document_title: American Ninja Warrior

question_text: who won last year's american ninja warrior

question_tokens: who won last year 's american ninja warrior

text: American Ninja Warrior

text: History

text: American Ninja Warrior succeeded G4's American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke. Beginning with the fourth season in 2012, regional finalists and wild card competitors competed on a nearly identical Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas, Nevada, rather than traveling to Japan to compete on Sasuke.

text: Hosts and co-hosts

text: American Ninja Warrior was originally hosted by G4's American television personality Blair Herter, and actress and former television correspondent Alison Haislip. In the second season, American actor, comedian, and television host Matt Iseman joined the show, replacing Herter. Additionally, Jimmy Smith was brought in as a co-host, while Haislip was the sideline reporter. The panel remained the same throughout season three.

text: For season 4, skier Jonny Moseley was brought in as the new co-host, replacing Smith.[6] American journalist, sportscaster, and documentary filmmaker Angela Sun replaced Haislip.

text: For season 5, two newcomers were added. Sports analyst and former NFL football player Akbar Gbaja-Biamila replaced Moseley, while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Sun as sideline reporter.[7] The season five panel remained the same through the sixth season.

text: For season 7, CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter, replacing Brown.[8] The roster stayed the same through season 9. The current panel consists of Iseman, Gbaja-Biamila, and Leahy.[9]

text: Timeline

text:
Season
Year
Host
Co-host
Sideline reporter

1
2009
Blair Herter
Alison Haislip
N/A

2
2010
Matt Iseman
Jimmy Smith
Alison Haislip

3
2011

4
2012
Jonny Moseley
Angela Sun

5
2013
Akbar Gbaja-Biamila
Jenn Brown

6
2014

7
2015
Kristine Leahy

8
2016

9
2017

text: Format

text: Potential contestants go through a rigorous series of steps before the possibility of becoming the next American Ninja Warrior. Over 3,500 athletes have attempted to conquer Mount Midoriyama and become an American Ninja Warrior since the series began in 2009.

text: Contestant eligibility

text: There are some requirements possible contestants have to meet before participating at a regional qualifier. Contestants must be legal residents of the US and be in decent physical shape. There is no upper age limit, but participants must be at least 21 years old. Contestants have to fill out a 20-page questionnaire and make a video about themselves.[10] The required length of the video has differed over the years. Submission video length requirements have varied from 2 to 8 minutes, depending on the season.[11][12] Producers select 100 applicants from each region to participate in their regional qualifiers. Producers also select 20 to 30 "walk-ons" who in some cases wait for weeks camping outside to get a chance on the course.[13] 1,000 people applied to compete in season one, 5,000 people in season 6,[14] 50,000 in season 7, and 70,000 in season 8.[13][15]

text: City qualifying

text: In each city, the competitors the producers have selected competing on a 6 - obstacle course in hopes of making it to the city finals. The top 30 finishers make it to the city finals. Also, in Season 9, the top 5 women make it. The first obstacle is the quintuple steps or the floating steps and is the same for the rest of the cities for that season. Then comes an obstacle that moves along tracks. Next is either a balance obstacle or an upper-body obstacle. The other type will be fourth. Fifth is usually a grip obstacle, and sixth is the Warped Wall. In Season 9, the balance or the grip obstacle is an obstacle previously found in Stage 1 of Mount Midoryama. The obstacles are given by the sideline reporter at the beginning of every episode.

text: City timeline

text:
City
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9

Los Angeles, CA

Miami, FL

Dallas, TX

Denver, CO

Baltimore, MD

St. Louis, MO

Kansas City, MO

Houston, TX

Orlando, FL

Pittsburgh, PA

San Pedro, CA

Atlanta, GA

Indianapolis, IN

Oklahoma City, OK

Philadelphia, PA

San Antonio, TX

Daytona Beach, FL

Cleveland, OH

text: City finals

text: City finals courses are the follow-up to each city qualifying course. Qualifying and finals courses are filmed back-to-back, usually over two days. The top 15 finishers overall from each city finals course move on to compete in the National Finals. In addition, as of season 9, the top two women in each city finals are guaranteed to advance, even if they do not finish in the top 15. Small prizes ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 are awarded to first, second, and third finishers who complete the finals course.[16]

text: Mount Midoriyama

text: Mount Midoriyama is the finals course for American Ninja Warrior. Located on the Las Vegas strip, it consists of four stages, each containing various obstacles of increasing difficulty. Competitors must complete all of the 23 obstacles. Should they complete the first three stages, competitors will advance to Stage 4, where competitors attempt to climb the 75-foot rope climb, known as Mount Midoriyama, in 30 seconds or less.[17] Should a competitor achieve Total Victory, he or she receives a money prize of $500,000 from season 4 to season 6, and $1,000,000 from season 7. Beginning in season 8, if multiple competitors complete stage 4, the competitors split the prize money, although in prior years the fastest competitor would receive the full amount.[16]

text:
Stage 1 consists of obstacles that test the competitors' agility and speed. The first stage is timed, and only the competitors who successfully complete it within the time limit of 2:30 advance to Stage 2.
Stage 2 consists of obstacles that test the competitors' strength and speed. Competitors must complete challenges that strain their upper-body strength (such as the Salmon Ladder) without running out of time. Just as in the first stage, only the competitors who successfully finish within the time limit of 4:00 move on to Stage 3.
Stage 3 consists of obstacles that test the competitors' upper body and grip strength. It is the only stage in Mt. Midoriyama that has no time limit. Like Stages 1 and 2, only the competitors who successfully complete Stage 3 move on.
Stage 4 of Mt. Midoriyama is a 75-foot rope climb. Competitors must complete the rope climb and hit the buzzer in under 30 seconds.

tag: ul

text: Series overview and season synopses

text: Season 1 (2009)

text: The first season of American Ninja Warrior was held in Los Angeles, where hundreds of competitors came to challenge themselves against the course and qualify for a shot at making it to Japan to compete in Sasuke 23 later in the year. The special premiered on December 12, 2009, on G4 TV and was hosted by G4's Blair Herter and Alison Haislip. Notable competitors this season included freerunners Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco, mixed martial artist Jason "Mayhem" Miller, and Hollywood stuntman Rich King.

text: Out of the ten Americans who qualified to compete at Mount Midori in Japan, only Rich King, Levi Meeuwenberg and Brian Orosco successfully completed Stage 1. The majority of the American Ninja Warrior competitors ran out of time or failed the obstacles. Levi Meeuwenberg was the only American competitor to complete Stage 2. The sole American competitor on Stage 3, he fell on the "Shin-Cliffhanger", and his run came to an end.[18]

text: Season 2 (2010)

text: The second season premiered on December 8, 2010, on G4 and concluded on January 2, 2011. It began in Venice Beach, California, where 300 competitors took on the course. The 15 semi-finalists moved on to the "Ninja Warrior Boot Camp" in the remote California mountains, where they competed in a series of team challenges. Then the finalists moved on to compete in the season finale of American Ninja Warrior 2 as a part of Sasuke 26 at Mount Midori in Japan. No competitor made it beyond Stage 3.

