document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: who has highest twitter followers in the world

root

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of  2 August 2018[update], the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry, with close to 107 million followers. Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers, in June 2017.[2]

tag: p

text: On July 9, 2018, news media reported that Twitter had announced an extensive purge of fake/bot followers. Consequently, a few days later, Twitter’s own account had taken the fastest and greatest plunge out of all the top 50 accounts, from 63 million to 55 million followers, and in ranking, from 11th to 16th place.[3]

text: Top 50 accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession or activity of each user, and their country of origin.[1] It was last updated on August 2, 2018[update].

text:
Rank

Change  (monthly)

Account name

Owner

Followers  (millions)

Activity

Country

1.

@katyperry

Katy Perry

107

Musician

 USA

2.

@justinbieber

Justin Bieber

104

Musician

 CAN

3.

@BarackObama

Barack Obama

102

Former U.S. President

 USA

4.

@rihanna

Rihanna

87

Musician

 BAR

5.

@taylorswift13

Taylor Swift

83

Musician

 USA

6.

@ladygaga

Lady Gaga

77

Musician

 USA

7.

@TheEllenShow

Ellen DeGeneres

76

Comedian

 USA

8.

@Cristiano

Cristiano Ronaldo

74

Footballer

 POR

9.

@YouTube

YouTube

70

Online video platform

 USA

10.

@jtimberlake

Justin Timberlake

64

Musician and actor

 USA

11.

@KimKardashian

Kim Kardashian West

59

Television personality

 USA

12.

@ArianaGrande

Ariana Grande

57

Musician

 USA

13.

@ddlovato

Demi Lovato

56

Musician

 USA

14.

@britneyspears

Britney Spears

56

Musician

 USA

15.

@selenagomez

Selena Gomez

56

Musician and actress

 USA

16.

@twitter

Twitter

55

Social media platform

 USA

17.

@cnnbrk

CNN Breaking News

54

News channel

 USA

18.

@realDonaldTrump

Donald Trump

53

Current U.S. President

 USA

19.

@shakira

Shakira

51

Musician

 COL

20.

@jimmyfallon

Jimmy Fallon

50

Comedian

 USA

21.

@BillGates

Bill Gates

45

Businessman and philanthropist

 USA

22.

@JLo

Jennifer Lopez

44

Musician and actress

 USA

23.

@narendramodi

Narendra Modi

43

Current Prime Minister of India

 IND

24.

@BrunoMars

Bruno Mars

42

Musician

 USA

25.

@nytimes

The New York Times

42

Newspaper

 USA

26.

@Oprah

Oprah Winfrey

41

Television personality and businesswoman

 USA

27.

@KingJames

LeBron James

41

Basketball player

 USA

28.

@neymarjr

Neymar

41

Footballer

 BRA

29.

@MileyCyrus

Miley Cyrus

40

Musician and actress

 USA

30.

@CNN

CNN

40

News channel

 USA

31.

@NiallOfficial

Niall Horan

39

Musician

 IRL

32.

@BBCBreaking

BBC Breaking News

38

News channel

 GBR

33.

@instagram

Instagram

37

Social media platform

 USA

34.

@Drake

Drake

37

Rapper

 CAN

35.

@iamsrk

Shah Rukh Khan

36

Actor and producer

 IND

36.

@SportsCenter

SportsCenter

35

Sports news

 USA

37.

@SrBachchan

Amitabh Bachchan

35

Actor

 IND

38.

@KevinHart4real

Kevin Hart

34

Comedian and actor

 USA

39.

@BeingSalmanKhan

Salman Khan

34

Actor and producer

 IND

40.

@espn

ESPN

34

Sports channel

 USA

41.

@LilTunechi

Lil Wayne

33

Rapper

 USA

42.

@wizkhalifa

Wiz Khalifa

33

Rapper

 USA

43.

@Louis_Tomlinson

Louis Tomlinson

33

Musician

 GBR

44.

@LiamPayne

Liam Payne

32

Musician

 GBR

45.

@Harry_Styles

Harry Styles

32

Musician

 GBR

46.

@Pink

Pink

32

Musician

 USA

47.

@onedirection

One Direction

31

Band

 GBR IRL

48.

@realmadrid

Real Madrid C.F.

31

Football club

 ESP

49.

@aliciakeys

Alicia Keys

30

Musician

 USA

50.

@KAKA

Kaká

30

Footballer

 BRA

tag: table


document_title: Amie (song)

question_text: who sang lead vocals on amie by pure prairie league

text: Amie (song)

text: History[edit]

text: The song was written by Craig Fuller and was originally recorded by the band on their 1972 album Bustin' Out, but it was not released as a single until 1973, when it gained popularity on college radio stations. Its airplay led RCA Records to re-sign Pure Prairie League after having previously dropped them.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In his book Music: What Happened?, musician and music critic Scott Miller described the song as "quintessentially 1972" and "lovely".[3] Mike DeGagne of Allmusic called it "a charming little country-pop tune" and "their most memorable," praising its melody and Craig Fuller's lead vocals.[4]  Rock historian John Einarson, citing the song's "lilting harmonies and subtle acoustic playing," called it "a classic of the country rock genre."[5]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Lonestar covered the song on their 1997 album Crazy Nights, and included it as the B-side to the album's single "Say When".

text: Travis Tritt covered the song on Randy Scruggs' 1998 album, Crown of Jewels.

text: Wesley Willis covered the song to critical acclaim on his 1999 album Greatest Hits Vol. 2.

text: Singer Brent Anderson included a portion of "Amie" in his 2011 single "Amy's Song", which featured backing vocals from Craig Fuller and Vince Gill.[6]

text: Counting Crows covered the song on their 2011 album of covers, Underwater Sunshine.

text: Garth Brooks covered the song on the "Melting Pot" disc of his four CD boxed set Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences released in 2013.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1975)

Peakposition

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[7]

40

Canada Pop Music Playlist (RPM)[8]

19

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[9]

20

US Billboard Hot 100[10]

27


document_title: Last surviving United States war veterans

question_text: when did the last known civil war veteran died

text: Pre U.S. independence[edit]

text:
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Jonathan Benjamin
1738–1841
Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[1]

text: Post U.S. independence[edit]

text: The book The Last Men of the Revolution was compiled by Rev. E. B. Hillard and published by N. A. & R. A. Moore in the year 1864, the book claimed to include photos and biographies of six of the last surviving Revolutionary War veterans. None of the men interviewed in the book would become the last surviving Revolutionary War veteran but the photos published in the book are some of the few surviving photos of American Revolutionary War veterans.[2]

text:
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)

Ralph Farnham [Farnum]
1756-1860
Massachusetts. Biography:"Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham" by C.W. Clarence 1860

Barnabas Cochran
1758–1864
Pennsylvania Militia. Longest living verified veteran.[3]

Adam Link
1761-1864
Pennsylvania Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Rev. Daniel Waldo
1762-1864
Connecticut Militia. Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

James Barham
1764-1865
Virginia State Militia. Was to have had a Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution; but was not located by author Hillard. Photograph/biography listed on Find a Grave website.[4]

Alexander Millener
1770?-1865
Enlisted under stepfathers surname as "Alexander Maroney". Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington's life Guard {not verified} although he did serve in New York line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

William Hutchings
1764-1866
Massachusetts Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Lemuel Cook
1769-1866
2nd Continental Light Dragoons. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

Samuel Downing
1761-1867
Served in New Hampshire Line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution

John Gray
1764–1868
Virginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension.[5]Granted a pension in 1867.

William Taylor
1757-1868
New Jersey Militia. See story at Find a Grave memorial[6]

Daniel Frederick Bakeman
1759–1869
Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.[7]

Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)

David Whitney
1767–1867
Massachusetts State Militia.[8]

Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)

Michael Edwards
1767?–1876
Pennsylvania State Militia.

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

Hiram Cronk
1800–1905
U.S. Army.[9]

Black Hawk War (1832)

Henry L. Riggs
1812–1911
Illinois State Militia.[10]

Toledo War (1835–1836)

Riley Crooks Crawford
1817–1910
Michigan State Militia.[11][12]

Texas Revolution (1835–1836)

William P. Zuber
1820–1913
Texas Volunteers.[13][14]

Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

John Grider
1826–1924
Californian Rebel.[15][16]

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

Owen Thomas Edgar
1831–1929
U.S. Navy.[17]

Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)

Luke F. Parsons
1833–1926
Last survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie.[18][19]

George Roe
1834–1927
Last of John Brown's forces at the Battle of Black Jack[20]

American Civil War (1861–1865)

James Albert Hard
1843–1953
Last verified combat veteran. Fought for the Union.[21]

Albert Henry Woolson
1850–1956
Last Union veteran.[22]

Pleasant Riggs Crump
1847–1951
Last verified Confederate veteran. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

Thomas Edwin Ross
1850–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

Richard William Cumpston
1841?–1952
No evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Murphy Loudermilk[23]
1847?–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[24]
1846?–1952
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[24]
1846–1953
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Albert Kinney
1846?–1953
Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

William Allen Uncle Bill Lundy[24]
1859–1957
Debunked.[25] See Last surviving Confederate veterans.

