document_title: Model–view–controller

question_text: in mvc pattern design the m component is related to

text: Model–view–controller

text: Descriptions[edit]

text: As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the "core of the solution" to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system.[4] Particular MVC architectures can vary significantly from the traditional description here.[5]

text: Components[edit]

text:
The model is the central component of the pattern. It is the application's dynamic data structure, independent of the user interface.[6] It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application.
A view can be any output representation of information, such as a chart or a diagram. Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants.
The third part or section, the controller, accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view.[7]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: In addition to dividing the application into three kinds of components, the model–view–controller design defines the interactions between them.[8]

text:
The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It receives user input from the controller.
The view means presentation of the model in a particular format.
The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The controller receives the input, optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model.

text: History[edit]

text: One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces, MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities.[9]

text: Trygve Reenskaug introduced MVC into Smalltalk-76 while visiting the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)[10][11] in the 1970s. In the 1980s, Jim Althoff and others implemented a version of MVC for the Smalltalk-80 class library. Only later did a 1988 article in The Journal of Object Technology (JOT) express MVC as a general concept.[12]

text: The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved,[13] giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model–view–controller (HMVC), model–view–adapter (MVA), model–view–presenter (MVP), model–view–viewmodel (MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts.

text: The use of the MVC pattern in web applications exploded in popularity after the introduction of NeXT's WebObjects in 1996, which was originally written in Objective-C (that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk) and helped enforce MVC principles. Later, the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java. Later frameworks for Java, such as Spring (released in October 2002), continued the strong bond between Java and MVC. The introduction of the frameworks Django (July 2005, for Python) and Rails (December 2005, for Ruby), both of which had a strong emphasis on rapid deployment, increased MVC's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular. MVC web frameworks now hold large market-shares relative to non-MVC web toolkits.[14]

text: Use in web applications[edit]

text: Although originally developed for desktop computing, MVC has been widely adopted as an architecture for World Wide Web applications in major programming languages. Several web frameworks have been created that enforce the pattern. These software frameworks vary in their interpretations, mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the client and server.[15]

text: Some web MVC frameworks take a thin client approach that places almost the entire model, view and controller logic on the server. This is reflected in frameworks such as Django, Rails and ASP.NET MVC. In this approach, the client sends either hyperlink requests or form submissions to the controller and then receives a complete and updated web page (or other document) from the view; the model exists entirely on the server.[15] Other frameworks such as AngularJS, EmberJS, JavaScriptMVC and Backbone allow the MVC components to execute partly on the client (also see Ajax).[citation needed]

text: Goals of MVC[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Simultaneous development[edit]

text: Because MVC decouples the various components of an application, developers are able to work in parallel on different components without impacting or blocking one another. For example, a team might divide their developers between the front-end and the back-end. The back-end developers can design the structure of the data and how the user interacts with it without requiring the user interface to be completed. Conversely, the front-end developers are able to design and test the layout of the application prior to the data structure being available.

text: Code reuse[edit]

text: By creating components that are independent of each other, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user.

text: Advantages & disadvantages[edit]

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Simultaneous development – Multiple developers can work simultaneously on the model, controller and views.
High cohesion – MVC enables logical grouping of related actions on a controller together. The views for a specific model are also grouped together.
Low coupling – The very nature of the MVC framework is such that there is low coupling among models, views or controllers
Ease of modification – Because of the separation of responsibilities, future development or modification is easier
Multiple views for a model – Models can have multiple views

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Code navigability – The framework navigation can be complex because it introduces new layers of abstraction and requires users to adapt to the decomposition criteria of MVC.
Multi-artifact consistency – Decomposing a feature into three artifacts causes scattering. Thus, requiring developers to maintain the consistency of multiple representations at once.
Pronounced learning curve – Knowledge on multiple technologies becomes the norm. Developers using MVC need to be skilled in multiple technologies.


document_title: List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli

question_text: virat kohli highest score in odi against sri lanka

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
Symbol
Meaning

*
Remained not out

Man of the match

Captained the Indian cricket team

Pos.
Position in the batting order

Inn.
The innings of the match

S/R
Strike rate during the innings

H/A/N
Venue was at home (India), away or neutral

Date
Match starting day

Lost
The match was lost by India

Won
The match was won by India

Drawn
The match was drawn

(D/L)
The result of the match was based upon the Duckworth–Lewis method

Home
The match was played in India

Away
The match was played in opponent's country

Neutral
The match was played neither in India nor in the opponent's country

tag: table

text: Test cricket centuries[edit]

text:
Test centuries scored by Virat Kohli[18]

No.
Score
Against
Pos.
Inn.
Test
Venue
H/A/N
Date
Result
Ref

1
7003116000000000000♠ 116
 Australia
6
2
4/4
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
Away
000000002012-01-24-000024 January 2012
Lost
[19]

2
7003103200000000000♠ 103
 New Zealand
5
2
2/2
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
Home
000000002012-08-31-000031 August 2012
Won
[20]

3
7003103100000000000♠ 103
 England
5
2
4/4
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur
Home
000000002012-12-13-000013 December 2012
Drawn
[21]

4
7003107000000000000♠ 107
 Australia
5
2
2/4
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Home
000000002013-02-22-000022 February 2013
Won
[22]

5
7003119000000000000♠ 119
 South Africa
4
1
1/2
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
Away
000000002013-12-18-000018 December 2013
Drawn
[23]

6
7003105100000000000♠ 105*
 New Zealand
4
4
2/2
Basin Reserve, Wellington
Away
000000002014-02-14-000014 February 2014
Drawn
[24]

7
7003115000000000000♠ 115
 Australia
4
2
1/4
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
Away
000000002014-12-09-00009 December 2014
Lost
[25]

8
7003141000000000000♠ 141
 Australia
4
4
1/4
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
Away
000000002014-12-09-00009 December 2014
Lost
[25]

9
7003169000000000000♠ 169
 Australia
4
2
3/4
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
Away
000000002014-12-26-000026 December 2014
Drawn
[26]

