document_title: Celtic Tiger

question_text: when did the celtic tiger end in ireland

text: Celtic Tiger

text: Term[edit]

text: The colloquial term "Celtic Tiger"[6] has been used to refer to the country itself, and to the years associated with the boom. The first recorded use of the phrase is in a 1994 Morgan Stanley report by Kevin Gardiner.[7] The term refers to Ireland's similarity to the East Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan during their periods of rapid growth in the early 1960s and late 1990s. An Tíogar Ceilteach, the Irish language version of the term, appears in the Foras na Gaeilge terminology database[8] and has been used in government and administrative contexts since at least 2005.[9][10][11]

text: The Celtic Tiger period has also been called "The Boom" or "Ireland's Economic Miracle".[12]  During that time, the country experienced a period of economic growth that transformed it from one of Western Europe's poorer countries into one of its wealthiest. The causes of Ireland's growth are the subject of some debate, but credit has been primarily given[by whom?] to state-driven economic development; social partnership among employers, government and trade unions; increased participation by women in the labour force; decades of investment in domestic higher education; targeting of foreign direct investment; a low corporation tax rate; an English-speaking workforce; and membership of the European Union, which provided transfer payments and export access to the Single Market.

text: By mid-2007, in the wake of the growing global financial crisis, the Celtic Tiger had all but died. Some critics, such as David McWilliams, who had been warning about impending collapse for some time, concluded: "The case is clear: an economically challenged government, perniciously influenced by the interests of the housing lobby, blew it. The entire Irish episode will be studied internationally in years to come as an example of how not to do things."[13]

text:
Historian Richard Aldous stated the Celtic Tiger has now gone the "way of the dodo". In early 2008, many commentators thought a soft landing was likely, but by January 2009, it seemed possible the country could experience a depression.[14]  In early January 2009, The Irish Times, in an editorial, declared:
"We have gone from the Celtic Tiger to an era of financial fear with the suddenness of a Titanic-style shipwreck, thrown from comfort, even luxury, into a cold sea of uncertainty."[15][16]  In February 2010, a report by Davy Research concluded that Ireland had "largely wasted” its years of high income during the boom, with private enterprise investing its wealth "in the wrong places". It compared Ireland's growth to other small eurozone countries such as Finland and Belgium – noting that the physical wealth of those countries exceeds that of Ireland because of their "vastly superior" transport infrastructure, telecommunications network, and public services.[17]

text: Tiger economy[edit]

text: From 1995 to 2000, GDP growth rate ranged between 7.8 and 11.5%; it then slowed to between 4.4 and 6.5% from 2001 to 2007.[18] During that period, the Irish GDP per capita rose dramatically to equal, then eventually surpass, that of all but one state in Western Europe. Although GDP does not represent the standard of living, and the GNP remained lower than the GDP, in 2007, the GNP achieved the same level as of some other Western European countries'.[19]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Tax policy[edit]

text: Many economists credit Ireland's growth to a low corporate taxation rate (10 to 12.5% throughout the late 1990s). Since 1956, successive Irish governments have pursued low-taxation policies.[20][21][22]

text: European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds[edit]

text: Since joining the EU in 1973, Ireland has received over €17 billion in EU Structural and Cohesion Funds. These are made up of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF) and were used to increase investment in the education system and to build physical infrastructure.[23] These transfer payments from members of the European Union, such as Germany and France, were as high as 4% of Ireland's gross national product (GNP). Ireland is unique among cohesion countries, having allocated up to 35% of its Structural Funds to human resource investments, compared with an average of around 25% for other cohesion fund recipients. The Irish economy's increased productive capacity is sometimes attributed to these investments, which made Ireland more attractive to high-tech businesses,[24] though the libertarian Cato Institute has suggested that the EU transfer payments were economically inefficient and may have actually slowed growth.[25] The conservative Heritage Foundation also attributed to transfer payments no significant role in causing growth.[24]

text: Trade within the European Union[edit]

text: Ireland's membership in the EU since 1973 helped the country gain access to Europe's large markets. Ireland's trade had previously been predominantly with the United Kingdom.[26]

text: Industrial policies[edit]

text: In the 1990s, the provision of subsidies and investment capital by Irish state organisations (such as IDA Ireland) encouraged high-profile companies, such as Dell, Intel, and Microsoft, to locate in Ireland; these companies were attracted to Ireland because of its EU membership, relatively low wages, government grants, and low tax rates. Enterprise Ireland,[27] a state agency, provides financial, technical, and social support to start-up businesses.[28]  Additionally, the building of the International Financial Services Centre in Dublin led to the creation of 14,000 high-value jobs in the accounting, legal, and financial management sectors.[29]

text: In July 2003, the government established the Science Foundation Ireland[30] on a statutory basis to promote education for highly skilled careers, particularly in biotechnology and information and communications technology, with the additional purpose to invest in science initiatives that aim to further Ireland's knowledge economy.

text: Geography and demographics[edit]

text: A favourable[clarification needed] time zone difference[31] allows Irish and British employees to work the first part of each day while US workers sleep. US firms were drawn to Ireland by cheap wage costs compared to the UK, and by the limited government intervention in business compared to other EU members, and particularly to countries in Eastern Europe. Growing stability in Northern Ireland brought about by the Good Friday Agreement further established Ireland's ability to provide a stable business environment.[26][32]

text: Irish workers can communicate effectively with Americans – especially compared to those in other low-wage, non-English-speaking EU nations, such as Portugal and Spain; this factor was vital to U.S. companies' choosing Ireland for their European headquarters. It has also been argued[by whom?] that the demographic dividend from the rising ratio of workers to dependents due to falling fertility, and increased female labour market participation, increased income per capita.[citation needed]

text: Impact of economic growth[edit]

text: Ireland was transformed from one of the poorest countries in Western Europe to one of the wealthiest. Disposable income soared to record levels, enabling a huge rise in consumer spending with foreign holidays accounting for over 91% of total holiday expenditure in 2004. However, the gap between the highest and lowest income households widened in the five-year period to 2004-2005;[33] in response, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in 2002: "On balance, budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups, but particularly so during periods of high growth".[34]  Unemployment fell from 18% in the late 1980s to 4.5% by the end of 2007,[35] and average industrial wages grew at one of the highest rates in Europe. Inflation brushed 5% per annum towards the end of the "Tiger" period, pushing Irish prices up to those of Nordic Europe, even though wage rates are roughly the same as in the UK. The national debt had remained constant during the boom, but the GDP to debt ratio rose, due to the dramatic rise in GDP.[36]

text: The new wealth resulted in large investments in modernising Irish infrastructure and cities. The National Development Plan led to improvements in roads, and new transport services were developed, such as the Luas light rail lines, the Dublin Port Tunnel, and the extension of the Cork Suburban Rail. Local authorities enhanced city streets and built monuments such as the Spire of Dublin.[37]

