document_title: District collector

question_text: who created the post of collecter in india

text: District collector

text: History[edit]

text: District Administration in India is a legacy of the British Raj. District Collectors were members of the Indian Civil Service and were charged with supervising general administration in the district.

text: Warren Hastings introduced the office of the District Collector in 1772. Sir George Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from 1871-1874, intended "to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district."[1][2][3]

text: The office of the Collector during the British Raj held multiple responsibilities– as Collector, he was the head of the revenue organization, charged with registration, alteration, and partition of holdings; the settlement of disputes; the management of indebted estates; loans to agriculturists, and famine relief. As District Magistrate, he exercised general supervision over the inferior courts and in particular, directed the police work.[4] The office was meant to achieve the "peculiar purpose" of collecting revenue and of keeping the peace. The Superintendent of Police, Inspector General of Jails, the Surgeon General, the Divisional Forest Officer and the Chief Engineer had to inform the Collector of every activity in their Departments.[1][2][3]

text: Until the later part of the nineteenth century, no native was eligible to become a District Collector. But with the introduction of open competitive examinations for the Indian Civil Services, the office was opened to natives. Anandaram Baruah, an eminent scholar of Sanskrit and the sixth Indian and the first Assamese ICS officer, became the third Indian to be appointed a District Magistrate, the first two being Romesh Chandra Dutt and Sripad Babaji Thakur respectively.[1][2][3]

text: The district continued to be the unit of administration after India gained independence in 1947. The role of the District Collector remained largely unchanged, except for the separation of most judicial powers to judicial officers of the district. Later, with the promulgation of the National Extension Services and Community Development Programme by the Nehru government in 1952, the District Collector was entrusted with the additional responsibility of implementing the Union Government's development programs in the district.[1][2][3][5]

text: Posting[edit]

text: They are posted by the State government, from among the pool of Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers, who either are on Level 11 or Level 12 of the Pay Matrix, in the state. The members of the IAS are either directly recruited by the Union Public Service Commission or promoted from Provincial Civil Service (PCS). The direct recruits are posted as Collectors after five to six years of service, whereas the promoted members from state civil services generally occupy this post after promotion to the IAS, which generally happens after two decades of service. A District Magistrate and Collector is transferred to and from the post by the State government.[6]

text: The office bearer is generally of the rank of Special Secretary to the State Government (equivalent to Deputy Secretary in Government of India).

text: Functions and Responsibilities[edit]

text: The responsibilities assigned to a District Magistrate vary from state to state, but generally, District Collectors are entrusted with a wide range of duties in the jurisdiction of the district.

text: While the actual extent of the responsibilities varies from State to State, they generally involve-

text: As District Election Officer:

text: Conducting Elections in the district, be it General, Assembly or Municipal.

text: As Collector:

text:
Land assessment
Land acquisition
Collection
Collection of income tax dues, excise duties, irrigation dues etc.
Distribution of agricultural loans
Chairman of the District Bankers Coordination Committee
Head of the District Industries Centre

text: As District Magistrate:

text:
Maintenance of law and order
Supervision of the police and jails
Supervision of subordinate Executive magistracy
Hearing cases under the preventive section of the Criminal Procedure Code
Supervision of jails and certification of execution of capital sentences
Arbitrator of land acquisition
Disaster management during natural calamities such as floods, famines or epidemics
Crisis management during riots or external aggression

text: As Deputy Commissioner/District Commissioner:

text:
Reports to Divisional Commissioner on all matters.
Acts as ex-officio chairman of the District Development Authority, in absence of Divisional Commissioner, which carries out various developmental activities.

text: A District Magistrate and Commissioner is assisted by some IAS and PCS for carrying out day-to-day work in various fields:--

text:
Chief Development Officer (CDO)/District Development Officer (DDO)
Chief Revenue Officer (CRO)/District Revenue Officer (DRO)
Additional District Magistrate(s) (ADM) (North, West, East, South, E (Executive), F/R (Finance and Revenue), City, Judicial).
City Magistrate (CM) and Additionally City Magistrate (ACM) (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X).
Sub-Divisional Magistrate(s) (SDM) or Deputy Collector(s) (DC) and other Executive Magistrates.
Other officers from other departments at district level also report to him.


document_title: Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India

question_text: who sailed to india and returned with spices

root

text: Preparations of the trip[edit]

text: The plan for working on the Cape Route to India was charted by Portuguese King John II as a cost saving measure in the trade with Asia and also an attempt to monopolize the spice trade.[citation needed] Adding to the increasingly influential Portuguese maritime presence, John II craved for trade routes and for the expansion of the kingdom of Portugal which had already been transformed into an Empire. However, the project was not realized during his reign. It as his successor, King Manuel I, who designated Vasco da Gama for this expedition, while maintaining the original plan.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: However, this development was not viewed well by the upper classes. In the  Cortes de Montemor-o-Novo of 1495, an opposite view was visible over the journey that John II had so painstakingly prepared. This point of view was contented with the trade with Guinea and North Africa and feared the challenges posed by the maintenance of any overseas territories, and the cost involved in the launching and maintenance of sea lanes. This position is embodied in the character of The Old Man of Restelo that appears in Os Lusíadas of the Portuguese epic poet Luís Vaz de Camões, who opposes the boarding of the armada.[citation needed] Os Lusíadas It is often regarded as the most important work of Portuguese literature. The work celebrates the discovery of a sea route to India by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama.[1]

text: King Manuel did not share that opinion. Keeping the D. João II plan, he went ahead to equip the ships and chose Vasco da Gama as the leader of this expedition and the captain of the armada.[citation needed] According to the original plan, John II had appointed his father, Stephen da Gama, to head the armada; but by the time of implementing the plan, both were deceased.

text: Portuguese were after spices, but they were very expensive because it was an inconvenience to trade. For example, it was dangerous and time consuming to travel by land from Europe to India. [2]As a result, King D. João II of Portugal established a plan for ships to explore the coast of Africa to see if India was navigable via around the cape, and through the Indian Ocean. King João II appointed Bartolomeu Dias, on October 10, 1486, to head an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India.[2] Dias helped in the construction of the São Gabriel and its sister ship, the São Rafael that were used by Vasco da Gama to sail past the Cape of Good Hope and continue to India.[2]

text: One of the sailors, Bartolomeu Dias passed the southernmost point of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. He declared it possible to travel to India by going around Africa. The Portuguese were then able to make an immense profit by using their own ships to retrieve the spices.

