document_title: Weber test

question_text: where is the tuning fork placed when the weber test is performed

root

text: Weber test

text: Weber test performance[edit]

text: The Weber and the Rinne test (/ˈrɪnə/ RIN-ə) are typically performed together with the results of each combined to determine the location and nature of any hearing losses detected.  In the Weber test a vibrating tuning fork (Typically 256 Hz [2] or 512 Hz [3] used for Weber vibration test; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test) is placed in the middle of the forehead, above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth, or on top of the head equi-distant from the patient's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder.  A normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides.  In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear.  In an affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear.  However, the aforegoing presumes one knows in advance which ear is defective and which is normal (such as the patient telling the clinician that they cannot hear as well in one ear versus the other) and the testing is being done to characterize the type, conductive or sensorineural, of hearing loss that is occurring.  In the case where the patient is unaware or has acclimated to their hearing loss, the clinician has to use the Rinne test in conjunction with the Weber to characterize and localize any deficits.  That is, an abnormal Weber test is only able to tell the clinician that there is a conductive loss in the ear which hears better or that there is a sensorineural loss in the ear which does not hear as well.

tag: p

text: For the Rinne test, a vibrating tuning fork (typically 512 Hz) is placed initially on the mastoid process behind each ear until sound is no longer heard. Then, without re-striking the fork, the fork is then quickly placed just outside the ear with the patient asked to report when the sound caused by the vibration is no longer heard.  A normal or positive Rinne test is when sound is still heard when the tuning fork is moved to air near the ear (air conduction or AC), indicating that AC is equal or greater than (bone conduction or BC).  Therefore, AC > BC; which is how it is reported clinically for a normal or positive Rinne result.  In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air or BC > AC, a negative Rinne, and the patient will report that they do not hear the fork once it is moved.  The Rinne test is not ideal for distinguishing sensorineural hearing loss, as both sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing report a positive Rinne test (though the sensorineural patient will have a decreased duration of hearing sound once the fork is moved to air).

text: In a normal patient, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard equally loudly in both ears, with no one ear hearing the sound louder than the other (lateralization).  Similarly, a patient with symmetrical hearing loss will hear the Weber tuning fork sound equally well, with diagnostic utility only in asymmetric (one-sided) hearing losses. In a patient with hearing loss, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard louder in one ear (lateralization) than the other.  This clinical finding should be confirmed by repeating the procedure and having the patient occlude one ear with a finger; the sound should be heard best in the occluded ear.

text: The results of both tests are noted and compared accordingly below to localize and characterize the nature of any detected hearing losses.  Note: the Weber and Rinne are screening tests that are not replacements for formal audiometry hearing tests.

text:
Weber test

lateralizes to left

no lateralization

lateralizes to right

Condition of ears:

left

right

both

left

right

Rinne test

⊕

⊕

Normal

Sensorineural loss

Normal

Sensorineural loss

Normal

Sensorineural loss

⊖

⊕

Conductive loss

Normal

(no such condition)

Combined loss

Normal

⊕

⊖

Normal

Combined loss

Normal

Conductive loss

⊖

⊖

Conductive loss

Combined loss

Conductive loss

Combined loss

Conductive loss

left ear

right ear

Combined loss = conductive and sensorineural loss

tag: table

text: Detection of air conductive hearing loss[edit]

text: A patient with a unilateral conductive hearing loss would hear the tuning fork loudest in the affected ear.  This is because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear.[4] This finding is because the conduction problem of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, and eustachian tube) masks the ambient noise of the room, while the well-functioning inner ear (cochlea with its basilar membrane) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull, causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear.  Another theory, however, is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et al. in 1966.  Lower frequency sounds (as made by the 256 Hz fork) that are transferred through the bone to the ear canal escape from the canal.  If an occlusion is present, the sound cannot escape and appears louder on the ear with the conductive hearing loss.[5]

text: Conductive hearing loss can be mimicked by plugging one ear with a finger and performing the Rinne and Weber tests, which will help clarify the above. Humming a constant note and then plugging one ear is a good way to mimic the findings of the Weber test in conductive hearing loss.  The simulation of the Weber test is the basis for the Bing test.

text: Detection of sensorineural hearing loss[edit]

text: If air conduction is intact on both sides (therefore no CHL), the patient will report a quieter sound in the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss. This is because the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss is not converting input from the bone conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in the normal ear.[6]

text: Considerations and limitations[edit]

text: This Weber test is most useful in individuals with hearing that is different between the two ears. It cannot confirm normal hearing because it does not measure sound sensitivity in a quantitative manner. Hearing defects affecting both ears equally, as in presbycusis will produce an apparently normal test result.

text:
Weber test considerations
The Weber test reflects conduction loss in the ipsilateral ear because, in the event of impaired conduction, ipsilateral sensorineural hearing is perceived as louder; this is the same reason humming becomes more salient when covering the ears.

text: If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test (AC>BC), that generally means the absence of conduction loss in that ear, and the reason sound had been perceived as louder on that side is because a sensorineural loss is present contralaterally; an ipsilateral negative Rinne test (BC>AC), on the other hand, would confirm ipsilateral conductive hearing loss (although contralateral sensorineural hearing loss may still be present.

text: If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test and the contralateral ear has a negative Rinne test, then both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present in the contralateral ear.  This is because sensorineural deficits always take auditory precedence over conductive ones, so even though conductive hearing loss is present in the contralateral ear, it is the sensorineural deficit that is responsible for the ipsilateral perceived elevation of volume.

text: This also means that a Weber-lateralized ear with bilateral negative-Rinne corresponds to only sensorineural hearing on the ipsilateral side not being affected.

text:
Rinne test considerations
Although no replacement for formal audiometry, a quick screening test can be made by complementing the Weber test with the Rinne test.

text: The Rinne test is used in cases of unilateral hearing loss and establishes which ear has the greater bone conduction. Combined with the patient's perceived hearing loss, it can be determined if the cause is sensorineural or conductive.

text: For example, if the Rinne test shows that air conduction (AC) is greater than bone conduction (BC) in both ears and the Weber test lateralizes to a particular ear, then there is sensorineural hearing loss in the opposite (weaker) ear. Conductive hearing loss is confirmed in the weaker ear if bone conduction is greater than air conduction and the Weber test lateralizes to that side. Combined hearing loss is likely if the Weber test lateralizes to the stronger ear and bone conduction is greater than air conduction in the weaker ear.


document_title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)

question_text: in what episode does amy tells her parents

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens
Daren Kagasoff as Richard 'Ricky' Underwood
Kenny Baumann as Benjamin 'Ben' Boykewich
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas
Jorge Pallo as Marc Molina
Luke Zimmerman as Tom Bowman
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens
Mark Derwin as George Juergens

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Falling In Love"
Ron Underwood
Brenda Hampton
July 1, 2008 (2008-07-01)
2.82[5]

After losing her virginity to 16-year-old Ricky Underwood at band camp, 15-year-old Amy Juergens discovers that she is pregnant. Scared to tell her parents and unsure what to do, she turns to her two best friends, Lauren and Madison, for help. To confirm the pregnancy they run out and buy her three different pregnancy tests, all of which turn up positive. They encourage her to go to her doctor but not to tell until she is absolutely certain. Meanwhile, in a quest to lose his virginity, Ben Boykewich, sees Amy across the crowded hallway and is encouraged by his best friends, Henry and Alice, to ask her out. He joins the band to meet her and one day asks her to the homecoming dance after the school's big football game. There he becomes completely enamored by her, as does she, however Amy struggles with having to tell him that she's pregnant. Lauren and Madison attempt to convince Amy to have sex with Ben and tell him the baby is his, but she refuses. Ricky comes up to Amy telling her she shouldn't be with Ben. Meanwhile, Jack Pappas, longtime boyfriend to the adherently Christian Grace Bowman, struggles with the idea of having to wait at least ten more years to have sex with Grace. Under pressure he secretly spends the night with Adrian Lee, the school majorette and Ricky's girlfriend. At the dance he begs her not to tell anyone about their night spent together. They kiss and are caught by Tom Bowman, Grace's brother, who alerts Grace (as well as the entire school) to Jack's infidelity.

