document_title: Daisy Miller

question_text: where are the millers from in daisy miller

text: Daisy Miller

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Annie "Daisy" Miller and Frederick Winterbourne first meet in Vevey, Switzerland, in a garden of the grand hotel,[2] where Winterbourne is allegedly vacationing from his studies (an attachment to an older lady is rumoured). They are introduced by Randolph Miller, Daisy's nine-year-old brother. Randolph considers their hometown of Schenectady, New York, to be absolutely superior to all of Europe. Daisy, however, is absolutely delighted with the continent, especially the high society she wishes to enter.

text: Winterbourne is at first confused by her attitude, and though greatly impressed by her beauty, he soon determines that she is nothing more than a young flirt. He continues his pursuit of Daisy in spite of the disapproval of his aunt, Mrs. Costello, who spurns any family with so close a relationship to their courier as the Millers have with their Eugenio. She also thinks Daisy is a shameless girl for agreeing to visit the Château de Chillon with Winterbourne after they have known each other for only half an hour. The next day, the two travel to Château de Chillon and although Winterbourne had paid the janitor for privacy, Daisy is not quite impressed. Winterbourne then informs Daisy that he must go to Geneva the next day. Daisy feels disappointment and chaffs him, eventually asking him to visit her in Rome later that year.

text: In Rome, Winterbourne and Daisy meet unexpectedly in the parlor of Mrs. Walker, an American expatriate, whose moral values have adapted to those of Italian society. Rumors about Daisy meeting with young Italian gentlemen make her socially exceptionable under these criteria. Winterbourne learns of Daisy's increasing intimacy with a young Italian of questionable society, Giovanelli, as well as the growing scandal caused by the pair's behaviour. Daisy is undeterred by the open disapproval of the other Americans in Rome, and her mother seems quite unaware of the underlying tensions. Winterbourne and Mrs. Walker attempt to persuade Daisy to separate from Giovanelli, but she refuses.

text: One night, Winterbourne takes a walk through the Colosseum and sees a young couple sitting at its centre. He realises that they are Giovanelli and Daisy. Winterbourne, infuriated with Giovanelli, asks him how he could dare to take Daisy to a place where she runs the risk of catching "Roman Fever". Daisy says she does not care and Winterbourne leaves them. Daisy falls ill and dies a few days later.

text: Key themes[edit]

text: This novella serves as both a psychological description of the mind of a young woman and as an analysis of the traditional views of a society where she is a clear outsider. Henry James uses Daisy's story to discuss what he thinks Europeans and Americans believe about each other and more generally the prejudices common in any culture. In a letter, James said that Daisy is the victim of a "social rumpus" that goes on either over her head or beneath her notice.[3]

text: The names of the characters are also symbolic. Daisy is a flower in full bloom, without inhibitions and in the springtime of her life. Daisy contrasts sharply with Winterbourne. Flowers die in winter and this is precisely what happens to Daisy after catching the Roman Fever. As an objective analogue to this psychological reality, Daisy catches the very real Roman fever, the malaria that was endemic to many Roman neighbourhoods in the 19th century.

text: The issue on which the novella turns is the "innocence" of Daisy, despite her seemingly scandalous behaviour.

text: John Burnside, writing for The Independent, said,

text:
Daisy Miller arrives in Frederick Winterbourne's staid world the way that an angel arrives at an Annunciation, as both promise and challenge. From their first meeting at Vevey, to the story's dramatic conclusion in Rome, Winterbourne's interest in Daisy is subject to constant censure from his carefully "exclusive" aunt, Mrs Costello, and her forensically respectable social circle: the girl is "not nice," they say; she is overly familiar with her family's courier, she has been observed in inappropriate situations with dubious young "gentlemen" and Winterbourne would clearly do well to distance himself, before the inevitable scandal unfolds.
At first sight, it seems that Winterbourne is genuinely torn between romantic attachment and his suffocating social milieu – and that might have made for an engaging, but not uncommon study of love versus convention; however, James' keen observation reveals something deeper than that, for even as he protests his aunt's attacks on Daisy's character (yes, she is uncultivated, he admits, but she is not the reprobate for which the entire world has decided to mistake her), he is less disappointed than relieved when a nocturnal encounter with the girl and her suitor, Giovanelli, appears to prove Mrs Costello right: "Winterbourne stopped, with a sort of horror; and, it must be added, with a sort of relief. It was as if a sudden illumination had been flashed upon the ambiguity of Daisy's behaviour and the riddle had become easy to read. She was a young lady whom a gentleman need no longer be at pains to respect." Though the novel's final act has yet to unfold, we cannot help but conclude that the real tragedy lies here, in Winterbourne's relief.[4]

text: Critical evaluation[edit]

text: Daisy Miller was an immediate and widespread popular success for James, despite some criticism that the story was "an outrage on American girlhood".[5] The story continues to be one of James' most popular works, along with The Turn of the Screw and The Portrait of a Lady. Critics have generally praised the freshness and vigor of the storytelling.[citation needed]

text: In 1909, James revised Daisy Miller extensively for the New York Edition. He altered the tone of the story, and many modern editions (Penguin; Broadview) prefer to print the original edition, their editors believing that the later edition is a diminution of the original, rather than an improvement.

text: Derivative works[edit]

text: James converted his story into a play that failed to be produced. He published the play in The Atlantic Monthly in 1883, and it showed many changes from the original story. In particular, a happy ending was inserted to please what James believed to be the preferences of theatre-goers.[6]

text: In the 1890s, a short walking-skirt called the rainy daisy, supposedly named for Daisy Miller, was introduced.[7]

text: A 1974 film adaptation was directed by Peter Bogdanovich, with Cybill Shepherd as Daisy, Barry Brown as Frederick Winterbourne, Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Ezra Miller, Duilio Del Prete as Mr. Giovanelli, and Eileen Brennan as Mrs. Walker. Frederick Raphael wrote the script; the film follows the structure of the original story without significant changes, and even uses portions of James' dialogue from the novel.

text: A rap adaptation of Daisy Miller appears on Heavy Jamal's album Shining Sky Lobster.[8]

text: The novella was adapted in 2017 as a five-part radio drama on BBC Radio 4 for its 15 Minute Drama's Love Henry James series.[9]


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: who was the first singing brothers in the hall of fame

root

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[9]

tag: p

text:
Year
Image
Name
Inducted members

1986

Berry, ChuckChuck Berry

1986

Brown, JamesJames Brown

1986

Charles, RayRay Charles

1986

Cooke, SamSam Cooke

1986

Domino, FatsFats Domino

1986

Everly Brothers !The Everly Brothers
Don Everly and Phil Everly.[10]

1986

Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly

1986

Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis

1986

Little Richard

1986

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley

1987

Coasters !The Coasters
Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[11]

1987

Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran

1987

Diddley, BoBo Diddley

1987

Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin

1987

Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye

1987

Haley, BillBill Haley

1987

King, B.B.B.B. King

1987

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter

1987

Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson

1987

Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison

1987

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins

1987

Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson

1987

Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner

1987

Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters

1987

Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson

1988

Beach Boys !The Beach Boys
Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]

1988

Beatles !The Beatles
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]

1988

Drifters !The Drifters
Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]

1988

Dylan, BobBob Dylan

1988

Supremes !The Supremes
Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]

1989

Dion !Dion

1989

Redding, OtisOtis Redding

1989

Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[16]