10
7003143000000000000♠ 147
 Australia
4
2
4/4
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
Away
000000002015-01-06-00006 January 2015
Drawn
[27]

11
7003103000000000000♠ 103
 Sri Lanka
4
2
1/3
Galle International Stadium, Galle
Away
000000002015-08-12-000012 August 2015
Lost
[28]

12
7003200000000000000♠ 200
 West Indies
4
1
1/4
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua
Away
000000002016-07-21-000021 July 2016
Won
[29]

13
7003211000000000000♠ 211
 New Zealand
4
1
3/3
Holkar Stadium, Indore
Home
000000002016-10-08-00008 October 2016
Won
[30]

14
7003167000000000000♠ 167
 England
4
1
2/5
ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Home
000000002016-11-17-000017 November 2016
Won
[31]

15
7003235000000000000♠ 235
 England
4
2
4/5
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
Home
000000002016-12-08-00008 December 2016
Won
[32]

16
7003204000000000000♠ 204
 Bangladesh
4
1
1/1
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad
Home
000000002017-02-09-00009 February 2017
Won
[33]

17
7003103300000000000♠ 103*
 Sri Lanka
4
3
1/3
Galle International Stadium, Galle
Away
000000002017-07-29-000029 July 2017
Won
[34]

text: ODI cricket centuries[edit]

text:
ODI centuries scored by Virat Kohli[35]

No.
Score
Against
Pos.
Inn.
S/R
Venue
H/A/N
Date
Result
Ref

1
7003107100000000000♠ 107
 Sri Lanka
4
2
93.85
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Home
000000002009-12-24-000024 December 2009
Won
[36]

2
7003102100000000000♠ 102*
 Bangladesh
3
2
107.36
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka
Away
000000002010-01-11-000011 January 2010
Won
[37]

3
7003118000000000000♠ 118
 Australia
3
2
97.52
APCA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Home
000000002010-10-20-000020 October 2010
Won
[38]

4
7003105000000000000♠ 105
 New Zealand
3
1
100.96
Nehru Stadium, Guwahati
Home
000000002010-11-28-000028 November 2010
Won
[39]

5
7003100000000000000♠ 100*
 Bangladesh
4
1
120.48
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka
Away
000000002011-02-19-000019 February 2011
Won
[40]

6
7003107200000000000♠ 107
 England
4
1
115.05
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
Away
000000002011-09-16-000016 September 2011
Lost (D/L)
[41]

7
7003112100000000000♠ 112*
 England
4
2
114.28
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
Home
000000002011-10-17-000017 October 2011
Won
[42]

8
7003117000000000000♠ 117
 West Indies
4
2
95.12
APCA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Home
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011
Won
[43]

9
7003133100000000000♠ 133*
 Sri Lanka
4
2
154.65
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
Neutral
000000002012-02-28-000028 February 2012
Won
[44]

10
7003108000000000000♠ 108
 Sri Lanka
3
1
90.00
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka
Neutral
000000002012-03-13-000013 March 2012
Won
[45]

11
7003183000000000000♠ 183
 Pakistan
3
2
123.64
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka
Neutral
000000002012-03-18-000018 March 2012
Won
[46]

12
7003106000000000000♠ 106
 Sri Lanka
3
1
93.80
MRIC Stadium, Hambantota
Away
000000002012-07-21-000021 July 2012
Won
[47]

13
7003128100000000000♠ 128*
 Sri Lanka
3
2
107.56
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
Away
000000002012-07-31-000031 July 2012
Won
[48]

14
7003102000000000000♠ 102
 West Indies
3
1
122.89
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
Away
000000002013-07-05-00005 July 2013
Won
[49]

15
7003115000000000000♠ 115
 Zimbabwe
3
2
106.48
Harare Sports Club, Harare
Away
000000002013-07-24-000024 July 2013
Won
[50]

16
7003100100000000000♠ 100*
 Australia
3
2
192.30
Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur
Home
000000002013-10-16-000016 October 2013
Won
[51]

17
7003115100000000000♠ 115*
 Australia
3
2
174.24
VCA Stadium, Nagpur
Home
000000002013-10-30-000030 October 2013
Won
[52]

18
7003123000000000000♠ 123
 New Zealand
3
2
110.81
McLean Park, Napier
Away
000000002014-01-19-000019 January 2014
Lost
[53]

19
7003136000000000000♠ 136
 Bangladesh
3
2
111.47
Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium, Fatullah
Away
000000002014-02-26-000026 February 2014
Won
[54]

20
7003127000000000000♠ 127
 West Indies
3
1
111.40
HPCA Stadium, Dharamshala
Home
000000002014-10-17-000017 October 2014
Won
[55]

21
7003139000000000000♠ 139*
 Sri Lanka
4
2
110.31
JSCA International Stadium, Ranchi
Home
000000002014-11-16-000016 November 2014
Won
[56]

22
7003107000000000000♠ 107
 Pakistan
3
1
84.90
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
Neutral
000000002015-02-15-000015 February 2015
Won
[57]

23
7003138000000000000♠ 138
 South Africa
3
1
98.57
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Home
000000002015-10-22-000022 October 2015
Won
[58]

24
7003117100000000000♠ 117
 Australia
3
1
100.00
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
Away
000000002016-01-17-000017 January 2016
Lost
[59]

25
7003106100000000000♠ 106
 Australia
3
2
115.21
Manuka Oval, Canberra
Away
000000002016-01-20-000020 January 2016
Lost
[60]

26
7003154100000000000♠ 154*
 New Zealand
3
2
114.92
Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali
Home
000000002016-10-23-000023 October 2016
Won
[61]

27
7003122000000000000♠ 122
 England
3
2
116.19
Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune
Home
000000002017-01-15-000015 January 2017
Won
[62]

28
7003111000000000000♠ 111*
 West Indies
3
2
96.52
Sabina Park, Kingston
Away
000000002017-07-06-00006 July 2017
Won
[63]

29
7003131000000000000♠ 131
 Sri Lanka
3
1
136.45
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
Away
000000002017-08-31-000031 August 2017
Won
[64]