text:
Ireland's trend of net emigration was reversed as the republic became a destination for immigrants.[38]  This significantly changed Irish demographics and resulted in expanding multiculturalism, particularly in the Dublin, Cork, Limerick, and Galway areas.[39]  It was estimated[who?] in 2007 that 10% of Irish residents were foreign-born; most of the new arrivals were citizens of Poland and the Baltic states, many of whom found work in the retail and service sectors. A study conducted in 2006 found that many Irish people regarded immigration as an important factor for economic progress.[40]  Within Ireland, many young people left the rural countryside to live and work in urban centres.[citation needed]
Many people in Ireland believe that the growing consumerism during the boom years eroded the country's culture, with the adoption of American capitalist ideals. While Ireland's historical economic ties to the UK had often been the subject of criticism, Peader Kirby argued that the new ties to the US economy were met with a "satisfied silence".[41] Nevertheless, voices on the political left have decried the "closer to Boston than Berlin" philosophy of the Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrat government.[42]  Writers such as William Wall, Mike McCormick, and Gerry Murphy have satirised these developments. Growing wealth was blamed for rising crime levels among youths, particularly alcohol-related violence resulting from increased spending power. However, it was also accompanied by rapidly increased life expectancy and very high quality of life ratings; the country ranked first in The Economist's 2005 quality of life index.[43]

text: The growing success of Ireland's economy encouraged entrepreneurship and risk-taking, qualities that had been dormant during poor economic periods. However, whilst some semblance of a culture of entrepreneurship exists, foreign-owned companies account for 93% of Ireland's exports.[44]

text: Downturn, 2001–2003[edit]

text: The Celtic Tiger's growth slowed along with the slowing in the world economy in 2002 after seven years of high growth.[18][45]

text: The economy was adversely affected by a large reduction in investment in the worldwide information technology (IT) industry. The industry had over-expanded in the late 1990s, and its stock market equity declined sharply. Ireland was a major player in the IT industry: in 2002, it had exported US$10.4 billion worth of computer services, compared to $6.9 billion from the US. Ireland accounted for approximately 50% of all mass-market packaged software sold in Europe in 2002 (OECD, 2002; OECD, 2004).[citation needed]

text: Foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks damaged Ireland's tourism and agricultural sectors, deterring U.S. and British tourists. Several companies moved operations to Eastern Europe and the People's Republic of China because of a rise in Irish wage costs, insurance premiums, and a general reduction in Ireland's economic competitiveness.[46] The rising value of the Euro hit non-EMU exports, particularly those to the U.S. and the United Kingdom.[citation needed]

text: At the same time, economies globally experienced a slowdown. The US economy grew only 0.3% in April, May, and June 2002 from a year earlier, and the Federal Reserve made 11 rate cuts that year[which?] in an attempt to stimulate the US economy. The EU scarcely grew throughout the whole of 2002, and many members' governments (notably in Germany and France) lost control of public finances, causing large deficits that broke the terms of the EMU Stability and Growth Pact.[citation needed]

text: The economic downturn in Ireland was not a recession but a slowdown in the rate of economic expansion. Signs of a recovery became evident in late 2003, as US investment levels increased once again. Many senior economists have heavily criticised[47] the government for the economic imbalance in favour of the construction industry, and the prospect of sustaining economic growth in the future.[clarification needed][citation needed]

text: Post-2003 resurgence[edit]

text: After the slowdown in 2001 and 2002, Irish economic growth began to accelerate again in late 2003 and 2004.[48]  Some of the media considered that an opportunity to document the return of the Celtic Tiger – occasionally referred to in the press as the "Celtic Tiger 2" and "Celtic Tiger Mark 2".[49] In 2004, Irish growth was[citation needed] the highest, at 4.5%, of the EU-15 states, and a similar figure was forecast for 2005. Those rates contrast with growth rates of 1% to 3% for many other European economies, including France, Germany, and Italy. The pace of expansion in lending to households from 2003-2007 was among the highest in the euro area[50]

text: In 2006, there was a surge in Foreign Direct Investment[51] and a net increase of 3,795 in IDA supported jobs, with International and Financial Services having the highest growth rate.[citation needed] The reasons for the continuation of the Irish economic boom were somewhat controversial[citation needed] within Ireland. Some Economists, Civil Rights Activists and Social Commentators have said that the growth throughout this period was merely due to a great increase in property values, and to catch-up growth in employment in the construction sector.[citation needed]

text: Globally, the U.S. recovery boosted Ireland's economy due to Ireland's close economic ties to the US.[citation needed] The decline in tourism as a result of foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks had reversed itself.[52] The recovery of the global information technology industry was also a factor; Ireland produced[citation needed] 25% of all European PCs, and Apple, Dell (whose major European manufacturing plant was in Limerick),  HP, and IBM all had sizeable Irish operations.

text:
There had been a renewed investment by multinational firms. Intel had resumed its Irish expansion, Google created an office in Dublin,[53] Abbott Laboratories was building a new Irish facility,[54] and Bell Labs planned to open a future facility.[55]
Domestically, a new state body, Science Foundation Ireland,[30] was established to promote new science companies in Ireland[56] Maturing funds from the SSIA government savings scheme relaxed consumers' concerns about spending and thus fueled retail sales growth.[57]

text: In September 2009, Tánaiste Mary Coughlan said Ireland had lost ground in international competitiveness every year since 2000.[58]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: Property market[edit]

text: The return of the boom in 2004 was claimed to be primarily the result of the large construction sector's catching up with the demand caused by the first boom. The construction sector represented nearly 12% of GDP and a large proportion of employment among young, unskilled men. A number of sources, including The Economist,[59] warned of excessive Irish property values. 2004 saw the construction of 80,000 new homes, compared to the UK's 160,000 – a nation that has 15 times Ireland's population. House prices doubled between 2000 and 2006; tax incentives were a key driver of this price rise,[60] and the Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrats government subsequently received substantial criticism for these policies.[42]

text: In January 2009, UCD economist Morgan Kelly predicted that house prices would fall by 80% from peak to trough in real terms.[61]

text: Loss of competitiveness[edit]

text: Rising wages, inflation, and excessive public spending[62] led to a loss of competitiveness in the Irish economy.[63] Irish wages were substantially above the EU average, particularly in the Dublin region, though many poorer Eastern European states had joined the EU since 2004, substantially lowering the average EU wage below its 1995 level. Low-paid sectors, such as retail and hospitality, remained below the EU-15 average, however. The pressures primarily affect unskilled, semi-skilled, and manufacturing jobs. Outsourcing of professional jobs also increased, with Poland in 2008 gaining several hundred former Irish jobs from the accountancy divisions of Philips and Dell.[citation needed]

text: Promotion of indigenous industry[edit]

text: One of the major challenges facing Ireland is the successful promotion of indigenous industry. Although Ireland boasted a few large international companies, such as AIB, CRH, Élan,  Kerry Group, Ryanair, and Smurfit Kappa, there are few companies with over one billion euros in annual revenue. The government has charged Enterprise Ireland[27] with the task of boosting Ireland's indigenous industry and launched a website[64] in 2003 with the objective of streamlining and marketing the process of starting a business in Ireland.