1989

Temptations !The Temptations
Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]

1989

Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder

1990
—
Ballard, HankHank Ballard

1990

Darin, BobbyBobby Darin

1990

Four Seasons !The Four Seasons
Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]

1990

Four Tops !Four Tops
Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]

1990

Kinks !The Kinks
Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]

1990

Platters !The Platters
David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]

1990

Who !The Who
Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]

1991

Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker

1991

Byrds !The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]

1991

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker

1991
—
Impressions !The Impressions
Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]

1991

Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett

1991

Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed

1991

Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner
Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[26]

1992

Bland, Bobby !Bobby "Blue" Bland

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]

1992

Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash

1992

Isley Brothers !The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]

1992

Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]

1992

Sam & Dave
Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]

1992

Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]

1993

Brown, RuthRuth Brown

1993

Cream
Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]

1993

Doors !The Doors
John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]

1993

Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers
Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[35]

1993

James, EttaEtta James

1993

Morrison, VanVan Morrison

1993

Sly and the Family Stone
Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]

1994

Animals !The Animals
Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]

1994

Band !The Band
Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]

1994

Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy

1994

Grateful Dead
Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]

1994

John, EltonElton John

1994

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon

1994

Marley, BobBob Marley

1994

Stewart, RodRod Stewart

1995

Allman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band
Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]

1995

Green, AlAl Green

1995

Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin

1995

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]

1995

Young, NeilNeil Young

1995

Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa

1996

Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie

1996

Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips
William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]

1996

Jefferson Airplane
Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]

1996

Little Willie John

1996

Pink Floyd
Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]

1996

Shirelles !The Shirelles
Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]

1996

Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]

1997

Bee Gees
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]

1997

Buffalo Springfield
Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash
David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]

1997

Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5
Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]

1997

Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic
Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]

1997

Rascals !The (Young) Rascals
Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]

1998

Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]

1998

Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]

1998

Mamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]

1998

Price, LloydLloyd Price

1998

Santana
Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]

1998

Vincent, GeneGene Vincent

1999

Joel, BillyBilly Joel

1999

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield

1999

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney

1999

Shannon, DelDel Shannon

1999

Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield

1999

Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

1999

Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers
Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]

2000

Clapton, EricEric Clapton

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire
Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]

2000

Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]

2000

Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows
Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]

2000

Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt

2000

Taylor, JamesJames Taylor

2001

Aerosmith
Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]

2001

Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke

2001

Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos
Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]

2001

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson

2001

Queen
John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]

2001

Simon, PaulPaul Simon

2001

Steely Dan
Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]

2001

Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens

2002

Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes

2002

Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee

2002

Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]

2002

Pitney, GeneGene Pitney

2002

Ramones
Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]

2002

Talking Heads
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]

2003

AC/DC
Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]

2003

Clash, TheThe Clash
Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]

2003

Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions
Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]

2003

Police, TheThe Police
Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]

2003

Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]

2004

Browne, JacksonJackson Browne

2004

Dells, TheThe Dells
Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]

2004

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison

2004

Prince

2004

Seger, BobBob Seger

2004

Traffic
Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]

2004

ZZ Top
Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]

2005

Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy

2005

O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays
Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]

2005

Pretenders
Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]

2005

Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge

2005

U2
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]

2006

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]

2006

Blondie
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]

2006

Davis, MilesMiles Davis

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]

2006

Sex Pistols
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five
Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[82]

2007

R.E.M.
Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]

2007

Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes
Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]

2007

Smith, PattiPatti Smith

2007

Van Halen
Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]

2008

Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five
Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]

2008

Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen

2008

Madonna

2008

Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp

2008

Ventures, TheThe Ventures
Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]

2009

Beck, JeffJeff Beck

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials
Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]

2009

Metallica
Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]

2009

Run–D.M.C.
Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[90]

2009

Womack, BobbyBobby Womack

2010

ABBA
Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]

2010

Genesis
Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]

2010

Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff

2010

Hollies, TheThe Hollies
Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]

2010

Stooges, TheThe Stooges
Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]

2011

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]

2011

Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond

2011

Dr. John

2011

Love, DarleneDarlene Love

2011

Waits, TomTom Waits

2012

Beastie Boys
Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[96]

2012
—
Blue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]
Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]

2012

Comets !The Comets[N1]
Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]

2012

Crickets !The Crickets[N1]
Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]

2012

Donovan

2012

Famous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]
Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]

2012

Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[101]

2012
—
Midnighters !The Midnighters[N1]
Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]

2012

Miracles !The Miracles[N1]
Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]

2012

Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]

2012
—
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]

2013

Heart
Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]

2013

King, AlbertAlbert King

2013

Newman, RandyRandy Newman

2013

Public Enemy
Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]

2013

Rush
Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]

2013

Summer, DonnaDonna Summer

2014

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel

2014

Hall & Oates
Daryl Hall and John Oates.[109]

2014

Kiss
Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[110]

2014

Nirvana
Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]

2014

Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt

2014

Stevens, CatCat Stevens

2015

Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[112]

2015

Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts
Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[112]

2015

Reed, LouLou Reed[113]

2015

Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[113]

2015

Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[112]

2015

Withers, BillBill Withers

2016

Cheap Trick
Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[114]

2016

Chicago
Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[114]

2016

Deep Purple
Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[114]

2016

N.W.A
DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[114]

2016

Miller, SteveSteve Miller

2017

Electric Light Orchestra
Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[115]

2017

Baez, JoanJoan Baez

2017

Journey
Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[116]

2017

Pearl Jam
Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[117]

2017

Tupac Shakur

2017

Yes
Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[118]

tag: table

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers

1986
Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey

1986
Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson

1987
Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan

1987
Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker

1987
Williams, HankHank Williams

1988
Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie

1988
Lead Belly

1988
Les Paul

1989
Ink Spots !The Ink Spots[A]

1989
Smith, BessieBessie Smith

1989
Soul Stirrers !The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990
Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian

1990
Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong

1990
Rainey, MaMa Rainey

1991
Howlin' Wolf

1992
James, ElmoreElmore James

1992
Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair

1993
Washington, DinahDinah Washington

1994
Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon

1995
Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]

1996
Seeger, PetePete Seeger

1997
Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson

1997
Monroe, BillBill Monroe

1998
Jelly Roll Morton

1999
Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999
Brown, CharlesCharles Brown

2000
Cole, Nat !Nat King Cole

2000
Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday

2009
Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson

2012
King, FreddieFreddie King[E]

2015
5 Royalses !The "5" Royales[E][F]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[119]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[120]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[121]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[122]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr [112]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[123] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[124]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Freed, AlanAlan Freed

1986
Phillips, SamSam Phillips

1987
Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess

1987
Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun

1987
Leiber !Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987
Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler

1988
Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.