30
7003110000000000000♠ 110*
 Sri Lanka
3
2
94.82
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
Away
000000002017-09-03-00003 September 2017
Won
[65]

31
7003121100000000000♠ 121
 New Zealand
3
1
96.80
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
Home
000000002017-10-22-000022 October 2017
Lost
[66]

32
7003113000000000000♠ 113
 New Zealand
3
1
106.60
Green Park Stadium, Kanpur
Home
000000002017-10-29-000029 October 2017
Won
[67]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ As of October 2017[update], he ranks eighth-highest in the number of centuries in international cricket.[3]
Jump up ^ India reached their target of 321 runs in 36.4 overs.[5]
Jump up ^ He holds the record for the most centuries in the second innings.
Jump up ^ Kohli is the second player to perform this feat on captaincy debut; the first being Greg Chappell.[14]
Jump up ^ The feat was previously achieved by Don Bradman (in 1930), Ricky Ponting (in 2003) and Brendon McCullum (in 2014). In 2012, Michael Clarke broke the record when he made four double centuries.
Jump up ^ In the event, he also became the first batsman to score four double centuries in consecutive Test series.[16]

tag: ol


document_title: Bye, Felicia

question_text: where did the phrase good bye felicia come from

text: Bye, Felicia

text: The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]

tag: p

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both. (Seriously, just look how often people use it on Twitter.)"[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]

text: In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]

text: On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]


document_title: List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

question_text: how many years has it been since a category 4 hit puerto rico

text: List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

text: Background[edit]

text:
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

TD
TS
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

text: A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC), to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 136 knots (157 mph; 252 km/h; 70 m/s) on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur over a one-minute period at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground. These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources, which include observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites.

text: Between 1924 and 2017, 33 hurricanes were recorded at Category 5 strength. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]

text: A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]

text: Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began).[1]

text: Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan. The November 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for most time spent as a Category 5 (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[1][6]

text: Thirty-three Category 5s have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, nineteen in September, five in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]

text: The July and August Category 5s reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][7]

text: September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[8] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[7] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[9]

text: All six Category 5s in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[7] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

text: Systems[edit]

text:
Name
Dates as a
Category 5
Duration
( hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure
Areas affected
Deaths
Damage
(USD)
Refs

Cuba !"Cuba"
19241019 !October 19, 1924
7001120000000000000♠12
165 !165 mph (270 km/h)
7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg)
Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas
7001900000000000000♠90

[10]

Okeechobee !"San Felipe II
Okeechobee"
19280913 !September 13–14, 1928
7001120000000000000♠12
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
7003400000000000000♠4,000
7008100000000000000♠$100 million

Bahamas !"Bahamas"
19320905 !September 5–6, 1932
7001240000000000000♠24
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004921000000000000♠921 hPa (27.20 inHg)
The Bahamas, Northeastern United States
7001160000000000000♠16

Cuba !"Cuba"
19321105 !November 5–8, 1932
7001780000000000000♠78
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg)
Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda
7003310300000000000♠3,103
7007400000000000000♠$40 million

Cuba–Brownsville !"Cuba–Brownsville"
19330830 !August 30, 1933
7001120000000000000♠12
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004930000000000000♠930 hPa (27.46 inHg)
The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas
7002179000000000000♠179
7007279000000000000♠$27.9 million

Tampico !"Tampico"
19330921 !September 21, 1933
7001120000000000000♠12
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula
7002184000000000000♠184
7006500000000000000♠$5 million

Labor Day !"Labor Day"
19350903 !September 3, 1935
7001180000000000000♠18
185 !185 mph (295 km/h)
7004892000000000000♠892 hPa (26.34 inHg)
The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia
7002408000000000000♠408

New England ! "New England"
19380919 !September 19–20, 1938
7001180000000000000♠18
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004940000000000000♠940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States, Southwestern Quebec
7002682000000000000♠682
7008306000000000000♠$306 million

Carol
19530903 !September 3, 1953
7001120000000000000♠12
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada
7000500000000000000♠5
7006200000000000000♠$2 million

Janet
19550927 !September 27–28, 1955
7001180000000000000♠18
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg)
Lesser Antilles, Central America
7003102300000000000♠1,023
7007658000000000000♠$65.8 million
[11]

Carla
19610911 !September 11, 1961
7001180000000000000♠18
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004931000000000000♠931 hPa (27.49 inHg)
Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States
7001430000000000000♠43
7008325740000000000♠$326 million
[12][13]

Hattie
19611030 !October 30–31, 1961
7001180000000000000♠18
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004920000000000000♠920 hPa (27.17 inHg)
Central America
7002319000000000000♠319
7007603000000000000♠$60.3 million
[14][15]

Beulah
19670920 !September 20, 1967
7001180000000000000♠18
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004923000000000000♠923 hPa (27.26 inHg)
The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas
7002688000000000000♠688
7008207650000000000♠$208 million
[16]

Camille
19690816 !August 16–18, 1969 †
7001300000000000000♠30
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004900000000000000♠900 hPa (26.58 inHg)
Cuba, United States Gulf Coast
7002259000000000000♠259
7009142000000000000♠$1.42 billion
[12][17]

Edith
19710909 !September 9, 1971
7000600000000000000♠6
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004943000000000000♠943 hPa (27.85 inHg)
The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, United States Gulf Coast
7001370000000000000♠37
7007254000000000000♠$25.4 million

Anita
19770902 !September 2, 1977
7001120000000000000♠12
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004926000000000000♠926 hPa (27.34 inHg)
Mexico
7001110000000000000♠11
7000100000000000000♠ Extensive
[18]

David
19790830 !August 30–31, 1979
7001420000000000000♠42
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004924000000000000♠924 hPa (27.29 inHg)
The Caribbean, United States East coast
7003206800000000000♠2,068
7009154000000000000♠$1.54 billion
[19][20]

Allen
19800805 !August 5–9, 1980 †
7001720000000000000♠72
190 !190 mph (305 km/h)
7004899000000000000♠899 hPa (26.55 inHg)
The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas
7002269000000000000♠269
7009123760000000000♠$1.24 billion
[19][21][22]