American Indian Wars (1622–1924}

Noah Johnson
1698–1798
New England colonists. Last survivor of Lovewell's War[26][27]

Samuel Murphy
1758–1851
Virginia colonists. Last participant of Lord Dunmore's War[28]

John Winchell Cullen
1838–1939
U.S. Army. Last survivor of the Yakima War.[29][30]

Dewey Beard
1857–1955
Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[31] He also fought at Wounded Knee.[32]

John Daw
1870–1965
U.S. Army. Last surviving Indian Scout.[33][34]

Frederick Fraske
1872–1973
U.S. Army.[35]

Boxer Rebellion (1897–1901)

Nathan E. Cook
1885–1992
U.S. Navy.[36]

Spanish–American War (1898)

Jones Morgan
1882–1993
U.S. Army.

Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

Nathan E. Cook
1885–1992
U.S. Navy.[36]

Border War (1910–1919)

Samuel Goldberg
1900–2006
U.S. Army.[37]

World War I (1914–1918)

Frank Woodruff Buckles
1901–2011
U.S. Army.[38]

Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)

Mark Matthews
1894?–2005
U.S. Army.[39]

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War

Harold Gunnes
1899–2003
Served in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia.[40]

Warren V. Hileman
1901–2005
Served in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.[41]

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Delmer Berg
1915–2016[42]
Volunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Lived in Columbia, California.[43]


document_title: Edward VIII

question_text: when did duke of windsor return to england

question_tokens: when did duke of windsor return to england

text: Edward VIII

text: Early life[edit]

text: Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[1] He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather and father.

text: He was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury.[N 1][2] The names were chosen in honour of Edward's late uncle, who was known to his family as "Eddy" or Edward, and his great-grandfather King Christian IX of Denmark. The name Albert was included at the behest of Queen Victoria for her late husband Albert, Prince Consort, and the last four names – George, Andrew, Patrick and David – came from the Patron Saints of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales.[3] He was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David.[4]

text: As was common practice with upper-class children of the time, Edward and his younger siblings were brought up by nannies rather than directly by their parents. One of Edward's early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents. His subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away.[5] The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered.

text: Edward's father, though a harsh disciplinarian,[6] was demonstrably affectionate,[7] and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master,[8] and encouraged them to confide in her.[9]

text: Education[edit]

text: Initially, Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. When his parents travelled the British Empire for almost nine months following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, young Edward and his siblings stayed in Britain with their grandparents, Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII, who showered their grandchildren with affection. Upon his parents' return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who virtually brought up Edward and his brothers and sister for their remaining nursery years.[10]

text: Edward was kept under the strict tutorship of Hansell until almost thirteen years old. Private tutors taught him German and French.[11] Edward took the examination to enter the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and began there in 1907. Hansell had wanted Edward to enter school earlier, but the prince's father had disagreed.[12] Following two years at Osborne College, which he did not enjoy, Edward moved on to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. A course of two years, followed by entry into the Royal Navy, was planned. A bout of mumps may have made him infertile.[13]

text: Edward automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay on 6 May 1910 when his father ascended the throne as George V on the death of Edward VII. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester a month later on 23 June 1910, his 16th birthday.[14] Preparations for his future as king began in earnest. He was withdrawn from his naval course before his formal graduation, served as midshipman for three months aboard the battleship Hindustan, then immediately entered Magdalen College, Oxford, for which, in the opinion of his biographers, he was underprepared intellectually. A keen horseman, he learned how to play polo with the university club.[15] He left Oxford after eight terms, without any academic qualifications.[16]

text: Prince of Wales[edit]

text: Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a special ceremony at Caernarfon Castle on 13 July 1911.[17] The investiture took place in Wales, at the instigation of the Welsh politician David Lloyd George, Constable of the Castle and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Liberal government.[18] Lloyd George invented a rather fanciful ceremony in the style of a Welsh pageant, and coached Edward to speak a few words in Welsh.[19]

text: When the First World War broke out in 1914, Edward had reached the minimum age for active service and was keen to participate.[20] He had joined the Grenadier Guards in June 1914, and although Edward was willing to serve on the front lines, Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener refused to allow it, citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir to the throne were captured by the enemy.[21]

text: Despite this, Edward witnessed trench warfare first-hand and visited the front line as often as he could, for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916. His role in the war, although limited, made him popular among veterans of the conflict.[22] Edward undertook his first military flight in 1918, and later gained a pilot's licence.[23]

text: Edward's youngest brother, Prince John, died at the age of 13 on 18 January 1919 after a severe seizure.[24] John suffered from epilepsy, and Edward, who was 11 years older than his brother and had hardly known him, saw his death as "little more than a regrettable nuisance".[25] He wrote to his mistress of the time that "[he had] told [her] all about that little brother, and how he was an epileptic. [John]'s been practically shut up for the last two years anyhow, so no one has ever seen him except the family, and then only once or twice a year. This poor boy had become more of an animal than anything else." He also wrote an insensitive letter to his mother, Queen Mary, which has since been lost.[26] She did not reply, but he felt compelled to write her an apology, in which he stated: "I feel such a cold hearted and unsympathetic swine for writing all that I did ... No one can realize more than you how little poor Johnnie meant to me who hardly knew him ... I feel so much for you, darling Mama, who was his mother."[25]

text: Throughout the 1920s, Edward, as Prince of Wales, represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. His rank, travels, good looks, and unmarried status gained him much public attention, and at the height of his popularity, he was the most photographed celebrity of his time.[27] He took a particular interest in science and in 1926 was president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science when his alma mater, Oxford University, hosted the society's annual general meeting.[28]

text: He also visited the poverty-stricken areas of Britain,[29] and undertook 16 tours to various parts of the Empire between 1919 and 1935. On a tour of Canada in 1919, he acquired the Bedingfield ranch, near Pekisko, Alberta,[30] and in 1924, he donated the Prince of Wales Trophy to the National Hockey League.[31] In 1929 Sir Alexander Leith, a leading Conservative in the north of England, persuaded him to make a three-day visit to the County Durham and Northumberland coal-fields, where at the time there was much unemployment.[32] From January to April 1931, the Prince of Wales and his brother Prince George travelled 18,000 miles on a tour of South America, steaming out on the ocean liner Oropesa ,[33] and returning via Paris and an Imperial Airways flight from Paris–Le Bourget Airport that landed specially in Windsor Great Park.[34][35]

text: Though widely travelled, Edward was racially prejudiced against foreigners and many of the Empire's subjects, believing that whites were inherently superior.[36] In 1920, on a visit to Australia, he wrote of Indigenous Australians: "they are the most revolting form of living creatures I've ever seen !! They are the lowest known form of human beings & are the nearest thing to monkeys."[37]

text: In 1919 the Prince agreed to be President of the organising committee for the proposed British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park, north-west London. The Prince wished the Exhibition to include "a great national sports ground", and so played a part in the creation of Wembley Stadium.[38]

text: Romances[edit]

text: In 1917, during the First World War, he began a love affair with Parisian courtesan Marguerite Alibert (later Fahmy), who kept a collection of his indiscreet letters after he broke off the affair in 1918 to begin one with an English married woman, Freda Dudley Ward, a textile heiress.

text: Edward's womanising and reckless behaviour during the 1920s and 1930s worried Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, King George V, and those close to the prince. Alan Lascelles, the prince's private secretary for eight years during this period, believed that "for some hereditary or physiological reason his normal mental development stopped dead when he reached adolescence".[39] George V was disappointed by his son's failure to settle down in life, disgusted by his affairs with married women, and was reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in twelve months."[40]

text: Second-in-line to the throne was the prince's younger brother Albert ("Bertie"). Albert and his wife, Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), had two children, including Princess Elizabeth ("Lilibet"), the future Queen Elizabeth II. George V favoured Albert and his granddaughter Elizabeth and told a courtier, "I pray to God that my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[41] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Prince of Wales teased his sister-in-law, by calling her "Queen Elizabeth". The magazine asked if "she did not sometimes wonder how much truth there is in the story that he once said he would renounce his rights upon the death of George V – which would make her nickname come true".[42]

text: In 1930, George V gave the prince the lease of Fort Belvedere in Windsor Great Park.[43] There, he continued his relationships with a series of married women, including Freda Dudley Ward and Lady Furness, the American wife of a British peer, who introduced the prince to her friend and fellow American Wallis Simpson. Simpson had divorced her first husband, U.S. naval officer Win Spencer, in 1927. Her second husband, Ernest Simpson, was a British-American businessman. Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales, it is generally accepted, became lovers, while Lady Furness travelled abroad, although the prince adamantly insisted to his father that he was not having an affair with her and that it was not appropriate to describe her as his mistress.[44] Edward's relationship with Simpson, however, further weakened his poor relationship with his father. Although King George V and Queen Mary met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935,[45] they later refused to receive her.[46]

text: Edward's affair with an American divorcée led to such grave concern that the couple were followed by members of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch, who examined in secret the nature of their relationship. An undated report detailed a visit by the couple to an antique shop, where the proprietor later noted "that the lady seemed to have POW [Prince of Wales] completely under her thumb."[47] The prospect of having an American divorcée with a questionable past having such sway over the heir apparent led to anxiety among government and establishment figures.[48]

text: Reign[edit]

text: King George V died on 20 January 1936, and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. The next day, accompanied by Simpson, he broke with custom by watching the proclamation of his own accession from a window of St James's Palace.[49] He became the first monarch of the British Empire to fly in an aircraft when he flew from Sandringham to London for his Accession Council.[11]

text: Edward caused unease in government circles with actions that were interpreted as interference in political matters. His comment during a tour of depressed villages in South Wales that "something must be done"[11] for the unemployed coal miners was seen as an attempt to guide government policy, though it has never been clear what sort of remedy he had in mind. Government ministers were reluctant to send confidential documents and state papers to Fort Belvedere, because it was clear that Edward was paying little attention to them, and it was feared that Simpson and other house guests might read them, improperly or inadvertently disclosing information that could be detrimental to the national interest.[50]