1989
Spector, PhilPhil Spector

1990
Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990
Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991
Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew

1991
Bass, RalphRalph Bass

1992
Fender, LeoLeo Fender

1992
Graham, BillBill Graham

1992
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus

1993
Clark, DickDick Clark

1993
Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler

1994
Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis

1995
Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman

1996
Donahue, TomTom Donahue

1997
Nathan, SydSyd Nathan

1998
Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint

1999
Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin

2000
Davis, CliveClive Davis

2001
Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell

2002
Stewart, JimJim Stewart

2003
Ostin, MoMo Ostin

2008
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010
Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen

2010
Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell

2010
Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010
Shuman, MortMort Shuman

2010
Stone, JesseJesse Stone

2010
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011
Holzman, JacJac Holzman

2011
Rupe, ArtArt Rupe

2012
Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner

2013
Adler, LouLou Adler

2013
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

2014
Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein

2014
Andrew Loog Oldham

2016
Berns, BertBert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year
Name

2011
Russell, LeonLeon Russell

2012
Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa

2012
Dowd, TomTom Dowd

2012
Johns, GlynGlyn Johns

2014
E Street Band [G]

2015
Ringo Starr

2017
Nile Rodgers[125]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[126]

text:
Year
Name
Instrument

2000
Blaine, HalHal Blaine
Drums[127]

2000
Curtis, KingKing Curtis
Saxophone[128]

2000
Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson
Bass guitar[129]

2000
Moore, ScottyScotty Moore
Guitar[130]

2000
Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer
Drums[131]

2001
Burton, JamesJames Burton
Guitar[132]

2001
Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson
Piano[133]

2002
Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Guitar[134]

2003
Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin
Drums[135]

2003
Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer
Piano[136]

2003
Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas
Saxophone[137]

2008
Walter, LittleLittle Walter
Harmonica[138]

2009
Black, BillBill Black
Bass guitar[139]

2009
Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana
Drums[140]

2009
Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham
Keyboard[141]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond

1991
Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun

2004
Wenner, JannJann Wenner

2005
Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona

2005
Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein

2006
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[142] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000). The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name
First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year

Beck, JeffJeff Beck
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
zzzzz !Solo career
2009
—
—

Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter
Flamingos !The Flamingos
2001
Dells !The Dells
2004
—
—

Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Cream
1993
Solo career
2000

Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby
Byrds !The Byrds
1991
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
Genesis !Genesis
2010
Solo career
2014
—
—

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
2004
—
—

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
Jackson Five !The Jackson Five
1997
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
—
—

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
Impressions !The Impressions
1991
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
zzzzz !Solo career
1987
Drifters !The Drifters
1988
—
—

Nash, GrahamGraham Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
Hollies !The Hollies
2010
—
—

Page, JimmyJimmy Page
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Led Zeppelin
1995
—
—

Reed, LouLou Reed
Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
1996
zzzzz !Solo career
2015
—
—

Rolie, GreggGregg Rolie
Santana
1998
Journey
2017
—
—

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
Simon and Garfunkel
1990
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Starr, RingoRingo Starr
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career
2015
—
—

Stewart, RodRod Stewart
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
Faces
2012
—
—

Stills, StephenStephen Stills
Buffalo Springfield
1997
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Strain, Sammy !Sammy Strain
The O'Jays
2005
Little Anthony & The Imperials
2009
—
—

Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood
Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
1989
Faces
2012
—
—

Young, NeilNeil Young
zzzzz !Solo career
1995
Buffalo Springfield
1997
—
—

text: 2018 nominees[edit]

text:
Bon Jovi
Kate Bush
The Cars
Depeche Mode
Dire Straits
Eurythmics
The J. Geils Band
Judas Priest
LL Cool J
MC5
The Meters
The Moody Blues
Radiohead
Rage Against the Machine
Rufus featuring Chaka Khan
Nina Simone
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Link Wray
The Zombies [143]

tag: ul


document_title: Four Strong Winds

question_text: who sings with neil young on four strong winds

text: Four Strong Winds

text: Ian and Sylvia and original history[edit]

text: The song was a hit in Canada, making the top ten of the single charts there in October 1963.[2]

text: In the United States, the song did not have the same initial chart success. Ian and Sylvia's single version (released on Vanguard 35021) entered the Cashbox magazine "Looking Ahead" chart in September 1963. It was then recorded by The Brothers Four in a version that "bubbled under" the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1963.[3] Subsequently, it was released by Ian and Sylvia on an album of the same name released in the U.S. in April 1964.[4] It was released in a country arrangement by Bobby Bare in 1964, and became a number three hit on the U.S. country singles chart in early 1965.

text: It also become a big hit in Norway in 1966 in a Norwegian version: "Mot ukjent sted" by The Vanguards and a big hit in Sweden in 1967 in a Swedish version: "Mot okänt land" recorded by The Hep Stars.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The song has been recorded by many artists, including:  Hank Snow, The Seekers, Judy Collins, the Chad Mitchell Trio, Bob Dylan, Marianne Faithfull, The Searchers, Bruce & Terry, John Denver, The Kingston Trio, Trini Lopez, Waylon Jennings, Bobby Bare,  Chad and Jeremy, The Wolfe Tones, The Tragically Hip, Blue Rodeo, Joan Baez, Vanity Fare, Glenn Yarborough, Harry Belafonte, Tony Rice, Johnny Cash, The Carter Family, Hep Stars, Sarah McLachlan, David Wiffen, Les Contretemps Schooner Fare, and David Houston (in 1965 on "Sings Twelve Great Country Hits").

text: Neil Young recorded the song for his 1978 album Comes a Time, with harmony vocals from Nicolette Larson, and on The Band's The Last Waltz.  It has received significant airplay over album oriented rock and classic rock radio stations and has become part of Young's concert repertoire, including featured performances during Young's yearly appearances at Farm Aid benefit concerts[5][6].

text: Another version of Swedish translation, Mot okänt land  appears on 2016 album Vid Grinden by Georga

text: Canadian legacy[edit]

text: The song is performed on the last night of the Edmonton Folk Music Festival each year.

text: Ian and Sylvia sang the song together at the 50th anniversary of the Mariposa Folk Festival on July 11, 2010, in Orillia, Ontario.  On April 5, 2013, a recording of the song by Ian Tyson was played during the funeral of former Alberta Premier Ralph Klein, as the honour guard brought his urn into the Jack Singer Concert Hall.[7]

text: The song is also referenced in A Prayer for Owen Meany, the 1989 novel by John Irving that deals with Americans living near or across the Canada–United States border. The narrator remembers how the main character, Owen, loved to hear that song as sung by the character of Hester.


document_title: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

question_text: who played jesus in the original jesus christ super star

text: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is framed as a group of performers who travel to the desert to re-enact the Passion of Christ. The film begins with them arriving on a bus, assembling their props and getting into costume. One of the group is surrounded by the others, puts on a white robe and emerges as Jesus ("Overture").

text: This story begins with Judas (Anderson), who is worried about Jesus' popularity; he is being hailed as the Son of God, but Judas feels he is just a man who is beginning to believe his own propaganda and fears the consequences of their growing movement ("Heaven on Their Minds"). The other disciples badger Jesus for information about his plans for the future, but Jesus will not give them any ("What's the Buzz?"). Judas' arrival and subsequent declaration that Jesus should not associate with Mary dampens the mood ("Strange Thing Mystifying"). Angrily, Jesus tells Judas that he should leave Mary alone, because his slate is not clean. He then accuses all the apostles of not caring about him. That night at the Temple, Caiaphas is worried that the people will crown Jesus as king, which the Romans will take for an uprising. Annas tries to allay his fears, but he finally sees Caiaphas' point and suggests that he convene the council and explain his fears to them; Caiaphas agrees ("Then We Are Decided"). As Jesus and his apostles settle for the night, Mary soothes him with some expensive ointment, but Judas says that the money spent should have been given to the poor. Jesus rebukes him again, telling him that the poor will be there always but Jesus will not ("Everything's Alright").