text: This global expedition was launched on 8 July 1497. It concluded two years later with the entry of the ships back into the river Tagus, bringing with them the good news that bestowed on Portugal a prestigious maritime position.[citation needed]

text: The context[edit]

text: Spices were always considered the gold of the Indies. Cinnamon, ginger, cloves, pepper and turmeric had long been products which were difficult to obtain in Europe and brought in by caravans and experienced merchants coming from the East.[citation needed]

text: A merchant of Lisbon describes the overland spice route as follows: Only the markets of Venice and Genoa then scattered these spices all over Europe, great in cost, and without guaranteed arrival.[3] In 1453, with the capture of the city of Constantinople by the Ottomans, the trade of Venice and Genoa reduced to a great degree.[dubious  – discuss] The advantage of the Portuguese to establish a sea route therefore virtually free of assault – however, covered in perils in the sea – showed itself rewarding and outlined a large income to the Crown in the future. Portugal directly linked the spice producing regions to their markets in Europe.[citation needed]

text: Around the year 1481, João Afonso of Aveiro attempted to undertake an exploration of the kingdom of Benin, and gathered information about an almost legendary prince Ogané, whose kingdom was located far to the east of Benin. He was thought to be Christian and one who enjoyed great respect and power. It was said the Benin kingdom where Ogané had his headquarters was twenty moons away in distance, which, according to the account of  João de Barros, corresponds to two hundred fifty leagues.[citation needed]

text: Excited with this news, John II sent, in 1487, Frei António de Lisboa and Pedro de Montarroio to locate in the East new information that could find Prester John, which seemed to correspond, after all, to the description that came about the prince Ogané.[4] But the mission of those sent was merely to Jerusalem, because these two Portuguese were unaware of the Arabic language and hence feared to continue, and instead returned to Portugal.[citation needed]

text: Very carefully and secretly two young men of trust were prepared. They were Afonso de Paiva, of Castelo Branco, and Pêro da Covilhã. They began their journey and went through Valencia, Barcelona, Naples, Rhodes, Alexandria, Cairo and Aden. Here their paths separated: Afonso de Paiva headed to Ethiopia and Pêro da Covilhã to India. None of the men returned, but the information needed by D. John was brought back to the kingdom, and with this came the support to serve the possible epic maritime adventure that lay ahead.[citation needed]

text: The travel plan predicted the safety of the route. For this, it was necessary to install trading posts along the way, and build fortresses. The mission was up to the captain of the armada who was provided with many gifts and equipment to brave the seas and diplomatic credentials and perseverance to create links with unknown monarchs who eventually were found along the way.

text: But it was not in the reign of King John II of Portugal that this project, which was already facing a strong opposition from the court, was initiated. It happened only in the time of his successor, King Manuel I who incidentally did not share the general opinion about the sea routes being a good – if not the best – means to dominate trade with the East.

text: The navy[edit]

text: Among the sailors, were two interpreters Fernão Martins and Martim Afonso de Sousa, and two brothers, João Figueira and Pêro da Covilhã. In all, the crews comprised 170 men.

text: The sailors had sailing charts marked with the positions of the African coast known until then, quadrants, astrolabes of various sizes, tables with calculations – such as astronomical tables of Abraham Zacuto – needle and bobs. One of the ships was carrying groceries sufficient for three years: biscuits, beans, dried meats, wine, flour, olive oil, pickles and other items of pharmacy. Also planned were continuous replenishment along the coast of Africa. The trip to India was performed by three ships and another ship that carried supplies. These three ships had a captain and a pilot. The ship of groceries had only a captain. Two ships also had a scribe or writer. The first ship had a master.

text: The voyage[edit]

text: Thus began the expedition on 8 July 1497. The Lisbon shipping line to Cabo Verde was the usual one and the Indian Ocean is described by Álvaro Velho thus: "The coastal route until Malindi and direct passage from this port to Calicut". During this expedition, the latitudes were determined by solar observation, as stated by João de Barros.

text: Reports of the Daily Board (Diários de Bordo) of the ships note many unique experiences. Also found were a rich flora and fauna. Contact was made near the bay of St. Helena with tribes who ate sea lions, whales, gazelle meat and herbal roots; They walked covered with fur and their weapons were simple wooden spears of Zambujo and animal horns; They saw tribes who played rustic flutes in a coordinated manner, which was a surprising sight for the Europeans. Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) affected the crew. They crossed into Mozambique with palm trees yielding coconuts.

text: Despite the adversities of a trip of this scale, the crew retained their curiosity and courage to achieve the feat and get along with people they encountered. To gather pace, they raided ships in search of pilots. With the prisoners, the Captain-General could trade, or put them to work.

text: It is known, thanks to the Portuguese humanist philosopher Damião de Góis, that during the trip five monuments were set in place. San Rafael, in the Bons Sinais river; São Jorge, in Mozambique; the Holy Spirit in Malindi; Santa Maria, in Ilhéus, and San Gabriel, in Calicut. These monuments were meant to affirm the Portuguese sovereignty in these places so that other explorers who arrived later did not take the land for themselves as discoveries.

text: Arrival in Calicut[edit]

text: On May 17, 1498, the fleet reached Kappakadavu, near Calicut, in the current Indian state of Kerala, thus having established the route via the Indian Ocean and managing to open the sea route from Europe to India.[5]

text: Negotiations with the local governor, Samutiri Manavikraman Raja, Zamorin of Calicut, were difficult. Vasco da Gama's efforts to obtain favorable commercial terms have been hampered by the different cultures and the low value of their gifts – in the West it was customary for kings to offer presents to the foreign envoys; in the East the kings were expected to be impressed with rich offerings.[citation needed] Goods presented by the Portuguese proved insufficient to impress the Zamorin and representatives of the Zamorin mocked their offers, while the Arab merchants established there resisted the possibility of unwanted competition.

text: Vasco da Gama's perseverance made him nevertheless initiate negotiations between him and the Zamorin, who was pleased with the letters of King Manuel I. Finally, Vasco da Gama managed to get an ambiguous letter of concession rights to trade.

text: The Portuguese eventually were able to sell their goods at a low price in order to acquire small amounts of spices and jewels to take to their kingdom. However the fleet eventually departed without warning after the Zamorin and his naval chief Kunjali Marakkar insisted that they left all their assets as collateral. Vasco da Gama kept his goods, but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post.[citation needed]

text: Back in Portugal[edit]

text: On July 12, 1499, after more than two years since the beginning of this expedition, the caravel Berrio entered into the river Tagus, commanded by Nicolau Coelho, with the news that thrilled Lisbon: the Portuguese had finally reached India by sea. Vasco da Gama had fallen behind on Terceira Island, preferring to stay on with his brother who was seriously ill, thus foreclosing the celebrations and congratulations by the news.[citation needed]

text: Of the ships involved, only the São Rafael (St. Raphael) did not return. It was burnt due to its inability to maneuver, as a result of the reduced number of the crew as a result of diseases which killed about half the crew, such as scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), which was felt acutely while crossing the Indian Ocean. Only 55 of the 148 men who were part of the armada survived the trip.[6]

text: Vasco da Gama returned home on 31 August and was received by King Manuel I with contentment. He  assigned him the title of Don and great rewards.[6]

text: Manuel I hastened to break the news to the kings of Spain, both as a display of pride as also to warn that both the routes would explored by the Portuguese Crown.[6]

text: There is news of an Italian merchant who spread the good news in Florence.

