document_title: Super Bowl

question_text: how do they choose home team for super bowl

question_tokens: how do they choose home team for super bowl

text: Super Bowl

text: Origin[edit]

text: For four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League (AFL) was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade, the strain of competition led to serious merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached a merger agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two leagues agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected.

text: A bowl game is a post-season college football game. The original "bowl game" was the Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, California, which was first played in 1902 as the "Tournament East-West football game" as part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses and moved to the new Rose Bowl Stadium in 1923. The stadium got its name from the fact that the game played there was part of the Tournament of Roses and that it was shaped like a bowl, much like the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut; the Tournament of Roses football game itself eventually came to be known as the Rose Bowl Game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Game's popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami (the Orange Bowl), New Orleans (the Sugar Bowl), and El Paso, Texas (the Sun Bowl) in 1935, and for Dallas (the Cotton Bowl) in 1937. By the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term "bowl" for any major American football game was well established.

text: Lamar Hunt, owner of the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs, first used the term "Super Bowl"[10] to refer to the NFL-AFL championship game in the merger meetings. Hunt later said the name was likely in his head because his children had been playing with a Super Ball toy;[11] a vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. In a July 25, 1966, letter to NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, Hunt wrote, "I have kiddingly called it the 'Super Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon."

text: The leagues' owners chose the name "AFL–NFL Championship Game",[12] but in July 1966 the Kansas City Star quoted Hunt in discussing "the Super Bowl — that's my term for the championship game between the two leagues",[13] and the media immediately began using the term.[14] Although the league stated in 1967 that "not many people like it", asking for suggestions and considering alternatives such as "Merger Bowl" and "The Game", the Associated Press reported that "Super Bowl" "grew and grew and grew-until it reached the point that there was Super Week, Super Sunday, Super Teams, Super Players, ad infinitum".[12] "Super Bowl" became official beginning with the third annual game.[15] Roman numerals were first affixed for the fifth edition, in January 1971.[16]

text: After the NFL's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts, though that perception changed when the AFL's New York Jets defeated the NFL's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Cleveland Browns) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl.

text: The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965. Following Lombardi's death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami.

text: Date[edit]

text: The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February. This is due to the current NFL schedule which consists of the opening weekend of the season being held immediately after Labor Day (the first Monday in September), the 17-week regular season (where teams each play 16 games and have one bye), the first three rounds of the playoffs, and the Super Bowl two weeks after the two Conference Championship Games. This schedule has been in effect since Super Bowl XXXVIII in February 2004. The date of the Super Bowl can thus be determined from the date of the preceding Labor Day. For example, Labor Day in 2015 occurred on September 7; therefore the next Super Bowl was scheduled exactly five months later on February 7, 2016.

text: Originally, the game took place in early to mid-January. For Super Bowl I there was only one round of playoffs: the pre-merger NFL and AFL Championship Games. The addition of two playoff rounds (first in 1967 and then in 1978), an increase in regular season games from 14 to 16 (1978), and the establishment of one bye-week per team (1990) have caused the Super Bowl to be played later. Partially offsetting these season-lengthening effects, simultaneous with the addition of two regular season games in 1978, the season was started earlier. Prior to 1978, the season started as late as September 21. Now, since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September, September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games (Since 2002, the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day). The earliest possible season start date is September 7.

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Super Bowl appearances and records

Team
Appearances
Wins
Losses
Winning %

Pittsburgh Steelers
8
6
2
.750

New England Patriots
10
5
5
.500

Dallas Cowboys
8
5
3
.625

San Francisco 49ers
6
5
1
.833

Green Bay Packers
5
4
1
.800

New York Giants
5
4
1
.800

Denver Broncos
8
3
5
.375

Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders
5
3
2
.600

Washington Redskins
5
3
2
.600

Miami Dolphins
5
2
3
.400

Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts
4
2
2
.500

Baltimore Ravens
2
2
0
1.000

St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
3
1
2
.333

Seattle Seahawks
3
1
2
.333

Philadelphia Eagles
3
1
2
.333

Kansas City Chiefs
2
1
1
.500

Chicago Bears
2
1
1
.500

New York Jets
1
1
0
1.000

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
1
0
1.000

New Orleans Saints
1
1
0
1.000

Minnesota Vikings
4
0
4
.000

Buffalo Bills
4
0
4
.000

Cincinnati Bengals
2
0
2
.000

Carolina Panthers
2
0
2
.000

Atlanta Falcons
2
0
2
.000

San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers
1
0
1
.000

Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans
1
0
1
.000

St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals
1
0
1
.000

Cleveland Browns
0
0
0
–

Detroit Lions
0
0
0
–

Jacksonville Jaguars
0
0
0
–

Houston Texans
0
0
0
–

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game.) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV.

text: 1960s: Early history[edit]

text: The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls (Known as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests), defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965, amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967).

text: In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game, and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV.

text: 1970s: Dominant franchises[edit]

text: After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade.

text: The Baltimore Colts, now a member of the AFC, would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V, a game which is notable as being the only Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing team won the Super Bowl MVP (Cowboys' linebacker Chuck Howley). Beginning with this Super Bowl, all Super Bowls have served as the NFL's league championship game.

text: The Cowboys, coming back from a loss the previous season, won Super Bowl VI over the Dolphins. However, this would be the Dolphins' final loss in over a year, as the next year, the Dolphins would go 14–0 in the regular season and eventually win all of their playoff games, capped off with a 14–7 victory in Super Bowl VII, becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason. The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later.

text: In the late 1970s, the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) in six years. They were led by head coach Chuck Noll, the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, and Mike Webster, and their dominant "Steel Curtain" defense, led by "Mean" Joe Greene, L. C. Greenwood, Ernie Holmes, Mel Blount, Jack Ham, and Jack Lambert. The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty's greatness as evidenced by the team's "final pieces" being part of the famous 1974 draft. The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever, as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers, the most for any team in any sport in a single draft. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade, making the playoffs in eight straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period.

text: The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade.

text: 1980s and 1990s: The NFC's winning streak[edit]

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades, including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI.

text: The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, running back Roger Craig, and defensive safety/cornerback Ronnie Lott. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.

text: The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears, who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka; quarterback Jim McMahon; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton. Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV. As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).

text: Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s, the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s. During this decade, the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997. From 1992 to 1996, the Cowboys won their division championship each year. In this same period, the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years, only to lose all four. After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York (1990) and Washington (1991), the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls (XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX) led by quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Emmitt Smith, and wide receiver Michael Irvin. All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame. The Cowboys' streak was interrupted by the 49ers, who won their league-leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young, Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers. The NFC's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who, under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, won Super Bowl XXXI, their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s.

text: 1997–2009: AFC resurgence[edit]

text: Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls. In the years between 1995 and 2016, five teams – the Steelers, New England Patriots, Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, and Indianapolis Colts – accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances (including the last 14), with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.

text: The year following the Broncos' second victory, however, a surprising St. Louis Rams team led by the undrafted quarterback, Kurt Warner, who would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV. The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime. The Titans nearly pulled it off, but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches. In 2007, ESPN would rank "The Tackle" as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history.[17]

text: Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC's New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.

text: The New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early 2000s, winning the championship three out of four years early in the decade. They would become only the second team in the history of the NFL to do so (after the 1990s Dallas Cowboys). In Super Bowl XXXVI, first-year starting quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20–17 upset victory over the St. Louis Rams. Brady would go on to win the MVP award for this game. The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII[18] and XXXIX defeating the Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles respectively. This four-year stretch of Patriot dominance was interrupted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' 48–21 Super Bowl XXXVII victory over the Oakland Raiders.

