document_title: Sofitel

question_text: which is the oldest sofitel in north america

text: Sofitel

text: History[edit]

text: Banque Paribas opened the first Sofitel in Strasbourg (France) on 26 June 1964, the Sofitel Strasbourg Grande Île, which was the first 5-star hotel in the city.[1]

text: International development[edit]

text: In the 1970s, Sofitel became an international chain of hotels. The first Sofitel in the United States opened in 1975 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sofitel entered the US market with a French approach to hospitality, making French baguettes on site, offering a wide selection of wines, providing bidets in 1/3 of the rooms, and hiring French chefs to manage the kitchens. The hotel turned a profit within 18 months of operations.[2] In 1976, Sofitel opened the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, the first 5-star hotel in Manila, a building designed by Filipino architect Leandro Locsin.[3]

text: In 1980, Sofitel was purchased by Accor and joined the group’s portfolio of hotel brands: Novotel, Mercure, Ibis.[4]

text: The first Sofitel in Colombia opened in 1995,[5] and the first Sofitel in Japan opened in 1996.[6] In 1997, the group announced the opening of the Sofitel New York Hotel, a $90 million investment on West 44th Street between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas (next to the New York Yacht Club).[7][8]

text: In the early 2000s, Sofitel went through a major expansion plan in Asia, targeting beach resorts in Thailand, China and Indonesia. Sofitel also multiplied openings throughout the world, including the Sofitel Tokyo, the Sofitel St James London, Sofitel Chicago Water Tower, Sofitel Lafayette Square Washington D.C., Sofitel Marrakech, Sofitel Silom Bangkok, Sofitel Montréal and Sofitel Buenos Aires.[9] Between 2003 and 2004, Sofitel opened 14 locations, including the Sofitel Cancún, its first hotel in Mexico, and 7 new locations in Asia.[10] By 2010, Sofitel had +20 properties in China.[11]

text: Luxury and asset-light strategy[edit]

text: In 2005, Accor North America decided to apply a joint-venture model on the ownership of 6 of its 11 North-American Sofitel properties to develop new growth opportunities.[12] Then in 2007, the brand underwent a global overhaul. The number of hotels was reduced by 50% and a high-end offer around the Sofitel brand inspired by the French Art de vivre was developed. The brands Sofitel Legend (flagship palaces) and SO Sofitel (tradition and lifestyle) were also created.[13] Sofitel adopted an asset-light strategy (less ownership in properties) to bring more focus on hotel management and related services.[11]

text: Between 2009 and 2012, 30 new properties were added to Sofitel’s portfolio:[14] The Hotel Carrasco in Montevideo, its first hotel in Uruguay,[15] and the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi in Vietnam, the first of the Sofitel Legend collection (2009);[16] The 182-room Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom designed by French architect Jean Nouvel (2010);[17] The Grand Amsterdam (2011). By 2013, Sofitel managed 8 properties in the Middle East with plans for further expansion.[18] The Dubai Downtown opened in 2014,[19] and Sofitel Jeddah in 2015.[20] The Sofitel Dubai The Palm Resort & Spa and the Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua Beach Resort both opened in 2013 with plans to further develop Sofitel’s network of resorts in the Middle East and Africa.[21] In June 2017, Sofitel announced the construction of its highest property so far in the Middle East, the Sofitel Dubaï Wafi.[22]

text: Sofitel worked with top fashion designers to create the So Sofitel artsy hotels : Kenzo Takada for the Sofitel So Mauritius, Christian Lacroix for the Sofitel So Bangkok, Karl Lagerfeld for the Sofitel So Singapore,[23][24] and Polpat Asavaprapha for the Sofitel So Hua Hin.[25]

text: Other Sofitel products[edit]

text: In July 2009, Sofitel launched the “So SPA by Sofitel” concept at the Saint James Hotel in London and at the Sofitel Marseille Vieux Port location.[26] So SPA’s development in Asia started in 2013.[27]

text: In 2011, Sofitel launched the De-Light menu, a below-500-calorie menu initially developed by the Thalassa Sea & Spa of the Sofitel Quiberon.[28][29]

text: In December 2014, during the Marrakech International Film Festival, Sofitel launched the first edition of La Nuit by Sofitel, recurring parties organized by Sofitel and happening around noteworthy fashionable events worldwide.[30][31]

text: Activities[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: Sofitel Hotels & Resorts is a luxury hotel chain brand with properties mainly in large cities. Sofitel is headquartered in Paris, France. It is part of AccorHotels’ collection of luxury brands, which also includes Raffles, Fairmont, Pullman, MGallery and Swissôtel.[32]

text: Sofitel Hotels & Resorts owns and manages two sister brands, Sofitel Legend and SO Sofitel. The So Boutique hotel stores provide customers with the exclusively-designed products found in Sofitel’s venues[33]

text: Services[edit]

text: Sofitel Hotels & Resorts owns and manages hotel-related brands distributed in its venues:

text:
SoSPA and SoFIT, Sofitel’s spa and wellness centers[26]
The So Boutique hotel stores provide customers with the exclusively-designed products found in Sofitel’s venues[34]
MyBed, a sleeping experience[13]
La Nuit by Sofitel, recurring parties organized by Sofitel and happening around noteworthy fashionable events worldwide[30]

text: Sofitel restaurants’ menus are prepared by famous chefs Roland Villard (Sofitel Rio de Janeiro) and Christian Constant (Sofitel Paris Arc de Triomphe). All Sofitel restaurants carry the below-500-calorie DeLight menus.[28]

text: Properties[edit]

text: This is a non-exhaustive list of Sofitel Hotels & Resorts properties worldwide:

text:
Photo of properties
Name
City
Country
Managed by Sofitel since

Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi
Hanoi
 Vietnam
1992

Sofitel Old Cataract Hotel
Aswan
 Egypt

Sofitel Legend The Grand
Amsterdam[35]
 Netherlands
1992

Sofitel Legend Santa Clara
Cartagena[36]
 Colombia
1995

So Sofitel Bangkok
Bangkok[37]
 Thailand

Sofitel Chicago Water Tower
Chicago
 United States of America

Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua Beach Resort
Nusa Dua[38]
 Indonesia
2013

Sofitel Paris Le Faubourg
Paris[39]
 France

Sofitel Frankfurt Opera
Frankfurt
 Germany
2011

Sofitel Saint James
London[40]
 Great Britain

Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom
Vienna[41][42]
 Austria
2010

text: Sustainable development[edit]

text: As a member of the AccorHotels group, Sofitel Hotels & Resorts applies the sustainable development policies set by the group. In April 2016, AccorHotels announced that a 1,000 of its hotels, including Sofitel properties, now needed to weigh and record all thrown away foods to reduce food waste. The number of items on menus shrank to 10-20 and those courses must use seasonal local products as much as possible. The group also planned the opening of 1,000 vegetable gardens within its properties, including Sofitel properties, by 2020.[43] In Etterbeek, the honey served by Sofitel is produced on the building’s roof by a professional beekeeper.[44]


document_title: History of Jerusalem

question_text: when did the ottoman empire take over jerusalem

question_tokens: when did the ottoman empire take over jerusalem

root

text: History of Jerusalem

text: Ancient period

text: Proto-Canaanite period

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that the first settlement was established near Gihon Spring between 4500–3500 BCE. The first known mention of the city was in c. 2000 BCE in the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Execration Texts in which the city was recorded as Rusalimum.[11][12] The root S-L-M in the name is thought to refer to either "peace" (compare with modern Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or Shalim, the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.

tag: p

text: Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that by the 17th century BCE, the Canaanites had built massive walls (4 and 5 ton boulders, 26 feet high) on the eastern side of Jerusalem to protect their ancient water system.[13]

text: By c. 1550–1400 BCE, Jerusalem had become a vassal to Egypt after the Egyptian New Kingdom under Ahmose I and Thutmose I had reunited Egypt and expanded into the Levant. The Amarna letters contain correspondence from Abdi-Heba, headman[14] of Urusalim and his suzerain Amenhotep III.

text: The power of the Egyptians in the region began to decline in the 12th century BCE, during the Bronze Age collapse. The Battle of Djahy (Djahy being the Egyptian name for Canaan) in 1178 BCE between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marked the beginning of this decline. The gradual loss of a central power gave rise to independent kingdoms in the region. According to the Bible, Jerusalem at this time was known as Jebus and its independent Canaanite inhabitants at this time were known as Jebusites.

text: Independent Israel and Judah (House of David) period

text: This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[11] According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a "water shaft" and attacking the city from the inside. Archaeologists now view this as implausible as the Gihon spring – the only known location from which water shafts lead into the city – is now known to have been heavily defended (and hence an attack via this route would have been obvious rather than secretive). The older[citation needed] Septuagint text, however, suggests that rather than by a water shaft, David's forces defeated the Jebusites by using daggers rather than through the water tunnels coming through the Gihon spring. There was another king in Jerusalem, Araunah, during, and possibly before, David's control of the city, according to the biblical narrative,[15] who was probably the Jebusite king of Jerusalem.[16] The city, which at that point stood upon the Ophel, was, according to the biblical account, expanded to the south, and declared by David to be the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel. David also, according to the Books of Samuel, constructed an altar at the location of a threshing floor he had purchased from Araunah; a portion of biblical scholars view this as an attempt by the narrative's author to give an Israelite foundation to a pre-existing sanctuary.[17]

text: Later, according to the biblical narrative, King Solomon built a more substantive temple, the Temple of Solomon, at a location which the Book of Chronicles equates with David's altar. The Temple became a major cultural centre in the region; eventually, particularly after religious reforms such as those of Hezekiah and of Josiah, the Jerusalem temple became the main place of worship, at the expense of other, formerly powerful, ritual centres, such as Shiloh and Bethel. However, according to K. L. Noll, in Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, the Biblical account of the centralization of worship in Jerusalem is a fiction, although by the time of Josiah, the territory he ruled was so small that the Jerusalem temple became de facto the only shrine left.[18] Solomon is also described as having created several other important building works at Jerusalem, including the construction of his palace, and the construction of the Millo (the identity of which is somewhat controversial). Archaeologists are divided over whether the biblical narrative is supported by the evidence from excavations.[19] Eilat Mazar contends that her digging uncovered remains of large stone buildings from the correct time period, while Israel Finkelstein disputes both the interpretation and the dating of the finds.[20][21]

text: When the Kingdom of Judah split from the larger Kingdom of Israel (which the Bible places near the end of the reign of Solomon, c. 930 BCE, though Israel Finkelstein and others dispute the very existence of a unified monarchy to begin with[22]), Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, while the Kingdom of Israel located its capital at Shechem in Samaria. Thomas L. Thompson argues that it only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the 7th century.[23]

text: Both the Bible and regional archaeological evidence suggest the region was politically unstable during the period 925–732 BCE. In 925 BCE, the region was invaded by Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period, who is possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem. Around 75 years later, Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against the Neo-Assyrian King Shalmaneser III in the Battle of Qarqar. According to the bible, Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Northern Kingdom of Israel at this time.