Gilbert
19880913 !September 13–14, 1988
7001240000000000000♠24
185 !185 mph (295 km/h)
7004888000000000000♠888 hPa (26.22 inHg)
Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico
7002318000000000000♠318
7009710000000000000♠$7.1 billion
[23][24]

Hugo
19890915 !September 15, 1989
7000600000000000000♠6
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004918000000000000♠918 hPa (27.11 inHg)
The Caribbean, United States East Coast
7002107000000000000♠107
7010100000000000000♠$10 billion
[17][25][26]

Andrew
19920823 !August 23–24, 1992 †
7001160000000000000♠16
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004922000000000000♠922 hPa (27.23 inHg)
The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast
7001650000000000000♠65
7010265000000000000♠$26.5 billion
[17][27]

Mitch
19981026 !October 26–28, 1998
7001420000000000000♠42
180 !180 mph (285 km/h)
7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg)
Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida
7004193250000000000♠19,325
7009620000000000000♠$6.2 billion
[28][29][30][31]

Isabel
20030911 !September 11–14, 2003 †
7001420000000000000♠42
165 !165 mph (270 km/h)
7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg)
Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario
7001510000000000000♠51
7009537000000000000♠$5.37 billion
[17][32]

Ivan
20040909 !September 9–14, 2004 †
7001600000000000000♠60
165 !165 mph (270 km/h)
7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg)
The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast
7002124000000000000♠124
7010232800000000000♠$23.3 billion
[17][33]

Emily
20050716 !July 16, 2005
7000600000000000000♠6
160 !160 mph (260 km/h)
7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas
7001170000000000000♠17
7009101400000000000♠$1.01 billion
[34]

Katrina
20050828 !August 28–29, 2005
7001180000000000000♠18
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004902000000000000♠902 hPa (26.64 inHg)
Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast
7003183600000000000♠1,836
7011108000000000000♠$108 billion
[35]

Rita
20050921 !September 21–22, 2005
7001240000000000000♠24
180 !180 mph (285 km/h)
7004895000000000000♠895 hPa (26.43 inHg)
Cuba, United States Gulf Coast
7002125000000000000♠125
7010120370000000000♠$12 billion
[36]

Wilma
20071019 !October 19, 2005
7001180000000000000♠18
185 !185 mph (295 km/h)
7004882000000000000♠882 hPa (26.05 inHg)
Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida
7001870000000000000♠87
7010294000000000000♠$29.4 billion
[37][38][39][40]

Dean
20070818 !August 18–21, 2007 †
7001240000000000000♠24
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg)
The Caribbean, Central America
7001450000000000000♠45
7009176000000000000♠$1.76 billion
[19][41][42]

Felix
20070903 !September 3–4, 2007 †
7001240000000000000♠24
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Nicaragua, Honduras
7002133000000000000♠133
7008720000000000000♠$720 million
[43][44][45][46]

Matthew
20161001 !October 1, 2016
7001120000000000000♠12
165 !165 mph (270 km/h)
7004934000000000000♠934 hPa (27.58 inHg)
Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
7002603000000000000♠603
7010150900000000000♠$15.1 billion
[47]

Irma
20170905 !September 5–9, 2017 †
7001750000000000000♠75
185 !185 mph (295 km/h)
7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg)
Cape Verde, The Caribbean, British Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, Florida
7002134000000000000♠134
>7010667000000000000♠$66.7 billion
[48]

Maria
20170918 !September 18–20, 2017 †
7001300000000000000♠30
175 !175 mph (280 km/h)
7004908000000000000♠908 hPa (26.81 inHg)
Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands
≥7002547000000000000♠547
>7011103450000000000♠$103 billion
[49]

Overall reference for Name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[1]
†Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)

text: Listed by month[edit]

text:
Month
Number of recorded storms

July
1

August
7

September
19

October
5

November
1

Source
National Hurricane Center[1]

text: Landfalls[edit]

text: All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at hurricane strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[50] Sixteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]

text: Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[35] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[51]

text: The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

text:
Name
Year

Category 5

Category 4

Category 3

Category 2

Category 1

Tropical storm

Tropical depression

References

Cuba !"Cuba"
1924
Cuba

Florida
The Bahamas

[1][52]

Okeechobee !"Okeechobee"
1928
Puerto Rico
Guadeloupe, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, & Florida

South Carolina

Bahamas !"Bahamas"
1932
The Bahamas

Cuba !"Cuba"
1932

Little Cayman & Cuba
The Bahamas

Martinique

Cuba !"Cuba–Brownsville"
1933
The Bahamas

Cuba & Texas

Tampico !"Tampico"
1933

Yucatán Peninsula

Mainland Mexico

Labor Day !"Labor Day"
1935
Florida Keys

Northwest Florida
The Bahamas

New England !"New England"
1938

New York & Connecticut

Carol
1953

Canada

Janet
1955
Yucatán Peninsula

Mainland Mexico

Carla
1961

Texas

Hattie
1961

Belize

Mexico

Beulah
1967

Texas
Yucatán Peninsula

Camille
1969
Mississippi

Cuba

Edith
1971
Nicaragua

Louisiana
Belize & Mexico

Anita
1977
Mexico

David
1979
Dominican Republic
Dominica

Florida
Cuba, The Bahamas, & Georgia

Allen
1980

Texas

Gilbert
1988
Quintana Roo

Jamaica & Tamaulipas

[23]

Hugo
1989

Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, & South Carolina
Puerto Rico

[25]

Andrew
1992
Eleuthera & Florida
Berry Islands
Louisiana

[27]

Mitch
1998

Honduras
Campeche & Florida

[28]

Isabel
2003

North Carolina

[32]

Ivan
2004

Alabama

Louisiana
[33]

Emily
2005

Quintana Roo
Tamaulipas

Grenada

[34]

Katrina
2005

Louisiana & Mississippi

Florida

[35]

Rita
2005

Louisiana

[36]