text: Edward's unorthodox approach to his role also extended to the coinage that bore his image. He broke with the tradition that the profile portrait of each successive monarch faced in the direction opposite to that of his or her predecessor. Edward insisted that he face left (as his father had done),[51] to show the parting in his hair.[52] Only a handful of test coins were struck before the abdication, and all are very rare.[53] When George VI succeeded to the throne he also faced left to maintain the tradition by suggesting that, had any further coins been minted featuring Edward's portrait, they would have shown him facing right.[54]

text: On 16 July 1936, an Irish fraudster called Jerome Bannigan, alias George Andrew McMahon, produced a loaded revolver as Edward rode on horseback at Constitution Hill, near Buckingham Palace. Police spotted the gun and pounced on him; he was quickly arrested. At Bannigan's trial, he alleged that "a foreign power" had approached him to kill Edward, that he had informed MI5 of the plan, and that he was merely seeing the plan through to help MI5 catch the real culprits. The court rejected the claims and sent him to jail for a year for "intent to alarm".[55] It is now thought that Bannigan had indeed been in contact with MI5, but the veracity of the remainder of his claims remains open.[56]

text: In August and September, Edward and Simpson cruised the Eastern Mediterranean on the steam yacht Nahlin. By October it was becoming clear that the new king planned to marry Simpson, especially when divorce proceedings between the Simpsons were brought at Ipswich Assizes.[57] Preparations for all contingencies were made, including the prospect of the coronation of King Edward and Queen Wallis. Because of the religious implications of any marriage, plans were made to hold a secular coronation ceremony, not in the traditional religious location of Westminster Abbey, but in the Banqueting House in Whitehall.[58]

text: Although gossip about his affair was widespread in the United States, the British media kept voluntarily silent, and the public knew nothing until early December.[59]

text: Abdication[edit]

text: On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen.[60] As king, Edward was the titular head of the Church of England, and the clergy expected him to support the Church's teachings.

text: Edward proposed an alternative solution of a morganatic marriage, in which he would remain king but Simpson would not become queen. She would enjoy some lesser title instead, and any children they might have would not inherit the throne. This too was rejected by the British Cabinet[61] as well as other Dominion governments,[62] whose views were sought pursuant to the Statute of Westminster 1931, which provided in part that "any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom."[63] The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée;[64] their Irish counterpart (Éamon de Valera) expressed indifference and detachment, while the Prime Minister of New Zealand (Michael Joseph Savage), having never heard of Simpson before, vacillated in disbelief.[65] Faced with this opposition, Edward at first responded that there were "not many people in Australia" and their opinion did not matter.[66]

text: Edward informed Baldwin that he would abdicate if he could not marry Simpson. Baldwin then presented Edward with three choices: give up the idea of marriage; marry against his ministers' wishes; or abdicate.[67] It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis.[68] He chose to abdicate.[69]

text: Edward duly signed the instruments[N 2] of abdication at Fort Belvedere on 10 December 1936 in the presence of his younger brothers: Prince Albert, Duke of York, next in line for the throne; Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and Prince George, Duke of Kent.[70] The next day, the last act of his reign was the royal assent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. As required by the Statute of Westminster, all the Dominions consented to the abdication.[71]

text: On the night of 11 December 1936, Edward, now reverted to the title and style of a prince, explained his decision to abdicate in a worldwide radio broadcast. He famously said, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love."[72] Edward departed Britain for Austria the following day; he was unable to join Simpson until her divorce became absolute, several months later.[73] His brother, the Duke of York, succeeded to the throne as George VI. George VI's elder daughter, Princess Elizabeth, became heir presumptive.

text: Duke of Windsor[edit]

text: On 12 December 1936, at the accession meeting of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, George VI announced he was to make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of Royal Highness.[74] He wanted this to be the first act of his reign, although the formal documents were not signed until 8 March the following year. During the interim, Edward was universally known as the Duke of Windsor. George VI's decision to create Edward a royal duke ensured that he could neither stand for election to the House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords.[75]

text: Letters Patent dated 27 May 1937 re-conferred the "title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness" upon the Duke of Windsor, but specifically stated that "his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute". Some British ministers advised that the reconfirmation was unnecessary since Edward had retained the style automatically, and further that Simpson would automatically obtain the rank of wife of a prince with the style Her Royal Highness; others maintained that he had lost all royal rank and should no longer carry any royal title or style as an abdicated king, and be referred to simply as "Mr Edward Windsor". On 14 April 1937, Attorney General Sir Donald Somervell submitted to Home Secretary Sir John Simon a memorandum summarising the views of Lord Advocate T. M. Cooper, Parliamentary Counsel Sir Granville Ram, and himself:

text:
We incline to the view that on his abdication the Duke of Windsor could not have claimed the right to be described as a Royal Highness. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent.
The question however has to be considered on the basis of the fact that, for reasons which are readily understandable, he with the express approval of His Majesty enjoys this title and has been referred to as a Royal Highness on a formal occasion and in formal documents. In the light of precedent it seems clear that the wife of a Royal Highness enjoys the same title unless some appropriate express step can be and is taken to deprive her of it.
We came to the conclusion that the wife could not claim this right on any legal basis. The right to use this style or title, in our view, is within the prerogative of His Majesty and he has the power to regulate it by Letters Patent generally or in particular circumstances.[76]

tag: ol

text: The Duke of Windsor married Simpson, who had changed her name by deed poll to Wallis Warfield, in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937, at Château de Candé, near Tours, France. When the Church of England refused to sanction the union, a County Durham clergyman, the Reverend Robert Anderson Jardine (Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington), offered to perform the ceremony, and the Duke accepted. The new king, George VI, forbade members of the royal family to attend,[77] to the lasting resentment of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Edward had particularly wanted his brothers the Dukes of Gloucester and Kent and his second cousin Louis Mountbatten to attend the ceremony.[78]

text: The denial of the style Royal Highness to the Duchess of Windsor caused further conflict, as did the financial settlement. The Government declined to include the Duke or Duchess on the Civil List, and the Duke's allowance was paid personally by George VI. The Duke compromised his position with his brother by concealing the extent of his financial worth when they informally agreed on the amount of the allowance. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. George VI also paid Edward for Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle, which were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father, George V, and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession.[79] In the early days of George VI's reign the Duke telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that the Duchess be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through.[80]

text: Relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the royal family were strained for decades. The Duke had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. King George VI (with the support of Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off Edward's allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation.[79] Edward became embittered against his mother, Queen Mary, writing to her in 1939: "[your last letter][N 3] destroy[ed] the last vestige of feeling I had left for you ... [and has] made further normal correspondence between us impossible."[81]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Adolf Hitler at his Berghof retreat in Bavaria. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes.[82] In Germany, "they were treated like royalty ... members of the aristocracy would bow and curtsy towards her, and she was treated with all the dignity and status that the duke always wanted," according to royal biographer Andrew Morton.[83]

text: The former Austrian ambassador, Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German fascism as a bulwark against communism, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany.[84] According to the Duke of Windsor, the experience of "the unending scenes of horror"[85] during the First World War led him to support appeasement. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Germany and thought that Anglo-German relations could have been improved through Edward if it were not for the abdication. Albert Speer quoted Hitler directly: "I am certain through him permanent friendly relations could have been achieved. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. His abdication was a severe loss for us."[86]

text: The Duke and Duchess settled in France. In May 1939, the Duke was commissioned by NBC to give a radio broadcast[87] (his first since abdicating) during a visit to the battlefields of Verdun. In it he appealed for peace, saying "I am deeply conscious of the presence of the great company of the dead, and I am convinced that could they make their voices heard they would be with me in what I am about to say. I speak simply as a soldier of the Last War whose most earnest prayer it is that such cruel and destructive madness shall never again overtake mankind. There is no land whose people want war." The broadcast was heard across the world by millions.[88][89] It was widely seen as supporting appeasement,[90] and the BBC refused to broadcast it.[87] It was broadcast outside the United States on shortwave radio[91] and was reported in full by British broadsheet newspapers.[92]

text: On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the Duke and Duchess were brought back to Britain by Louis Mountbatten on board HMS Kelly, and Edward, although an honorary field marshal, was made a major-general attached to the British Military Mission in France.[11] In February 1940, the German ambassador in The Hague, Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda, claimed that the Duke had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium,[93] which the Duke later denied.[94] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June to Spain. In July the pair moved to Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.[95] Under the code name Operation Willi, Nazi agents, principally Walter Schellenberg, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal and return to Spain, kidnapping him if necessary.[96] Lord Caldecote wrote a warning to Winston Churchill: "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."[97] Churchill threatened the Duke with a court-martial if he did not return to British soil.[98]

text: In July 1940, Edward was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. The Duke and Duchess left Lisbon on 1 August aboard the American Export Lines steamship Excalibur, which was specially diverted from its usual direct course to New York City so that they could be dropped off at Bermuda on the 9th.[99] They left Bermuda for Nassau on the Canadian steamship Lady Somers on 15 August, arriving two days later.[100] The Duke did not enjoy being governor and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[101] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the Duke and Duchess planned to cruise aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom British and American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[102] The Duke was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire. He said of Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune: "It must be remembered that Dupuch is more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium."[103] He was praised, even by Dupuch, for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[104] He resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[11]