text: The next day at the Temple of Jerusalem, the council of the priests discuss their fears about Jesus. Caiaphas tells them that there is only one solution: like John the Baptist, Jesus must be executed for the sake of the nation ("This Jesus Must Die"). As Jesus and his followers joyfully arrive in Jerusalem, Caiaphas orders Jesus to disband the crowd for fear of a riot. Jesus refuses and speaks to the crowd instead ("Hosanna"). Later, the apostle Simon Zealotes (Marshall) and a crowd of followers voice their admiration for Jesus ("Simon Zealotes"). Jesus appreciates this, but becomes worried when Simon suggests directing the crowd towards an uprising against their Roman occupiers. Jesus sadly dismisses this suggestion, saying that they do not understand his true purpose ("Poor Jerusalem").

text: Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, reveals that he has dreamed about a Galilean man (Jesus) and that he will be blamed for this man's death ("Pilate's Dream"). Jesus and his followers arrive at the temple, which has been taken over by money changers and prostitutes ("The Temple"). To Judas' horror and as the priests watch in the background, a furious Jesus destroys the stalls and forces them to leave. Jesus wanders alone outside the city, but is surrounded by a crowd of lepers, all wanting to be healed. Jesus tries to heal as many of them as possible, but is overwhelmed by the sheer numbers and eventually gives up, screaming at them to leave him alone. Mary comforts Jesus and Jesus goes to sleep. Mary loves Jesus, but is confused because he is so unlike any other man she has met ("I Don't Know How to Love Him"). Judas goes to the priests and expresses his concerns, but he is worried about the consequences of betraying Jesus ("Damned for All Time"). The priests take advantage of his doubts and offer him money if he will lead them to Jesus. Judas initially refuses, but Caiaphas and Annas win him over by reminding him that he could use the money to help the poor. Judas reveals that Jesus will be at the Garden of Gethsemene on Thursday night ("Blood Money").

text: At the Last Supper (set outdoors in a garden setting during the day), Jesus reveals that he knows Peter (Toubus) will deny him and Judas will betray him. A bitter argument between Jesus and Judas ensues, in which Judas berates Jesus for destroying their hopes and ideals and threatens to ruin Jesus' ambition by staying there without helping him to reach the Glory; Jesus tells Judas to leave and Judas finally runs off ("The Last Supper"). As the apostles fall asleep, Jesus goes to Gethsemane to pray about his imminent death and reluctantly agrees to go forward with God's plan ("Gethsemane [I Only Want to Say]"). Jesus waits for Judas, who arrives, accompanied by guards, and betrays him with a kiss. The disciples offer to fight the guards, but Jesus will not allow it. Jesus is taken to Caiaphas' house, found guilty of blasphemy and sent to Pilate ("The Arrest"). Peter, meanwhile, fearfully denies Jesus three times after being accused of being one of Jesus' followers ("Peter's Denial"). Jesus is taken to Pilate's house, where the governor, unaware that Jesus is the man from his dream, mocks him. Since he does not deal with Jews, Pilate sends him to Herod ("Pilate and Christ"). The flamboyant King Herod is excited to finally meet Jesus, for he has heard the hype. He tries to persuade Jesus to perform various miracles. When Jesus refuses to answer, Herod orders the guards to take him back to Pilate ("Herod's Song [Try It and See]").

text: The apostles and Mary Magdalene remember how things began and wish that they had not gotten so out of hand ("Could We Start Again Please?"). Jesus is flung into a cell, where he is seen by Judas, who runs to tell the priests that he regrets his part in the arrest. He hurls his money to the ground and curses at the priests before running into the desert. Filled with regret for betraying Jesus, he blames God for his woes by giving him the role of the betrayor and hangs himself ("Judas' Death"). Jesus is taken back to Pilate, who questions him; Herod is also present. Although he thinks Jesus is deluded, Pilate realizes that he has committed no actual crime and has Jesus scourged; Herod is gleeful at first but eventually sickened. Pilate's bemused indifference turns to a frenzy of confusion and anger, both at the crowd's irrational bloodthirstiness and Jesus' inexplicable resignation and refusal to defend himself. Pilate realizes he has no option but to have Jesus executed or the masses will grow violent ("Trial Before Pilate [Including the Thirty-Nine Lashes]"). After Pilate washes his hands of Jesus' fate, Jesus' appearance transforms, the heavens open, and a white-jumpsuit clad Judas descends on a silver cross. Judas laments that if Jesus had returned as the Messiah today, he would have been more popular and his message easier to spread. Judas also wonders what Jesus thinks of other religions' prophets. He ultimately wants to know if Jesus thinks he is who they say he is ("Superstar"). Judas' questions go unanswered, and Jesus is sent to die ("The Crucifixion"), with ominous, atonal music, with Jesus saying some of his final words before dying.

text: As the film ends, the performers, now out of costume, board their bus. Only the performers who had played Pilate, Mary Magdalene and Judas notice the actor who had played Jesus is missing. A shepherd and his flock cross the hillside beneath the empty cross ("John Nineteen Forty-One").

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ted Neeley as Jesus Christ
Carl Anderson as Judas Iscariot
Yvonne Elliman as Mary Magdalene
Barry Dennen as Pontius Pilate
Bob Bingham as Caiaphas
Kurt Yaghjian as Annas
Josh Mostel as King Herod
Philip Toubus as Peter
Larry Marshall as Simon Zealotes
Richard Orbach as John
Robert LuPone as James

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture"
"Heaven on Their Minds"
"What's the Buzz?"
"Strange Thing Mystifying"
"Then We Are Decided"
"Everything's Alright"
"This Jesus Must Die"
"Hosanna"
"Simon Zealotes"
"Poor Jerusalem"
"Pilate's Dream"
"The Temple"
"Everything's Alright (Reprise)"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Damned for All Time"
"Blood Money"
"The Last Supper"
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)"
"The Arrest"
"Peter's Denial"
"Pilate and Christ"
"Hosanna (Reprise)"
"King Herod's Song (Try It and See)"
"Could We Start Again Please?"
"Judas' Death"
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)"
"Superstar"
"The Crucifixion"
"John 19: 41"

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: During filming of Fiddler on the Roof, Barry Dennen, who played Pilate on the concept album, suggested to Norman Jewison that he should direct Jesus Christ Superstar as a film. After hearing the album, Jewison agreed.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The cast consisted mostly of actors from the Broadway show, with Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson starring as Jesus and Judas respectively. Neeley had played a reporter and a leper in the Broadway version, and understudied the role of Jesus. Likewise, Anderson understudied Judas, but took over the role on Broadway and Los Angeles when Ben Vereen fell ill. Along with Dennen, Yvonne Elliman (Mary Magdalene), and Bob Bingham (Caiaphas) reprised their Broadway roles in the film (Elliman, like Dennen, had also appeared on the original concept album). Originally, Jewison wanted Ian Gillan, who played Jesus on the concept album, to reprise the role for the film, but Gillan turned down the offer, deciding that he would please fans more by touring with Deep Purple. The producers also considered Micky Dolenz (from The Monkees) and David Cassidy to play Jesus before deciding to go with Neeley.[7] "With the exception of Barry Dennen who played Pontius Pilate and Josh Mostel who played King Herod — for everybody else, it was their first time on camera and first major motion picture. It was a learning process throughout."[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in Israel (primarily at the ruins of Avdat, Beit Guvrin National Park, and Beit She'an) and other Middle Eastern locations in 1972.[9]

text: Alterations[edit]

text: Like the stage show, the film gave rise to controversy even with changes made to the script. Some of the lyrics were changed for the film. The reprise of "Everything's Alright", sung before the song "I Don't Know How to Love Him" by Mary to Jesus, was abridged, leaving only the closing lyric "Close your eyes, close your eyes and relax, think of nothing tonight" intact, while the previous lyrics were omitted, including Jesus's "And I think I shall sleep well tonight.". In a scene where a group of beggars/lepers overwhelms Jesus, "Heal yourselves!" was changed to "Leave me alone!", and in "Judas' Death", Caiaphas' line "What you have done will be the saving of Israel" was changed to "What you have done will be the saving of everyone."

