document_title: Last Post

question_text: when was the last post played in ww1

question_tokens: when was the last post played in ww1

root

text: Last Post

text: Origin and wartime use[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The "First Post" call signals the start of the duty officer's inspection of a British Army camp's sentry posts, sounding a call at each one. The "Last Post" call originally signalled merely that the final sentry post had been inspected, and the camp was secure for the night.[4] In addition to its normal garrison use, the Last Post call had another function at the close of a day of battle. It signalled to those who were still out and wounded or separated that the fighting was done, and to follow the sound of the call to find safety and rest.

tag: p

text: Its use in Remembrance Day ceremonies in Commonwealth nations has two generally unexpressed purposes: the first is an implied summoning of the spirits of the Fallen to the cenotaph, the second is to symbolically end the day, so that the period of silence before the Rouse is blown becomes in effect a ritualised night vigil. The Last Post as played at the end of inspection typically lasted for about 45 seconds; when played ceremonially with notes held for longer, pauses extended, and the expression mournful, typical duration could be 75 seconds or more.[5]

text: This custom dates from the 17th century or earlier. It originated with British troops stationed in the Netherlands, where it drew on an older Dutch custom, called taptoe, from which comes the term Tattoo as in Military tattoo. The taptoe was also used to signal the end of the day, but originated from a signal that beer taps had to be shut, hence that the day had ended. It comes from the Dutch phrase Doe den tap toe, meaning "Close the tap". The Dutch bugle call Taptoesignaal, now used for remembrance events, is not the same tune as the Last Post.

text: The "Last Post" was used by British forces in North America in colonial times, but was replaced by the different "Taps" by the United States Army, first used in 1862 and officially recognized in 1874.

text: Memorial usage[edit]

text: During the 19th century, the "Last Post" was also carried to the various countries of the British Empire. In all these countries, it has been incorporated into military funerals, where it is played as a final farewell, symbolising the fact that the duty of the dead soldier is over and that they can rest in peace.

text: "Last Post" is used in public ceremonials commemorating the war dead, particularly on Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations. In Australia and New Zealand it is also played on Anzac Day, usually before the two-minute silence, which concludes with "The Rouse".

text: When the post is played during services such as Anzac Day, it is required of all current serving military members to salute for the duration of the call. During services organised by the Royal British Legion, it is expected that no salute is given during the "Last Post" and Silence, as all personnel will have removed head dress as in church service prayer, have heads bowed, weapons inverted, and flags and standards lowered.

text: Menin Gate[edit]

text: Since 1928, the "Last Post" has been played every evening at 8 p.m. by buglers of the local Last Post association at the war memorial at Ypres in Belgium known as the Menin Gate, commemorating the British Empire dead at the Battle of Ypres during the First World War. The only exception to this was during the four years of the German occupation of Ypres from 20 May 1940 to 6 September 1944, when the ceremony moved to Brookwood Cemetery in England. On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres, the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate, in spite of the heavy fighting still going on in other parts of the town. These buglers or trumpeters are quite often mistaken as being from the local fire brigade; however, they are present every day representing the Last Post Committee. They are indeed members of the fire brigade, and can sometimes be seen wearing the uniforms, but it is not the Fire Brigade that organises "Last Post". The Last Post Committee have both silver B♭ bugles and E♭ cavalry trumpets with either British Army tradition being respected at services at the gate.

text: The Last Post ceremony has now been held more than 30,000 times. On 9 July 2015, a ceremony titled A tribute to the tribute.[6] took place to commemorate the 30,000th ceremony.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The "Last Post" was incorporated into the finale of Robert Steadman's In Memoriam, a choral work on the subject of remembrance. It is also incorporated into Karl Jenkins's orchestral mass The Armed Man and Peter Sculthorpe's chamber orchestra work, Small Town from the Fifth Continent. A slightly altered version forms part of the slow movement of the Pastoral Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams and the ending of Mike Sammes' choral setting of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen.

text: Robert Graves's poem "The Last Post" describes a soldier's funeral during World War I. Ford Madox Ford used The Last Post as title for part of his tetralogy Parade's End.

text: In 2015, Lee Kernaghan recorded a version for his album Spirit of the Anzacs.

text: "The Last Post" is the title of a theatre play by David Owen Smith and Peter Came performed during Armistice Week at Lincoln Drill Hall, Lincoln in November 2014. The play concerns the Beechey family of Lincoln, UK. Amy Beechey had eight sons who all enlisted to fight during WW1; only three of them survived. The bugle call is played during the final moments of the play. The play was directed by Janie Smith and performed by people of Lincoln.


document_title: Lil Pump

question_text: when did d rose come out lil pump

question_tokens: when did d rose come out lil pump

text: Lil Pump

text: Early life

text: Gazzy Garcia was born August 17, 2000 in Miami, Florida to a Cuban father and Mexican mother.[5]

text: When Garcia was 13 years old, his cousin introduced him to Omar Pineiro, better known as Smokepurpp; the two eventually became co-collaborators. Garcia was expelled from multiple district schools and thereafter enrolled in an opportunity high school but was expelled in the tenth grade for fighting and inciting a riot.[6]

text: Career

text: 2016: Career beginnings

text: Garcia's rap career began when Smokepurpp produced a track and asked Garcia to freestyle over it. The single produced was independently released in 2016 on the music streaming website SoundCloud, as his debut single, "Lil Pump."[7] Garcia quickly followed the song with singles "Elementary", "Ignorant", "Gang Shit", and "Drum$tick", each possessing over three million streams.[8] The success of Garcia's tracks on SoundCloud earned him recognition among the South Florida underground rap scene, in a style known as "SoundCloud rap." Garcia co-headlined the No Jumper tour in 2016, and also performed at the Rolling Loud Festival.[9][10]

text: 2017–present: Rising popularity and Lil Pump

text: Garcia began 2017 by releasing the singles "D Rose" and "Boss", which were major hits on SoundCloud, collecting a combined 70 million streams.[8] The popularity of "D Rose" led to a music video being produced by Chicago based director Cole Bennett, also known as Lyrical Lemonade. The music video was released on YouTube on January 30, 2017, and has gained 106 million views as of December 2017.[11] On June 9, 2017, Garcia signed a record deal with Tha Lights Global and Warner Bros. Records, just two months before his seventeenth birthday.[12] However, in January 2018, Garcia's contract with Warner Bros. Records was voided due to a technicality of his being a minor at the time of signing.[13]

text: In July 2017, Garcia announced through Twitter that his debut album was in the works and would be released in August.[14] Although the album was not released in August it was pushed back and he instead released the song "Gucci Gang", which became his first Billboard Hot 100 entry, peaking at number three on November 8, 2017.[15][16]

text: On October 6, 2017, he released his debut commercial studio album, Lil Pump, featuring Smokepurpp, Gucci Mane, Lil Yachty, Chief Keef, Rick Ross, and 2 Chainz.[17] Garcia released "I Shyne" on January 18, 2018 with producer Carnage.[18] Following reports that Garcia had left his former label Warner Bros.Records and the contract had been voided on the grounds of Garcia being a minor when he signed,[19] competition rose to sign Garcia with offers reportedly as high as $8 million[20] to $12 million or more,[21] and rappers such as Gucci Mane and DJ Khaled taking interest in Garcia.[22][23] Garcia sparked rumors he had signed with Gucci Mane's imprint, 1017 Records in February 2018.[24][25]

text: On March 12, 2018, Lil Pump re-signed another contract with Warner Bros. for $8 million.[26]

text: Legal issues

text: On February 15, 2018, Garcia was arrested for discharging a weapon in an inhabited place.[27] According to Garcia's manager, three men attempted to break into Garcia's home in San Fernando Valley at around 4pm before shooting into the door. Police found the bullet may have come from inside the home, coming back later with a search warrant before finding an unloaded handgun below the balcony with ammo elsewhere in the residence.[28] Garcia's mother is currently under investigation for endangering a minor and having an unsecured firearm at the home.[29]

text: Discography

text: Studio albums

text:
List of albums, with selected chart positions

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions

US
[30]
US
R&B/HH
[31]
BEL
[32]
CAN
[33]
FIN
[34]
FR
[35]
ITA
[36]
NL
[37]
NZ
[38]
SWE
[39]

