucleus lenticularis or nucleus lentiformis.

text: A thorough reconsideration by Cécile and Oskar Vogt (1941) simplified the description of the basal ganglia by proposing the term striatum to describe the group of structures consisting of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the mass linking them ventrally, the nucleus accumbens. The striatum was named on the basis of the striated (striped) appearance created by radiating dense bundles of striato-pallido-nigral axons, described by anatomist Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1912) as "pencil-like".

text: The anatomical link of the striatum with its primary targets, the pallidum and the substantia nigra, was discovered later. The name globus pallidus was attributed by Déjerine to Burdach (1822). For this, the Vogts proposed the simpler "pallidum". The term "locus niger" was introduced by Félix Vicq-d'Azyr as tache noire in (1786), though that structure has since become known as the substantia nigra, due to contributions by Von Sömmering in 1788. The structural similarity between the substantia nigra and globus pallidus was noted by Mirto in 1896. Together, the two are known as the pallidonigral ensemble, which represents the core of the basal ganglia. Altogether, the main structures of the basal ganglia are linked to each other by the striato-pallido-nigral bundle, which passes through the pallidum, crosses the internal capsule as the "comb bundle of Edinger", then finally reaches the substantia nigra.

text: Additional structures that later became associated with the basal ganglia are the "body of Luys" (1865) (nucleus of Luys on the figure) or subthalamic nucleus, whose lesion was known to produce movement disorders. More recently, other areas such as the centromedian nucleus and the pedunculopontine complex have been thought to be regulators of the basal ganglia.

text: Near the beginning of the 20th century, the basal ganglia system was first associated with motor functions, as lesions of these areas would often result in disordered movement in humans (chorea, athetosis, Parkinson's disease).

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The nomenclature of the basal ganglia system and its components has always been problematic. Early anatomists, seeing the macroscopic anatomical structure but knowing nothing of the cellular architecture or neurochemistry, grouped together components that are now believed to have distinct functions (such as the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus), and gave distinct names to components that are now thought to be functionally parts of a single structure (such as the caudate nucleus and putamen).

text: The term "basal" comes from the fact that most of its elements are located in the basal part of the forebrain. The term ganglia is a misnomer: In modern usage, neural clusters are called "ganglia" only in the peripheral nervous system; in the central nervous system they are called "nuclei". For this reason, the basal ganglia are also occasionally known as the "basal nuclei".[38] Terminologia anatomica (1998), the international authority for anatomical naming, retained "nuclei basales", but this is not commonly used.

text: The International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS)[39] informally considers the basal ganglia to be made up of the striatum, the pallidum (with two nuclei), the substantia nigra (with its two distinct parts), and the subthalamic nucleus, whereas Terminologia anatomica excludes the last two. Some neurologists have included the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus as part of the basal ganglia,[40][41] and some have also included the pedunculopontine nucleus.[42]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain, and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates.[43] Even in the lamprey (generally considered one of the most primitive of vertebrates), striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements can be identified on the basis of anatomy and histochemistry.[44]

text: The names given to the various nuclei of the basal ganglia are different in different species. In cats and rodents the internal globus pallidus is known as the entopeduncular nucleus.[45] In birds the striatum is called the paleostriatum augmentatum and the external globus pallidus is called the paleostriatum primitivum.

text: A clear emergent issue in comparative anatomy of the basal ganglia is the development of this system through phylogeny as a convergent cortically re-entrant loop in conjunction with the development and expansion of the cortical mantle. There is controversy, however, regarding the extent to which convergent selective processing occurs versus segregated parallel processing within re-entrant closed loops of the basal ganglia. Regardless, the transformation of the basal ganglia into a cortically re-entrant system in mammalian evolution occurs through a re-direction of pallidal (or "paleostriatum primitivum") output from midbrain targets such as the superior colliculus, as occurs in sauropsid brain, to specific regions of the ventral thalamus and from there back to specified regions of the cerebral cortex that form a subset of those cortical regions projecting into the striatum. The abrupt rostral re-direction of the pathway from the internal segment of the globus pallidus into the ventral thalamus—via the path of the ansa lenticularis—could be viewed as a footprint of this evolutionary transformation of basal ganglia outflow and targeted influence.