text: The lyrics of "Trial Before Pilate" contain some notable alterations and additions. Jesus's line "There may be a kingdom for me somewhere else, if I only knew" is changed to "if you only knew." The film version also gives Pilate more lines (first used in the original Broadway production) in which he addresses the mob with contempt when they invoke the name of Caesar: "Well, this is new!/Respect for Caesar?/'Till now this has been noticeably lacking!/Who is this Jesus? Why is he different?/You Jews produce messiahs by the sackful!" and "Behold the man/Behold your shattered king/You hypocrites!/You hate us more than him!" These lines for Pilate have since been in every production of the show.

text: The soundtrack contains two songs that are not on the original concept album. "Then We Are Decided", in which the troubles and fears of Annas and Caiaphas regarding Jesus are better developed, is original to the film. The soundtrack also retains the song "Could We Start Again Please?" which had been added to the Broadway show. Most of these changes have not been espoused by later productions and recordings, although most productions tend to retain the expanded version of "Trial Before Pilate".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jesus Christ Superstar grossed $24.5 million at the box office[3] and earned North American rentals of $10.8 million in 1973,[10] against an estimated production budget of $3.5 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10.[11]

text: Years later the film was still popular, winning a 2012 Huffington Post competition for "Best Jesus Movie."[12]

text: Jewison was able to show the film to Pope Paul VI, "who openly loved what he saw. He said, 'Mr. Jewison, not only do I appreciate your beautiful rock opera film, I believe it will bring more people around the world to Christianity, than anything ever has before.'"[2] For the Pope, Mary Magdalene's song "I Do not Know How to Love Him" [sic] "had an inspired beauty."[13] Nevertheless, the film as well as the musical were criticized by some religious groups.[5] A New York Times review said, "When the stage production opened in October, 1971, it was criticized not only by some Jews as anti-Semitic, but also by some Catholics and Protestants as blasphemous in its portrayal of Jesus as a young man who might even be interested in sex."[14]

text: Tim Rice said Jesus was seen through Judas' eyes as a mere human being. Some Christians[who?] found this remark, as well as the fact that the musical did not show the resurrection, to be blasphemous. While the actual resurrection was not shown, the closing scene of the movie subtly alludes to the resurrection (though, according to Jewison's commentary on the DVD release, the scene was not planned this way).[15] Some found Judas too sympathetic; in the film, it states that he wants to give the thirty pieces of silver to the poor, which, although Biblical, leaves out his ulterior motives (see also "Everything's Alright").[16] Biblical purists pointed out a small number of deviations from biblical text as additional concerns; for example, Pilate himself having the dream instead of his wife, and Catholics argue the line "for all you care, this bread could be my body" is too Protestant in theology, although Jesus does say in the next lines, "This is my blood you drink/This is my body you eat".

text: In the 1980 book The Golden Turkey Awards by Michael Medved and Harry Medved, Neeley was given an award for "The Worst Performance by an Actor as Jesus Christ",[17] yet Neeley and Anderson received Golden Globe nominations for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas in the film version and had subsequently gone on to recreate the roles in numerous national stage tours from 1993-2014 (2004 for Anderson, as he died of leukemia).

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – Nominated[18]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on vinyl by MCA Records in 1973.[20][21] It was re-released on CD in 1993[22] and reissued in 1998 for its 25th Anniversary.[23][24]

text:
Side one

"Overture" – 5:26
"Heaven on Their Minds" – 4:22
"What's the Buzz/Strange Thing Mystifying" – 4:26
"Then We Are Decided" – 2:32
"Everything's Alright" – 3:36
"This Jesus Must Die" – 3:45

Side two

"Hosanna" – 2:32
"Simon Zealotes/Poor Jerusalem" – 6:28
"Pilate's Dream" – 1:45
"The Temple" – 5:26
"Everything's Alright (reprise)"/"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – 3:55
"Damned for All Time/Blood Money" – 4:37

Side three

"The Last Supper" – 7:12
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)" – 5:39
"The Arrest" – 3:15
"Peter's Denial" – 1:26
"Pilate and Christ"/"Hosanna (reprise)" – 2:57
"King Herod's Song (Try it and See)" – 3:13

Side four

"Could We Start Again Please?" – 2:44
"Judas' Death" – 4:38
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)" – 6:47
"Superstar" – 3:56
"The Crucifixion" – 2:40
"John 19:41" – 2:20

text: The soundtrack for the film was released in the USA on vinyl by MCA Records (MCA 2-11000) in 1973, as: JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR / The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album.

text: Remakes and related productions[edit]

text: Another film version was made for video in 2000, starring Glenn Carter as Jesus, Jérôme Pradon as Judas, and Reneé Castle as Mary Magdalene. It was shot entirely on indoor sets including graffiti on the wall. Composer Webber has stated in the making-of documentary that this was the version closest to what he had originally envisioned for the project. He chose Gale Edwards to direct after seeing her interpretation of the musical in Dublin, which featured a more modernistic and sinister approach than the original stage productions.

text: In a 2008 interview with Variety magazine, film producer Marc Platt stated that he was in discussions with several filmmakers for a remake of Jesus Christ Superstar.[25]

text: In 2013, a Blu-ray "40th Anniversary" edition of the film was released, featuring commentary from the director and Ted Neeley, an interview with Tim Rice, a photo gallery and a clip of the original trailer.[26]

text: In 2015, Neeley announced the upcoming release a documentary entitled "SUPERSTARS: The Making of and Reunion of the film 'Jesus Christ Superstar'" about the production of the film.[27]


document_title: Seat belt

question_text: when was the three point seat belt invented

question_tokens: when was the three point seat belt invented

text: Seat belt

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and in combination with air bags.[1] The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad, from 20% to 55%, as was the range of major injury, from 25% to 60%.[1] More recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has summarized this data by stating "seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half."[2] Most seatbelt malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seatbelt at the time of the accident.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Seat belts were invented by English engineer George Cayley in the mid-19th century,[4] though Edward J. Claghorn of New York, was granted the first patent (U.S. Patent 312,085, on February 10, 1885 for a safety belt).[5] Claghorn was granted United States Patent #312,085 for a Safety-Belt for tourists, painters, firemen, etc. who are being raised or lowered, described in the patent as "designed to be applied to the person, and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object."

text: In 1946, Dr. C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California. In the early 1950s, Dr. Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came about his from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room.[6] He investigated the early seat belts whose primitive designs were implicated in these injuries and deaths. To reduce the high level of injuries he was seeing, he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed steering wheels, reinforced roofs, roll bars, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as the air bag.[7] Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards.