Lil Pump

Released: October 6, 2017
Label: Tha Lights Global, Warner Bros.
Formats: Digital download, CD, cassette

3
2
80
6
10
67
19
46
20
33

text: Mixtapes

text:
List of mixtapes, with selected chart positions

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions

US
[30]
US
R&B/
HH
[31]

Harvard Dropout[40]

To be released: TBA
Formats: Digital download

To be released

text: Singles

text:
List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[3]
US
R&B/HH
[41]
US
Rap
[42]
AUS
[43]
CAN
[44]
GER
[45]
NZ
[46]
UK
[47]

"Movin'"
(featuring Smokepurpp)
2017
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Boss"
—[A]
40
—
—
93
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[49]

Lil Pump

"Flex Like Ouu"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"D Rose"
—[B]
48
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Molly"
—[C]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Gucci Gang"
3
2
2
18
3
35
15
27

RIAA: 2× Platinum[49]
ARIA: Platinum[51]
RMNZ: Gold[52]

"Designer"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

TBA

"I Shyne"
(with Carnage)
2018
—[D]
49
—
—
95
—
—
—

"—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Other charted songs

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

US Bub.
[48]
US Bub. R&B/HH
[50]

"Back"
(featuring Lil Yachty)
2017
22
5
Lil Pump

"Iced Out"
(featuring 2 Chainz)
—
8

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ "Boss" did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[48]
Jump up ^ "D Rose" did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[48]
Jump up ^ "Molly" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 9 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[50]
Jump up ^ "I Shyne" did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[48]

tag: ol


document_title: Beer in Germany

question_text: what is the most popular beer brand in germany

text: Beer in Germany

text: Reinheitsgebot[edit]

text: The Reinheitsgebot ("purity decree"), sometimes called the "German Beer Purity Law" or the "Bavarian Purity Law" in English, was a regulation concerning the production of beer in Germany.

text: In the original text, the only ingredients that could be used in the production of beer were water, barley, and hops, which had to be added only while the wort was boiling. After its discovery, yeast became the fourth legal ingredient. For top fermenting beers, the use of sugar is also permitted.

text: There is a dispute as to where the Reinheitsgebot originated. Some Bavarians point out that the law originated in the city of Ingolstadt in the duchy of Bavaria on 23 April 1516, although first put forward in 1487,[4] concerning standards for the sale and composition of beer.

text: Thuringians point to a document which states the ingredients of beer as water, hops, and barley only, and was written in 1434 in Weißensee (Thuringia). It was discovered in the medieval Runneburg near Erfurt in 1999.[5] Before its official repeal in 1987, it was the oldest food-quality regulation in the world.[6]

text: Styles[edit]

text: Wheat beers[edit]

text:
Weizenbier and Weißbier are the standard German names for wheat beer – "Weizen" is German for "wheat", and "weiß" is German for "white".[7]
Weizenbock is the name for a strong beer or bock made with wheat. 16-17° Plato, 6.5-8% ABV.
Roggenbier – a fairly dark beer made with rye, somewhat grainy flavour similar to bread, 4.5-6% ABV.
Berliner Weisse – a pale, very sour, wheat beer brewed in Berlin. 9° Plato, 2.5-5% ABV. The beer is typically served with raspberry or woodruff flavoured syrup.
Leipziger Gose – an amber, mildly sour, wheat beer with an addition of salt, brewed around Leipzig. 10-12° Plato, 4-5% ABV.
Hefeweizen – an unfiltered wheat beer. "Hefe" is German for yeast.[8]
Kristallweizen – a filtered wheat beer. Characterized by a clear appearance as opposed to the cloudy look of a typical Hefeweizen.
Kottbusser – an heirloom style originating in the city of Cottbus, typically containing oats, honey and molasses in addition to wheat and barley malts.[9]

tag: ul

text: Pale beers[edit]

text:
Export — a pale lager brewed around Dortmund that is fuller, maltier and less hoppy than Pilsner. 12-12.5° Plato, 5-5.5% ABV. Germany's most popular style in the 1950s and 1960s, it is now becoming increasingly rare.
Helles — a malty pale lager from Bavaria of 11-12° Plato, 4.5-5% ABV.
Kölsch — pale, light-bodied, top-fermented, beer which, when brewed in Germany, can only legally be brewed in the Cologne region. 11-12° Plato, 4.5-5% ABV.
Maibock — a pale, strong lager brewed in the spring. 16-17° Plato, 6.5-7% ABV.

text:
Märzen — medium body, malty lagers that come in pale, amber and dark varieties. 13-14° Plato, 5.2-6% ABV. The type of beer traditionally served at the Munich Oktoberfest.
Pilsener — a pale lager with a light body and a more prominent hop character. 11-12° Plato, 4.5-5% ABV. By far the most popular style, with around two thirds of the market.
Spezial — a pale, full, bitter-sweet and delicately hopped lager. 13-13.5° Plato, 5.5-5.7% ABV.

text: Dark beers[edit]

text:
Altbier — a top-fermented, lagered beer. It is brewed only in Düsseldorf and in the Lower Rhine region. Its origins lie in Westphalia, and there are still a few Altbier breweries in this region. Tastes range from mildly bitter and hoppy to exceptionally bitter. About ten breweries in the Düsseldorf region brew Altbier at 5%-6.5% ABV.
Bock — a heavy-bodied, bitter-sweet lager darkened by high-coloured malts. 16-17° Plato, 6.5-7% ABV.
Doppelbock — a very strong, very full-bodied lager darkened by high-coloured malts. 18-28° Plato, 8-12% ABV.
Dunkel — a dark lager which comes in two main varieties: the sweetish, malty Munich style and the drier, hoppy Franconian style.
Schwarzbier — a bottom-fermented, dark lager beer. 11-12° Plato, 4.5-5% ABV.

text: Unfiltered beer[edit]

text: Kellerbiers are unfiltered lagers which are conditioned in a similar manner to cask ales. Strength and colour will vary,[10] though in the Franconia region where these cask conditioned lagers are still popular, the strength will tend to be 5% abv or slightly higher, and the colour will tend to be a deep amber, but the defining characteristic is the cask conditioning. Kellerbier is German for "cellar beer".[11]

text: Zwickelbier was originally a sample amount of beer taken by a brewery boss from the barrel with the help of a special pipe called a "Zwickelhahn". Zwickelbiers are unfiltered lagers like Kellerbier, though with a slightly different conditioning process which gives the lager more carbonation. Zwickelbiers tend to be younger, lower in alcohol and less hoppy than Kellerbiers.[12]

text: A very similar beer is Zoiglbier, which in the Upper Palatinate's brewing practice is advertised with a "Zoiglstern" (i.e., sign) — a six-pointed blue-and-white symbol made from wooden slats, similar to a Star of David.[13][14]

text: Brands and breweries[edit]

text: While the beer market is weaker but more centralized in northern Germany, southern Germany has many smaller, local breweries. Almost half of all German breweries are in Bavaria, [15] were the seven main breweries produce 158 million gallons [16]. In total, there are approximately 1,300 breweries in Germany producing over 5,000 brands of beer.

text: The highest density of breweries in the world is found in Aufseß near the city of Bamberg, in the Franconia region of Bavaria with four breweries and only 1,352 citizens.[17] The Benedictine abbey Weihenstephan brewery (established in 725) is reputedly the oldest existing brewery in the world (brewing since 1040). In 2004, Oettinger replaced Krombacher as the best selling brand in Germany.[18]

text:
Top ten best-selling German beer brands in million hectolitres

Brewery
Location
Output in 2012 [19]
Output in 2015 [20]

Oettinger
Oettingen
5.89
5.39

Krombacher
Kreuztal
5.46
5.49

Bitburger
Bitburg
4.07
3.84

Beck's
Bremen
2.78
2.59

Warsteiner
Warstein
2.77
2.34

Hasseröder
Wernigerode
2.75
2.25

Veltins
Meschede
2.72
2.79

Paulaner
Munich
2.30
2.42

Radeberger
Radeberg
1.91
1.90

Erdinger
Erding
1.72
1.80

text: Alcohol content[edit]

text: The alcohol-by-volume, or ABV, content of beers in Germany is usually between 4.7% and 5.4% for most traditional brews. Bockbier or Doppelbock (double Bockbier) can have an alcohol content of up to 16%, making it stronger than many wines.

text: Drinkware[edit]

text:
An ornate stoneware beer stein.