2
2
"You Are My Everything"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
July 8, 2008 (2008-07-08)
2.81[6]

Despite Madison and Lauren's insistence that Amy tell her parents about their pregnancy, Amy insists on convincing herself that Ricky and her pregnancy never happened and tries to go about her life as normal. As they discuss Amy's situation, they are overheard by Henry and Alice in the hallway and the rumor spreads throughout the school that Ricky and Amy had sex. Meanwhile, Ricky attempts to pursue Amy, despite her insistence that she is seeing someone else and is not interested. Despite the new rumor about Ricky and Amy and despite Adrian's kiss with Jack, Adrian and Ricky continue to see each other, however their relationship is wrought with constant bickering. Ben continues to be completely enamored by Amy, even going to far as admitting to Henry and Alice that he can see himself marrying her. They warn him about the rumor they overheard and he begins to fear that he is in competition with Ricky. He tells Amy he heard the rumors but that they mean nothing to him, telling Amy he loves her. During this time, Jack is also pleading with Grace for forgiveness but she refuses to speak to him. At school, she calls her mother and asks to take her home. Her mother encourages her not to blame herself (or Jack and Adrian) and to just let things go. When Jack comes by Grace's house her father shoos him off the porch, however, hearing that Jack came to see her makes her begin to want Jack back again, despite her father's warnings to stay away from him from now on. She tells Jack the next day at school that she is willing to forgive Jack and go back out with him as long as she gets her parent's permission and as long as he doesn't try to pressure her into having sex until she's ready and Jack agrees.

3
3
"I Feel Sick"
Ron Underwood
Brenda Hampton
July 15, 2008 (2008-07-15)
2.48[7]

Ben continues to fall hard for Amy, and the two share their first kiss. Elsewhere, Amy tells her sister about her pregnancy before she tells her parents , Grace uses Ricky as a cover to sneak around with Jack, and a jealous Adrian feels like Ricky is just using her for sex.

4
4
"Caught"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
July 22, 2008 (2008-07-22)
3.09[8]

Amy can't stand Ben's clingy behavior, especially in the face of her parents' increasingly strained relations with one another. Elsewhere, Ricky continues to play a part in Grace and Jack's plot to see each other, but as things backfire, Jack seeks comfort from Adrian.

5
5
"What Have You Done to Me?"
Ron Underwood
Brenda Hampton
July 29, 2008 (2008-07-29)
3.58[9]

Ben and Amy are at odds about what to do: he's thinking marriage and that the baby might be his, while she's thinking about having an abortion. Elsewhere, Ashley pleads with her dad not to leave home and Grace learns that Jack did more than kiss Adrian.

6
6
"Love for Sale"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)
4.10[10]

After much delay, Amy tells her mother that she's pregnant. Meanwhile, on a day Amy doesn't show up at school, rumors circulate that she took off in order to "take care" of her problem.

7
7
"Absent"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton & Jeffery Rodgers
August 12, 2008 (2008-08-12)
3.70[11]

Amy weighs her options regarding her residency situation. Meanwhile, Ricky wrestles with taking responsibility for his actions.

8
8
"Your Cheatin' Heart"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
August 19, 2008 (2008-08-19)
3.90[12]

Amy's grandmother, "Mimsy" (Alice Hirson), visits the family and offers to help out with Amy's situation. Later on they, find out that she has Alzheimer's. Elsewhere, Adrian makes sure her budding friendship with Grace is on display for all to see.

9
9
"Slice of Life"
Jason Priestley
Brenda Hampton, Jeff Olsen, & Chris Olsen
August 26, 2008 (2008-08-26)
3.72[citation needed]

Amy and Ashley spend some time bonding with their dad, while Adrian locates her estranged father. Elsewhere, Tom has a little party for himself, complete with pizza and a prostitute (Jennifer Coolidge) he calls, and Jason and Madison see Lauren kissing Ricky. Amy finds out that her dad, George, is seeing Adrian's mom. Meanwhile, Adrian finds her dad as she waits out by his house. Near the end, Anne find out that George was sleeping with Adrian's mom and is now sleeping in the furniture store. Anne and Ashley now think that George is broke and they are now in poverty.

10
10
"Back to School Special"
Keith Truesdell
Caroline Kepnes
September 2, 2008 (2008-09-02)
3.90[13]

Amy finally makes a decision regarding where she will go to school. Elsewhere, Adrian's mom suggests that Adrian develop a relationship with her dad; and Henry and Alice take a new step in their relationship. When Amy returns to school the next day, Ben, Grace, Jack, Henry, Alice, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Ricky supports Amy's decision to come back to school.

11
11
"Just Say No"
Jason Priestley
Teleplay by: Jeff Olson & Caroline Kepnes
Story by: Elaine Arata & Brenda Hampton
September 9, 2008 (2008-09-09)
4.54[14]

Adrian disappears from school, which sparks a salacious rumor and a call to the police from her dad. Meanwhile, Grace receives multiple warnings about Ricky, and Amy and Ben mull the next move in their relationship.

12
12
"The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager"
Lindsley Parsons III
Brenda Hampton
January 5, 2009 (2009-01-05)
4.37[15]

After hearing that she will need to get a job and accept responsibility if she was to keep her baby, Amy plans to get married to Ben with fake IDs. Ricky finds out and goes to a boy at school to get one for himself--as do Henry, Alice, Ashley, Adrian, Grace, Lauren, Madison, Jason, and Jack. George moves into the Juergens' garage.

13
13
"Baked Nevada"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
January 12, 2009 (2009-01-12)
3.10[16]

Party's over when George and Leo catch Amy and Ben at their wedding reception. Back at the chapel, Tom wants to marry Tammy but Grace stops him. Elsewhere, Ricky starts visiting Adrian again and Amy and Ben learn that their marriage is not legally valid. Jack steps up and falsely confesses to creating the fake IDs, and is forced to do community service. Anne talks with Amy and Ben and gives them advice on what they should do with the baby, when Amy feels her baby kick for the first time.