text: The Bible records that shortly after this battle, Jerusalem was sacked by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians, who looted King Jehoram's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz.

text: Two decades later, most of Canaan including Jerusalem was conquered by Hazael of Aram Damascus. According to the Bible, Jehoash of Judah gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy "all the princes of the people" in the city. And half a century later, the city was sacked by Jehoash of Israel, who destroyed the walls and took Amaziah of Judah prisoner.

text: By the end of the First Temple Period, Jerusalem was the sole acting religious shrine in the kingdom and a centre of regular pilgrimage; a fact which archaeologists generally view as being corroborated by the evidence,[citation needed] though there remained a more personal cult involving Asherah figures, which are found spread throughout the land right up to the end of this era.[22]

text: Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period

text: Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah for some 400 years. It had survived an Assyrian siege in 701 BCE by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria, the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, that had fallen some twenty years previously. According to the Bible, this was a miraculous event in which an angel killed 185,000 men in Sennacherib's army. According to Sennacherib's own account preserved in the Taylor prism, an inscription contemporary with the event, the king of Judah, Hezekiah, was "shut up in the city like a caged bird" and eventually persuaded Sennacherib to leave by sending him "30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty".

text: The siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE led to the city being overcome by the Babylonians, who then took the young King Jehoiachin into Babylonian captivity, together with most of the aristocracy. Zedekiah, who had been placed on the throne by Nebuchadnezzar (the Babylonian king), rebelled, and Nebuchadnezzar, who at the time (587/586 BCE) was ruler of a most powerful empire, recaptured the city, killed Zedekiah's descendants in front of him, and plucked out Zedekiah's eyes so that that would be the last thing he ever saw. The Babylonians then took Zedekiah into captivity, along with prominent members of Judah. The Babylonians then burnt the temple, destroyed the city's walls, and appointed Gedaliah son of Achikam as governor of Judah. After 52 days of rule, Yishmael, son of Netaniah, a surviving descendant of Zedekiah, assassinated Gedaliah after encouragement by Baalis, the king of Ammon. Some of the remaining population of Judah, fearing the vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar, fled to Egypt.

text: Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period

text: This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: According to the Bible, and perhaps corroborated by the Cyrus Cylinder, after several decades of captivity in Babylon and the Achaemenid conquest of Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple. The books of Ezra-Nehemiah record that the construction of the Second Temple was finished in the sixth year of Darius the Great (516 BCE), following which Artaxerxes I sent Ezra and then Nehemiah to rebuild the city's walls and to govern the Yehud province within the Eber-Nari satrapy. These events represent the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.[24]

text: During this period, Aramaic-inscribed "Yehud coinage" were produced – these are believed to have been minted in or near Jerusalem, although none of the coins bear a mint mark.

text: Classical antiquity

text: Hellenistic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid) period

text: When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea fell under Greek control and Hellenistic influence. After the Wars of the Diadochoi following Alexander's death, Jerusalem and Judea fell under Ptolemaic control under Ptolemy I and continued minting Yehud coinage. In 198 BCE, as a result of the Battle of Panium, Ptolemy V lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus the Great.

text: Under the Seleucids many Jews had become Hellenized and with their assistance tried to Hellenize Jerusalem, eventually culminating in a rebellion by the High Priest Matityahu ben Yoḥanan and his five sons: Simon, Yochanan, Eleazar, Jonathan and Yehuda ha-Makabi, also known as the Maccabees. As a result of the rebellion, Jerusalem became the capital of the independent Hasmonean Kingdom.

text: Hasmonean Period

text: The Hasmonean Kingdom lasted for 103 years. It was ruled by Simon Maccabaeus, the son of Matityahu; then by his son Yochanan, known as John Hyrcanus, who started minting his own Hasmonean coins; then by his son Yehuda Aristobulus; then by his wife Salome Alexandra; then by his brother Alexander Yannai; then by his sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. When the brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus each asked for Rome to intervene on their behalf, Judea fell under the greater rule of Rome as an autonomous province but still with a significant amount of independence. The last Hasmonean king was Aristobulus' son Antigonus II Matityahu.

text: Roman Jerusalem

text: In 37 BCE, Herod the Great captured Jerusalem after forty-day siege, ending Hasmonean rule. Herod ruled the Province of Judea as a client-king of the Romans, rebuilt the Second Temple, upgraded the surrounding complex, and expanded the minting of coins to many denominations. Pliny the Elder, writing of Herod's achievements, called Jerusalem "the most famous by far of the Eastern cities and not only the cities of Judea." The Talmud comments that "He who has not seen the Temple of Herod has never seen a beautiful building in his life." And Tacitus wrote that "Jerusalem is the capital of the Jews. In it was a Temple possessing enormous riches."[25]

text: Herod also built Caesarea Maritima which replaced Jerusalem as the capital of the Roman province.[Note 5] In 6 CE, following Herod's death in 4 BCE, Judea and the city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman rule through Roman prefects, procurators, and legates (see List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers). Nevertheless, Herod's descendants remained nominal kings of Iudaea Province as Agrippa I (41–44) and Agrippa II (48–100).

text: In 66 CE, the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the First Jewish–Roman War or Great Revolt. Roman legions under future emperor Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external (retaining) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood, a portion of which has become known as the Western Wall. Titus' victory is commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome. Agrippa II died c. 94 CE, which brought the Herodian dynasty to an end almost thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple. After the end of this revolt, Jews continued to live in Jerusalem in significant numbers,[citation needed] and were allowed to practice their religion, only if they paid the Jewish Tax.

text: In the 1st century CE, Jerusalem became the birthplace of Early Christianity. According to the New Testament, it is the location of the crucifixion, resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ (see also Jerusalem in Christianity). It was in Jerusalem that, according to the Acts of the Apostles, the Apostles of Christ received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and first began preaching the Gospel and proclaiming his resurrection. Jerusalem eventually became an early centers of Christianity and home to one of the five Patriarchates of the Christian Church. After the Great Schism, it remained a part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

text: Roman Aelia Capitolina period

text: What is today known as the "Old City" was laid out by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century, when he began to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city. In 130, Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem remaining after the First Jewish-Roman War of 66–73. He rebuilt the city, renaming it Aelia Capitolina in 135 CE. Hadrian placed the city's main Roman Forum at the junction of the main Cardo and Decumanus, now the location of the (smaller) Muristan. Hadrian built a large temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, which later became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[27] He placed restrictions on some Jewish practices, which caused a revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba. Hadrian responded with overwhelming force, putting down the rebellion, killing as many as a half million Jews, and resettling the city as a Roman colonia. Jews were forbidden to enter the city but for a single day of the year, Tisha B'Av, (the Ninth of Av), the fast day on which Jews mourn the destruction of both Temples. For the next 150 years, the city remained a relatively unimportant pagan Roman town.

text: Post-Crisis Roman and Early Byzantine Empire period

text: The Emperor Constantine, however, rebuilt Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship, building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335. Jerusalem had received special recognition in Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Constantine's mother, Helena, made a pilgrimage to the city and claimed to have recovered the cross of Christ. Jews were still banned from the city throughout the remainder of its time as a Roman province, except during a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629.

text: Middle Ages

text: Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

text: Although the Qur'an does not mention the name "Jerusalem", the hadith assert that it was from Jerusalem that Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Night Journey, or Isra and Miraj.[citation needed] The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first conquests in 638 CE; according to Arab historians of the time, the Rashidun Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab personally went to the city to receive its submission, cleaning out and praying at the Temple Mount in the process. Sixty years later the Dome of the Rock was built, a structure enshrining a stone from which Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven during the Isra. (The octagonal and gold-sheeted Dome is not the Al-Aqsa Mosque to the south, the latest version of which was built more than three centuries later). Umar ibn al-Khattab also allowed the Jews back into the city and freedom to live and worship after four hundred years.

text: Under the early centuries of Muslim rule, especially during the Umayyad (650–750) and Abbasid (750–969) dynasties, the city prospered; geographers Ibn Hawqal and al-Istakhri (10th century) describe it as "the most fertile province of Palestine",[citation needed] while its native son, the geographer al-Muqaddasi (born 946) devoted many pages to its praises in his most famous work, The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Climes. Under Muslim rule Jerusalem did not achieve the political or cultural status enjoyed by the capitals Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo etc. Interestingly, al-Muqaddasi derives his name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem, Bayt al-Muqaddas, which is linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew Beit Ha-Mikdash, the Holy House.