A common half-litre Humpen mug.

A Weizen beer glass.

A Pilsner beer glass

Dunkel, pictured here in a Stange glass.

A Maßkrug is the style of glassware featured at German Oktoberfest celebrations.

A German bierstiefel (beer boot).

A Berliner Weisse glass.

text: Weizen glass[edit]

text: A Weizen glass is used to serve Weizenbier.[21]

text: Originating in Germany, the glass is narrow at the bottom and slightly wider at the top; the width both releasing aroma, and providing room for the often thick, fluffy heads produced by wheat beer.[22] It tends to be taller than a pint glass, and generally holds 500 millilitres with room for foam or "head". In some countries, such as Belgium, the glass may be 250 ml or 330 ml.

text: Wheat beers tend to foam a lot, especially if poured incorrectly. A customary manner is to swirl around a bit of (preferably cold) water in the glass to wet it and afterwards pouring the beer slowly, holding the glass in an angle of approximately 45 °.

text: Beer stein[edit]

text: A beer stein (or simply a stein /ˈstaɪn/ STYNE) is an English neologism for a traditional type of beer mug. Steins may be made of stoneware (rarely the inferior earthenware), pewter, porcelain, silver, glass, or wood. They may have open tops or may have hinged pewter lids with a thumb-lever.

text: Steins usually come in sizes of a half litre or full litre (or comparable historical sizes). Like decorative tankards, they are often decorated in nostalgic themes, generally showing allusions to Germany or Bavaria.

text: It is believed by some that the lid was implemented during the time of the Black Plague to prevent diseased flies from getting into the beer.[23]

text: Maß[edit]

text: The Maß (pronounced [mas]) is a term used in German-speaking countries for a unit of volume, now typically used only for measuring beer sold for immediate on-site consumption. In modern times, a Maß is defined as exactly 1 litre. As a maß is a unit of measure, various designs are possible: modern maß krugs are often handled glass tankards, although they may also be in the form of steins. At the Octoberfest beer isavailable in maß Krug or half litre 'Halb' .

text: Stange and Becher[edit]

text: A Stange (stick or rod) is a cylindrical glass that is traditionally used for Kölsch beer. A Becher (tumbler), traditionally used for Altbier, is similar to a Stange but is slightly shorter and much thicker. Stangen are carried by placing them into holes in a special tray called a Kranz (wreath). In Cologne Stanges are usually served by traditional waiters called Köbes.

text: Pilstulpe[edit]

text: The Pilstulpe ("Pilsner Tulip") or Biertulpe ("Beer tulip") is the tradition glass for German pilsner beers. Sizes are typically around 300 millilitres (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz), but can be as large as 500 millilitres (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz). When used in restaurant settings, a small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation.

text: Beer boot[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Beer boots (Bierstiefel in German) have over a century of history and culture behind them. It is commonly believed that a general somewhere promised his troops to drink beer from his boot if they were successful in battle. When the troops prevailed, the general had a glassmaker fashion a boot from glass to fulfill his promise without tasting his own feet and to avoid spoiling the beer in his leather boot. Since then, soldiers have enjoyed toasting to their victories with a beer boot. At gatherings in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, beer boots are often passed among the guests for a festive drinking challenge. Since the movie Beerfest appeared in 2006, beer boots have become increasingly popular in the United States. Glass beer boots are either manufactured using a mold or from mouth-blown glass by skilled artisans.

text: In Germany, beer boots usually contain between 2 and 4 litres and are passed from one guest at the table to the next one clockwise. When almost reaching the bottom of the boot, it suddenly starts bubbling. By some accounts, drinker who caused the bubbling has to order the next boot. There are also boots known with 6 and 8 litres. That being said, beer boots are almost never seen in Germany, even among friends who do drink as much and more beer on an evening out together; normal glasses are preferred.

text: Beer festivals[edit]

text: Oktoberfest is a 16- to 18-day festival held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, running from late September to the first weekend in October. Only beer which is brewed within the city limits of Munich with a minimum of 13.5% Stammwürze (approximately 6% alcohol by volume) is allowed to be served in this festival. Upon passing this criterion, a beer is designated Oktoberfest Beer. Large quantities of German beer are consumed, with almost 7 million liters served during the 16-day festival in 2007. Recently in 2015 the festival officially served 7.3 million liters of beer.[24]

text: Other festivals include

text:
The Cannstatter Volksfest in Stuttgart.
The Gäubodenvolksfest in Straubing
The Bergkirchweih in Erlangen
The Hanover Schützenfest
The Freimarkt in Bremen
The Augsburger Plärrer in Augsburg
The Nockherberg Starkbierfest in Munich
The Volksfest in Pfaffenhofen

text: In many cases, the beer festival is part of a general funfair or volksfest.


document_title: Gaṇa sangha

question_text: what is the meaning of gana and sangha

question_tokens: what is the meaning of gana and sangha

text: Gaṇa sangha

text: Gana-Sangha[1] (Sanskrit: गणसङ्घ, lit. equal assembly) or Gana-Rajya[2] (Sanskrit: गणराज्य, lit. equal government), refers to a type of republic or oligarchy in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent.

text: The gana sanghas were generally found on the periphery of the Indian kingdoms, and tended to occupy the higher ground.[1]

text: Their general make-up was either that of a single clan (e.g. Shakya), or a confederacy of clans (e.g. Koli).


document_title: Born Free (Matt Monro song)

question_text: who sang the song born free in the movie

text: Born Free (Matt Monro song)

text:
"Born Free"

Single by Matt Monro

from the album Born Free soundtrack

B-side
"Other People"

Released
1966 (1966)

Genre
Pop

Songwriter(s)
John Barry, Don Black

Matt Monro singles chronology

"Yesterday"
(1965)
"Born Free"
(1966)
"And You Smiled"
(1973)

"Yesterday"
(1965)
"Born Free"
(1966)
"And You Smiled"
(1973)

text:
"Born Free"

Single by Roger Williams

Released
1966 (1966)

Songwriter(s)
John Barry, Don Black

text: "Born Free" is a popular song with music by John Barry, and lyrics by Don Black.[1] It was written for the 1966 film of the same name and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[1]

text: Lyricist Don Black managed British singer Matt Monro at the time, and he and Barry asked him to record the song for the film's soundtrack. The producers of the film considered the song uncommercial, however, and deleted it from the print shown at its Royal Command premiere in London. When Monro, who attended the event, made Black aware of the edit, they successfully lobbied the producers to restore it. Monro's interpretation appeared over the closing credits in a shortened version recorded especially for the film, which enabled it to qualify for the Academy Award. Monro's complete commercial recording was released on the film's soundtrack album and became the singer's signature tune for the remainder of his career.