document_title: List of UEFA club competition winners

question_text: who have won the champions league the most

text: List of UEFA club competition winners

text: Winners[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles, with 22 followed by Milan's 17 titles.[6][7]
Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions: Real Madrid, with thirteen European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles; Sevilla, with five UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League titles; and Barcelona, with four Cup Winners' Cup titles. Milan share the most Super Cup wins (five) with Barcelona, and the most Intercontinental Cup wins (three) with Real Madrid. German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (twice each).

text: Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are the only teams to have won all of UEFA's three main club competitions (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League). However, Juventus is the only team to have won every UEFA club competition, which additionally includes the Super Cup, the Intertoto Cup, and the Intercontinental Cup.[8]

text: The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one UEFA club competition, and is updated as of 15 August 2018 (in chronological order).

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners

Club

Country

UCL

UEL

CWC

UIC

USC

IC

Total

Real Madrid

 Spain

13

2

0

0

4

3

22

Milan

 Italy

7

0

2

0

5

3

17

Barcelona

 Spain

5

0

4

0

5

0

14

Liverpool

 England

5

3

0

0

3

0

11

Juventus

 Italy

2

3

1

1

2

2

11

Bayern Munich

 Germany

5

1

1

0

1

2

10

Ajax

 Netherlands

4

1

1

0

2

2

10

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

0

3

1

0

3

1

8

Internazionale

 Italy

3

3

0

0

0

2

8

Manchester United

 England

3

1

1

0

1

1

7

Porto

 Portugal

2

2

0

0

1

2

7

Sevilla

 Spain

0

5

0

0

1

0

6

Chelsea

 England

1

1

2

0

1

0

5

Anderlecht

 Belgium

0

1

2

0

2

0

5

Valencia

 Spain

0

1

1

1

2

0

5

Feyenoord

 Netherlands

1

2

0

0

0

1

4

Hamburger SV

 Germany

1

0

1

2

0

0

4

Parma

 Italy

0

2

1

0

1

0

4

Nottingham Forest

 England

2

0

0

0

1

0

3

Borussia Dortmund

 Germany

1

0

1

0

0

1

3

Aston Villa

 England

1

0

0

1

1

0

3

Tottenham Hotspur

 England

0

2

1

0

0

0

3

Schalke 04

 Germany

0

1

0

2

0

0

3

Dynamo Kyiv

 Ukraine

0

0

2

0

1

0

3

Benfica

 Portugal

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

PSV Eindhoven

 Netherlands

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

Marseille

 France

1

0

0

1

0

0

2

Steaua București

 Romania

1

0

0

0

1

0

2

Red Star Belgrade

 Serbia

1

0

0

0

0

1

2

Borussia Mönchengladbach

 Germany

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

IFK Göteborg

 Sweden

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

Galatasaray

 Turkey

0

1

0

0

1

0

2

Zenit St. Petersburg

 Russia

0

1

0

0

1

0

2

Paris Saint-Germain

 France

0

0

1

1

0

0

2

Werder Bremen

 Germany

0

0

1

1

0

0

2

West Ham United

 England

0

0

1

1

0

0

2

Aberdeen

 Scotland

0

0

1

0

1

0

2

KV Mechelen

 Belgium

0

0

1

0

1

0

2

Lazio

 Italy

0

0

1

0

1

0

2

VfB Stuttgart

 Germany

0

0

0

2

0

0

2

Villarreal

 Spain

0

0

0

2

0

0

2

Celtic

 Scotland

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Bayer Leverkusen

 Germany

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

CSKA Moscow

 Russia

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Eintracht Frankfurt

 Germany

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Ipswich Town

 England

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Napoli

 Italy

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Shakhtar Donetsk

 Ukraine

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Arsenal

 England

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Dinamo Tbilisi

 Georgia

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Everton

 England

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Fiorentina

 Italy

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Magdeburg

 Germany

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Manchester City

 England

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Rangers

 Scotland

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Real Zaragoza

 Spain

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Sampdoria

 Italy

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Slovan Bratislava

 Slovakia

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Sporting CP

 Portugal

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

Auxerre

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Bastia

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Bologna

 Italy

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Bordeaux

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Braga

 Portugal

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Celta Vigo

 Spain

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Fulham

 England

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Guingamp

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Karlsruhe

 Germany

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Lens

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Lille

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Lyon

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Málaga

 Spain

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Montpellier

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Newcastle United

 England

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Perugia

 Italy

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Strasbourg

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Silkeborg

 Denmark

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Troyes

 France

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Udinese

 Italy

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

text: By country[edit]