text: Fatimid period

text: The early Arab period was also one of religious tolerance.[citation needed] However, in the early 11th century, the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of all churches. In 1033, there was another earthquake, severely damaging the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036. The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven.[28] Az-Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle, which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque. The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome—made of wood—was constructed.[29] Persian geographer, Nasir Khusraw describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047:

text: The Haram Area (Noble Sanctuary) lies in the eastern part of the city; and through the bazaar of this (quarter) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway (Dargah)... After passing this gateway, you have on the right two great colonnades (Riwaq), each of which has nine-and-twenty marble pillars, whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles, and the joints are set in lead. Above the pillars rise arches, that are constructed, of masonry, without mortar or cement, and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone. These colonnades lead down to near the Maqsurah.[30]

text: Seljuk period

text: Under Az-Zahir's successur al-Mustansir Billah, the Fatimid Caliphate entered a period of instability and decline, as factions fought for power in Cairo. In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord warlord Atsiz ibn Uvaq, who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the Seljuk Turks throughout the Middle East. As the Turks were staunch Sunnis, they were opposed not only to the Fatimids, but also to the numerous Shia Muslims, who saw themselves removed from dominance after a century of Fatimid rule. In 1176, riots between Sunnis and Shiites in Jerusalem led to a massacre of the latter. Although the Christians of the city were left unmolested, and allowed access to the Christian holy sites, the wars with Byzantium and the general instability in Syria impeded the arrival pilgrims from Europe. The Seljuks also forbade the repair of any church, despite the damages suffered in the recent turmoils. There does not appear to have been a significant Jewish community in the city at this time.

text: In 1086, the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I, appointed Artuk Bey governor of Jerusalem. Artuk died in 1091, and his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi succeeded him. In August 1098, while the Seljuks were distracted by the arrival of the First Crusade in Syria, the Fatimids under vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah appeared before the city and laid siege to it. After six weeks, the Seljuk garrison capitulated and was allowed to leave for Damascus and Diyar Bakr. The Fatimid takeover was followed by the expulsion of most of the Sunnis, in which many of them were also killed.

text: Crusader period

text: Fatimid control of Jerusalem ended when it was captured by Crusaders in July 1099. The capture was accompanied by a massacre of almost all of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon, was elected Lord of Jerusalem on 22 July 1099, but did not assume the royal crown and died a year later.[31] Barons offered the lordship of Jerusalem to Godfrey's brother Baldwin, Count of Edessa, who had himself crowned by the Patriarch Daimbert on Christmas Day 1100 in the basilica of Bethlehem.[31]

text: Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church, and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount (the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque) were converted for Christian purposes. It is during this period of Frankish occupation that the Military Orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar have their beginnings. Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem in the 12th century.

text: Ayyubid, Bahri Mamluk and Burji Mamluk period

text: The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted until 1291; however, Jerusalem itself was recaptured by Saladin in 1187 (see Siege of Jerusalem (1187)), who permitted worship of all religions. According to Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, German Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. Thus when the knights of the First Crusade came to besiege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to the German city of Worms to repay the favor.[32] Further evidence of German communities in the holy city comes in the form of halakic questions sent from Germany to Jerusalem during the second half of the 11th century.[33]

text: In 1173 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem. He described it as a small city full of Jacobites, Armenians, Greeks, and Georgians. Two hundred Jews dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David. In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status. The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty. In 1229, by treaty with Egypt's ruler al-Kamil, Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany. In 1239, after a ten-year truce expired, he began to rebuild the walls; these were again demolished by an-Nasir Da'ud, the emir of Kerak, in the same year.

text: In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Khwarezmian Empire took the city in 1244 and were in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. In 1260 the Mongols under Hulagu Khan engaged in raids into Palestine. It is unclear if the Mongols were ever in Jerusalem, as it was not seen as a settlement of strategic importance at the time. However, there are reports that some of the Jews that were in Jerusalem temporarily fled to neighboring villages.[citation needed]

text: In 1267 the Jewish Catalan sage Nahmanides travelled to Jerusalem. In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue, the second oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem, after that of the Karaite Jews built about 300 years earlier. In the middle of the 13th century, Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate.

text: Early modern period

text: The first provincial or superior of the Franciscan religious order, founded by Francis of Assisi, was Brother Elia from Assisi. In the year 1219 the founder himself visited the region in order to preach the Gospel to the Muslims, seen as brothers and not enemies. The mission resulted in a meeting with the sultan of Egypt, Malik al-Kamil, who was surprised by his unusual behaviour. The Franciscan Province of the East extended to Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and the Holy Land. Before the taking over of Acre (on 18 May 1291), Franciscan friaries were present at Acre, Sidon, Antioch, Tripoli, Jaffa, and Jerusalem.[34]

text: From Cyprus, where they took refuge at the end of the Latin Kingdom, the Franciscans started planning a return to Jerusalem, given the good political relations between the Christian governments and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Around the year 1333 the French friar Roger Guerin succeeded in buying the Cenacle[35] (the room where the Last Supper took place) on Mount Zion and some land to build a monastery nearby for the friars, using funds provided by the king and queen of Naples. With two papal bullae, Gratias Agimus and Nuper Carissimae, dated in Avignon, 21 November 1342, Pope Clement VI approved and created the new entity which would be known as the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land (Custodia Terrae Sanctae).[34][36]

text: The friars, coming from any of the Order's provinces, under the jurisdiction of the father guardian (superior) of the monastery on Mount Zion, were present in Jerusalem, in the Cenacle, in the church of the Holy Sepulcher, and in the Basilica of the Nativity at Bethlehem. Their principal activity was to ensure liturgical life in these Christian sanctuaries and to give spiritual assistance to the pilgrims coming from the West, to European merchants resident or passing through the main cities of Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon, and to have a direct and authorized relation with the Eastern Christianity Oriental communities.[34]

text: The monastery on Mount Zion was used by Brother Alberto da Sarteano for his papal mission for the union of the Oriental Christians (Greeks, Copts, and Ethiopians) with Rome during the Council of Florence (1440). For the same reason the party guided by Brother Giovanni di Calabria halted in Jerusalem on his way to meet the Christian Negus of Ethiopia (1482).[34]

text: In 1482, the visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a possible Druze sect and Mamluks. Christians and Jews alike in Jerusalem lived in great poverty and in conditions of great deprivation, there are not many Christians but there are many Jews, and these the Muslims persecute in various ways."[37] Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".[38]

text: In 1551 the Friars were expelled by the Turks[39] from the Cenacle and from their adjoining monastery. However, they were granted permission to purchase a Georgian monastery of nuns in the northwest quarter of the city, which became the new center of the Custody in Jerusalem and developed into the Latin Convent of Saint Saviour [40] (known as Dayr al Ātīn دير الاتين دير اللاتين Arabic)[41])[34]

text:
Old Yishuv

Jewish life in the Land of Israel under Ottoman rule

Key events

Aliya of Nachmanides (1267)
Alhambra (1492)
Manuel I decree (1496)
Hebron and Safed massacres (1517)
Revival of Tiberias (1563)
Sack of Tiberias (1660)
Hebron massacre (1834)
Safed attack (1838)
Jerusalem expansion
Moshavot establishment

Key figures

Ishtori Haparchi (d. 1313)
Joseph Saragossi (d. 1507)
Obadiah MiBartenura (d. 1515)
Levi ibn Habib (d. 1545)
Jacob Berab (d. 1546)
Joseph Nasi (d. 1579)
Moses Galante (d. 1689)
Moses ibn Habib (d. 1696)
Yehuda he-Hasid (d. 1700)
Haim Abulafia (d. 1744)
Menachem Mendel (d. 1788)
Haim Farhi (d. 1820)
Jacob Saphir (d. 1886)
Haim Aharon Valero (d. 1923)

Economy

Etrog cultivation
Winemaking
Banking
Printing
Soap production
Textiles

Philanthropy

Kollel
Halukka

Montefiore
Judah Touro

Communities

Musta'arabim
Sephardim
Perushim
Hasidim

Jerusalem

Mea Shearim
Mishkenot Sha'ananim

Hebron
Safed
Tiberias
Jaffa
Haifa
Peki'in
Acco
Shechem
Gaza
Kafr Yasif
Shefa-'Amr
Petah Tikva

Synagogues

Great Academy of Paris (1258)
Ramban (1267)
Abuhav (1490s)
Abraham Avinu (1540)
Ari (1570s)
Johanan ben Zakai (1600s)
Hurva (1700)
Tifereth Israel (1872)

Related articles

History of the Jews and Judaism
in the Land of Israel

Four Holy Cities
Applicability of religious laws

History of Zionism

Timeline
Pre-Modern Aliyah
Return to Zion
Three Oaths
Haredim and Zionism

Edah HaChareidis
ShaDaR

v
t
e

text: Early Ottoman period

text: In 1517, Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire and enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of the walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem (although some foundations were remains of genuine antique walls). The rule of Suleiman and subsequent Ottoman Sultans brought an age of "religious peace"; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed freedom of religion and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire's faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation.[citation needed]

text: In 1700, Judah HeHasid led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel in centuries. His disciples built the Hurva Synagogue, which served as the main synagogue in Jerusalem from the 18th century until 1948, when it was destroyed by the Arab Legion.[Note 6] The synagogue was rebuilt in 2010.

text: Between 1703 and 1705, Jerusalem's Muslim religious leadership and the majority of its inhabitants revolted against the Ottoman governor of the district, Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram in what became known as the Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt. During the course of the revolt, Jerusalem's residents administered their own affairs, engaging in virtual self-rule, until the central Ottoman authorities restored their control over the city.[citation needed]

text: Modern era

text: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

text: In the mid-19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the city was a backwater, with a population that did not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, it was, even then, an extremely heterogeneous city because of its significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The population was divided into four major communities – Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Armenian – and the first three of these could be further divided into countless subgroups, based on precise religious affiliation or country of origin. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was meticulously partitioned between the Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian, Coptic, and Ethiopian churches. Tensions between the groups ran so deep that the keys to the shrine and its doors were safeguarded by a pair of 'neutral' Muslim families.