text: Season 3 (2011)

text: The third season began airing on July 31, 2011, on G4 and concluded with the finale airing on August 22, 2011, as a two-hour primetime special on NBC.[19][20] Tryouts took place in May 2011 at Venice Beach, California. After the tryouts, the top 15 competitors competed in Ninja Warrior Boot Camp with the top 10 moving on to Japan for the finals of the competition as a part of Sasuke 27 and a chance at becoming the first American to conquer the course and win a $500,000 endorsement deal with K-Swiss. No competitors made it beyond Stage 3.

text: Season 4 (2012)

text: The fourth season of American Ninja Warrior began airing on May 20, 2012, on both G4 and NBC. There were six regional competitions held in three locations: Venice Beach (Southwest and Northwest), Dallas (Midwest and Midsouth), and Miami (Northeast and Southeast), that determined the 100 competitors to participate in the qualifying rounds. The winner of the ANW season 4 competition would receive $500,000 and the coveted "American Ninja Warrior" title. The season finale, held in Las Vegas, was the first time that Mount Midori was held on U.S. soil. Submission videos for American Ninja Warrior season 4 had been collected since January 25, 2012.[21]

text: The entire format was changed as well – regional qualifiers in different parts of the country were aired, and the Mt. Midori course was recreated just off the Las Vegas Strip for the national finals. The regional qualifiers would narrow down its selections down to 30 contestants who finished its qualifying course in the fastest time as well as the contestants who finished the furthest the fastest. Qualifying obstacles would include common Stage 1 obstacles such as the Quintuple steps and the Warped wall, but its contents would change from city to city. The 30 contestants were then cut in half in the regional finals where the course would extend to include common Stage 2 and Stage 3 obstacles such as the Salmon Ladder, Cliffhanger and Body Prop. The 90 contestants who qualified (including wild cards) earned tickets to Las Vegas to challenge Mt. Midori. Brent Steffensen was the first American to defeat the Ultimate Cliffhanger on Stage 3, and he made it the farthest that season, falling on the Hang Climb. He was the only competitor to reach Stage 3 in this competition.

text: Season 5 (2013)

text: The fifth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on June 30, 2013, on G4 with subsequent shows airing on NBC and G4.[22] Notably, the sideboard advertising along the course listed Esquire Network as the broadcaster as the fifth season was to premiere after G4's transition to Esquire on April 22, 2013. The network switch was eventually delayed to September 23, 2013, and Esquire took over Style Network's channel space instead. Because of this, additional reruns of the season aired on Saturday nights on NBC through the summer to maintain ratings momentum due to G4's lame duck status, with ANW being their only new program since they wound down all their original programming in January 2013. The success of the NBC re-airings led to the series being considered for NBC's main summer schedule for the next season.

text: Regional competitions were held in Venice Beach, Baltimore, Miami, and Denver. Tryouts for the season began in February 2013[23] and ended with the last of the regional rounds taking place the following May.[24] The finale was once again held in Las Vegas. No one defeated Stage 3, but Brian Arnold fell on the last obstacle, the Flying Bar, making him the farthest-going American on the Mount Midori course since Kane Kosugi reached the final stage on Sasuke 8.

text: Season 6 (2014)

text: The sixth season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on May 26, 2014, on NBC with subsequent shows airing on Monday nights at 9:00 pm EST[25] and Tuesday nights at 8:00 pm EST on Esquire Network.[26] Regional competitions were held at Venice Beach, Dallas, St. Louis, Miami, and Denver. The season finale was again held in Las Vegas, the permanent home of the U.S. version of Mount Midori. Notable competitors this season included The Biggest Loser personal trainer Kim Lyons, U.S. Olympic gymnasts Jonathan Horton and Terin Humphrey, among others. Female competitor Kacy Catanzaro became the first female to make it up the "Warped Wall" in the Dallas Qualifiers. Later in the Dallas Finals, she became the first woman to complete that finals course, in 8 minutes, 59 seconds. Again, no competitor achieved "total victory". Kacy's run has over ten million views. Joe Moravsky, the "Weatherman", made it farther than anyone on Season 6, falling on the Hang Climb, where Brent Steffensen failed two years ago.

text: Season 7 (2015)

text: The seventh season of American Ninja Warrior premiered on NBC on May 25, 2015. This season's grand prize was increased from $500,000 to $1,000,000. Qualifying and finals courses were held in Venice Beach, Kansas City, Houston, Orlando, Pittsburgh, as well as a special military-only course in San Pedro. Stage 1 had a total of 38 finishers including Brent Steffensen and Dustin McKinney. In Stage 2, 30 of the 38 competitors failed. Only eight were remaining in Stage 3 including Drew Dreschel, Abel Gonzalez, Isaac Caldiero, Ian Dory, Jeremiah Morgan, Kevin Bull, Joe Moravsky and Geoff Britten. Only two competitors finished the course: Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten. It was the first time that any American had finished Stage 3. The season concluded with a victory: Geoff Britten was the first to complete Stage 4 with a second remaining; however, Isaac Caldiero achieved the Stage 4 rope climb in a faster time and was awarded the grand prize of $1,000,000 and the title of "American Ninja Warrior". Geoff Britten was the first Ninja to complete all six courses in a single season.

text: Season 8 (2016)

text: Season 8 of American Ninja Warrior began on June 1, 2016, on NBC, with encore episodes airing the following day on Esquire Network. Regional competitions were held in Los Angeles, Atlanta, Indianapolis, Oklahoma City, and Philadelphia, with 28 new obstacles. Over 40 percent more women registered for season 8 compared to the previous season. Additionally, prize money for possible Stage 4 winners would now be split equally among competitors who complete the rope climb in under 30 seconds.[16]

text: In Philadelphia's city finals, no competitors completed the finals course, a first in American Ninja Warrior history. In Stage 1 of the National Finals, many veterans of the show such as Geoff Britten and Brent Steffensen were eliminated early, while Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1, placing fifth.[27] Tyler Yamauchi became the shortest person ever to complete the Jumping Spider obstacle at 5'1". Only 17 competitors successfully completed Stage 1, the lowest in ANW history.[27] On Stage 2, all athletes were eliminated except Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil. During Stage 3, both Drechsel and Gil could not complete the course. Gil fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger, while Drechsel went the farthest, but fell on the Hang Climb. Contrary to season 7's multiple winners, no season 8 competitor was even able to complete Stage 3.

text: Season 9 (2017)

text: Season 9 of American Ninja Warrior began on June 12, 2017, on NBC. The premiere was preceded by a special episode, "Celebrity Ninja Warrior" on May 25, 2017, the U.S. Red Nose Day, which was followed by a "USA vs. the World" special on June 4. New for season 9, the top 5 women in each city qualifying course qualified for the city finals course, and the top two women in each city finals qualify for national finals, regardless of their placement overall. Also this season, fans are given the opportunity to design their own obstacles through ANW Obstacle Design Challenge and 7 fan-submitted obstacles has been featured in the show.

text: ANW Specials

text: USA vs. the World / Japan

text: USA vs. Japan (Las Vegas, January 2014)

text: During the season 5 finale of American Ninja Warrior, NBC announced that a special "USA vs. Japan" matchup would take place, the first-ever team competition in American Ninja Warrior's history.[28] The two-hour special premiered on January 13, 2014, at 8 pm EST on NBC and matched five Japanese Sasuke All-Stars and New Stars - heroes of the original Ninja Warrior - against five American stars representing American Ninja Warrior at the American reconstruction of the Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas. At stake was the United States vs. Japan championship; also branded as the first world championship for Sasuke/American Ninja Warrior, and a trophy to match. The special featured American Ninja Warrior's regular broadcasting crew: analysts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila along with sideline reporter Jenn Brown.

