document_title: My Big Fat Greek Wedding

question_text: who plays toula in my big fat greek wedding

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding

text: Plot[edit]

text: Being 30-years-old and single, Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos is her family's anomaly. The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants, she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood. Her golden-child sister Athena met her family's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming, in Toula's words, "a Greek baby-breeding machine". Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba's, her family's restaurant in Chicago. Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family. Frumpy and cynical, she fears her life will never change. One day at the restaurant, Toula notices a handsome young customer-- Ian Miller, a school teacher. She tries to speak to him, only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness. Ian is bewildered by her behavior, and Toula figures she's lost her chance to get to know him.

text: Toula's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college. When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes, he forbids it, thinking she wants to leave her family. He insists she's "smart enough for a girl" and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone. After some crafty persuasion by his wife, Maria, Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes. As her classes progress, Toula gains self-confidence. She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy, drab clothes for flattering, colorful outfits. She updates her hairdo and learns to apply makeup. With her new computer skills and polished image, Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula's travel agency instead of the restaurant.

text: Toula thrives in her new job, and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency. He notices Toula, not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba's. Despite Toula's lingering shyness, they introduce themselves and begin dating. When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant, Toula is sure Ian will lose interest. Instead, he loves her even more for who she is, and they become a couple.

text: Because Ian is not Greek, Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family, but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot. As she feared, Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek-- referring to Ian as a "Xeno"-- and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship. Toula insists she loves Ian. Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her, all to no avail.

text: When Ian proposes to Toula, she happily accepts, but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula, let alone marry her. Ian tries to adapt to the family's Greek customs and mannerisms. Ian and Toula cannot marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian coverts, and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco. She suggests to Ian that they elope instead. He refuses, saying it's important to her family to marry in their religion, then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox. Ian's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family.

text: As Toula feared, her numerous well-meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans, while the men keep testing Ian. Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula's permission; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula. Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek. When Toula invites Ian's quiet, reserved parents to meet her parents at their home, she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them. Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula's extended family at the dinner, where they dance and drink for hours. Ian's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family's rambunctiousness.

text: On the wedding day, Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives, but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly. At the reception, Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family. He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house. Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus's generosity. Following the reception, Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece, both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family.

text: An epilogue shows the couple's life six years later. Toula got pregnant "a minute later" after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris. As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school, Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school. Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child, so Paris will too. But she assures her that when the time comes, she can marry whomever she wants. As they walk, it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula's parents.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nia Vardalos as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos-Miller
John Corbett as Ian Miller
Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos
Michael Constantine as Costas "Gus" Portokalos
Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula
Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos
Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki
Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki
Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo
Bess Meisler as Yiayia (Grandma)
Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos
Ian Gomez as Mike, Ian's best man; he is Vardalos' real-life husband
Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller
Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller
Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White
Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one-woman play written by and starring Vardalos, performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997.[5] Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play "to get a better agent."[6] [7]The play was based on Vardalos's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man (actor Ian Gomez).[6] The play was popular, and was sold out for much of its run, in part due to Vardalos's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area.[8] A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it, including actress Rita Wilson, who is herself of Greek origin;[8] Wilson convinced her husband, actor Tom Hanks, to see it as well.

text: Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well. However, the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable, which Vardalos objected to: these included changing the plot, getting a known actress in the lead role (Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned),[8] and changing the family's ethnicity to Hispanic.[6] Two months after the play's initial run ended, Hanks's production company, Playtone, contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998, this time at LA's Globe Theatre.[5] Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role "brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece, because it's Nia's version of her own life and her own experience. I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it."[6]

text: In 2000, while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film, Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett (who was in town shooting the film Serendipity) at a bar, telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and being upset that he couldn't make the auditions. Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot, which he accepted.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg, the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago. Toronto's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film. The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos' residence (as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York. The real home representing the Portokalos' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film. Also, some minor parts of the movie were shot in Jarvis High School in Toronto.

text: Release[edit]

text: After a February 2002 premiere, it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19, 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer, including a wide release in the United States on August 2.

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release. Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget, it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide, becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment.[9] It was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada,[10] with USD$241,438,208, and the highest-grossing romantic comedy in history.[3] Domestically, it also held the record for the highest-grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts,[11] until the release of the 2016 animated film, Sing, 14 years later. The film is among the most profitable of all time, with a 6150% return on a (inflation adjusted) cost of $6 million to produce.[12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating 76% based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom, My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good-hearted, lovable, and delightfully eccentric, with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos."[13] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out to reviews, the film has an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Romantic Comedy Film[15]

text: 10th-anniversary edition[edit]

text: In 2012, a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu-ray. The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30-minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett.

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: The cast (with the exception of Vardalos, who had a separate deal), as well as Hanks' production company, Playtone, later sued the studio for their part of the profits, charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so-called "Hollywood accounting" practices.[16]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Television series[edit]

text: The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life, with most of the major characters played by the same actors, with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband. Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky. He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement's character, but the show was cancelled before he appeared. The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot "adjustments" that did not match the film.

text: The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, whose TV studio division produced the show.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins, asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like Ruins, the film would be set in Greece.[17]

text: Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated:

text:
“
Well, actually, yes. And it's only now that I've really become open to the idea. Over the years, I've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be. People next to me at Starbucks would say, 'Hey, let me tell you my idea,' and I'd be like, 'Hey, I'm just trying to get a cup of coffee.' I never thought much about it. But then when John (Corbett) and I recently sat down to do that interview (for the 10th anniversary edition), we laughed so hard through the whole thing. It made me think that it's time. He said, "Come on, write something, will you?" And I now think I will. We have such an easy chemistry together. And we have chemistry because we never 'did it.' That's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene. You have to make sure your actors don't 'do it' off-screen. If they don't 'do it,' then they'll have chemistry on camera.[18]
”

text: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and she also has written a script for the film.[19] The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC's The Today Show on November 11, 2015 and it was released on March 25, 2016,[20] to generally negative reviews from critics and modest box office success.


document_title: List of Subaru engines

question_text: when did subaru outback switch to timing chain

question_tokens: when did subaru outback switch to timing chain

root

text: List of Subaru engines

text: Two Cylinder[edit]

text: EK[edit]

text: The EK series is a straight twin two-stroke cycle with early air-cooled versions later replaced with water-cooled configurations in 1971. The engine was upgraded to a four-stroke SOHC in 1973 to meet Japanese Government emission regulations.

tag: p

text: The (Japanese: Subaru EK series) was used from 1958 until 1989 in most Kei car models.

text: Two-strokes[edit]

text: Air Cooled two-stroke

text:
EK31: 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm
maximum output 16 PS (12 kW; 16 hp) at 4,500 rpm (1958.05-1960.02)
maximum output 18 PS (13 kW; 18 hp) at 4,700 rpm (1960.02-1964.07)
maximum output 20 PS (15 kW; 20 hp) at 5,000 rpm (1964.07-1968.08)
compression ratio = 6.5:1

tag: ul

text: Used in the Subaru 360 (1958–1968) and Sambar (1961–1970).

text:
EK51: 423 cc Bore & Stroke = 67.0 x 60.0 mm
maximum output 23 PS (17 kW; 23 hp) at 5,000 rpm
compression ratio = 6.5:1

text: Used in the Subaru 450 (MAIA) Japan & North America (1960–66)

text:
EK32: 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm
maximum output 25 PS (18 kW; 25 hp) at 5,500 rpm (1968.08-1970)
maximum output 36 PS (26 kW; 36 hp) at 7,000 rpm (1968.11-1970)
compression ratio = 7.5:1
Used in the Subaru 360 and 360 Young SS, 1968-70.

text:
EK33: 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm
compression ratio = 6.5:1 (standard) 7.5:1 (Young SS & Sport Edition)
maximum output 26 PS (19 kW; 26 hp) at 5,800 rpm (R-2 Van K41, Sambar K55/K64)
maximum output 30 PS (22 kW; 30 hp) at 6,500 rpm (R-2)
maximum output 36 PS (26 kW; 36 hp) at 7,000 rpm (R-2 SS)
maximum output 32 PS (24 kW; 32 hp) at 6,500 rpm (R-2 Sport Edition)

text: Used in the Subaru R-2 1969–1971 and Subaru Sambar 1970–1973

text: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

text:
EK34: 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60.0 mm
compression ratio = 6.5:1
maximum output 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp) at 5,500 rpm (Sambar K71/K72/K81)
maximum output 32 PS (24 kW; 32 hp) at 6,000 rpm (R-2, Rex)
maximum output 35 PS (26 kW; 35 hp) at 6,500 rpm (Rex TS)
maximum output 36 PS (26 kW; 36 hp) at 7,000 rpm (R-2 GSS)
maximum output 37 PS (27 kW; 36 hp) at 6,500 rpm (Rex GSR)

text: Used in the Subaru R-2 1971.10-1972.07, Subaru Rex 1972.07-1973.10, Subaru Sambar 1973.02-1976.02

text: Four-strokes[edit]

text: Water Cooled four-stroke SOHC with SEEC emissions system (later SEEC-T), alloy block and head.[2]

text:
EK21: Bore x Stroke mm = 66.0 x 52.4
Piston displacement = 358 cc
Compression ratio = 9.5:1
maximum output 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp) at 7,500 rpm (Rex Van K42, Wagon K26, Rex sedan 75.12-76.05)
maximum output 31 PS (23 kW; 31 hp) at 8,000 rpm (73.10-75.12 Rex)

text: Used in the Subaru Rex K22 from 1973.10–1976.05, Subaru Sambar February 1976-May 1976

text:
EK22: Bore x Stroke mm = 74.0 x 57.0, SEEC-T emissions system
Piston displacement = 490 cc
Compression ratio = 9.0:1
maximum output 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp) (Rex 5 Van K43, Sambar 5 K75/76/85)
maximum output 31 PS (23 kW; 31 hp) at 6,500 rpm (Rex 5 K23)

text: Used in the Subaru Rex 1976.05–1977.05, Subaru Sambar 5 from May 1976 until March 1977