text: Roger Williams, Andy Williams, and Frank Sinatra all recorded cover versions. Roger Williams' version was noted for its use of a male chorus, which is heard in the second half of the song, which followed the instrumental portion. The song reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Adult contemporary chart for six non-consecutive weeks in September/October 1966,[2] while Andy Williams' version was not released as a single. Ed Ames recorded a version of the song in a 1968 album. "Born Free" also appeared on the Vic Reeves album I Will Cure You. Released as a single, this version peaked at #6 in the UK Singles Chart in 1991.[1]

text: Other recordings have included an instrumental version of the song recorded by Hank Marvin in 1969, and released both as a single and on his eponymous album; calypso singer Mighty Sparrow's collaboration with Byron Lee for their 1969 album Only a Fool; trumpet player Maynard Ferguson on his 1969 album The Ballad Style of Maynard Ferguson; and a recording by The Mormon Tabernacle Choir featured in the 2005 film Madagascar. It was also featured on the 2007 soundtrack Dexter: Music From the Television Series. The song was also parodied in The Simpsons, in the episode "Whacking Day" (aired 1993), which was sung by Gene Merlino.

text: The song is featured in a 2012 TV commercial for the Land Rover LR4. Land Rover has a history with Born Free, being a corporate sponsor of the Born Free Foundation.[3] and their vehicles having been mentioned prominently in the original Joy Adamson book. In November 2012 Queen guitarist Brian May and West End and Broadway singer Kerry Ellis released their version of "Born Free" in aid of the Born Free Foundation.[4] The 2012 video game Silent Hill: Downpour features the song which can be heard throughout on gramophones. The significance of "Born Free" is in relation to the game's theme of prison and captivity.


document_title: Telephone numbers in Japan

question_text: how many digits in a japanese cell phone number

text: Telephone numbers in Japan

text: Dialing prefixes[edit]

text:
001 and 00xx  Carrier selection prefix
184 Prefix to withhold caller ID
186 Prefix to provide caller ID

text: Types of numbers[edit]

text: Length of numbers[edit]

text:
Special numbers are three digits long
Geographic numbers are 10 digits long
0x0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 -or- 11 digits long.
0xx0 Non-geographic numbers are 10 digits long

text: Three-digit numbers (special numbers)[edit]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: Operator services[edit]

text: Directory services[edit]

text: Special services[edit]

text: Long distance carrier selection (Myline)[edit]

text: 10 digit numbers[edit]

text: Non-geographic area codes[edit]

text: Decommissioned area codes[edit]

text: Area codes (市外局番 "shigai-kyokuban") of selected major cities[edit]

text: Geographic numbers are nine digits long, including the area code, but not including the leading zero. Consequently, densely populated areas have shorter area codes, while less populated areas have longer area codes. For example:

text:
6 xxxx xxxx (Osaka)
75 xxx xxxx (Kyoto)
74-2 xx xxxx (Nara)
49-92 x xxxx (Niijima island, Tokyo pref.)
82-486  xxxx (Takano, Hiroshima pref.)

text: Area codes increase from north to south; Sapporo in Hokkaidō (the northernmost prefecture) has 11, and Setouchi's 99-73 is far to the south in Kagoshima.  When the telephone system was devised, Okinawa was still under U.S. occupation, so when it was returned to Japan in 1972, its telephone numbers were squeezed between Miyazaki (98x) and Kagoshima (99x) and begin with 988, 989, and 980.

text: During the 1990s, when plans were being drawn up to amalgamate mid-sized cities and towns into larger municipalities, telephone numbering systems were merged in advance.  For example,

text:
7442 x xxxx Kashihara (Nara prefecture)
7444 x xxxx Sakurai
74452 xxxx Takatori
74454 xxxx Asuka etc.

text: became:

text:
744 2x xxxx Kashihara
744 4x xxxx Sakurai
744 52 xxxx Takatori
744 54 xxxx Asuka etc.

text: Many of these towns have in fact refused to merge, leaving callers with more digits to dial when making local calls.  This is partially balanced by not having to dial an area code for the neighboring city.

text: Area code as local brand naming[edit]

text: After entering the 2010s, local products and events have begun using names which come from the area code.

text:
0465net (Odawara, Kanagawa)
0428 T-shirt (Ome, Tokyo)
028 Market (Utsunomiya, Tochigi)
028 Machinaka (Inner-City) Wi-Fi (Utsunomiya, Tochigi)
Bar 053 (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka)


document_title: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who plays the oldest sister on last man standing

text: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men married to or dating his daughters.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Mike Baxter: Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores. He fervently supports "traditional" American values, is a Protestant and is politically conservative. Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve, the youngest and most athletic daughter, and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own. He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries, including school work, hunting and playing sports. Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man's young slow-witted employee Kyle (who later becomes his son-in-law), and with Ryan, his politically liberal son-in-law married to his oldest daughter, and the father of Mike's grandson, Boyd. The video blog or "vlog" that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views. Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT.[2]
Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter, Mike's wife: Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". In season four, Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher. After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts, Vanessa begins her own tutoring business.  Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five, when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president, mainly because she thinks it will advance women's causes. She is shown drinking wine frequently, and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it. She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology. Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct, but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races. Despite this, she and her African-American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along. Vanessa's humor includes bad puns, which irritate Mike and the girls no end.
Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–present[3]) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan Vogelson, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified.  Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season (despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim, playing Kristin's younger sister); Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[4]
Molly Ephraim (seasons 1–6) and Molly McCook (recurring, season 7)[5] as Amanda Elaine "Mandy" Baxter-Anderson, the middle daughter: Mandy is not as academic as her sisters (and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework), but she excels in social situations. Interested in fashion (and little else), she was one of the most popular girls at her high school. Mandy is very confident and creative, demonstrating traits found in her father. She can be lazy, conceited, selfish, insulting, and delinquent – she drinks underage, ignores all driving laws, shoplifts from Outdoor Man, there are many implications that she smokes weed, and she has been caught staying out all night – but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring. She started dating Kyle in season 2. As of season three, she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work. Later that same season, she begins an online clothing business, selling her self-designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents' house. Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5, the 100th episode. She marries Kyle in season six, but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home. Up until she turned 21, a running gag on the show was Mike, Vanessa, and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy's hand, usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse.
Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter, (series regular, seasons 1–6; recurring, season 7)[6] the youngest daughter: Eve is intelligent and athletic, and generally has the same interests as Mike, including camping, sports, guns, and the military. She also has conservative views like Mike. She is Mike's favorite daughter, and excels at her hobbies. She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys' football team as their placekicker. She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters. Eve also shares her father's sense of humor, and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy. Eve is an excellent student, whose only weak subject is art, though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher. Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point. Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful, which seriously depresses her, so in season six, Eve decides to take a "personal year" rather than immediately attend college. She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money, but this proves to be unfruitful. During her gap year, Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs, and is accepted.
Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson, a young employee at Outdoor Man: Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy. Kyle idolizes Mike, having grown up without a father figure. Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia, and it is implied he grew up in her home. Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him. Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five, and marrying Mandy in season six.
Héctor Elizondo as Edward "Ed" Alzate, Mike's longtime business partner: Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike, who helped turn the shop into the 20-store Outdoor Man chain.[7] Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike, but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values. Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice. Having been divorced four times, Ed's suggestions are rarely helpful. He also has 5 daughters. Ed is a Vietnam veteran, although he saw no combat in Vietnam, stating that he was a clerk in Saigon. He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork. Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair, most often from Mike. It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia.
Flynn Morrison (regular, seasons 2–6), Jet Jurgensmeyer (recurring, season 7)[5] and Evan and Luke Kruntchev (recurring, season 1) as Boyd Baxter, Kristin's son: Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd, and affectionately views him as the son he never had. Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised. Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather.
Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–present) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, he returned to be involved in Boyd's upbringing, and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged (at the end of season 3). Ryan holds liberal views, both politically and philosophically, and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion, hunting culture and nationalism, however, neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach. His vegan diet, views on discipline, and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs, but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike's side. On rare occasions, Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd, but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa. Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son-in-law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father.
Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (regular, seasons 4–present; recurring, seasons 2–3), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor: Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man. Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes, and they regularly exchange barbs as if they don't like each other. In reality, they are good friends, despite being unwilling to admit it. Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges, often telling them to "get a room". Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son, Brandon, who is the same age as Eve.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store ("Bud's Buds") after it becomes legal in Colorado.
Christina Moore as April (seasons 1 & 3), Vanessa's air-headed and immature younger sister. She is always asking for money.
Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season 1), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app.
Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2–6), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open-minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol.
Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez (seasons 2–4), the Baxters' Guatemalan-born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business. The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen.
Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris (seasons 2–6), Eve's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also had a cameo as "Randy" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode "Helen Potts", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson.
Tye Sheridan as Justin (seasons 3–4), Eve's fellow Jr. ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend. The two break up in season 4.
Zachary Gordon as Andrew (season 3), Eve's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend.
Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin (seasons 3–5), Ed's meddling younger girlfriend, whom he meets near the end of season three. Ed routinely has to put her in her place, particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business. Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5, but the two patch things up and reunite.
Jay Leno as Joe Leonard (seasons 5–6), a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike. Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man, servicing ATVs and snowmobiles.
Travis Tope as Rob (season 6), Eve's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder. He's a recovering alcoholic, which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement. (Episode numbers in parentheses)