14
14
"The Father and the Son"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
January 19, 2009 (2009-01-19)
3.91[17]

Ashley enlists the help of Reverend Stone (Tom Virtue) to ensure that her parents will stay together. Ricky's estranged father, Bob (MADtv's Bryan Callen), returns to town on parole in search of his son. He pays a visit to Amy and her family and later threatens Ricky with the possibility of giving the baby up for adoption. Amy reveals to her parents that Ricky has been sexually abused by his father and Anne suggests that they should seriously consider what's best for the baby-–adoption. Amy seriously considers this option and discusses it with Ben and Ricky, who both want her to keep the baby, but for very different reasons. Anne seeks out the advice of Reverend Stone to see if he knows any nice families who are looking to adopt.

15
15
"That's Enough of That"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
January 26, 2009 (2009-01-26)
3.10[18]

Ricky tells Adrian about his abusive father and reveals that as long as his father is around, he won't see Grace. Come time to find out the sex of the baby, Ben is disappointed when Amy tells him she doesn't want him to come with her to her appointment. Meanwhile, Bob (Bryan Callen) again approaches Ricky with the idea of giving up the baby for adoption, and Jack's community service starts out very unexpectedly. Anne begins to fully accept the consequences of Amy being pregnant and Ben records a video of Amy, revealing that she is having a boy. Ricky's father goes back to jail for possession of illegal drugs.

16
16
"Chocolate Cake"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
February 2, 2009 (2009-02-02)
3.05[19]

Ben is distraught over the fact that Ricky and Amy were planning to meet to talk about the baby without him. Frustrated, he decides to join them in their decision. Meanwhile, Anne goes to meet Reverend Stone and finds out about Ashley's plan to stop her parents' divorce. Jack finds out Shawna isn't interested in him and goes to see Grace to tell her that Ricky and Adrian are still having sex and Adrian's father catches her in a compromising position with her stepbrother, Max. Meanwhile, George finds out his two gay co-workers are interested in adopting Amy's baby and Ashley admits to Anne that she has been upset and promises not to act out anymore. Later, Ricky agrees to let Amy give the baby up for adoption.

17
17
"Unforgiven"
Jason Priestley
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
February 9, 2009 (2009-02-09)
3.50[20]

Ben tells Amy that he needs some space and starts to doubt about his relationship with Amy who becomes aggravated. Jack and Shawna agree to see each other. Adrian and Grace argue over Ricky, but become closer to each other as a result. Elsewhere, Grace's parents apologize to each other and George interviews people who are interested in adopting Amy's baby. Meanwhile, Ricky and Amy get into a heated discussion about her breakup with Ben and putting the baby up for adoption. Making her hurt and upset by his objections, Ricky then tries to console her. George's gay co-workers come by and talk to George and Anne about them wanting to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy agrees. Ricky tells Jack that he is through with both of Adrian and Grace for good and wants to be with Amy.

18
18
"Making Up Is Hard to Do"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton, Chris Olsen, & Jeff Olsen
February 16, 2009 (2009-02-16)
3.51[21]

Ricky sees Dr. Fields and tells him that he has his mind set on Amy. He also tells him that he's going to try and sabotage the adoption. Ashley skips school, and runs into a schoolmate, Thomas. Then, Ashley tries to talk Ben into pursuing Amy. Elsewhere, Max comes over to Adrian's condo and go on their first date. Duncan tells Jack that if he hurts Shawna, he will pay the consequences. Later on, Amy and Ricky meet with Donovan and Leon. After the interview, Donovan and Leon decide that they want to try to adopt their foster kids instead.

19
19
"Money for Nothing, Chicks for Free"
Jason Priestley
Brenda Hampton & Caroline Kepnes
February 23, 2009 (2009-02-23)
3.27[22]

Anne receives a potential job offer, Adrian tries to change her style by "becoming a virgin again", and Jack raises money for underprivileged children. Elsewhere, Amy and Ben get back together, Donovan and Leon tell the Juergens they don't want to adopt Amy's baby, and Amy decides not to go through with adoption. Ashley sneaks around with Thomas and gets to know him better. Because of Amy's decision, Anne and Ben pressure her into getting a job.

20
20
"Maybe Baby"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
March 2, 2009 (2009-03-02)
3.32[23]

Ben and Ricky both get a job together at Ben's dad's sausage shop. Meanwhile, George gets a loan on a foreclosed house, and Amy begins to worry about her diet. Ashley is clearly upset over Amy wanting to get rid of the baby and expresses her anger when she finds the tape that Amy and Ben made for the baby. Amy fights with Ashley and George, admitting she really does care about her son and Ashley tells Amy that she is a smart girl and that she can handle the baby. However, both envious Grace and Adrian want to make sure she does NOT keep the baby because it gives her a tie to Ricky. Amy's friends mysteriously all show up at her house and Grace tells Amy she found her a job at the Church where she could get day care and insurance. With the support of her friends and her father and sister, Amy changes her mind about keeping the baby. She asks her mother if she can keep the baby and her mother agrees.

21
21
"Whoomp! (There It Is)"
Jason Priestley
Brenda Hampton
March 9, 2009 (2009-03-09)
3.35[24]

A baby shower is planned for Amy. In the mean time, Grace and Jack reconnect and Ricky practices how to change a diaper. George tells Anne and Ashley that he is moving out, however, on her way to her baby shower, Amy goes into labor and George gets a call so he can meet Amy, Anne, and Ashley at the hospital. Ben suggests to Amy to call Ricky and tell him that she is in labor.

22
22
"One Night at Band Camp"
John Schneider
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16)
3.11[25]

As Amy goes into labor, she becomes cranky and flashes back to the first time she met Ricky at band camp and how he charmed her. Tom tries to get Grace and Jack back together and Grace asks her parents for their permission. Amy realizes the sex between her and Ricky wasn't entirely his fault and feels bad for blaming it all on him. Elsewhere, Ricky tells Ashley that he wants to care for the baby and help Amy by being a good friend and Adrian realizes she still cares for Ricky.

23
23
"And Unto Us, A Child Is Born"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23)
4.49[4]

Friends and family gather at the hospital to give their support to the Juergens family, who eagerly await the arrival of Amy's baby. At the same time, Ben and Ricky agree to forge a friendship as they discuss their future relationship. When Adrian arrives at the hospital to support Ricky, Grace tells Ricky that she's getting back together with Jack. Several hours later, Amy's baby is finally born, Amy's classmates all get to see the baby, and Amy and Ashley decide to name him John. Upon returning home, however, Amy struggles with adjusting to being a new mom. Later, Ricky visits his newborn son and realizes he might like fatherhood, while Ashley and George surprise Anne by moving out of the family home.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received a mixed reception when it began broadcasting. Many mainstream critics praised the messages presented in the series, although it was also criticized for its direction and writing. New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are "...real and come from families of all stripes — from intact to single-parent households to one boy in foster care..."[26] The pilot episode broke the record for highest rated debut for ABC Family, beating Kyle XY, with 2.82 million viewers. The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers, beating the night's 90210 which had almost half its usual number of viewers.[4]


document_title: Them! (1954 film)

question_text: who was the little girl in the movie them

text: Them! (1954 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: New Mexico State Police Sgt. Ben Peterson and Trooper Ed Blackburn discover a little girl wandering the desert in a catatonic state of shock near Alamogordo. They take her to a nearby recreational trailer, located by a pilot in a spotter plane. They find evidence that the little girl had been in the trailer when it was attacked and nearly destroyed by someone or something.  Later, it is discovered that the trailer was owned by a FBI Special Agent named Ellinson, who was on vacation with his wife, son, and daughter; the other members of the girl's family remain missing. After being placed in an ambulance to be taken for hospital treatment, the child briefly reacts to a strange, pulsating high-pitched sound from the desert by sitting up in the stretcher. No one else notices her reaction, and when the noise stops, the girl lies back on the stretcher.