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears.

text: In the 2007 season, the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record, the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first to finish 16–0. They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII. However, they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17–14, leaving the Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1.

text: The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals.

text: The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance.

text: The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC.

text: Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. The Giants won another title after the 2011 season, again defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI.

text: The Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak by winning Super Bowl XLVII in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.

text: In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by the league's top-ranked defense, defeated the Carolina Panthers, who had the league's top-ranked offense, in what became the final game of quarterback Peyton Manning's career.

text: In Super Bowl LI, the Atlanta Falcons had a 28–3 lead late in the third quarter, but lost to the Patriots, 34–28, in the first Super Bowl to ever end in overtime.

text: In Super Bowl LII, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots, 41–33. It was the Eagles' third Super Bowl appearance, and their first win in franchise history. It was the Patriots' tenth Super Bowl appearance, and their fourth appearance in ten years; had the Patriots won, they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins (six).

text: The Super Bowls of the late 2000s and 2010s are notable for the performances (and the pedigrees) of several of the participating quarterbacks, and stagnation (especially on the AFC side) in repeated appearances by the same teams and players. In particular, Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger, or Peyton Manning appeared as the AFC team's quarterback in all but two of the Super Bowls between 2001 and 2018.

text: Television coverage and ratings[edit]

text: The Super Bowl is one of the most watched annual sporting events in the world, with viewership overwhelmingly domestic.[19] The only other annual event that gathers more viewers is the UEFA Champions League final.[19] For many years, the Super Bowl has possessed a large US and global television viewership, and it is often the most watched United States originating television program of the year.[20] The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings, which is usually around a 40 rating and 60 shares. This means that on average, more than 100 million people from the United States alone are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment.

text: In press releases preceding each year's event, the NFL typically claims that that year's Super Bowl will have a potential worldwide audience of around one billion people in over 200 countries.[21] This figure refers to the number of people able to watch the game, not the number of people actually watching. However, the statements have been frequently misinterpreted in various media as referring to the latter figure, leading to a common misperception about the game's actual global audience.[22][23] The New York-based media research firm Initiative measured the global audience for the 2005 Super Bowl at 93 million people, with 98 percent of that figure being viewers in North America, which meant roughly 2 million people outside North America watched the Super Bowl that year.[22]

text: The 2015 Super Bowl XLIX holds the record for average number of U.S. viewers, with a final number of 114.4 million,[24] making the game the most-viewed television broadcast of any kind in American history. The halftime show was the most watched ever with 118.5 million viewers tuning in, and an all-time high of 168 million viewers in the United States had watched several portions of the Super Bowl 2015 broadcast.[25] The game set a record for total viewers for the fifth time in six years.[6]

text: The highest-rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982, which was watched in 49.1 percent of households (73 shares), or 40,020,000 households at the time. Ratings for that game, a San Francisco victory over Cincinnati, may have been aided by a large blizzard that had affected much of the northeastern United States on game day, leaving residents to stay at home more than usual. Super Bowl XVI still ranks fourth on Nielsen's list of top-rated programs of all time, and three other Super Bowls, XII, XVII, and XX, made the top ten.[26]

text: Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser "Bud Bowl" campaign, the 1984 introduction of Apple's Macintosh computer, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads. As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years, prices have also increased every year, with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty-second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012.[27] A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials.[9] In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51 percent of Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials.[28] The Super Bowl halftime show has spawned another set of alternative entertainment such as the Lingerie Bowl, the Beer Bottle Bowl, and others.

text: Since 1991, the Super Bowl has begun between 6:19 and 6:40 PM EST so that most of the game is played during the primetime hours on the East Coast.[29]

text: Super Bowl on TV[edit]

text:
Network
Number broadcast
Years broadcast
Future scheduled telecasts*[›]

ABC**[›]
7
1985, 1988, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2006
**[›]

Fox
8 (10ˇ[›])
1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017
2020ˇ[›], 2023ˇ[›]

NBC
19 (20ˇ[›])
1967***[›], 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018
2021ˇ[›]

CBS
19 (21ˇ[›])
1967***[›], 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016
2019ˇ[›], 2022ˇ[›]

text:
Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (will be playedˇ[›]) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.
^ *: The extended current TV contracts with the networks expire after the 2022 season (or Super Bowl LVII in early 2023) and the Super Bowl is currently rotated annually between CBS, Fox, and NBC in that order.
^ **: ABC is not currently in the rotation for Super Bowl broadcasts.
^ ***: The first Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by CBS and NBC, with each network using the same video feed, but providing its own commentary.
Super Bowls I–VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.[30]

text: Game analyst John Madden is the only person to broadcast a Super Bowl for each of the four networks that have televised the game (5 with CBS, 3 with Fox, 2 with ABC, and 1 with NBC).

tag: ul

text: Lead-out programming[edit]

text: The Super Bowl provides an extremely strong lead-in to programming following it on the same channel, the effects of which can last for several hours. For instance, in discussing the ratings of a local TV station, Buffalo television critic Alan Pergament noted on the coattails from Super Bowl XLVII, which aired on CBS: "A paid program that ran on Channel 4 (WIVB-TV) at 2:30 in the morning had a 1.3 rating. That's higher than some CW prime time shows get on WNLO-TV, Channel 4's sister station."[31]

text: Because of this strong coattail effect, the network that airs the Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an episode of a hit series, or to premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead-out slot, which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage.

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: Initially, it was sort of a novelty and so it didn't quite feel right. But it was just like, this is the year. ... Bands of our generation, you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or, like, not seen. There's not a lot of middle places. It is a tremendous venue.

text: Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or simply sang the national anthem of the United States, emerged.[33] Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color caused a drop in viewership for the Super Bowl XXVI halftime show, the NFL sought to increase the Super Bowl's audience by hiring A-list talent to perform. They approached Michael Jackson, whose performance the following year drew higher figures than the game itself.[34][35] Another notable performance came during Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, when U2 performed; during their third song, "Where the Streets Have No Name", the band played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of the victims of the September 11 attacks.

text: For many years, Whitney Houston's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history.[36][37][38] Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history, and remains so today.

text: The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy, following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast quickly cut away from the shot. The incident led to fines being issued by the FCC (and a larger crackdown over "indecent" content broadcast on television), and MTV (then a sister to the game's broadcaster that year, CBS, under Viacom) being banned by the NFL from producing the Super Bowl halftime show in the future. In an effort to prevent a repeat of the incident, the NFL held a moratorium on Super Bowl halftime shows featuring pop performers, and instead invited a single, headlining veteran act, such as Paul McCartney, The Who, Prince, and Bruce Springsteen. This practice ended at Super Bowl XLV, which returned to using current pop acts such as The Black Eyed Peas and Katy Perry.[39][40]

text: Excluding Super Bowl XXXIX, the famous "I'm going to Disney World!" advertising campaign took place in every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXI when quarterback Phil Simms from the New York Giants became the first player to say the tagline.

text: Venue[edit]

text: As of Super Bowl LII, 27 of 52 Super Bowls have been played in three cities: New Orleans (ten times), the Greater Miami area (ten times), and the Greater Los Angeles area (seven times). No market or region without an active NFL franchise has ever hosted a Super Bowl, and the presence of an NFL team in a market or region is now a de jure requirement for bidding on the game.[41][42] The winning market is not, however, required to host the Super Bowl in the same stadium that its NFL team uses, and nine Super Bowls have been held in a stadium other than the one the NFL team in that city was using at the time. For example, Los Angeles's last five Super Bowls were all played at the Rose Bowl, which has never been used by any NFL franchise outside of the Super Bowl.[citation needed]

text: No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium. The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium, but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles. Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park; and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. In both cases, the stadium in which the Super Bowl was held was perceived to be a better stadium for a large, high-profile event than the stadiums the Rams and 49ers were playing in at the time; this situation has not arisen since 1993, in part because the league has traditionally awarded the Super Bowl in modern times to the newest stadiums. Besides those two, the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowls II and III.

text: Traditionally, the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are located in climates with an expected average daily temperature less than 50 °F (10 °C) on game day unless the field can be completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof.[43] Six Super Bowls have been played in northern cities: two in the Detroit area—Super Bowl XVI at Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan and Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, two in Minneapolis—Super Bowl XXVI at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank Stadium, one in Indianapolis at Lucas Oil Stadium for Super Bowl XLVI, and one in the New York area—Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium. Only MetLife Stadium did not have a roof (be it fixed or retractable) but it was still picked as the host stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII in an apparent waiver of the warm-climate rule.