text: Reliance on foreign energy sources[edit]

text: Ireland relies on imported fossil fuels for over 80% of its energy.[65][66]  Ireland for many years in the middle twentieth century limited its dependence on external energy sources by developing its peat bogs, building various hydroelectric projects, including a dam at Ardnacrusha on the River Shannon in 1928, developing offshore gas fields, and diversifying into coal in the 1970s. As gas, peat, and hydroelectric power have been almost fully exploited in Ireland, there is a continuously increasing need for imported fossil fuels at a time of increasing concerns about security of supply and global warming. One solution is to develop alternative energy sources, including wind power and, to a lesser extent, wave power. Wind,however, is not a panacea[66] as it needs to have conventional plants to augment it.

text: An offshore wind farm is currently[when?] under construction off the east coast near Arklow, and many remote locations in the west show potential for wind farm development. A report[67] by Sustainable Energy Ireland indicated that if wind power were properly developed, Ireland could[citation needed] one day be exporting excess wind power if the natural difficulties of integrating wind power into the national grid are solved. Wind power by November 2009 already accounted for 15.4% of total installed generating capacity in the state. By 2020, the Irish government forecasts that 40% of the country's energy needs will come from renewable sources, well above the EU average.[68]

text: Distribution of wealth[edit]

text: Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed.[34] The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations.[49] There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement.[69]  However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. Moreover, Ireland's inequality persists by other measurements. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.[70]

text: Banking scandals[edit]

text: The New York Times in 2005 described Ireland as the "Wild West of European finance", a perception that helped prompt the creation of the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority.[71] Despite its mandate for stricter oversight, the agency never imposed major sanctions on any Irish institution, even though Ireland had experienced several major banking scandals in overcharging of their customers.[72]  Industry representatives disputed the idea that Ireland may be home to unchecked financial frauds.[73]  In December 2008, irregularities in directors loans that had been kept off one bank's balance sheet for eight years forced the resignation of the financial regulator.[74][75]  Economic commentator David McWilliams has described the collapse of Anglo Irish Bank as Ireland's Enron.[76]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)

tag: table

text: Death of the Tiger[edit]

text: In an economic analysis, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) on 24 June 2008 forecasted the possibility the Irish economy would experience marginal negative growth in 2008. This would be the first time since 1983.[77]  Outlining possible prospects for the economy for 2008, the ESRI said output of goods and services might fall that year—which would have been the Irish definition of a mild recession. It also predicted a recovery in 2009 and 2010.[78][79][80][needs update]

text: In September 2008, Ireland became the first eurozone country to officially enter recession. The recession was confirmed by figures from the Central Statistics Office showing the bursting of the property bubble and a collapse in consumer spending that terminated the boom that was the Celtic Tiger.[81][82]  The figures show the gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the value of all the goods and services produced in the State, fell 0.8% in the second three months of 2008 compared with the same quarter of 2007. That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth, which is the definition of a recession.[citation needed] The Celtic Tiger was declared dead by October 2008[83]

text:
In a November 2008 interview in Hot Press, in a grim assessment of where Ireland stood, then Taoiseach Brian Cowen said many people still did not realise how badly shaken the public finances were.[84]
By 30 January 2009, Ireland’s government debt had become the riskiest in the euro zone, surpassing Greece’s sovereign bonds, according to credit-default swap prices.[85]  In February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen said that Ireland's economy appeared on course to contract by 6.5% in 2009.[86]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald blamed Ireland's dire economic state in 2009 on a series of "calamitous" government policy errors. Between the years of 2000 and 2003 the then Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy boosted public spending by 48% while cutting income tax. A second problem occurred when government policies allowed, or even encouraged, a housing bubble to develop, "on an immense scale".[87]  However, he wrote nothing of the impact of the European Central Bank's low interest rates which funded the property bubble and further exacerbated the overheating economy[88]

text:
Nobel laureate Paul Krugman[89] had a bleak prediction,[90][91]
“As far as responding to the recession goes, Ireland appears to be really, truly without options, other than to hope for an export-led recovery, if and when the rest of the world bounces back.”

text: The International Monetary Fund in mid-April 2009 forecast a very poor outlook for Ireland. It projected that the Irish economy would contract by 8 per cent in 2009 and by 3 per cent in 2010 – and that might be on the optimistic side.[92][93]

text: Unemployment in Ireland was forecasted to rise almost 17 percent in 2010, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in a report published on 28 April 2009,[94] however the unemployment rate in 2010 steadied at 14%. In 2012, the unemployment rate was at 14.8 percent, and in order to escape economic downfall, Ireland requested €67.5 billion ($85.7 billion) from the International Monetary Fund and members of the euro area. Taking the money meant accepting austerity: The government has cut expenditure by 15 percent over three years, consumer spending has dropped for six straight quarters, and young Irish by the thousands have emigrated to Australia and elsewhere.

text: On 19 November 2010, The Irish Government had begun talks on a multibillion-dollar economic assistance package with experts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union.

text: In mid-2011 the ratings agency Moody's proceeded to downgrade Ireland's government bond ratings to junk.[95]


document_title: Acura RDX

question_text: when did the body style change on the acura rdx

root

text: Acura RDX

text: First generation (TB1, 2007–2012)[edit]

text:
TB1

2007 Acura RDX

Overview

Production
July 2006–2012

Model years
2007–2012

Assembly
Marysville, Ohio, United States
Marysville Auto Plant

Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive, all-wheel drive (SH-AWD)

Powertrain

Engine
2.3 L K23A1 Turbo I4

Transmission
5-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
104.3 in (2,649 mm)

Length
2007-09: 180.7 in (4,590 mm)
2010: 182.5 in (4,636 mm)

Width
73.6 in (1,869 mm)

Height
65.2 in (1,656 mm)

Curb weight
3,968 lb (1,800 kg)

text: Originally previewed as the Acura RD-X concept car, the production RDX had its debut at the 2006 New York Auto Show and went on sale on August 11, 2006. A facelifted 2010 model went on sale in August 2009, adopting Acura's power plenum grille seen on its sedan models. Front-wheel drive was also added.

tag: p

text: Engine[edit]

text: The first generation RDX is powered by turbocharged gasoline engines; at the time, this was uncommon among Honda vehicles although it has since become common. The 2.3-litre straight-4 K23A1 engine has all-aluminum construction, an i-VTEC head, and dual balance shafts. It is also one of the only four-cylinder powered luxury SUVs. Honda's variable flow turbocharger reduces turbo lag by using a valve to narrow the exhaust passage at low rpm, increasing the velocity of the exhaust flow and keeping the turbine spinning rapidly. At higher rpm, the valve opens to allow more exhaust flow for increased boost. The engine also features a top-mounted intercooler which receives air from the grille, channeled by ducting under the hood. The Acura RDX engine is rated at 240 bhp (179.0 kW; 243.3 PS) at 6000 rpm with a torque peak of 260 ft·lbf (350 N·m) at 4500 rpm. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated fuel mileage is 19 mpg‑US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg‑imp) city and 23 mpg‑US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) highway miles per gallon. Driving style and the terrain plays an important part in this Vehicle's fuel economy. Uphill driving, frequent lane changes and sudden accelerations can increase turbo usage to increase torque output to the SH-AWD system and thus cause much higher fuel consumption. New more recent EPA mileage estimates as of February 2007 are 17 mpg‑US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg‑imp) city and 22 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg‑imp) highway. The required fuel is premium 91 octane unleaded.