text: American car manufacturers Nash (in 1949) and Ford (in 1955) offered seat belts as options, while Swedish Saab first introduced seat belts as standard in 1958.[8] After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.[9]

text: Glenn Sheren, of Mason, Michigan, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955 for an automotive seat belt and was awarded US Patent 2,855,215 in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Mr. Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.[10]

text: However, the first modern three point seat belt (the so-called CIR-Griswold restraint) used in most consumer vehicles today was patented in 1955 U.S. Patent 2,710,649 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven.

text: The Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer Volvo in the late 1950s, and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars.[11] The 3-point seatbelt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin for Volvo—who introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact.[12] Bohlin was granted U.S. Patent 3,043,625 for the device.[8]

text: The world's first seat belt law was put in place in 1970, in the state of Victoria, Australia, making the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seatbelts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death.[13]

text: Types[edit]

text: Two-point[edit]

text: A 2-point belt attaches at its two endpoints, and was invented in the early 1900s by Jack Swearingen of Louisville, Kentucky.[citation needed]

text: Lap[edit]

text: A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most commonly installed type of belt prior to legislation requiring 3-point belts, and is primarily found in older cars. Coaches are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.

text: University of Minnesota Professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of and held the patent on the automatic retractable lap safety belt. Ralph Nader cited Ryan's work in Unsafe at Any Speed and in 1966 President Lyndon Johnson signed two bills requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.[14]

text: Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were only often fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the lumbar vertebrae and the sometimes associated paralysis, or "seat belt syndrome", led to progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require 3-point belts first in all outboard seating positions and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat.[15] Besides regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to tremendous liability for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against the Ford Motor Company; the resulting $30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.[16]

text: Sash[edit]

text: A "sash" or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of his or her lap. The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue, or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt. Shoulder harnesses of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on 1 January 1968. However, if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt, the vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine", or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt, in a frontal collision. In the mid-1970s, 3-point belt systems such as Chrysler's "Uni-Belt" began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American-made cars, though such 3-point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvos, Mercedes, and Saabs for some years.

text: Three-point[edit]

text: A 3-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unitized. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision the 3-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production three-point belt in 1959.[17] The first car with a three-point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13, 1959. However, the first car model to feature the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959 Volvo 122, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year.[18] The three-point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin who had earlier also worked on ejection seats at Saab.[19] Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[20][21]

text: Belt-in-Seat (BIS)[edit]

text: The BIS is a three-point harness with the shoulder belt attached to the seat itself, rather than to the vehicle structure. The first car using this system was the Range Rover Classic. Fitment was standard on the front seats from 1970.[22] Some cars like the Renault Vel Satis use this system for the front seats. A General Motors assessment concluded seat-mounted 3-point belts offer better protection especially to smaller vehicle occupants,[23] though GM did not find a safety performance improvement in vehicles with seat-mounted belts versus belts mounted to the vehicle body.[24]

text: BIS type belts have been used by automakers in convertibles and pillarless hardtops, where there is no "B" pillar to affix the upper mount of the belt. Chrysler and Cadillac are well known for using this design. Antique auto enthusiasts sometimes replace original seats in their cars with BIS-equipped front seats, providing a measure of safety not available when these cars were new. However, modern BIS systems typically use electronics that must be installed and connected with the seats and the vehicle's electrical system in order to function properly.[citation needed]

text: 4-, 5-, and 6-point[edit]

text: Five-point harnesses are typically found in child safety seats and in racing cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the legs and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat. A 4-point harness is similar, but without the strap between the legs, while a 6-point harness has two belts between the legs. In NASCAR, the 6-point harness became popular after the death of Dale Earnhardt, who was wearing a five-point harness when he suffered his fatal crash; as it was first thought that his belt had broken, and broke his neck at impact, some teams ordered a six-point harness in response.[25]

text: Seven-point[edit]

text: Aerobatic aircraft frequently use a combination harness consisting of a five-point harness with a redundant lap-belt attached to a different part of the aircraft. While providing redundancy for negative-g manoeuvres (which lift the pilot out of the seat); they also require the pilot to un-latch two harnesses if it is necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft.

text: Technology[edit]

text: Locking retractors[edit]

text: The purpose of locking retractors is to provide the seated occupant the convenience of some free movement of the upper torso within the compartment, while providing a method of limiting this movement in the event of a crash. Most modern seat belts are stowed on spring-loaded reels called "retractors" equipped with inertial locking mechanisms that stop the belt from extending off the reel during severe deceleration. There are two main types of inertial seat belt lock. A webbing-sensitive lock is based on a centrifugal clutch activated by rapid acceleration of the strap (webbing) from the reel. The belt can be pulled from the reel only slowly and gradually, as when the occupant extends the belt to fasten it. A sudden rapid pull of the belt—as in a sudden braking or collision event—causes the reel to lock, restraining the occupant in position.

text: A vehicle-sensitive lock is based on a pendulum swung away from its plumb position by rapid deceleration or rollover of the vehicle. In the absence of rapid deceleration or rollover, the reel is unlocked and the belt strap may be pulled from the reel against the spring tension of the reel. The vehicle occupant can move around with relative freedom while the spring tension of the reel keeps the belt taut against the occupant. When the pendulum swings away from its normal plumb position due to sudden deceleration or rollover, a pawl is engaged, the reel locks and the strap restrains the belted occupant in position. Dual-sensing locking retractors use both vehicle G-loading and webbing payout rate to initiate the locking mechanism.

text: Pretensioners and webclamps[edit]

text: Seatbelts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with "pretensioners" or "web clamps", or both.

text: Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from jerking forward in a crash. Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash. Like airbags, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and many pretensioners have used explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which occurs when a passenger slides forward under a loosely fitted seat belt.

text: Some systems also pre-emptively tighten the belt during fast accelerations and strong decelerations, even if no crash has happened. This has the advantage that it may help prevent the driver from sliding out of position during violent evasive maneuvers, which could cause loss of control of the vehicle. These pre-emptive safety systems may prevent some collisions from happening, as well as reducing injury in the event an actual collision occurs.[26] Pre-emptive systems generally use electric pretensioners which can operate repeatedly and for a sustained period, rather than pyrotechnic pretensioners, which can only operate a single time.

text: Webclamps clamp the webbing in the event of an accident, and limit the distance the webbing can spool out (caused by the unused webbing tightening on the central drum of the mechanism). These belts also often incorporate an energy management loop ("rip stitching") in which a section of the webbing is looped and stitched with a special stitching. The function of this is to "rip" at a predetermined load, which reduces the maximum force transmitted through the belt to the occupant during a violent collision, reducing injuries to the occupant.

text: A study demonstrated that standard automotive 3-point restraints fitted with pyrotechnic or electric pretensioners were not able to eliminate all interior passenger compartment head strikes in rollover test conditions.[27] Electric pretensioners are often incorporated on vehicles equipped with precrash systems; they are designed to reduce seat belt slack in a potential collision and assist in placing the occupants in a more optimal seating position.[28] The electric pretensioners also can operate on a repeated or sustained basis, providing better protection in the event of an extended rollover or a multiple collision accident.