text:
EK23: Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0
Piston displacement = 544 cc
Compression ratio = 8.5:1
Two valves per cylinder
maximum output 31 PS (23 kW; 31 hp) at 6,200 rpm (Rex)
maximum output 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp) at 6,200 rpm (Rex Van, Sambar)
maximum output 31 PS (23 kW; 31 hp) at 6,000 rpm (Rex 2nd gen & Rex Combi)
maximum output 30 PS (22 kW; 30 hp) at 6,000 rpm (Rex 3rd gen)

text: Used in the Subaru Rex from 1977.05–1989, Subaru Sambar 1977–1990

text:
EK23 ThreeValve: Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0
Piston displacement = 544 cc
Compression ratio = 9.0:1
Two valves per cylinder
maximum output 34 PS (25 kW; 34 hp) at 6,000 rpm (Sambar)
maximum output 36 PS (26 kW; 36 hp) at 7,000 rpm (Rex)

text: Used in the Subaru Rex Viki from 1986 to 1989, Subaru Sambar 1989–1990

text:
EK23 Turbo Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0
Piston displacement = 544 cc
Compression ratio = 8.5:1
Two valves per cylinder
Hitachi-made 36 mm turbines
maximum output 41 PS (30 kW; 40 hp) at 6,000 rpm

text: Used in the Subaru Rex Combi (1983–1986)

text:
EK23 ThreeValve Turbo Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0
Piston displacement = 544 cc
Compression ratio = 9.0:1
Three valves per cylinder (two intake, one exhaust)
Hitachi-made 36 mm turbines
maximum output 36 PS (26 kW; 36 hp) at 7000 rpm

text: Used in the Subaru Rex VX (1986–1989)

text:
EK23 ThreeValve Supercharger Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0
Piston displacement = 544 cc
Compression ratio = 9.0:1
Three valves per cylinder (two intake, one exhaust)
Water-cooled intercooler
maximum output 55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp) at 6400 rpm

text: Used in the Subaru Rex Supercharger (1988–1989)

text:
EK42 Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 69.6
Piston displacement = 665 cc
Compression ratio = 9.5:1
Two valves per cylinder
maximum output 31 PS (23 kW; 31 hp) (Subaru 700)
maximum output 37 PS (27 kW; 36 hp) at 6400 rpm, low octane version
maximum output 35 PS (26 kW; 35 hp) at 6400 rpm (M70, Mini Jumbo, Sherpa), high octane version

text: Used in the Subaru Rex and Sambar/700 (export only, 1982–1989)

text: Three Cylinder[edit]

text: The EF series engine is a liquid-cooled three-cylinder, four-stroke, with SOHC. It is not compliant with Japanese Government regulations concerning displacement of kei cars with a current maximum limit of 660 cc. The EF appeared while the EK was being replaced by the EN05.

text: Subaru EF engine[edit]

text:
EF10: Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 69.6
Piston displacement = 997 cc
Compression ratio = 9.5:1
Two valves per cylinder

text: SOHC 2V, 55 hp at 5,200 rpm 1984–1987 Subaru Justy

text:
EF12:Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 83.0
Piston displacement = 1189 cc
Compression ratio = 9.1:1
Three valves per cylinder

text: SOHC 3V, 66-73 hp 1987–1994 Subaru Justy

text: Four Cylinder[edit]

text: All of Subaru's four-cylinder engines (except the EN series) are liquid-cooled, horizontally opposed boxer four-strokes.

text: Subaru EA engine[edit]

text: The EA was used from 1966 until 1994 in most models. It is a basic two-valve-per-cylinder design with siamese ports and three main crankshaft bearings. Engines with overhead camshafts were installed with two timing belts, whereas vehicles with overhead valves used timing gears exclusively.

text:
EA52: 977 cc OHV, 55 hp at 6,000 rpm used in the 1966–1971 Subaru 1000
EA61: 1088.8 cc OHV, 62 hp at 6,400 rpm used in the 1970–1972 Subaru FF-1 Star and Subaru G
EA62: 1267.5 cc OHV, 80 hp at 6,400 rpm used in the 1971–1972 Subaru G
EA63: 1362 cc OHV, 58 hp at 5,200 rpm used in the 1973–1976 Subaru Leone
EA71: 1595 cc OHV, 67 hp at 5,200 rpm or 68@4800 rpm used in the 1976–1987 Subaru Leone and 1978–1980 Subaru BRAT/brumby
EA81: 1781 cc OHV, 73 hp at 4,800 rpm used in the 1980–1984 Subaru Leone and 1981–1993 Subaru BRAT/brumby
EA81T: 1781 cc OHV Turbo, 95 hp at 4,200 rpm used in the 1983–1984 Subaru Leone and Subaru BRAT/brumby
EA82: 1791 cc SOHC, 84-97 hp used in the Subaru Leone and Subaru XT
EA82T: 1791 cc SOHC, 115 hp at 5200 rpm used in the Subaru Leone and Subaru XT

text: Subaru EE engine (diesel)[edit]

text: Subaru unveiled the world's first boxer diesel engine to be fitted in a passenger car at the Geneva autoshow in 2007. This 2.0L DOHC engine, called the EE20,[3] has 147 HP and 350Nm (258 lb-ft) of torque, five main bearings and was released in Europe in 2008. Engine was originally Euro-4 certified, updated to Euro-5 in 2008[4] and Euro-6 in 2015. 1998 ccm, Bore 86mm, Stroke 86mm

text: Subaru EJ engine[edit]

text: The EJ engine was introduced in the 1989 Subaru Legacy to replace the EA engines. It was designed from scratch with five main crankshaft bearings and four valves per cylinder and can be either SOHC or DOHC and one timing belt. The fifth digit is the only way to tell without seeing the engine.

text:
EJ15: 1483.4 cc SOHC, 1990–2003 JDM Subaru Impreza
EJ16: 90 hp at 5,600 rpm used in the 1993–2006 Subaru Impreza
EJ18: 1820 cc SOHC 110 hp at 5,600 rpm used in the 1993–1996 Subaru Impreza and Euro and JDM Subaru Legacy
EJ20: 1994.3 cc, available in Europe and Japan naturally aspirated at 115–190 hp and with a Turbo 220–280 hp used on Most Models, (2002–2005 WRX in the United States)
EJ22: 2212 cc, 135–280 hp used in the 1989–2001 Subaru Impreza and Subaru Legacy
EJ25: 2457 cc, 165–320 hp found in Most Models 1995–Present
EJ30: Special limited engine. Four were built by Subaru, but only 3 remain in working condition. There is no readily available technical or power information on these engines.

text: Generally the EJ-series can be divided into two versions: the Phase I engines (1989–1998) and the Phase II engines (1999–2010). The Phase II engines featured new cylinder heads and crankshafts with the thrust bearing located at crank bearing #5 instead of #3. The designation also changed from Phase I to Phase II. All Phase I engines have an alphanumerical suffix behind the standard EJXX designation, all Phase II engines have a numerical suffix behind the EJXX designation. Example:

text: Phase I: EJ15E, EJ15J, EJ16E, EJ18E, EJ20D, EJ20E, EJ20G, EJ20H, EJ20J, EJ20R, EJ20K, EJ22E, EJ221, EJ25D

text: Phase II: EJ151, EJ161, EJ181, EJ201, EJ202, EJ203, EJ204, EJ205, EJ206, EJ207, EJ208, EJ222, EJ251, EJ252, EJ253, EJ254, EJ255, EJ257

text: There's at least 1 exception from this rule - MY'07 EJ20F engine. Most likely F stands for bi-Fuel (engines prepared for LPG). This is unconfirmed info, based only on users' experience and observations.

text: Subaru EL engine[edit]

text: The (Japanese: Subaru EL engine) replaced the EJ15 and is used in the JDM Subaru Impreza 1.5R (series GD, GG, GE, GH) starting with model year 2006. It is based on the EJ engine and shares many components, like the crankshaft from the EJ25. It has DOHC cylinder heads with AVCS variable valve timing on the intake.[5][6]

text:
Displacement: 1,498 cc
bore x stroke: 77.7 x 79 mm
compression ratio: 10.1
maximum horsepower: 110ps (81 kW) @ 6400 RPM
maximum torque: 14.7kgm (144Nm) at 3,200 rpm
AVCS

text: Subaru EN engine[edit]

text: The Subaru EN inline-four engine was introduced in 1988 to replace the straight-two EK series engine that was originally engineered as an air-cooled engine and then was modified as a water-cooled engine used in the 1969–1972 Subaru R-2. The EN is used in all kei cars and kei trucks currently in production by Subaru.

text: Subaru FA engine[edit]

text: (Japanese: Subaru FA engine) The FA was developed from the FB engine, however, efforts to reduce weight while maintaining durability were the main goals of the FA engine. While the FA and FB engines share a common platform, the FA shares very little in dedicated parts with the FB engine, with a different block, head, connecting rods, and pistons.

text: The FA20D features both direct and port injection (Toyota's D-4S injection system) and Subaru AVCS variable valve timing system. It is used in the Subaru BRZ, and is identified by a Toyota engine family code known as the 4U-GSE, which is installed in the Toyota 86 and the Scion FR-S.[7] According to Subaru, 0W-20 oil is recommended.

text:
Bore: 86 mm
Stroke: 86 mm
Displacement: 1,998 cc
Compression Ratio: 12.5:1
Power: 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 7,000 RPM
Torque: 20.9 kg·m (205 N·m; 151 lb·ft) at 6,400-6,600 RPM

text: A version with Subaru's own direct fuel injection and twin-scroll turbocharger was introduced in 2012.

text:
Displacement: 1,998 cc
Bore: 86 mm
Stroke: 86 mm
Compression Ratio: 10.6:1
2012+ JDM Subaru Legacy 2.0GT DIT and 2014+ Subaru Levorg

Power: 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 40.8 kg·m (400 N·m; 295 lb·ft) at 2,000-4,800 RPM

2014+ USDM Subaru Forester XT:

Power: 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 258 lb·ft (350 N·m; 36 kg·m) at 2,000-4,800 RPM

2014+ JDM Subaru Forester XT:

Power: 276 hp (206 kW; 280 PS) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 258 lb·ft (350 N m;36 kg m) at 2,000-5,200 rpm

2015+ USDM Subaru WRX:

Power: 268 hp (200 kW; 272 PS) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 258 lb·ft (350 N·m; 36 kg·m) at 2,000-5,200 RPM

text: Subaru FB engine[edit]

text: (Japanese: Subaru FB engine) An entirely new generation of boxer engine announced on 23 September 2010.[8] By increasing piston stroke and decreasing piston bore, Subaru aimed to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy, while increasing and broadening torque output over the previous generation engine.

text: The FB has an all new block and head featuring dual overhead cams with intake and exhaust variable valve timing (AVCS - Active Valve Control System), and a timing chain that replaced the timing belt. Moving to chain-driven cams is said to allow the valves to be placed at a more narrow angle to each other and shrink the bore of cylinder from 99.5 mm to 94. It results in less unburned fuel during cold start, thereby reducing emissions. Subaru is able to maintain the exterior dimension substantially unchanged by asymmetrical connecting rods like those in EZ36. The FB is only marginally heavier. In Jan 2011, Car and Driver was told direct injection would be added soon.[9]

text: Subaru claims a 28-percent reduction in friction losses, mainly due to lighter pistons and connecting rods.[9][10] The FB has a 10% improvement in fuel economy with the power coming on sooner and the torque band being broader.

text:
Displacement: 1,597 cc DOHC
Bore: 78.8 mm
Stroke: 82 mm
Compression: 11.0:1
Power: 84 kW (114 PS; 113 hp) at 5,600 rpm
Torque: 150 N·m (15 kg·m; 111 lb·ft) at 4,000 rpm
Application: 2012+ EUDM Subaru Impreza XV 1.6i

text: FB16 DIT[edit]

text:
Displacement: 1,599 cc
Bore: 78.8 mm
Stroke: 82 mm
Compression: 11:1
Power: 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 4,800-5600 RPM
Torque: 25.5 kg·m (250 N·m; 184 lb·ft) at 1,800-4,800 RPM
2014+ Subaru Levorg

text:
Displacement: 1,995 cc DOHC
Bore: 84 mm
Stroke: 90 mm
Compression: 10.5:1
2011+ JDM Subaru Forester:[11]

Power: 109 kW (148 PS; 146 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 196 N·m (20 kg·m; 145 lb·ft) at 4,200 rpm

2012-2016 Subaru Impreza and 2012+ Subaru XV:

Power: 148 hp (150 PS; 110 kW) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 145 lb·ft (197 N·m; 20 kg·m) at 4,200 rpm

text: Used in the fifth generation Impreza sedan and hatchback.

text:
Bore: 84 mm
Stroke: 90 mm
Compression: 12.5:1
Power: 152 PS (112 kW; 150 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Torque: 20.4 kg·m (200 N·m; 148 lb·ft) at 4,000 RPM
2016+ Subaru Impreza

text:
Displacement: 1,995 cc DOHC
Bore: 84 mm
Stroke: 90 mm
Compression: 10.5:1
Power: 160 hp (162 PS; 119 kW) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 163 lb·ft (221 N·m; 23 kg·m) at 2,000 rpm
Application: 2014+ Subaru XV Hybrid

text:
Displacement: 2,498 cc DOHC
Bore: 94 mm
Stroke: 90 mm
Compression: 10.0:1[12]
Power: 170 hp (172 PS; 127 kW) at 5,800 rpm[13]
Torque: 174 lb·ft (236 N·m; 24 kg·m) at 4,100 rpm
Application:

2011+ North American Subaru Forester
2012+ North American Subaru Legacy

text: Six Cylinder[edit]

text: All of Subaru's six-cylinder engines are of a liquid-cooled, Flat-6 four-stroke design.

text: Subaru ER engine[edit]

text: (Japanese: Subaru ER27) Subaru introduced its first six-cylinder engine in its Subaru XT sports car. This SOHC engine was based on the EA82, with two cylinders added to the back.

text: ER27: 2672 cc SOHC, 145 hp@5200 found in the 1987–1991 Subaru XT

text: Subaru EG engine[edit]

text: The (Japanese: Subaru EG33) engine was a direct replacement for the ER engine. The ER had been used only in the Subaru XT6, which was being replaced by the Subaru Alcyone SVX, and the company took the opportunity to create a new engine based on the more modern EJ rather than the EA engine series. As the ER27 was to the EA82, Subaru took the EJ22 design and created a six-cylinder version to make the new EG33. However, this four-valves-per-cylinder engine was DOHC, and valvetrain parts came from the not yet released EJ25D. Bore: 96.9 mm Stroke: 75 mm

text: EG33: 3318 cc DOHC, 230 hp@5400 used in the 1992–1997 Subaru Alcyone SVX

text: Subaru EZ engine[edit]

text: The (Japanese: Subaru EZ series) was introduced in 1999 in the Japanese market, in the Subaru Outback, and in 2000 in the United States market, also in the Outback. It is a flat-six, 24-valve, quad-cam engine with an aluminium block and heads. It is available in EZ30 and EZ36 variants. Though the second iteration of the EZ30D used from 2003 to 2009 was heavily updated from the early EZ30D used from 2001 to 2003, Subaru continued to identify it as EZ30D. "EZ30R" is a false engine code often used on the Internet for the later EZ30, but Subaru has never used it as an official engine code.[14] All EZ-series engines use dual timing chains and feature coil-on-plug ignition.

text: This version uses one exhaust port per head, a cable-actuated throttle, variable intake geometry, and a cast aluminium intake manifold. It was only available with an automatic transmission.

text:
Displacement: 2999 cc DOHC
Bore: 89.2 mm
Stroke: 80 mm
Compression: 10.7:1
Power: 220 PS (162 kW; 217 hp) at 6000 rpm
Torque: 289 N·m (29 kg·m; 213 lb·ft) at 4400 rpm
Application:

2000–2004 Subaru Outback H6
2000–2002 Subaru Legacy GT30
2000–2002 Subaru Legacy Lancaster 6

text: This version received new cylinder heads with 3 exhaust ports per head, AVLS, AVCS on the intake cams only, a drive-by-wire throttle, and a plastic intake manifold. It was available in manual and automatic unlike the old EZ30D.

text:
Displacement: 2999 cc DOHC
Bore: 89.2 mm
Stroke: 80 mm
Compression: 10.7:1
Power: 245 PS (180 kW; 242 hp) at 6600 rpm
Torque: 297 N·m (30 kg·m; 219 lb·ft) at 4200 rpm
Application:

2003–2009 Subaru Legacy 3.0R
2005–2009 Subaru Outback 3.0R
2006–2007 Tribeca

text: The EZ36D retains the plastic intake manifold, 3 exhaust ports per head, and drive-by-wire throttle of the later EZ30D, but loses AVLS while gaining AVCS for both intake and exhaust cams. The EZ36D also incorporates an asymmetrical connecting rod design shared with the FB series of engines and the EE20 diesel engine.

text:
Displacement: 3629 cc DOHC
Bore: 92 mm
Stroke: 91 mm
Compression: 10.5:1
Power: 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp) at 6000 rpm
Torque: 335 N·m (34 kg·m; 247 lb·ft) at 4400 rpm
Application:

2010-current Subaru Legacy
2010-current Subaru Outback
2008-2014 Subaru Tribeca


document_title: Raymond Allen (television actor)

question_text: who played uncle woody on sanford and son

text: Raymond Allen (television actor)

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Raymond AllenBorn
Raymond Gilmore Allen (1929-03-05) March 5, 1929 (age 89)Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.Nationality
AmericanOccupation
ActorYears active
1946–1985Known for
Woodrow "Woody" Anderson – Sanford and SonNed "The Wino" – Good TimesSpouse(s)
Barbara Williams (m. 1963–1977)Children
3; including Ta-Ronce Allen

text: Raymond Gilmore Allen (born March 5, 1929) is an American actor. He is best known for his appearances on television during the 1970s. He had recurring roles as Ned the Wino on Good Times, as Aunt Esther's husband, Woodrow "Woody" Anderson on the NBC sitcom series Sanford and Son, and as mechanic Merle the Earl on Starsky and Hutch. He reprised his role as Uncle Woody Anderson in the Sanford and Son spin-off, The Sanford Arms. Allen also made guest appearances on The Jeffersons, What's Happening!!, The Love Boat and the film Wattstax.[1]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Allen has not appeared in any acting roles since 1985, but still makes public appearances, where he speaks to people and signs autographs. According to his MySpace page, Allen was forced to retire from acting due to illness.[2] Allen was married to Barbara Williams from 1963 to 1977; they have three children. Currently, Allen lives with his daughter, former child actress Ta-Ronce Allen in Lancaster, California. He visits the Los Angeles area to visit his daughter Brenda Allen.  Also, had a son, Raymond Gilmore Allen Jr. (deceased).