text: Spanish clubs are the most successful in UEFA competitions, with a total of 60 titles, and hold a record number of wins in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League (17), UEFA Super Cup (15), and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa league (11).[7] Italian clubs have the most victories in the Intercontinental Cup (7). In third place, English clubs have secured 40 titles, including a record eight wins in the Cup Winners' Cup. French clubs, ranked sixth in UEFA competition titles, have won the Intertoto Cup the most times (12). Italian clubs are the only in European football history to have won the three main UEFA competitions in the same season (1989–90).[3]

text: The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one UEFA competition, and is updated as of 26 May 2018 (in chronological order).

text:
Key

UCL

European Cup or UEFA Champions League

UEL

UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League

CWC

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)

UIC

UEFA Intertoto Cup (defunct)

USC

UEFA Super Cup

IC

Intercontinental Cup (defunct)

text:
List of UEFA club competition winners by country[a]

Nationality

UCL

UEL

CWC

UIC

USC

IC

Total

 Spain

18

11

7

5

15

4

60

 Italy

12

9

7

4

9

7

48

 England

12

8

8

4

7

1

40

 Germany*

7

6

5

8

1

3

30

 Netherlands

6

4

1

0

2

3

16

 France

1

0

1

12

0

0

14

 Portugal

4

2

1

1

1

2

11

 Belgium

0

1

3

0

3

0

7

 Scotland

1

0

2

0

1

0

4

 Ukraine

0

1

2

0

1

0

4

 Russia

0

2

0

0

1

0

3

 Romania

1

0

0

0

1

0

2

 Serbia

1

0

0

0

0

1

2

 Sweden

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

 Turkey

0

1

0

0

1

0

2

 Georgia

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

 Slovakia

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

 Denmark

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

text: * = Germany's record includes West Germany and East Germany.


document_title: King of Prussia Mall

question_text: how many stores does king of prussia have

text: King of Prussia Mall

text: Location[edit]

text: The King of Prussia Mall is located in the community of King of Prussia in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Philadelphia. The mall is near the convergence of four major highways: the Schuylkill Expressway (Interstate 76), the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 76/Interstate 276), U.S. Route 202, and U.S. Route 422.[5][6] The mall is located northeast of the Schuylkill Expressway and south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike on the north side of US 202 between Gulph Road to the southwest and Allendale Road to the northeast, with Mall Boulevard providing access to and running through the mall grounds between Gulph Road and US 202. Mall Boulevard passes under a portion of the shopping mall. Ramps to and from the westbound direction of the Schuylkill Expressway connect to Mall Boulevard.[5][7] Six SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes serve the King of Prussia Mall at the King of Prussia Transit Center. These bus routes provide service to West Chester, the Exton Transportation Center at the Exton Square Mall, the Norristown Transportation Center, Phoenixville, the 69th Street Transportation Center, Center City Philadelphia, Chesterbrook, Valley Forge, and Limerick.[8]

text: The mall has several outparcels, and several luxury and affordable hotels are nearby.[7] Among the outparcels is the Overlook at King of Prussia shopping center, which consists of a United Artists Theatres, Saks Off 5th, Best Buy, and an iFLY indoor skydiving center.[9] Lockheed Martin also has a campus overlooking the mall area.[7] Also located nearby is the King of Prussia Town Center, a lifestyle center that consists of Wegmans, multiple other big-box retailers, and a downtown area with dining, retail, and service establishments and a Town Square.[10][11] The town center is part of the Village at Valley Forge, a 122-acre mixed-use development under construction that consists of retail, apartments, townhouses, condominiums, office space, and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Specialty Care and Surgery Center.[10][12]