text: While passing a general store owned by "Gramps" Johnson, Peterson and Blackburn find him dead, and a wall of his store partially torn out. After a quick look-around, Peterson leaves Blackburn behind to secure the crime scene. Blackburn later goes outside to investigate a strange, pulsating sound; gun shots are fired, the sound grows faster and louder, and Blackburn goes missing. Upon inspecting the evidence left behind, Peterson's chief points out that Johnson and Blackburn had the chance of firing their weapons at their attacker, eliminating the possibility of a homicidal maniac. More puzzling is the coroner's report on Johnson's death, which includes an abnormally huge amount of formic acid found in his body.

text: The FBI assigns Special Agent Robert Graham to New Mexico to investigate. After having analyzed a strange print found near the Ellisons' trailer, the Department of Agriculture sends myrmecologists Dr. Harold Medford (Edmund Gwenn) and his daughter, Dr. Pat Medford, to assist in the investigation. The elder Medford exposes the Ellinson girl to formic acid fumes, which rips her from her catatonia into a state of panic from "Them!" Medford's suspicions are validated by her reaction, but he will not reveal his theory prematurely.

text: At the Ellinson campsite, Pat encounters a giant, eight-foot-long foraging ant. Following instructions from the elder Medford, Peterson and Graham shoot off the ant's antennae, blinding it, then kill it with their Thompson submachine gun. Medford reveals his theory that a colony of giant ants, mutated by radiation from the first atomic bomb test near Alamogordo, is responsible for the deaths. The Army is alerted, and General O'Brien orders a helicopter search, in which the ants' nest is found. Cyanide gas bombs are tossed inside, and Graham, Peterson, and Pat descend into the nest to check for survivors. Deep inside, Pat finds evidence that two queen ants have hatched and escaped to establish new colonies.

text: Peterson, Graham, and the Medfords join a government task force which covertly begins to investigate all reports of possible giant ant activity. One shows that a civilian pilot (Fess Parker) has been committed to a mental hospital after claiming that he was forced down by UFOs, shaped like giant ants. Next, the Coast Guard receives a report of a giant queen hatching her brood in the hold of a freighter at sea in the Pacific; giant ants attack the ship's crew, and there are few survivors. The freighter is later sunk by U.S. Navy gunfire.

text: A third report about a large sugar theft at a rail yard leads Peterson, Graham, and Major Kibby to Los Angeles. An alcoholic in a hospital "drunk tank" claims he has seen giant ants outside his window. The mutilated body of a father is recovered, but his two young sons are missing. Peterson, Graham, and Kibby find evidence that they were flying a model airplane in the Los Angeles River drainage channel near the hospital. Martial law is declared in Los Angeles, and troops are assigned to find the ant nest in the vast storm drain network under the city.

text: Peterson finds the two missing boys alive, trapped by the ants. He calls for reinforcements and lifts both boys to safety, just before being attacked. Graham arrives with reinforcements and kills the ant, but Peterson dies from his injuries as others swarm to protect the nearby nest. Graham and the soldiers fight off the ants, but a tunnel collapse traps Graham. Several ants charge, but he is able to hold them off with his submachine gun just long enough for troops to break through the collapse. The queen and her hatchlings are discovered and quickly destroyed with flamethrowers. Dr. Medford offers a philosophic observation: "When Man entered the Atomic Age, he opened the door to a new world. What we may eventually find in that new world, nobody can predict".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Whitmore as Sgt. Ben Peterson
Edmund Gwenn as Dr. Harold Medford
Joan Weldon as Dr. Pat Medford
James Arness as FBI Agent Robert Graham
Onslow Stevens as General O'Brien
Sean McClory as Major Kibbee
Chris Drake as Trooper Ed Blackburn
Sandy Descher as Ellinson girl
Mary Ann Hokanson as Mrs. Lodge
Don Shelton as Captain Fred Edwards
Fess Parker as Alan Crotty
Olin Howlin as Jensen, the alcoholic
Dorothy Green as police matron

text: Cast notes[edit]

text:
Leonard Nimoy has a small, uncredited part as a U.S. Army Staff Sergeant in the communications room.[4]
Other actors who appear in small parts include John Beradino, Willis Bouchey, Booth Colman, Richard Deacon, Lawrence Dobkin, Ann Doran, William Schallert, Douglas Spencer, Dub Taylor, Dorothy Green and Harry Wilson.
When casting his planned Davy Crockett episode of the Disneyland television series, Walt Disney viewed the film to see James Arness, who had been recommended for the role. However, Disney was more impressed by a scene with Fess Parker as an inmate in a mental ward of the Texas hospital. Watching Parker's performance, Disney realized he had found his Davy Crockett.[5] John Wayne saw the film and, impressed with Arness' performance, recommended him for the role of Marshal Matt Dillon in the new Gunsmoke TV series, a role that Arness went on to play from 1955 to 1975.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: When Them! began production in the fall of 1953, it was originally conceived to be in 3D and Warner Color. During pre-production, tests were to be shot in color and 3D. A few color tests were shot of the large-scale ant models, but when it was time to shoot the 3D test, Warner Bros.' "All Media" 3D camera rig malfunctioned and no footage could be filmed. The next day a memo was sent out that the color and 3D aspects of the production were to be scrapped; widescreen black-and-white would now be the film's presentation format. Warner Bros. hoped to emulate the "effective shock treatment" effect of its previous science fiction thriller The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms; ultimately, however, the film was never shot in widescreen. Because of the preparation of certain scenes, many of the camera set-ups for 3D still remain in the film, like the opening titles and the flamethrowers shots aimed directly at the camera.[6]

text: Although Warner Bros. was dissatisfied with the color results, the film's titles were printed in a vivid red-and-blue against a black-and-white background in order to give the film's opening a dramatic "punch". This effect was achieved by an Eastman Color section spliced into each release print.[4] The 1985 VHS tape release, the subsequent LaserDisc and later DVD release have retained this black-and-white-with-two-color title effect.[citation needed]

text: The entrance to the ants' final nest was shot along the concrete spillways of the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, east of downtown. The depiction of the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico is actually the Mojave Desert near Palmdale, California. Mercy Hospital was a real institution and is now Brownsville Medical Center.[4]

text: James Whitmore wore "lifts" in his shoes to compensate for the height difference between himself and James Arness. It has also been noted that Whitmore employed bits of "business" (hand gestures and motions) during scenes in which he appeared in order to draw more attention to his character when not speaking.[4]

text: The Wilhelm scream, created three years earlier for the film Distant Drums, is used during the action sequences: when a sailor aboard the freighter is grabbed by an ant, when James Whitmore's character is caught in an ant's mandibles, and when an overhead wooden beam falls on a soldier in the Los Angeles storm-drain sequence.[4]

text: The giant ants, painted a purplish-green color, were constructed and operated by unseen technicians supervised by Ralph Ayers. During the climactic battle sequence in the Los Angeles sewers, there is a brief shot of one ant moving in the foreground with its side removed, revealing its mechanical interior.[4] This blunder has been obscured in the DVD releases of the film.[citation needed]

text: The film poster shows a gigantic ant with menacing human-like eyes rather than the normal compound eyes of an ant.