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup finals

question_text: when did england last reach workd cup final

text: List of FIFA World Cup finals

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to the list of finals

Match was won during extra time

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

text: The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament. The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game. Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

text:
List of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores

Year

Winners

Final score[2]

Runners-up

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

1930

Uruguay

4–2

 Argentina

Estadio Centenario

Montevideo, Uruguay

80,000

[7][8]

1934

Italy

  2–1[n 3]

 Czechoslovakia

Stadio Nazionale PNF

Rome, Italy

50,000

[9][10]

1938

Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Stade Olympique de Colombes

Paris, France

45,000

[11][12]

1950[n 4]

Uruguay

2–1[n 5]

 Brazil

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

199,854[13]

[14][15]

1954

West Germany

3–2

 Hungary

Wankdorf Stadium

Bern, Switzerland

60,000

[16][17]

1958

Brazil

5–2

 Sweden

Råsunda Stadium

Solna, Sweden

51,800

[18][19]

1962

Brazil

3–1

 Czechoslovakia

Estadio Nacional

Santiago, Chile

69,000

[20][21]

1966

England

  4–2[n 6]

 West Germany

Wembley Stadium

London, England

93,000

[22][23]

1970

Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

107,412

[24][25]

1974

West Germany

2–1

 Netherlands

Olympiastadion

Munich, West Germany

75,200

[26][27]

1978

Argentina

  3–1[n 7]

 Netherlands

Estadio Monumental

Buenos Aires, Argentina

71,483

[28][29]

1982

Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Santiago Bernabéu

Madrid, Spain

90,000

[30][31]

1986

Argentina

3–2

 West Germany

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

114,600

[32][33]

1990

West Germany

1–0

 Argentina

Stadio Olimpico

Rome, Italy

73,603

[34][35]

1994

Brazil

  0–0[n 8]

 Italy

Rose Bowl

Pasadena, United States

94,194

[36][37]

1998

France

3–0

 Brazil

Stade de France

Saint-Denis, France

80,000

[38][39]

2002

Brazil

2–0

 Germany

International Stadium

Yokohama, Japan

69,029

[40][41]

2006

Italy

  1–1[n 9]

 France

Olympiastadion

Berlin, Germany

69,000

[42][43]

2010

Spain

  1–0[n 10]

 Netherlands

Soccer City

Johannesburg, South Africa

84,490

[44][45]

2014

Germany

  1–0[n 11]

 Argentina

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

74,738

[46][47]

2018

France

4–2

 Croatia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow, Russia

78,011

Upcoming finals

Year

Team 1

v

Team 2

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

2022

Lusail Iconic Stadium

Lusail, Qatar

2026

TBD

United States

text: Results[edit]

text:
Results by nation

National team

Wins

Runners-up

Total finals

Years won

Years runners-up

 Brazil

5

2

7

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

1950, 1998

 Germany

4

4

8

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

1966, 1982, 1986, 2002

 Italy

4

2

6

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

1970, 1994

 Argentina

2

3

5

1978, 1986

1930, 1990, 2014

 France

2

1

3

1998, 2018

2006

 Uruguay

2

0

2

1930, 1950

–

 England

1

0

1

1966

–

 Spain

1

0

1

2010

–

 Netherlands

0

3

3

–

1974, 1978, 2010

 Czechoslovakia

0

2

2

–

1934, 1962

 Hungary

0

2

2

–

1938, 1954

 Sweden

0

1

1

–

1958

 Croatia

0

1

1

–

2018

text:
Results by confederation

Confederation

Appearances

Winners

Runners-up

UEFA

28

12

16

CONMEBOL

14

9

5

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This follows FIFA's consideration that the national teams of West Germany/Germany, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia, and USSR/Russia are combined respectively for record-keeping.[3]

Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers, but Brazil's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous "final" appearance for the team.

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[9][10]

Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final, rather, the tournament was decided by a 4-team round robin phase.

Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.

Jump up ^ Score was 2–2 after 90 minutes.[22][23]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[28][29]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 120 minutes. Brazil won 3–2 on penalties.[36][37]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 120 minutes. Italy won 5–3 on penalties.[42][43]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[44][45]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[46][47]

tag: ol


document_title: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

question_text: which participating state held the osce chairmanship 2009

question_tokens: which participating state held the osce chairmanship 2009

text: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

text: History[edit]

text: The Organization has its roots in the 1973 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Dipoli in Espoo began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe, and President of Finland Urho Kekkonen hosted them in order to bolster his policy of neutrality. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist bloc.

text: The recommendations of the talks, in the form of "The Blue Book", gave the practical foundations for a three-stage conference called the "Helsinki process".[3] The CSCE opened in Helsinki on 3 July 1973 with 35 states sending representatives. Stage I only took five days to agree to follow the Blue Book. Stage II was the main working phase and was conducted in Geneva from 18 September 1973 until 21 July 1975. The result of Stage II was the Helsinki Final Act which was signed by the 35 participating states during Stage III, which took place in Finlandia Hall from 30 July – 1 August 1975. It was opened by Holy See’s diplomat Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, who was chairman of the conference.

text: The concepts of improving relations and implementing the act were developed over a series of follow-up meetings, with major gatherings in Belgrade (4 October 1977 – 8 March 1978), Madrid (11 November 1980 – 9 September 1983) and Vienna (4 November 1986 – 19 January 1989).

text: The collapse of the Soviet Union required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed on 21 November 1990, marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the renaming of the CSCE to the OSCE on 1 January 1995, in accord with the results of the conference held in Budapest, Hungary, in 1994. The OSCE now had a formal secretariat, Senior Council, Parliamentary Assembly, Conflict Prevention Centre, and Office for Free Elections (later becoming the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights).

text: In December 1996, the "Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty-First Century" affirmed the universal and indivisible nature of security on the European continent.

text: In Istanbul on 19 November 1999, the OSCE ended a two-day summit by calling for a political settlement in Chechnya and adopting a Charter for European Security. According to then Minister of Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov, this summit marked a turning point in Russian perception of the OSCE, from an organization that expressed Europe's collective will, to an organization that serves as a Western tool for "forced democratization".[4]

text: Through its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the OSCE observes and assesses elections in its member states, in order to support fair and transparent democratic processes, in keeping with the mutual standards to which the organization is committed;[5] between 1994 and 2004 the OSCE sent teams of observers to monitor more than 150 elections, typically focusing on elections in emerging democracies.[6] In 2004, at the invitation of the United States Government, the ODIHR deployed an assessment mission, made up of participants from six OSCE member states, which observed that year's US presidential election and produced a report.[7] It was the first time that a US presidential election was the subject of OSCE monitoring, although the organization had previously monitored state-level American elections in Florida and California, in 2002 and 2003.[6] The 2004 assessment took place against the backdrop of the controversial recount effort in the 2000 US presidential election,[6] and came about largely through the initiative of 13 Democratic members of the  United States House of Representatives. That group, which included Barbara Lee, of California, and Eddie Bernice Johnson, of Texas, initially addressed a request for election observers to the United Nations, in a letter to Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General, but the request was declined.[5] Subsequently, the administration of President George W. Bush, through the State Department, headed by Secretary of State Colin Powell, responded to the lawmakers' concerns by inviting the OSCE election-monitoring mission.[5]

text: Languages[edit]

text: The six official languages of the OSCE are English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish.

text: Participating states[edit]

text:
State

Admission

Signed theHelsinki Final Act

Signed theCharter of Paris

Language

Currency

Capital

 Albania
19 June 1991
16 September 1991
17 September 1991
Albanian
Albanian lek
Tirana

 Andorra
25 April 1996
10 November 1999
17 February 1998
Catalan
Euro
Andorra la Vella

 Armenia
30 January 1992
8 July 1992
17 April 1992
Armenian
Armenian dram
Yerevan

 Austria
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
German
Euro
Vienna

 Azerbaijan
30 January 1992
8 July 1992
20 December 1993
Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani manat
Baku

 Belarus
30 January 1992
26 February 1992
8 April 1993
Belarusian, Russian
Belarusian ruble
Minsk

 Belgium
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Dutch, French, German
Euro
Brussels

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
30 April 1992
8 July 1992

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
Sarajevo

 Bulgaria
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Bulgarian
Bulgarian lev
Sofia

 Canada
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
English, French
Canadian dollar
Ottawa

 Croatia
24 March 1992
8 July 1992

Croatian
Croatian kuna
Zagreb

 Cyprus
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Greek, Turkish
Euro
Nicosia

 Czech Republic
1 January 1993
 [Note 1]
 [Note 1]
Czech
Czech koruna
Prague

 Denmark
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Danish
Danish krone
Copenhagen

 Estonia
10 September 1991
14 October 1991
6 December 1991
Estonian
Euro
Tallinn

 Finland
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Finnish, Swedish
Euro
Helsinki

 France
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
French
Euro
Paris

 Georgia
24 March 1992
8 July 1992
21 January 1994
Georgian
Georgian lari
Tbilisi

 Germany- as  West Germany- as  East Germany
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
German
Euro
Berlin

 Greece
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Greek
Euro
Athens

Holy See
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Italian, Latin
Euro
Vatican City

 Hungary
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Hungarian
Hungarian forint
Budapest

 Iceland
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Icelandic
Icelandic krona
Reykjavik

 Ireland
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Irish, English
Euro
Dublin

 Italy
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Italian
Euro
Rome

 Kazakhstan
30 January 1992
8 July 1992
23 September 1992
Kazakh, Russian
Kazakhstani tenge
Astana

 Kyrgyzstan
30 January 1992
8 July 1992
3 June 1994
Kyrgyz, Russian
Kyrgyzstani som
Bishkek

 Latvia
10 September 1991
14 October 1991
6 December 1991
Latvian
Euro
Riga

 Liechtenstein
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
German
Swiss franc
Vaduz

 Lithuania
10 September 1991
14 October 1991
6 December 1991
Lithuanian
Euro
Vilnius

 Luxembourg
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
French, German, Luxembourgish
Euro
Luxembourg

 Macedonia[Note 2][8]
12 October 1995

Macedonian
Macedonian denar
Skopje

 Malta
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
English, Maltese
Euro
Valletta

 Moldova
30 January 1992
26 February 1992
29 January 1993
Romanian
Moldovan leu
Chișinău

 Monaco
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
French
Euro
Monaco

 Mongolia
21 November 2012[Note 3]

Mongolian
Mongolian tögrög
Ulaanbaatar

 Montenegro
22 June 2006
1 September 2006

Montenegrin
Euro
Podgorica

 Netherlands
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Dutch
Euro
Amsterdam

 Norway
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Norwegian
Norwegian krone
Oslo

 Poland
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Polish
Polish złoty
Warsaw

 Portugal
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Portuguese
Euro
Lisbon

 Romania
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Romanian
Romanian leu
Bucharest

 Russia (as  Soviet Union)
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Russian
Russian ruble
Moscow

 San Marino
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Italian
Euro
City of San Marino

 Serbia (as  FR Yugoslavia)
10 November 2000
27 November 2000[citation needed]
27 November 2000[citation needed]
Serbian
Serbian dinar
Belgrade

 Slovakia
1 January 1993
 [Note 1]
 [Note 1]
Slovak
Euro
Bratislava

 Slovenia
24 March 1992
8 July 1992
8 March 1993
Slovene
Euro
Ljubljana

 Spain
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Spanish
Euro
Madrid

 Sweden
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Swedish
Swedish krona
Stockholm

  Switzerland
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
German, French, Italian, Romansh
Swiss franc
Bern

 Tajikistan
30 January 1992
26 February 1992

Tajik
Tajikistani somoni
Dushanbe

 Turkey
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
Turkish
Turkish lira
Ankara

 Turkmenistan
30 January 1992
8 July 1992

Turkmen
Turkmenistan manat
Ashgabat

 Ukraine
30 January 1992
26 February 1992
16 June 1992
Ukrainian
Ukrainian hryvnia
Kiev

 United Kingdom
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
English
Pound sterling
London

 United States
25 June 1973
1 August 1975
21 November 1990
English
US dollar
Washington D.C.