text: There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the Super Bowl from cities. Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally awarded to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, but after Arizona voters elected not to recognize Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a paid state-employee's holiday in 1990, the NFL moved the game to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.[44] When voters in Arizona opted to create such a legal holiday in 1992, Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was awarded to Tempe. Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick Park in San Francisco, but when plans to renovate the stadium fell through, the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami. Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San Francisco, when that stadium failed to be built, the game was moved to San Diego. Super Bowl XLIV, slated for February 7, 2010, was withdrawn from New York City's proposed West Side Stadium, because the city, state, and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding. Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given to Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, but after two sales taxes failed to pass at the ballot box, and opposition by local business leaders and politicians increased, Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game.[45] Super Bowl XLIX was then eventually awarded to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.

text: In 2011, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said, "[The Super Bowl is] commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the United States." According to Forbes, 10,000 prostitutes were brought to Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl.[46] Snopes research in 2015 determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical Super Bowl weekend is less than 100, not statistically higher than any other time of the year, and that the notion of mass increases in human trafficking around the Super Bowl was a politician's myth.[47]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually three to five years before the game. Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host.[43][48] In 2014, a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked, giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host.[49] Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community, although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL. Some of the host requirements include:

text:
The host stadium must be in a market that hosts an NFL team and must have a minimum of 70,000 seats, with the media and electrical amenities necessary to produce the Super Bowl. Stadiums may include temporary seating for Super Bowls, but seating must be approved by the league. Stadiums where the average game day temperature is below 50° Fahrenheit must either have a roof or a waiver given by the league. There must be a minimum of 35,000 parking spaces within one mile of the stadium.
The host stadium must have space for the Gameday Experience, a large pregame entertainment area, within walking distance of the stadium.
The host city must have space for the NFL Experience, the interactive football theme park which is operated the week prior to the Super Bowl. An indoor venue for the event must have a minimum of 850,000 square feet, and an outdoor venue must have a minimum of 1,000,000 square feet. Additionally, there must be space nearby for the Media Center, and space for all other events involved in the Super Bowl week, including golf courses and bowling alleys.
The necessary infrastructure must be in place around the stadium and other Super Bowl facilities, including parking, security, electrical needs, media needs, communication needs, and transportation needs.
There must be a minimum number of hotel spaces within one hour's drive of the stadium equaling 35% of the stadium's capacity, along with hotels for the teams, officials, media, and other dignitaries. (For Super Bowl XXXIX, the city of Jacksonville docked several luxury cruise liners at their port to act as temporary hotel space.[50])
There must be practice space of equal and comparable quality for both teams within a 20-minute drive of the team hotels, and rehearsal space for all events within a reasonable distance to the stadium. The practice facilities must have one grass field and at least one field of the same surface as the host stadium.
The stadium must have a minimum of 70,000 fixed seats, including club and fixed suite seating, during regular season operations.

text: The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site, usually three to five years prior to the event. In 2007, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London, perhaps at Wembley Stadium.[51] The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles, but none were held there in the 21-year period when the league had no team in the area.[citation needed] New Orleans, the site of the 2013 Super Bowl, invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game.[52]

text: Home team designation[edit]

text: The designated "home team" alternates between the NFC team in odd-numbered games and the AFC team in even-numbered games.[53][54] This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team. Regardless of being the home or away team of record, each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones. Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date (approximately 59 percent).

text: Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys. Originally, the designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys, which resulted in Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V. While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys, there have been six (6) exceptions: the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XIII and XXVII, the Washington Redskins during Super Bowl XVII, the Pittsburgh Steelers during Super Bowl XL, the Denver Broncos during Super Bowl 50, and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. The Cowboys, since 1964, have worn white jerseys at home. The Redskins wore white at home under coach Joe Gibbs starting in 1981 through 1992, continued by Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner through 2000, then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007. Meanwhile, the Steelers, who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road, wearing white. The Steelers' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season, but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys, New England opted to switch to crimson for the Super Bowl as the designated home team. For the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, Denver general manager John Elway simply stated, "We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms"; they previously had been 0–4 in Super Bowls when wearing their orange jerseys.[55][56] The Broncos' decision is also perceived to be made out of superstition, losing all Super Bowl games with the orange jerseys in terrible fashion. It is unclear why the Patriots chose to wear their white jerseys for Super Bowl LII. During the pairing of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady, New England has mostly worn their blue jerseys for home games, but have worn white for a home game in the 2008, 2010, and 2011 seasons.[57] The New England Patriots were 3-0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to Super Bowl LII with Belichick and Brady,[58][59] and they may have been going on recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl game.[60][61][62] White-shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to date (63 percent). The only teams to win in their dark-colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls.[63]

text: The 49ers, as part of the league's 75th Anniversary celebration, used their 1957 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl.

text: Host cities/regions[edit]

text: Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls.

text:
City/Region
No. hosted
Years hosted

Miami metropolitan area
10 (11)ˇ[›]
1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979, 1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2020ˇ[›]

New Orleans
10
1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2013

Los Angeles metropolitan area
7 (8)ˇ[›]
1967, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993, 2022ˇ[›]

Tampa
4 (5)ˇ[›]
1984, 1991, 2001, 2009, 2021ˇ[›]

San Diego
3
1988, 1998, 2003

Phoenix metropolitan area
3
1996, 2008, 2015

Houston
3
1974, 2004, 2017

Atlanta
2 (3)ˇ[›]
1994, 2000, 2019ˇ[›]

Metro Detroit
2
1982, 2006

San Francisco Bay Area
2
1985, 2016

Minneapolis
2
1992, 2018

Jacksonville
1
2005

Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex
1
2011

Indianapolis
1
2012

New York metropolitan area
1
2014

text: Note: Years listed are the year the game was actually played (or will be playedˇ[›]; future games are denoted through italics) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.

text: Host stadiums[edit]

text: A total of twenty-six different stadiums, five of which no longer exist and one of which does not yet exist, have hosted or are scheduled to host Super Bowls. Years listed in the table below are the years the game was actually played (will be playedˇ[›]) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been.

text:
Stadium
Location
No. hosted
Years hosted

Mercedes-Benz Superdome, formerly Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
7
1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2013

Hard Rock Stadium, formerly Joe Robbie Stadium, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida‡[›]
5 (6ˇ[›])
1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010, 2020ˇ[›]

Miami Orange Bowl^[›]
Miami, Florida
5
1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979

Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
5
1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993

Tulane Stadium^[›]
New Orleans, Louisiana
3
1970, 1972, 1975

SDCCU Stadium, formerly Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium
San Diego, California
3
1988, 1998, 2003

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles, California
2
1967, 1973

Tampa Stadium^[›]
Tampa, Florida
2
1984, 1991

Georgia Dome^[›]
Atlanta, Georgia
2
1994, 2000

Raymond James Stadium
Tampa, Florida
2 (3ˇ[›])
2001, 2009, 2021ˇ[›]

University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
2
2008, 2015

NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
2
2004, 2017

Rice Stadium
Houston, Texas
1
1974

Pontiac Silverdome^[›]
Pontiac, Michigan
1
1982

Stanford Stadium††[›]
Stanford, California
1
1985

Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome^[›]
Minneapolis, Minnesota
1
1992

Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
1
1996

EverBank Field, formerly Alltel Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida
1
2005

Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
1
2006

AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
1
2011

Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
1
2012

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
1
2014

Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara, California
1
2016

U.S. Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota
1
2018

Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Atlanta, Georgia
1ˇ[›]
2019ˇ[›]

Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
Inglewood, California
1ˇ[›]
2022ˇ[›]

text:
^ ^: Stadium is now demolished.
^ ‡: Miami Gardens became a city in 2003. Before that, the stadium had a Miami address while in unincorporated Miami-Dade County.
^ ††: The original Stanford Stadium, which hosted Super Bowl XIX, was demolished and replaced with a new stadium in 2006.
^ ˇ: Future Super Bowls, also denoted by italics.