text: Drivetrain[edit]

text: The Acura RDX comes standard with a five-speed automatic transmission with Acura's SportShift sequential manual shift capability, activated by paddles mounted on the steering wheel. The paddles can be used in Drive (D) to make a gear change with the transmission returning to automatic mode as soon as the vehicle resumes a steady-cruise state. The Sport (S) setting has higher shift points and quicker downshifts, and using a paddle in “Sport” immediately puts the transmission in full manual mode. The RDX also has a version of Acura's Super Handling All-Wheel Drive (SH-AWD), first seen on the flagship RL sedan. The system can vary the front/rear torque distribution from 90/10 to 30/70, depending on whether the vehicle is accelerating, cruising, hill climbing, taking a curve, or encountering poor road conditions. When taking a curve, a pair of magnetic flux clutches in the rear differential can transfer as much as 100% of the available rear torque to the outside wheel. That torque transfer, combined with a 1.7% rear over-rotation of the rear wheel helps rotate the RDX through a turn.

text: Interior[edit]

text: The RDX seats five and comes standard with leather seating, a moonroof, automatic climate control, and all the expected power features. The RDX 7-speaker audio system features an in-dash 6-CD changer, which is capable of playing standard Audio CDs, and Data-CDs burned with either MP3 or WMA files, it also plays DVD-A type CDs. The RDX's sound system also includes XM Satellite Radio with a complimentary 3-month subscription.

text: Much of the interior technology introduced in the RL sedan is found in the optional "Technology Package". This package includes the latest version of Acura's navigation system, complete with a rear view camera, XM Nav-Traffic real-time traffic monitoring, and Zagat restaurant reviews. The package also features a 10-speaker ELS Surround audio system with DTS and Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound. The audio system plays DVD-Audio discs as well. Both stereos come with a 1/8" (a 3.5mm) auxiliary input jack, which may be used to plug in external sources such as iPods. For 2007, Acura also offered an iPod adapter for the RDX, which was wired into the glove box, and allowed the iPod to be controlled through the RDX's sound system interface. Due to hardware incompatibilities the Honda/Acura iPod musiclink has been discontinued as of model year 2008. 2010+ models come standard with a USB connection that interfaces with Apple iPod players and other USB mass storage devices, such as flash drives that contain MP3, WMA6 or AAC music files while being stored in the center console.

text: Almost all of the ELS sound system's operations can be activated by voice command, as can most of the operations for the navigation and climate control systems. In addition, the vehicle will interact with most Bluetooth-equipped cell phones. The driver can initiate or receive calls through verbal command. During the call, the sound system will mute and channel the call through the speakers while caller and signal information is displayed on the instrument cluster.

text: The tailgate opens over six-feet high and 60/40 rear seatbacks fold down for a flat cargo area. A hard cargo cover can fit flush on the floor when not needed and is reversible to carry wet or dirty cargo. The cabin includes several storage areas including a lockable center console that can hold a standard size laptop computer. The cargo hold is small size compared to most rivals and does not have the adjustable cargo tracks or a rear parcel shelf.

text: Safety[edit]

text: The Acura RDX is the second Acura vehicle to feature the Advanced Compatibility Engineering (ACE) body structure which is designed to absorb energy from a collision. The RDX comes standard with six airbags, including dual front airbags, front side airbags and dual side curtain airbags. The front airbags use a dual-threshold, dual-stage technology that can adjust the timing and speed of each airbag deployment depending on the degree of impact and the driver's or front passenger's seat belt usage. If sensors deem the front passenger too small (less than 65 lb (29 kg)), the front airbag is designed not to deploy. The front passenger's side airbag is also designed to shut off if a child or small-statured adult is leaning into the airbag's deployment path. In the event of a sufficient side impact or roll-over, the side curtain airbag deploys from above the door frames of the affected side, with coverage for both the front and rear occupants on that side, and stays inflated longer than if there were a collision.

text: Front seats have active head restraints and their seat belts are equipped with pre-tensioners and force-limiters. As of November 2006 the RDX was crash tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, resulting in a perfect "5 Star" rating for driver and passenger frontal crashes, and front and rear side impacts, along with "4 Stars" for rollover.

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute (IIHS-HLDI) gave the 2007-12 RDX the grade of Good "G" for moderate overlap front test and side impact test. The grade of Marginal "M" was given for roof strength evaluation.[1]

text: Second generation (2013–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation Acura RDX

2013 Acura RDX

Overview

Production
Mar 2012–present

Model years
2013–present

Assembly
East Liberty, Ohio, United States
East Liberty Auto Plant

Powertrain

Engine
3.0 L J30Y1 V6 (China Only)
3.5 L J35Y V6

Transmission
6-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
105.7 inches (9 foot 6 inches

Length
183.7 inches (16 ft 7 inches

Width
73 inches (6 foot 7 inches)

Height
64.2 inches (5 foot 8 inches

Curb weight
3,717 lb (1,686 kg) (FWD)
3,838 lb (1,741 kg) (AWD)

text: The second generation RDX was revealed during January 2012 at the North American International Auto Show going on sale in April.[2] The turbocharged four-cylinder engine was replaced by a 3.5-liter V6 mated to a six-speed automatic, improving gas mileage to an EPA estimated 20/28/23 mpg (city/highway/combined) by using variable displacement (VCM).[3] The SH-AWD system will be replaced with a simpler and less costly AWD setup.

text: A 5-inch display, tri-angle rear-view backup camera are standard, as well as keyless entry with push button start. Also, standard Bluetooth hands-free calling and Pandora music can be streamed wirelessly into the audio system. When upgrading to the Technology package, a power tailgate is included,[4] along with an upgraded 60-gigabyte hard disc (HDD) based navigation system with 8-inch screen, this system enables 15GB of music to be stored.

text: In China, the RDX is offered with two engines. A 3.0-liter SOHC V6 produces 263 hp at 6700 rpm and 220 lb.ft of torque at 4600 rpm, while the 3.5-liter SOHC V6 produces 273 hp at 6500 rpm and 254 lb.ft at 4400 rpm. Both engine choices come with either FWD or AWD.

text: 2016 Facelift[edit]

text: The refreshed 2016 RDX was introduced at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show,[5] sales began in mid-April.[6] The updated RDX uses a slightly more powerful revised 3.5L SOHC V6 that produces 279 horsepower and 252 lb-ft of torque. The exterior adds LED headlamps (low and high beams, DRL pipe and amber turn signals) and LED taillamps. Additionally, the 2016 RDX includes several driver assists in the AcuraWatch package including Adaptive Cruise Control and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS).[7] AWD was also updated to send up to 40% torque to rear wheels opposed to up to 25% in the previous model.