text: Inflatable[edit]

text: The inflatable seatbelt was invented by Donald Lewis and tested at the Automotive Products Division of Allied Chemical Corporation.[29] Inflatable seatbelts have tubular inflatable bladders contained within an outer cover. When a crash occurs the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the restraint contacting the occupant and also shortening the length of the restraint to tighten the belt around the occupant, improving the protection.[30] The inflatable sections may be shoulder-only or lap and shoulder. The system supports the head during the crash better than a web only belt. It also provides side impact protection. In 2013, Ford began offering rear seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models, such as the Explorer and Flex.[31]

text: Automatic[edit]

text: Seatbelts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and/or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts, particularly in the United States.

text: The 1972 Volkswagen ESVW1 Experimental Safety Vehicle presented passive seat belts.[32] Volvo tried to develop a passive three point seatbelt. In 1973 Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt.[33] The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975 Volkswagen Golf.[34]

text: Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when Brock Adams, United States Secretary of Transportation in the Carter Administration, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts.[35][36] There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry.[37] Adams was criticized by Ralph Nader, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late.[38] The VW Rabbit also offered this safety feature.[38] By early 1978, Volkswagen had reported 90,000 Rabbits sold with automatic seat belts.[34] General Motors introduced a three-point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement.[39] However, it was used as an active lap-shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle.[39] Despite this common practice, field studies of belt use still showed an increase in wearing rates with this door-mounted system.[39] General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the Chevrolet Chevette.[40][41] However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature.[42]

text: A study released in 1978 by the United States Department of Transportation claimed that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.[43]

text: In 1981, Drew Lewis, the first Transportation Secretary of the Reagan Administration, influenced by studies done by the auto industry,[44] dropped the mandate;[45] the decision was overruled in a federal appeals court the following year,[46] and then by the Supreme Court.[47] In 1984, the Reagan Administration reversed its course,[48] though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended; Elizabeth Dole, then Transportation Secretary, proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually, from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990, when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags.[47] Though more awkward for vehicle occupants, most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period.

text: When driver side airbags became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995-1996 Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer and the Eagle Summit Wagon which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags.[citation needed]

text: Systems[edit]

text:
Manual lap belt with automatic motorized shoulder belt — When the door is opened, the shoulder belt moves from a fixed point near the seat back on a track mounted in the door frame of the car to a point at the other end of the track near the windshield. Once the door is closed and the car is started, the belt moves rearward along the track to its original position, thus securing the passenger. The lap belt must be fastened manually.
Manual lap belt with automatic non-motorized shoulder belt — This system was used in American-market vehicles such as the Hyundai Excel and Volkswagen Jetta. The shoulder belt is fixed to the aft upper corner of the vehicle door, and is not motorized. The lap belt must be fastened manually.
Automatic shoulder and lap belts — This system was mainly used in General Motors vehicles, though it was also used on some Honda Civic hatchbacks and Nissan Sentra coupés. When the door is opened, the belts go from a fixed point in the middle of the car by the floor to retractors on the door. Passengers must slide into the car under the belts. When the door closes, the seat belt retracts into the door. The belts have normal release buttons that are supposed to be used only in an emergency, but in practice are routinely used in the same manner as manual seat belt clasps.[citation needed] This system also found use by American Specialty Cars when they created the 1991-1994 convertible special edition of the Nissan 240SX, a car that traditionally had a motorized shoulder belt.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection.[49][50] In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body, a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection. In such a scenario, the occupant may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death.[50]

text: Because many automatic belt system designs compliant with the US passive-restraint mandate did not meet the safety performance requirements of Canada—which were not weakened to accommodate automatic belts—vehicle models which had been eligible for easy importation in either direction across the US-Canada border when equipped with manual belts became ineligible for importation in either direction once the U.S. variants obtained automatic belts and the Canadian versions retained manual belts. Two particular models included the Dodge Spirit and Plymouth Acclaim.[51][52]

text: Automatic belt systems also present several operational disadvantages. Motorists who would normally wear seat belts must still fasten the manual lap belt, thus rendering redundant the automation of the shoulder belt. Those who do not fasten the lap belt wind up inadequately protected only by the shoulder belt; in a crash without a lap belt such a vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine" (be thrown forward under the shoulder belt) and be seriously injured. Motorized or door-affixed shoulder belts hinder access to the vehicle, making it difficult to enter and exit—particularly if the occupant is carrying items such as a box or a purse. Vehicle owners tend to disconnect the motorized or door-affixed shoulder belt to relieve the nuisance of entering and exiting the vehicle, leaving only a lap belt for crash protection. Also, many automatic seat belt systems are incompatible with child safety seats, or only compatible with special modifications.

text: Homologation and testing[edit]

text: Starting in 1971 and ending in 1972, the United States conducted a research project on seat belt effectiveness on a total of 40,000 vehicle occupants using car accident reports collected during that time. Of these 40,000 occupants, 18% were reported wearing lap belts, or two-point safety belts, 2% were reported wearing a three-point safety belt, and the remaining 80% were reported as wearing no safety belt. The results concluded that users of the two-point lap belt had a 73% lower fatality rate, a 53% lower serious injury rate, and a 38% lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained. Similarly, users of the three-point safety belt had a 60% lower serious injury rate and a 41% lower rate of all other injuries. Out of the 2% described as wearing a three-point safety belt, no fatalities were reported.[53]

text: This study and others led to the Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP), started by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies. A study as part of this program used data taken from 15,000 tow-away accidents that involved only car models made between 1973 and 1975. The study found that for injuries considered “moderate” or worse, individuals wearing a three-point safety belt had a 56.5% lower injury rate than those wearing no safety belt. The study also concluded that the effectiveness of the safety belt did not differ with size of car.[53] It was determined that the variation among results of the many studies conducted in the 1960s and 70s was due to the use of different methodologies, and could not be attributed to any significant variation in the effectiveness of safety belts.[54]

text: Wayne State University’s Automotive Safety Research Group, as well as other researchers,[55] are testing ways to improve seat belt effectiveness and general vehicle safety apparatuses. Wayne State’s Bioengineering Center uses human cadavers in their crash test research. The Center’s director, Albert King, wrote in 1995 that the vehicle safety improvements made possible since 1987 by the use of cadavers in research had saved nearly 8,500 lives each year, and indicated that improvements made to three-point safety belts save an average of 61 lives every year.[56]

text: The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979. The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies. The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results. As of September 2007[update], manufacturers are required to place a NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker.[57]

text: Experimental[edit]

text: Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seatbelts. Some experimental designs include:

text:
Criss-cross Experimental safety belt presented in the Volvo SCC. It forms a cross-brace across the chest.[24]
3+2 Point Seatbelt: Experimental safety belt from Autoliv similar to the criss-cross. The 3+2 improves protection against rollovers and side impacts.[58]
Four point "belt and suspenders": An experimental design from Ford where the "suspenders" are attached to the backrest, not to the frame of the car.[59]
3 point Adjustable Seatbelt: Experimental safety belt from GWR Safety Systems that allowed the car Hiriko, designed by MIT, to fold without compromising the safety and comfort of the occupants.[60]

text: In rear seats[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)

text: In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the Lifeguard safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.[61]

text: In crashes, unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants' death by nearly five times.[62][63]

text: Child occupants[edit]

text: As with adult drivers and passengers, the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants, including legislation requiring such use. Generally children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children.