text: Future venues:

text:
2019: Mercedes-Benz Stadium (1), Atlanta (3)
2020: Hard Rock Stadium (6), Miami Gardens, Florida (6; 11 for the Miami metropolitan area)
2021: Raymond James Stadium (3), Tampa, Florida (5)
2022: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park (1), Inglewood, California (1; 8 for the Los Angeles metropolitan area)[64][65][66]

text: The game has never been played in a region that lacked an NFL or AFL franchise.[citation needed] London, England has occasionally been mentioned as a host city for a Super Bowl in the near future.[67] Wembley Stadium has hosted several NFL games as part of the NFL International Series and is specifically designed for large, individual events. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has openly discussed the possibility on different occasions.[68][69][70][71] Time zone complications are a significant obstacle to a Super Bowl in London; a typical 6:30 p.m. Eastern Time start would result in the game beginning at 11:30 p.m. local time in London, an unusually late hour to be holding spectator sports (the NFL has never in its history started a game later than 9:15 p.m. local time).[71] As bids have been submitted for all Super Bowls through Super Bowl LVI, the soonest that any stadium outside the NFL's footprint could serve as host would be Super Bowl LVII in 2023.

text: Super Bowl trademark[edit]

text: The NFL is very active on stopping what it says is unauthorized commercial use of its trademarked terms "NFL", "Super Bowl", and "Super Sunday".[72] As a result, many events and promotions tied to the game, but not sanctioned by the NFL, are asked to refer to it with euphemisms such as "The Big Game", or other generic descriptions.[73][74] A radio spot for Planters nuts parodied this, by saying "it would be super...to have a bowl...of Planters nuts while watching the big game!" and comedian Stephen Colbert began referring to the game in 2014 as the "Superb Owl". In 2015, the NFL filed opposition with the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to a trademark application submitted by an Arizona-based nonprofit for "Superb Owl".[75] The NFL claims that the use of the phrase "Super Bowl" implies an NFL affiliation, and on this basis the league asserts broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly; for example, the league says Super Bowl showings are prohibited in churches or at other events that "promote a message", while venues that do not regularly show sporting events cannot show the Super Bowl on any television screen larger than 55 inches.[76] Some critics say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that "any use is prohibited", as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use in the United States.[76] Legislation was proposed by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch in 2008 "to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football games", and "for other purposes".[77]

text: In 2004, The NFL started issuing Cease and Desist letters to casinos in Las Vegas that were hosting Super Bowl parties. "Super Bowl" is a registered trademark, owned by the NFL, and any other business using that name for profit-making ventures is in violation of federal law, according to the letters. In reaction to the letters, many Vegas resorts, rather than discontinue the popular and lucrative parties, started referring to them as "Big Game Parties."[78][79][80]

text: In 2006, the NFL made an attempt to trademark "The Big Game" as well; however, it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial and public-relations opposition to the move, mostly from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley and their fans, as the Stanford Cardinal football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the Big Game, which has been played since 1892 (28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I).[81] Additionally, the Mega Millions lottery game was known as The Big Game from 1996 to 2002.[82]

text: Use of the phrase "world champions"[edit]

text: Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared "world champions", a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists.[83][84] Others feel the title is fitting, since it is the only professional league of its kind.[85]

text: The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the "World Champion" moniker originates from the World Series of professional baseball,[citation needed] and it was later used during the first three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL-NFL World Championship Games. The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl rings.


question_text: where in the bible does it say he who does not work does not eat

root

text: New Testament[edit]

text: The aphorism is found in the Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle (with Silvanus and Timothy) to the Thessalonians, in which Paul writes:

tag: p

text: that is,

text: The Greek phrase οὐ θέλει ἐργᾰ́ζεσθαι ou thélei ergázesthai means "is not willing to work". Other English translations render this as "would"[2] or "will not work",[3] which may confuse readers unaccustomed to this use of the verb "will" in the archaic sense of "want to, desire to".

text: Jamestown[edit]

text: In the spring of 1609, John Smith cited the aphorism to the colonists of Jamestown:

text: Countrymen, the long experience of our late miseries I hope is sufficient to persuade everyone to a present correction of himself, And think not that either my pains nor the adventurers' purses will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth...

text: ...the greater part must be more industrious, or starve...

text: You must obey this now for a law, that he that will not work shall not eat (except by sickness he be disabled). For the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain a hundred and fifty idle loiterers.[4]

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: According to Vladimir Lenin, "He who does not work shall not eat" is a necessary principle under socialism, the preliminary phase of the evolution towards communist society. The phrase appears in his 1917 work, The State and Revolution. Through this slogan Lenin explains that in socialist states only productive individuals could be allowed access to the articles of consumption.

text: The socialist principle, "He who does not work shall not eat", is already realized; the other socialist principle, "An equal amount of products for an equal amount of labor", is also already realized. But this is not yet communism, and it does not yet abolish "bourgeois law", which gives unequal individuals, in return for unequal (really unequal) amounts of labor, equal amounts of products.

text: This is a "defect" according to Marx, but it is unavoidable in the first phase of communism; for if we are not to indulge in utopianism, we must not think that having overthrown capitalism people will at once learn to work for society without any rules of law. (Chapter 5, Section 3, "The First Phase of Communist Society")

text: In accordance with Lenin’s understanding of the socialist state, article twelve of the 1936 Soviet Constitution states:

text: In the USSR work is a duty and a matter of honor for every able-bodied citizen, in accordance with the principle: “He who does not work, neither shall he eat.”

text: In Lenin’s writing, this was not so much directed at lazy or unproductive workers,[5][6] but rather the bourgeoisie. (Marxist theory defines the bourgeoisie as the group of those who buy the labor-power of workers and engage it in the process of production, deriving profits from the surplus value thus expropriated. Once communism was realised, that is, after the abolition of property and the law of value, no-one would live off the labor of others.[7])

text: Neither did the principle apply to those rendered incapable of work by old age or disability. These groups would have a right to society's products because they were not at fault for their condition. The elderly, in particular, had worked during their youth, and so could not be denied life’s basic necessities. The Soviet state would then, at least theoretically, provide a basic level of social security.[8]

text: The principle was enunciated in the Russian Constitution of 1918.

text: Leon Trotsky wrote that: "The old principle: who does not work shall not eat, has been replaced with a new one: who does not obey shall not eat."[9][10]


document_title: Terrace House: Opening New Doors

question_text: how many episodes is terrace house opening new doors

text: Terrace House: Opening New Doors

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
№

Name

Occupation

Birth date

Age*

Appearance

English

Japanese

Nickname

Eps

#

01

Ami Komuro

小室安未

Ami

university student

January 19, 1997

21

01 - 17

17

02

Yuudai Arai

新井雄大

Yuudai

aspiring chef

April 8, 1998

20

01 - 09

9

03

Mizuki Haruta

治田みずき

Mizuki

freelance writer / interpreter

June 30, 1991

26

01 - 09

9

04

Takayuki Nakamura

中村貴之

Taka

professional snowboarder

May 25, 1986

31

01 - 34

34

05

Tsubasa Sato

佐藤つば冴

Tsubasa

ice hockey player

September 28, 1993

24

01 - 21

21

06

Shion Okamoto

岡本至恩

Shion

model

January 13, 1995

22

01 - 21

21

07

Shohei Uemura

上村翔平

Shohei

musician / vocalist

July 16, 1989

28

10 - 31

22

08

Seina Shimabukuro

島袋聖南

Seina

model

April 4, 1987

30

10 - 34

25

09

Mayu Koseta

小瀬田麻由

Mayu

gravure model

November 12, 1994

23

17 - 26

10

10

Yui Tanaka

田中優衣

Yui

university student

December 24, 1996

21

22 -

11

Noah Ishikura

石倉ノア

Noah

aspiring pilot

November 19, 1996

21

22 - 34

13

12

Aya Matarai

又来綾

Aya

university student

December 29, 1997

20

26 -

13

Shunsuke Ikezoe

池添俊亮

Shunsuke

aspiring hair & makeup artist

April 27, 1997

21

32 -

14

Kaito Nakata

中田海斗

Kaito

pro skateboarder

September 12, 1997

20

35 -

15

Maya Kisanuki

木佐貫まや

Maya

student

August 16, 1998

19

35 -

16

Sota Kono

河野聡太

Sota

company employee

November 5, 1992

25

35 -

tag: table

text: *Age when they first joined Terrace House.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Name
Japanese
Cast member