text: The sounds the giant ants emit in the film were the calls of Bird-voiced tree frogs mixed in with the calls of a wood thrush, hooded warbler and red-bellied woodpecker. It was recorded at Indian Island, Georgia, on April 11, 1947 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Them! was released in June 1954[4] and by the end of that year had accrued $2 million (US) in distributors' domestic (U.S. and Canada) rentals, making it the year's 51st biggest earner.[8][Note 1] According to an article in The Slate, this was Warner Bros. highest-grossing film that year.[9] However, 1954 In Film lists two other films from Warner Bros. that earned more in gross.[citation needed]

text: From contemporary reviews, the Monthly Film Bulletin stated that despite the science fiction film genre being new it had developed several sub-divisions including "the other-worldly, the primaeval-monstrous, the neo-monstrous, the planet-ary-visitant, etc." and that "Them! is a "well-built example of the neo-monstrous", "less absurdly sensational than most"[10] Discussing the ant monsters in the film, the review referred to them as "reasonably horrible--they do not entirely avoid the impression of mock-up that is almost inevitable when over-lifesize creatures have to be constructed and moved", while noting that they were "considerably more conceivable than those prehistoric remnants that have recently been emerging from bog and iceberg".[10] The review commented on the cast as "like most science-fiction, [the film] is on the whole serviceably  rather than excitingly cast" and the crew was noted, stating the direction was "smoothly machined" and the film has "decent writing" though "more short cuts might have been [taken]", finding that the start of the film was too slow.[10] A. H. Weiler's review in The New York Times noted "... from the moment James Whitmore, playing a New Mexico state trooper, discovers a six-year-old moppet wandering around the desert in a state of shock, to the time when the cause of that mental trauma is traced and destroyed, Them! is taut science fiction".[11] The reviewer in Variety opined it was a "top-notch science fiction shocker. It has a well-plotted story, expertly directed and acted in a matter-of-fact style to rate a chiller payoff and thoroughly satisfy the fans of hackle-raising melodrama".[12][13] John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote, "If you're willing to let your imagination off its leash, you may have a fairly good time at 'Them!'"[14]

text: Since its original release, Them! has become generally regarded as one of the best science fiction films of the 1950s. Bill Warren described it as " ... tight, fast-paced and credible ... [T]he picture is suspenseful".[4] Phil Hardy's The Aurum Film Encyclopedia:  Science Fiction noted, "Directed by [Gordon] Douglas in semi-documentary fashion, Them! is one of the best American science fiction films of the fifties".[15] Danny Peary believed the film "Ranks with The Thing and Invasion of the Body Snatchers as the best of the countless '50s science fiction films".[16] In the Time Out Film Guide, David Pirie wrote, "By far the best of the 50s cycle of 'creature features' ... retains a good part of its power today".[17] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.6/10, based on 26 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "One of the best creature features of the early atomic age, Them! features effectively menacing special effects and avoids the self-parody that would taint later monster movies".[18]

text: Them! was nominated for an Oscar for its special effects[19] and won a Golden Reel Award for best sound editing.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Van Morrison's band Them was named after this film.[20]
Joey and Chandler watch the film on TV in the 1995 Friends episode "The One Where Rachel and Ross... You Know".[citation needed]
New Jersey punk band the Misfits has a song titled "Them!", with lyrics directly inspired by the film, on their release Famous Monsters (1999).[citation needed]
The video game series It Came from the Desert was inspired by Them![21]
Eight Legged Freaks features a scene in which sequences from the film are included.[citation needed]
The Counterstrike expansion for Westwood Studios' Command & Conquer: Red Alert had a secret four-part mini-campaign called It Came From Red Alert!; the primary antagonists are giant ants.[citation needed]
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch features the film on a TV that Lilo, Stitch, Nani and David watch along with Jumba and Pleakley.[citation needed]
Fallout 3, which takes place in a post-apocalyptic irradiated wasteland, has a side-quest involving giant mutated fire ants titled "Those!" in homage to the film.[citation needed]
In Tim Burton's film Ed Wood, Bela Lugosi (Martin Landau) explains to Ed (Johnny Depp), "Nobody wants vampires anymore. Now all they want is giant bugs". The scene takes place in 1952, but the actual movie came out two years later.[citation needed]
In the 1950s E.C. Comics parody comic, Panic, a companion to the highly successful Mad, there is a parody of this film titled "Them! There! Those!" featuring art by Wally Wood.[citation needed]
The 1960s Remco toy line titled Hamilton Invaders featured giant bugs versus military defenders. One of the larger mechanical bugs, "The Spooky Spider", was designed after the giant ants in Them!, even though the creature sports only six legs. Another creature in this line also featured a giant bug, called "Horrible Hamilton", designed after the giant wasps from the 1950s sci-fi feature Monster from Green Hell.[citation needed]
The scene where Pat is attacked by the foraging ant appears as a movie replay in the 2018 Marvel film Ant-Man and the Wasp.[22]

text: Attempted remake[edit]

text: Screenwriter Neil Ruttenberg and producer Richard Donner pitched a remake in which the ants would be intelligent and terrifying. Warner Bros. decided instead upon on Bob Gale's pitch, which included mechanical effects.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ "Rentals" refers to the distributor/studio's share of the box office gross, which, according to Gebert, is roughly half of the money generated by ticket sales.[8]

tag: ol


document_title: List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates

question_text: who was the first woman who ran for president

text: History[edit]

text: In 1872, Victoria Woodhull ran for president. While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for president, some have questioned the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35, but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue. The presidential inauguration was in March 1873, and Woodhull's 35th birthday was sixth months later in September. In 1884, Belva Lockwood followed with a run for president. Her running mate was Marietta Stow, who became the first woman to run for vice president.[1]

text: The first woman considered for a major party presidential candidacy by an incumbent president was Oveta Hobby, by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower encouraged Hobby to run in 1960, but she declined.[2] In 1964, Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination, becoming the first female candidate for a major party's nomination. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries, and came in second in the Illinois primary, receiving 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.[3] In 1968, Charlene Mitchell became the first African American woman to run for president, and the first to receive valid votes in a general election. She qualified for the ballot in two states, winning 1,075 votes.[4] In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party's presidential nomination, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination.[5] Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate in 1972, became the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride.[6] In the 1988 presidential election, Lenora Fulani and her running mate Joyce Dattner became the first women to achieve ballot access in all fifty states.[7] Fulani was also the first African American to do so. In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a presidential primary, and the first to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide.[8] Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history.

text: In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic Party primaries, and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.[9][10] As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate, and later the first to carry a state in a general election. Clinton lost the election but became the first woman to win the popular vote.[11]

text: Two women have won the vice-presidential nominations of major parties, Geraldine Ferraro for the Democratic Party in the 1984, and Sarah Palin for the Republican Party in the 2008.