Wilma
2005

Cozumel & Quintana Roo
Florida

[37]

Dean
2007
Quintana Roo

Veracruz

[41]

Felix
2007
Nicaragua

Grenada

[43]

Matthew
2016

Haiti, Cuba & Grand Bahama

South Carolina

[47]

Irma
2017
Barbuda, Saint Martin, Ginger Island, Tortola, Little Inagua & Cuba
Florida Keys
Southwest Florida

[53][54][55][56][57][58]

Maria
2017
Dominica
Puerto Rico

[59]


document_title: The Wall Street Journal

question_text: when did murdoch buy the wall street journal

question_tokens: when did murdoch buy the wall street journal

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The first products of Dow Jones & Company, the publisher of the Journal, were brief news bulletins, nick-named "flimsies", hand-delivered throughout the day to traders at the stock exchange in the early 1880s. They were later aggregated in a printed daily summary called the Customers' Afternoon Letter. Reporters Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser converted this into The Wall Street Journal, which was published for the first time on July 8, 1889, and began delivery of the Dow Jones News Service via telegraph.[5] In 1896, The "Dow Jones Industrial Average" was officially launched. It was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journal's Review & Outlook column, which still runs today, appeared for the first time, initially written by Charles Dow.

text: Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902; circulation was then around 7,000 but climbed to 50,000 by the end of the 1920s. Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barron's, America's premier financial weekly, was founded.[6] Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barron's descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007.[6]

text: The Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, and company CEO in 1945, eventually compiling a 25-year career as the head of the Journal. Kilgore was the architect of the paper's iconic front-page design, with its "What's News" digest, and its national distribution strategy, which brought the paper's circulation from 33,000 in 1941 to 1.1 million at the time of Kilgore's death in 1967. Under Kilgore, in 1947, the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize for William Henry Grimes's editorials.[6]

text: In 1967, Dow Jones Newswires began a major expansion outside of the United States that ultimately put journalists in every major financial center in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Australia, and Africa. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies and three Sunday newspapers. Later, the name was changed to "Dow Jones Local Media Group".[7]

text: 1971 to 1997 brought about a series of launches, acquisitions, and joint ventures, including "Factiva", The Wall Street Journal Asia, The Wall Street Journal Europe, the WSJ.com website, Dow Jones Indexes, MarketWatch, and "WSJ Weekend Edition". In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones. WSJ., a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008.[8]

text: Internet expansion[edit]

text: A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996 and has allowed access only by subscription from the beginning.[9] In 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journal's print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements.[10] In 2007, it was commonly believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web, with 980,000 paid subscribers.[6] Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, and was reported at 400,000 in March 2010.[11] In May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the online edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually, excluding introductory offers.[12]

text: On November 30, 2004, Oasys Mobile and The Wall Street Journal released an app that would allow users to access content from the Wall Street Journal Online via their mobile phones.[13]

text: Many of The Wall Street Journal news stories are available through free online newspapers that subscribe to the Dow Jones syndicate.[citation needed] Pulitzer Prize–winning stories from 1995 are available free on the Pulitzer[14] web site.

text: In September 2005, the Journal launched a weekend edition, delivered to all subscribers, which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years. The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising.[6]

text: In 2005, the Journal reported a readership profile of about 60 percent top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1 million, and an average age of 55.[15]

text: In 2007, the Journal launched a worldwide expansion of its website to include major foreign-language editions. The paper had also shown an interest in buying the rival Financial Times.[16]

text: Design changes[edit]

text: The nameplate is unique in having a period at the end.[17]

text: On September 5, 2006, the Journal included advertising on its front page for the first time. This followed the introduction of front-page advertising on the European and Asian editions in late 2005.[18]

text: After presenting nearly identical front-page layouts for half a century—always six columns, with the day's top stories in the first and sixth columns, "What's News" digest in the second and third, the "A-hed" feature story in the fourth (with 'hed' being jargon for headline) and themed weekly reports in the fifth column[19] – the paper in 2007 decreased its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches while keeping the length at 223⁄4 inches, to save newsprint costs. News design consultant Mario Garcia collaborated on the changes. Dow Jones said it would save US$18 million a year in newsprint costs across all The Wall Street Journal papers.[20] This move eliminated one column of print, pushing the "A-hed" out of its traditional location (though the paper now usually includes a quirky feature story on the right side of the front page, sandwiched among the lead stories).

text: The paper still[when?] uses ink dot drawings called hedcuts, introduced in 1979 and originally created by Kevin Sprouls,[21] in addition to photographs, a method of illustration considered a consistent visual signature of the paper. The Journal still heavily employs the use of caricatures, notably those of Ken Fallin, such as when Peggy Noonan memorialized then-recently deceased newsman Tim Russert.[22][23] The use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more "lifestyle" sections.

text: The daily was awarded by the Society for News Design World's Best Designed Newspaper award for 1994 and 1997.[24]

text: News Corporation and News Corp[edit]

text: On May 2, 2007, News Corporation made an unsolicited takeover bid for Dow Jones, offering US$60 a share for stock that had been selling for US$33 a share. The Bancroft family, which controlled more than 60% of the voting stock, at first rejected the offer, but later reconsidered its position.[25]

text: Three months later, on August 1, 2007, News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement.[26] The US$5 billion sale added The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch's news empire, which already included Fox News Channel, financial network unit and London's The Times, and locally within New York, the New York Post, along with Fox flagship station WNYW (Channel 5) and MyNetworkTV flagship WWOR (Channel 9).[27]

text: On December 13, 2007, shareholders representing more than 60 percent of Dow Jones's voting stock approved the company's acquisition by News Corporation.[28]

text: In an editorial page column, publisher L. Gordon Crovitz said the Bancrofts and News Corporation had agreed that the Journal's news and opinion sections would preserve their editorial independence from their new corporate parent:[29]

text: A special committee was established to oversee the paper's editorial integrity. When the managing editor Marcus Brauchli resigned on April 22, 2008, the committee said that News Corporation had violated its agreement by not notifying the committee earlier. However, Brauchli said he believed that new owners should appoint their own editor.[30]