Episode(s)

Hana Imai

今井華

Boys × Girls Next Door

Episode 14

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in SeasonNo. in PartTitleNetflix Japan Release Date Fuji TV Air Date Length (mins)Part 1
11"Opening New Doors"December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)January 22, 201842
Six strangers gather in a house in Karuizawa. Aged 19 to 31, they've got one thing in common: they'll be living together in a beautiful town.
22"A New Experience For Her"December 26, 2017 (2017-12-26)January 29, 201834
As everyone settles in, Yuudai shows off his cooking skills. When some members go out to lunch, he seems to hit it off with one girl in particular.
33"Captain Tsubasa"January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)February 5, 201832
In the midst of discussing their dreams for the future, Shion gives Ami some advice. Then a group visits Tsubasa's father's restaurant.
44"The Reason She Cried"January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)February 12, 201836
Yuudai wants to be independent, but he's struggling. Later, Ami starts crying when Yuudai asks her bluntly what she wants to do with her life.
55"Cocky Kid"January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)February 19, 201840
Mizuki grows increasingly skeptical of Yuudai, who keeps buying things using his father's credit card. Tsubasa and Shion head to Kusatsu Onsen.
66"First Snowfall"January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)February 26, 201842
Yuudai vows to make changes and finds a restaurant to work at, while Ami makes some career decisions. The two of them go on a date in Karuizawa.
77"I Erased Him From My World"February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)March 12, 201842
Ami and Yuudai both dissect their date with the other members. Yuudai is taken aback by Ami's attitude towards him the next day.
88"A Man with Different Values"February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)April 9, 201838
Mizuki spends the night in Tokyo with her old boyfriend. Shut out by Ami, Yuudai reconnects with an old girlfriend too, while Takayuki tries to help.
Part 2
91"She's the MVP"February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)April 16, 201844
Tsubasa and Shion visit a temple for good luck before her team's big game. Meanwhile, Mizuki makes a decision, and Yuudai cooks for a house party.
102"The Christmas Assassin"March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)April 23, 201837
Takayuki takes Ami to a breathtaking cafe, while Tsubasa's confidence takes a hit after hearing about Shion's ex. On Christmas, new members arrive.
113"Best Actor in a Supporting Role"March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)April 30, 201837
Seina and Takayuki take a stroll in Kyu-Karuizawa. When Ami hears about it, she invites Takayuki snowboarding. Then Shion and Tsubasa go ice-skating.
124"If Only You Were Five Years Younger"March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)May 7, 201840
When Ami and Takayuki go snowboarding, she tells him something very intriguing. Shion answers a question about Tsubasa, and then it's New Year's.
135"She Asks Too Much For Love"April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)May 14, 201840
Some of the members go snowboarding, but Ami and Takayuki only have eyes for each other. Tsubasa goes to Tokyo to buy Shion a birthday present.
146"The Birthday That Decided Their Fate"April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)May 21, 201836
The members throw a birthday party for Ami and Shion, and Takayuki surprises everyone by shaving his mustache. Tsubasa gives Shion his gift privately.
157"The Mustache Tells the Story of Love"April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)May 28, 201839
Shohei and Ami go out together, but there isn't really a spark. In the face of Ami's cold attitude, Takayuki starts to regrow his mustache.
168"Life is Just a Little Too Late"April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)June 4, 201838
Takayuki tells Seina and Shohei that he no longer has feelings for Ami, but Shohei's feelings for her have grown. Ami, meanwhile, makes a choice.
Part 3
171"Sinful Cleavage"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)June 11, 201838
Just before Ami's schedule departure, Shohei meets her at the station for a surprise trip to the slopes -- and he's got a plan. A new member arrives.
182"Flower Bouquet for My Valentine"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)June 25, 201838
It's Valentine's Day, and Tsubasa is about to head to Nagoya for the national championship. Shion has something to tell her before she goes.
193"The Second Attempt"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)July 9, 201837
With the tournament over. Tsubasa has time to think about ther next steps -- including her reply to Shion. Shohei heads into the recording studio.
204"A Fairy on a Split Road"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)July 16, 201835
Tsubasa gives her answer. On a snowy day, Mayu and Takayuki talk about love, while Shohei and Seina continue spending time together.
215"Tune-Up"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)July 23, 201843
Seina returns from a trip to Korea looking somewhat different. Takayuki and Mayu go out to eat, and Tsubasa makes another decision.
226"Virgin"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)July 30, 201838
Two new members arrive: aspiring pilot Noah and Karuizawa native, Yui. Almost immediately, Noah and Mayu head out on a date.
237"Meccha Me Too"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)TBA40
Takayuki takes Noah to the yakitori place. Mayu really likes Noah, and she gets nervous when he and Yui plan to spend time together.
248"Kiss Out Of Nowhere"July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)TBA36
Shohei takes Seina out on a birthday dinner. Awkwardness reigns when Mayu's time with Noah goes nowhere. Noah and Yui go on their planned outing.
Part 4
251"The Fallen Angel"July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)TBA41
Yui keeps trying to patch things up with Mayu. Shohei prepares for an album release show in Shibuya, then ask Yui for some local tips.
262"Better Than You"July 24, 2018 (2018-07-24)TBA37
Mayu and Noah go on a hike, and when they get back, Mayu has an honest talk with Yui and makes a decision. A new member joins Terrace House
273"On the Night of Camp..."July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)TBA40
New member Aya settles into the house, and the members make plans to go camping together. Seina responds surprisingly to Shohei's bold moves.
284"Declaration of War"August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)TBA36
Aya and Takayuki head out on a date together.  Meanwhile, after a surprising conversation with Shohei, Noah hangs out with Yui once again
295"Confessing Love at the Chapel"August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)TBA42
Yui talks to Shohei about Noah, and then tells Noah off the next day. Shohei makes plans to ask Seina to date him, and Aya asks Shohei for a favor.
306"A Farce"August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)TBA34
After hearing from Shohei, Noah asks Seina out on a date. During Takayuki's birthday party, Aya talks with him one on one.
317"Rambling Rose"September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)TBA43
Aya and Yui grow suspicious about Seina and Noah, and Yui tries to interrogate Seina about it. Shohei prepares an event for the other members.
328"The Last Love"September 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)October 23, 2018 (2018-10-23)34
Takayuki gives Aya a gift before he takes her skateboarding. Noah and Seina go on an extremely consequential date, and then a new member arrives.
Part 5
331"It's Someone Else"September 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)TBA32
Shun enters the bath with Noah. Who is worried? Takayuki is asked about his feelings for Aya. He confesses he does like someone. Who will it be?
342"Bye Bye, Miss Terrace House"October 2, 2018 (2018-10-02)TBA31
On the morning of Seina and Noah's departure, Takayuki shares a decision with the other member, then travels to Tokyo. Some familiar faces return.
353"Young Faces"October 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)TBA41
Three new members join the House: skateboarder Kaito, student Maya and company employee Sota. The next day, Yui and Kaito go grocery shopping.
364"Take Shelter from the Rain"October 16, 2018 (2018-10-16)TBA41
Maya and Kaito go out to a soba shop to try the Karuizawa specialty. Yui and Kaito make plans to go to a skate park so she can learn to skateboard.
375"First and Last Date"October 30, 2018 (2018-10-30)TBA36
Aya has a heart-to-heart about her future with Yui. After Sota and Shunsuke spend a day hanging out together, Shunsuke comes to a decision.


document_title: Ilocos Region

question_text: what are the different folk arts of ilocos region

text: Ilocos Region

text: History[edit]

text: The region was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos, before they were pushed by successive waves of Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tingguians in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinans in the south settled the region. Before the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not a part of the region.[3]

text: The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and governmental institutions to control the native population and convert them to Catholicism. Present-day Vigan in Ilocos Sur province became the diocesan seat of Nueva Segovia. Ilocanos in the northern parts were less easily swayed, however, and remained an area filled with deep resentments against Spain. These resentments bubbled to the surface at various points in the Ilocos provinces' history as insurrections, most notably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan, Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764, and the Basi Revolt in the 19th century. However, it was the Pangasinans in the south who were the last to stand against the Spaniards.[4]

text: In 1901, the region came under American colonial rule, and in 1941, under Japanese occupation.