text: Safety[edit]

text:
NHTSA 2014 RDX:[8][9]

Overall:

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Passenger:

Side Pole Driver:

Rollover FWD:
 / 16.4%

Rollover AWD:
 / 15.5%

text:
IIHS scores:[10]

Moderate overlap frontal offset
Good

Small overlap frontal offset (2013–15)
not tested

Small overlap frontal offset (2016–present)
Good1

Side impact
Good

Roof strength
Good2

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Acura and Marvel Entertainment, LLC, announced a joint promotional campaign with Marvel's The Avengers movie. Throughout Marvel's The Avengers, S.H.I.E.L.D. agents drive various Acura vehicles, including the MDX, ZDX, and TL models; the completely redesigned 2013 RDX was to make a cameo appearance in the movie but the scene did not make it in the final movie. In addition, the Acura NSX concept convertible sports car made an appearance in the movie.[11]

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar year
US sales

2006
9,164[12]

2007
23,356[13]

2008
15,845

2009
10,153

2010
14,975[14]

2011
15,196

2012
29,520

2013
44,750[15]

2014
44,865[16]

2015
51,026

2016
52,361


document_title: Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)

question_text: where was the movie journey to the center of the earth filmed

text: Plot[edit]

text: Max Anderson (Jean-Michel Paré) is being pursued by a Giganotosaurus when he finds a fissure vent. When he tries to jump across, he falls while calling out his brother's name. Ten years later, Max's 13-year-old son, Sean Anderson (Josh Hutcherson), visit Max's brother, volcanologist Trevor Anderson (Brendan Fraser). In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book, Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Notes written by Max are found inside the book.

text: In Trevor's volcanology laboratory, a device shows activity on Snæfell, a dormant volcano in Iceland. Trevor and Sean travel to Iceland to investigate. They try to contact Icelandic volcanologist Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson, but instead encounter his daughter Hannah Ásgeirsson (Anita Briem) since her father had died some years earlier.[3] It turns out that Sigurbjörn and Max were both Vernians, a group of people who believe the works of Jules Verne to be fact and not fiction.

text: Hannah offers to help them climb the volcano. While the group is hiking up the volcano, a lightning storm forces them to take shelter in a cave. The cave entrance collapses, trapping them in what appears to be an abandoned mine. The trio then rides on out-of-control mine carts, in which the tracks start to branch off in three ways. Hannah and Trevor save each other from dead-ends and Sean reunites with them. They reach the bottom of a volcanic vent, but the floor of the vent breaks, and they begin to fall towards the center of the Earth. The vent eventually becomes a water slide which drops them safely into a lake in the center of the Earth, which turns out to be a completely separate world contained within the Earth.

text: The group starts seeking a way back to the surface. Along the way, they find evidence that someone had been there a hundred years ago. Trevor remarks that some instruments found are Lidenbrock's (the name of a character in the book), suggesting that another group had previously made the journey, somehow returned to the surface and recounted the tale of their adventure to Verne. They find some of Max's things as well. While Trevor and Sean are examining what they've found, Hannah finds Max's body. They bury Max on the beach of the underground ocean and Trevor reads a letter to Sean found in Max's journal. Trevor discovers that his brother died due to dehydration because of hot magma surrounding the center of the Earth.

text: Using information from Max's journal, Trevor determines that they must find a geyser that can send them to the surface before the temperature rises to 200 °F (about 93 °C). Further, they must reach the geyser within 48 hours or the water for the geyser will have evaporated. They build a raft and begin crossing the underground ocean, but soon encounter a pack of Xiphactinus. They use makeshift clubs to bat them away, then a shoal of Elasmosaurus attacks the Xiphactinus, allowing the trio to escape. The raft's sail becomes loose. Sean tries to hold on, but is blown away and separated from the two adults.

text: A little bird guides Sean towards the river. Meanwhile, Trevor and Hannah decide to take a rest, but are attacked by carnivorous plants. Hannah is captured and starts being strangled by the plants. Trevor defeats the plant that is holding Hannah by the neck, and they continue towards the geyser.

text: When they arrive at the river, Trevor calls out to Sean but gets no response. Trevor says he is going to look for Sean, but tells Hannah she should continue on to the geyser and save herself. Before he goes, Hannah kisses Trevor in case he does not return. Meanwhile, Sean has entered an arid, bone-filled land. He hears roars, looks up and sees a 80-foot  Giganotosaurus coming after him. Trevor saves him, and the dinosaur falls through the fragile floor while trying to catch them. When they get to a river, they find Hannah sailing a boat fashioned from a Tyrannosaurus skull. They sail to a volcano with magma rising in its crater, but they are too late; the water needed for the geyser has evaporated.

text: Sean notices that the crater walls are wet. Trevor hears water flowing on the other side of the walls and sees that the crater walls contain magnesium. After he uses a flare to ignite the magnesium, the resulting water-magma collision triggers the geyser, shooting them up and out of the center of the Earth through Mount Vesuvius. When they fall, they accidentally destroy some of the vines in a vineyard. To make amends with the vineyard's farmer, Sean gives the owner a diamond that he found while in the center of the Earth. Trevor sees that Sean has many more diamonds in his backpack.

text: After the adventure, Sean visits Trevor and Hannah in their new home, purchased using some of the diamonds Sean took from the cave; Trevor is also using them to fund his late brother's laboratory. Trevor hands Sean a book about another strange land, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World by Ignatius L. Donnelly, and suggests they get together during Sean's Christmas break. Sean reveals that he has brought the little bird back from the center of the Earth to keep as a pet. However, the bird happily flies away, possibly reproducing his extinct species.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as Professor Trevor 'Trev' Anderson, a volcanologist and Sean's uncle
Josh Hutcherson as Sean Anderson, Trevor's nephew
Anita Briem as Hannah Ásgeirsson
Seth Meyers as Professor Alan Kitzens
Jean-Michel Paré as Maxwell 'Max' Anderson, Sean’s father and Trevor's brother
Jane Wheeler as Elizabeth 'Liz' Anderson, Sean's mother and Max's wife
Giancarlo Caltabiano as Leonard
Garth Gilker as Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and filming[edit]

text: On September 22, 2001, Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne. Michael D. Weiss, Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film. Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008. On April 16, 2003, it was announced that Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem, Josh Hutcherson, Seth Meyers, Jean-Michel Paré, Jane Wheeler, Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film. On 9 December 2005, it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film. On March 2006, development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland. On April 20, 2006, principal photography and production began. On January 2, 2007, New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006. The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action, with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer-generated graphics.[4] The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D.[5]

text: Josh Hutcherson's character, Sean, is named after the professor and conservation biologist Dr. Sean Anderson.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was shown before screenings of Meet the Robinsons, the re-release of The Nightmare Before Christmas and the release of Beowulf, with the Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, and during the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards. Warner Bros. marketed the film like a theme park attraction.[7] However, the studio had to slightly tweak the campaign (including dropping "3D" from the title) when it became clear that the film would be shown in 3-D in far fewer theaters than anticipated.[8]