text: The teams faced off on each stage in turn, with each stage hosting its own round of five one-on-one matches and no competitor allowed to run the same stage twice. The first national team to win three matches out of five earned the point(s) for that stage. Stage One was worth one point, while Stage Two was worth two points and Stage Three was worth three. In the event of a 3-3 tie after the first three stages, the tiebreaker would be a one-off showdown where each country would pick one team member for a race to the top of the Final Stage.

text: The winners of the special were the Americans over Japan.

text: Final Score: Americans: 6, Japan: 0.

text: Rosters

text:
United States
Japan

Paul Kasemir ("Mr. Consistency")
Brent Steffensen (Mount Midoriyama veteran)
James McGrath ("The Beast")
3-time Midoriyama veteran
Travis Rosen ("The Tennessee Trader")
3-time Midoriyama veteran
Brian Arnold
Top finisher at ANW 5 (Flying Bar)

Shingo Yamamoto ("The Godfather")
All-Star, veteran of every Sasuke season
Yuuji Urushihara ("The Grand Champion")
New Star, two total victories in Sasuke
Ryo Matachi ("The Superfan")
New Star, reached Final Stage once
Hitoshi Kanno ("The Muscle")
New Star, reached Final Stage once
Kazuma Asa ("The Speed Demon")
New Star, Stage 1 world record holder (at the time.)

text: USA vs. the World (Las Vegas, September 2014)

text: During the Season 6 finale, NBC announced that another special entitled "USA vs. the World" matchup would take place in Las Vegas under a new format. On September 15, Team USA competed against a returning Team Japan, and a new team, Team Europe. This was the "Second Annual International Competition" that pitted top competitors from the United States American Ninja Warrior, Japan Ninja Warrior (Sasuke), and also European All Stars.[29] The three-hour special aired on September 15, 2014, on NBC with an encore airing September 16, 2014, on Esquire. The special once again was hosted by hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila as well as sideline reporter Jenn Brown.

text: The winners of the special were the Europeans, winning over America and Japan.

text: Rosters

text: Team rosters were revealed late summer 2014.[30]

text:
Team USA
Team Japan
Team Europe

Brian Arnold - 36, Brighton, CO - American athlete who has come short on the Stage 3 course.*
Elet Hall ("The Natural") - 24, Cavetown, MD - one of only two men to make it to Stage 3 in season 6.
Paul Kasemir ("Mr. Consistency") - 28, Longmont, CO - the M.V.P. of the team that defeated the Japanese two years ago.
Joe Moravsky ("The Weatherman") - 25, Sherman, CT - went further than anyone else in season 6.
Travis Rosen (The Tennessee Trader") - 40, Franklin, TN - A 2-time part of Team USA and captain of 2014's all-star group.

Hitoshi Kanno ("The Muscle") - 29, Kashiwa, Japan Reached Sasuke Final Stage, ten-time Sasuke veteran
Kazuma Asa ("The Speed Demon") - 32, Amagasaki, Japan - Stage 1 world record holder
Ryo Matachi - 25, Kawasaki, Japan - Reached Sasuke Final Stage
Yusuke Morimoto ("The SASUKE Kid") - 22, Tosa, Japan - Sasuke rising star, competing seven times, first competing at age 15
Shingo Yamamoto ("The Godfather"), - 40, Tokyo, Japan - Captain of Team Japan and only athlete to compete in all 32 seasons of Sasuke

Tim Shieff ("Livewire") - 26, London, England - Captain of Team Europe, world champion professional free runner, ANW veteran, competing on three seasons.
Sean McColl - 27, Chambery, France - Canadian professional World Champion rock climber and current overall climbing champion
Stefano Ghisolfi - 21, Turin, Italy - Professional World Cup rock climber, number one ranked Italian climber
Miska Sutela - 23, Oulu, Finland - Ninja Warrior superfan, has trained all over the world, including Japan, trained with the Sasuke All-Stars. Built 35 NW obstacles in his parent's backyard to train on.
Vadym Kuvakin - 29, Kherson, Ukraine - Former Olympic gymnast, current member of the Cirque du Soleil cast for "La Reve" in Las Vegas

text: Final Score: Europe: 10, USA: 9, Japan: 0

text: Highlights

text: Joe Moravsky beat Brent Steffenson's record (from ANW 4) for the fastest time in Stage 1, beating Steffenson's time of 1:14.53 with a time of 1:12.72. However, Tim Shieff beat Moravsky's time in a subsequent heat by finishing in 1:02.70 - the fastest time ever on Stage 1 in ANW history.

text: Travis Rosen achieved the fastest time by an American on Stage 2 with 1:48.00, but Sean McColl finished with a time of 1:46.51, the fastest of the season. All three Americans (Travis Rosen, Elet Hall, and Brian Arnold) completed Stage 2, with Sean McColl also completing it for Team Europe.

text: Yusuke Morimoto made ANW history by becoming the first athlete to ever finish Stage 3 with a time of 5:38.91. Stefano Ghisolfi also completed Stage 3 in the same heat, beating Morimoto's time finishing in 4:46.89. Ryo Matachi followed by becoming the third athlete to complete Stage 3 with a time of 5:04.67. In the last run of Stage 3, Brian Arnold became the second American athlete to complete the stage (after Kane Kosugi did it in Sasuke 8) with a time of 4:39.90, the fastest time of the four finishers. Arnold's finish moved USA into a tie with Team Europe, forcing a deciding tie-break on Stage 4.

text: For the first time in ANW history, the athletes competed on Stage 4. Travis Rosen was selected as the first competitor on ANW to attempt the final stage and he made it all the way up Midoriyama's 90-foot tower with a 77-foot rope with a time of 0:35.77. However, Sean McColl beat Rosen's time by 3/10th of a second (0:00.31), winning the competition for Team Europe as they became the World Champions of ANW. Rosen missed on his first attempt at hitting the buzzer at the end of the rope climb.

text: USA vs. the World II (Las Vegas, January 2016)

text: NBC announced that another USA vs. the World matchup would again take place in Las Vegas. It was the second such worldwide special to unite ANW alumni, Sasuke all-stars, and European competitors for the season 7 finale. The 3-hour special aired on January 31, 2016, on NBC. It was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts, Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, and co-host Kristine Leahy.[31]

text: The winners of the special were the Americans, winning over Europe and Japan.

text: Rosters

text: Team rosters were revealed in December 2015.[31]

text:
Team USA
Team Japan
Team Europe

Isaac Caldiero - 33, Las Vegas, NV - American athlete who won the $1 million prize for conquering Midoriyama the fastest in 2015.
Kevin Bull ("The Bull") - 31, Scotts Valley, CA - Famous for his inverted dismount on Cannonball Alley in season 6. Selected as the alternate.
Joe Moravsky ("The Weatherman")- 26, Sherman, CT - Completed every stage he's participated in except stage 3.
Geoff Britten* ("Popeye") - 37, First American ever to defeat Midoriyama and the first American Ninja Warrior.
Drew Drechsel - 26, Fairfield, CT - Only competitor in the competition to have made it to the third stage on both Sasuke and American Ninja Warrior.
Ian Dory - 25, Rock climber who made it to the Flying Bar in season 7.