text: During 1945, the combined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops including with the Ilocano and Pangasinan guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces during the Second World War.

text: Several modern presidents of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio Quirino, Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V. Ramos.

text: Before the creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Region 1 included the provinces of Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Ilocos Region occupies the narrow plain between the Cordillera Central mountain range and the South China Sea, and the northern portion of the Central Luzon plain, to the north-east of the Zambales Mountains.

text: Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of water in the region and it contains several islands, including the Hundred Islands National Park. To the north of the region is Luzon Strait.

text: The Agno River runs through Pangasinan from Benguet, flowing into a broad delta at the vicinities of Lingayen and Dagupan before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf.

text: Administrative divisions[edit]

text: The Ilocos Region comprises 4 provinces, 1 independent component city, 8 component cities, 116 municipalities, and 3,265 barangays.[5]

text:
Province
Capital
Population (2015)[1]
Area[6]
Density
Cities
Muni.
Bgy.

km2
sq mi
/km2
/sq mi

Ilocos Norte
Laoag
7001118000000000000♠11.8%
593,081
3,467.89
1,338.96
170
440
2
21
557

Ilocos Sur
Vigan
7001137000000000000♠13.7%
689,668
2,596.00
1,002.32
270
700
2
32
768

La Union
San Fernando
7001157000000000000♠15.7%
786,653
1,497.70
578.27
530
1,400
1
19
576

Pangasinan
Lingayen
7001588000000000000♠58.8%
2,956,726
5,451.01
2,104.65
540
1,400
4
44
1,364

Total
5,026,128
13,012.60
5,024.19
390
1,000
9
116
3,265

• Figures for Pangasinan include the independent component city of Dagupan.

text:
[show]City/Municipality
Population (2015)[1]
Area[7]
Density
Class
Income class
Province

km2
sq mi
/km2
/sq mi

Adams
1,792
159.31
61.51
11
28
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Norte

Agno
28,052
169.75
65.54
170
440
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Agoo
63,692
52.84
20.40
1,200
3,100
Municipality
1st
La Union

Aguilar
41,463
195.07
75.32
210
540
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Alaminos City
89,708
164.26
63.42
550
1,400
Component City
4th
Pangasinan

Alcala
43,402
45.71
17.65
950
2,500
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Alilem
6,695
119.33
46.07
56
150
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Anda
39,504
74.55
28.78
530
1,400
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Aringay
47,458
84.54
32.64
560
1,500
Municipality
2nd
La Union

Asingan
57,355
66.64
25.73
860
2,200
Municipality
2nd
Pangasinan

Bacarra
32,215
65.32
25.22
490
1,300
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Bacnotan
42,078
76.60
29.58
550
1,400
Municipality
1st
La Union

Badoc
31,616
76.68
29.61
410
1,100
Municipality
2nd
Ilocos Norte

Bagulin
13,456
107.33
41.44
130
340
Municipality
5th
La Union

Balaoan
39,188
68.70
26.53
570
1,500
Municipality
1st
La Union

Balungao
31,106
73.25
28.28
420
1,100
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Banayoyo
7,748
24.63
9.51
310
800
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Bangar
35,947
37.36
14.42
960
2,500
Municipality
3rd
La Union

Bangui
14,672
112.98
43.62
130
340
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Bani
50,306
179.65
69.36
280
730
Municipality
2nd
Pangasinan

Banna
19,438
92.73
35.80
210
540
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Bantay
35,731
76.60
29.58
470
1,200
Municipality
1st
Ilocos Sur

Basista
32,959
24.00
9.27
1,400
3,600
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Batac City
55,201
161.06
62.19
340
880
Component City
5th
Ilocos Norte

Bauang
75,032
73.15
28.24
1,000
2,600
Municipality
1st
La Union

Bautista
32,307
46.33
17.89
700
1,800
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Bayambang
118,205
143.94
55.58
820
2,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Binalonan
54,555
47.57
18.37
110
280
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Binmaley
83,052
118.50
45.75
700
1,800
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Bolinao
82,084
197.22
76.15
420
1,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Bugallon
67,348
189.64
73.22
360
930
Municipality
2nd
Pangasinan

Burgos
9,777
128.90
49.77
76
200
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Norte

Burgos
12,224
44.38
17.14
280
730
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Burgos
8,067
70.80
27.34
110
280
Municipality
5th
La Union

Burgos
21,637
131.32
50.70
160
410
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Caba
22,039
46.31
17.88
480
1,200
Municipality
4th
La Union

Cabugao
37,501
95.56
36.90
390
1,000
Municipality
1st
Ilocos Sur

Calasiao
95,154
48.36
18.67
2,000
5,200
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Candon City
60,623
103.28
39.88
590
1,500
Component City
4th
Ilocos Sur

Caoayan
19,861
17.42
6.73
1,100
2,800
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Carasi
1,567
82.97
32.03
19
49
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Norte

Cervantes
17,211
234.70
90.62
73
190
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Currimao
12,184
34.08
13.16
360
930
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Dagupan City
171,271
44.47
17.17
3,900
10,000
Independent Component City
1st
Pangasinan

Dasol
29,110
166.60
64.32
170
440
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Dingras
38,562
96.00
37.07
400
1,000
Municipality
2nd
Ilocos Norte

Dumalneg
2,947
88.48
34.16
33
85
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Norte

Galimuyod
10,748
34.40
13.28
310
800
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Gregorio del Pilar
4,875
41.66
16.09
120
310
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Infanta
24,584
254.29
98.18
97
250
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Labrador
23,201
90.99
35.13
250
650
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Laoac
31,497
40.50
15.64
780
2,000
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Laoag City
111,125
116.08
44.82
960
2,500
Component City
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Lidlidda
4,647
33.84
13.07
140
360
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Lingayen
103,278
62.76
24.23
1,600
4,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Luna
35,802
42.90
16.56
830
2,100
Municipality
3rd
La Union

Mabini
24,765
291.01
112.36
85
220
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Magsingal
30,792
84.98
32.81
360
930
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

Malasiqui
130,275
131.37
50.72
990
2,600
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Manaoag
69,497
55.95
21.60
1,200
3,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Mangaldan
106,331
48.47
18.71
2,200
5,700
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Mangatarem
73,241
317.50
122.59
230
600
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Mapandan
37,059
30.00
11.58
1,200
3,100
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Marcos
17,777
72.77
28.10
240
620
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Nagbukel
5,259
43.12
16.65
120
310
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Naguilian
54,221
104.60
40.39
520
1,300
Municipality
1st
La Union

Narvacan
44,006
122.21
47.19
360
930
Municipality
2nd
Ilocos Sur

Natividad
24,299
134.36
51.88
180
470
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Nueva Era
9,506
515.02
198.85
18
47
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Pagudpud
23,770
194.90
75.25
120
310
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Paoay
24,866
76.24
29.44
330
850
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Pasuquin
28,980
210.54
81.29
140
360
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Piddig
21,497
216.20
83.48
99
260
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Pinili
17,300
89.48
34.55
190
490
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Norte

Pozorrubio
69,555
134.60
51.97
520
1,300
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Pugo
19,690
62.84
24.26
310
800
Municipality
5th
La Union

Quirino
8,573
240.10
92.70
36
93
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Rosales
63,081
66.39
25.63
950
2,500
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Rosario
55,458
73.98
28.56
750
1,900
Municipality
1st
La Union

Salcedo
11,288
103.44
39.94
110
280
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

San Carlos City
188,571
169.03
65.26
1,100
2,800
Component City
3rd
Pangasinan

San Emilio
7,407
141.44
54.61
52
130
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

San Esteban
8,349
19.62
7.58
430
1,100
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

San Fabian
83,025
81.28
31.38
1,000
2,600
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

San Fernando City
121,812
102.72
39.66
1,200
3,100
Component City
3rd
La Union

San Gabriel
18,172
129.87
50.14
140
360
Municipality
4th
La Union

San Ildefonso
7,787
11.35
4.38
690
1,800
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