text: Theme parks[edit]

text: In May 2009, the film premiered as "Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D" at Stone Mountain Park in Georgia.[9] It also opened in the motion simulator at Dollywood under the same name on June 12, 2009.[10] It also featured in the new 4D Cinema at the Weston Super-Mare Grand Pier in the U.K. It was also shown in Movieworld on the Gold Coast.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 28, 2008, in standard 2-D format as well as a magenta / green anaglyph. It opened at #2 at the DVD sales chart, selling 843,224 units in the 1st week which translates to $13,238,617 in revenue.[11] As per the latest figures, 1,642,994 DVD units have been sold, bringing in $25,346,260 in revenue. This doesn't include Blu-ray Disc sales / DVD rentals.[11] The 2008 2-disc BD edition of the movie doesn't conform to the – only later established – Blu-ray 3D specifications, which means that this version doesn't take advantage of any dedicated 3D HDTVs, although it can be watched on 3D HDTVs,  as well as on any other TV in anaglyph 3D, by using red-cyan paper glasses (four pairs are included). A 3D Blu-ray version was released on January 17, 2012.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews. It received a 61% approval rating by Rotten Tomatoes, based on 158 reviews with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Modern visuals and an old fashioned storyline make this family adventure/comedy a fast-paced, kitschy ride."[12] Metacritic gave the film a 57 out of 100, based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[13]Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4. Peter Travers gave it 2.5 stars and Owen Glieberman gave it a B-.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth grossed $101.7 million in the US and $139.2 million foreign sales, with a total of $242 million worldwide.[1]

text: The film opened at #3 in North America, behind Hellboy II: The Golden Army and Hancock. The film grossed $21,018,141 in 2,811 theaters in its first week of release with an average of $7,477. 57 percent of the opening gross was taken from theaters which showed the film in 3-D. In second weekend it dropped to $12,340,435 and in third to $9,717,217.[7]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Year
Category
Result
Cast/Crew

Teen Choice Awards
2008
Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure
Nominated

Young Artist Award
2009
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Nominated
Josh Hutcherson

BMI Film & TV Awards
2009

Won
Andrew Lockington

World Soundtrack Awards
2009
Discovery of the Year
Nominated
Andrew Lockington

text: International releases[edit]

text:
Brazil - July 11, 2008
Canada - July 11, 2008
Ireland - July 11, 2008
United Kingdom - July 11, 2008
United States - July 11, 2008
Chile - August 7, 2008
Singapore - August 7, 2008

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In March 2009, Walden Media announced a sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, with Josh Hutcherson, Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Luis Guzman, and Vanessa Hudgens. Jane Wheeler was replaced by Kristin Davis. Journey 2 was filmed between November 2010 and February 2011 and was released in February 2012.  Like the first film, the sequel was shot in 3D, and the script is loosely based on a Verne novel – this time The Mysterious Island.

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth: 4-D Adventure[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D Adventure is a 15-minute 4D film shown at various 4D theatres all over the world. It retells the condensed story of the film with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist and scents. Produced by SimEx-Iwerks,[14] the 4D experience premiered in 2009. Locations included Warner Bros. Movie World (2010–2012),[15] Dollywood (2009–2012),[16] Enchanted Kingdom (2009–),[17] Stone Mountain, and Rainbows End.


document_title: Lady and the Tramp

question_text: what kind of dog is jock on lady and the tramp

text: Lady and the Tramp

text: Plot

text: On Christmas morning, 1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady. Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tony's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg (a Pekingese) and Bull (a bulldog) from the local dogcatcher. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly. Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is, Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter, making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that "when the baby moves in, the dog moves out."

text: Eventually, the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant, of whom Lady grows fond. Soon after, Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip, with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house. Aunt Sarah's two trouble-making Siamese cats, Si and Am, deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them. Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle. Terrifed, Lady flees, only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs. Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle. Later, Tramp shows Lady how he lives "footloose and collar-free", eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony's. Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp, but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby. Tramp offers to escort Lady back home, but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun, Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound. While at the pound, the other dogs (including Peg and Bull, who have been caught) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down. She is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah, who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away.

text: Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady, but when Tramp arrives to apologize, Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound. Tramp sadly leaves, but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house. Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it, but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet. Tramp hears her barking and rushes back, entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery. Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery, where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby's crib before ultimately killing the rat. The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah, who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible. She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement, then calls the pound to take Tramp away. Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs, and when they release Lady, she leads them to the dead rat. Overhearing everything, Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher's wagon. The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses, causing the wagon to crash. Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady, and she reunites with Tramp, but their joy is short-lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon's wheel, motionless, with Jock howling mournfully.

text: That Christmas, Tramp has been adopted into the family, and he and Lady have started their own family, with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp. Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty, who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg, which is still healing. Thanks to the puppies, Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable, but he has forgotten them.

text: Cast

text:
Barbara Luddy as Lady
Larry Roberts as Tramp
Bill Thompson as Jock, Joe, Dachsie, Policeman
Bill Baucom as Trusty
Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah
George Givot as Tony
Lee Millar as Jim Dear, Dogcatcher
Peggy Lee as Darling, Si and Am, Peg
Stan Freberg as the beaver
Alan Reed as Boris
Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator
Dallas McKennon as Toughy, Pedro, Professor, Hyena
The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens) as Dog Chorus

text: Production

text: Story development

text: In 1937, Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady, and how she got "shoved aside" by Joe's new baby. He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady. Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady.[3] Through the late 1930s and early 1940s, Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story, taking a variety of approaches, but Disney was not pleased with any of them, primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet, and there was not enough action.[3]

text: In the early 1940s, Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene, "Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog", in Cosmopolitan magazine.[4] He thought Grant's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene's story and bought the rights to it.[5] The cynical dog had various names during development, including Homer, Rags, and Bozo, before "Tramp" was chosen.[4]

text: The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned. Lady was to have only one next-door neighbor, a Ralph Bellamy-type canine named Hubert. Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty. Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother-in-law. In the final film, she is softened to a busybody. Aunt Sarah's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am.[4] Originally, Lady's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth. These were changed to highlight Lady's point of view. They were briefly referred to as "Mister" and "Missis" before settling on the names "Jim Dear" and "Darling". To maintain a dog's perspective, Darling and Jim's faces are rarely shown, similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches, but became a great deal more frightening, due to the need to raise dramatic tension. A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says "Everybody knows, a dog's best friend is his human", Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched; the dogs are the masters and vice versa.[3] There was a love triangle among Lady, Tramp, and a Russian wolfhound named Boris (who appears in the dog pound in the final version).[6]

text: The film's opening sequence, in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside, is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box.[7]