Kenji Takahashi ("Kong") - 39, Kawagoe, Japan - Competitor who has only failed the Second Stage once in nine tries. Has made it to the Final Stage.
Masashi Hioki - 35, Chiba City, Japan - Has made it to the Third Stage twice.
Ryo Matachi - 26, Tokyo, Japan - Only competitor to be featured in all USA vs. The World competitions. Reached the Fourth Stage Twice. Third competitor to complete the Third stage on American soil.
Yusuke Morimoto - 23, Tosa, Japan - Returning from the previous USA vs. The World special. First competitor to complete the Third Stage on American soil. Reached Total Victory in Sasuke 31.
Tomohiro Kawaguchi ("Tomo") - 33, Tokyo, Japan - Has made it to the Final Stage once.

Tim Shieff ("Livewire") - 27, London, England - Returning from last year's USA vs. The World special.
Sean McColl - 28, Chambery, France - Returning from last year's USA vs. The World special.
Stefano Ghisolfi - 22, Turin, Italy - Returning from last year's USA vs. The World special.
Tim Champion - 20, Exeter, England - Made it to Stage 2 in Ninja Warrior UK
Alexander Mars - 28, Stockholm, Sweden - Winner of Swedish Ninja Warrior

text: Note: *Britten was unable to compete due to flu-like symptoms with a fever of 103 and was replaced by alternate Joe Moravsky who was standing by.

text: Highlights

text: On Stage 1, Drew Drechsel gets the fastest time of the season with a time of 1:18.61, beating Tim Shieff's time of 1:25.33.

text: On Stage 2, Sean McColl edged out both Drew Drechsel's time of 1:34.46, and Joe Moravsky's time of 1:23.69, beating them with a speedy time of 1:19.86, the fastest of the ANW season.

text: On Stage 3, in the last heat, Yusuke Morimoto was the only member of Team Japan to finish this stage with a time of 6:29.38. However, Sean McColl got a faster time with 5:42.25, putting Team Europe in the lead. Isaac Caldiero was the last to compete and needed the 3-point win in order to put Team USA on top. Caldiero brought his team to victory with an impressive time of 4:28.84, the fastest of the season.

text: Final Score: USA: 10, Europe: 9, Japan: 0

text: USA vs. The World III (June 2017)

text: The 3-hour special episode aired on June 4, 2017; it was unofficially the first episode of season 9. Once again, it was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts, Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, and co-host Kristine Leahy. This year, Team USA and Team Europe faced a new challenger; Team Latin America.

text: Highlights

text: Jessie Graff became the first woman in ANW history, and to compete and successfully finish, Stage 2 in Las Vegas. This was the POM Wonderful "Run of the Night".[32][33] She was also the first woman representing the United States in the USA vs. The World competition.[33] Josh Levin and Drew Drechsel both completed Stage 3, putting them on a list of only a handful of athletes to do so.

text:
Team USA
Team Europe
Team Latin America

Jessie Graff - 32, Calabasas, CA - Stuntwoman, first female athlete to ever compete in this competition.
Drew Drechsel ("Real Life Ninja") - 27, Fairfield, CT - Team Captain, Gym Owner, only competitor to have made it farther than anyone in both the national finals and the Sasuke 32 and 33.
Daniel Gil - 23, Houston, TX - ANW Trainer, one of the fastest competitors in ANW history.
Jake Murray - 29, Denver, CO - Wedding Photographer, one of the fastest competitors on Stage 1.
Brian Arnold - 38, Brighton, CO - Salesman, ANW Veteran; 3rd time in this competition.
Josh Levin - 22, Sunnyvale, CA - ANW Rookie, International Rock Climbing Champion.

Stefano Ghisolfi - 23, Turin, Italy - Top Professional Rock Climber in Europe.
Sean McColl - 28, Chambery, France - #1 Ranked Professional Rock Climber in the World.
Tim Shieff ("Livewire") - 28, London, England - Team Captain, holds the record for fastest time on Stage 1.
Djarke Tonnesen - 24, Copenhagen, Denmark - Graphic Design Student, former Gymnast. Made it to the finals on Denmark's Ninja Warrior.
Owen McKenzie ("The Stuff") - 32, London, England - Gas Engineer, ANW Rookie. Top finisher on Ninja Warrior UK.
Alexander Mars - 29, Stockholm, Sweden - Real Estate Manager, ultimate frisbee competitor, winner of Ninja Warrior Sweden.

Wid Eriksen - 26, Mexico City, Mexico - Acrobat, Freeruning competitor.
Diego Gonzalez - 26, Mexico City, Mexico, - Industrial Engineer, #1 Ranked Rock Climber in Mexico.
Santiago De Alba - 23, Mexico City, Mexico - Bouldering Champion of Mexico.
David Saikin - 29, Bariloche, Argentina - #1 Ranked Rock Climber in Argentina.
Karl Fow - 28, Caracas, Venezuela - Top Professional Freerunner in Venezuela.
Danee Marmolejo - 24, Mexico City, Mexico - Professional Stuntman, Freerunner.

text: Final Score: Team USA: 10, Team Europe: 7, Team Latin America: 1.

text: All-Stars

text: All Stars (May 2016)

text: On May 29, 2016, prior to the premiere of season eight, NBC aired a two-hour all-star special in which hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila chose their own all-star teams composed of three veterans, one rookie, and one woman. Teams competed on stages two, three, and four of the regular season finals course, Mt. Midoriyama, as well as competitions on a supersized course by testing their skills in competitions on the giant peg board, 40-foot Salmon Ladder, Flying Shelf Grab, Jump Hang, and concluded with a race to the top of the "Mega" Warped Wall.[34]

text: The all-star winners were Team Akbar who won the team competition, beating Team Matt 5-3. Additionally, competitor Joe Moravsky completed Stage 2 in a record time of 1:08:52.[35]

text: All Stars II (February 2017)

text: On February 20, 2017, NBC aired a second two-hour all-star special. Like the previous year's competition, ANW hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila chose their own all-star teams, this year composed of one veteran, one breakout star, and one woman. Team Matt featured Chris Wilczewski, Najee Richardson, and Jesse "Flex" Lebreck. Team Akbar featured Grant McCartney, Neil "Crazy" Craver, and Meagan Martin. Also, sideline interviewer Kristine Leahy got to pick her own team, which consisted of Jessie Graff, Flip Rodriguez, and Nicholas Coolridge. Teams competed as a relay race to finish sections of stages one, two, and three of the regular season finals course, Mt. Midoriyama. Next, was the skills competition on a supersized course where individual contestants tested their skills in competition on the 75-feet tall Endless Invisible Ladder, the 4-story high Super Salmon Ladder, Supersonic Shelf Grab, Striding Steps, and the Mega Wall, which is now 20 feet high.

text: The all-star winners were Team Kristine who won the team relay race competition, beating Team Matt and last year's champions Team Akbar. Their highlight of the night was completing Stage 3 in a record time of 5:30:62, making this the POM Wonderful Run of the Night.