San Jacinto
40,848
44.18
17.06
920
2,400
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

San Juan
26,411
64.37
24.85
410
1,100
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

San Juan
37,188
57.12
22.05
650
1,700
Municipality
2nd
La Union

San Manuel
52,939
129.18
49.88
410
1,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

San Nicolas
36,736
40.18
15.51
910
2,400
Municipality
2nd
Ilocos Norte

San Nicolas
35,574
210.20
81.16
170
440
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

San Quintin
32,945
115.90
44.75
280
730
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

San Vicente
12,758
12.60
4.86
1,000
2,600
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Santa
15,340
109.10
42.12
140
360
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Santa Barbara
82,012
61.37
23.70
1,300
3,400
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Santa Catalina
13,945
9.68
3.74
1,400
3,600
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Santa Cruz
39,868
88.78
34.28
450
1,200
Municipality
1st
Ilocos Sur

Santa Lucia
25,402
49.72
19.20
510
1,300
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

Santa Maria
30,321
63.31
24.44
480
1,200
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

Santa Maria
33,038
69.50
26.83
480
1,200
Municipality
4th
Pangasinan

Santiago
18,759
46.36
17.90
400
1,000
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Santo Domingo
27,975
55.49
21.42
500
1,300
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

Santo Tomas
39,092
64.00
24.71
610
1,600
Municipality
4th
La Union

Santo Tomas
15,022
12.99
5.02
1,200
3,100
Municipality
5th
Pangasinan

Santol
12,476
93.70
36.18
130
340
Municipality
4th
La Union

Sarrat
25,212
57.39
22.16
440
1,100
Municipality
1st
Ilocos Norte

Sigay
2,737
81.55
31.49
34
88
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Sinait
25,640
65.56
25.31
390
1,000
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Sur

Sison
47,518
81.88
31.61
580
1,500
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Solsona
24,121
166.23
64.18
150
390
Municipality
3rd
Ilocos Norte

Sual
34,149
130.16
50.26
260
670
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Sudipen
17,056
97.59
37.68
170
440
Municipality
4th
La Union

Sugpon
4,585
57.11
22.05
80
210
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Sur

Suyo
11,446
124.00
47.88
92
240
Municipality
4th
Ilocos Sur

Tagudin
39,277
151.19
58.37
260
670
Municipality
2nd
Ilocos Sur

Tayug
43,149
51.24
19.78
840
2,200
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Tubao
28,729
50.75
19.59
570
1,500
Municipality
4th
La Union

Umingan
73,252
258.43
99.78
280
730
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Urbiztondo
50,170
81.80
31.58
610
1,600
Municipality
3rd
Pangasinan

Urdaneta City
132,940
100.26
38.71
1,300
3,400
Component City
2nd
Pangasinan

Vigan City
53,879
25.12
9.70
2,100
5,400
Component City
4th
Ilocos Sur

Villasis
62,333
75.83
29.28
820
2,100
Municipality
1st
Pangasinan

Vintar
32,220
614.35
237.20
52
130
Municipality
5th
Ilocos Norte

text: Economy[edit]

text: Although the economy in the southern portion of the region, esp. Pangasinan, is anchored on agro-industrial and service industry, the economy in the northern portion of the region is anchored in the agricultural sector. The economy in Pangasinan is driven by agro-industrial businesses , such as milkfish (bangus) cultivation and processing, livestock raising, fish paste processing (bagoong), and others. Income in the Ilocos provinces or northern portion mostly come from cultivating rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, and fruits; raising livestock such as pigs, chicken, goats, and carabaos (water buffalos).

text: The distribution of the economic activity in the region may be seen from the collection of tax revenue of the national government. The bulk of the collections come from Pangasinan, which posted 61% of the total.[8]

text: The service and light manufacturing industries are concentrated in the cities. Dagupan is mostly driven by its local entrepreneurs, which have started to expand its network up to the national level. San Fernando in La Union also has an international shipping port and the upgraded and soon to be developed San Fernando International Airport. While Laoag in Ilocos Norte has an international airport.

text: The tourism industry, driven by local airlines and land transportation firms in the area like Farinas Transit Company and Partas, focuses on the coastal beaches and on eco-tourism. There are fine sands stretching along Bauang, La Union and the rest of the region.[citation needed]

text: The region is also rich in crafts, with renowned blanket-weaving and pottery.[citation needed] The Ilocanos' burnay pottery is well known for its dark colored clay.[citation needed]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Population census of
Ilocos Region

Year
Pop.
±% p.a.

1990
3,550,642
—

2000
4,200,478
+1.69%

2010
4,748,372
+1.23%

2015
5,026,128
+1.09%

Source: National Statistics Office[9]

text: The Ilocos provinces are the historical homeland of the Ilocanos. In the 2000 Census, the Ilocanos comprised 66% of the region, Pangasinan people 27%, and the Tagalogs 3%.[2]

text: Pangasinan is the historical homeland of the Pangasinans. The population of Pangasinan comprises approximately 60% of the total population of the region. The Ilocanos started migrating to Pangasinan in the 19th century.[10] Pangasinan was formerly a province of Region III (Central Luzon) before President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1, 1972, incorporating it into Region I. Minority groups include the Tingguian and Isneg communities that inhabit the foothills of the Cordillera mountains.

text: The population is predominantly Roman Catholic with strong adherents of Protestantism such as the Aglipayan denomination further north of the country. There are also adherents to other religions, such as Iglesia ni Cristo, Mormons, and the like. There is also an undercurrent of traditional animistic beliefs especially in rural areas. The small mercantile Chinese and Indian communities are primarily Buddhists, Taoists, and Hindus.[citation needed]

text: Notable people from the region[edit]

text:
José Burgos, one of the Gomburza martyrs during the Spanish Occupation
Ferdinand Marcos, tenth President of the Philippines
Elpidio Quirino, sixth President of the Philippines
Fidel V. Ramos, twelfth President of the Philippines
Artemio Ricarte, Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War
Diego Silang, male revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation
Gabriela Silang, female revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation


document_title: List of High Priests of Israel

question_text: who became the first high priest of israel

text: List of High Priests of Israel

text: Line of the High Priests of Israel[edit]

text: The High Priests, like all Levitical priests, belonged to the Aaronic line. The Bible mentions the majority of high priests before the captivity, but does not give a complete list of office holders. Lists would be based on various historical sources. In several periods of gentile rule, high priests were appointed and removed by kings. Still, most high priests came from the Aaronic line. One exception is Menelaus, who may not have been from the Tribe of Levi at all, but from the Tribe of Benjamin.

text: From the Exodus to Solomon's Temple[edit]

text: The following section is based on information found in the various books of the Bible, including the genealogies given in First Book of Chronicles and the Book of Ezra, the works of Josephus[1] and the early-medieval Seder Olam Zutta.

text:
Aaron
Eleazar, son of Aaron (Numbers 20:28)
Phinehas, son of Eleazar
Abishua, son of Phinehas

The Samaritans insert Shesha as the son of Abishua and father of Bukki.[citation needed]

Bukki, son of Abishua
Uzzi, son of Bukki

text: Though Phinehas and his descendants are not directly attested as high priests, this portion of the genealogy given in 1 Chronicles 5:30-41 is assumed by other sources (including Josephus [2] and Seder 'Olam Zutta), to give the succession of the office from father to son. At some time, the office was transferred from descendants of Eleazar to those of his brother Itamar.[3] The first known and most notable high priest of Itamar's line was Eli, a contemporary of Samuel.

text:
Eli, descendant of Ithamar, son of Aaron
Ahitub, son of Phinehas and grandson of Eli
Ahijah, son of Ahitub
Ahimelech, son of Ahijah (or brother of Ahijah and son of Ahitub)
Abiathar, son of Ahimelech

text: Abiathar was removed from the high priesthood for conspiring against King Solomon, and was replaced by Zadok, son of Ahitub, who oversaw the construction of the First Temple. According to the genealogies given in 1 Chronicles 5:30-34, Zadok was a descendant of Uzzi (through Zerahiah, Meraioth, Amariah and Ahitub) and thus belonged to the line of Eleazar.

text: First Temple period[edit]

text: From Solomon's time until the captivity, the High Priests officiated in Temple of Jerusalem. Information about who served in that office diverges between the Bible, Josephus and the Seder 'Olam Zuta. While Josephus and Seder 'Olam Zuta each mention 18 high priests,[4] the genealogy given 1 Chronicles 5:34-41 gives twelve names, culminating in the last high priest Seriah, father of Jehozadak. However, it is unclear whether all those mentioned in the genealogy between Zadok and Jehozadak were high priests and whether high priests mentioned elsewhere (such as Jehoiada and Jehoiarib) are simply omitted or did not belong to the male line in this genealogy.

text:
1 Chronicles 5:34-41
(* Also mentioned in Book of Ezra 7:1–5)
Josephus[5]
Seder 'Olam Zutta
Other Biblical information

Zadok*
Zadok
Zadok
Zadok was High Priest during the reign of King Solomon and the construction of the First Temple.