text:
Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister
Cassandra Peterson as Elvira
Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance
Tony Hawk as himself
Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate, one of Ed's five daughters (not including the war baby)
Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem
Kim Kardashian as herself
Tony Stewart as himself
Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter, Mike's younger brother
Frankie Muniz as Richard, who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan
Melanie Paxson as Liz
Richard Karn as Bill McKendree. Karn portrayed Al Borland, co-worker and friend to Tim Allen's character on Home Improvement
Si Robertson as Uncle Ray
Willie Robertson as Brody
Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin
Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts, the Baxters' widowed neighbor. Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor, the wife of Tim Allen's character in Home Improvement
Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson, Ryan's estranged father
Blake Clark as Clark, the owner of a club in which Eve performed. Clark played Harry Turner, Tim's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement
Robin Roberts as Teresa, a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran
Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy, Mike's mountain-climbing former girlfriend
Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul, the new pastor of the Baxter family's church. Nancy Travis played Bill's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show.
Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork124October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)ABC218November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)322September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)422October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)522September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)622September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[8] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[9][10] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[11][12][13] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's "smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much".[14][15][16] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 13, 2011, ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011–2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing.[18] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern/7 Central.[19] It debuted on October 11, 2011, with the first two episodes airing in a one-hour premiere.[20]

text: On November 3, 2011, the series was picked up for a full season of twenty-two episodes.[21] On January 12, 2012, the order was increased to twenty-four episodes.[22]

text: On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012–2013 season in November.[23][24]

text: On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[25] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[26]

text: On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[27] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[28] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[29] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[30] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[31] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[32]

text: The second season initially received a 13-episode order. ABC announced on November 12, 2012, that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[33] On November 27, five more episodes were ordered to bring the second-season episode total to 18.[34]

text: On May 10, 2013, the series was renewed for a third season,[35] which premiered on September 20, 2013, and ended on April 25, 2014, after 22 episodes.[36]

text: On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2014.[37] Allen and Elizondo guest-starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela.[38]

text: On May 10, 2015, ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season. Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC, which with the help of Shark Tank and 20/20 has become the top network among adults 18–49 for the night. Leading off Friday night for ABC, the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 8.2 million viewers overall, according to Nielsen's Live+7 estimates.[39][40]

text: On May 13, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 23, 2016.[41]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second-most-watched ABC sitcom during the 2016–17 season (based on Live+7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season.[42] A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. "This was a scheduling decision," wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox Television, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do.[43]

text: The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[44] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is "like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes." His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[45]

text: A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23, 2017.[46] In a conference call with reporters earlier in May, ABC president Channing Dungey stated, "Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me, because it was a steady performer. Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday, it was just kind of that's where we landed." Dungey cited studio ownership, future creative direction, ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision.[47] A year later, the petition's signatures had grown to 438,000.[48]

text: Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation, tweeting on May 16, 2017: "Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years."[49]

text: On May 20, 2017, Howard Kurtzman, president of 20th Century Fox Television, reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show. "We're starting to explore that," Kurtzman said.  "...[Fox Co-President] Jonnie [Davis] and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it."[50] Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season;[51] another home was not quickly found, however.

text: In August 2017, Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show's fans to bring it back, and said the talent behind the show had much more to add.[52]

text: Revival on Fox[edit]

text: On May 3, 2018, Allen tweeted that a return "just might be a reality" and prompted the show's supporters to "keep it up".[53] The same day, TVLine reported that Fox was "poised to" resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018–19 TV season, adding that Tim Allen is "officially on board".[54] Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season, but it was "by no means a sure thing", suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed "at reasonable salaries".[55] On May 11, 2018, Fox TV's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season.[56][57][48][58] Dana Walden, chairman of Fox Television Group, later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018: "Obviously, I think everyone took a good, hard look at the performance of Roseanne. It did so well, and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge, iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen."[59]

text: On July 2, Fox announced that, in addition to Allen, series regulars Nancy Travis, Amanda Fuller, Hector Elizondo, Christoph Sanders, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot. Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season.[60] Their roles ("Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively) will be recast ahead of the new season. Kaitlyn Dever, who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable, is in negotiations to return as "Eve" in a recurring role.[61] On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of "Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively.[5]

text: The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season; if it is renewed for an eighth season, it will be forced to move to a new time slot, as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019.[62][63]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, season one holds an approval rating of 15% based on 33 reviews, and an average rating of 4.14/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile. The first season received an 80% from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79%."[64] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[65]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called the series "a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting."[66] Los Angeles Times: "The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed, but most have no traction; they slide right off you, and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another."[67] Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show: "When I look at the now-rounded softness of Tim Allen, and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes, it's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series."[68]

text: Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40% on Rotten Tomatoes.[69] Entertainment Weekly commented: "I think it's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family, in which the prejudice was built around real jokes."[70] The A.V. Club: "The problem with Last Man Standing's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première, which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that don't need to be pushed, as if it thinks what made [Norman] Lear's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about."[71] Philly.com wrote about season three: "The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen, Last Man Standing on ABC, is a thoroughly traditional, absolutely charming sitcom. [...] Last Man is both economical and efficient, getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players."[72]

text: The series is particularly popular among conservatives, many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family, another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies.[43] A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans.[73]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: ABC's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18–49 rating. That was 9% better than the 3.2 adults 18–49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time-slot the previous year (which was two weeks earlier in the season). Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0, down about 38% from its first-season premiere, but up about 18% from the previous season's finale.[74]

text:
Season

Timeslot (ET)

Network

No. ofepisodes

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Rank

Viewers(million)

Live + DVRviewers

Date

Premiere viewers(million)

Premiere 18–49rating/share

Date

Finale viewers(million)

Finale 18–49rating/share

1

Tuesday 8:00 pm

ABC

24

October 11, 2011

12.93[75]

3.4/10[75]

May 8, 2012

6.62[76]

1.7/5[76]

2011–12

50

9.12[77]

9.76[78]

2

Friday 8:00 pm

18

November 2, 2012

8.07[79]

2.0/7[79]

March 22, 2013

7.85[80]

1.6/6[80]

2012–13

53[81]

7.93[82]

8.34[83]

3

22

September 20, 2013

6.67[84]

1.5/6[84]

April 25, 2014

6.10[85]

1.4/6[85]

2013–14

58

7.17[86]

7.92[87]

4

22

October 3, 2014

6.91[88]

1.3/5[88]

April 17, 2015

6.16[89]

1.1/5[89]

2014–15

60[90]

8.18[90]

8.52[91]

5

22

September 25, 2015

6.26[92]

1.1/5[92]

April 22, 2016

5.94[93]

1.0/4[93]

2015–16

56[94]

7.96[94]

TBA

6

22

September 23, 2016

5.95[95]

1.1/5[95]

March 31, 2017

6.06[96]

1.1/5[96]

2016–17

41[97]

8.06[97]

TBA

7

Fox

TBA

September 28, 2018

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

2018–19

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Comedy", but lost to CBS's 2 Broke Girls.