text: Many historians have suggested that Hitler was prepared to reinstate Edward as king in the hope of establishing a fascist Britain.[105] It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the Second World War, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings. In 1940 he said: "In the past 10 years Germany has totally reorganised the order of its society ... Countries which were unwilling to accept such a reorganisation of society and its concomitant sacrifices should direct their policies accordingly."[106] During the occupation of France, the Duke asked the German forces to place guards at his Paris and Riviera homes; they did so.[107] In December 1940, the Duke gave Fulton Oursler of Liberty magazine an interview at Government House in Nassau. The interview was published on 22 March 1941 and in it the Duke was reported to have said that "Hitler was the right and logical leader of the German people" and that the time was coming for President Franklin D. Roosevelt to mediate a peace settlement. Oursler conveyed the content of the interview to the President in a private meeting at the White House on 23 December 1940.[108] The Duke protested that he had been misquoted and misinterpreted.[109]

text: The Allies became sufficiently disturbed by German plots revolving around the Duke that President Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that the Duchess had slept with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, in 1936, had remained in constant contact with him, and had continued to leak secrets.[110]

text: Author Charles Higham claimed that Anthony Blunt, an MI5 agent and Soviet spy, acting on orders from the British royal family, made a successful secret trip to Schloss Friedrichshof in Germany towards the end of the war to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.[111] What is certain is that George VI sent the Royal Librarian, Owen Morshead, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the Royal Library as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to the German Empress Victoria, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the Royal Archives.[112]

text: After the war, the Duke admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] Führer struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."[113] In the 1950s, journalist Frank Giles heard the Duke blame British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of Mussolini ... that's what [Eden] did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".[114] During the 1960s the Duke said privately to a friend, Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."[115]

text: Later life[edit]

text: At the end of the war, the couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as the Duke never occupied another official role after his wartime governorship of the Bahamas. Correspondence between the Duke and Kenneth de Courcy, dated between 1946 and 1949, emerged in a US library in 2009. The letters suggest a plot where the Duke would return to England and place himself in a position for a possible regency. The health of George VI was failing and de Courcy was concerned about the influence of the Mountbatten family over the young Princess Elizabeth. De Courcy suggested the Duke buy a working agricultural estate within an easy drive of London in order to gain favour with the British public and make himself available should the King become incapacitated. The Duke, however, hesitated and the King recovered from his surgery.[116]

text: The Duke's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading.[11][117][118] The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at 4 route du Champ d'Entraînement, on the Neuilly-sur-Seine side of the Bois de Boulogne, for a nominal rent.[119] The French government exempted him from paying income tax,[117][120] and the couple were able to buy goods duty-free through the British embassy and the military commissary.[120] In 1951, the Duke produced a ghost-written memoir, A King's Story, in which he expressed disagreement with liberal politics.[18] The royalties from the book added to their income.[117] Nine years later, he penned a relatively unknown book, A Family Album, chiefly about the fashion and habits of the royal family throughout his life, from the time of Queen Victoria to that of his grandfather and father, and his own tastes.

text: The Duke and Duchess effectively took on the role of celebrities and were regarded as part of café society in the 1950s and 1960s. They hosted parties and shuttled between Paris and New York; Gore Vidal, who met the Windsors socially, reported on the vacuity of the Duke's conversation.[121] The couple doted on the pug dogs they kept.[122]

text: In June 1953, instead of attending the coronation of his niece in London, the Duke and Duchess watched the ceremony on television in Paris. The Duke said that it was contrary to precedent for a Sovereign or former Sovereign to attend any coronation of another. The Duke was paid to write articles on the ceremony for the Sunday Express and Woman's Home Companion, as well as a short book, The Crown and the People, 1902–1953.[123]

text: In 1955, they visited President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House. The couple appeared on Edward R. Murrow's television interview show Person to Person in 1956,[124] and a 50-minute BBC television interview in 1970. That year, they were invited as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House by President Richard Nixon.[125]

text: The royal family never fully accepted the Duchess. Queen Mary refused to receive her formally. However, Edward sometimes met his mother and brother George VI, and attended George's funeral in 1952. Queen Mary remained angry with Edward and indignant over his marriage to Wallis: "To give up all this for that", she said.[126] In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. They were visited by Elizabeth II, his sister-in-law Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and his sister Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. In 1967, they joined the royal family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth. The last royal ceremony the Duke attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968.[127] He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969, replying that Prince Charles would not want his "aged great-uncle" there.[128]

text: In the 1960s, the Duke's health deteriorated. In December 1964, he was operated on by Michael E. DeBakey in Houston for an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, and in February 1965 a detached retina in his left eye was treated by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder. In late 1971, the Duke, who was a smoker from an early age, was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent cobalt therapy. On 18 May 1972, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Windsors while on a state visit to France; she spoke with the Duke for fifteen minutes but only the Duchess appeared with the royal party for a photocall as the Duke was too ill.[129]

text: Death and legacy[edit]

text: On 28 May 1972, ten days after the Queen's visit, the Duke died at his home in Paris, less than a month before his 78th birthday. His body was returned to Britain, lying in state at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The funeral service was held in the chapel on 5 June in the presence of the Queen, the royal family, and the Duchess of Windsor who stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore.[130] Until a 1965 agreement with Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke and Duchess had planned for a burial in a cemetery plot they had purchased at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where the Duchess's father was interred.[131] Frail, and suffering increasingly from dementia, the Duchess died 14 years later, and was buried alongside her husband.[132]

text: In the view of historians, such as Philip Williamson writing in 2007, the popular perception in the 21st century that the abdication was driven by politics rather than religious morality is false and arises because divorce has become much more common and socially acceptable. To modern sensibilities, the religious restrictions that prevented Edward from continuing as king while planning to marry Simpson "seem, wrongly, to provide insufficient explanation" for his abdication.[133]

text: Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]

text: Titles and styles[edit]

text:
23 June 1894 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Edward of York
28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of York[134]
22 January – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Cornwall and York
9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Wales
6 May 1910  – 20 January 1936: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
in Scotland: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay
23 June 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
20 January – 11 December 1936: His Majesty The King
11 December 1936 – 8 March 1937: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward
8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor
Edward began use of the title immediately upon abdication, in accordance with George VI's declaration to his Accession Council, but several months passed before the title was formalised by Letters Patent.

tag: ul

text: His full style as king was "Edward VIII, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".

text: Military ranks[edit]

text:
22 June 1911: Midshipman, Royal Navy[135]
17 March 1913: Lieutenant, Royal Navy[135]
18 November 1914: Lieutenant, 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army. (First World War, Flanders and Italy)[135]
10 March 1916: Captain, British Army[135]
1918: Temporary Major, British Army[135]
15 April 1919: Colonel, British Army[135]
8 July 1919: Captain, Royal Navy[135]
5 December 1922: Group Captain, Royal Air Force[135][136]
1 September 1930: Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy; Lieutenant-General, British Army;[137] Air Marshal, Royal Air Force[138]
1 January 1935: Admiral, Royal Navy; General, British Army; Air Chief Marshal, Royal Air Force[139]
21 January 1936: Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy; Field Marshal, British Army; Marshal of the Royal Air Force[135]
3 September 1939: Major-General, British Army[140]

text: Honours[edit]

text: British Commonwealth and Empire honours[edit]

text:
KG: Knight of the Garter, 1910
ISO: Companion of the Imperial Service Order, 1910
MC: Military Cross, 1916
GCMG: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 1917
GBE: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire, 1917
KStJ: Knight of Justice of St John, 1917
GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 1920
PC: Privy Counsellor, (United Kingdom) 1920
GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 1921
GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 1921
RVC: Royal Victorian Chain, 1921
KT: Knight of the Thistle, 1922
KP: Knight of St Patrick, 1927
PC: Privy Counsellor (Canada), 1927[141]
GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath, 1936
FRS: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Upon his accession, Edward became sovereign of the various orders of the British Commonwealth and Empire, including those he had been appointed to prior to becoming king. After his abdication, the King, Edward's brother, reinstated his pre-accession honours.

text: Foreign honours[edit]

text:
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 1912[142]
 Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1912[142]
 Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 1914[142]
 Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav, 1914[142]
 Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 1915[142]
 Croix de Guerre, 1915
 Order of St George, 1916[142]
 Order of Michael the Brave, 1918[142]
 War Merit Cross, 1919
 Grand Cordon of Mohamed Ali, 1922[142]
 Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 1923[142]
 Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1924[142]
 Order of Merit, First Class, 1925[142]
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes, 1931[142]
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun, 1931[142]
 Grand Cross of the United Orders of Christ and Aviz, 1931[142]
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross, 1933[142]
 Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Agatha, 1935[142]

text: Honorary degrees[edit]

text:
Hon LLD: Edinburgh, Toronto, Alberta and Queen's University Kingston (Ontario) 1919, Melbourne 1920, Cambridge and Calcutta 1921, St Andrews and Hong Kong 1922, Witwatersrand 1925
Hon DCL: Oxford 1921
DSc and Hon MCom: London 1921
DLitt: Benares 1921

text: Freedom of the Burgh[edit]

text:
26 June 1931: Inverness[143][144]
 1933: Rothesay[145]

text: Arms[edit]

text: As Prince of Wales, Edward's arms were the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a label of three points argent, with an inescutcheon representing Wales surmounted by a coronet (identical to those of Charles, the current Prince of Wales). As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown.[146]

text:
Coat of arms of Edward, Prince of Wales, (1911–1936)

Coat of arms of Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1936)

Coat of arms of Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (in Scotland) (1936)