 Uzbekistan
30 January 1992
26 February 1992
27 October 1993
Uzbek
Uzbekistani som
Tashkent

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Czechoslovakia was an original signatory

Jump up ^  Referred to by the OSCE as the "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"

Jump up ^ Asia partner for co-operation 2004-2012.

text: Partners for co-operation[edit]

text:
Mediterranean States

 Algeria
 Egypt
 Israel
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Tunisia

Asia

1992    Japan
1994    South Korea
2000    Thailand
2003    Afghanistan
Oceania

2009    Australia[9]

text: Legal status[edit]

text: A unique aspect of the OSCE is the non-binding status of its constitutive charter. Rather than being a formal treaty ratified by national legislatures, the Helsinki Final Act represents a political commitment by the heads of government of all signatories to build security and cooperation in Europe on the basis of its provisions. This allows the OSCE to remain a flexible process for the evolution of improved cooperation, which avoids disputes and/or sanctions over implementation. By agreeing to these commitments, signatories for the first time accepted that treatment of citizens within their borders was also a matter of legitimate international concern.  This open process of the OSCE is often given credit for helping build democracy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, thus leading to the end of the Cold War[citation needed]. Unlike most international intergovernmental organizations, however, the OSCE does not have international legal personality on account of the lack of legal effect of its charter.[10] As a result, its headquarters’ host, Austria, had to confer legal personality on the organization in order to be able to sign a legal agreement regarding its presence in Vienna.

text: Structure and institutions[edit]

text: Political direction to the organization is given by heads of state or government during summits. Summits are not regular or scheduled but held as needed. The last summit took place in Astana (Kazakhstan), on 1 and 2 December 2010. The high-level decision-making body of the organization is the Ministerial Council, which meets at the end of every year. At ambassadorial level the Permanent Council convenes weekly in Vienna and serves as the regular negotiating and decision-making body. The chairperson of the Permanent Council is the ambassador to the Organization of the participating State which holds the chairmanship. From 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 the Chairperson-in-Office is Austrian Foreign Minister, Sebastian Kurz, who succeeded German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

text: In addition to the Ministerial Council and Permanent Council, the Forum for Security Co-operation is also an OSCE decision-making body. It deals predominantly with matters of military co-operation, such as modalities for inspections according to the Vienna Document of 1999.[11]

text: The OSCE's Secretariat is located in Vienna, Austria. The current Secretary General is Lamberto Zannier of Italy, who took over from Marc Perrin de Brichambaut of France.[12] The organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw.

text: As of  March 2016[update], the OSCE employed 3,462 staff, including 513 in its secretariat and institutions and 2,949 in its 17 field operations.[13]

text: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is made up of 323 parliamentarians from 57 member states. The Parliamentary Assembly performs its functions mainly via the Standing Committee, the Bureau, and 3 General Committees (Committee on Political Affairs and Security, Committee on Economic Affairs, Science, Technology and Environment, and Committee on Democracy, Human Rights and Humanitarian Questions).[14] The Parliamentary Assembly passes resolutions on matters such as political and security affairs, economic and environmental issues, and democracy and human rights. Representing the collective voice of OSCE parliamentarians, these resolutions and recommendations are meant to ensure that all participating states live up to their OSCE commitments. The Parliamentary Assembly also engages in parliamentary diplomacy, and has an extensive election observation program.

text: The oldest OSCE institution is the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), established in 1991 following a decision made at the 1990 Summit of Paris. It is based in Warsaw, Poland, and is active throughout the OSCE area in the fields of election observation, democratic development, human rights, tolerance and non-discrimination, rule of law, and Roma and Sinti issues. The ODIHR has observed over 300 elections and referendums since 1995, sending more than 50,000 observers. It has operated outside its own area twice, sending a team that offered technical support to the 9 October 2004 presidential elections in Afghanistan, an OSCE Partner for Co-operation, and an election support team to assist with parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005. ODIHR is headed by Michael Georg Link.

text: The Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, established in December 1997, acts as a watchdog to provide early warning on violations of freedom of expression in OSCE participating States. The representative also assists participating States by advocating and promoting full compliance with OSCE norms, principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and free media. As of 2011, the current representative is expert in media law from Bosnia and Herzegovina Dunja Mijatovic.[15]

text: The High Commissioner on National Minorities was created on July 8, 1992 by the Helsinki Summit Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is charged with identifying and seeking early resolution of ethnic tension that might endanger peace, stability or friendly relations between participating states.

text: Each year the OSCE holds an OSCE Asian Conference with partner nations like Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan.[16]

text: Secretary General[edit]

text: The incumbent of this post acts as the representative of the Chairperson-in-Office, and as the OSCE's chief administrative officer. Since the post was created in 1992, Secretaries-General of the OSCE have been:

text:
Wilhelm Höynck (de) (1993–1996)
 Giancarlo Aragona (1996–1999)
 Ján Kubiš (1999–2005)
 Marc Perrin de Brichambaut (2005–2011)
 Lamberto Zannier (2011–2017)
 Thomas Greminger (2017–)

text: Chairmanship[edit]

text: The responsibilities of the Chairman-in-Office (CiO) include

text:
co-ordination of the work of OSCE institutions;
representing the Organization;
supervising activities related to conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation.

text: The chairmanship rotates annually, and the post of the chairman-in-office is held by the foreign minister of the participating State which holds the chairmanship. The CiO is assisted by the previous and incoming chairman-in-office; the three of them together constitute the Troika.[17] The origin of the institution lies with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990), the Helsinki Document 1992 formally institutionalized this function.[18]

text: Summits of heads of State and Government[edit]

text:
Summit
Date
Location
Country
Decisions

I
30 July – 1 August 1975
Helsinki
 Finland

Closing of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Signing of the Final Act (Helsinki Act).

II
19–21 November 1990
Paris
 France

(Second CSCE Summit). Signing of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe (Paris Charter), the Vienna Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBM) Document and the CFE Treaty.

III
9–10 July 1992
Helsinki
 Finland

Final Document: The Challenges of Change. Creation of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Forum for Security Co-operation and the Economic Forum. Suspension of FR Yugoslavia from membership.

IV
5–6 December 1994
Budapest
 Hungary

Final Document: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era. Approval of a multi-national peace-keeping force to Nagorno-Karabakh. Endorsement of the Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security.

V
2–3 December 1996
Lisbon
 Portugal

(First OSCE Summit). Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty-First Century. Adoption of a Framework for Arms Control.

VI
18–19 November 1999
Istanbul
 Turkey

Signing of the Istanbul Document and the Charter for European Security.

VII
1–2 December 2010
Astana
 Kazakhstan

Adoption of the Astana Commemorative Declaration, which reconfirms the Organization's comprehensive approach to security based on trust and transparency.

text: Ministerial Council Meetings (ordinary)[edit]

text:
Council
Date
Location
Country
Decisions

1st
19–20 June 1991
Berlin
 Germany

Admission of Albania

2nd
30–31 January 1992
Prague
 Czechoslovakia

Admission of ten former Soviet republics.

3rd
14–15 December 1992
Stockholm
 Sweden

Creation of the post of Secretary General and appointment of Max van der Stoel as first High Commissioner on National Minorities.

4th
30 November – 1 December 1993
Rome
 Italy

Establishment of the Mission to Tajikistan.

5th
7–8 December 1995
Budapest
 Hungary

Establishment of the Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina to carry out the tasks assigned to the OSCE in the Dayton Peace Agreements.

6th
18–19 December 1997
Copenhagen
 Denmark

Creation of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities and the Representative on Freedom of the Media.

7th
2–3 December 1998
Oslo
 Norway

8th
27–28 November 2000
Vienna
 Austria

Vienna Declaration on the OSCE's activities in South-Eastern Europe. Re-admission of FR Yugoslavia.Teija Egan Evans

9th
3–4 December 2001
Bucharest
 Romania

Bucharest Declaration. Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism. Creation of the Strategic Police Matters Unit and a Senior Police Adviser in the OSCE Secretariat.

10th
6–7 December 2002
Porto
 Portugal

Porto Declaration: Responding to Change. OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism.

11th
1–2 December 2003
Maastricht
 Netherlands

Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty-First Century. Strategy Document for the Economic and Environmental Dimension.

12th
6–7 December 2004
Sofia
 Bulgaria

13th
5–6 December 2005
Ljubljana
 Slovenia

Statement on the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Approval of the Border Security and Management Concept.

14th
4–5 December 2006
Brussels
 Belgium

Brussels Declaration on Criminal Justice Systems. Ministerial Statement on Supporting and Promoting the International Legal Framework against Terrorism.

15th
29–30 November 2007
Madrid
 Spain

Madrid Declaration on Environment and Security. Ministerial Statement on Supporting the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.

16th
4–5 December 2008
Helsinki
 Finland

17th
1–2 December 2009
Athens
 Greece

Ministerial Declarations on Non-Proliferation and on the OSCE Corfu Process.

16–17 July 2010
Almaty
 Kazakhstan

Informal discussions on Corfu Process progress, the situation in Kyrgyzstan and the forthcoming OSCE summit.

18th
6–7 December 2011
Vilnius
 Lithuania

Decisions on responses to conflicts and transnational threats; to enhance capabilities in early warning; early action; dialogue facilitation and mediation support; and post-conflict rehabilitation. Decisions to enhance engagement with OSCE Partners for Co-operation, Afghanistan in particular.