Ahimaaz
Ahimaaz
Ahimaaz

Azariah
Azariah
Azariah
Among the "princes/officials" of King Solomon listed in 1 Kings 4:2 "Azariah, son of Zadok, the priest" appears in first place.

Johanan
Joram
-

-
Isus
Joash

-
-
Jehoiarib

-
-
Jehoshaphat
-

-
Jehoiada[6]
Jehoiada
Jehoiada, brother-in-law of King Ahaziah, is mentioned in 2 Kings 11:4-17 as a priest leading the coup against Queen-mother Athaliah and installing Jehoash of Judah as king of Judah.

-
Axioramos
-
-

-
Phideas
Pediah
-

-
Sudeas
Zedekiah
-

Azariah
Juelus
Joel
Azariah II is mentioned in 2 Chronicles 26:14-18 as a "chief priest" opposing King Uzziah. In 1 Chronicles 5:36 Azariah, son of Johanan is singled out as "he it is that executed the priest's office in the house that Solomon built in Jerusalem".

Amaria
Jotham
Jotham
-

Ahitub
Urias
Urijah
Uriah is mentioned in 2 Kings 16:10-16 as a priest who, on orders of King Ahaz, replaces the altar in the temple with a new, Assyrian-style altar. He is also mentioned as a witness in Isaiah 8:2.

-
Nerias
Neria
An Azariah is mentioned in 2 Chronicles 31:10 as "the chief priest, of the house of Zadok" under King Hezekiah.

Zadok
Odeas
Hoshaiah
-

Shallum*
Shallum
Shallum
Shallum, son of Zadok

Hilkiah*
Elcias
Hilkiah
Hilkiah, priest at the time of King Josiah.

Azariah IV*
Azaros
Azariah IV
Azariah IV, son of Hilkiah (1 Chr 6:13)

Seriah*
Sareas
Seriah
Seriah, son of Azariah IV (2 Ki 25:18)

text: Some name Jehozadak, son of Seriah, as a high priest prior to being sent to captivity in Babylonia, based on the biblical references to "Joshua, son of Jehozadak, the high priest". According to Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi), this is a misreading of the phrase, as "the high priest" does not refer to Jehozadak, who was exiled to Babylon without having served as high priest, but to his son Joshua, who ascended from Babylon at the end of the exile.[7]

text: After the Babylonian Exile[edit]

text:
Joshua, son of Jehozadak, c. 515-490 BC, after the restoration of the Temple
Joiakim, son of Joshua, c. 490-470 BC (Nehemiah 12:10)
Eliashib, son of Joiakim, c. 470-433 BC
Joiada, son of Eliashib, c. 433-410 BC
(A son married a daughter of Sanballat the Horonite for which he was driven out of the Temple by Nehemiah) (Nehemiah 13:28)
Johanan, son of Joiada, c. 410-371 BC
Jaddua, son of Johanan, c. 371-320 BC, during the reign of Alexander the Great. Some have identified him as Simeon the Just.

text: The five descendants of Joshua are mentioned in Nehemiah, chapter 12, 10f. The chronology given above, based on Josephus, however is not undisputed, with some alternatively placing Jaddua during the time of Darius II and some supposing one more Johanan and one more Jaddua in the following time, the latter Jaddua being contemporary of Alexander the Great.

text:
Onias I, son of Jaddua, c. 320-280 BC
Simon I, son of Onias, c. 280-260 BC Josephus identified him as Simeon the Just[8]
Eleazar, son of Onias, c. 260-245 BC
Manasseh, son of Jaddua, c. 245-240 BC
Onias II, son of Simon, c. 240-218 BC
Simon II, son of Onias, 218-185 BC
Onias III, son of Simon, 185-175 BC, murdered 170 BC
Jason, son of Simon, 175-172 BC
Menelaus, 172-162 BC

Onias IV, son of Onias III, fled to Egypt and built a Jewish Temple at Leontopolis (closed in 66 AD)

Alcimus, 162-159 BC

text: Inter-Sacerdotium: It is unknown who held the position of High Priest of Jerusalem between Alcimus' death and the accession of Jonathan. Josephus, in Jewish Antiquities XX.10, relates that the office was vacant for seven years, but this is highly unlikely, if not impossible. In religious terms, the High Priest was a necessary part of the rites on the Day of Atonement, a day that could have not been allowed to pass uncelebrated for so long so soon after the restoration of the Temple service. Politically, Israel's overlords probably would not have allowed a power vacuum to last that length of time.

text: In another passage (XII.10 §6, XII.11 §2) Josephus suggests that Judas Maccabeus, the brother of Jonathan, held the office for three years, succeeding Alcimus. However, Judas actually predeceased Alcimus by one year. The nature of Jonathan's accession to the high priesthood makes it unlikely that Judas held that office during the inter-sacerdotium. The Jewish Encyclopedia tries to harmonise the contradictions found in Josephus by supposing that Judas held the office "immediately after the consecration of the Temple (165-162), that is, before the election of Alcimus"[9]

text: It has been argued that the founder of the Qumran community, the Teacher of Righteousness (Moreh Zedek), was High Priest (but not necessarily the sole occupant) during the inter-sacerdotium and was driven off by Jonathan.

text: Hasmonean dynasty[edit]

text:
Jonathan Apphus, 153-143 BC
Simeon Tassi, brother of Jonathan Apphus, 142-134 BC
John Hyrcanus I, son of Simeon Tassi, 134-104 BC
Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus, 104-103 BC
Alexander Jannaeus, son of John Hyrcanus, 103-76 BC
John Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 76-66 BC
Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus, 66-63 BC
Hyrcanus II (restored), 63-40 BC
Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, 40-37 BC

text: Herodian-Roman period[edit]

text:
Ananelus, 37-36 BC
Aristobulus III, paternal grandson of Aristobulus, 36 BC
He was the last of the Hasmoneans; II and brother of Herod's second wife Mariamne I.
Ananelus (restored), 36-30 BC
Joshua ben Fabus, 30-23 BC
Simon ben Boethus, 23-5 BC (his daughter Mariamne II was third wife of Herod the Great)
Matthias ben Theophilus, 5-4 BC[10]
Joazar ben Boethus, 4 BC
Eleazar ben Boethus, 4-3 BC
Joshua ben Sie, 3 BC - ?
Joazar ben Boethus (restored), ? - 6 AD
Ananus ben Seth, 6-15
Ishmael ben Fabus, 15-16
Eleazar ben Ananus, 16-17
Simon ben Camithus, 17-18
Joseph Caiaphas, 18-36 (son-in-law of the high priest Ananus ben Seth)
Jonathan ben Ananus, 36-37
Theophilus ben Ananus, 37-41
Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus, 41-43
Matthias ben Ananus, 43
Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras, 43-44
Jonathan ben Ananus, 44 (restored)
Josephus ben Camydus, 44-46
Ananias ben Nebedeus, 46-58[11]
Jonathan, 58[12]
Ishmael ben Fabus, 58-62 (restored?)
Joseph Cabi ben Simon, 62-63
Ananus ben Ananus, 63
Joshua ben Damneus, 63
Joshua ben Gamla, 63-64 (his wife Martha belonged to family of Boethus)
Mattathias ben Theophilus, 65-66
Phannias ben Samuel, 67-70