text: At the time, the communities were located mainly around their primary shrines. The Muslim community surrounded the Haram ash-Sharif or Temple Mount (northeast), the Christians lived mainly in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (northwest), the Jews lived mostly on the slope above the Western Wall (southeast), and the Armenians lived near the Zion Gate (southwest). In no way was this division exclusive, though it did form the basis of the four quarters during the British Mandate (1917–1948).

text: Several changes with long-lasting effects on the city occurred in the mid-19th century: their implications can be felt today and lie at the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict over Jerusalem. The first of these was a trickle of Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The first such immigrants were Orthodox Jews: some were elderly individuals, who came to die in Jerusalem and be buried on the Mount of Olives; others were students, who came with their families to await the coming of the Messiah, adding new life to the local population. At the same time, European colonial powers began seeking toeholds in the city, hoping to expand their influence pending the imminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This was also an age of Christian religious revival, and many churches sent missionaries to proselytize among the Muslim and especially the Jewish populations, believing that this would speed the Second Coming of Christ. Finally, the combination of European colonialism and religious zeal was expressed in a new scientific interest in the biblical lands in general and Jerusalem in particular. Archeological and other expeditions made some spectacular finds, which increased interest in Jerusalem even more.[citation needed]

text: By the 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the construction of the New City, the part of Jerusalem outside of the city walls. Seeking new areas to stake their claims, the Russian Orthodox Church began constructing a complex, now known as the Russian Compound, a few hundred meters from Jaffa Gate. The first attempt at residential settlement outside the walls of Jerusalem was undertaken by Jews, who built a small complex on the hill overlooking Zion Gate, across the Valley of Hinnom. This settlement, known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim, eventually flourished and set the precedent for other new communities to spring up to the west and north of the Old City. In time, as the communities grew and connected geographically, this became known as the New City.

text: In 1882, around 150 Jewish families arrived in Jerusalem from Yemen. Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish-American colony, who called them Gadites.[43] In 1884, the Yemenites moved into Silwan.

text: British Mandate period

text: The British were victorious over the Ottomans in the Middle East during World War I and victory in Palestine was a step towards dismemberment of that empire. General Sir Edmund Allenby, commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, entered Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, on 11 December 1917.[44]

text: By the time General Allenby took Jerusalem from the Ottomans in 1917, the new city was a patchwork of neighborhoods and communities, each with a distinct ethnic character. This continued under British rule, as the New City of Jerusalem grew outside the old city walls and the Old City of Jerusalem gradually emerged as little more than an impoverished older neighborhood. Sir Ronald Storrs, the first British military governor of the city, issued a town planning order requiring new buildings in the city to be faced with sandstone and thus preserving some of the overall look of the city even as it grew.[45] During the 1930s, two important new institutions, the Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University were founded on Jerusalem's Mount Scopus.

text: British rule marked, however, a period of growing unrest. Arab resentment at British rule and the influx of Jewish immigrants (by 1948 one in six Jews in Palestine lived in Jerusalem) boiled over in anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem in 1920, 1929, and the 1930s that caused significant damage and several deaths. The Jewish community organized self-defense forces in response to the Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 and later disturbances; while other Jewish groups carried out bombings and attacks against the British, especially in response to suspected complicity with the Arabs and restrictions on immigration during World War II imposed by the White Paper of 1939.[citation needed] The level of violence continued to escalate throughout the 1930s and 1940s. In July 1946 members of the underground Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King David Hotel, where the British forces were temporarily located, an act which led to the death of 91 civilians.

text: On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan which would partition the British Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. Each state would be composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa. Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control as a Corpus Separatum.

text:
Jewish Legion soldiers at the Western Wall after taking part in 1917 British conquest of Jerusalem

Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem during 1944 British demolition of recent construction obscuring the historic city walls

Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947

The Jerusalem boundary in 1947 and the proposed boundary of a Corpus Separatum.

tag: ul

text: Partition between Israel and Jordan

text: After partition, the fight for Jerusalem escalated, with heavy casualties among both fighters and civilians on the British, Jewish, and Arab sides. By the end of March 1948, just before the British withdrawal, and with the British increasingly reluctant to intervene, the roads to Jerusalem were cut off by Arab irregulars, placing the Jewish population of the city under siege. The siege was eventually broken, though massacres of civilians occurred on both sides,[citation needed] before the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began with the end of the British Mandate in May 1948.

text: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War led to massive displacement of Arab and Jewish populations. According to Benny Morris, due to mob and militia violence on both sides, 1,500 of the 3,500 (mostly ultra-Orthodox) Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit.[46] See also Jewish Quarter. The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta (today within the bounds of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.[46][47][48] The villages of Deir Yassin, Ein Karem and Malcha, as well as neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as Talbiya, Katamon, Baka, Mamilla and Abu Tor, also came under Israeli control, and their residents were forcibly displaced;[citation needed] in some cases, as documented by Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.[46][49]

text: In May 1948 the US Consul, Thomas C. Wasson, was assassinated outside the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, Count Bernadotte, was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish Stern Group.[citation needed]

text: Division between Jordan and Israel (1948–1967)

text: The United Nations proposed, in its 1947 plan for the partition of Palestine, for Jerusalem to be a city under international administration. The city was to be completely surrounded by the Arab state, with only a highway to connect international Jerusalem to the Jewish state.

text: Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided. The Western half of the New City became part of the newly formed state of Israel, while the eastern half, along with the Old City, was occupied by Jordan. According to David Guinn,

text: Concerning Jewish holy sites, Jordan breached its commitment to appoint a committee to discuss, among other topics, free access of Jews to the holy sites under its jurisdiction, mainly in the Western Wall and the important Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, as provided in the Article 8.2 of the Cease Fire Agreement between it and Israel dated April 3, 1949. Jordan permitted the paving of new roads in the cemetery, and tombstones were used for paving in Jordanian army camps. The Cave of Shimon the Just became a stable.[50]

text: According to Gerald M. Steinberg, Jordan ransacked 57 ancient synagogues, libraries and centers of religious study in the Old City Of Jerusalem, 12 were totally and deliberately destroyed. Those that remained standing were defaced, used for housing of both people and animals. Appeals were made to the United Nations and in the international community to declare the Old City to be an 'open city' and stop this destruction, but there was no response.[51] (See also Hurva Synagogue)

text: On 23 January 1950, the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel.[52] It is also the largest city in the country.

text: State of Israel

text: East Jerusalem was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1967 Six-Day War. The Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred homes was demolished and its inhabitants expelled; thereafter a public plaza was built in its place adjoining the Western Wall. However, the Waqf (Islamic trust) was granted administration of the Temple Mount and thereafter Jewish prayer on the site was prohibited by both Israeli and Waqf authorities.

text: Most Jews celebrated the event as a liberation of the city; a new Israeli holiday was created, Jerusalem Day (Yom Yerushalayim), and the most popular secular Hebrew song, "Jerusalem of Gold" (Yerushalayim shel zahav), became popular in celebration. Many large state gatherings of the State of Israel take place at the Western Wall today, including the swearing-in of various Israel army officers units, national ceremonies such as memorial services for fallen Israeli soldiers on Yom Hazikaron, huge celebrations on Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israel Independence Day), huge gatherings of tens of thousands on Jewish religious holidays, and ongoing daily prayers by regular attendees. The Western Wall has become a major tourist destination spot.

text: Under Israeli control, members of all religions are largely granted access to their holy sites. The major exceptions being security limitations placed on some Arabs from the West Bank and Gaza Strip from accessing holy sites due to their inadmissibility to Jerusalem, as well as limitations on Jews from visiting the Temple Mount due to both politically motivated restrictions (where they are allowed to walk on the Mount in small groups, but are forbidden to pray or study while there) and religious edicts that forbid Jews from trespassing on what may be the site of the Holy of the Holies. Concerns have been raised about possible attacks on the al-Aqsa Mosque after a serious fire broke in the mosque in 1969 (started by Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian fundamentalist Christian found by the court to be insane). Riots broke out following the opening of an exit in the Arab Quarter for the Western Wall Tunnel on the instructions of the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, which prior Prime Minister Shimon Peres had instructed to be put on hold for the sake of peace (stating "it has waited for over 1000 years, it could wait a few more").

text: Conversely, Israeli and other Jews have showed concerns over excavations being done by the Waqf on the Temple Mount that could harm Temple Relics, particularly excavations to the north of Solomon's Stables that were designed to create an emergency exit for them (having been pressured to do so by Israeli authorities).[53] Some Jewish sources allege that the Waqf's excavations in Solomon's Stables also seriously harmed the Southern Wall; however an earthquake in 2004 that damaged the eastern wall could also be to blame.

text: The status of East Jerusalem remains a highly controversial issue. The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city, and most countries, including the US, maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv. The United States Congress has pledged to move its embassy to Jerusalem, subject to Presidential approval, which has not been forthcoming as the peace process continues. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the Knesset's 1980 "Jerusalem Law" declaring Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. The council has also condemned Israeli settlement in territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem (see UNSCR 452, 465 and 741).