text: A 2007 Journal article quoted charges that Murdoch had made and broken similar promises in the past. One large shareholder commented that Murdoch has long "expressed his personal, political and business biases through his newspapers and television stations". Former Times assistant editor Fred Emery remembers an incident when "Mr. Murdoch called him into his office in March 1982 and said he was considering firing Times editor Harold Evans. Mr. Emery says he reminded Mr. Murdoch of his promise that editors couldn't be fired without the independent directors' approval. 'God, you don't take all that seriously, do you?' Mr. Murdoch answered, according to Mr. Emery." Murdoch eventually forced out Evans.[31]

text: In 2011, The Guardian found evidence that the Journal had artificially inflated its European sales numbers, by paying Executive Learning Partnership for purchasing 16% of European sales. These inflated sales numbers then enabled the Journal to charge similarly inflated advertising rates, as the advertisers would think that they reached more readers than they actually did. In addition, the Journal agreed to run "articles" featuring Executive Learning Partnership, presented as news, but effectively advertising.[32] The case came to light after a Belgian Wall Street Journal employee, Gert Van Mol, informed Dow Jones CEO Les Hinton about the questionable practice.[33] As a result, the then Wall Street Journal Europe CEO and Publisher Andrew Langhoff was fired after it was found out he personally pressured journalists into covering one of the newspaper's business partners involved in the issue.[34][35] Since September 2011 all the online articles that resulted from the ethical wrongdoing carry a Wall Street Journal disclaimer informing the readers about the circumstances in which they were created.

text: The Journal, along with its parent Dow Jones & Company, was among the businesses News Corporation spun off in 2013 as the new News Corp. In November 2016, in an effort to cut costs, the Journal's editor-in-chief, Gerard Baker, announced that layoffs and consolidation to its sections would take place. In the memo, the new format for the newspaper will have a "Business & Finance" section that will combine its current "Business & Tech" and "Money & Investing" sections. It will also include a new "Life & Arts" section that will combine its current "Personal Journal" and "Arena" sections. In addition, the current "Greater New York" coverage will be reduced and will move into the main section of paper.[36]

text: Features[edit]

text: Since 1980, the Journal has been published in multiple sections. At one time, The Journal's page count averaged as much as 96 pages an issue,[citation needed] but with the industry-wide decline in advertising, the Journal in 2009–10 more typically published about 50 to 60 pages per issue. Regularly scheduled sections are:

text:
Section One – every day; corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting and the opinion pages
Marketplace – Monday through Friday; coverage of health, technology, media, and marketing industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980)
Money and Investing – every day; covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988)
Personal Journal – published Tuesday through Thursday; covers personal investments, careers and cultural pursuits (the section was introduced April 9, 2002)
Off Duty – published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on fashion, food, design, travel and gear/tech. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
Review – published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on essays, commentary, reviews and ideas. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
Mansion – published Fridays; focuses on high-end real estate. The section was launched October 5, 2012.
WSJ Magazine – Launched in 2008 as a quarterly, this luxury magazine supplement distributed within the U.S., European and Asian editions of The Wall Street Journal grew to 12 issues per year in 2014.

tag: ul

text: In addition, several columnists contribute regular features to the Journal opinion page and OpinionJournal.com:

text:
Weekdays – Best of the Web Today[37] by James Freeman
Monday – Americas by Mary O'Grady
Wednesday – Business World by Holman W. Jenkins Jr
Thursday – Wonder Land by Daniel Henninger
Friday – Potomac Watch by Kimberley Strassel
Weekend Edition – Rule of Law, The Weekend Interview (variety of authors), Declarations by Peggy Noonan

text:
In addition to these regular opinion pieces, on Fridays the Journal publishes a religion-themed op-ed, titled "Houses of Worship",
written by a different author each week. Authors range from the Dalai Lama to cardinals.

text: WSJ.[edit]

text: WSJ. is The Wall Street Journal's luxury lifestyle magazine. Its coverage spans art, fashion, entertainment, design, food, architecture, travel and more. Kristina O'Neill is Editor in Chief and Anthony Cenname is Publisher.

text: Launched as a quarterly in 2008, the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014.[38] The magazine is distributed within the U.S. Weekend Edition of The Wall Street Journal newspaper (average paid print circulation is +2.2 million*), the European and Asian editions, and is available on WSJ.com. Each issue is also available throughout the month in The Wall Street Journal's iPad app.

text: Penélope Cruz, Carmelo Anthony, Woody Allen, Scarlett Johansson, Emilia Clarke, Daft Punk, and Gisele Bündchen have all been featured on the cover.

text: In 2012, the magazine launched its signature platform, The Innovator Awards. An extension of the November Innovators issue, the awards ceremony, held in New York City at Museum of Modern Art, honors visionaries across the fields of design, fashion, architecture, humanitarianism, art and technology. The 2013 winners were: Alice Waters (Humanitarianism); Daft Punk (Entertainment); David Adjaye (Architecture); Do Ho Su (Art); Nick D'Aloisio (Technology); Pat McGrath (Fashion); Thomas Woltz (Design).

text: In 2013, Adweek awarded WSJ.[39] "Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year" for its annual Hot List.

text: U.S. Circulation: Each issue of WSJ. is inserted into the weekend edition of The Wall Street Journal, whose average paid circulation for the three months ending September 30, 2013 was 2,261,772 as reported to the Alliance for Audited Media (AAM).