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominee / episode

Outcome

2011

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[citation needed]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite New TV Comedy

Last Man Standing

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Actor

Tim Allen

Nominated

TV Guide Magazine's Fan Favorites Awards

Favorite Comeback[98]

Won

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress

Kaitlyn Dever

Nominated

2013

Environmental Media Awards

Television Episodic Comedy[99]

"Mother Fracker"

Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[100]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2014

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series

Donald A. Morgan – "Eve's Boyfriend"

Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[101]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2015

ASCAP Screen Music Awards

Top Television Series[102]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

Last Man Standing: The Complete First Season

24

May 13, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Second Season

18

Last Man Standing: The Complete Third Season

22

October 28, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fourth Season

22

October 5, 2015

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fifth Season

22

June 26, 2018

Last Man Standing: The Complete Sixth Season

22

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On September 3, 2015, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) had obtained syndication rights to the series, which began airing episodes on September 28, 2015.[103] As of 2018, Freeform no longer airs the series. On May 15, 2015, it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom, and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31, 2017.[104] On September 4, 2015, the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes. The series also joined WGN America on April 30, 2018. Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix. Currently, all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S.;[105] on Fox8,
Network Ten and Eleven (previously aired on One) in Australia;[106] City in Canada; and TV3 in New Zealand.[107]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on October 9, 2012 on Sky One,[108] which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings; the show was bought by E4, where it premiered on March 13, 2017;[109] Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017; in 2018, 5STAR acquired the show for reruns.

text: In Israel, it airs on yes Comedy.[citation needed]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Since becoming series regulars in season 4, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear.


document_title: Samma dynasty

question_text: the longest serving samma ruler in sindh was

text: Samma dynasty

text: Background[edit]

text: Before the Samma dynasty took control, the Sindh was ruled by the Soomra, first as nominal vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo, later as vassals of the Delhi Sultanate, which reached its greatest extent under Muhammad bin Tughluq (c. 1300–1351).

text: The Sammas, a Rajput tribe, gained control of Thatta in the southern Sindh from the Sumras around 1335, and expanded their territory northward to Bhakkar and beyond. In 1361-62, Firuz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi Sultanate, invaded Sindh and again brought Sammas under his suzerainty. Throughout the period of the Samma dynasty, Turkic groups were pushing down from the northwest, including those led by Timur (Tamerlane) who sacked Delhi in 1398. Sindh remained under control of Khizr Khan, founder of Sayyid dynasty, who was an who was an appointed governor of Sindh and Multan provinces by Timur on his behalf. Sammas remained under Sayyid dynasty till 1451. Later Sammas were finally defeated by the Arghun dynasty, who had been displaced from Kandahar in Afghanistan by Babur, in 1519–1520.[citation needed]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy. We know from Ibn Battuta that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion, led by the Rajput founder of the dynasty, Jam Tamachi Unar. The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent.  The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. The Samma dynasty overtook the Sumra dynasty and ruled Sindh during 1365–1521. Around that time, the Sindhi Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh, and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu, Sindh. By the end of year 1500, nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh. This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh.

text: For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.[4] During most of period of Samma rule, the Sindh was politically and economically tied to the Gujarat Sultanate, with occasional periods of friction. Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles "Sultan" and "Shah" as well as "Jam", the Jadeja rulers of western Gujarat also part of Samma tribe and directly descended from Jam Unar, the first Samma sultan of Sindh. Even the Chudasama Rajputs of Gujarat are also part of Samma tribe, who are still Hindu, and distributed in Junagadh District and Bhal Region of Gujarat.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text:
Sultans of SindhSamma Dynasty"History of Delhi Sultanate" by M. H. Syed

Jam Unar (1336-1339)
Jam Junan (1339-1352)
Jam Banhabina (1352-1367)
Jam Tamachi (1367-1379)
Jam Salahuddin (1379-1389)
Jam Nizamuddin I (1389-1391)
Jam Ali Sher (1391-1398)
Jam Karn (1398)
Jam Fath Khan (1398-1414)
Jam Tughluq (1414-1442)
Jam Mubarak (1442)
Jam Sikandar (1442-1444)
Jam Raidhan (1444-1453)
Jam Sanjar (1453-1461)
Jam Nizamuddin II (1461-1508)
Jam Feruzudin (1508-1527)

text: The Samma dynasty took the title "Jam", the equivalent of "King" or "Sultan", because they claimed to be descended from Jamshid. This is almost certainly fictitious.[5]

text: The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl, Firishta and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M. H. Syed, at right.[5]

text: Jam Unar[edit]

text: Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta, the famous traveller from North Africa (Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333, and saw Samma's rebellion against Delhi government[4]). Jam Unar, the Samma chief, taking advantage of the strained relation between the Soomra and the Sultanate of Delhi, defeated the last Soomra ruler, son of Dodo, and established Samma rule.[citation needed]

text: Jam Salahuddin[edit]

text: Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí. He put down revolts in some parts of the country, by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders. Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh, to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them, and in every engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them. He died after a reign of 11 years.[citation needed]

text: Jam Ali Sher[edit]

text: Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí ruled the country very discreetly. Tamáchí’s other sons Sikandar and Karn, and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar, who had brought ruin on the last Jám, were now conspiring against Jám Alísher. They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out enjoying the moonlight as usual. They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town. One Friday night, on the 13th of the lunar month, they took a band of cut-throats with them, and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home. They killed him, and red-handed they ran to the city, where the people had no help for it but to place one of them, Karan, on the vacant throne. The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for seven years.[citation needed]

text: Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar[edit]

text: Jám Karan was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar. He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general.[citation needed]

text: About this time, Mirza Pir Muhammad one of Amir Timur’s grandsons came to Multan and conquered that town and Uch. As he made a long stay there, most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot-soldiers. When Amir Timur heard of this, he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests. Pir Muhammad, being thus equipped, attacked those of the zamindars who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property. He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him. But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to Jesalmer. Only one solitary person, Sayyed Abulghais, one of the pious Sayyeds of the place, went to visit the Mirzá. He interceded for his town-people in the name of his great grandfather, the Prophet, and the Mirzá accepted his intercession.[citation needed]

text: Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi, which place he took and where he was crowned as king. Multan remained in the hands of Langáhs, and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before.

text: Jam Taghlak[edit]

text: Jám Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar. In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar, but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring-leaders and appointed an outpost in each parganah to prevent any future rebellion of the kind. He died after a reign of 28 years.

text: Jam Sikandar[edit]

text: Jám Sikandar bin Jám Taghlak was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne. The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke, and prepared to take offensive steps. Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar. When he came as far as Nasarpúr, a man by name Mubárak, who during the last Jám’s reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery, proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak. But as the people were not in league with him, he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám Sikandar, who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá. After a year and a half, he died.

text: Jam Nizamuddin I[edit]

text: After Jam Salahuddin’s death, the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne. Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months. His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar, Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar, who had been placed in captivity by the advice of the ministers. He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places, while he himself remained in the capital, superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country.

text: Before long, however, his cousins, very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him. But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time, left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to Gujrat. In the morning, men were sent after him, but before any information could be brought about him, the people summoned Alísher, son of Jám Tamáchí, who was living in obscurity, and raised him to the throne. Meanwhile, Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing, lived roving lives.

text: Jam Sanjar[edit]

text: On Ráinah’s death, Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company. It is believed that before his coming to the throne, a pious fakír had been very fond of him; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days; and that the fakír had given him his blessings, telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years.

text: Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely. Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind. He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious. Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same. He increased the pay of responsible officers. One Kází Maarúf, who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar, was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants. When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar, he sent for the Kází and asked him about it. The Kází admitted the whole thing. “Yes” said he “I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants, and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too, but before the case closes, they go away and I am disappointed in that.” Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this. The Kází continued “I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home, because I get very little pay.” Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance.

text: Jam Nizamuddin II[edit]

text: Jám Nizámuddín II (866–914AH, 1461–1508AD) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty,[6] which ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan (region) from 1351-1551 CE. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan. The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age.

text: Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to Bhakkar, where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. After that, for a period of forty-eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power.