text: The merchant refers to Melinde.

text: With the opening of the sea route to the East Indies, the Venetians, who controlled the trade of the Mediterranean, bought pepper from the Portuguese, at half the price they paid to the Arabs in Egypt.[citation needed] The fall of the Venetian monopoly on the spice trade in Europe and the resulting drop in prices of spices contributed to the commercial development of the continent.[citation needed]


document_title: President of the United Nations General Assembly

question_text: who has been elected next president of united nation in the first week of june 2013

text: Election[edit]

text: The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September—any special, or emergency special, assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of UNGA.

text: The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups: African, Asia-Pacific, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other States.[1]

text: Because of their powerful stature globally, some of the largest, most powerful countries have never held the presidency, such as the People's Republic of China, France, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In particular, it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as UNGA president.

text: The only country that had a national elected as President of UNGA twice is Argentina; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office. This does not include special and emergency special sessions of UNGA.

text: List of presidents[edit]

text:
Year elected

Name of President[2]

UN member state

Region

Sessions

1946

Paul-Henri Spaak

 Belgium

WES

First

1947

Oswaldo Aranha

 Brazil

LAS

First specialSecond

1948

José Arce

 Argentina

LAS

Second special

1948

Herbert Vere Evatt

 Australia

COS

Third

1949

Carlos P. Romulo

 Philippines

EAS

Fourth

1950

Nasrollah Entezam

 Iran

EAS

Fifth

1951

Luis Padilla Nervo

 Mexico

LAS

Sixth

1952

Lester B. Pearson

 Canada

COS

Seventh

1953

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

 India

COS

Eighth, First woman president

1954

Eelco van Kleffens

 Netherlands

WES

Ninth

1955

José Maza Fernández

 Chile

LAS

Tenth

1956

Rudecindo Ortega (de)

 Chile

LAS

First emergency specialSecond emergency special

1956

Wan Waithayakon

 Thailand

EAS

Eleventh

1957

Leslie Munro

 New Zealand

COS

TwelfthThird emergency special

1958

Charles Malik

 Lebanon

MES

Thirteenth

1959

Víctor Andrés Belaúnde

 Peru

LAS

FourteenthFourth emergency special

1960

Frederick Boland

 Ireland

WES

FifteenthThird special

1961

Mongi Slim

 Tunisia

MES

Sixteenth

1962

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

 Pakistan

COS

SeventeenthFourth special

1963

Carlos Sosa Rodríguez (es)

 Venezuela

LAS

Eighteenth

1964

Alex Quaison-Sackey

 Ghana

COS

Nineteenth

1965

Amintore Fanfani

 Italy

WES

Twentieth

1966

Abdul Rahman Pazhwak

 Afghanistan

Asia

Twenty-firstFifth specialFifth emergency special

1967

Corneliu Mănescu

 Romania

EEG

Twenty-second

1968

Emilio Arenales Catalán

 Guatemala

GRULAC

Twenty-third

1969

Angie Brooks

 Liberia

Africa

Twenty-fourth

1970

Edvard Hambro

 Norway

WEOG

Twenty-fifth

1971

Adam Malik

 Indonesia

Asia

Twenty-sixth

1972

Stanisław Trepczyński

 Poland

EEG

Twenty-seventh

1973

Leopoldo Benites

 Ecuador

GRULAC

Twenty-eighthSixth special

1974

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

 Algeria

Africa

Twenty-ninthSeventh special

1975

Gaston Thorn

 Luxembourg

WEOG

Thirtieth

1976

Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe

 Sri Lanka

Asia

Thirty-first

1977

Lazar Mojsov

 Yugoslavia

EEG

Thirty-secondEighth specialNinth specialTenth special

1978

Indalecio Liévano

 Colombia

GRULAC

Thirty-third

1979

Salim Ahmed Salim

 United Republic of Tanzania

Africa

Thirty-fourthSixth emergency specialSeventh emergency specialEleventh special

1980

Rüdiger von Wechmar

 Federal Republic of Germany

WEOG

Thirty-fifthEighth emergency special

1981

Ismat T. Kittani

 Iraq

Asia

Thirty-sixthSeventh emergency special—ContinuationNinth emergency specialTwelfth special

1982

Imre Hollai

 Hungary

EEG

Thirty-seventh

1983

Jorge Illueca

 Panama

GRULAC

Thirty-eighth

1984

Paul J. F. Lusaka

 Zambia

Africa

Thirty-ninth

1985

Jaime de Piniés

 Spain

WEOG

FortiethThirteenth special

1986

Humayun Rashid Choudhury

 Bangladesh

Asia

Forty-firstFourteenth special

1987

Peter Florin

 German Democratic Republic

EEG

Forty-secondFifteenth special

1988

Dante Caputo

 Argentina

GRULAC

Forty-third

1989

Joseph Nanven Garba

 Nigeria

Africa

Forty-fourthSixteenth specialSeventeenth specialEighteenth special

1990

Guido de Marco

 Malta

WEOG

Forty-fifth

1991

Samir Shihabi

 Saudi Arabia

Asia

Forty-sixth

1992

Stoyan Ganev

 Bulgaria

EEG

Forty-seventh

1993

Rudy Insanally

 Guyana

GRULAC

Forty-eighth

1994

Amara Essy

 Ivory Coast

Africa

Forty-ninth

1995

Diogo de Freitas do Amaral

 Portugal

WEOG

Fiftieth

1996

Razali Ismail

 Malaysia

Asia

Fifty-firstTenth emergency specialNineteenth special

1997

Hennadiy Udovenko

 Ukraine

EEG

Fifty-secondTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwentieth special

1998

Didier Opertti

 Uruguay

GRULAC

Fifty-thirdTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwenty-first special

1999

Theo-Ben Gurirab

 Namibia

Africa

Fifty-fourthTwenty-second specialTwenty-third specialTwenty-fourth special

2000

Harri Holkeri

 Finland

WEOG

Fifty-fifthTenth emergency special—ContinuationTwenty-fifth specialTwenty-sixth special