text: The Green Party has run a female candidate three times, Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016. Stein received more general election votes than any prior female candidate in 2012.

text: Presidential candidates[edit]

text: General election candidates by popular vote[edit]

text:
This list includes female candidates who have run or are currently running for President of the United States in a general election and are sorted by the number of votes they received in the election.
     Major-party nominee

text:
No.
Year
Picture
Name
Party
Votes

1
2016

Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party
65,853,516

2
2016

Jill Stein
Green Party
1,457,044[12]

3
2012

Jill Stein
Green Party
468,907[13]

4
1988

Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
217,219[14]

5
2008

Cynthia McKinney
Green Party
161,797[15]

6
1972

Linda Jenness
Socialist Workers Party
83,380[16]

7
1992

Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
73,714[17]

8
1984

Sonia Johnson
Citizens Party
72,200[18]

8
2012

Roseanne Barr
Peace and Freedom Party
67,326[19]

10
1976

Margaret Wright
People’s Party
49,024[20]

11
1940

Gracie Allen
Surprise Party
42,000[21]

12
1980

Ellen McCormack
Right to Life Party
32,327[22]

13
1968

Charlene Mitchell
Communist Party
1,075[23]

text: Candidates who received electoral votes[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Electoral
Votes
Total
Electoral
Votes

2016
Clinton, HillaryHillary Clinton
Democratic Party
Kaine, TimTim Kaine
7002227000000000000♠227
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
Spotted Eagle, FaithFaith Spotted Eagle
Not applicable[24]
Not applicable
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

text: Primary election candidates[edit]

text: This list includes female candidates for a party nomination for President of the United States who ran in at least one primary or caucus, sorted by the number of votes they received during their run.

text:
No.
Year
Picture
Name
Party
Nomination
Votes
Contests won
Party nominee

1
2008

Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party

17,857,501[25]
23
Barack Obama

2
2016

Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party

16,914,722[26]
34

3
1972

Shirley Chisholm
Democratic Party

430,703[27]
1[28]
George McGovern

4
1964

Margaret Chase Smith
Republican Party

227,007[29]
0
Barry Goldwater

5
2004

Carol Moseley Braun
Democratic Party

103,189[30]
0
John Kerry

6
1996

Elvena Lloyd-Duffie
Democratic Party

91,929[31]
0
Bill Clinton

7
2012

Michele Bachmann
Republican Party

41,170[32]
0
Mitt Romney

8
2016

Carly Fiorina
Republican Party

40,666[32]
0
Donald Trump

8
1972

Patsy Mink
Democratic Party

8,286[33]
0
George McGovern

text: All candidates[edit]

text: Party nominees[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Votes
Ballot Access

1872
Victoria Woodhull
Equal Rights Party
Frederick Douglass
[34]
0 states

1884
Belva Ann Lockwood
National Equal Rights Party
Marietta Stow[35]
4,149
6 states [36]

1888
Belva Ann Lockwood
National Equal Rights Party
First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells[37]
[38]

1940
Gracie Allen
Surprise Party
N.A.
42,000

1952
Ellen Linea W. Jensen
Washington Peace Party

Mary Kennery[39]
American Party

Agnes Waters
American Woman's Party

1968
Charlene Mitchell
Communist Party
Michael Zagarell
1,075
2 states [40]

1972
Linda Jenness
Socialist Workers Party
Andrew Pulley
83,380[16]
25 states

Evelyn Reed
Socialist Workers Party
Andrew Pulley
13,878

1976
Margaret Wright
People’s Party
Benjamin Spock
49,024

1980
Ellen McCormack
Right to Life Party
Carroll Driscoll
32,327

Maureen Smith
Peace and Freedom Party
Elizabeth Cervantes Barron
18,116

Deirdre Griswold
Workers World Party
Gavrielle Holmes.[41]
13,300

1984
Sonia Johnson
Citizens Party
Richard Walton
72,200
19 states [42]

Gavrielle Holmes[43]
Workers World Party
Gloria La Riva[44]
2,656[45]
2 states

1988
Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
Joyce Dattner
217,219
50 states

Willa Kenoyer
Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party
Ron Ehrenreich
3,928

1992
Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz
73,714

Helen Halyard
Socialist Equality Party
Fred Mazelis
3,050

Isabell Masters
Looking Back Party
Walter Masters
327

Gloria La Riva
Workers World Party
Larry Holmes
181

1996
Monica Moorehead
Workers World Party
Gloria La Riva
29,083

Marsha Feinland
Peace and Freedom Party
Kate McClatchy
25,332

Mary Cal Hollis
Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party
Eric Chester
4,766

Diane Beall Templin
The American Party
Gary Van Horn
1,847

Isabell Masters
Looking Back Party
Shirley Jean Masters
752

2000
Monica Moorehead
Workers World Party
Gloria La Riva
4,795

Cathy Gordon Brown
Independent
Sabrina R. Allen
1,606

2004
Diane Beall Templin
The American Party
Albert B. "Al" Moore
(lost ballot status)

2008
Cynthia McKinney
Green Party
Rosa Clemente
161,797
32 states

Gloria La Riva
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Eugene Puryear[46]
7,427

Diane Beall Templin
The American Party
Linda Patterson
(lost ballot status)

2012
Jill Stein
Green Party
Cheri Honkala
468,907
36 states

Roseanne Barr
Peace and Freedom Party
Cindy Sheehan
67,326

Peta Lindsay
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Yari Osorio
9,388

2016
Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party
Tim Kaine
65,853,516
50 states

Jill Stein
Green Party
Ajamu Baraka
1,457,044
47 states

Gloria La Riva
Peace and Freedom Party[47]
Dennis Banks
43,742
8 states[48]

Alyson Kennedy
Socialist Workers Party
Osborne Hart
10,348
7 states[49]

Monica Moorehead
Workers World Party
Lamont Lilly
3,722

Lynn S. Kahn
Independent
Kathleen Monahan
5,610

Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
Revolutionary Party
Milton Fambro
748

Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Votes
Ballot Access

text: Not nominated by party[edit]

text: Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination (or who are currently campaigning for their party's nomination).

text:
Year
Name
Party
Details
Nomination winner

1884
Abigail Scott Duniway
Equal Rights Party
Rejected nomination.
Belva Ann Lockwood

1920
Laura Clay
Democratic Party

James M. Cox

Cora Wilson Stewart

1924
Cora Wilson Stewart
Democratic Party
1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots
John W. Davis

1940
Anna Milburn[50]
National Greenback Party
Declined nomination
John Zahnd

1964
Margaret Chase Smith[51]
Republican Party
Received 227,007 votes in Republican Primary and won 27 delegates at the 1964 Republican Convention
Barry Goldwater

Fay T. Carpenter Swain
Democratic Party
7,140 votes in Indiana primary[52]
Lyndon B. Johnson

1972
Shirley Chisholm[51]
Democratic Party
152 votes at National convention
George McGovern

Patsy Takamoto Mink[51]

Bella Savitzky Abzug[51]