Coat of arms of Edward, Duke of Windsor (1937–1972)

text: Ancestry[edit]

text: showAncestors of Edward VIII       8. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha      4. Edward VII of the United Kingdom         9. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom      2. George V of the United Kingdom           10. Christian IX of Denmark      5. Princess Alexandra of Denmark         11. Louise of Hesse-Kassel      1. Edward VIII of the United Kingdom            12. Duke Alexander of Württemberg      6. Francis, Duke of Teck         13. Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde      3. Princess Mary of Teck           14. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge      7. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge         15. Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel


document_title: You Can't Always Get What You Want

question_text: what is the meaning of the song you can't always get what you want

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the song you ca n 't always get what you want

text: You Can't Always Get What You Want

text: Description[edit]

text: Although it was the closing track, "You Can't Always Get What You Want" was the first song recorded for the album. It exists in two versions, a 4:49 single mix[1] and a 7:30 album mix.[2] "You Can't Always Get What You Want" was recorded on 16 and 17 November 1968 at Olympic Sound Studios in London. It features the London Bach Choir opening the song (the choir opening is only on the album version), highlighting throughout, and bringing it to its conclusion. Jimmy Miller, the Stones' producer at the time, plays drums on this song instead of Charlie Watts. Al Kooper plays piano and organ, as well as the French horn intro, while Rocky Dijon plays congas and maracas.[citation needed]

text: Of the song, Jagger said:

text:
“
"You Can't Always Get What You Want" was something I just played on the acoustic guitar—one of those bedroom songs. It proved to be quite difficult to record because Charlie couldn't play the groove and so Jimmy Miller had to play the drums. I'd also had this idea of having a choir, probably a gospel choir, on the track, but there wasn't one around at that point. Jack Nitzsche, or somebody, said that we could get the London Bach Choir and we said, "That will be a laugh."[3]
”

text: In his review of the song, Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said: "If you buy John Lennon's observation that the Rolling Stones were apt to copy the Beatles' innovations within a few months or so, 'You Can't Always Get What You Want' is the Rolling Stones' counterpart to 'Hey Jude'."[4] Jagger said in 1969, "I liked the way the Beatles did that with 'Hey Jude'. The orchestra was not just to cover everything up—it was something extra. We may do something like that on the next album."[5]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: The three verses (along with the varied theme in the fourth verse) address the major topics of the 1960s: love, politics, and drugs. Each verse captures the essence of the initial optimism and eventual disillusion, followed by the resigned pragmatism in the chorus.[citation needed]

text: Unterberger noted:

text:
“
Much has been made of the lyrics reflecting the end of the overlong party that was the 1960s, as a snapshot of Swinging London burning out. That's a valid interpretation, but it should also be pointed out that there's also an uplifting and reassuring quality to the melody and performance. This is particularly true of the key lyrical hook, when we are reminded that we can't always get what we want, but we'll get what we need.[4]
”

text: A man named Jimmy Hutmaker of Excelsior, Minnesota, claimed that he was the "Mr. Jimmy" mentioned in the song and that he said the phrase "you can't always get what you want" to Jagger during a chance encounter at a drug store in Excelsior in 1964.[6]

text: David Dalton, a writer for Rolling Stone who witnessed the filming of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus claims in his commentary track for the DVD of the concert that "Mr. Jimmy" refers to Jimmy Miller, the producer of all of the Rolling Stones' albums from Beggar's Banquet (1968) through Goat's Head Soup (1973), and the drummer on "You Can't Always Get What You Want".[citation needed]

text: Release and aftermath[edit]

text: The song was originally released on the B-side of "Honky Tonk Women" in July 1969. Although it did not chart at the time, London Records re-serviced the single in 1973 and "You Can't Always Get What You Want" reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 34 on the Cashbox Top 100 Singles chart.[7] One of the Stones' most popular recordings, it has since appeared on the compilations Hot Rocks, Singles Collection (single version), Forty Licks, Rolled Gold+: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007 edition), Singles 1968-1971 (single version), Slow Rollers (single version) and GRRR! (single version).

text: The song is also very popular at Rolling Stones shows in part because of its sing-along chorus, and is played at almost every show, where it is customary for Jagger to change the lyrics from "my favourite flavour, cherry red" to the question "What's your favourite flavour?" to which the audience replies "Cherry red!" Live recordings appear on the albums Love You Live, Flashpoint, Live Licks, and Sweet Summer Sun: Hyde Park Live, as well as on The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, filmed in 1968. Stones concert films that contain the song include: Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones, From the Vault – L.A Forum - Live in 1975, Let's Spend the Night Together, Stones at the Max, Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98, Four Flicks, The Biggest Bang, and 'Sweet Summer Sun: Hyde Park Live.

text: The musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch includes a reference to the song, where the lead character explains she was dismissed from a university after delivering a lecture on the influence of German philosophy on rock and roll, entitled "You, Kant, Always Get What You Want." The 2014 revival on Broadway added the line, "But If You Try Sometimes You Just Might Find You Get What You Nietzsche."

text: The song was performed live with members of Voce Chamber Choir and London Youth Choir[8] for the Stones' 2012 reunion shows in London, November 25 and November 29. The same choir also performed on the track at Glastonbury and two performances at Hyde Park in 2013.

text: Donald Trump used the song at campaign appearances in 2016, it played after his victory speech on the night of the United States presidential election, 2016, and continues to use it after his speeches to public audiences.[9] The Stones have publicly disapproved of Trump's use of their music.[10]

text: In November 2016 MP4, a rock group comprising four British politicians, recorded a single of the track with Ricky Wilson of the Kaiser Chiefs, KT Tunstall, David Gray, Steve Harley of Cockney Rebel and members of the UK Parliamentary Choir under the band name "Friends of Jo Cox" in tribute to the late MP Jo Cox who was murdered earlier in the year. A 6 minute full version of the track and a 4 minute edit, together with a video, were the first releases on the newly re-established Chrysalis Records on 16th December with all proceeds going to charity. In support of this initiative, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards agreed to waive their royalties from the release. This version of the single peaked at number 2 on the Official Independent Singles Breakers Chart. [11]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: The Rolling Stones

text:
Mick Jagger – vocals, acoustic guitar
Keith Richards – acoustic and electric guitars, backing vocals
Bill Wyman – bass guitar

text: Additional personnel

text:
London Bach Choir – choral arrangements by Jack Nitzsche
Al Kooper – piano, organ, French horn[4]
Jimmy Miller – drums
Rocky Dijon – congas, maracas, tambourine
Madeline Bell – backing vocals
Nanette Workman – backing vocals (credited as 'Nanette Newman' on the LP)
Doris Troy – backing vocals

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1973)
Peak
position

Canada RPM Top Singles[12]
68

US Billboard Hot 100[13]
42

text: Covers and tributes[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In 1971, jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi released a cover version of the song on his album Oaxaca.
In 1973, Exuma covered the song on his album Life.
In the 1974 film Steppenwolf, the saxophonist Pablo tells Harry Haller after sniffing cocaine, "You can't always get what you want, but you can always get what you need."
In 1980, Bette Midler recorded a live version for her concert album and film Divine Madness. The song was made into a medley featuring Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released".
In 1981, Aretha Franklin covered the song on her album Love All the Hurt Away.
In 1989, "Weird Al" Yankovic included the song in "The Hot Rocks Polka," a polka medley consisting entirely of the Stones' songs.
In 1990, George Michael used the song's rhythm, chords and chorus in his single "Waiting for That Day". Jagger and Richards received shared songwriting credit.
In 1992, Def Leppard released an acoustic cover of the song as a b-side to their single "Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad".
In 1993, folk singers Greg Brown and Bill Morrissey covered the song on their only joint recording Friend of Mine.
Blues musician Luther Allison covered the song for the 1997 tribute album Paint It Blue: Songs of the Rolling Stones.
In 1997, Sunchild released a live version of the song on their album Barefoot & Live.
In 1998, the jam band Rusted Root included a version on their self-titled fourth album.
In 2001, reggae band Steel Pulse recorded it for Paint It Black: A Reggae Tribute to the Rolling Stones.
The 3-2-1 Penguins video, The Amazing Carnival of Complaining (released 2001) features a song which includes the line "You can't always get what you want, you can't always get what you want, but if you gripe sometimes, you just might find, you turn into seeds!"
Band from TV covered it for the soundtrack of House.
In 2006, the cover by Ituana was included into the album Bossa n' Stones, Vol. 2.
In 2007, Anarchist folk punk group Ghost Mice recorded a version of this song to benefit Food Not Bombs.
In 2008, Belgian outfit Soulwax released a remix of the song, which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2008 film 21.
In 2008, French Jean-Jacques Milteau (harmonica) recorded the song for his album Soul Conversation with Ron Smyth (vocal).
In 2009, the cast of Glee recorded a cover in the episode "Sectionals".
In 2010, Blunt Instrument released a glitch-hop remix of the song.
In 2010, The Jolly Boys released a cover in the album Great Expectation.
In 2012, Anastacia covered the song for her album It's a Man's World
In 2012, the band fun. covered the song during their encore at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and at the 2013 iHeartRadio Music Festival; they often perform it at their shows.
In 2016, Parliamentary rock group MP4, Ricky Wilson of Kaiser Chiefs, Steve Harley, KT Tunstall and David Gray teamed up with Members of the British Parliamentary choir and the Royal Opera House Thurrock Community Chorus to record a charity version of the song in memory of Labour MP Jo Cox.[14]


document_title: List of NHL records (team)

question_text: what team has the most points in nhl history

text: List of NHL records (team)

text: Season records[edit]

text: During the first eight years the NHL existed, teams played between 18 and 36 games in a season. Beginning in 1926, teams played 44–60 games. This would end in 1949 where teams now play 70 or more games. There have been two other instances when teams have only played 48 games in a season. Both the 1994–95 season and 2012–13 season were reduced to 48 games due to lockouts. For more information, check the History of the National Hockey League.