text: In 1949, Grant left the studio, yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool.[3] A solid story began taking shape in 1953,[5] based on Grant's storyboards and Greene's short story.[3] Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself, at Walt Disney's insistence, so that audiences would be familiar with the story.[8] Grant did not receive film credit for his story work, an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition's behind-the-scenes vignette that explained Grant's role.[3]

text: Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie.[9]

text: Animation

text: As they had done with deer on Bambi, the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs. Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film, Walt Disney was prepared to cut it, thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly. Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay-outs. Walt was impressed by Thomas's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in.[3] On viewing the first take of the scene, the animators felt that the action should be slowed down, so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create "half numbers" in between many of the original frames.[10]

text: Originally, the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film. However, she left the studio to become a children's book illustrator in 1953. Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist. Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling's house, and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog's view.[8] Eyvind Earle (who later became the art director of Disney's Sleeping Beauty) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film.[8]

text: CinemaScope

text: Originally, Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio. However, due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie-goers, Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process.[4] This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators: the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups.[5] It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse.[4] Longer takes become necessary since constant jump-cutting would seem too busy or annoying.[2] Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique. Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them.[5] Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes, such as Tramp killing the rat.[2]

text: More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time. Upon learning this, Walt issued two versions of the film: one in widescreen, and another in the Academy ratio. This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen.[11]

text: Release

text: Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22, 1955. At the time, the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[12] earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955.[13] An episode of Disneyland called "A Story of Dogs" aired before the film's release.[14] The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962, 1972, 1980, and 1986. Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16–18, 2013.[15]

text: Home media

text: Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990. It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23, 1999.

text: After the first release on video tapes, Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales. Disney CEO Eisner refused, thus she filed suite in 1988. Eventually in 1992, the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4% on the video sales.[9]

text: Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28, 2006, as the seventh installment of Disney's Platinum Editions series.[16] One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28, 2006.[17] The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007, along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film's sequel Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure.[18]

text: Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu-ray on February 7, 2012 as a part of Disney's Diamond Editions series.[19] A standalone 1-disc DVD edition was released on March 20, 2012.[20][21]

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text: Despite being an enormous success at the box office, the film was also initially panned by critics: one indicated that the dogs had "the dimensions of hippos," another that "the artists' work is below par".[22]

text: However, the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic. The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti — climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti — is considered an iconic scene in American film history.

text: Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the "100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time" by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years...100 Passions special, as one of only two animated films to appear on the list, along with Disney's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th.[23] In 2010, Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all-time great Disney & Pixar soundtracks.[24] In June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[25]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received an 89% approval rating with an average rating of 7.6/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus states that "A nostalgic charmer, Lady and the Tramp's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience."[26]

text: Accolades

text:
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result

1956
BAFTA Awards[27]
Best Animated Film
Nominated

David di Donatello Awards[28]
Best Foreign Producer
(Walt Disney)
Won

2006
Satellite Awards[29]
Best Youth DVD
Nominated

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[30]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 95
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

He's a Tramp – Nominated[31]

AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[32]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Animated Film[33]

text: Music

text:
Lady and the Tramp

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
9 September 1997

Genre
Classical

Length
48:00

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Ted Kryczko (executive)

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[34]

text: The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well.[4] In the film, she sings "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song", and "He's a Tramp".[35] She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers.[4] These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.

text: On November 16, 1988, Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract, claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music, arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions.[36] After a protracted legal battle, she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991.[37]

text: The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9, 1997, and was released as a digital download on September 26, 2006.[38]

text: Track listing

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title (Bella Notte) / The Wag of a Dog's Tail"
2:03

2.
"Peace on Earth (Silent Night)"
1:01

3.
"It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later"
3:53

4.
"Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper"
1:44

5.
"A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It's Jim Dear"
3:17

6.
"What a Day! / Breakfast at Tony's"
1:05

7.
"Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn"
2:44

8.
"Countdown to B-Day"
2:05

9.
"Baby's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu"
3:11

10.
"Going Away / Aunt Sarah"
1:51

11.
"The Siamese Cat Song / What's Going on Down There?"
2:35

12.
"The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks"
1:54

13.
"You Poor Kid / He's Not My Dog"
1:23

14.
"Through the Zoo / A Log Puller"
1:59

15.
"Footloose and Collar-Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte"
4:22

16.
"It's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught"
2:51

17.
"Home Sweet Home"
1:30

18.
"The Pound"
1:27

19.
"What a Dog / He's a Tramp"
2:24

20.
"In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty's Sacrifice"
6:05

21.
"Watch the Birdie / Visitors"
2:05

22.
"Finale (Peace on Earth)"
0:31

Total length:
48:00

text: Sequel

text: On February 27, 2001, Disney Television Animation released a direct-to-video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. Produced 46 years after its predecessor, the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp's only son, Scamp, who desires to be a wild dog. He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules. Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative, with critics panning its plot.


document_title: Josh MacRae

question_text: who sang the song messing about on the river

text: Josh MacRae

text: Josh MacRae (1933–1977)[1] was a Scottish folk singer. Accompanying himself on guitar, he had two hits in Britain, "Talking Army Blues" (on Top Rank Records, in 1960) and "Messing About on the River" (Pye, 1961). [1] His real name was Iain Macrae; he called himself Josh after the blues musician Josh White.[1]

text: He also worked as an art teacher at Kirkland Junior High School at Methil, Scotland, in the mid sixties.


document_title: Athletics abbreviations

question_text: what does c mean in track and field

question_tokens: what does c mean in track and field

text: Athletics abbreviations

text: Times and marks[edit]

text: Almost all races record a time. Evolving since experiments in the 1930s, to their official use at the 1968 Summer Olympics and official acceptance in 1977, fully automatic times have become common. As this evolution has occurred, the rare early times were specified as FAT times. As they are now commonplace, automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second. Hand times (watches operated by human beings) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy. If the mark was set before 1977, a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes, because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods. Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race. Over this period of evolution, some reports show hand times also followed with an "h" or "ht" to distinguish hand times.

text: With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times. Track and Field News initiated adding .24 to hand times as a conversion factor. Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth. Frequently those readings are recorded, but are not accepted as valid (leading to confused results). Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch. All of this is, of course, wrong. Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races. Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings. Hand times involve human beings reacting, pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the Starting pistol, then reacting (possibly anticipating) the runner crossing the finish line. The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the .24 to get a time for comparison purposes only.[1] But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing. In these cases, some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races. When detected, reports of these times are followed by a "c" or ' to indicate converted times.

text: Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second. To distinguish a full second time with hours, from a minute time with hundredths of a second, colons are used to separate hours from minutes, and minutes from seconds. A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second.

text: Transponder timing is becoming more common. The RFID detection system times the transponder chip, usually located on a runner's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso. Accurate to a full second, this is not significant, but in breaking microscopic ties, the data does not correspond to timing rules. Most road races cannot fit all participants onto the start line. Depending on the size of the field, some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd, could take minutes to get across the line. Results frequently indicate two times, the "gun time" would be the official time from the firing of the starting gun, but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line.

text: Occasionally, when breaking ties using photo finish, times are displayed to the thousandth of a second. These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats. Rules specify if a tie is broken this way, that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system.