2001

Han Seung-soo

 South Korea

Asia

Fifty-sixthTenth emergency special—Continuation

2002

Jan Kavan

 Czech Republic

EEG

Fifty-seventhTenth emergency special—Continuation

2003

Julian Hunte

 Saint Lucia

GRULAC

Fifty-eighthTenth emergency special—Continuation

2004

Jean Ping

 Gabon

Africa

Fifty-ninth

2005

Jan Eliasson

 Sweden

WEOG

Sixtieth

2006

Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa

 Bahrain

Asia

Sixty-firstTenth emergency special—Continuation

2007

Srgjan Kerim

 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

EEG

Sixty-second

2008

Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann

 Nicaragua

GRULAC

Sixty-third

2009

Ali Treki

 Libya

Africa

Sixty-fourth

2010

Joseph Deiss

  Switzerland

WEOG

Sixty-fifth

2011

Nassir Al-Nasser[3]

 Qatar

Asia-Pacific

Sixty-sixth

2012

Vuk Jeremić

 Serbia

EEG

Sixty-seventh (election)

2013

John William Ashe

 Antigua and Barbuda

GRULAC

Sixty-eighth

2014

Sam Kutesa

 Uganda

Africa

Sixty-ninth

2015

Mogens Lykketoft

 Denmark

WEOG

Seventieth

2016

Peter Thomson

 Fiji

Asia-Pacific

Seventy-first (election)

2017

Miroslav Lajčák

 Slovakia

EEG

Seventy-secondTenth emergency special—Continuation

2018

María Fernanda Espinosa

 Ecuador

GRULAC

Seventy-third

tag: table

text: Abbreviations:

text:
COS: Commonwealth Seat
EAS: Eastern European and Asian Seat
LAS: Latin American Seat
MES: Middle Eastern Seat
WES: Western European Seat

tag: ul

text:
Africa: African Group
Asia-Pacific: Asian Group, since 2011 the Asia-Pacific Group[4]
EEG: Eastern European Group
GRULAC: Latin American and Caribbean Group
WEOG: Western European and Others Group


document_title: Mad About You

question_text: who played paul mother on mad about you

question_tokens: who played paul mother on mad about you

text: Mad About You

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses mainly on newlyweds Paul Buchman, a documentary filmmaker, and Jamie Stemple Buchman, a public relations specialist, as they deal with everything from humorous daily minutiae to major struggles. Near the end of the show's run, they have a baby daughter, whom they name Mabel.

text: Production[edit]

text: Helen Hunt and Paul Reiser were paid $1 million per episode for the last season (with their contracts calling for them to be paid equally). However, ratings fell sharply that year as the series was shuffled away from its Tuesday slot to prop up a fledgling Monday night line-up of comedies on NBC.

text: The show's theme song, "Final Frontier", was composed by Reiser and Don Was. The theme was originally performed by Andrew Gold, but a version performed by Anita Baker made its debut at the beginning of the sixth season. Baker's version was used on several episodes of the last two seasons, in addition to Gold's version, and appears on the show's soundtrack album. Gold's version is available on the collection Thank You for Being a Friend: The Best of Andrew Gold.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Paul Reiser as Paul Buchman (born April 19, 1962), a filmmaker. After attending the New York University Film School, he struggled for recognition before finally succeeding in filmmaking in New York City. He and his family reside in Union Square.
Helen Hunt as Jamie "James" Buchman (née Stemple, born February 19, 1963), the younger daughter of Gus and Theresa Stemple. After seven boyfriends at Yale University, she met Paul Buchman at a New York newsstand by stealing his copy of The New York Times with an implausible excuse. Her difficult relationship with her mother-in-law is an ongoing source of jokes on the show.
Maui as Murray, the Buchmans' collie mix dog. He was a puppy when Paul found him, and Paul met Jamie while walking him. He sometimes chases an invisible mouse, and often ends up crashing into the bedroom wall. In a later episode, Jamie does discover the real mouse that Murray has been chasing. In the two-part series finale, The Final Frontier, adult Mabel says that Murray died when she was six, but she was not told until she was twelve. Twice voted the most popular dog by the readers of TV Guide,[2] Murray is loyal and endearing while being very laid back and a bit thick-skulled. Maui was originally found in a Castaic, California, animal shelter by noted Hollywood animal trainer Boone Narr. Maui weighed 58 pounds and was primarily trained by Betty Linn. His first assignments came in TV commercials and as the backup for the top dog in the feature film "Bingo."[3]
Anne Ramsay as Lisa Stemple, Jamie's older sister. Lisa has unfathomable psychological issues. Jamie is referred to as "Stella" in a book written by Lisa's therapist: "It was Stella's overprotectiveness that suffocated her ability to relate to others, and tethered her to a lifetime of insecurity and neurosis." After an envious rage, she blames Jamie for all of her problems in an interview with her shrink that becomes a chapter of a book called "Manics." With no place else to go, she does her laundry at Paul and Jamie's apartment while scavenging through her sister's clothes and food. Every visit from her parents triggers her eating disorder. In between bouts of weirdness, she still cares deeply for Paul and Jamie and is often trusted to house sit for them, usually with unfortunate results.
Leila Kenzle as Fran Devanow, Jamie's best friend. She is the regional vice president at Farrer-Gantz Public Relations who hired Jamie as her assistant. Near 1989, Fran quits Farrer-Gantz to spend time with her obnoxious five-year-old son, Ryan, and husband, Mark. Jamie is then promoted to Fran's position. Fran and Mark's relationship lasts 10 years, and their separation shocks Jamie and Paul. After divorcing Mark, Fran returns to her old position at Farrer-Gantz, since Jamie had quit, but she, too, eventually quits and goes into business with Jamie. Fran and Mark eventually reconcile.
John Pankow as Ira Buchman, Paul's cousin. He first appears in the episode "The Wedding Affair." Ira is from the Sheepshead Bay section of Brooklyn. He worked for Paul's father, Burt, at Buchman's Sporting Goods. Paul and Ira have a close friendship, but their hidden rivalry came out when Ira took ownership of Buchman's Sporting Goods upon Burt's retirement. Even so, he frequently appears as loving and supportive towards Paul and Jamie.
Cynthia Harris as Sylvia Buchman, Paul's mother. Sylvia almost always gives Jamie a hard time, but occasionally does show kindness towards her daughter-in-law.
Louis Zorich as Burt Buchman, Paul's father. Burt runs a sporting goods store – until he passes it on to Ira upon retirement. His signature line in the show occurs whenever he visits Paul and Jamie's apartment, exclaiming at the door, "It's me, Burt! Burt Buchman--your father!"
Alyssa and Justin Baric (twins) as Mabel Buchman, Paul and Jamie's daughter. She was finally named when Jamie's overbearing mother proclaimed that "Mothers Always Bring Extra Love." (This gag is a homage to The Dick Van Dyke Show where Rob and Laura explain how their son Ritchie got his middle name). Alyssa and Justin Baric played Mabel from the beginning of season six when Mabel was brought home from the hospital ("Coming Home"). They continued to play the role of Mabel for numerous episodes. Carter and Madison Gayle play the role at a later time. In the season six episode "Letters to Mabel," an 18-year-old Mabel is played by Meredith Bishop. In the series finale, a teen Mabel is played by Cara DeLizia, and an adult Mabel is played by Janeane Garofalo.
Richard Kind as Dr. Mark Devanow, Fran's ex-husband, with whom she is on good terms. A former obstetrician, Mark left Fran and their young son because he felt smothered and wanted to see the world. After returning to New York, he converts to Buddhism and works for a grocery store, although he eventually returns to his old profession. He eventually is able to win Fran back.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jerry Adler as Mr. Wicker, the apartment building superintendent (10 episodes) -- previously as a Police Sergeant (1 episode)
Hank Azaria as Nat Ostertag, Jamie and Paul's dog walker (15 episodes)
Robin Bartlett as Debbie Buchman, Paul's sister (29 episodes)
Patrick Bristow as Troy, Jamie's scheming office underling (5 episodes) -- previously as a Hotel Clerk (1 episode)
Mel Brooks as Uncle Phil, Paul's uncle (4 episodes)
Carol Burnett as Theresa Stemple, Jamie's mother (10 episodes)
Penny Fuller as Theresa Stemple, Jamie's mother (4 episodes)
Mo Gaffney as Dr. Sheila Kleinman, Jamie and Paul's therapist (13 episodes)
Jeff Garlin as Marvin, Ira's employee and semi-pro wrestler (13 episodes)
Judy Geeson as Maggie Conway, British neighbor across the hall (32 episodes)
Tommy Hinkley as Jay Selby, Paul's college friend (13 episodes, season 1 only). The disappearance of Selby is never explained, a fact referenced in season 5, episode 21 ("Guardianhood")
Lisa Kudrow as Ursula Buffay, absent-minded waitress at Riff's (24 episodes)
Cyndi Lauper as Marianne Lugasso, Ira's on and off girlfriend/ex-wife (5 episodes)
Lyle Lovett (2 episodes)
Gates McFadden as Allison Rourke, Paul Buchman's boss (4 episodes)
Larry Miller as Lou Bonaparte (5 episodes)
Carroll O'Connor as Gus Stemple, Jamie's father (4 episodes)
John Karlen as Gus Stemple, Jamie's father (3 episodes)
George O. Petrie as Sid, Paul's film editor colleague (10 episodes)
Suzie Plakson as Dr. Joan Golfinos, Debbie Buchman's life partner (and Jamie's Ob/Gyn for a while) (18 episodes)
Alan Ruck as Lance Brockwell (4 episodes)
Eric Stoltz as Alan Tofsky, Jamie's ex-boyfriend (6 episodes)
Paxton Whitehead as Maggie's first and third husband Hal (9 episodes)
Jim Piddock as Maggie's second husband Hal (7 episodes)
Steven Wright as Warren Mermelman (5 episodes)