text: Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in 1967, Jewish settler organizations have sought to establish a Jewish presence in neighborhoods such as Silwan.[54][55] In the 1980s, Haaretz reports, the Housing Ministry "then under Ariel Sharon, worked hard to seize control of property in the Old City and in the adjacent neighborhood of Silwan by declaring them absentee property. The suspicion arose that some of the transactions were not legal; an examination committee ... found numerous flaws." In particular, affidavits claiming that Arab homes in the area were absentee properties, filed by Jewish organizations, were accepted by the Custodian without any site visits or other follow-up on the claims.[56] ElAd, a settlement organization[57][58][59][60] which Haaretz says promotes the "Judaization" of East Jerusalem,[61] and the Ateret Cohanim organization, are working to increase Jewish settlement in Silwan in cooperation with the Committee for the Renewal of the Yemenite Village in Shiloah.[62]

text: See Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem).

text: Graphical overview of Jerusalem's historical periods

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ "No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people."[5]
Jump up ^ "For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be 'Jerusalem.'"[6]
Jump up ^ "Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines from Crete, Anatolian and Lydian Greeks, Hebrews, Amorites, Edomites, Nabateans, Arameans, Romans, Arabs, and European crusaders, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Persians, Babylonians, and Mongols, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity – albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture."[7]
Jump up ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the 7th century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations."[8]
Jump up ^ "When Judea was converted into a Roman province in 6 CE, Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."[26]
Jump up ^ "This was not done in the heat of battle, but by official order. Explosives were placed carefully and thoughtfully under the springing points of the domes, of the great Hurva synagogue."[42]

tag: ol


document_title: Eight Is Enough

question_text: where was the eight is enough house located

text: Eight Is Enough

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show centers on a Sacramento, California family with eight children (from oldest to youngest: David, Mary, Joanie, Susan, Nancy, Elizabeth, Tommy, and Nicholas). The father, Tom Bradford, was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register. His wife Joan (Diana Hyland) took care of the children. Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill; she was written out for the remainder of the first season and died five days after the second episode aired.

text: The second season began in the fall of 1977 with the revelation that Tom had become a widower. Tom fell in love with Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott, (Betty Buckley) a schoolteacher who came to the house to tutor Tommy who had broken his leg in a football game. They were married in one of the series' TV movie broadcasts on November 9, 1977. The role went to Buckley after being approved by network chief Brandon Tartikoff, who felt the character of the sympathetic teacher she had played in the 1976 film Carrie would also be great for the series.[1] In another TV movie event in September 1979, David and Susan were both married in a double wedding. As the series progressed, Abby got her Ph.D. in education and started a job counseling students at the local high school, oldest daughter Mary became a doctor, and second-youngest son Tommy became a singer in a rock-and-roll band.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Dick Van Patten —Tom Bradford
Diana Hyland —Joan Wells Bradford (season 1)
Betty Buckley —Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott Bradford (seasons 2–5)
Grant Goodeve (Mark Hamill in the series pilot) — David Bradford (22 years old at start of series)
Lani O'Grady — Mary Bradford (21)
Laurie Walters — Joanie Bradford (20)
Susan Richardson — Susan Bradford (19); later Susan (Bradford) Stockwell
Dianne Kay (Kimberly Beck in the series pilot) — Nancy Bradford (18)
Connie Needham — Elizabeth Bradford (15) (originally credited as Connie Newton before she married)
Willie Aames (Chris English in the series pilot) — Tommy Bradford (14)
Adam Rich — Nicholas Bradford (8)

text: The actors' ages varied greatly from their characters. Hyland was 41 when the show began, Buckley was 29, Goodeve was 24, O'Grady was 22, Walters was older than Buckley at 30, Richardson was 25, Kay was 22, Needham was 17, Aames was 16, and Rich actually was eight.

text: In the pilot, the role of David was played by Mark Hamill, Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck, and Tommy played by Chris English. When ABC screened the pilot they were unhappy with a couple of performances. Beck and English were let go and replaced by Dianne Kay and Willie Aames. Hamill sought to get out of his contract on Eight Is Enough to take the opportunity to star in George Lucas' Star Wars. His request was rejected by Lorimar Productions as he had signed a five-year-contract with them. However, in December 1976 Hamill had been involved in a car crash that resulted in his needing reconstructive facial surgery. By the time ABC had greenlit the series, Hamill was still hospitalized and unavailable. They let him out of his contract and the role was re-cast with Grant Goodeve now playing David for the series.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Brian Patrick Clarke—Merle "The Pearl" Stockwell (1979–1981)
Jennifer Darling—Donna (1977–1981)
Janis Paige—Vivian "Auntie V" Bradford (1977–1980)
Michael Goodrow—Ernie Fields (1979–1981)
James Karen—Eliot Randolph
Ralph Macchio—Jeremy Andretti (1980–1981)
Joan Prather—Janet McArthur Bradford (1977–1981)
Michael Thoma—Dr. Greg Maxwell (1977–1981)
Virginia Vincent—Daisy Maxwell (1977–1981)

text: Production[edit]

text: The show was developed by writer William Blinn and was a Lorimar Production. It was originally distributed by Worldvision Enterprises. For the first three years the show filmed interior scenes at The Burbank Studios now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch. From the fourth season the show filmed interiors at MGM Studios in Culver City.

text: The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St, near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles. The house has since been demolished and replaced. The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio: one for the main floor and one for the upstairs.

text: The show's team of producers included Robert L. Jacks, Gary Adelson, Greg Strangis, and Phil Fehrle. Executive producers were Lee Rich and Philip Capice.

text: As a production of the Lorimar stable, who were concurrently producing CBS's The Waltons, writers were often contracted by the producers and were shared between both programs. (Waltons costar Will Geer also made an Eight is Enough guest appearance during season 2.) Regular writers included Peter Lefcourt, the writing teams of Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov, Rod Peterson and Claire Whittaker, Bill Nuss and Dusty Kay, Nick Thiel and David Braff, J. Miyoko Hensley and Steven Hensley, Bruce Shelly, Sandra Kay Siegel, Gil Grant, Karen I. Hall, and Hindi Brooks, who soon became the show's long-time story editor. In-house directors included Philip Leacock, Harry Harris, and Irving J. Moore. As an in-joke, the character name of one of Nicholas Bradford's best friends was Irving Julius Moore, a nod to the director of the same name whose middle name was in fact Joseph.

text: Music[edit]

text: Theme[edit]

text: For the show's first two seasons, an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show's opening theme. Beginning with the show's third season, this was replaced by a slowed-down vocal theme titled "Eight Is Enough," which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve. The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly-Ann Leikin, and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled "Who's on First?", which was also performed by Goodeve.

text: Score[edit]

text: Early episodes had instrumental music by Fred Werner and the prolific Alexander Courage, but the show's real musical stamp came from veteran composer Earle Hagen, who had a knack of composing memorable cues as he had previously been the in-house composer on The Andy Griffith Show. He composed a love theme for Tom and Abby, a theme that permeated the show in various incarnations throughout the remainder of the series. Some later episodes were scored by John Beal and Miles Goodman.

text: In 1980 there was a writer's strike in Hollywood, and one of the offshoots of this industry problem was making cost cutting measures in the music department on the show. Some of the later episodes were tracked with a combination of uncredited library music and with some original music by those of the aforementioned Messrs. Hagen, Beal, and Goodman.

text: Reception and cancellation[edit]

text: The series jump-started acting careers for several of its young stars. It cemented teen idol status for Grant Goodeve (David), Willie Aames (Tommy), and Ralph Macchio, who played Abby's orphaned nephew Jeremy later in the show's last season. Aames would go on to star with Scott Baio in Charles in Charge. Goodeve started a minor singing career, following his rendition of the show's theme song (see "Theme music") and initially hosted HGTV's If Walls Could Talk. Macchio would gain the most fame in feature films such as The Karate Kid and its sequels, as well as My Cousin Vinny.

text: After the end of the show's fifth season (112 hour episodes), production costs and declining ratings caused the show to be canceled, along with seven other shows that season (including The Waltons). Variety's headline on the cancellation stated, "Eight Shows In, Eight Shows Out". In a 2000 episode of E! True Hollywood Story, Dick Van Patten stated that no one contacted him to inform him of the cancellation. Instead, he read about it in a newspaper.[2]

text: The series had two reunion movies on NBC. In An Eight Is Enough Reunion on October 18, 1987, Mary Frann replaced Betty Buckley as Abby; Buckley had been filming Frantic during its production. This was followed by An Eight Is Enough Wedding on October 22, 1989, this time with Sandy Faison as Abby. By coincidence, both movies aired opposite game two of the World Series on ABC.

text: Nielsen Ratings[edit]

text:
1977 - #23
1977-1978 - #12
1978-1979 - #11
1979-1980 - #12
1980-1981 - Not in Top 30

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
9
March 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)
August 10, 1977 (1977-08-10)

2
24
September 14, 1977 (1977-09-14)
May 10, 1978 (1978-05-10)

3
25
September 6, 1978 (1978-09-06)
May 23, 1979 (1979-05-23)

4
26
September 5, 1979 (1979-09-05)
April 30, 1980 (1980-04-30)

5
21
October 29, 1980 (1980-10-29)
May 23, 1981 (1981-05-23)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: All airdates have been compiled from either TV listings in the Los Angeles Times or publicity photos. Unless otherwise specified, all episodes, including the pilot, were standard hour-long ones.

text:
Nº = Overall episode number
Ep = Episode number by season

text: Season 1 (1977)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

1
1
"Never Try Eating Nectarines Since Juice May Dispense"
E.W. Swackhamer
William Blinn
March 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)[3]

Pilot episode: After 15-year-old Elizabeth is arrested for the possession of narcotics, Tom and Joan Bradford are faced with the dual problems of raising money for her defense and trying to understand why 21-year-old David Bradford moved away from home after objecting to the way they handled the drug bust.
Note: In the Pilot, David was played by Mark Hamill, Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck, and Tommy played by Chris English. When ABC picked up the show, they were recast respectively with Grant Goodeve, Dianne Kay, and Willie Aames.