text: Description[edit]

text: King of Prussia Mall is anchored by Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Primark and a diverse merchant mix of over 400 stores, including a collection of luxury retailers. The mall is managed by Simon Property Group of Indianapolis, who owns 97%. It is also the sole outpost in Philadelphia for a number of high-end stores. The mall has annual sales of $1.1 billion.[1] A selection of international dining options are available at four food courts and in over 40 casual and fine dining establishments.[6] The mall is a prominent tourist destination in the Philadelphia area, with an estimated 20% of visitors as tourists.[2] The King of Prussia Mall attracts 22 million visitors annually.[1] Several nearby hotels offer mall tourist packages, which typically include mall gift cards. The mall employs over 7,000 people.[citation needed] Due to the mall's size, several retailers rent more than one space.[13]

text: A covered outdoor walkway, which features an array of plants, benches, and speakers playing jazz music, connects Macy's & Neiman Marcus. The Eastern portion of the mall (originally known as the Court) has two anchor stores, Macy's and Bloomingdale's. It originally had a third anchor, Abraham & Straus, which sold its store in 1988 to Strawbridge and Clothier, which subsequently relocated to the former Wanamaker location at The Plaza in 1996 upon its acquisition by May Department Stores Co. Its spot was redeveloped as the shopping complex's newest section, the Pavilion at King of Prussia. Stores in this section include a double-level Urban Outfitters, Old Navy, and The Cheesecake Factory. One of the complex's four food courts is also located on the lower level just past Bloomingdales[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: The mall was originally developed by the Kravco company. The Plaza at King of Prussia, the oldest portion of the complex, opened in 1963 as a modest open-air shopping mall anchored by JCPenney, discount department store E. J. Korvette, and an Acme "A-Frame" style supermarket. The Plaza prospered and by the late 1970s had become a partially enclosed super-regional mall anchored by department stores JCPenney, Gimbels, and Wanamaker's. The Wanamaker's store opened in 1965 in what had been an amphitheater.[citation needed]

text: By the late 1970s, The Plaza consisted of a small, fully enclosed section (connecting the three department stores) and a sprawling outdoor mall (featuring Woolworth's and Acme Markets). It was around this time Kravco noticed a demand for more upscale shopping in the northwest Philadelphia market. The company embarked on a second mall, The Court at King of Prussia, to be constructed across the street from The Plaza. The Court opened in 1981 as a fully enclosed mall anchored by department stores Bamberger's (later in 1986 to become Macy's), Bloomingdale's, and Abraham & Straus (A&S). In addition, Sears was added to The Plaza, relocating from Norristown. Sears was built as a "store of the future" and was completed along with an expansion of the multi-level portion of the Plaza.[14] The Garden Food Court was part of this expansion. Shoppers also said goodbye to inclement weather as the outdoor portion of The Plaza was enclosed. For the first time, King of Prussia visitors were inside all the time.

text: Through the 1980s, The Plaza sported such stores as Woolworth's, Herman's World of Sporting Goods, and a Lionel "Kiddie City" toy store. The Woolworth's store closed in 1993. The Plaza also featured two 1980s style video arcades, each named Spaceport, and the RKO Stanley Warner (later Sam Eric, and then United Artists Plaza) movie theater which, in an era before multiplexes, had only one extra large 7m screen. This theatre was later split in half to add a second screen.[citation needed]

text: By the early 1990s, demand for luxury goods had grown across the nation and many upscale retailers were in a growth mode. Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom were all looking for new locations in the area, and Kravco didn't want any of them to land at a competing mall. The company's dilemma, though, was that The Court was on a small piece of land and couldn't expand, while The Plaza was too downscale for these stores. Kravco decided to embark on an ambitious campaign to almost completely rebuild The Plaza to make it just as attractive to upscale retailers as The Court and to begin marketing the two malls as a single entity (a pedestrian bridge and walkway connecting the malls was constructed around this time, though there have always been informal passageways from one to the other). The former Acme Markets location was demolished during this project; beforehand it moved a bit down the road into a new building, with a strip mall including a Tower Records shop (since closed).[citation needed]