19th
6–7 December 2012
Dublin
 Ireland

Helsinki+40 Process: clear path to the 2015 40th anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act, intent to reinforce and revitalize the OSCE; unanimous support for Transdniestrian settlement process: negotiated, comprehensive, just and viable solution to the conflict; strengthening good governance: deepening engagement in preventing and countering corruption, addressing transnational threats, and adding an anti-terrorism framework to earlier decisions on threats from information and communication technologies, drugs and chemical precursors and strategic policing; despite Ireland's hopes, a decision on human rights was not reached: greater, still, was concern for the Council's trend of human rights decision-failures.[19]

20th
5–6 December 2013
Kiev
 Ukraine

21st
4–5 December 2014
Basel
  Switzerland

Declaration on further steps in the Helsinki+40 Process. Ministerial statement on the negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the "5+2"format. Declaration on youth. Declaration on the Transfer of Ownership to the Parties to the Agreement on Sub-regional Arms Control, Annex 1B, Article IV of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Declaration on the OSCE role in countering the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters in the context of the implementation of UN Security Council resolutions 2170 (2014) and 2178 (2014). Declaration on the OSCE role in countering kidnapping and hostage-taking committed by terrorist groups in the context of the implementation of the UN Security Council resolution 2133 (2014). Decision on the prevention of corruption. Decision on enhancing disaster risk reductionDecision on preventing and combating violence against women. Decision on an addendum to the 2004 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality. Ministerial commemorative declaration on the seventieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War. Declaration on enhancing efforts to combat anti-Semitism. Declaration on co-operation with the Mediterranean Partners. Ministerial declaration on co-operation with the Asian Partners. Decision on small arms and light weapons and stockpiles of conventional ammunition. Commemorative Declaration on the Occasion of the Twentieth Anniversary of the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security.

22nd
3–4 December 2015
Belgrade
 Serbia

Ministerial Declaration on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that lead to Terrorism. Declaration on the OSCE Activities in Support of Global Efforts in Tackling the World Drug Problem. Ministerial Declaration on Reinforcing OSCE Efforts to Counter Terrorism in the Wake of Recent Terrorist Attacks. Declaration on Youth and Security. Ministerial Statement on the Negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the "5+2" Format.

23st
8–9 December 2016
Hamburg
 Germany

Decision on the OSCE's role in the governance of large movements of migrants and refugees. Decision on strengthening good governance and promoting connectivity. Decision on OSCE efforts related to reducing the risks of conflict stemming from the use of information and communication technologies. Declaration on strengthening OSCE efforts to prevent and counter terrorism. Decision on enhancing the use of Advance Passenger Information. Ministerial statement on the negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the "5+2"format.

text: Chairmanship history[edit]

text: Chairmanship of the OSCE is held by a member state on a calendar-year basis, with the minister for foreign affairs of that state performing the function of Chairman-in-Office. The table below shows the holders since 1991.[20]

text:
Year
Country
Chairman-in-Office

1991
 Germany
Hans-Dietrich Genscher (from June)

1992
 Czechoslovakia
Jiří Dienstbier (until 2 July); Jozef Moravčík (from 3 July)

1993
 Sweden
Margaretha af Ugglas

1994
 Italy
Beniamino Andreatta (until 11 May); Antonio Martino (from 12 May)

1995
 Hungary
László Kovács

1996
  Switzerland
Flavio Cotti

1997
 Denmark
Niels Helveg Petersen

1998
 Poland
Bronislaw Geremek

1999
 Norway
Knut Vollebaek

2000
 Austria
Wolfgang Schüssel (until 4 February); Benita Ferrero-Waldner (from 5 February)

2001
 Romania
Mircea Geoană

2002
 Portugal
Jaime Gama (until 6 April); António Martins da Cruz (from 7 April)

2003
 Netherlands
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (until 3 December); Bernard Bot (from 4 December)

2004
 Bulgaria
Solomon Passy

2005
 Slovenia
Dimitrij Rupel

2006
 Belgium
Karel De Gucht

2007
 Spain
Miguel Ángel Moratinos

2008
 Finland
Ilkka Kanerva (until 4 April); Alexander Stubb (from 5 April)

2009
 Greece
Dora Bakoyannis (until 5 October); George Papandreou (from 6 October)

2010
 Kazakhstan
Kanat Saudabayev

2011
 Lithuania
Audronius Ažubalis

2012
 Ireland
Eamon Gilmore

2013
 Ukraine
Leonid Kozhara

2014
  Switzerland
Didier Burkhalter

2015
 Serbia
Ivica Dačić

2016
 Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier

2017
 Austria
Sebastian Kurz (until 18 December);  Karin Kneissl (from 18 December)

2018
 Italy
Angelino Alfano (until 1 June); Enzo Moavero Milanesi (from June 1)

2019
 Slovakia
Miroslav Lajčák

text: Fiscal history[edit]

text: Since 1993, the OSCE's budget by year (in millions of euros,) has been:

text:
2017 ... €139.0 million
2016 ... €141.1 million
2015 ... €141.1 million
2014 ... €142.3 million
2013 ... €144.8 million
2012 ... €148.4 million
2011 ... €150.0 million
2010 ... €150.7 million
2009 ... €158.6 million
2008 ... €164.1 million
2007 ... €186.2 million
2006 ... €186.2 million
2005 ... €186.6 million

2004 ... €180.8 million
2003 ... €165.5 million
2002 ... €167.5 million
2001 ... €194.5 million
2000 ... €202.7 million
1999 ... €146.1 million
1998 ... €118.7 million
1997 ... €43.3 million
1996 ... €34.9 million
1995 ... €18.9 million
1994 ... €21 million
1993 ... €12 million

text: Relations with the United Nations[edit]

text: The OSCE considers itself a regional organization in the sense of Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter[21] and is an observer in the United Nations General Assembly.[22]  The Chairman-in-Office gives routine briefings to the United Nations Security Council.[23]

text: The three dimensions[edit]

text: Politico-military dimension (first dimension)[edit]

text: The OSCE takes a comprehensive approach to the politico-military dimension of security, which includes a number of commitments by participating States and mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution. The organization also seeks to enhance military security by promoting greater openness, transparency and co-operation.

text: The end of the Cold War resulted in a huge amount of surplus weapons becoming available in what is known as the international grey market for weapons. The OSCE helps to stop the - often illegal - spread of such weapons and offers assistance with their destruction.  The OSCE hosts the annual exchange of information under the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty.  The OSCE has also implemented two additional exchanges of information, the Vienna Document and the Global Exchange of Military Information.  The Open Skies Consultative Commission, the implementing body for the Treaty on Open Skies, meets monthly at its Vienna headquarters.[25]

text: The actions taken by the OSCE in border monitoring range from conflict prevention to post-conflict management, capacity building and institutional support.

text: With its expertise in conflict prevention, crisis management and early warning, the OSCE contributes to worldwide efforts in combating terrorism.

text: The OSCE works to prevent conflicts from arising and to facilitate lasting comprehensive political settlements for existing conflicts. It also helps with the process of rehabilitation in post-conflict areas.

text: The OSCE's Forum for Security Co-operation provides a framework for political dialogue on military reform, while practical activities are conducted by field operations, as well as the Conflict Prevention Centre.

text: OSCE police operations are an integral part of the organization's efforts in conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation.

text: The OSCE was a rather small organization until selection by the international community to provide electoral organization to post war Bosnia and Herzegovina in early 1996. Ambassador Frowick was the first OSCE representative to initiate national election in September 1996, human rights issues and rule of law specifically designed to provide a foundation for judicial organization within Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text: The OSCE had regional offices and field offices, to include the office in Brcko in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina which remained in limbo until the Brcko Arbitration Agreement could be decided, finalized and implemented.

text: Brcko become a "special district" and remains so today.

text: The OSCE essentially took the place of the United Nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in part because the Bosnian leadership felt deep contempt for the UN efforts to stop the war which began in 1991 and ended in 1995. During the time the United Nations were attempting a political solution, thousands of UN troops were posted in and around Bosnia and Herzegovina with special emphasis on Sarajevo. Between the inclusive dates of 1991 through 1995, over 200,000 Bosnians were killed and over one million displaced and another million as refugees. citation needed

text: The OSCE continues to have a presence and a number of initiatives to bring a sustained peace to the region.

text: Economic and environmental dimension (second dimension)[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Activities in the economic and environmental dimension include the monitoring of developments related to economic and environmental security in OSCE participating States, with the aim of alerting them to any threat of conflict; assisting States in the creation of economic and environmental policies, legislation and institutions to promote security in the OSCE region.

text: Among the economic activities of the OSCE feature activities related to migration management, transport and energy security. Most activities are implemented in co-operation with partner organizations.

text: The OSCE has developed a range of activities in the environmental sphere aimed at addressing ecologic threats to security in its participating States. Among the activities feature projects in the area of hazardous waste, water management and access to information under the Aarhus Convention.

text: Human dimension (third dimension)[edit]

text: The commitments made by OSCE participating States in the human dimension aim to ensure full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to abide by the rule of law; to promote the principles of democracy by building, strengthening and protecting democratic institutions; and to promote tolerance throughout the OSCE region.

text: Since 2003 the OSCE[30] has had an established mechanism for combating trafficking in human beings, as defined by Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol,[31] which is aimed at raising public awareness of the problem and building the political will within participating states to tackle it effectively.

text: The OSCE actions against trafficking in human beings are coordinated by the Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.[30] Maria Grazia Giammarinaro,[32] a judge in the Criminal Court of Rome, took Office as the Special Representative in March 2010. From 2006 to 2009 this Office was held by Eva Biaudet, a former Finnish Minister of Health and Social Services. Biaudet currently serves as Finnish Ombudsman for Minorities. Her predecessor was former Austrian Minister Helga Conrad, who served as the first OSCE Special Representative for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.