text: In the last part of Jám Nindó’s reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from Kandahar and fell upon many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan[1], which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun’s brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín[2].

text: Jam Nizamuddin's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin.

text: Jam Feruzudin[edit]

text: Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age. Jám Feróz was a young man, and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and seldom went out. But he was fearful of his ministers.

text: As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of Mughuls, who had during his reign, left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá. Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town, called Mughal-Wárah to live in. He secretly flattered himself for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán, but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him. For, it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 AH (1519 AD) at the Battle of Fatehpur (1519), which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda's patronage and policies. At the time the Portuguese took control of the trading centre of Hormuz in 1514 CE,[7] trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10% of their customs revenue, and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world. Thatta's prosperity was based partly on its own high-quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the Punjab and northern India. However, the trade declined when the Mughals took over.  Later, due to silting of the main Indus channel, Thatta no longer functioned as a port.[8]

text: The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo-Islamic architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill.  It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda's rule.  Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here. The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade, religion and scholarly pursuits.[9]


document_title: Latavius Murray

question_text: where did latavius murray go to high school

text: Latavius Murray

text: Early years

text: Born in Titusville, Florida, Murray attended Natick High School in New York, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball, and track. In football, Murray was All-league and All-Central New York selection in three straight seasons. In his sophomore year, he was third-team All-state honoree following a 1,609-yard, 14-touchdown season. He garnered first-team All-state honors as a junior, rushing for 2,030 yards and 30 touchdowns. In his final year, he was named the 2007 Gatorade Football Player of the Year in the state of New York after rushing for 2,194 yards with 28 touchdowns on offense, while also recording 78 tackles, three forced fumbles and two interceptions on defense.[1] He also was named as the Class D Player of the Year[1] and First-Team All-State by the NYSSWA.[2]

text: Regarded as a three-star recruit, Murray was ranked as the No. 5 prospect in the state of Florida by Rivals.com, No. 6 according to Scout.com. He chose UCF over scholarship offers from Boston College, Maryland, and Syracuse, among others.[3]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
40‡
Commit date

Latavius Murray
Running Back
Nedrow, New York
Onondaga Central
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
223 lb (101 kg)
4.64
Sep 28, 2007

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: N/A

Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 132 (RB)   Rivals: NR (OLB), NR (National), 5 (Massacusets)

‡ Refers to 40 yard dash
Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height, weight and 40 time.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"2008 UCF Football Commitments". Rivals.com.
"2008 UCF Football Recruiting Commits". Scout.com.

"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com.
"2008 Team Ranking". Rivals.com.

text: College career

text: Murray played his college ball at the University of Central Florida. Murray tore his ACL during the offseason after his freshman year while playing basketball.[4] In his redshirt sophomore season, he was named Conference USA Championship MVP and also was named AutoZone Liberty Bowl MVP for his performance against Georgia in which he rushed for 104 yards and scored the game-winning touchdown.[5][6] Following the conclusion of his junior season, he was selected as the team's MVP and offensive player of the year.[7] In his senior season, he was an All-C-USA First Team selection[8] and was named to Phil Steele's All-C-USA First Team.[9] He was named to the College Football Performance Awards All-Purpose Trophy Watch List[10] and also was selected to the College Football Performance Awards Special Teams Watch List.[10] He was named to the Doak Walker Award Watch List.[11] He finished his college career with a total of 2,424 rushing yards, 37 rushing touchdowns, 50 receptions, 524 receiving yards and 6 receiving touchdowns.[12]

text: College career statistics

text:
Season
Rushing
Receiving
Kick return

Att
Yards
Avg
Yds/G
TD
Rec
Yards
Avg
TD
Ret
Yards
Avg
TD

2008
46
132
2.9
16.5
3
1
4
4.0
0
0
0
0.0
0

2010
111
330
5.7
45.5
11
5
47
9.4
1
2
15
7.5
0

2011
98
695
5.6
45.7
8
17
242
14.2
1
1
69
69.0
1

2012
198
1,106
5.6
100.5
15
27
231
8.6
4
0
0
0.0
0

NCAA career totals
453
2,424
5.4
53.8
37
50
524
10.5
6
3
84
28.0
1

Source: sports-reference.com

text: Professional career

text: Murray was regarded as a sixth to seventh round selection according to CBSSports.com.[13]

text:
Pre-draft measurables

Ht
Wt
40‑yd dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20‑ss
3‑cone
Vert jump
Broad
BP

6 ft 2 5⁄8 in
(1.90 m)
223 lb
(101 kg)
4.38 s
1.48 s
2.56 s
4.36 s
6.81 s
36 in
(0.91 m)
10 ft 4 in
(3.15 m)
22 reps

All values from Central Florida Pro Day.[14]

text: Murray was not invited to the NFL Combine, but garnered much attention with an impressive performance at Central Florida's Pro Day. Murray weighed in at 6-foot-2 5/8 and 223 pounds, ran the 40-yard dash in 4.4 and 4.38 seconds, registered a 10-foot-4 broad jump and a 36-inch vertical jump, ran 4.36 seconds in the short shuttle and 6.81 seconds in the 3-cone.[15]

text: Oakland Raiders

text: Murray was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the 181st overall pick in the sixth round of the 2013 NFL Draft.[16]

text: 2013 season

text: The Oakland Raiders signed Murray to a four-year, $2.26 million contract on June 6, 2013. It also included $106,200 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $106,200.[17]

text: On August 27, 2013, before the start of the regular season, Murray was placed on injured reserve, ending his rookie season.[18]

text: 2014 season

text: After being third on the depth chart for the first half of the season behind veterans Darren McFadden and Maurice Jones-Drew, the Raiders turned to Murray in Week 11 to provide a spark after ineffectiveness by McFadden and Jones-Drew all year. He responded by totaling 59 yards on 7 touches against the San Diego Chargers.[19] On November 20, 2014, he finished with 4 carries for 112 rushing yards and 2 rushing touchdowns, marking his first career touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs. It also marked the first rushing touchdown the Chiefs defense allowed all season and his 90-yard touchdown marked the longest rush for the Raiders that year. The solid performance by Murray contributed to the Raiders' first victory of the 2014 season. After having success on his first three attempts, he suffered a concussion on his fourth carry and was taken out of the game.[20]

text: He returned to play against the San Francisco 49ers in week 14 and finished the game with 23 carries for 76 rushing yards. The next week, he earned his first career start against the Chiefs and had 12 rushing attempts for 59 yards. In week 16, he gained 86 yards on 16 carries and had his second consecutive start against the Buffalo Bills. He remained the starting running back for the last three games of the season and finished his first year with 82 carries, 424 rushing yards, 2 rushing touchdowns in 15 games.

text: 2015 season

text: Murray entered the season as the Raiders' number one tailback and was expected by the Raiders to receive the majority of the carries after the retirement of Maurice Jones-Drew and the departure of Darren McFadden. As expected, he began the season as the Raiders' starting running back and had 11 attempts for 44 yards in the season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals. In a week 3 contest, Murray finished the game with a career-high 139 yards on 26 carries and added a touchdown in a win over the Cleveland Browns.

text: On December 24, 2015, Murray became the first Raider to reach the 1,000-yard mark rushing, since Darren McFadden in 2010. His performance of 79 yards on 19 carries, 38 yards on 5 receptions and a rushing touchdown, helped edge a victory over the San Diego Chargers with a final score of 23–20 on a Thursday night in overtime.[21]

text: 2016 season

text: Murray finished the regular season playing in 14 games and rushing for 788 yards and a career-high 12 rushing touchdowns. Murray’s pass protecting ability was rated third best in the NFL among running backs.[22]