2
2
"Schussboomer"
David Moessinger
Norman Lessing
March 22, 1977 (1977-03-22)

Tom and Joan are reluctant to let Susan go away for an unchaperoned ski weekend.

3
3
"The Gipper Caper"
William F. Claxton
William Blinn
March 29, 1977 (1977-03-29)

Filming date: February 23 – March 4, 1977[4][5]
A football game becomes a blood and guts event.
Note: This episode's working title was "What Hath Roone Arledge Wrought?"

4
4
"Pieces of Eight"
Reza Badiyi
Greg Strangis
April 5, 1977 (1977-04-05)

Tom is forced to face a newspaper strike, a wife who wants a job, and a daughter who wants to become a model.

5
5
"Women, Ducks, and the Domino Theory"
TBA
TBA
April 12, 1977 (1977-04-12)

Tommy falls in love for the first time and learns life's most difficult lesson.

6
6
"Turnabout"
TBA
TBA
April 19, 1977 (1977-04-19)

David's romance with an older woman becomes a topic for argument.
Note: Adrienne Barbeau guest stars.

7
7
"Quarantine"
TBA
TBA
April 26, 1977 (1977-04-26)

When Mary's new boyfriend is hospitalized with an exotic illness, the Bradford family and a visitor are questioned by the health department.

8
8
"V Is for Vivian"
TBA
TBA
May 3, 1977 (1977-05-03)

Tom's swinging sister comes for a visit and the family is impressed.
Note: Janis Paige guest stars.

9
9
"Hit and Run"
TBA
TBA
August 10, 1977 (1977-08-10)[6]

Tom finds that daughter Joanie has been blackmailed into asking for a retraction in his newspaper column after she crumples the fender on a classic sports car.
Notes: Peter Coffield and Molly Dodd guest star. This was held back by ABC until the show moved to Wednesday nights, after a 13-week-hiatus.

text: Season 2 (1977–78)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

10
1
"Is There a Doctor in the House?"
TBA
TBA
September 14, 1977 (1977-09-14)[7]

Tom and the temporary single Doctor Maxwell try their luck as middle-aged swinging singles.

11
2
"Trial Marriage"
TBA
TBA
September 21, 1977 (1977-09-21)

Tom disapproves when his oldest daughter moves in with her new boyfriend. Enter a teacher named Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott (Betty Buckley's first appearance), who is needed to sort all this out, and is also Tommy's tutor who wants to teach Tom a thing or two.

12
3
"Triangles"
TBA
TBA
September 28, 1977 (1977-09-28)

David's roommate dates both Joanie and Susan.

13
4
"Double Trouble"
TBA
TBA
October 5, 1977 (1977-10-05)

Problems develop when Tom and Abby break up and he begins dating Ellen Manning, a divorcee.

14
5
"Mortgage Burnin' Blues"
TBA
TBA
October 19, 1977 (1977-10-19)

A party at the Bradfords' spirals out of control.

15
6
"Dark Horse"
TBA
TBA
October 26, 1977 (1977-10-26)

Tom and Abby decide to get married after having put aside their own problems to help Mary run for the board of education.

16
7
"The Bard and the Bod"
TBA
TBA
November 2, 1977 (1977-11-02)

Joanie is all excited about winning the lead in a Shakesperean production, but Tom is not.

17
8
"Children of the Groom"
TBA
TBA
November 9, 1977 (1977-11-09)[8]

Tom and Abby decide to marry despite complications caused by his children.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

18
9
"I Quit"
TBA
TBA
November 16, 1977 (1977-11-16)[9]

Tom Bradford "resigns" as father when the kids accuse him of being a dictator.

19
10
"All's Fair in Love and War"
TBA
TBA
November 23, 1977 (1977-11-23)

Tom's liberal attitudes are put to the test when he surprises a romance between Mary and the black son of his old Navy friend.

20
11
"The Return of Auntie V"
TBA
TBA
November 30, 1977 (1977-11-30)

Turmoil strikes the Bradford household when Tom's flamboyant sister gives the newlyweds the down payment of a new mansion.
Note: Janis Paige guests.

21
12
"Yes, Nicholas, There Is a Santa Claus"
TBA
TBA
December 14, 1977 (1977-12-14)

A present hidden by Joan before her death restores the Bradfords' spirit after a Christmas burglar (dressed up as Santa Claus) steals their gifts.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Will Geer and Judy Strangis guest star.

22
13
"Dear Miss Dinah"
TBA
TBA
December 21, 1977 (1977-12-21)

Tom doles out sage advice in the hometown newspaper's advice to the lovelorn column, but loses his cool when Elizabeth asks if she should take "The Pill".

23
14
"A Hair of the Dog"
TBA
TBA
January 11, 1978 (1978-01-11)

Tommy Bradford and his father Tom have a man-to-man talk on his father's birthday.

24
15
"Author! Author!"
TBA
TBA
January 18, 1978 (1978-01-18)

Tom Bradford decides to write a novel and receives unexpected resistance from his family.

25
16
"Much Ado About Garbage"
TBA
TBA
January 25, 1978 (1978-01-25)[10]

Tom has been suspended from his job without pay after accusing the city officials and garbage company of corruption and refusing to reveal his sources to a grand jury.

26
17
"Seven Days in February"
TBA
TBA
February 1, 1978 (1978-02-01)

Nancy decides to convert to Judaism when she falls in love with a man she thinks is Jewish.

27
18
"Hard Hats and Hard Heads"
TBA
TBA
February 8, 1978 (1978-02-08)

Encouraged by his friend's success, David trades in his hard hat for a newsman's notepad.

28
19
"The Boyfriend"
TBA
TBA
February 15, 1978 (1978-02-15)

Abby and Susan's boyfriend are suspected of having an affair when they work together on a project.

29
20
"Great Expectations"
TBA
TBA
February 22, 1978 (1978-02-22)[11]

Tommy cheats in school in order to meet his father's expectations.

30
21
"Long Night's Journey into Day"
TBA
TBA
March 1, 1978 (1978-03-01)[12]

Members of the Bradford family are forced to take shifts to keep Abby awake for 24 hours after she falls and suffers a concussion.

31
22
"Poor Little Rich Girl"
TBA
TBA
March 22, 1978 (1978-03-22)

Filming date: February 8–17, 1978[13]
The self-assured daughter of a prominent contractor showers David Bradford with expensive gifts in an attempt to buy his affections.

32
23
"The Lost Weekend"
TBA
TBA
May 3, 1978 (1978-05-03)

The Bradford children quickly transform an idyllic holiday away from parents.

33
24
"Who's on First?"
TBA
TBA
May 10, 1978 (1978-05-10)

The Bradfords stage a show to support a local orphanage.
Note: The first appearance of the season three theme song.

text: Season 3 (1978–79)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

34
1
"Nine Is Too Much"
TBA
TBA
September 6, 1978 (1978-09-06)[14]

When Abby manages Nicholas' Little League team, Tom provides unwanted coaching from the bleachers, and America's favorite pastime becomes the Bradford's biggest headache.

35
2
"Here We Go Again!"
"Oh No--Not Again!"
TBA
TBA
September 13, 1978 (1978-09-13)

All the Bradfords wonder if there is going to be a new Bradford.

36
3
"Who's Crazy Here?"
TBA
TBA
September 20, 1978 (1978-09-20)[15]

Abby is convinced Tom is having an affair with another woman.

37
4
"Cinderella's Understudy"
TBA
TBA
September 27, 1978 (1978-09-27)[16]

Joanne's debut as an actress becomes a conflict of interests for Tom, torn between his role of proud parent, and his unexpected role as theater critic.

38
5
"Milk and Sympathy"
TBA
TBA
October 11, 1978 (1978-10-11)

Nicholas falls head-over-heels in puppy love with his fourth grade teacher.

39
6
"The Flunked and the Funked"
TBA
TBA
October 18, 1978 (1978-10-18)

Nancy drops out of school to get a job and finds that excitement and wealth are not part of the life of an unskilled worker.

40
7
"Cops and Toddlers"
TBA
TBA
October 25, 1978 (1978-10-25)

Nancy brings home a group of toddlers, and Susan goes into basic training as a police cadet.

41
8
"The Hipbone's Connected to the Thighbone"
TBA
TBA
November 1, 1978 (1978-11-01)

Mary is banished from the Bradford household after making her father angry.

42
9
"Fast and Loose"
TBA
TBA
November 8, 1978 (1978-11-08)

David struggles to cope with the loss of a close friend, and ends up being arrested for bar-room brawling.

43
10
"War Between the Bradfords"
TBA
TBA
November 15, 1978 (1978-11-15)

Abby's schoolboard speech on modern women in society creates a Bradford battle of the sexes.

44
11
"All the Vice-President's Men"
TBA
TBA
November 22, 1978 (1978-11-22)

Thanksgiving for the Bradford clan arrives in a storm of red tape when the nation's Vice-President accepts an invitation from Nicholas to visit their home for the holiday.

45
12
"You Won't Have Nicholas to Kick Around Anymore"
TBA
TBA
November 29, 1978 (1978-11-29)

When Nicholas accidentally starts a fire that destroys the celebration of Tom and Abby's first anniversary, the unhappy youngster leaves home in search of a new family.
Notes: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Jack Elam guest stars.

46
13
"Alone at Last"
TBA
TBA
December 6, 1978 (1978-12-06)

After bundling their brood off to the mountains for a camping trip, Tom and Abby soon find their romantic weekend alone disturbed by too much peace and quiet.

47
14
"The Yearning Point"
TBA
TBA
January 10, 1979 (1979-01-10)

Elizabeth's dream of going to a posh Eastern school conflicts with the Bradford household budget.