text: 1949–50 to Present[edit]

text:
Most Points: 132, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Points: 21, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Most Wins: 62, by the 1995–96 Detroit Red Wings
Fewest Wins: 8, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Most Ties: 24, by the 1969–70 Philadelphia Flyers
Fewest Ties: 2, by the 1992–93 San Jose Sharks
Most Shootout Wins: 15, by the 2007–08 Edmonton Oilers
Most Shootout Losses: 13, by the 2013–14 New Jersey Devils
Most Losses: 71, by the 1992–93 San Jose Sharks
Fewest Losses: 8, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Most Goals For: 446, by the 1983–84 Edmonton Oilers
Fewest Goals For: 133, by the 1953–54 Chicago Blackhawks
Most Goals Against: 446, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Fewest Goals Against: 131, by the 1953–54 Toronto Maple Leafs and 1955–56 Montreal Canadiens

text: 1926–27 to 1948–49[edit]

text:
Most Points: 83, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Points: 12, by the 1930–31 Philadelphia Quakers
Most Wins: 38, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens and 1944–45 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Wins: 4, by the 1930–31 Philadelphia Quakers
Most Ties: 15, by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens and 1942–43 Chicago Blackhawks
Fewest Ties: 1, by the 1929–30 Boston Bruins
Most Losses: 39, by the 1943–44 New York Rangers
Fewest Losses: 5, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens and 1929–30 Boston Bruins
Most Goals For: 234, by the 1943–44 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Goals For: 33, by the 1928–29 Chicago Blackhawks
Most Goals Against: 310, by the 1943–44 New York Rangers
Fewest Goals Against: 43, by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens

text: 1917–18 to 1925–26[edit]

text:
Most Points: 52, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators
Fewest Points: 8, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Most Wins: 24, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators
Fewest Wins: 4, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Most Ties: 5, by the 1925–26 Montreal Maroons
Most Losses: 24, by the 1924–25 Boston Bruins
Fewest Losses: 5 by the 1919–20 Ottawa Senators
Most Goals For: 129, by the 1919–20 Montreal Canadiens
Fewest Goals For: 45, by the 1924–25 Montreal Canadiens
Most Goals Against: 177, by the 1919–20 Quebec Bulldogs
Fewest Goals Against: 42, by the 1925–26 Ottawa Senators

text: Other Season Records[edit]

text:
Greatest Goal Differential: +216, by the 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Lowest Goal Differential: -265, by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Best Power Play Percentage in a Season: 31.88%, by the 1977–78 Montreal Canadiens
Worst Power Play Percentage in a Season: 9.35%, by the 1997–98 Tampa Bay Lightning
Best Penalty Kill Percentage in a Season: 89.58%, by the 2011–12 New Jersey Devils
Worst Penalty Kill Percentage in a Season: 67.70%, by the 1979–80 Los Angeles Kings
Best Home Record: 36–2–2 by the 1975–76 Philadelphia Flyers
Worst Home Record: 7–28–5 by the 1974–75 Washington Capitals
Best Away Record: 31–7–3 by the 2005–06 Detroit Red Wings
Worst Away Record: 1–41–0, by the 1992–93 Ottawa Senators
Most Shutout Wins in a Season: 22 of 44 games played (50.0%), by the 1928–29 Montreal Canadiens
Most Shutout Losses in a Season: 20 of 44 games played (45.5%), by the 1928–29 Chicago Blackhawks

text: Notes: Ties were only recorded until 2003–04. In 1983, the NHL added a five-minute overtime, and ties would only occur after 65 minutes. Starting in 1999, teams played with only four skaters (unless they were on a two-man advantage, when they would be awarded an extra skater until the next stoppage). Starting in 2015 the NHL began 3-on-3 overtime periods. Starting with the 1999-2000 season, the NHL credited one point to the team that lost in overtime[1], leading to a system in which teams could potentially earn three points between them in a single game, rather than a fixed number of two previously. In 2005, the league eliminated ties meaning that any game which went to overtime would be a three-point game. Games that didn't end in overtime would end in a shootout between the two teams. These changes in points awarded therefore make strict comparisons in wins, losses, and ties (after overtime, 1983–99, and in regulation, 1999–present) before and after these dates slightly problematic.

text: Postseason Records[edit]

text:
Longest Playoff Game: Detroit Red Wings vs Montreal Maroons on March 24, 1936 (60 minutes of regulation, 116 minutes, 30 seconds of overtime for a total of 176 minutes and 30 seconds. This game had 6 20-minute overtime periods).
Most Playoff Games Played (All Teams): 93, during the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs
Most Playoff Games Played (One Team): 26, by 1986–87 Philadelphia Flyers, 2003–04 Calgary Flames, 2013–14 Los Angeles Kings, and 2014–15 Tampa Bay Lightning
Most Home Playoff Games Won (One Season): 12, by 2002–03 New Jersey Devils
Most Away Playoff Games Won (One Season): 10, by 1994–95 New Jersey Devils, 1999–00 New Jersey Devils, 2003–04 Calgary Flames, 2011–12 Los Angeles Kings, and 2017–18 Washington Capitals
Most Playoff Overtime Games Won (One Season): 10, by 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens
Most Stanley Cup-clinching overtime wins: 4, by the Montreal Canadiens (1944, 1953, 1966, 1977)
Most Playoff Games Won By An Expansion Team in their inaugural season: 13, by 2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights
Most Stanley Cup-clinching overtime losses: 2, by the Toronto Maple Leafs (1933, 1940), Montreal Canadiens (1951, 1954), Detroit Red Wings (1934, 1966), Boston Bruins (1953, 1977), Philadelphia Flyers (1980, 2010), and New York Rangers (1950, 2014)
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Won: 14, by Pittsburgh Penguins (Streak started on May 9, 1992 with three straight wins against the New York Rangers, four against Boston, four against Chicago in the Final, then three straight against New Jersey the next year. The streak would end on April 25, 1993 with a 4–1 loss to New Jersey.)[2]
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Won in a Single Season: 11, by 1991–92 Chicago Blackhawks, 1991–92 Pittsburgh Penguins, and 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Lost: 16, by Chicago Blackhawks from April 20, 1975 to April 8, 1980.

text: Postseason Goals Scored[edit]

text:
Most Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by One Team: 44, by the Edmonton Oilers against the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs
Most Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by Both Teams: 69, (44 by the Edmonton Oilers and 25 by the Chicago Blackhawks)
Fewest Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by One Team: 1, by the Minnesota Wild against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Fewest Playoff Goals Scored in a Series by Both Teams: 10, (7 by the Vegas Golden Knights and 3 by the Los Angeles Kings), (9 by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and 1 by the Minnesota Wild)
Most Playoff Goals Scored by One Team in One Game: 13, by the Edmonton Oilers on April 9, 1987
Most Playoff Goals Scored by One Team in One Period: 7, by the Montreal Canadiens on March 30, 1944
Most Playoff Goals Scored by Both Teams in One Game: 18, (Los Angeles Kings had 10 and the Edmonton Oilers 8) on April 7, 1982
Most Playoff Goals Scored by Both Teams in One Period: 9, by the New York Rangers (6) and the Philadelphia Flyers (3) on April 24, 1979 and the Los Angeles Kings (5) and the Calgary Flames (4) on April 10, 1990
Most Consecutive Playoff Games Played Without a Power Play Goal: 10, by the 2013–14 New York Rangers
Most Consecutive Playoff Power Play Chances Without a Goal: 36, by 2013–14 New York Rangers

text: Season Streaks[edit]

text: Longest Winning Streak

text:
Overall: 17 games, by 1992–93 Pittsburgh Penguins
Home: 23 games, by 2011–12 Detroit Red Wings
Away: 12 games, by 2005–06 Detroit Red Wings and 2014–15 Minnesota Wild

text: Longest Winning Streak to Start the Season

text:
Overall: 10 games, by 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs and 2006–07 Buffalo Sabres
Home: 11 games, by 1963–64 Chicago Blackhawks
Away: 10 games, by 2006–07 Buffalo Sabres

text: Longest Winning Streak to End the Season

text: Overall: 11 games, by 2005–06 New Jersey Devils

text: Longest Undefeated Streak

text:
Overall: 35 games, by 1979–80 Philadelphia Flyers (25 wins, 10 ties)
Home: 34 games, by 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens
Away: 23 games, by 1974–75 Montreal Canadiens

text: Longest Undefeated Streak to End the Season

text: Overall: 18 games, by 1992–93 Pittsburgh Penguins (17 wins, one tie)

text: Longest Points Streak to Start the Season

text: Overall: 24 games, by 2012–13 Chicago Blackhawks [3] (21 wins, 3 shootout losses)

text: Longest Shootout Winning Streak

text: Overall: 11 games, by 2005–06 Dallas Stars

text: Longest Shootout Losing Streak

text: Overall: 18 games, by 2013–14 and 2014–15 New Jersey Devils (March 15, 2013 to October 24, 2014)

text: Longest Losing Streak

text:
Overall: 17 games, by 1974–75 Washington Capitals and 1992–1993 San Jose Sharks
Home: 14 games, by 2003–04 Pittsburgh Penguins
Away: 38 games, by 1992–93 Ottawa Senators

text: Longest Losing Streak to Start the Season

text: Overall: 11 games, by 1943–44 New York Rangers and 2017–18 Arizona Coyotes

text: Longest Winless Streak

text:
Overall: 30 games, by 1980–81 Winnipeg Jets (23 losses, 7 ties)
Home: 17 games, by 1995–96 Ottawa Senators and 1999–2000 Atlanta Thrashers
Away: 38 games, by 1992–93 Ottawa Senators

text: Longest Winless Streak to Start the Season

text: Overall: 15 games, by 1943–44 New York Rangers (14 losses, 1 tie)

text: Longest Consecutive Attendance Sellout:

text: 525 games, by the Pittsburgh Penguins as of April 9, 2018 (February 14, 2007 - present) (this record includes regular season and playoff games)[4][5]

text: Notes: An undefeated streak includes wins and ties. A winless streak includes losses in regulation, overtime, shootouts, or ties. After the 2003–04 season, the league eliminated ties meaning any game that wasn't finished in overtime would go to a shootout, so any undefeated streak can only include wins after this time. Overtime and shootout losses count as one point in the standings.