text: The activities around Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in the OSCE Region of the Office of the Special Representative include:[33]

text:
Co-operation with governments, helping them to accept and act on their responsibilities for curbing trafficking in human beings;
Providing governments with decision and policy-making aids and offering guidance on anti-trafficking management, with the aim of arriving at solutions tailored to the needs of the individual countries and in line with international standards;
Assisting governments to develop the national anti-trafficking structures required for efficient internal and transnational co-operation;
Raising awareness to draw attention to the complexity of the problem and to the need for comprehensive solutions;
Considering all dimensions of human trafficking, namely trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for forced and bonded labour, including domestic servitude, trafficking into forced marriages, trafficking in organs and trafficking in children;
Ensuring the effective interaction of all agents and stake holders involved in the fight against human trafficking, ranging from governmental authorities, law enforcement officials to NGOs, and—last but not least—international organizations, as the agencies providing support thorough expertise and know-how;
Guaranteeing the highest possible visibility of the OSCE's fight against human trafficking to focus attention on the issue.

text: The OSCE claims to promote democracy and assist the participating states in building democratic institutions.

text: Education programmes are an integral part of the organization's efforts in conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation.

text: As part of its democratization activities, the OSCE carries out election assistance projects in the run-up to, during, and following elections. However, the effectiveness of such assistance is arguable—Kazakhstan, for example, despite being the former chair of the OSCE, is considered by many to be one of the least democratic countries in the world. Moreover, the recent democratic advances made in other Central Asian republics, notably Kyrgyzstan, have led to rumours of Soviet-style disruption of the Kyrgyz democratic process by, in particular, Kazakhstan and Russia. This may be in large part due to fears over the long-term stability of these countries' own quasi-dictatorships.

text: The equality of men and women is an integral part of sustainable democracy. The OSCE aims to provide equal opportunities for men and women and to integrate gender equality in policies and practices.

text: The OSCE's human rights activities focus on such priorities as freedom of movement and religion, preventing torture and trafficking in persons.

text: OSCE could grant consultive status to NGOs and INGOs in the form of "Researcher-in-residence programme" (run by the Prague Office of the OSCE Secretariat): accredited representatives of national and international NGOs are granted access to all records and to numerous topical compilations related to OSCE field activities.

text: The OSCE observes relevant media developments in its participating states with a view to addressing and providing early warning on violations of freedom of expression.

text: Ethnic conflict is one of the main sources of large-scale violence in Europe today. The OSCE's approach is to identify and to seek early resolution of ethnic tensions, and to set standards for the rights of persons belonging to minority groups and High Commissioner on National Minorities has been established.

text: OSCE Democracy Defender Award[edit]

text: The Democracy Defender Award honors a person or group for contributions to the promotion of democracy and the defense of human rights "in the spirit of Helsinki Final Act and other OSCE principles and commitments." The award was established in 2016 on the initiative of Ambassadors of 8 countries, and supported by the delegations of the 18 countries of the OSCE (22 countries in 2017).[34][35]

text:
Year

Recipient

Nationality

Notes

Reference

2017

Golos

 Russia

Russian organisation established in 2000 to protect the electoral rights of citizens and to foster civil society

[34]

2016

Oleksandra Matviychuk

 Ukraine

Ukrainian activist, coordinator of Euromaidan SOS and leader of Civil Rights Center

[36]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Following an unprecedented period of activity in the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), the OSCE has in the past few years faced accusations from the CIS states (primarily[citation needed] Russia) of being a tool for the Western states to advance their own interests. For instance, the events in Ukraine in 2004 (the "Orange Revolution") led to allegations by Russia of OSCE involvement on behalf of the pro-Western Viktor Yushchenko. At the 2007 Munich Conference on Security Policy, Vladimir Putin made this position very clear:

text: Russia and its allies are advancing the concept of a comprehensive OSCE reform, which would make the Secretariat, institutions and field presences more centralized and accountable to collective consensus-based bodies and focus the work of the Organization on topical security issues (human trafficking, terrorism, non-proliferation, arms control, etc.), at the expense of the "Human Dimension", or human rights issues. The move to reduce the autonomy of the theoretically independent OSCE institutions, such as ODIHR, would effectively grant a Russian veto over any OSCE activity. Western participating States are opposing this process, which they see as an attempt to prevent the OSCE from carrying out its democratization agenda in post-Soviet countries.[citation needed]

text: Following the 2008 U.S. presidential election, OSCE's ODIHR was accused of having double standards by Russia's lawmaker Slutsky. The point was made that while numerous violations of the voting process were registered, its criticism came only from within the United States (media, human rights organizations, McCain's election staff), while the OSCE known for its bashing criticism of elections on the post-Soviet space remained silent.[41][42]

text: OSCE Parliamentary Assembly[edit]

text: In 2004 the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly sent election observers to the U.S. Presidential elections. The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly’s president at the time was Democratic Congressman Alcee Hastings. Hastings had previously been impeached for corruption by the U.S. Congress. The OSCE faced criticism of partisanship and double standards due to Hastings's past and the fact that the OSCE's mandate was to promote democracy and the values of civil society.[43]

text: In 2010 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was criticized from within by the Latvian delegation for lacking transparency and democracy. Spencer Oliver (b. 1938) secretary general of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, who has held the post since the organization's inception in 1992, faced a challenge from the Latvian Artis Pabriks. According to the rules of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly the incumbent general secretary can only be replaced with a full consensus minus one. Pabriks called the rules "quite shocking from the perspective of an organization that's monitoring elections".[44]

text: In 2014, Ilkka Kanerva was elected the president of the OSCE PA. Kanerva had previously been fired from his post as foreign minister of Finland after lying about sending over 200 text messages to an erotic dancer.[45]

text: 2012 Texas controversy[edit]

text: Before the U.S. presidential elections of November 2012, the OSCE announced its intention to send electoral observers to Texas and to other U.S. states. This prompted the Attorney General of Texas Greg Abbott to send letters to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and to the OSCE,[46] threatening to arrest OSCE officials if they should enter electoral premises in Texas and break Texas law.[47] In reply, the U.S. Department of State stated that OSCE observers enjoyed immunities.[48] In the event, no incidents between OSCE and Texas authorities were recorded during the elections.

text: War in Donbass[edit]

text: The organization has been criticized by the Ukrainian press and government for actions during the Russian–Ukraine conflict. During the War in Donbass, an OSCE observer allowed Russian separatists to use the organization's marked vehicle, which prompted the belief that the OSCE was biased in the war and not interested in carrying out its duties of mediating a ceasefire. The organization issued a statement regretting the incident.[49] The organization has also been criticized by Ukraine for allegedly failing to monitor the implementation of the Minsk Protocol. The agreement called for a creation of a 40 km buffer zone, but upon Ukrainian forces withdrawing from their 20 km portion of the buffer, Russian separatists are said to have simply occupied the abandoned territory without withdrawing from their own 20 km buffer.  Likewise, there are allegations of separatists using OSCE marked vehicles for transportation. Moreover, the mission also received criticism alleging that only 2 checkpoints on the Russian–Ukrainian border are currently being monitored, which has been described as "seriously inadequate" by Daniel Baerm the US ambassador to the OSCE. On the other hand, Ukraine has faced criticism following a BBC report showing an alleged violation of the Minsk agreement when Ukraine stationed tanks in the residential neighborhood Avdeevka. [50] The mission has also been criticized for waiting  months to deploy drones to help monitor the border as well as withdrawing them after only several weeks of use due to Russian electronic attacks. Ukraine has argued that approximately 80% of the OSCE observers located near Mariupol were Russian citizens and many had ties to Russian security agencies such as the FSB and GRU. The organization has also been accused of allegedly revealing the locations of Ukrainian troops to Russian forces during the conflict and that Russian OSCE observers may be directly coordinating separatist artillery strikes on Ukrainian positions.[51][52][53][54][55] On 1 December 2014, an OSCE observer was injured by Ukrainian counter artillery fire while observing militants firing at Ukrainian forces. The OSCE team was located next to two pro Russian mortar teams. The OSCE team did not radio in or record the Russian mortar team firing on Ukrainian positions. Critics stated that the unorthodox behavior of being located next to an active separatist artillery position and not reporting the incident showed that the OSCE team was not acting in an impartial manner.[56] On 27 October 2015 a suspended OSCE monitor confirmed he was a former employee of Russia's Main Intelligence Directorate. The suspended SMM stated he had no trouble receiving the position and neither the OSCE nor Ukraine's Security Service thoroughly checked his background.[57] Following the report the OSCE issued a comment stating the monitor has been fired due to violations of the organization's code of conduct.[58] On 6 April 2016 photos of OSCE  monitors attending the wedding of a Russian separatist were found. The wedding was hosted in June 2015.  The OSCE expressed regret over the incident, issuing a statement saying “The unprofessional behavior displayed by the monitors in the picture is an individual incident that should not be abused to cast a shadow on the reputation of other mission members.” The OSCE reported that the monitors were no longer with the OSCE special monitoring mission.[59]

text: In April 2017 an OSCE vehicle struck a mine, killing one member and injuring two.[60] Two armoured vehicles were on patrol was near Luhansk when one struck the mine.[61] The dead man was American while the injured woman was from Germany and the other person was from the Czech Republic.[61]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In April 2017, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized the OSCE for reporting that opposition "No" campaigners in the Turkish constitutional referendum had faced bans, police interventions and arrests. Erdoğan said: "Now the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe says if the result is ‘yes’, that means there are a lot of problems. Who are you? First of all, you should know your place. This is not your duty."[62][63][64][65]

text: In February 2018, OSCE has criticized the Turkish government over the detention of social media users for criticizing the Turkish invasion of northern Syria.[66]


document_title: Restaurant rating

question_text: how many michelin stars can a restaurant get

text: Restaurant rating

text: Restaurant guides[edit]

text: One of the most Well known guides is the Michelin series which award one to three stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. One star indicates a "very good restaurant"; two stars indicate a place "worth a detour"; three stars means "exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey".

text: Several bigger newspapers employ restaurant critics and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve, such as the Irish Independent for Irish restaurants.