text: Celebrity Ninja Warrior

text: NBC announced a special entitled "Celebrity Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day" which aired on May 25, 2017. Celebrity Ninja Warrior featured celebrities competing on the American Ninja Warrior course while being coached by ANW favorites.[36] The course featured modified obstacles: Floating Steps, Cannonball Drop, Fly Wheels, Block Run, Battering Ram, and the Warped Wall. After completing the course, Stephen Amell, also completed the Salmon Ladder (which he performed in a scene on Arrow) and unsuccessfully attempted a new obstacle, the Swinging Pegboard; Amell's run was named the M&M's "Run of the Night."

text: For every obstacle the celebrities completed, M&M's and The Rockefeller Foundation pledged to donate $5,000 to Red Nose Day.

text:
Celebrities
Coaches

Stephen Amell
Kacy Catanzaro

Derek Hough
Daniel Gil

Erika Christensen
David "Flip" Rodriguez

Natalie Morales
Grant McCartney

Nikki Glaser
Jessie Graff

Jeff Dye
Meagan Martin

Mena Suvari
Natalie Duran

Nick Swisher
Drew Dreschel

Ashton Eaton
Kevin Bull

text: Team Ninja Warrior

text: On October 9, 2015, Esquire Network announced a spin-off of American Ninja Warrior which would feature 24 three-person teams (two men and one woman) of popular ANW alumni. The teams compete head-to-head against each other, running the course simultaneously, thus creating a new live duel dynamic. The two teams with the fastest times advance to the finale where one team will be crowned the winners and receive a cash prize. Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila host alongside actor and journalist, Alex Curry.[37][38][39] The series is Esquire Network's most-watched program in the channel's history.[40]

text: On May 31, 2016, Esquire Network ordered a sixteen-episode second season that also included a five-episode special college edition that had college-aged competitors go head-to-head against rival schools.[40] On March 6, 2017, it was announced that Team Ninja Warrior will be moving to sibling cable channel USA Network as Esquire Network winds down its linear channel operations and relaunches as an online only service. The show's second season premiered proper on April 18.[41]

text: Reception

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
ref

2015
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
American Ninja Warrior
Nominated
[42]

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Competition TV Show
American Ninja Warrior
Nominated
[43]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Reality-Competition Program
American Ninja Warrior
Nominated
[44]

2017
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
American Ninja Warrior
Nominated

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings

text:
Season
Time slot (ET)
Episodes
Premiered
Ended
Network
TV season
Season averages
(Live + SD)
Most-watched episode (millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(millions)
Viewers (millions)
18–49 rating

1
Saturday 6:00 pm
8

December 12, 2009

N/A

December 19, 2009

N/A
G4
2009–10
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
10

December 8, 2010

N/A

December 23, 2010

N/A
2010–11
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
Sunday 9:00 pm
10

July 31, 2011

N/A

August 22, 2011

N/A
2011
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
Monday 9:00 pm
9

May 20, 2012

6.20[45]

July 23, 2012

4.87[45]
NBC
G4
2012
5.11[45]
1.9[45]
6.78[45]

5
Monday 8:00 pm
12

July 1, 2013

3.07[46]

September 17, 2013

4.04[46]
2013
4.96[46]
1.6[46]
5.81[46]

6
Monday 9:00 pm
14

May 26, 2014

4.65[47]

September 15, 2014

5.21[47]
NBC
Esquire
2014
5.33[47]
1.8[47]
5.83[47]

7
Monday 8:00 pm
15

May 25, 2015

5.87[48]

September 14, 2015

6.17[48]
2015
6.54[48]
1.9[48]
7.32[48]

8
13

June 1, 2016

6.35[49]

September 12, 2016

5.88[49]
2016
6.28[49]
1.8[49]
7.01[49]

9
15

June 12, 2017

5.36[50]

September 18, 2017

TBD
NBC
USA
2017
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: International broadcasts

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the show is broadcast on SBS 2, TV3 and Four. On April 25, 2016, it was announced Canadian broadcaster CTV picked up American Ninja Warrior for its 2016 summer broadcast schedule.[51] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show is broadcast on Challenge. In Israel, the show is broadcast on Yes Action. In 2016 Croatian RTL started broadcasting the show. The show is also shown in Finland on Sub-TV. In the Netherlands the show was first broadcast in 2017 on SBS 6, where their own Ninja Warrior NL has been broadcast.


document_title: List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka

question_text: how many members elected to rajya sabha from karnataka

root

text: The Rajya Sabha (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Karnataka elects 12 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Karnataka. The number of seats allocated to the party are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination, and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation.[1]

tag: p

text: Current members[edit]

text:
No

Name

Party

1

L Hanumanthaiah

Indian National Congress

2

Rajeev Chandrasekhar

Bharatiya Janata
 Party

3

K.C. Ramamurthy

Indian National Congress

4

Oscar Fernandes

Indian National Congress

5

K. Rahman Khan

Indian National Congress

6

Rajeev Gowda

Indian National Congress

7

Basavaraja Patil Sedam

Bharatiya Janata Party

8

Prabhakar Kore

Bharatiya Janata Party

9

Nirmala Sitharaman

Bharatiya Janata Party

10

B. K. Hariprasad

Indian National Congress

11

Jairam Ramesh

Indian National Congress

12

D. Kupendra Reddy

Janata Dal (Secular)

13

G. C. Chandrashekar

Indian National Congress

tag: table

text: Alphabetical List of all Members from Karnataka since 1952[edit]

text: Source: Indian government (Rajya Sabha) website [2]

text:
Name (Alphabetical Last Name)
Party
Date of Appointment
Date of Retirement
Term
Notes

Alva, K.Nagappa
INC-O
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
1

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
2

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
3

Alva, Margaret
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
4

Alva, Violet
 INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
3
MY State, BOM-1952-54, 1954-60

Alva, Violet
INC
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
4
dea 20/11/1969

Basavaraj, H.R
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1
res 17/01/1980

Basavaraju, M
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Bommai, S. R.
INC
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
2
OR 1992-98

Cariappa, Prema
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

Chandrasekhar, Rajeev
 Independent
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
1

Chandrasekhar, Rajeev
 Independent
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
2
*

Chandrasekharappa, T.V.
INC
13/07/1977
09/04/1978
1
bye 1977

Monika Das
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Dasappa, H.C.
INC
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
1
res 13/03/1957 2-LS

Desai, R.M.
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
1

Deve Gowda, H.D.
Janata Dal
23/09/1996
09/04/2002
1
Bye 1996 res 02/03/1998

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Fernandes, Oscar
INC
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
3

Gowda, D.B. Chandre
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1
14/12/1989

Gowda, H.K. Javare
Janata Dal
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Gowda, K.G. Thimme
Janata Dal
10/04/1984
09/04/1990

1

Gowda, K.S. Malle
Independent
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Gowda, K.S. Malle
Independent

03/04/1976
02/04/1982
2

Gowda, U.K. Lakshmana
Independent
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
1

Gowda, U.K. Lakshmana
Independent
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
2

Rajeev Gowda
INC
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
1
*

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
PSP
10/04/1960
09/04/1966
1
Mysore State

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
Janata Party
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
3
UP 1966-72

Gurupadaswamy, M.S.
Janata Dal
10/04/1990
09/04/1992
4

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
1

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
2

Hanumanthappa, H.
INC
03/04/1994
02/04/2000 [3]

3

Hardikar, N. S.
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1956
1
Bombay State

Hardikar, N. S.
INC
03/04/1956
02/04/1962
2
Mysore State

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
22/08/2013
25/06/2014
3
bye 2013

Hariprasad, B.K.
INC
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
4
*

Havanur,L.G.
INC
13/07/1977
09/04/1980
1
bye 1977

Hegde, Ramakrishna
Janata Party
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1
res 23/05/1983

Hegde, Ramakrishna
Janata Dal
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
2

Hema Malini
BJP
04/03/2011
02/04/2012
2
Nominated 2003-09 bye 2011

Ibrhim, B.
INC
25/03/1980
09/04/1984
1
bye 1980

Ibrahim, C.M.
Janata Dal
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1

Javali, J.P.
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
1

Jayadevappa, K.R.
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
1

Jethmalani, Ram
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
5

Jois, M. Rama
BJP
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
1

Karmakar, D.P.
INC
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State

Khan, F.M.
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
1.