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text:
Andre Agassi (season 2, episode 15)
Ed Asner (2 episodes)
John Astin (season 2, episode 23)
Kevin Bacon (season 5, episode 7)
Christie Brinkley (season 2, episode 15)
Garth Brooks (season 2, episode 23)
Michael Buffer (season 7, episode 17)
Steve Buscemi (season 1, episode 7)
Sid Caesar (season 5, episode 15)
James Cameron (season 6, episode 23)
Dan Castellaneta (season 7, episode 10)
William Christopher (season 7, episode 2)
Ellen DeGeneres (season 6, episode 23)
Paul Dooley (season 1, episode 5)
Nancy Dussault (season 1, episode 5)
Patrick Ewing (season 3, episode 20)
Jamie Farr (season 7, episode 16)
Barbara Feldon (season 1, episode 20)
Janeane Garofalo (season 7, episode 21)
Marita Geraghty (season 3, episode 10)
Rudolph "Rudy" Giuliani (season 3, episode 10)
Al Gore (season 6, episode 10)
Kerri Green (season 1, episode 4)
Seth Green (season 5, episode 21)
Billy Joel (season 7, episode 15)
Robert Klein (season 7, episode 9)
Vanessa Lock (season 6, episode 12)
Nathan Lane (season 6, episode 11)
Phil Leeds (season 1, episode 6)
Eugene Levy (season 6, episode 22)
Jerry Lewis (season 1, episode 17)
Mark McGwire (season 7, episode 13)
Yoko Ono (season 4, episode 6)
Regis Philbin (season 1, episode 18)
Sydney Pollack (season 6, episode 13)
Beata Poźniak (season 1, episode 12)
Carl Reiner as Alan Brady (season 3, episode 16)
Michael Richards as Cosmo Kramer (season 1, episode 8)
Al Roker (season 3, episode 6)
Jerry Seinfeld (season 7, episode 1)
Brent Spiner (season 3, episode 15)
Carol Ann Susi (season 1, episode 9)
Wayne Tippit (season 1, episode 11)
Patrick Warburton (season 1, episode 16)
Bruce Willis (season 5, episode 24)
Randy Poffo (season 7, episode 17)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 23, 1992
May 22, 1993

2
25
September 16, 1993
May 19, 1994

3
24
September 22, 1994
May 18, 1995

4
24
September 24, 1995
May 19, 1996

5
24
September 17, 1996
May 20, 1997

6
23
September 23, 1997
May 19, 1998

7
22
September 22, 1998
May 24, 1999

text: Crossovers[edit]

text: Mad About You has had numerous connections to other NBC sitcoms set in New York City, as well as various other programs.

text: Friends (owned by Warner Bros. Television): Lisa Kudrow played the recurring role of Ursula, a flaky waitress at Riff's Bar, a local restaurant that Paul and Jamie frequented. Kudrow went on to star in the NBC sitcom Friends, playing the also somewhat flaky character of Phoebe Buffay, and for a time both series shared the same Thursday night line-up. While not originally intended, the characters of Ursula and Phoebe were later found to be identical twin sisters. In a Friends episode ("The One With The Two Parts", 1st Season), as part of a night of NBC sitcom crossovers, Jamie and Fran walk into Central Perk and mistake Phoebe for Ursula. Hunt and Kenzle were not identified on screen as Jamie and Fran. In the season three episode "Pandora's Box", Jamie causes a citywide power blackout in New York City, and the effects of the blackout are seen in the Friends episode, "The One with the Blackout", and there was also a blackout in the episode "Birthday in the Big House" of the short-lived NBC sitcom Madman of the People, which leaves open the possibility that the characters from this program may also exist in the same universe as the characters of Mad About You. All three episodes originally aired during the evening of November 3, 1994, alongside a Seinfeld episode which did not incorporate the blackout premise.