1976
Barbara Jordan
Democratic Party
1 vote at National convention
Jimmy Carter

Ellen McCormack[51]
22 votes at National convention

1980
Koryne Kaneski Horbal
Democratic Party
5 votes at National convention
Jimmy Carter

Alice Tripp
2 votes at National convention

1984
Martha Kirkland
Democratic Party
1 vote at National convention
Walter Mondale

Mary Ruwart
Libertarian Party
77 votes at Convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at Convention (2nd ballot) (3rd place overall)
David Bergland

Tonie Nathan
53 votes at Convention (1st ballot) (4th place)

1988
Patricia Schroeder
Democratic Party

Michael Dukakis

1992
Tennie Rogers
Republican Party
754 votes in Texas primary[53]
George H. W. Bush

Georgiana Doerschuck
58 votes in New Hampshire primary[54]

Caroline Killeen
Democratic Party
96 votes in New Hampshire primary[55]
Bill Clinton

1996
Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie
Democratic Party
13,025 votes in Arkansas primary;[56] 10,876 votes (6th place) in Texas primary;[53] 40,758 in Oklahoma primary (3rd place);[57] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in Louisiana primary;[58] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in Illinois primary[58]
Bill Clinton

Dr. Heather Anne Harder
28,772 votes (3rd place) in Texas primary;[53] 376 votes in New Hampshire primary[59] and two write-in votes as a Republican; 6 votes in Illinois primary[56]

Caroline Killeen
118 votes in New Hampshire primary[55]

Susan Gail Ducey
Republican Party
539 votes in (9th place) at Arizona primary;[56] 152 votes (12th place) at New Hampshire primary;[60] 1,092 votes (8th place) at Texas primary[53]
Bob Dole

Isabell Masters
1052 votes (7th place) at Oklahoma primary[61]

Mary "France" LeTulle
650 votes (9th place) at Texas primary;[53] 290 votes in Nevada primary[58]

Georgiana Doerschuck
140 votes in New Hampshire primary[54]

Tennie Rogers
35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes inNew Hampshire primary[56]

2000
Dr. Heather Anne Harder
Democratic Party
1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in New Hampshire primary, 1 Republican write-in vote [62][63]
Al Gore

Elizabeth Dole
Republican Party
231 write-in votes in NH primary[62]
George W. Bush

Dorian Yeager
98 votes (10th place) in New Hampshire primary[64]

Angel Joy Chavis Rocker[65]
6 votes in Alabama straw poll[66]

2004
Lorna Salzman
Green Party
40 votes at National convention (5th place)
David Cobb

JoAnne Bier Beeman
14 votes at National convention

Carol A. Miller
10 votes at National convention

Sheila Bilyeu
2 votes at National convention

Florence Walker
Democratic Party
246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C. primary[67]
John Kerry

Katherine Bateman
68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary[67]

Jeanne Chebib
43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C. primary[67]

Caroline Killeen
31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary[67]

Mildred T. Glover
11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary[67]

Carol Moseley Braun
Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes[30]

Millie Howard
Republican Party
239 votes (13th place) in New Hampshire primary
George W. Bush

2008
Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party
Second place in the Democratic Party primaries, winning 1,726½ Delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history.
Barack Obama

Caroline Killeen
11 votes in New Hampshire primary

Mary Ruwart
Libertarian Party
152 votes at National Convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot)
Bob Barr

Christine Smith
6 votes at National Convention (8th place)

Kat Swift
Green Party
38 votes at National Convention (3rd place)
Cynthia McKinney

Elaine Brown
Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place)

Nan Garrett
Withdrew in February 2007[68]

Susan Gail Ducey
Republican Party
2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll
John McCain

2012
Roseanne Barr
Green Party
72 votes at National Convention (2nd place)
Jill Stein

Michele Bachmann
Republican Party
Withdrew in January 2012.
Mitt Romney

2016
Carly Fiorina
Republican Party
Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes)[69][70]
Donald Trump

Year
Name
Party
Details
Nomination winner

text: Vice-Presidential candidates[edit]

text: By popular vote[edit]

text: This list includes female candidates who have run or are currently running for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for Vice President is not separate in the United States and is tied together with whoever their running mate is.[71]

text: Indicates major-party nominee

text:
Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Electoral
Votes
Total
Electoral
Votes

2008
Palin, SarahSarah Palin
Republican Party
McCain, JohnJohn McCain
7002173000000000000♠173
7002538000000000000♠538

1984
Ferraro, GeraldineGeraldine Ferraro
Democratic Party
Mondale, WalterWalter Mondale
7001130000000000000♠13
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren
Not applicable[72]
Not applicable
7000200000000000000♠2
7002538000000000000♠538

1972
Nathan, TonieTonie Nathan
Libertarian Party
Hospers, JohnJohn Hospers
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell
Not applicable[73]
Not applicable
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
Collins, SusanSusan Collins
Not applicable[74]
Not applicable
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
Fiorina, CarlyCarly Fiorina
Not applicable[75]
Not applicable
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

2016
LaDuke, WinonaWinona LaDuke
Not applicable[76]
Not applicable
7000100000000000000♠1
7002538000000000000♠538

text: All candidates[edit]

text: Party nominees[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Votes

1884
Marietta Stow[35]
National Equal Rights Party
Belva Ann Lockwood
4,149

1924
Marie Brehm
Prohibition Party
Herman P. Faris
56,289

1932
Florence Garvin
National Party
John Zahnd
1,645

1936
Florence Garvin
Greenback Party
John Zahnd

1948
Grace Carlson
Socialist Workers Party
Farrell Dobbs
13,614

1952
Charlotta Bass
Progressive Party
Vincent Hallinan
140,023

Myra Tanner Weiss
Socialist Workers Party
Farrell Dobbs
10,312

Vivien Kellems[77][78]
Constitution Party*[79]
Douglas MacArthur
943*[80][81][82]

1956
Georgia Cozzini
Socialist Labor Party
Eric Hass
44,300

Myra Tanner Weiss
Socialist Workers Party
Farrell Dobbs
7,797

Ann Marie Yezo
American Third Party
Henry B. Krajewski
1,829

1960
Myra Tanner Weiss
Socialist Workers Party
Farrell Dobbs
60,166

Georgia Cozzini
Socialist Labor Party
Eric Hass
47,521

1968
Peggy Terry[83]
Peace and Freedom Party
Eldridge Cleaver

1972
Genevieve Gundersen
Socialist Labor Party
Louis Fisher
53,814

Tonie Nathan
Libertarian Party
John Hospers
3,674

1976
Willie Mae Reid
Socialist Workers Party
Peter Camejo
90,986

Constance Blomen
Socialist Labor Party
Jules Levin
9,616

1980
La Donna Harris
Citizens Party
Barry Commoner
233,052

Wretha Hanson[84]
Citizens Party
Barry Commoner
8,564[85]

Angela Davis
Communist Party
Gus Hall
43,871

Eileen Shearer
American Independent Party
John Rarick
41,268

Matilde Zimmermann
Socialist Workers Party
Andrew Pulley[86]
40,105

Elizabeth Cervantes Barron
Peace and Freedom Party
Maureen Smith
18,106

Gavrielle Holmes
Workers World Party
Deirdre Griswold
13,213

Naomi Cohen
Workers World Party
Deirdre Griswold
3,790[87]