Khan, F.M.
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
2

Khan, K. Rahman
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000
1

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
2

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
3

Khan, K. Rahman
INC
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
4

Khan, Maqsood Ali
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1

Khan, Maqsood Ali
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
2

Kollur, M.L.
INC
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
1

Kollur, M.L.
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
2

Kollur, M.L.
INC
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
3

Kondaiah, K.C.
INC
14/01/2000
09/04/2002
1
bye 2000

Kore, Prabhakar
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Kore, Prabhakar
BJP
22/06/2008
21/06/2014
2

Kore, Prabhakar
BJP
22/06/2014
21/06/2020
3
*

Korwar, Gundappa
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
1

Krishna, S.M.
INC
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1
res 14/10/1999

Krishna, S.M.
INC
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
2

Krishnan, G.Y.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Kushnoor, Veershetty Moglappa
INC
03/04/1982
02/04/1988
1

Lad, Anil H.
INC
25/06/2008
24/06/2014
1
Res. 20/05/2013

Prof Lakshmisagar, A.
Janata Dal
13/04/1998
09/04/2002
1
bye 1998

Maddanna, M.
INC
03/04/1980
02/04/1986
1

Maheswarappa, K.G.
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1

Mahishi, Sarojini
Janata Party
08/09/1983
09/04/1984
1
bye 1983

Mahishi, Sarojini
Janata Party
10/04/1984
09/04/1990
2

Mallya, Vijay
Independent
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

Mallya, Vijay
Independent
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
2
res 04/05/2016

Manjunatha, Aayanur
BJP
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
1

Murty, K.B. Krishna
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
1

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000
1
res 23/08/1999

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
BJP
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
2
res 10/11/2005

Murthy, M.Rajasekara
JDS
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
3
dea 05/12/2010

Nagaraja Murthy, P.B.
INC
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
1

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
03/04/1998
02/04/2004
1

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
2

Naidu, M. Venkaiah
BJP
01/07/2010
30/06/2016
3
RJ 2016-17

Naik,L.R.
Janata Dal
20/07/1977
02/04/1980
1
bye 1977

Naik,R.S.
Janata Dal
03/04/1986
02/04/1992
1

Nanjundaiya, B.C.
INC
25/04/1957
02/04/1960
1
bye 1957  Mysore State

Nanjundaiya, B.C.
INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
2
Mysore State

Narasiah, H.S.
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1
15/05/1977

Narayan, M.D.
Others
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
1
Mysore

Pai, T.A.
INC
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1
res 21/03/1977 LS

Basavaraja Patil Sedam
BJP
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
1
*

Patil, Puttappa
Others
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State

Patil, Puttappa
Others
03/04/1968
02/04/1974
2
Mysore State

Patil, Veerendra
Others
10/04/1972
09/04/1978
1

Poojary, Janardhana
Congress(I)
03/04/1994
02/04/2000[3]
1

Poojary, Janardhana
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
2

Poonacha, C.M.
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
1
res 25/02/1967 LS-4

Prasad, Leeladevi Renuka
JD
10/04/1996
09/04/2002
1
22/04/1996

Rachaiah, B.
INC
03/04/1974
02/04/1980
1
21/03/1977

Raikar, Bimba
INC
03/04/2000
02/04/2006
1

Rajagopal, M.
INC
30/06/1992
29/06/1998
1.

Rajasekharan, M.V.
INC
10/04/2002
09/04/2008
1

R. Ramakrishna
BJP
03/04/2012
02/04/2018
1
*

K.C. Ramamurthy
INC
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
1
*

Ramaswamy, M. A. M.
JDS
01/07/2004
30/06/2010
1

Jairam Ramesh
INC
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
3
* AP 2004-16

Rao, B. Shiva
INC
25/04/1957
02/04/1960
1
bye 1957

Rao, S.V. Krishna Moorthy
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1956
1
Mysore State

Rao, S.V. Krishna Moorthy
INC
03/04/1956
01/03/1962
2
Mysore State

Rao Raghavendra
Others
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
1
Mysore State

Reddy, C.G.
Others
03/04/1952
02/04/1954
1
Mysore State

D. Kupendra Reddy
JDS
26/06/2014
25/06/2020
1
*

Reddy, Kysamballi Chengalraya
INC
09/10/1952
02/04/1954
1
Mysore State

Reddy, Kysamballi Chengalraya
INC
03/04/1954
02/04/1960
2
18/03/1957 Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
Others
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
1
Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
Others
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
INC
03/04/1970
02/04/1976
3

Reddy, Mulka Govinda
INC
03/04/1976
02/04/1982
4

Reddy, N. Sri Rama
INC
03/04/1960
02/04/1966
1
Mysore State

Reddy, N. Sri Rama
INC
03/04/1966
02/04/1972
2
Mysore State

Prof Sanadi, I.G.
INC
10/04/1990
09/04/1996
1

Satchidananda
INC
10/04/1978
09/04/1984
1.

Satchidananda
INC
04/09/1991
02/04/1992
2
bye 1991

Satchidananda
INC
03/04/1992
02/04/1998
3

Shanappa, K.B.
BJP
03/04/2006
02/04/2012
1

Sherkhan, M.
INC
09/03/1961
02/04/1964
1
bye 1961 Mysore State

Sherkhan, M.
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

Sherkhan, M.
INC
30/03/1970
02/04/1972
3
bye 1970

Shetty, B.P. Basappa
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1958
1
Mysore State

Shetty, B.P. Basappa
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
2
Mysore State

Siddalingaya, T.
INC
03/05/1967
02/04/1970
1
bye 1967 MY State

Siddiqui, Abdul Samad
Janata Dal
03/04/1988
02/04/1994
1

Nirmala Sitharaman
BJP
01/07/2016
30/06/2022
2
* AP 2014-16

Smt D K Tharadevi
INC
23/03/1990
25/03/1996
1
16/06/1991

Smt A Devi Thihmareddy
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
1
Mysore State

Smt A Devi Thihmareddy
INC
03/04/1964
02/04/1970
2
Mysore State

L H Thimmabovy
INC
03/04/1952
24/08/1952
1
res  24/08/1952

M Valiulla
INC
03/04/1952
02/04/1958
1
Mysore State

M Valiulla
INC
03/04/1958
02/04/1964
2
dea  17/12/1960

J Venkatappa
OTH
03/04/1962
02/04/1968
1
Mysore State


document_title: Blood

question_text: the percentage of red blood cells compared to blood volume is known as

question_tokens: the percentage of red blood cells compared to blood volume is known as

text: Blood

text: Functions

text: Blood performs many important functions within the body, including:

text:
Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells)
Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids))
Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding
Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage
Regulation of core body temperature
Hydraulic functions

text: Constituents

text: In mammals

text: Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight,[3][4] with an average density around 1060 kg/m3, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m3.[5] The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres (11 US pt),[4] which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.

text: Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. If all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in RBCs, the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function effectively.

text:
Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen.

Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated

Illustration depicting formed elements of blood

Two tubes of EDTA-anticoagulated blood. Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube. Right tube: Freshly drawn blood

text: Cells

text: One microliter of blood contains:

text:
4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes:[6] Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles in mammals. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and other cells) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.[7]
4,000–11,000 leukocytes:[8] White blood cells are part of the body's immune system; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is called leukemia.
200,000–500,000 thrombocytes:[8] Also called platelets, they take part in blood clotting (coagulation). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the platelet plug.

text:
Constitution of normal blood

Parameter

Value

Hematocrit

45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males
42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females

pH
7.35–7.45

base excess
−3 to +3

PO2
10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg)

PCO2
4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg)

HCO3−
21–27 mM

Oxygen saturation

Oxygenated: 98–99%
Deoxygenated: 75%

text: Plasma

text: About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

text: Other important components include:

text:
Serum albumin
Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
lipoprotein particles
Various other proteins
Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride)

text: The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and immunoglobulins.

text: pH values

text: Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly basic.[9][10] Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic. Blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) are carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic mechanisms, which exert their influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system to control the acid-base balance and respiration. An arterial blood gas test measures these. Plasma also circulates hormones transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal reference ranges for various blood electrolytes is extensive.

text: In non-mammalian vertebrates

text: Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers, size, protein structure, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences:[11]

text:
Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are flattened and ovoid in form, and retain their cell nuclei.
There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells; for example, acidophils are generally more common than in humans.
Platelets are unique to mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated, spindle cells called thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting instead.

text: Physiology

text: Cardiovascular system

text: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

text: Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles, which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the right atrium.

text: The blood circulation was famously described by William Harvey in 1628.[12]

text: Production and degradation of blood cells

text:
In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in the mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes.[13]
The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney.

text: Healthy erythrocytes have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by the spleen, and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine.

text: Oxygen transport

text: About 98.5% [14] of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the hemoglobin. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below). Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O2 per gram hemoglobin,[15] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold,[16] compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O2 per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mm Hg in arteries).[16]

text: With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

text: Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99% saturated with oxygen, achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min[17] to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200–250 ml/min,[17] and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75%[18][19] (70 to 78%)[17] saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.[20] Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation less than 90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations less than 30%) may be rapidly fatal.[21]

text: A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the level found in an adult's lungs), so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) to function under these conditions.[22]

text: Carbon dioxide transport

text:
CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood). Most of it (about 70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions HCO−3 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO−3; about 7% is dissolved in the plasma; and about 23% is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds.[23][24]
Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the Haldane effect, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. A rise in the partial pressure of CO2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.

text: Transport of hydrogen ions

text: Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin.

text: Lymphatic system

text: In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with lymph, which is continuously formed in tissues from blood by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and directed to the thoracic duct, which drains into the left subclavian vein where lymph rejoins the systemic blood circulation.

text: Thermoregulation

text: Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this flow are an important part of thermoregulation. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially.

text: Rate of blood flow

text: Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different organs. Liver has the most abundant blood supply with an approximate flow of 1350 ml/min. Kidney and brain are the second and the third most supplied organs, with 1100 ml/min and ~700 ml/min, respectively.[25]

text: Relative rates of blood flow per 100 g of tissue are different, with kidney, adrenal gland and thyroid being the first, second and third most supplied tissues, respectively.[25]

text: Hydraulic functions

text: The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement, resulting in an erection of that tissue; examples are the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris.

text: Another example of a hydraulic function is the jumping spider, in which blood forced into the legs under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump, without the need for bulky muscular legs.[26]

text: Invertebrates

text: In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues.) Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.

text: Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright-green, blue, or orange).

text: In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.

text: Giant tube worms have unusual hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.

text: Color

text: The coloring matter of blood (hemochrome) is largely due to the protein in the blood responsible for oxygen transport.  Different groups of organisms use different proteins.

text: Hemoglobin

text: Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood in vertebrates. Each molecule has four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color. In vertebrates and other hemoglobin-using creatures, arterial blood and capillary blood are bright red, as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red; this is present in veins, and can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states.[27]

text: Blood in carbon monoxide poisoning is bright red, because carbon monoxide causes the formation of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the body cannot utilize oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue—a symptom called cyanosis. If the heme is oxidized, methemoglobin, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In the rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish hue.

text: Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of color perception are related to the light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the visual cortex, rather than the actual color of the venous blood.[28]

text: Skinks in the genus Prasinohaema have green blood due to a buildup of the waste product biliverdin.[29]

text: Hemocyanin

text: The blood of most mollusks – including cephalopods and gastropods – as well as some arthropods, such as horseshoe crabs, is blue, as it contains the copper-containing protein hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per liter.[30] Hemocyanin is colorless when deoxygenated and dark blue when oxygenated. The blood in the circulation of these creatures, which generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tensions, is grey-white to pale yellow,[30] and it turns dark blue when exposed to the oxygen in the air, as seen when they bleed.[30] This is due to change in color of hemocyanin when it is oxidized.[30] Hemocyanin carries oxygen in extracellular fluid, which is in contrast to the intracellular oxygen transport in mammals by hemoglobin in RBCs.[30]

text: Chlorocruorin

text: The blood of most annelid worms and some marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin to transport oxygen.  It is green in color in dilute solutions.[31]

text: Hemerythrin

text: Hemerythrin is used for oxygen transport in the marine invertebrates sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and the annelid worm, magelona.  Hemerythrin is violet-pink when oxygenated.[31]

text: Hemovanadin

text: The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates, also known as sea squirts, contains proteins called vanadins. These proteins are based on vanadium, and give the creatures a concentration of vanadium in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding sea water. Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin, hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. When exposed to oxygen, however, vanadins turn a mustard yellow.

text: Pathology

text: General medical disorders

text:
Disorders of volume
Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding.[32] A healthy adult can lose almost 20% of blood volume (1 L) before the first symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of volume (2 L) before shock sets in. Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause internal bleeding, which can sometimes be severe.
Dehydration can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This would rarely result in shock (apart from the very severe cases) but may result in orthostatic hypotension and fainting.
Disorders of circulation
Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues, and can be caused by a variety of conditions including blood loss, infection, poor cardiac output.
Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure, excess circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia), and diabetes mellitus.
Coagulation can form a thrombosis, which can obstruct vessels.
Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term ischemia refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood, and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis), which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate).