text: Seinfeld: In one episode ("The Apartment", 1st Season), Paul, pressured by Jamie, decides to sign over the lease of his old "bachelor pad" to the current tenant who is subleasing. When the tenant is revealed to be Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards) of Seinfeld, Paul asks Kramer "What ever happened to that Jerry guy who used to live there?". Seinfeld, however, twice contradicted this connection, once even featuring a running joke about George's distaste for his fiancee Susan's fondness for watching Mad About You. In the Mad About You season seven episode "Season Opener", Paul, under the effects of Viagra, ran into Jerry Seinfeld in the street, who tells Paul to go away. At this point in Seinfeld's chronology, Jerry Seinfeld was supposed to be in prison.

text: The Dick Van Dyke Show: Carl Reiner reprised the role of Alan Brady from the 1960s sitcom (a series acknowledged as an inspiration for Mad About You). The episode made several references to the older show, such as Jamie at one point crying and whining "Oh, Paul!" – a signature move by Mary Tyler Moore's character Laura Petrie. Ten episodes earlier, Paul almost trips over a box and says, "Get me, I'm Dick Van Dyke."

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
1992–93: #54 (10.18 rating)
1993–94: #31 (12.69 rating)
1994–95: #11 (15.2 rating[4])
1995–96: #37 (10.8 rating)
1996–97: #24 (11.0 rating[5])
1997–98: #32 (13.4 million viewers[6])
1998–99: #85 (9.1 million viewers[7])

text: Awards[edit]

text: Mad About You won a Golden Globe Award, a Peabody Award, a Genesis Award, received five Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, and was chosen Best Quality Comedy by the Viewers for Quality Television. Helen Hunt won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Comedy Series four years in a row (1996–99).

text: Media[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: In 1997, Atlantic Records released a Mad About You soundtrack. The soundtrack from and inspired by the sitcom, is composed of fun and sentimental songs and clips from the show. The tracks are organized chronologically marking the milestones of the couple's relationship. The album is bookended by the two versions of Paul Reiser's song "Final Frontier"—the first track is the classic version used in the show's opening, and the last track is Anita Baker's jazzy, full-length rendition, with Reiser on keyboard. The 21 tracks are as follows:

text:
"Final Frontier (TV Theme)" – Andrew Gold
"Who I Am" – Faith Hill
"No Pressure" – Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt
"I've Been Lonely Too Long" – The Young Rascals
"At Last" – Etta James
"That's Marriage?" – Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt
"Ice Cream" – Sarah McLachlan
"I Love the Way You Love Me" – Eric Martin
"Nobody Knows Me" – Lyle Lovett
"Sneaky Feelings" – Elvis Costello
"A Talk in the Park" – Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt
"Love and Forgiveness" – Julia Fordham
"A Magic Moment" – Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt
"The Things We've Handed Down" – Marc Cohn
"Lullaby for You" – BeBe Winans
"She Crawls Away" – Hootie & the Blowfish
"My First Child" – Nil Lara
"Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)" – John Lennon
"Baby Girl" – The Tony Rich Project
"Unconditional Love" – Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt
"Mad About You – The Final Frontier" – Anita Baker

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Mad About You on DVD in Region 1 and 4. The first two seasons were also released in Region 2. Due to poor sales, no subsequent seasons were released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

text: In February 2010, Shout! Factory acquired the rights to release the remaining seasons of Mad About You on DVD. They subsequently released seasons 4 and 5 on DVD.[8][9]

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Mad About You.[10] They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on August 5, 2014.[11]

text: Mill Creek released the complete series on a 14-DVD set on May 3, 2016.[12]

text: Season releases[edit]

text:
DVD name
Ep. #
Release date

The Complete 1st Season
22
October 22, 2002

The Complete 2nd Season
25
April 22, 2003

The Complete 3rd Season
24
February 6, 2007

The Complete 4th Season
24
June 29, 2010

The Complete 5th Season
24
November 2, 2010

The Complete Series
164
May 3, 2016

text: Best-of releases[edit]

text:
DVD name
Release date
Ep. #
Additional information

Mad About You Collection
February 8, 2005
22

Blooper Reel: The Seven Warning Signs of Madness
Audio commentaries: Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt on "The Final Frontier" and "The Pilot"
Featurette: Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt Are Mad About the Theme
Featurette: Paul Reiser & Helen Hunt Are Mad About the Guest Stars
Paul and Helen introduce and discuss each episode

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A Chinese adaptation will air on Dragon TV from January 4, 2016.[13] An Argentine remake titled Loco por vos will air on Telefe from August, 2016.[14]


document_title: She's the Man

question_text: who plays the cornwall coach in she's the man

question_tokens: who plays the cornwall coach in she 's the man

text: She's the Man

text: Plot[edit]

text: Viola Hastings (Amanda Bynes) is a teenage girl who plays for Cornwall High School's soccer team until it gets cut. Meanwhile, her twin brother, Sebastian (James Kirk), is supposed to enroll in Illyria, an elite boarding school, but he secretly goes to London with his fledgling band instead. Viola agrees to cover for him and decides to pass herself off as Sebastian, in hopes of joining their boys' team and beating Cornwall to prove their coach and her cocky ex-boyfriend, Justin (Robert Hoffman), wrong. With the help of her stylist friend, Paul (Jonathan Sadowski), she is transformed into "Sebastian" and attends Illyria in his place.

text: While moving in, she meets her roommate, Duke Orsino (Channing Tatum), an attractive soccer player and Illyria's team captain. During tryouts, Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage (Vinnie Jones) and is assigned to second string, much to her dismay. Her teammates, including Duke, initially dislike "Sebastian" due to his awkward and strange behavior. However, with help from Paul once again, they begin to accept him into their social circle. "Sebastian" then gets the popular and pretty Olivia (Laura Ramsey) as his lab partner, which frustrates Duke, as he has feelings for her. "Sebastian" agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player. Coach Dinklage eventually notices "Sebastian's" effort and improvement, thus promoting him to first string.

text: At the Junior League carnival, where her mother has made her volunteer, Viola works a shift at the kissing booth and shares a kiss with Duke. Duke expresses to "Sebastian" that he might move on from Olivia as he is starting to like Viola now. Viola is delighted as she secretly feels the same way.