text: Records[edit]

text: Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record. On the world level, that is the IAAF. Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records: for example, USATF, the governing body for the United States, only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December. Until a record is ratified, it is regarded as "Pending" which is sometimes indicated by a following P

text:
WR = World Record
OR = Olympic Record
CR = Championship Record
GR = Games Record
AR = Area (or continental) Record
NR = National Record (for a specific country)
MR = Meet Record
DLR = Diamond League Record

text: When a J is added, it indicates a junior record (if a junior does not reach their 20th birthday in the calendar year of the mark)

text:
WJR = World Junior Record
AJR = Area (or continental) Junior Record
NJR = National Junior Record (for a specific country)
# = indicates a record has not been accepted, or there is some sort of irregularity with a result
X = indicates the athlete has been disqualified after the performance (usually, this is for taking performance-enhancing drugs)

text: Bests[edit]

text: Some records are ratified or tracked, but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record. The term is "bests." IAAF lists bests for the Youth division and for road racing records such as the marathon. It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests. A Y indicates Youth. A youth athlete has not reached or will not reach their 18th birthday in the calendar year of competition.

text:
WYB = World Youth Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete in the youth age category)
WB = World Best (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)
PB = Personal Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level)
SB = Season's Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season)
WL = World Leader (the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season)

text: Circumstances and conditions[edit]

text:
A = a mark set at altitude
w = a wind assisted mark
NWI = No Wind Information

text: For events where wind assistance is a factor (outdoor races 220 yards or less, Long Jump and Triple Jump), the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second or "m/s"

text:
a = in a road race, indicates a course that has conditions that assist the athlete (downhill, favoring wind, point to point)
+ = indicates a time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race
c = indicates a converted mark
DNF = Did not finish
DNS = Did not start
DQ = Disqualified
i = indoors
n = non-winning time
h = hand timed
Mx = mixed gender race
NH = No height
NM = No mark
NT = No time
AC = Also competed
Q = automatic qualifier in a major competition See Qualifying standards in athletics
q = secondary qualifier, by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size, rather than achieving a place or measurement goal
Wo = women only race
y = race measurement was in yards

text: Disqualifications[edit]

text: Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified.

text: This is typically written in the format (false start as example): DQ R162.7[2]

text:
40.1 – Doping violation during or in connection with the championships
40.8 – Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships
41.1 – Doping violation by one or more relay team members
142.4 – Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort
144.2 – Giving or receiving assistance (e.g. pacing, use of electronic devices)
145.2 – Acting in an unsporting or improper manner (unsportsmanlike conduct)
149 - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances
162.7 – False start
163.2 – Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track
163.3 – Running out of lane
163.5 – Running out of lane (before 800 m breakline)
168.6 – Knocking down hurdle out of lane
168.7 – Illegal hurdle clearance and/or deliberately knocking down hurdle
170.6 – Baton not carried by hand; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton
170.6c – Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it
170.7 – Baton not passed within take-over zone
170.8 – Obstructing another team by athlete without baton
170.11 – Unverified team composition or running order
170.17 – Outgoing runner in 4x400m relay begins running and/or breaks from lane too early
218.4 – Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner (indoor events)
230.6a – Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges
240.8e – Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete
240.8f – More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table and/or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water

text: Initialisms[edit]

text: Organising bodies[edit]

text: The various organizing bodies of the sport are abbreviated into alphabet soup.

text:
AAA = Amateur Athletic Association of England – England
AAA = Asian Athletics Association
AAU = Amateur Athletic Union USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 – USA
AK = Athletics Kenya – Kenya
ANA = Authorised Neutral Athletes
ANZ = Athletics New Zealand – New Zealand
APA = Association of Panamerican Athletics – North and South America
ARAF = All-Russia Athletic Federation – Russia
BAAA = Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations – Bahamas
BFLA = Belarus Athletic Federation – Belarus
CAA = Confederation of African Athletics
CACAC = Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation – Central America and Caribbean
CBAt = Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo – Brasil
CISM = International Military Sports Council – Military athletics
CONSUDATLE = Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo – South America
CTAA = Chinese Taipei Athletics Association – Taiwan
DAF = Danish Athletics Federation – Denmark
DLFV = 1949-1990 during the existence of East Germany
DLV = Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband – Germany
EAA or EA = European Athletic Association/European Athletics
EAF = Ethiopian Athletic Federation – Ethiopia
FCA = Federación Cubana de Atletismo – Cuba
FFA = Fédération française d'athlétisme – France
FIDAL = Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera – Italy
FISU = International University Sports Federation – Student athletics
IAAF = International Association of Athletics Federations – World
IAU = International Association of Ultrarunners
IOC = International Olympic Committee – Olympics
IPC = International Paralympic Committee – Paralympic athletics
JAAA = Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association – Jamaica
JAAF = Japan Association of Athletics Federations – Japan
KNAU = Royal Dutch Athletics Federation – Netherlands
OAA = Oceania Athletics Association
NACAC = North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association – North America
NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association – USA Colleges and Universities
NFHS = National Federation of State High School Associations – USA High Schools
RFEA = Real Federación Española de Atletismo – Spain
TAC = The Athletics Congress, predecessor to USA Track & Field 1979-1992 – USA
UKA = UK Athletics – United Kingdom
USATF = USA Track & Field – USA
WAVA = 1977-2001 World Association of Veteran Athletes – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
WMA = since 2001 World Masters Athletics – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
WMRA = World Mountain Running Association

text: Publications and statisticians[edit]

text:
ARRS = Association of Road Racing Statisticians
ATFS = Association of Track and Field Statisticians
AW = Athletics Weekly
NUTS = National Union of Track Statisticians – United Kingdom
T&FN = Track & Field News

text: Events[edit]

text: Due to the large number of athletics events that are regularly contested, presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events, rather than the full form.

text:
CE = Combined events
DMR = Distance medley relay
DT = Discus throw
HJ = High jump
HM = Half marathon
HT = Hammer throw
JT = Javelin throw
LJ = Long jump
mh = metres hurdles (e.g. 400mh for 400 metres hurdles)
PV = Pole vault
SMR = Sprint medley relay
SP = Shot put
st. or s'chase = Steeplechase
TJ = Triple jump
WT = Weight throw
XC = Cross country running

text: Competitions[edit]

text:
AAG = All-Africa Games
AfC = African Championships in Athletics
AsC = Asian Athletics Championships
CWG = Commonwealth Games
EC or ECh = European Athletics Championships
ECCC = European Cross Country Championships
EIC = European Athletics Indoor Championships
EJC = European Athletics Junior Championships
EG = European Games
ETC = European Team Championships
ISTAF = Internationales Stadionfest Berlin
OG = Olympic Games
WC or WCh = World Championships in Athletics
WHM = IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
WIC = IAAF World Indoor Championships
WJC = IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics
WXC = IAAF World Cross Country Championships
WYC = IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics
PAG = Pan American Games
SAG = South Asian Games
SEAG = Southeast Asian Games