48
15
"Moving Out"
"Mother's Rule"
TBA
TBA
January 17, 1979 (1979-01-17)

When Tom gets upset about Susan's boyfriend taking a shower in the upstairs bedroom, Joannie coming in after curfew, and Nancy sunbathing topless in the backyard, the girls move out of the house into their own apartment.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

49
16
"Inlaws and Outlaws"
TBA
TBA
January 24, 1979 (1979-01-24)[17]

The mutiny by Susan, Joannie, and Nancy continues, and Abby's parents announce their marital estrangement.

50
17
"Horror Story"
TBA
TBA
January 31, 1979 (1979-01-31)

When a thunderstorm causes power failure, the Bradford children use their vivid imaginations to transform the old homestead into a hysterical Haunted House.

51
18
"Just the Ten of Us"
TBA
TBA
February 14, 1979 (1979-02-14)

When David and his girlfriend decide to live together, their decision threatens Tom's chance to win the "Father of the Year" award, along with an all-expense-paid-trip to Hawaii for the entire Bradford family.

52
19
"Best of Friends"
TBA
TBA
February 21, 1979 (1979-02-21)

Tommy rocks the Bradford family foundation with the shocking news of his impending marriage and fatherhood.

53
20
"The Kid Who Came to Dinner"
TBA
TBA
February 28, 1979 (1979-02-28)

When Nicholas Bradford discovers that his new playmate has no parents, the youngest Bradford tries to turn friendship into brotherhood.

54
21
"The Better Part of Valor"
TBA
TBA
March 7, 1979 (1979-03-07)

Abby finds her relationship with Tommy threatened when she returns to teaching and flunks a failed basketball star, causing Tommy peer-group problems.

55
22
"Dads, Daughters, Different Drummers"
TBA
TBA
March 28, 1979 (1979-03-28)

When Tom forbids Joannie to see her new boyfriend, she runs away from home to be with the handsome young writer she loves.

56
23
"The Final Days"
TBA
TBA
May 2, 1979 (1979-05-02)

Tom's editorial, on "Passing the torch to a younger generation", ignites a Grey Power demonstration by Sacramento's indignant senior citizens.

57
24
"Marriage and Other Flights of Fancy"
"The Two of Us"
TBA
TBA
May 9, 1979 (1979-05-09)[18]

David, despite the family's concern and his father's objections, teams up with an outspoken female in a cross-country quest for new beginnings.
Note: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out.

58
25
"The Graduates"
TBA
TBA
May 23, 1979 (1979-05-23)

Graduation is hardly what the Bradfords expected -- with Joanne upset over her future and Elizabeth suspended from her commencement exercises where her father is to be the guest speaker.

text: Season 4 (1979–80)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

59
1
"Merle the Pearl"
TBA
TBA
September 5, 1979 (1979-09-05)[19]

Nicholas' plan to impress his little girlfriend backfires when star pitcher Merle (Brian Patrick Clarke) ignores him at the ballpark.

60
2
"The Cupid Crisis"
TBA
TBA
September 12, 1979 (1979-09-12)

When Tom makes a "losers pay for the dinners" bet on a touch football game between his family and his neighbor's, it's a wild "hut, hut, hut".

61
3
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
TBA
TBA
September 19, 1979 (1979-09-19)[20]

David and Janet set a wedding night, which turns out to be the same day Merle and Susan accommodate Merle's ball-playing career move.

62
4
"Ten Ships in the Night"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

63
5
"The Night They Raided Bradfords"
TBA
TBA
October 3, 1979 (1979-10-03)[21]

Merle's sister, Linda Mae, pays the Bradfords a visit. However, she is shocked when she finds out they are not who they seem.

64
6
"Letter to One Bradford"
TBA
TBA
October 17, 1979 (1979-10-17)[22]

Because he broke a chain letter, Nicholas believes he is to blame for Tommy being rushed to the hospital for surgery.

65
7
"The Devil and Mr. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
October 24, 1979 (1979-10-24)[23]

Tom Bradford makes a hasty exit from a movie theater with little Nicholas in tow after he discovers too late that the movie – "Snow White..." – is X-rated.

66
8
"Big Shoes, Little Feet"
TBA
TBA
October 31, 1979 (1979-10-31)[24]

Nicholas plays hooky because his new teacher is holding him to ridicule because she feels he has not lived up to the academic standards of a Bradford.

67
9
"Fathers and Other Strangers"
TBA
TBA
November 7, 1979 (1979-11-07)[25]

Aunt Vivian comes up with a plan to take the entire Bradford clan to Hawaii.
Notes: This was a special 2-hour episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. Janis Paige and David Wayne guest star.

68
10
"Separate Ways"
TBA
TBA
November 21, 1979 (1979-11-21)[26]

Susan and Merle reach an impasse regarding their careers when he wants to fly to Puerto Rico to play winter baseball and she wants to finish her last semester of college at home.

69
11
"Arrivals"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

70
12
"Brotherhood, Sisterhood"
TBA
TBA
1979 (1979)

71
13
"Mary, He's Married"
TBA
TBA
December 12, 1979 (1979-12-12)

Mary's friendship with a doctor begins to develop into a romance. Nicholas dabbles in sales with face cream. Joannie tries to produce a documentary on her family for a promotion at work.

72
14
"My Son, The Prom Queen"
TBA
TBA
January 9, 1980 (1980-01-09)[27]

When Tommy gets embroiled in a battle of the sexes - he runs for the title of Prom Queen at high school – he gets some unexpected help from the female population at the school.

73
15
"The Courage to Be"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

74
16
"Semi-Centennial Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

75
17
"The Commitment"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

76
18
"Seven More Days in February"
TBA
TBA
February 6, 1980 (1980-02-06)[28]

Cupid runs amok in the Bradford household during Spring Break, causing Mary to fall for a young psychiatrist who really wants to be a stand-up comic, Nancy to swoon over an archaeologist on his way to his first dig, and Joannie to be swept away by an SAP (self-analysis programmer).

77
19
"The Return of Joe Simons"
TBA
TBA
February 13, 1980 (1980-02-13)[29]

When Joe Simons returns promising Nicholas gold nuggets, Tom questions the motives of both Joe and his secretary (Mary Betten) as well.

78
20
"Bradford vs. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
February 27, 1980 (1980-02-27)[30]

Janet and David's marriage is threatened when she starts working in overtime at the office with a handsome lawyer.

79
21
"Memories"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

80
22
"Official Positions"
TBA
TBA
March 19, 1980 (1980-03-19)[31]

Merle recruits the girls for a charity basketball team, Tom is jealous when a publisher offers to publish Abby's thesis and Tom can't get his accepted, and Nicholas gets his friend's mom a job helping with the book.

81
23
"A Matter of Mentors"
TBA
TBA
March 26, 1980 (1980-03-26)

Joannie gets an important assignment at work but Jeffrey believes that the boss will be expecting a favor in return. Joannie blows her chance at a big story. An experienced reporter makes her his partner and the result is an important scoop. Meanwhile, Nicholas has a problem with a bully that he can't hit back, and fed up with the way that Tom divvies up the family's discretionary funds, Tommy takes over budgeting for it.

82
24
"Roll Over Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

83
25
"A Little Triangle"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

84
26
"Grad Night"
TBA
TBA
April 30, 1980 (1980-04-30)[32]

The Bradford clan vacates the house for Tommy, Ernie and their girlfriends on Graduation Night.

text: Season 5 (1980–81)[edit]

text:
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date

85
1
"And Baby Makes Nine"
TBA
TBA
October 29, 1980 (1980-10-29)[33]

A very pregnant Susan is in an automobile accident; Elizabeth moves in with her boyfriend and Merle pitches for the New York Mets.
Notes: This was a special 90-minute episode; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour-long parts, cutting some scenes out. This season started later than normal due to the actors' strike of 1980.

86
2
"Jeremy"
TBA
TBA
November 5, 1980 (1980-11-05)[34]

There's trouble brewing when the newest member of the Bradford household (Ralph Macchio) shares a smoke with Nicholas.

87
3
"Welcome to Memorial Dr. Bradford"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

88
4
"Generations"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

89
5
"Holly"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

Tommy falls for a girl who's a lyricist. The garage is transformed into a small nursery for Susan & her baby.

90
6
"The Maltese Airline Bag"
TBA
TBA
December 10, 1980 (1980-12-10)[35]

Nicholas and his friend Marvin (John Louie) split up the loot when they come into possession of an airlines bag a mysterious woman in a blonde wig gave them to deliver to an equally mysterious red-haired woman who ran off before they could finish their mission.

91
7
"Strike"
TBA
TBA
1980 (1980)

92
8
"Bradfordgate"
TBA
TBA
January 7, 1981 (1981-01-07)[36]

Tom's nomination to the Board of Education makes him compromise his beliefs. Meanwhile, Joannie goes undercover as a TV reporter, and Nicholas tries to change his "cute" image.

93
9
"The Darlene Dilemma"
TBA
TBA
January 14, 1981 (1981-01-14)[37]

Tommy has a new girlfriend; unfortunately, he isn't her only boyfriend - in fact, he isn't even her only boyfriend in his own house.

94
10
"Second Thoughts"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

95
11
"David's Rib"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

96
12
"Vows"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

97
13
"The Way We Were"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

Tommy tries to get back with Jill when she starts liking Ernie. David's depressed over his new bachelor apartment complex. Nicholas & Jeremy deliver papers for the Sacramento Tribune.

98
14
"If the Glass Slipper Fits"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

99
15
"The Best Little Telethon in Sacramento"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

Joanie organizes a telethon for Cannel 8. Jeremy tries to be Tommy's manager.
The episode features performances by Willie Aames, Connie Needham, Betty Buckley, Grant Goodeve, Dianne Kay & Adam Rich.

100
16
"Yet Another Seven Days in February"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

This time, the boys get weird dates.