text: Regular Season Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Most Penalty Minutes in a Season: 2713, by the 1991–92 Buffalo Sabres
Most Combined Penalty Minutes in a Game: 419 (67 penalties), Ottawa Senators at Philadelphia Flyers on March 5, 2004
Most Consecutive Penalties Killed: 53, by the 1999–2000 Washington Capitals
Most Shorthanded Goals in a Season: 36, by the 1983–84 Edmonton Oilers
Fewest Shorthanded Goals allowed in a Season: 0, by the 2013–14 Nashville Predators
Most Shorthanded Goals in One Penalty: 3, by the 2009–10 Boston Bruins vs the Carolina Hurricanes
Most Combined Goals in a Game: 21, Toronto St. Patricks vs. Montreal Canadiens on January 10, 1920 (Montreal won 14–7);[6] Edmonton Oilers vs. Chicago Blackhawks on December 11, 1985 (Edmonton won 12–9).
Largest Goal Differential: Detroit Red Wings 15, New York Rangers 0 on January 23, 1944.
Most Games Going Past Regulation in a Single Day: 8 on February 22, 2007 and November 27, 2015.[7]
Most Games Decided in a Shootout: 21, by the 2013–14 Washington Capitals (10 wins, 11 losses)
Most Shootout Goals in a Single Game: 11, Florida Panthers 6, Washington Capitals 5, on December 16, 2014.[8]
Most Shootout Goals on Consecutive Attempts: 9, Florida Panthers 5, New York Islanders 4, on November 27, 2015.
Most Rounds in a Shootout: 20, by the Washington Capitals vs the Florida Panthers on December 16, 2014.
Most Points Without Reaching Playoffs: 96, by the 2014–15 Boston Bruins and 2017–18 Florida Panthers
Most Presidents' Trophies since Introduction During the 1985–86 season: 6, by the Detroit Red Wings
Fewest Points in an 80 or More Game Season to Win the Presidents' Trophy: 101, by the 1989–90 Boston Bruins
Most Seasons With the Best Regular Season Record: 20, by the Montreal Canadiens
Most Conference Titles During the Regular Season: 9, by the Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens, and Detroit Red Wings
Most Division Titles: 25, by the Boston Bruins
Most Consecutive Division Titles: 9 by the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche (1 with final season in Quebec, 8 with Colorado)

text: Playoffs Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Most Stanley Cups: 23, by the Montreal Canadiens (The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times in total. Their first Stanley Cup championship came in 1916 as a member of the NHA)
Oldest Franchise Without a Stanley Cup: St. Louis Blues 49 seasons since inception in 1967–68 season
Most Consecutive Stanley Cup Wins: 5, by the Montreal Canadiens (1956–1960)
Longest Stanley Cup Drought: 53 seasons by the New York Rangers (1941–1993) (Won Stanley Cup in 1994)
Most Stanley Cup Finals Appearance: 32, by the Montreal Canadiens (The Canadiens reached the final in 1916 but this was before the formation of the NHL in 1917)
Oldest Franchise(s) to have never reached the Stanley Cup Final: 34 seasons, by the Original Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes since inception in 1979–80 season
Most Consecutive Stanley Cup Finals Appearances: 10, by the Montreal Canadiens (1951–1960)
Longest Stanley Cup Final Drought: 49 seasons by Toronto Maple Leafs (last won cup in 1967)
Most consecutive victories in the Stanley Cup Final: 10, by the Montreal Canadiens (1976–1978)
Most consecutive defeats in the Stanley Cup Final: 12, by the St. Louis Blues (1968–1970)
Most sweeps in the Stanley Cup Final since the best-of-seven format was introduced in 1939: 6, by the Montreal Canadiens (1944, 1960, 1968, 1969, 1976, 1977)
Longest Playoff Appearance Streak: 29 years, by the Boston Bruins (1968–1996)
Longest Postseason Drought: 10 seasons by the Florida Panthers (2001–2011) (does not include 2004–05 lockout) and Edmonton Oilers (2007–2016)
Most Consecutive Playoff Series Victories: 19, by the 1980–1984 New York Islanders, spanning four consecutive Stanley Cup titles and five playoff seasons. This is a record for all North American professional sports franchises.
Most Consecutive Playoff Series Defeats: 12, by the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes from 1988–2011
Most Comebacks from a 3–1 Playoff Series Deficit: 3, by the Vancouver Canucks
Most Comebacks from a 3–1 Playoff Series Deficit in One Season: 2, by the 2002–03 Minnesota Wild
Most Consecutive seasons in the Stanley Cup Playoffs where a team has rebounded from a 3–1 deficit in a series: 2, by the New York Rangers
Most 3–1 Leads in a Series to Lose the Last Three Games: 5 by the Washington Capitals
Teams to Come Back from a 3–0 Series Deficit: Toronto Maple Leafs (1942 over the Detroit Red Wings), New York Islanders (1975 over the Pittsburgh Penguins), Philadelphia Flyers (2010 over the Boston Bruins), Los Angeles Kings (2014 over the San Jose Sharks)

text: Notes: The 2004–05 season was cancelled due to a lockout. The Phoenix Coyotes changed their name to the Arizona Coyotes prior to the 2014–15 season


document_title: Muses

question_text: one of the 3 original muses in greek mythology

text: Muses

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "Muses" (/ˈmjuːzɪz/; Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, Moũsai) perhaps came from the o-grade of the Proto-Indo-European root *men- ("to think")[2] or from root *men- ("to tower, mountain") since all the most important cult-centres of the Muses were on mountains or hills.[3] R. S. P. Beekes rejects both etymologies and suggests a Pre-Greek origin.[4]

text: Number and names[edit]

text: The earliest known records of the Nine Muses are from Boeotia, the homeland of Hesiod.

text: Some ancient authorities thought that the Nine Muses were of Thracian origin.[5]

text: There, a tradition persisted that the Muses had once been three in number.[6]

text: In the first century BC, Diodorus Siculus quotes Hesiod to the contrary, observing:

text: Writers similarly disagree also concerning the number of the Muses; for some say that there are three, and others that there are nine, but the number nine has prevailed since it rests upon the authority of the most distinguished men, such as Homer and Hesiod and others like them.[7]

text: Diodorus also states (Book I.18) that Osiris first recruited the nine Muses, along with the Satyrs, while passing through Ethiopia, before embarking on a tour of all Asia and Europe, teaching the arts of cultivation wherever he went.

text: According to Hesiod's account (c. 600 BC), generally followed by the writers of antiquity, the Nine Muses were the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (i. e. "Memory" personified), figuring as personifications of knowledge and the arts, especially literature, dance and music.

text: The Roman scholar Varro (116–27 BC) relates that there are only three Muses: one born from the movement of water, another who makes sound by striking the air, and a third who is embodied only in the human voice. They were called Melete or "Practice", Mneme or "Memory" and Aoide or "Song". Three ancient Muses were also reported in Plutarch's (46–120 AD) Quaestiones Convivales[8] (9.I4.2–4).[9]

text: However, the classical understanding of the Muses tripled their triad and established a set of nine goddesses, who embody the arts and inspire creation with their graces through remembered and improvised song and mime, writing, traditional music, and dance. It was not until Hellenistic times that the following systematic set of functions was assigned to them, and even then there was some variation in both their names and their attributes: Calliope (epic poetry), Clio (history), Euterpe (flutes and lyric poetry), Thalia (comedy and pastoral poetry), Melpomene (tragedy), Terpsichore (dance), Erato (love poetry), Polyhymnia (sacred poetry), Urania (astronomy).

text: According to Pausanias in the later second century AD,[10] there were originally three Muses, worshipped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia: Aoidḗ ("song" or "tune"), Melétē ("practice" or "occasion"), and Mnḗmē ("memory"). Together, these three form the complete picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice.

text: In Delphi three Muses were worshiped as well, but with other names: Nḗtē, Mésē, and Hýpatē, which are assigned as the names of the three cords of the ancient musical instrument, the lyre.

text: Alternatively, later they were called Kēphisṓ, Apollōnís, and Borysthenís, which names characterize them as daughters of Apollo.

text: In a later tradition, a set of four Muses were recognized: Thelxinóē, Aoidḗ Archē, and Melétē, said to be daughters of Zeus and Plusia or of Ouranos.