Diane Drufenbrock
Socialist Party
David McReynolds
6,898

1984
Geraldine Ferraro
Democratic Party
Walter Mondale
37,577,352

Maureen Kennedy Salaman
Populist Party
Bob Richards
66,168

Nancy Ross
New Alliance Party
Dennis L. Serrette
46,852

Angela Davis
Communist Party
Gus Hall
36,386

Andrea Gonzales[88]
Socialist Workers Party
Melvin T. Mason
24,672

Matilde Zimmermann
Socialist Workers Party
Melvin T. Mason

Gloria La Riva[44]
Workers World Party
Larry Holmes/Gavrielle Holmes
15,329

Helen Halyard[89]
Socialist Equality Party
Edward Winn
10,801

Jean T. Brust[90]
Socialist Equality Party
Edward Winn

Emma Wong Mar
Peace and Freedom Party
Sonia Johnson

1988
Joyce Dattner
New Alliance Party
Lenora Fulani
217,219

Susan Gardner
Consumer Party
Eugene McCarthy
30,905

Joan Andrews
Right to Life Party
William A. Marra
20,504

Helen Halyard
Socialist Equality Party
Edward Winn
18,693

Kathleen Mickells
Socialist Workers Party
James "Mac" Warren
15,604

Vikki Murdock
Peace and Freedom Party
Herbert G. Lewin
10,370

Gloria La Riva
Workers World Party
Larry Holmes
7,846

Debra Freeman
National Economic Recovery Party
Lyndon LaRouche

1992
Nancy Lord
Libertarian Party
Andre Marrou
290,087

Maria Elizabeth Muñoz
New Alliance Party
Lenora Fulani
73,714

Asiba Tupahache
Peace and Freedom Party
Ronald Daniels
27,961

Barbara Garson
Socialist Party
J. Quinn Brisben
3,057

Willie Mae Reid
Socialist Workers Party
James "Mac" Warren

Estelle DeBates
Socialist Workers Party
James "Mac" Warren

Doris Feimer
The American Party
Robert J. Smith
292

Joann Roland
Third Party
Eugene Arthur Hem

1996
Winona LaDuke
Green Party
Ralph Nader
596,780[91]

Muriel Tillinghast[92]
Green Party
Ralph Nader
75,956[93]

Anne Goeke[94]
Green Party
Ralph Nader
12,135[95]

Jo Jorgensen
Libertarian Party
Harry Browne
485,798

Kate McClatchy
Peace and Freedom Party
Marsha Feinland
25,332

Rosemary Giumarra
Independent
Charles E. Collins
8,952

Laura Garza
Socialist Workers Party
James Harris
8,476

Rachel Bubar Kelly
Prohibition Party
Earl Dodge
1,298

Connie Chandler
Independent Party of Utah
A. Peter Crane
1,101

Shirley Jean Masters
Looking Back Party
Isabell Masters
752

Anne Northrop
AIDS Cure Party
Steve Michael
408

2000
Winona LaDuke
Green Party
Ralph Nader
2,883,105

Ezola B. Foster
Reform Party
Pat Buchanan
449,225

Margaret Trowe
Socialist Workers Party
James Harris
7,378

Mary Cal Hollis
Socialist Party
David McReynolds
5,602

Gloria La Riva
Workers World Party
Monica Moorehead
4,795

Sabrina R. Allen
Independent
Cathy Gordon Brown
1,606

2004
Pat LaMarche
Green Party
David Cobb
119,859

Janice Jordan
Peace and Freedom Party
Leonard Peltier
27,607

Mary Alice Herbert
Socialist Party
Walt Brown
10,837

Margaret Trowe[96]
Socialist Workers Party
James Harris
7,102

Arrin Hawkins
Socialist Workers Party
Róger Calero
3,689

Karen Sanchirico[97]
Independent
Ralph Nader
6,168[98]

Jennifer A. Ryan
Christian Freedom Party
Thomas J. Harens
2,387

Teresa Gutierrez
Workers World Party
John Parker
1,646

Marilyn Chambers
Personal Choice Party
Charles Jay
946

Irene M. Deasy
Independent
Stanford Andress
804

2008
Sarah Palin
Republican Party
John McCain
59,948,323

Rosa Clemente
Green Party
Cynthia McKinney
161,797

Alyson Kennedy
Socialist Workers Party
Róger Calero
7,197

Andrea Marie Psoras[99]
Vote Here Party
Jeffrey H. Boss
604

Patricia Rubacky
New American Independent Party
Frank McEnulty
[100]

2012
Cheri Honkala
Green Party
Jill Stein
469,628

Cindy Sheehan
Peace and Freedom Party
Roseanne Barr
67,326

Maura DeLuca
Socialist Workers Party
James Harris
4,117

Virginia Abernethy
American Third Position Party
Merlin Miller
2,701

Phyllis Scherrer
Socialist Equality Party
Jerry White
1,279

2016
Mindy Finn
Independent
Evan McMullin
449,640

Angela Nicole Walker
Socialist Party USA
Mimi Soltysik
2,540

Hannah Walsh
United States Pacifist Party
Bradford Lyttle
334

Kathleen Monahan
Independent
Lynn S. Kahn
5,610

Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Votes

text: Not nominated by party[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Party
Details
Nomination winner

1848
Lucretia Mott[101]
Liberty Party
4 of 84 votes
Charles C. Foote

1884
Clemence S. Lozier
Equal Rights Party
Declined nomination.
Marietta Stow

1924
Lena Springs
Democratic Party
several to 50 votes in National convention
Charles W. Bryan

1928
Nellie Tayloe Ross
Democratic Party
31 votes in National convention
Joseph T. Robinson

1952
India Edwards
Democratic Party

John Sparkman

Sarah T. Hughes

1972
Shirley Chisholm
Democratic Party
20 votes in National convention
Thomas Eagleton

Frances Farenthold
405 votes in National convention

Martha Griffiths
1 vote in National convention

Patricia Harris
1 vote in National convention

Eleanor McGovern
1 vote in National convention

Martha Mitchell
1 vote in National convention

Maggie Kuhn
People's Party
declined nomination
Benjamin Spock

1976
Anne Armstrong
Republican Party
subject of draft campaign; 6 votes in National convention
Bob Dole

Barbara Jordan
Democratic Party
17 votes in National convention
Walter Mondale

Nancy Palm
Republican Party
1 vote in National convention
Bob Dole

1984
Shirley Chisholm
Democratic Party
3 votes in National convention
Geraldine Ferraro

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick
Republican Party
1 vote in primary
George H. W. Bush

1992
Susan K.Y. Shargal
Democratic Party
1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary
Al Gore

Mary Ruwart
Libertarian Party
129 votes at Convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at Convention (2nd ballot)
Nancy Lord

2000
Gail Lightfoot[102]
Libertarian Party
7 votes at Convention (1st ballot) (6th place)
Art Olivier

2004
Tamara Millay[103]
Libertarian Party
220 votes at Convention (2nd place)
Richard Campagna

2008
Mary Alice Herbert
Socialist Party

Stewart Alexander

2016
Alicia Dearn
Libertarian Party
29 votes at Convention (5th place)
William Weld

Carly Fiorina
Republican Party
Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; campaign suspended six days later
Mike Pence