text: Olivia who now has a crush on "Sebastian", asks Duke out on a date in hopes that it will make "Sebastian" jealous. Viola, who is unaware of Olivia's true intentions, is enraged instead because Duke has now abandoned his interest in Viola. When Viola finds out the truth, she encourages Olivia to tell "Sebastian" directly about her feelings.

text: The situation becomes even more complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early, unbeknownst to Viola. As soon as he arrives at Illyria, Olivia confesses her feelings and kisses him. Duke, seeing this, believes his roommate has betrayed him. When "Sebastian" returns to their room, the two have an argument and Duke kicks him out. Viola oversleeps and misses the first half of the game, while the real Sebastian is mistaken for "Sebastian" and winds up poorly playing his sister's game instead. At half-time, Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places again.

text: Duke, still furious at "Sebastian", refuses to cooperate with him on the field. Determined to makes amends with Duke, "Sebastian" explains that he is actually Viola. Illyria wins the game when Viola scores a goal, finally humiliating Justin and the rest of the Cornwall boys.

text: Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall, except for Duke who is hurt about Viola's deception. Viola introduces Sebastian and Olivia officially, and they begin dating. Viola and Sebastian's divorced parents also make up, exchanging contact information so as to be better parents towards their children. She invites Duke to her debutante ball, with an invitation delivered by Sebastian, now Duke's roommate. Still hurt, Duke doesn't respond to Viola's invitation, which devastates her. At the ball, Viola is skeptical that Duke will show up; she distracts herself by assisting Olivia, who is being escorted by Sebastian to the ball, and is touched when Paul asks to be her date. Her mother shows up with a dress that will suit Viola's "no ruffles" policy, but Viola decides to go for a walk instead. She runs into Duke outside, who tells her that he has feelings for her, but that he doesn't want there to be any more deception on her part; Viola promises to be honest with him. Later, Monique is escorted by Justin, Olivia is escorted by Sebastian, and Viola and Duke enter the stage late, but together, with Viola in her new dress, much to the joy of her mother. Viola and Duke share a kiss before joining the crowd. At the end of the film, Viola and Duke are shown happily playing on Illyria's soccer team together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Bynes as Viola Hastings
Channing Tatum as Duke Orsino
Laura Ramsey as Olivia Lennox
Robert Hoffman as Justin Drayton
Alex Breckenridge as Monique Valentine
Brandon Jay McLaren as Toby
Clifton Murray as Andrew
James Kirk as Sebastian Hastings
David Cross as Principal Horatio Gold
Vinnie Jones as Coach Dinklage
Emily Perkins as Eunice Bates
John Pyper-Ferguson as Roger
Julie Hagerty as Daphne
Lynda Boyd as Cheryl
Jonathan Sadowski as Paul Antonio
Amanda Crew as Kia
Jessica Lucas as Yvonne
James Snyder as Malcolm Festes
Robert Torti as Coach Pistonek
Mark Acheson as Groundskeeper

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #4 at the North American box office making $10.7 million USD in its opening weekend. Its budget was approximately $20,000,000. She's the Man grossed a total of $33.7 million domestically with a total gross of $57.2 million worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave She's the Man a rating of 43%, based on 109 reviews. The critical consensus reads, "Shakespeare's wit gets lost in translation with She's the Man's broad slapstick, predictable jokes, and unconvincing plotline."[2] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 55 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[3]


document_title: World Heart Federation

question_text: who created world heart day and when was it first celebrated

text: World Heart Federation

text: About[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The World Heart Federation traces its origins to the International Society of Cardiology, which was formed in 1946, and the International Cardiology Federation, founded in 1970. These two organizations merged in 1978 to form the International Society and Federation of Cardiology (ISFC). The ISFC changed its name to the World Heart Federation in 1998.[1]

text: Strategic Goal[edit]

text: The World Heart Federation urges greater action from policy makers, healthcare professionals, patient organizations and individuals to work together to reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke, and ensure people all over the world can have longer and better lives.

text: Mission[edit]

text: By 2025, to drive the WHO target for non-communicable disease mortality reduction by reducing premature deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD) by at least 25%.

text: Board 2015-2017[edit]

text:
President: Salim Yusuf, MBBS, DPhil, FRCPC, FRSC, Canada
Vice-President: Kingsley K. Akinroye, MD, Nigeria
President Elect: David A. Wood, MSc, FRCP, FRCPE, FFPHM, FESC, UK
Vice-President Elect : Tony Duncan, New Zealand
Past President: K. Srinath Reddy, MD, DM, MSc, India
Past Vice-President: Deborah Chen, Jamaica
Secretary and Treasure: Ronald Wayne Haddock, USA
Chair, Scientific Policy and Advocacy Committee:Jagat Narula, MD, DM, PhD, MACC, FRCP, USA
Chief Executive Officer: Johanna Ralston, Switzerland
At-large member: Dayi Hu, MD, FACC, FESC, China

text: Continental Representatives[edit]

text:
Africa: Habib Gamra, MD, Tunisia
Africa: Bongani Mayosi, MD, PhD, South Africa
Asia-Pacific: Kui-Hian Sim, MD, Malaysia
Asia-Pacific: Mary Barry, Australia
Europe: Panos Vardas MD, PhD, FESC, FACC
Europe: Floris Italianer, MD, Netherlands
Inter-America: Marcia M. Barbosa, MD, PhD, Brazil
Inter-America: Yvonne García Richaud, Mexico
Global CVD Tasks Force: William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE, FAHA, MACC, USA

text: Awareness[edit]

text: Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 31 per cent of all deaths causing 17.3 million people to die every year, with 80 per cent of deaths taking place in low- and middle-income countries.

text: Advocacy[edit]

text: Advocacy Goals[edit]

text: The unique position of the World Heart Federation has been successful in providing the heart advocacy movement with an overarching drive that brings together science, advocacy and evidence-based policy.

text: Endorsed by World Health Organization Member States at the 65th World Health Assembly, a global goal has been established to reduce premature deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 25 per cent by 2025. Because cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for nearly half of the global NCD burden, CVD and its risk factors must be adequately addressed in order to achieve this global goal.

text: 25 by 25[edit]

text: 25x25, achieving a 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease by 2025. In September 2011, the United Nations held a High-Level Meeting in New York on the subject of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. This was only the second time in its history that the UN held a summit on a health issue and its aims were to:

text:
Increase the political prioritisation of NCDs, which cause two thirds of deaths globally
Recognise the impact of NCDs as not just a health issue, but also as a major economic burden and an obstacle to global development and sustainability

text: The outcome of the meeting was a Political Declaration signed by all the UN Member States that now represents the NCD roadmap. The first action step of the Declaration came in May 2012 when the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a global target of 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases by 2025.