text: One of the people frequently associated with the Muses was Pierus. By some he was called the father (by a Pimpleian nymph, called Antiope by Cicero) of a total of seven Muses, called Neilṓ (Νειλώ), Tritṓnē (Τριτώνη), Asōpṓ (Ἀσωπώ), Heptápora (Ἑπτάπορα), Achelōís, Tipoplṓ (Τιποπλώ), and Rhodía (Ῥοδία).[11]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: According to Hesiod's Theogony (seventh century BC), they were daughters of Zeus, king of the gods, and Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory. For Alcman and Mimnermus, they were even more primordial, springing from the early deities Ouranos and Gaia. Gaia is Mother Earth, an early mother goddess who was worshipped at Delphi from prehistoric times, long before the site was rededicated to Apollo, possibly indicating a transfer to association with him after that time.

text: Sometimes the Muses are referred to as water nymphs, associated with the springs of Helicon and with Pieris. It was said that the winged horse Pegasus touched his hooves to the ground on Helicon, causing four sacred springs to burst forth, from which the Muses were born.[12] Athena later tamed the horse and presented him to the Muses (compare the Roman inspiring nymphs of springs, the Camenae, the Völva of Norse Mythology and also the apsaras in the mythology of classical India).

text: Classical writers set Apollo as their leader, Apollon Mousagetēs ("Apollo Muse-leader").[13] In one myth, the Muses judged a contest between Apollo and Marsyas. They also gathered the pieces of the dead body of Orpheus, son of Calliope, and buried them in Leivithra. In a later myth, Thamyris challenged them to a singing contest. They won and punished Thamyris by blinding him and robbing him of his singing ability.

text: According to a myth from Ovid's Metamorphoses—alluding to the connection of the Muses with Pieria — Pierus, king of Macedon, had nine daughters he named after the nine Muses, believing that their skills were a great match to the Muses. He thus challenged the Muses to a match, resulting in his daughters, the Pierides, being turned into chattering magpies for their presumption.[14]

text: Pausanias records a tradition of two generations of Muses; the first are the daughters of Ouranos and Gaia, the second of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Another, rarer genealogy is that they are daughters of Harmonia (the daughter of Aphrodite and Ares), which contradicts the myth in which they were dancing at the wedding of Harmonia and Cadmus.

text: Emblems[edit]

text:
Muse
Domain
Emblem

Calliope
Epic poetry
Writing tablet, Stylus, Lyre

Clio
History
Scrolls, Books, Cornet, Laurel wreath

Euterpe
Music, Song, and Lyric Poetry
Aulos (an ancient Greek musical instrument like a flute), panpipes, laurel wreath

Erato
Love poetry
Cithara (an ancient Greek musical instrument in the lyre family)

Melpomene
Tragedy
Tragic mask, Sword (or any kind of blade), Club, Kothornos (boots)

Polyhymnia
Hymns
Veil, Grapes (referring to her as an agricultural goddess)

Terpsichore
Dance
Lyre, Plectrum

Thalia
Comedy
Comic mask, Shepherd's crook (the vaudeville act of pulling someone off the stage with a hook is a reference to Thalia's crook), Ivy wreath

Urania
Astronomy
Globe and compass

text: Some Greek writers give the names of the nine Muses as Kallichore, Helike, Eunike, Thelxinoë, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Eukelade, Dia, and Enope.[15]

text: In Renaissance and Neoclassical art, the dissemination of emblem books such as Cesare Ripa's Iconologia (1593 and many further editions) helped standardize the depiction of the Muses in sculpture and painting, so they could be distinguished by certain props. These props, or emblems, became readily identifiable by the viewer, enabling one immediately to recognize the Muse and the art with which she had become associated. Here again, Calliope (epic poetry) carries a writing tablet; Clio (history) carries a scroll and books; Euterpe (song and elegiac poetry) carries a flute, the aulos; Erato (lyric poetry) is often seen with a lyre and a crown of roses; Melpomene (tragedy) is often seen with a tragic mask; Polyhymnia (sacred poetry) is often seen with a pensive expression; Terpsichore (choral dance and song) is often seen dancing and carrying a lyre; Thalia (comedy) is often seen with a comic mask; and Urania (astronomy) carries a pair of compasses and the celestial globe.

text: Functions[edit]

text: In society[edit]

text: Greek mousa is a common noun as well as a type of goddess: it literally means "art" or "poetry". According to Pindar, to "carry a mousa" is "to excel in the arts". The word derives from the Indo-European root men-, which is also the source of Greek Mnemosyne and mania, English "mind", "mental" and "monitor", Sanskrit mantra and Avestan Mazda.[16]

text: The Muses, therefore, were both the embodiments and sponsors of performed metrical speech: mousike (whence the English term "music") was just "one of the arts of the Muses". Others included Science, Geography, Mathematics, Philosophy, and especially Art, Drama, and inspiration. In the archaic period, before the widespread availability of books (scrolls), this included nearly all of learning. The first Greek book on astronomy, by Thales, took the form of dactylic hexameters, as did many works of pre-Socratic philosophy. Both Plato and the Pythagoreans explicitly included philosophy as a sub-species of mousike.[17] The Histories of Herodotus, whose primary medium of delivery was public recitation, were divided by Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses.

text: For poet and "law-giver" Solon,[18] the Muses were "the key to the good life"; since they brought both prosperity and friendship. Solon sought to perpetuate his political reforms by establishing recitations of his poetry—complete with invocations to his practical-minded Muses—by Athenian boys at festivals each year. He believed that the Muses would help inspire people to do their best.

text: Invoking the Muse in literature[edit]

text: Ancient authors and their imitators invoke Muses when writing poetry, hymns or epic history. The invocation occurs near the beginning of their work. It asks for help or inspiration from the Muses, or simply invites the Muse to sing directly through the author.

text: Originally, the invocation of the Muse was an indication that the speaker was working inside the poetic tradition, according to the established formulas. For example:

text: Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns

text: driven time and again off course, once he had plundered the hallowed heights of Troy.

text: O Muse! the causes and the crimes relate;

text: What goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offense the Queen of Heav'n began To persecute so brave, so just a man; [...]

text: Besides Homer and Virgil, other famous works that included an invocation of the Muse are the first of the carmina by Catullus, Ovid's Metamorphoses and Amores, Dante's Inferno (Canto II), Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde (Book II), Shakespeare's Henry V (Act 1, Prologue), his 38th sonnet, and Milton's Paradise Lost (opening of Book 1).

text: From cults to modern museums[edit]

text: When Pythagoras arrived at Croton, his first advice to the Crotoniates was to build a shrine to the Muses at the center of the city, to promote civic harmony and learning. Local cults of the Muses often became associated with springs or with fountains. The Muses themselves were sometimes called Aganippids because of their association with a fountain called Aganippe. Other fountains, Hippocrene and Pirene, were also important locations associated with the Muses. Some sources occasionally referred to the Muses as "Corycides" (or "Corycian nymphs") after a cave on Mount Parnassos, called the Corycian Cave. Pausanias referred to the Muses by the surnames "Ardalides" or "Ardaliotides", because of a sanctuary to them at Troezen said to have been built by the mythical Ardalus.

text: The Muses were venerated especially in Boeotia, in the Valley of the Muses near Helicon, and in Delphi and the Parnassus, where Apollo became known as Mousagetes ("Muse-leader") after the sites were rededicated to his cult.

text: Often Muse-worship was associated with the hero-cults of poets: the tombs of Archilochus on Thasos and of Hesiod and Thamyris in Boeotia all played host to festivals in which poetic recitations accompanied sacrifices to the Muses. The Library of Alexandria and its circle of scholars formed around a mousaion (i. e. "museum" or shrine of the Muses) close to the tomb of Alexander the Great. Many Enlightenment figures sought to re-establish a "Cult of the Muses" in the 18th century. A famous Masonic lodge in pre-Revolutionary Paris was called Les Neuf Soeurs ("The Nine Sisters", that is, the Nine Muses); Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Danton, and other influential Enlightenment figures attended it. As a side-effect of this movement the word "museum" (originally, "cult place of the Muses") came to refer to a place for the public display of knowledge.

text: Modern use[edit]

text: Not only are the Muses explicitly used in modern English to refer to an artistic inspiration, as when one cites one's own artistic muse, but they also are implicit in words and phrases such as "amuse", "museum" (Latinised from mouseion—a place where the Muses were worshipped), "music", and "musing upon".[19] In current literature, the influential role that the Muse plays has been extended to the political sphere.[20] Along with a majority of the Greek Gods, five of the Muses (Thalia, Clio, Calliope, Melpomene and Terpsicore) appeared in the Walt Disney animated film Hercules (based on Hercules), where they narrate the film through gospel-inspired song and dance. These versions of the Muses are modeled after African American Gospel singers. All nine muses appear in the 1980 film Xanadu, with actress Olivia Newton-John as Terpsicore. All nine Muses appeared in several paintings in the 72-piece art collection of Dante's Inferno by Dino Di Durante, which is printed in books titled Inferno: The Art Collection and available in 33 languages. This said collection was also featured in the medium length film Dante's Hell Animated by Boris Acosta. In New Orleans, Louisiana, there are streets named for all nine Muses,This said collection was also featured in the medium length film Dante's Hell Animated by Boris Acosta. In New Orleans, Louisiana, there are streets named for all nine Muses. It is commonly held that the local pronunciation of the names has been colorfully anglicized in an unusual manner by the "Yat" dialect. The pronunciations are actually in line with the French, Spanish and Creole roots of the city.[21]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Terpsichore

Erato

Clio

Thalia

Polyhymnia

Calliope

Apollo and the Muses

Euterpe

Parnassus

Urania and Melpomene