text: The UK extended compulsory seatbelt wearing to child passengers under the age of 14 in 1989. It was observed that this measure was accompanied by a 10% increase in fatalities and a 12% increase in injuries among the target population.[64] In crashes, small children who wear adult seatbelts can suffer "seat-belt syndrome" injuries including severed intestines, ruptured diaphragms and spinal damage. There is also research suggesting that children in inappropriate restraints are at significantly increased risk of head injury,[65] one of the authors of this research has been quoted as claiming that: "The early graduation of kids into adult lap and shoulder belts is a leading cause of child-occupant injuries and deaths."[66]

text: As a result of such findings, many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints. Such systems include separate child-sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints. In some jurisdictions children below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats."[67]

text: Reminder chime and light[edit]

text: In Europe and some other parts of the world, most modern cars include a seat-belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger, when present, activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat. Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light and sound the chime until the driver (and sometimes the front passenger, if present) fasten their seatbelts.[68]

text: In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver[69]. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe[70].

text: Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder: UN Regulation 16, Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol (Euro NCAP, 2013).[71]

text: In North America, cars sold since the early 1970s[vague] have included an audiovisual reminder system consisting of a tell-tale light on the dashboard and a buzzer or chime reminding the driver and passengers to fasten their belts. Originally, these lights were accompanied by a warning buzzer whenever the transmission was in any position except park[clarification needed] if either the driver was not buckled up or, as determined by a pressure sensor in the passenger's seat, if there was a passenger there not buckled up.[citation needed] However, this was considered by many to be a major annoyance, as the light would be on and the buzzer would sound continuously if front-seat passengers were not buckled up. Therefore, people who did not wish to buckle up would defeat this system by fastening the seat belts with the seat empty and leaving them that way.[citation needed]

text: To combat this dangerous habit, in 1971[citation needed] NHTSA amended Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard № 208 (FMVSS 208) to require a seat belt/starter interlock system to prevent passenger cars from being started with an unbelted front-seat occupant. This mandate applied to passenger cars built after August 1973, i.e., starting with the 1974 model year. The specifications required the system to permit the car to be started only if the belt of an occupied seat were fastened after the occupant sat down, so pre-buckling the belts would not defeat the system.[72][73] The interlock systems used logic modules complex enough to require special diagnostic computers, and were not entirely dependable—an override button was provided under the hood of equipped cars, permitting one (but only one) "free" starting attempt each time it was pressed.[74] However, the interlock system spurred severe backlash from an American public who largely rejected seat belts. In 1974, Congress acted to prohibit NHTSA from requiring or permitting a system that prevents a vehicle from starting or operating with an unbelted occupant, or that gives an audible warning of an unfastened belt for more than 8 seconds after the ignition is turned on.[73] This prohibition took effect on 27 October 1974, shortly after the 1975 model year began.[75]

text: In response to the Congressional action, NHTSA once again amended FMVSS 208, requiring vehicles to come with a seat belt reminder system that gives an audible signal for 4 to 8 seconds and a warning light for at least 60 seconds after the ignition is turned on if the driver's seat belt is not fastened.[73] This is called a seat belt reminder (SBR) system. In the mid-1990s, an insurance company from Sweden called Folksam worked with Saab and Ford to determine the requirements for the most efficient seat belt reminder. One characteristic of the optimal SBR, according to the research, is that the audible warning becomes increasingly penetrating the longer the seat belt remains unfastened.[76]

text: In 2003, the Transportation Research Board Committee, chaired by two psychologists, reported that ESBRs could save an additional 1,000 lives a year.[77] Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that Ford's ESBR, which provides an intermittent chime for up to five minutes if the driver is unbelted, sounding for 6 seconds then pausing for 30, increased seat belt use by 5 percentage points.[77] Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6% lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise-identical vehicles without.[78]

text: Efficacy[edit]

text: In 2001, Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts. NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73% since the initial introduction of the SBR system.[73] In 2002, Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt reminders than in those without: 76% and 71% respectively. In 2007, Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90% of people who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt, while 84% of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt.[76]

text: Legislation[edit]

text: Observational studies of car crash morbidity and mortality,[79][80][81] experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of death and injury in the majority of car crashes.

text: This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance of death and serious injury. One large observation studying using US data showed that the odds ratio of crash death is 0.46 with a three-point belt, when compared with no belt.[82] In another study that examined injuries presenting to the ER pre- and post-seat belt law introduction, it was found that 40% more escaped injury and 35% more escaped mild and moderate injuries.[83]

text: The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There was also concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard which could not easily be changed. For example, in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and 3-point seat belts, rapidly tilting seats, and airbags being developed. But as countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts, and ignored other restraint designs such as air bags for several decades[84]

text: As of 2016, seat belt laws can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. A primary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seatbelt use without any other citation, whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the presence of a different violation. In the United States, fifteen states enforce secondary laws, while 34 states, as well as the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, enforce primary seat belt laws. New Hampshire lacks both a primary and secondary seat belt law.[85]

text: Risk compensation[edit]

text: Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of risk compensation, which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides.

text: In one trial subjects were asked to drive go-karts around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted.[86] Similarly, a study of habitual non-seatbelt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seatbelt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances.[87] A 2001 analysis of US crash data aimed to establish the effects of seatbelt legislation on driving fatalities[88] and found that previous estimates of seatbelts effectiveness had been significantly overstated. According to the analysis used, seatbelts were claimed to have decreased fatalities by 1.35% for each 10% increase in seatbelt use. The study controlled for endogenous motivations of seat belt use, which it is claimed creates an artificial correlation between seat belt use and fatalities, leading to the conclusion that seatbelts cause fatalities. For example, drivers in high risk areas are more likely to use seat belts, and are more likely to be in accidents, creating a non-causal correlation between seatbelt use and mortality. After accounting for the endogeneity of seatbelt usage, Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seatbelt wearing drivers more dangerous, a finding at variance with other research.

text: Increased traffic[edit]

text: Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic, and other factors such as age, and based on these adjustments, a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use has been claimed.[79] However, Smeed's law predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation.

text: Mass transit considerations[edit]

text: Buses[edit]

text: School buses[edit]

text: In the US, six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses.[89]

text: Pros[90][91][92] and cons[93][94][95] had been alleged about the use of seatbelts in school buses. School buses which are much bigger in size than the average vehicle allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place. The American School Bus Council states in a brief article saying that, “The children are protected like eggs in an egg carton – compartmentalized, and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container.” (ASBC). Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students this will not guarantee that the students will be injury free if an impact were to occur. Seatbelts in buses are sometimes believed to make recovering from a roll or tip harder for students and staff as they could be easily trapped in their own safety belt.[96]

text: In 2015, for the first time, NHTSA endorsed seat belts on school buses.[97]

text: Motor coaches[edit]

text: In the European Union, all new long distance buses and coaches must be fitted with seat belts.[98]

text: Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20g deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.[99]

text: In the United States, NHTSA has now required lap-shoulder seat belts in new "over-the-road" buses (includes most coaches) starting in 2016.[100]

text: Trains[edit]

text: The use of seatbelts in trains has been investigated. Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led the researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains.

text: Airplanes[edit]

text: Lap belts are found on all passenger aircraft. Many civil aviation authorities require a "fasten seat belt" sign in passenger aircraft that can be activated by a pilot during takeoff, turbulence, and landing.[102][103] The International Civil Aviation Organization recommends the use of child restraints.[104]