text: This led to the World Heart Federation recognising that achieving the 2025 targets would require a primary focus on cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke, and that all of the targets have a direct impact on CVD. The organization committed itself to supporting action to reduce premature mortality from CVD by 25% by 2025.

text: Global Health Agenda [1][edit]

text: By mobilizing its member network and participating in key advocacy events, including the World Health Assembly and UN meetings such as the UN Summit on NCDs in September 2011, the World Heart Federation reaches the decision-makers directly. United efforts have resulted in the Commonwealth Heads of Government issuing a landmark statement on NCDs thus committing fifty-four countries, representing a third of the world’s population, to work towards including NCDs in the global development agenda.

text:
In September 2011, the UN held a landmark High-level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs).The meeting was attended by 28 heads of state, who pledged a commitment to reduce the global disease burden. Beginning in the summer of 2011, a technical working group developed a list of 10 proposed global targets and indicators. Nine of the 10 proposed targets were directly related to CVD, but missing from the list was a target on reducing physical inactivity. These targets are also explained in a WHO Discussion Paper found on the WHO website.
In May 2012, all 194 WHO Member States endorsed a historic target to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable disease (NCDs) by 25 per cent by 2025 during the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA). This is a landmark decision by the world’s highest global health deliberative body and marks a major milestone in the battle against NCDs. More information on the targets from the World Health Assembly can be read here.[2]
From 20–22 June 2012, the UN held the biggest development meeting of the year: the Rio +20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference was centered around two themes:

text:
A green economy in the context of sustainable development poverty eradication
The institutional framework for sustainable development

text: The outcome document, entitled, Future We Want, can be read here.[3] The Rio + 20 conference resulted in: adoption of green economy policies, establishment of a high-level political forum and agreement to strengthen the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and adoption of the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns. Additionally, the groundwork for the development of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was created. As a result of the conference, over 700 voluntary commitments and new partnerships were formed to advance sustainable development.[4][5]

text: NCD Alliance[edit]

text: In 2009, the World Heart Federation and its sister federations the International Diabetes Federation and the Union for International Cancer Control formed the Non‐Communicable Disease (NCD) Alliance. In early 2010 the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease joined the alliance. Together the NCD Alliance represents 880 member associations in more than 170 countries. The NCD Alliance mobilized civil society to campaign successfully for a United Nations (UN) Summit on NCDs, which was subsequently held in September 2011. Additionally, on 13 May 2010, the UN voted unanimously for the passage of resolution 64/265, ‘Prevention and control of non‐communicable diseases.’

text: Healthy diet and physical activity[edit]

text: As an advocate of putting cardiovascular disease and its risk factors on the global health agenda, the World Heart Federation strongly supports initiatives addressing obesity, healthy diet and physical activity. WHF recognizes the importance that both nutrition and physical activity play in preventing and reducing the risk cardiovascular disease.

text: Eat for Goals![edit]

text: Eat for Goals! is a cookery app which gives young people the opportunity to cook the same heart-healthy recipes as some of the world’s top footballers. Based on the successful Eat for Goals! book, the app encourages young people to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle, in order to reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke.

text: The app now features three additional renowned players – Fernando Torres, Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos – and their healthy and easy to do recipes. The app also presents a new section of snacks to offer healthy options between meals.

text:
Eat for Goals! was originally created under the patronage of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), World Heart Federation and the European Commission.
The app shows young people how to cook the same healthy recipes as some of their favourite football stars, with the aim of encouraging them to eat healthily and lead an active lifestyle. Once the app is downloaded, young people aged 7+ are encouraged to ‘score a goal’ to see recipes from 11 of their favourite football legends: Frank Lampard, Cristiano Ronaldo, Carles Puyol, Steven Gerrard, Yaya Touré, Paul Pogba, Lotta Schelin, Rachel Yankey, Samuel Eto’o and now Fernando Torres, Kelly Smith and Sergio Ramos.

text: Each player shares what he or she loves to eat and gives the recipe for his or her favourite dish. As well as seeing what football stars like to eat, the app also provides interesting food facts and step-by-step instructions, making it easy for even the less-experienced to make delicious, healthy meals in no time at all!

text: Tobacco Control[edit]

text: Tobacco is responsible for close to six million deaths per year globally. As an advocate for reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular deaths, the World Heart Federation supports strong limitations to active and passive smoking. In 2004, the World Heart Federation implemented, alongside other organizations, its own code of practice (based on WHO-endorsed code of practice) that aims at promoting tobacco limitations within the organization itself.

text: Activities[edit]

text: World Congress of Cardiology[edit]

text: The World Congress of Cardiology[6] held every other year, is a scientific conference of cardiologists from around the world, where the latest research is presented. The Congresses were held every four years from 1950 to 2006, and every two years since then. The aims of the World Congress of Cardiology are to share scientific research results and public outreach techniques with low- and middle-income countries, reach the maximum number of healthcare providers by integrating national and regional congresses, focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment and encourage interaction between physicians, patients, policy-makers and the public. The next World Congress of Cardiology Scientific Session will take place in Mexico City, Mexico from 4–7 June 2016.

text: The regular registration fee deadline is 13 May 2016.

text: "We look forward to welcoming you to Mexico City for a congress which we believe will feature one of the most innovative and action oriented programme, designed to meet the needs of cardiologists, other health workers and patients for the 21st century." Dr. Salim Yusuf, President of the World Heart Federation

text: About World Heart Day 2016 World Heart Day was founded in 2000 to inform people around the globe that heart disease and stroke are the world’s leading causes of death, claiming 17.5 million lives each year. World Heart Day takes place on 29 September every year. The theme of this year is power your life - we want everyone to understand what they can do to fuel their hearts and power their lives. We are also calling on global governments and policy makers to implement reliable, simple and fit-for-purpose surveillance systems for monitoring the burden and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This World Heart Day we’ve joined forces with Bupa and Philips to make World Heart Day more powerful than ever. With their support, we are raising awareness and encouraging individuals, families, communities and governments to take action and help us to achieve our goal of a 25% reduction in premature deaths from CVD by 2025. Together, we aim to help people everywhere to live longer, better, heart-healthy lives. For more information about World Heart Day 2016 including access to the campaign materials visit the website.

text:
Past themes have included:
2015: Creating heart-healthy environments
2013: Take the road to a healthy heart
2011-2012: One World, One Heart, One Home
2009-2010: I Work with Heart
2008: Know your Risk
2007: Team Up for Healthy Hearts!
2006: How Young is Your Heart?
2005: Healthy Weight, Healthy Shape
2004: Children, Adolescents and Heart Disease
2003: Women, Heart Disease and Stroke
2002: What Shape are you in?
2001: A Heart for Life
2000: I Love my Heart: Let it beat!