text: Operations[edit]

text:
As of  2012[update], The Wall Street Journal had a global news staff of around 2,000 journalists in
85 news bureaus across 51 countries.[40][41] As of  2012[update], it had 26 printing plants.[40]

text: Recent milestones[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
WSJ Live became available on mobile devices in September 2011.[42]
WSJ Weekend, the weekend newspaper, expanded September 2010, with two new sections: "Off Duty" and "Review".
"Greater New York", a stand-alone, full color section dedicated to the New York metro area, launched April 2010.[43][44]
The Wall Street Journal's San Francisco Bay Area Edition, which focuses on local news and events, launched on November 5, 2009, appearing locally each Thursday in the print Journal and every day on online at WSJ.com/SF.
WSJ Weekend, formerly called Saturday's Weekend Edition: September 2005.
Launch of Today's Journal, which included both the addition of Personal Journal and color capacity to the Journal: April 2002.
Launch of The Wall Street Journal Sunday: Sept. 12, 1999. A four-page print supplement of original investing news, market reports and personal-finance advice that ran in the business sections of other U.S. newspaprs. WSJ Sunday circulation peaked in 2005 with 84 newspapers reaching nearly 11 million homes. The publication ceased on Feb. 7, 2015. [45]
Friday Journal, formerly called First Weekend Journal: March 20, 1998.
WSJ.com launched in April 1996.[46]
First three-section Journal: October 1988.
First two-section Journal: June 1980.

text: Editorial page and political stance[edit]

text: The Journal won its first two Pulitzer Prizes for editorial writing in 1947 and 1953. Subsequent Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for editorial writing to Robert L. Bartley in 1980 and Joseph Rago in 2011; for criticism to Manuela Hoelterhoff in 1983 and Joe Morgenstern in 2005; and for commentary to Vermont Royster in 1984, Paul Gigot in 2000, Dorothy Rabinowitz in 2001, Bret Stephens in 2013, and Peggy Noonan in 2017.

text: Two summaries published in 1995 by the progressive blog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, and in 1996 by the Columbia Journalism Review[47] criticized the Journal's editorial page for inaccuracy during the 1980s and 1990s.

text: The Journal describes the history of its editorials:

text: They are united by the mantra "free markets and free people", the principles, if you will, marked in the watershed year of 1776 by Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. So over the past century and into the next, the Journal stands for free trade and sound money; against confiscatory taxation and the ukases of kings and other collectivists; and for individual autonomy against dictators, bullies and even the tempers of momentary majorities. If these principles sound unexceptionable in theory, applying them to current issues is often unfashionable and controversial.[citation needed]

text: Its historical position was much the same. As former editor William H. Grimes wrote in 1951:

text: On our editorial page we make no pretense of walking down the middle of the road. Our comments and interpretations are made from a definite point of view. We believe in the individual, in his wisdom and his decency. We oppose all infringements on individual rights, whether they stem from attempts at private monopoly, labor union monopoly or from an overgrowing government. People will say we are conservative or even reactionary. We are not much interested in labels but if we were to choose one, we would say we are radical. Just as radical as the Christian doctrine.[48]

text: Each Thanksgiving the editorial page prints two famous articles that have appeared there since 1961. The first is titled The Desolate Wilderness, and describes what the Pilgrims saw when they arrived at the Plymouth Colony. The second is titled And the Fair Land, and describes the bounty of America. It was written by a former editor, Vermont C. Royster, whose Christmas article In Hoc Anno Domini has appeared every December 25 since 1949.[citation needed]

text: Economic views[edit]

text: During the Reagan administration, the newspaper's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for supply-side economics. Under the editorship of Robert Bartley, it expounded at length on economic concepts such as the Laffer curve, and how a decrease in certain marginal tax rates and the capital gains tax could allegedly increase overall tax revenue by generating more economic activity.

text: In the economic argument of exchange rate regimes (one of the most divisive issues among economists), the Journal has a tendency to support fixed exchange rates over floating exchange rates. For example, the Journal was a major supporter of the Chinese yuan's peg to the dollar, and strongly disagreed with American politicians who criticized the Chinese government about the peg. It opposed China's move to let the yuan gradually float, arguing that the fixed rate benefited both the United States and China.

text: The Journal's views compare with those of the British publication The Economist, with its emphasis on free markets[citation needed]. However, the Journal demonstrates important distinctions from European business newspapers, most particularly in regard to the relative significance of, and causes of, the American budget deficit. (The Journal generally points to the lack of foreign growth, while business journals in Europe and Asia blame the low savings rate and concordant high borrowing rate in the United States).

text: Political stance[edit]

text: The Journal's editorial pages and columns, run separately from the news pages, are highly influential in American conservative circles. As editors of the editorial page, Vermont C. Royster (served 1958–1971) and Robert L. Bartley (served 1972–2000) were especially influential in providing a conservative interpretation of the news on a daily basis.[49] Some of the Journal's former reporters claim that the paper has adopted a more conservative tone since Rupert Murdoch's purchase.[50]

text: The editorial board has long argued for a pro-business immigration policy. In a July 3, 1984, editorial, the board wrote: "If Washington still wants to 'do something' about immigration, we propose a five-word constitutional amendment: There shall be open borders." This stand on immigration reform places the Journal in contrast to most conservative activists, politicians, and media publications for example National Review and The Washington Times, who favor heightened restrictions on immigration.[51]

text: The Journal's editorial page has been seen as critical of many aspects of Barack Obama's presidency. In particular, it has been a prominent critic of the Affordable Care Act legislation passed in 2010, and has featured many opinion columns attacking various aspects of the bill.[52] The Journal's editorial page has also criticized the Obama administration's energy policies and foreign policy.[53][54][55]

text: The editorial board of The Wall Street Journal tends to reject widely held views on climate change—namely that it poses a major threat to human existence, is largely caused by fossil fuel emissions, and can be prevented through public policy. The Journal is regarded as a forum for climate change skeptics,[56][57] publishing articles by scientists skeptical of the consensus position on climate change in its op-ed section, including several essays by Richard Lindzen of MIT.[58][59][60] Similarly, the Journal has been accused of refusing to publish opinions of scientists which present the mainstream view on climate change.[61] According to a 2016 analysis, 14% of the guest editorials presented the results of "mainstream climate science", while the majority did not. Also, none of 201 editorials published in the WSJ since 1997 concede that the burning of fossil fuels was causing climate change.[62] A 2015 study found The Wall Street Journal was the newspaper that was least likely to present negative effects of global warming among several newspapers. It was also the most likely to present negative economic framing when discussing climate change mitigation policies,[63] tending to taking the stance that the cost of such policies generally outweighs their benefit.