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: On March 16, 2017, Murray signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings.[23][24] In his opening statement to Vikings fans, Murray stated on his Instagram account: "There wasn't a thought in my mind to try and wear or ask for the No. 28. I have too much respect for Adrian Peterson and so much respect for what he's done and what he means to this organization."[25] During his first press conference as a Viking, Murray announced that he would be wearing No. 25 in honor of his best friend, who had died in 2016.[26] On March 22, 2017, it was revealed Murray underwent ankle surgery.[27]

text: NFL career statistics

text:
Team
Season
G
Rushing
Receiving
Fumbles

Att
Yds
Avg
TD
Long
Rec
Yds
Avg
TD
Long
Fum
Lost

2014
Oakland Raiders
15
82
424
5.2
2
90T
17
143
8.4
0
46
1
0

2015
Oakland Raiders
16
266
1,066
4.0
6
54
41
232
5.7
0
23
4
1

2016
Oakland Raiders
14
195
788
4.0
12
42
33
264
8.0
0
39
2
1

Career totals
45
543
2,278
4.3
20
90
91
639
7.0
0
46
7
2

Source: NFL.com


document_title: The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963

question_text: the watsons go to birmingham who is mr robert

text: The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963

text: Background and setting[edit]

text: The book takes place from approximately January to October 1963, a turbulent time during the Civil Rights Movement. The Watson family is fictional, but the characters are based on members of the author's family, including himself, and many of the events in the first half of the book are based on events from the author's childhood.

text: Events later in the story center on the historic 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, soon after the civil rights protests had gained negotiation with white city leaders for integration. KKK members bombed the church on September 15, 1963, killing four girls and injuring many more. In the novel, the incident is depicted as occurring a bit earlier than the historical date, allowing the Watson family to still be on summer vacation in Birmingham when it took place.

text: The bombing was a catalyst for increased activity in the Civil Rights Movement and work on voter registration in Mississippi, during Freedom Summer of 1964.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The novel is a first-person account narrarated by Kenny Watson, who lives in Flint, Michigan with his parents, Daniel and Wilona Watson, his older brother Byron, and younger sister Joetta. The opening chapters establish Kenny as a very bright and shy 4th grader who has difficulty making true friends until Rufus Fry arrives in town from Arkansas. Rufus is also bullied by the students at Clark Elementary for his "country" clothes and accent, making Kenny reluctant to befriend him at first, but they are soon inseparable. Kenny is alternatively bullied and protected by his 13 year old brother Byron, whom he calls "an official teenage juvenile delinquent". Byron has been retained twice because he often skips school and is still in 6th grade. He invents a series of "fantastic adventures" which constantly get him into trouble and include playing with matches in the house, abusing his parent's credit at the corner grocery store to buy himself treats, and getting a "conk" hairstyle against his parents' orders.

text: Daniel and Wilona eventually become so frustrated with their inability to "straighten out" Byron that they decide to send him to Birmingham, Alabama to live with Grandma Sands (Wilona's mother) for at least the summer and possibly an entire year. As soon as the school year concludes, the Watsons ready their car ("the Brown Bomber") and embark on a roadtrip from Flint to Birmingham to deliver Byron. Kenny had been looking forward to the "battle royal" between his grandma and Byron, but is disappointed when just a few sharp words from the "old, old" lady have Byron speaking respectfully and generally behaving himself, causing Kenny to seek out his own "adventures". Grandma Sands had warned the children to avoid a particular local swimming hole because of a dangerous "whirlpool", which Kenny misheard as "Wool Pooh" due to her thick Alabama accent. Kenny wants to swim there anyway, and is frustrated when Byron and Joetta refuse to go along. Ignoring the warnings of both Grandma Sands and Byron, Kenny jumps into the seemingly tranquil pool and edges deeper and deeper water until he loses his footing and almost drowns. Remembering his grandmother's words, he imagines that a strange monster he thinks is the mysterious "Wool Pooh" swam up from below to grab his ankle and pull him under. Byron returns and jumps in to save Kenny just in time. He later insists that there was nothing else in the water, but Kenny is convinced that the Wool Pooh actually exists.

text: Shortly afterwards, a bomb goes off at a nearby church where Joetta is attending Sunday school. (This was the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, a real historical event.) Kenny wanders into the still-smoking church in the immediate aftermath looking for his sister, but instead sees the Wool Pooh in the smoke clinging to a torn girl's shoe that looks like Joetta's. In shock, he walks back to Grandma Sands' house without anyone noticing that he had been at the church, and he's again shocked and confused to find Joetta already there. She claims that it was Kenny who had called her away from the church and led her home, and she does not even know that a bombing had taken place right after she'd left Sunday school.

text: As soon as they realize that Joetta is safe, the Watsons decide to immediately return home to Flint, trying to avoid explaining the full implications of what has happened to the children. Kenny is unable to process the events in Birmingham and avoids his family and friends over the ensuing weeks, instead spending many hours hiding behind the sofa. Byron eventually coaxes him out and gets Kenny to talk about what happened, which finally brings a flood of tears from Kenny. Encouraging his little brother to "keep on stepping", Byron explains that although the world is not perfect, he has to keep moving on.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Kenneth Bernard "Kenny" Watson - The main character and narrator of the story, the younger of the two sons of the Watsons. Kenny is ten years old. He is an excellent/intelligent student with many capability, which makes him the target of bullying at Clark Elementary School.

text: Wilona Sands Watson - Usually called "Momma". She's the wife of Daniel and the mother of the three children. A native of Birmingham, she slips into a thick Southern accent when mad or excited, and she complains about Flint's harsh winters. She is strict and overprotective but loves her kids.

text: Daniel Watson - The husband of Wilona and father of the three children. He's known for having a good sense of humor and is referred to as "Dad".

text: Byron "Daddy Cool" Watson - Older brother of Kenny and Joey. He is considered the "God" of Clark Elementary School. He bullies smaller kids along with his best friend Buphead. He is known for being a terrible student and is also known for breaking the rules and being a rebel. Byron is thirteen.

text: Joetta "Joey" Watson - Younger sister of Byron and Kenny. She follows the rules and is very religious. Joey has a special relationship with Byron. She is five.

text: Buphead - Byron's best friend, who is also an "official delinquent," helps Byron bully many kids, including Kenny, although Byron and Buphead stand up for Kenny and Rufus when they're being bullied by Larry.

text: Grandma Sands - Grandmother of Kenny, Byron, and Joey, mother of Wilona, and mother-in-law of Daniel. She is supposed to be very strict. Seen by Wilona, Kenny, Byron, Joey, and Daniel when they arrived in Birmingham. Laughs like an evil witch. Grandma Sands walks with a cane due to having a stroke. Her husband died before the book began.

text: Rufus Fry - Kenny's new best friend and Cody's big brother. His family moves to Flint from the South. He and his little brother Cody befriend Kenny.

text: Cody Fry - Rufus's little brother. Rufus and Cody come from a poor Southern African-American family.

text: Lawrence "Larry" Dunn - the school bully in Kenny and Rufus's class, until Byron teaches him a lesson for stealing Kenny's winter gloves.

text: Mr. Robert - a dear friend of Grandma Sands. Mr. Robert started helping Grandma Sands out around the house after her husband died. It's hinted that Grandma Sands has a crush on Mr. Robert.

text: Mrs. Davidson - is the religious next-door neighbor of the Watsons. Joey goes to church with Mrs. Davidson three times a week. Sometimes Wilona makes Kenny go to Sunday School with Joey.

text: LJ Jones - a former playmate of Kenny who stole lots of Kenny's toy dinosaurs.

text: Author information[edit]

text: The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963 was Christopher Paul Curtis' first novel, earning him a Newbery Honor, a Coretta Scott King (wife of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) Honor, and the Golden Kite Award. Curtis also wrote the Newbery Award-winning novel Bud, Not Buddy; Elijah of Buxton, and The Mighty Miss Malone.[1][2]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In 2013, a television film based on the book premiered on the Hallmark Channel, starring Anika Noni Rose, Wood Harris, Latanya Richardson, Skai Jackson and David Alan Grier. The movie adapted the story by condensing and trimming events and characters from Flint in the first half of the novel and adding new scenes showing Kenny and Byron helping local youths organize Civil Rights events in Birmingham.