101
17
"The Idolbreaker: Part 1"
TBA
TBA
April 11, 1981 (1981-04-11)[38]

Tommy's band gets the biggest gig of its career when the group's agent signs them for a national tour with a top star.

102
18
"The Idolbreaker: Part 2"
TBA
TBA
April 18, 1981 (1981-04-18)[38]

Tommy moves into Ellen's apartment and makes plans for their future wedding; a new sexy female reporter stirs jealousy in Joanie; Jeremy celebrates his 16th birthday.

103
19
"Starting Over"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

104
20
"Goals"
TBA
TBA
1981 (1981)

105
21
"Father Knows Best?"
TBA
TBA
May 23, 1981 (1981-05-23)

Filming date: March 21-27, 1981[39]
Jeremy's father shows up to assert his parental rights. David's old high school classmates arrive for their reunion.

text: Post-series movies[edit]

text:
Eight Is Enough: A Family Reunion (1987)
An Eight Is Enough Wedding (1989)

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Reruns of all 112 episodes of Eight is Enough have aired sporadically since the show's syndication debut in September 1982.[40] The show aired on FX in 1994, on PAX in 1998, and as part of a 50th-anniversary Warner Bros. marathon on TV Land in 2005. Eight Is Enough also aired on the Chicago-based MeTV and MeToo, a sister station of MeTV, from 2008 to 2010[41][42][43] before MeTV spread to other markets around the U.S.

text: During its network run, the show was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises (also internationally in rebroadcasts), and later by Lorimar-Telepictures. All syndication rights are now held by (Lorimar successor) Warner Bros. Television.

text: International[edit]

text: In Italy, RAI public networks aired the first season of Eight Is Enough under the title Otto Bastano in 1978,[44] the literal Italian translation of the original title. The remaining seasons were aired in the 1980s on Retequattro, a commercial network from Fininvest (now Mediaset), under the title La Famiglia Bradford. The Italian version excludes the laugh track.

text: The French version, Huit, ça suffit! was a big success in the 1980s both in France and Quebec, Canada, and among all Francophone (French-speaking) Canadians.

text: In Spain, Eight Is Enough was aired also in the 1980s. RTVE (public network) aired all the seasons under the title Con Ocho Basta (the Spanish translation) in Friday's evening time.

text: In the Philippines, Eight Is Enough aired on GMA 7 from 1978 to 1981.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On April 17, 2012, Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Eight Is Enough on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.[45] The release includes the pilot episode (featuring Mark Hamill in the role of eldest son David) and a cast reunion special. Several of the episodes have the wrong end credits, and the Lorimar Productions logo has also been edited out of the end credits.

text: On November 13, 2012, Warner Bros. released Season 2, Parts one and two on DVD-R via their Warner Archive Collection.[46] These are Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases and are available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. Season 3, Parts One and Two were released on April 30, 2013.[47]

text: Season 4, Parts one and two were released on August 13, 2013.[48] The fifth and final season was released on March 11, 2014.[49]

text:
DVD name
Episodes
Release date

The Complete First Season
9
April 17, 2012

The Complete Second Season, Part 1
14
November 13, 2012

The Complete Second Season, Part 2
12
November 13, 2012

The Complete Third Season, Part 1
14
April 30, 2013

The Complete Third Season, Part 2
14
April 30, 2013

The Complete Fourth Season, Part 1
14
August 13, 2013

The Complete Fourth Season, Part 2
13
August 13, 2013

The Complete Fifth Season
22
March 11, 2014


document_title: List of best-selling video games

question_text: whats the best selling video game of all time

text: List of best-selling video games

text: This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 144 million units sold as of January 2018.[5] The best-selling game on a single platform is Wii Sports, with nearly 83 million sales for the Wii console.[6]

text: Of the top 50 best-selling video games, 19 were developed or published by Nintendo, including over half of the top ten, and a further five titles were published by its subsidiary, The Pokémon Company. Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision (seven titles, all in the Call of Duty franchise), Rockstar Games (five titles, four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases) and Electronic Arts (three games in three different series). Aside from Nintendo's internal development divisions, Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50, with seven titles from the Pokémon series included. The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger, which was released in June 1981; while the most recent game in the top 50 is PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, which was released in December 2017.

text:
Key

Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime

Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads

text:
No.
Sales
Title
Developer(s)[a]
Publisher(s)[a]
Release date
Platform(s)
Ref.

1
170,000,000
Tetris
Elektronorgtechnica
Spectrum HoloByte[b]
000000001984-06-06-0000June 6, 1984
Multi-platform
[2]

2
144,000,000
Minecraft
Mojang
Mojang
000000002011-11-18-0000November 18, 2011[c]
Multi-platform
[5][10]

3
95,000,000
Grand Theft Auto V
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002013-09-17-0000September 17, 2013
Multi-platform
[11]

4
82,850,000
Wii Sports
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-11-19-0000November 19, 2006
Wii
[6]

6
50,000,000
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
PUBG Corporation
PUBG Corporation
000000002017-12-20-0000December 20, 2017
Multi-platform
[12]

5
40,240,000
Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo
Nintendo
000000001985-09-13-0000September 13, 1985
NES
[13]

7
37,100,000
Mario Kart Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002008-04-10-0000April 10, 2008
Wii
[6]

8
33,080,000
Wii Sports Resort
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-06-25-0000June 25, 2009
Wii
[6]

9
31,380,000
Pokémon Red and Blue
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996
Game Boy
[14]

10
30,800,000
New Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-05-15-0000May 15, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

11
30,200,000
New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-11-11-0000November 11, 2009
Wii
[6]

12
30,000,000
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
000000002011-11-11-0000November 11, 2011
Multi-platform
[16]

13
28,300,000
Duck Hunt
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001984-04-21-0000April 21, 1984
NES
[17]

14
28,020,000
Wii Play
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006
Wii
[6]

15
27,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002004-10-26-0000October 26, 2004
Multi-platform
[18]

16
26,500,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games
Activision
000000002011-11-08-0000November 8, 2011
Multi-platform
[19]

17
26,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Treyarch
Activision
000000002010-11-09-0000November 9, 2010
Multi-platform
[19]

18
25,000,000
Grand Theft Auto IV
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008
Multi-platform
[20]

19
24,200,000
Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Treyarch
Activision
000000002012-11-12-0000November 12, 2012
Multi-platform
[19]

20
24,000,000
Kinect Adventures!
Good Science Studio
Microsoft Studios
000000002010-11-04-0000November 4, 2010
Xbox 360
[21]

21
23,960,000
Nintendogs
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-04-21-0000April 21, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

22
23,600,000
Mario Kart DS
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

23
23,100,000
Pokémon Gold and Silver
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001999-11-21-0000November 21, 1999
Game Boy Color
[22]

24
22,700,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002009-11-10-0000November 10, 2009
Multi-platform
[19]

25
22,670,000
Wii Fit
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002007-12-01-0000December 1, 2007
Wii
[6]

26
21,130,000
Wii Fit Plus
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-10-01-0000October 1, 2009
Wii
[6]

27
20,610,000
Super Mario World
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000001990-11-21-0000November 21, 1990
Super NES
[23]

28
20,000,000
Frogger
Konami
Sega
000000001981-06-05-0000June 5, 1981
Multi-platform
[24][25]

29
20,000,000
Lemmings
DMA Design
Psygnosis
000000001991-02-14-0000February 14, 1991
Multi-platform
[26]

30
20,000,000
Terraria
Re-Logic
Re-Logic
000000002011-05-16-0000May 16, 2011
Multi-platform
[27]

31
19,010,000
Brain Age
Nintendo SPD
Nintendo
000000002005-05-19-0000May 19, 2005
Nintendo DS
[15]

32
19,000,000
Call of Duty: Ghosts
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002013-11-05-0000November 5, 2013
Multi-platform
[28]

33
18,140,000
Super Mario Land
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
Game Boy
[23]

34
17,670,000
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002006-09-28-0000September 28, 2006
Nintendo DS
[15]

35
17,500,000
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002002-10-27-0000October 27, 2002
Multi-platform
[29]

36
17,280,000
Super Mario Bros. 3
Nintendo R&D4
Nintendo
000000001988-10-23-0000October 23, 1988
NES
[23]

37
17,040,000
Mario Kart 7
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

38
17,000,000
The Last of Us
Naughty Dog
Sony Computer Entertainment
000000002013-06-14-0000June 14, 2013
Multi-platform
[31]

39
16,290,000
Pokémon X and Y
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002013-10-12-0000October 12, 2013
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

40
16,220,000
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002002-11-21-0000November 21, 2002
Game Boy Advance
[32]

41
16,100,000
Pokémon Sun and Moon
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002016-11-18-0000November 18, 2016
Nintendo 3DS
[30]

42
16,000,000
The Sims
Maxis
Electronic Arts
000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000
Multi-platform
[33]

43
16,000,000
Need for Speed: Most Wanted
EA Black Box
Electronic Arts
000000002005-11-11-0000November 11, 2005
Multi-platform
[34]

44
15,700,000
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007
Multi-platform
[19]

45
15,700,000
Call of Duty: World at War
Treyarch
Activision
000000002008-11-11-0000November 11, 2008
Multi-platform
[19]

46
15,640,000
Pokémon Black and White
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002010-09-18-0000September 18, 2010
Nintendo DS
[15]

47
15,000,000
Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic Team
Sega
000000001991-06-23-0000June 23, 1991
Sega Genesis
[35]

48
15,000,000
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Games
000000002010-05-18-0000May 18, 2010
Multi-platform
[36]

49
15,000,000
Battlefield 3
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002011-10-25-0000October 25, 2011
Multi-platform
[37]

50
15,000,000
Battlefield 1
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002016-10-21-0000October 21, 2016
Multi-platform
[38]