text: The new Plaza is fully enclosed and has two levels throughout. Lord & Taylor opened in the fall of 1995, while Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom opened in the spring of 1996. Upscale stores at The Plaza are clustered in the southern end of the mall near Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom, while middle-market stores remain clustered in the northern end of the mall near the former JCPenney and Sears anchor stores. The Court now contains a mix of upscale stores and middle-market stores.[citation needed]

text: The anchor lineup at both malls changed during the 1990s as the industry consolidated. Stern's, which had replaced Gimbels, left and JCPenney moved into its old space. John Wanamaker was acquired by May Department Stores, which rebranded all Wanamaker's as Hecht's, their Baltimore-Washington regional nameplate. Abraham & Straus was consolidated with Macy's and Strawbridge & Clothier briefly took its place at The Court. Soon after, May acquired Strawbridge & Clothier, rebranded it as simply Strawbridge's, and merged it with Hecht's Philadelphia operations. The Hecht's (former John Wanamaker) at The Plaza became a Strawbridge's and the Strawbridge's (former Abraham & Straus) at The Court closed. The mall even featured an outlet of the popular New York City toy company FAO Schwarz, complete with a giant teddy bear, before hard financial times forced it to close in 2004.[citation needed]

text: The growth of large-format specialty retailers in the 1990s led to the early 2000s conversion of the former Strawbridge's store at The Court into The Pavilion at King of Prussia, which might be considered the "third mall" at King of Prussia. The Pavilion connects directly to The Court (though not originally owned by Kravco, it was later acquired and is considered by many as an expansion of the Court).[citation needed]

text: The mall served as the home of the Philadelphia Freedoms tennis team of World TeamTennis in 2008 and 2009. Whenever a tennis event was to occur, a temporary tennis stadium that seated 3,000 was constructed in the parking lot of the Bloomingdale's anchor store. Eventually, the Freedoms left for The Pavilion at Villanova University in 2010.[15]

text: In 2011, Simon increased its ownership of the King of Prussia Mall from 12.4 percent to 96 percent, buying Lend Lease's 50 percent ownership of the mall. Lend Lease had bought its stake in the mall in 1996, with Kravco, Simon, and three family trusts owning the remaining 50 percent at the time.[16]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Sears would sublease some of its space to Dick's Sporting Goods.[17] Sears would be closing this location in early December 2014. It was announced that Irish retailer Primark would be on the first level of its space while Dick's Sporting Goods would take parts of the second level.[18] The Primark store opened on November 25, 2015.[19] On March 17, 2017, JCPenney announced that its store would be closing as part of a plan to close 138 stores nationwide; the store closed on July 31, 2017.[20]

text: 2011–2016 expansion[edit]

text: The sixth anchor store in the Plaza (the former Wanamaker's/Strawbridge's/Macy's building), was demolished during the fall of 2011. Over 100,000 sq ft. of retail space adjacent to the former department store has been since been redeveloped. A new loading dock was added during the redevelopment. [21] and some of the stores within the redevelopment have already opened, including a relocated, 2-level Forever 21 and an Athleta. H&M has relocated to a 2-level store as well, and they opened right next to the new Forever 21. A second H&M opened November 21, 2012.

text: On November 29, 2011, Simon Property Group announced plans to create a 140,000 sq ft. expansion to connect The Court and The Plaza.[22] This new retail connector would feature 50 stores, dining choices from some of Philadelphia's well-known celebrity chefs, an upscale dining pavilion, and a customer lounge. Upon completion, this project would make King of Prussia Mall the largest official shopping mall in the United States (larger than Mall of America in overall square footage), and it would be under one roof for the first time. The 155,000-square-foot expansion also included a new parking garage “with speed ramps, space location technology and valet service.”[23] Construction on this expansion was estimated to cost $150 million.[24] Several outparcels are also proposed for this expansion.[25] On November 18, 2014, construction began on the expansion to connect The Court and The Plaza.[26] The expansion opened August 18, 2016, with two ribbons joined from The Court and The Plaza.[27] Simon Property Group COO Rick Sokolov and U.S. Representative Brendan Boyle were present for the ribbon tying ceremony.[28]