text: On October 25, 2017, the editorial board called for Special Counsel Robert Mueller to resign from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and accused Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign of colluding with Russia.[64] In December 2017, the editorial board repeated its calls for Mueller's resignation.[65][66] The editorials by the editorial board caused fractures within the Wall Street Journal, as reporters say that the editorials undermine the paper's credibility.[65][66][67]

text: Bias in news pages[edit]

text: The Journal's editors stress the independence and impartiality of their reporters.[29]

text: In a 2004 study, Tim Groseclose and Jeff Milyo argue the Journal's news pages have a pro-liberal bias because they more often quote liberal think tanks. They calculated the ideological attitude of news reports in 20 media outlets by counting the frequency they cited particular think tanks and comparing that to the frequency that legislators cited the same think tanks. They found that the news reporting of The Journal was the most liberal (more liberal than NPR or The New York Times). The study did not factor in editorials.[68] Mark Liberman criticized the model used to calculate bias in the study and argued that the model unequally affected liberals and conservatives and that "..the model starts with a very peculiar assumption about the relationship between political opinion and the choice of authorities to cite." [The authors assume that] "think tank ideology [...] only matters to liberals."[69]

text: The company's planned and eventual acquisition by News Corp in 2007 led to significant media criticism and discussion[70] about whether the news pages would exhibit a rightward slant under Rupert Murdoch. An August 1 editorial responded to the questions by asserting that Murdoch intended to "maintain the values and integrity of the Journal."[71]

text: Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes[edit]

text: The Journal has won more than 30 Pulitzer Prizes in its history. Staff journalists who led some of the newspaper's best-known coverage teams have later published books that summarized and extended their reporting.

text: 1987: RJR Nabisco buyout[edit]

text: In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant RJR Nabisco. Bryan Burrough and John Helyar documented the events in more than two dozen Journal articles. Burrough and Helyar later used these articles as the basis of a bestselling book, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco, which was turned into a film for HBO.[72]

text: 1988: Insider trading[edit]

text: In the 1980s, then Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988, which he shared with Daniel Hertzberg,[73] who went on to serve as the paper's senior deputy managing editor before resigning in 2009. Stewart expanded on this theme in his book, Den of Thieves.[citation needed]

text: 1997: AIDS treatment[edit]

text: David Sanford, a Page One features editor who was infected with HIV in 1982 in a bathhouse, wrote a front-page personal account of how, with the assistance of improved treatments for HIV, he went from planning his death to planning his retirement.[74] He and six other reporters wrote about the new treatments, political and economic issues, and won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting about AIDS.[75]

text: 2000: Enron[edit]

text: Jonathan Weil, a reporter at the Dallas bureau of The Wall Street Journal, is credited with first breaking the story of financial abuses at Enron in September 2000.[76] Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller reported on the story regularly,[77] and wrote a book, 24 Days.

text: 2001: 9/11[edit]

text: The Journal claims to have sent the first news report, on the Dow Jones wire, of a plane crashing into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.[78] Its headquarters, at One World Financial Center, was severely damaged by the collapse of the World Trade Center just across the street.[79] Top editors worried that they might miss publishing the first issue for the first time in the paper's 112-year history. They relocated to a makeshift office at an editor's home, while sending most of the staff to Dow Jones's South Brunswick, N.J., corporate campus, where the paper had established emergency editorial facilities soon after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The paper was on the stands the next day, albeit in scaled-down form. Perhaps the most compelling story in that day's edition was a first-hand account of the Twin Towers' collapse written by then-Foreign Editor (and current Washington bureau chief) John Bussey,[79] who holed up in a ninth-floor Journal office, literally in the shadow of the towers, from where he phoned in live reports to CNBC as the towers burned. He narrowly escaped serious injury when the first tower collapsed, shattering all the windows in the Journal's offices and filling them with dust and debris. The Journal won a 2002 Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Reporting for that day's stories.[80]

text: The Journal subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9/11, using contacts it had developed while covering business in the Arab world. In Kabul, Afghanistan, a reporter from The Wall Street Journal bought a pair of looted computers that Al Qaeda leaders had used to plan assassinations, chemical and biological attacks, and mundane daily activities. The encrypted files were decrypted and translated.[81] It was during this coverage that terrorists kidnapped and killed Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.

text: 2007: Stock option scandal[edit]

text: In 2007, the paper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, with its iconic Gold Medal,[82] for exposing companies that illegally backdate stock options they awarded executives to increase their value.

text: 2008: Bear Stearns fall[edit]

text: Kate Kelly wrote a three-part series that detailed events that led to the collapse of Bear Stearns.[citation needed]

text: 2010: McDonald's health care[edit]

text: A report[83] published on September 30, 2010, detailing allegations McDonald's had plans to drop health coverage for hourly employees drew criticism from McDonald's as well as the Obama administration. The Wall Street Journal reported the plan to drop coverage stemmed from new health care requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. McDonald's called the report "speculative and misleading", stating they had no plans to drop coverage.[84] The Wall Street Journal report and subsequent rebuttal received coverage from several other media outlets.[85][86][87]

text: 2015: Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB[edit]

text: In 2015, a report[88] published by the Journal alleged that up to US$700 million was wired from 1MDB, a Malaysian state investment company, to the personal accounts of Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak at AmBank, the fifth largest lender in Malaysia. Razak responded by threatening to sue the New York-based newspaper.

text: The report prompted some governmental agencies in Malaysia to conduct an investigation into the allegation.

text: 2015–present: Theranos investigation[edit]

text: In 2015, a report written by the Journal's John Carreyrou alleged that blood testing company Theranos' technology was faulty and founder Elizabeth Holmes was misleading investors.[89][90][91] According to Vanity Fair, "a damning report published in The Wall Street Journal had alleged that the company was, in effect, a sham—that its vaunted core technology was actually faulty and that Theranos administered almost all of its blood tests using competitors' equipment."[90] The Journal has subsequently published several more reports questioning Theranos' and Holmes' credibility.[92][93]