text: Hematological disorders

text:
Anemia
Insufficient red cell mass (anemia) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies, and may require one or more blood transfusions. Anemia can also be due to a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells simply do not function effectively. Anemia can be confirmed by a blood test if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm/dl in men or less than 12.0 gm/dl in women.[33] Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
Sickle-cell anemia
Disorders of cell proliferation
Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues and cells.
Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant.
Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.
Disorders of coagulation
Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).
Hypercoagulable state (thrombophilia) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.
Infectious disorders of blood
Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.
Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.

text: Carbon monoxide poisoning

text: Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard, since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.[34]

text: Medical treatments

text: Blood products

text: Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by blood donation and stored in a blood bank. There are many different blood types in humans, the ABO blood group system, and the Rhesus blood group system being the most important. Transfusion of blood of an incompatible blood group may cause severe, often fatal, complications, so crossmatching is done to ensure that a compatible blood product is transfused.

text: Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific coagulation factor concentrates.

text: Intravenous administration

text: Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.

text: After severe acute blood loss, liquid preparations, generically known as plasma expanders, can be given intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 etc.) at physiological concentrations, or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans, human serum albumin, or fresh frozen plasma. In these emergency situations, a plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than a blood transfusion, because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately after a transfusion.

text: Bloodletting

text: In modern evidence-based medicine, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia. However, bloodletting and leeching were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood, according to Hippocratic medicine.

text: Etymology

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "blood" dates to the oldest English, circa 1000 CE. The word is derived from Middle English, which is derived from the Old English word blôd, which is akin to the Old High German word bluot, meaning blood. The modern German word is (das) Blut.

text: History

text: Classical Greek medicine

text: Fåhræus (a Swedish physician who devised the erythrocyte sedimentation rate) suggested that the Ancient Greek system of humorism, wherein the body was thought to contain four distinct bodily fluids (associated with different temperaments), were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen. A dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"). Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"). Above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"). The top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile").[35]

text: Types

text: The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first blood transfusion was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility.[36] The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937.

text: Cultural and religious beliefs

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendence, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother".

text: Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions, because Leviticus 17:11 says "the life of a creature is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off.

text: Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life-giving nature of blood, seen in such events as childbirth, as contrasted with the blood of injury or death.

text: Indigenous Australians

text: In many indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples' traditions, ochre (particularly red) and blood, both high in iron content and considered Maban, are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states:

text: In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red ochre is used in similar ways in less-secret ceremonies. Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies. Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive.[37]

text: Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the Dreamtime. Lawlor then connects these invisible energetic realms and magnetic fields, because iron is magnetic.

text: European paganism

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Among the Germanic tribes, blood was used during their sacrifices; the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator, and, after the butchering, the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods, and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called blóedsian in Old English, and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara.
The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the gods, ichor, was a substance that was poisonous to mortals.

text: As a relic of Germanic Law, the cruentation, an ordeal where the corpse of the victim was supposed to start bleeding in the presence of the murderer, was used until the early 17th century.

text: Christianity

text: In Genesis 9:4, God prohibited Noah and his sons from eating blood (see Noahide Law). This command continued to be observed by the Eastern Orthodox.

text: It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came around to the Hebrew house that the first-born child would not die if the angel saw lamb's blood wiped across the doorway.

text: At the Council of Jerusalem, the apostles prohibited certain Christians from consuming blood—this is documented in Acts 15:20 and 29. This chapter specifies a reason (especially in verses 19–21): It was to avoid offending Jews who had become Christians, because the Mosaic Law Code prohibited the practice.

text:
Christ's blood is the means for the atonement of sins. Also, ″… the blood of Jesus Christ his [God] Son cleanseth us from all sin." (1 John 1:7), “… Unto him [God] that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." (Revelation 1:5), and "And they overcame him (Satan) by the blood
of the Lamb [Jesus the Christ], and by the word of their testimony …” (Revelation 12:11).

text: Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Assyrian Church of the East teach that, when consecrated, the Eucharistic wine actually becomes the blood of Jesus for worshippers to drink. Thus in the consecrated wine, Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper, as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread that they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (Luke 22:20).

text: Most forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is spiritually but not physically present. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast.

text: Judaism

text: In Judaism, animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen clots), salting and then rinsing with water again several times.[38] Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption.[39] Although blood from fish is biblically kosher, it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition.[40]

text: Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of the animal is [in] its blood" (ibid 17:14). In relation to human beings, Kabbalah expounds on this verse that the animal soul of a person is in the blood, and that physical desires stem from it.

text: Likewise, the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal-like passions from the person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal energies and life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.[41]

text: Islam

text: Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by Islamic dietary laws. This is derived from the statement in the Qur'an, sura Al-Ma'ida (5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah."

text: Blood is considered unclean, hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions apply to menstruation, postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's  neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed, hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules.

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), many Jehovah's Witnesses neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further fractionated from the four major components.[42]

text: East Asian culture

text: In south East Asian popular culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films as well as in Japanese and Korean culture parodied in anime, manga, and drama. Characters, mostly males, will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen someone nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy; this is based on the idea that a male's blood pressure will spike dramatically when aroused.[43][unreliable source?]

text: Vampire legends

text: Vampires are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the 'Nosferatu' legend, a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore. Ticks, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire bats, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are new world creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths.

text: Applications

text: In the applied sciences

text: Blood residue can help forensic investigators identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Through bloodstain pattern analysis, forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains.

text: Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in archeology.

text: In art

text: Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.[44] In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Istvan Kantor, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, Lucas Abela and Kira O' Reilly, along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.

text: In genealogy and family history

text: The term blood is used in genealogical circles to refer to one's ancestry, origins, and ethnic background as in the word bloodline. Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense are blue-blood, royal blood, mixed-blood and blood relative.


document_title: Clint Amos

question_text: who did clint from the block play footy for

text: Clint Amos

text:
Clint Amos

Personal information

Nickname
Mossy

Born
(1983-09-02) 2 September 1983 (age 34)
Ballina, New South Wales, Australia

Playing information

Height
183 cm (6 ft 0 in)

Weight
94 kg (14 st 11 lb)

Position
Hooker, Lock

Club

Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P

2006
North Queensland Cowboys
6
0
0
0
0

2007–08
Gold Coast Titans
21
0
0
1
0

2009–11
North Queensland Cowboys
10
0
0
0
0

Total
37
0
0
1
0

Source: [1][2][3]

text: Clint Amos (born 2 September 1983 in Ballina, New South Wales) is a former Australian professional rugby league player. He played for the North Queensland Cowboys and the Gold Coast Titans in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) competition. He primarily played as a hooker.

text: Amos played junior football for the Burleigh Bears and moved to the North Queensland Cowboys, where he made his first-grade debut in 2006. He then signed for the Gold Coast Titans for its inaugural season in 2007, where he was a regular member of the first-grade team. However, he fell out of the squad in 2008 as Nathan Friend became the side's preferred hooker.[4][dead link] He returned to the Cowboys for the 2009 season, signing a two-year deal.[5] He played for the Northern Pride in the 2011 Queensland Cup.[6] At the end of the 2011 season he retired from playing to become the Cowboys' business development manager.[7]

text: In 2017, Amos and his wife Hannah will be contestants on the thirteenth season of Australian reality series The Block.[8]

text: Career highlights[edit]

text: First grade debut: North Queensland v Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, 18 March 2006 (Round 2) at Dairy Farmers Stadium