text: List of notable restaurant guides[edit]

text: Europe (original working area)[edit]

text:
Name
Working area
Type of rating
Method

Michelin Guide
Worldwide
1 to 3 stars
Professional inspectors

Gault Millau
Europe
1 to 20 points
Inspectors of local agents

Automobile Association
United Kingdom
1 to 5 rosettes
Professional inspectors

Gambero Rosso
Italy and San Marino
1 to 3 forks
N/A

Harden's
United Kingdom
Rating out of 5
Annual survey

La Liste
Worldwide
Ranking
Proprietary algorithm

The Good Food Guide
United Kingdom
Rating out of 10
Inspections by correspondents

The World's 50 Best Restaurants
Worldwide
Ranking
N/A

text: America[edit]

text:
Name
Working area
Type of rating
Method

Michelin Guide
New York, Chicago, D.C., and San Francisco
1 to 3 stars
Professional inspectors

Gayot Guide/Gault Millau
United States
1 to 20 points
Inspectors of local agents

American Automobile Association
United States
1 to 5 diamonds
AAA employees hired specifically to rate hotels

Forbes Travel Guide
United States
1 to 5 stars
Professionals, consumers, and self-reporting by restaurants

Zagat
United States
30 point scale
Public reviews

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Name
Working area
Type of rating
Method

Miele Guide
Asia
N/A
N/A

Kingfisher Explocity Food Guide[2]
India
N/A
Inspectors

text: Internet restaurant review sites have empowered regular people to generate non-expert reviews. This has sparked criticism from restaurant establishments about the non-editorial, non-professional critiques. Those reviews can be falsified or faked.[1][3]

text: Rating criteria[edit]

text: The different guides have their own criteria. Not every guide looks behind the scenes or decorum. Others look particularly sharply to value for money. This is why a restaurant can be missing in one guide, while mentioned in another. Because the guides work independently, it is possible to have simultaneous multiple recognitions.[4][5][6][7][8]

text: Ratings impact[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A top restaurant rating can mean success or failure for a restaurant, particularly when bestowed by an influential sources such as Michelin. Still, a good rating is not enough for economic success and many Michelin starred and/or highly rated restaurants have met the same fate as the Dutch restaurant De Swaen.

text: In 2004, Michelin came under fire after bipolar chef Bernard Loiseau committed suicide after he was rumoured to be in danger of losing one of his three Michelin stars. However, the Michelin guide had stated he would not be downgraded. Most news reports attributed his suicide to the downgrade carried out by the rival Gault Millau guide.

text: Sanitation[edit]

text: Many countries have a system of checks and inspections in place for sanitation. Only a few countries, amongst others the United States and Canada, create and publish restaurant ratings based on this. However, the whole of the United Kingdom is covered - as is Denmark.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, several states have imposed uniform statewide restaurant grading systems, under which safety and hygiene inspection reports are used to compute numerical scores or letter grades, and those must be prominently posted by restaurants.[9] The first state to enact such a statewide system was South Carolina in 1995.[9] Tennessee and North Carolina later enacted legislation imposing similar statewide systems.[9]

text: In many other states, the mandatory posting of restaurant grades is neither required nor prohibited statewide, which means it is purely a matter for local governments like cities and counties.[9]

text: Los Angeles[edit]

text: In November 1997, a KCBS-TV sweeps news story called Behind The Kitchen Door focused attention on problems in Los Angeles's top restaurants. The station used hidden cameras to catch restaurant employees practicing unsafe food handling practices such as picking up food from the floor and re-serving it, vermin crawling near food to be served, and mixing uncooked meat and vegetables.[citation needed] The KCBS report also reviewed inspection reports, which have always been public records, but were available only on request (and at the time required an in-person visit to the health department), and found that many problems had already been expressly identified in the inspection reports but had not been adequately publicized.[citation needed]

text: As a result of this report, in December 1997 the Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles County introduced a letter grading system already in use for some years in two other nearby counties, San Diego County and Riverside County. Instead of merely listing violations in a report, the restaurant inspection system was changed to a point system, with each restaurant starting each inspection with a perfect score of 100 points.[9] Environmental health specialists were required to use a standard form called the Food Official Inspection Report to identify violations as they inspected establishments; the form required them to subtract a certain number of points for each violation found.[9] Based on the number of points remaining, letter grades were then assigned and required to be prominently posted at all establishments selling food, and all establishments were also required to provide a copy of the underlying inspection report to any customer on request.[9] Grades are available at the County Public Health Department's web site.[10]

text: Two Stanford University economics researchers found that higher lettered restaurants scored a rise in revenue, while lower lettered restaurants have seen their revenues decline. The quality of restaurants in the entire county became more acceptable, with the average score going up from about 75% to nearly 90% in the year after restaurant grading was implemented. The researchers concluded that the results were not explained solely by consumers switching to higher quality restaurants, and that some of the effect had to do with restaurants making changes due to grade cards.[11][12] Another study estimated a 13.1% reduction in hospitalization for food borne illnesses in the year following implementation of the program, suggesting that implementing a restaurant grading program could improve public safety.[13]

text: Although Los Angeles County was not the first local jurisdiction to require restaurants to post grades, its success in implementing such a program inspired many other local governments during the 2000s to enact similar programs based on the Los Angeles model, such as Toronto, Las Vegas, Dallas, and New York City.[9]


question_text: when is spiritual baptist day celebrated in trinidad

text:
Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day

Observed by
Trinidad and Tobago;
Spiritual Baptists

Begins
30 March

Occasion
Celebrates the repeal of
laws banning the faith

text: Spiritual/Shouter Baptist Liberation Day is an annual public holiday celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago on 30 March. The holiday commemorates the repeal on 30 March 1951 of the 1917 Shouter Prohibition Ordinance that prohibited the activities of the Shouter or Spiritual Baptist faith.[1]

text: Trinidad and Tobago is the only country in the world that celebrates a public holiday for the Spiritual Baptist faith.


document_title: Yellow tang

question_text: how big of a tank do i need for a yellow tang

text: Yellow tang

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The yellow tang was first described by English naturalist Edward Turner Bennett as Acanthurus flavescens in 1828 from a collection in the Hawaiian Islands. Its species name is the Latin adjective flavescens "yellow".

text: Yellow tang are in the surgeonfish family.

text: Description[edit]

text: Adult fish can grow to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length, and 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in thickness. Adult males tend to be larger than females. Yellow tang are bright yellow in color. At night, the yellow coloring fades slightly, and a prominent brownish patch develops in the middle with a horizontal white band. They rapidly resume their bright yellow color during daylight.

text: Food[edit]

text: In the wild, yellow tang feed on benthic turf algae and other marine plant material. In captivity they are commonly fed meat/fish based aquarium food, but the long term health effects of this diet are questionable. However, most experts in the marine aquarium industry express little skepticism that such a well rounded and balanced diet including plant and animal material would be in any way detrimental to mostly herbivorous fishes like tangs, since they still need on occasion, complex amino acids and nutrients that only ocean animals can provide. In the wild, yellow tang provide cleaner services to marine turtles, by removing algal growth from their shells.

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: It is commonly found in shallow reefs, from 2–46 metres (6.6–150.9 ft) deep, in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, west of Hawaii and east of Japan. Hawaii is the most common place for aquarium harvesting, where up to 70% of the yellow tangs for the aquarium industry are sourced from.

text: The yellow tang has been recorded in waters around Florida, where it is not native.[2]

text: In the aquarium[edit]

text: The yellow tang is very commonly kept as a saltwater aquarium fish. In 2015, researchers successfully bred them in captivity.[3] They can grow up to 8 inches (20 cm) in the wild, but are introduced to aquariums in the 2" to 4" range. Some specimens as large as 6" are occasionally available. Life expectancy in the wild can exceed 30 years.[4] Captive lifespan is typically at least 2–5 years to as long as 20 years in a very large aquarium, with 5–10 years in the average aquarium being typical. "Some, not most, are however likely 'killed off' in the first month of care (from hobbyist mistakes, inappropriate tankmates, starvation...)".[5]

text: Often ranked as a good beginner fish in the marine aquarium industry, the more prudent approach is for them to be kept by a marine aquarist who has at least two years' experience of successfully keeping a marine/reef type biotope. They require an aquarium of 55-gallon show tank size (48"L × 21"H × 13"W) at the absolute minimum, whereas a single smaller specimen 2"–3" may be kept[clarification needed] provided it is done by an experienced marine aquarist who can provide the fish with highly stable water chemistry parameters, very low to undetectable nitrate levels and a highly nutritious, balanced diet of seaweed and high protein frozen or live, meaty foods. A 75-gallon tank or larger is better for a single specimen, while an aquarium of 100 gallons or 60" or more in length is ideal.

text: Like all tangs, they are quite susceptible to Cryptocaryon irritans, or "marine ich" (a parasite resembling "freshwater ich") and other common saltwater diseases. However, "marine ich" is usually quite avoidable in a marine tank as long as it is not introduced from incoming specimens and provided rapid, sudden temperature drops caused by heater breakdown are avoided or quickly corrected. There is also no evidence to suggest that tangs and other surgeon fishes in general are any more susceptible to marine ich than any other smooth-skinned, scaleless marine fishes. They are also susceptible to poisoning by high levels of nitrate, so care should be taken to keep measurable levels less than 30 parts per million (PPM) in whatever type marine ecosystem the tang is housed in.

text: They are semi-aggressive, though normally successfully cohabit with other semi-aggressive fish close to their own size. They are successfully kept in a multitude of privately owned aquariums that keep them peacefully and successfully with smaller fish such as chromis, damsels, and smaller clownfish. Tangs can thrive with others in pairs or in a group in large tanks (150+ gallons). If kept in groups of two or more specimens, at least a 72" length aquarium is strongly recommended. Other suitable tankmates include fish such as cardinalfish, large clownfish, lionfish, eels. They are reef-safe, and can be kept with any invertebrates in a reef aquarium.

text: The yellow tang is a peaceful ocean inhabitant that is an important part of the reef ecosystem. Collection of yellow tangs in some areas of the island of Hawaii is regulated by the state [1] and is conducted by licensed collectors. Collection in other areas of Hawaii is unrestricted for anyone who obtains the appropriate commercial fishing license (obtainable for $50).[2]