document_title: Omega Psi Phi

question_text: what is the purpose of omega psi phi

question_tokens: what is the purpose of omega psi phi

text: Omega Psi Phi

text: History[edit]

text: Since its founding in 1911, Omega Psi Phi's stated purpose has been to attract and build a strong and effective force of men dedicated to its Cardinal Principles of manhood, scholarship, perseverance, and uplift. Throughout the world, many notable members are recognized as leaders in the arts, academics, athletics, entertainment, business, civil rights, education, government, and science fields. A few notable members include Bill Cosby, Samuel M. Nabrit, Walter E. Massey, Benjamin Mays, Bayard Rustin, Langston Hughes, Count Basie, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin Hooks, Vernon Jordan, Dr. Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr., Malcolm Jenkins, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Rev. Dr. Mack King Carter, William H. Hastie (U.S. Virgin Islands) and L. Douglas Wilder, Representative James Clyburn, Earl Graves, Tom Joyner, Charles Bolden, Ronald McNair, General William "Kip" Ward, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, Roger Kingdom, Terrence Trammell, Shammond Williams, Vince Carter, Steve Harvey, Rickey Smiley, Ray Lewis, Stephen A. Smith, and numerous presidents of colleges and universities. Over 250,000 men have been initiated into Omega Psi Phi throughout the United States, Bermuda, Bahamas, Virgin Islands, South Korea, Japan, Liberia, Germany, and Kuwait.[1] On the 2013 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens, six players and GM Ozzie Newsome are members.[2]

text: In 1924, at the urging of fraternity member Carter G. Woodson, the fraternity launched Negro History and Literature Week in an effort to publicize the growing body of scholarship on African-American history.[3] Encouraged by public interest, the event was renamed "Negro Achievement Week" in 1925 and given an expanded national presence in 1926 by Woodson's Association for the Study of Negro Life as "Negro History Week."[3] Expanded to the full month of February from 1976, this event continues today as Black History Month.

text: Since 1945, the fraternity has undertaken a National Social Action Program to meet the needs of African Americans in the areas of health, housing, civil rights, and education. Omega Psi Phi has been a patron of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) since 1955, providing an annual gift of $350,000.00 to the program.

text: Omega Psi Phi is a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), which is composed of nine predominately African-American Greek-letter sororities and fraternities that promote interaction through forums, meetings, and other media for the exchange of information, and engage in cooperative programming and initiatives throughout the world. The (NPHC) currently represents over 2.5 million members.[4]

text: Centennial Celebration[edit]

text: Omega Psi Phi celebrated its centennial during the week of July 27–31, 2011 in Washington D.C., becoming distinguished as only the third African-American collegiate fraternity to reach the century mark.[4] The Centennial Celebration recognized the impact of the Fraternity in communities over the past 100 years, honored Omega Men for achievement in all walks of life, reiterated Omega Psi Phi's commitment to providing unparalleled community service and scholarship, and charted the Fraternity's future activities.

text: Internationally Mandated Programs[edit]

text: Each Chapter administers Internationally Mandated Programs every year:[5]

text: Achievement Week – A week in November that seeks to recognize individuals who have made notable contributions to society. During the Achievement Week, a High School Essay Contest is held and the winner usually receives a scholarship award.

text: Scholarship – The Charles R. Drew Scholarship Program encourages academic progress among the organization's undergraduate members. A portion of the fraternity's budget is designated for the Charles R. Drew Scholarship Commission, which awards scholarships to members and non-members.

text: Social Action Programs – All chapters are required to participate in programs that uplift their society. Many participate in activities like: voter registration, illiteracy programs, mentoring programs, fundraisers, and charitable organizations such as American Diabetes Association, United Way, and the Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation.

text: Talent Hunt Program – Each chapter is required to hold a yearly talent contest, to encourage young people to expose themselves to the Performing Arts. Individuals who win these talent contests receive an award, such as a scholarship.

text: Memorial Service – March 12 is Omega Psi Phi Memorial Day. Every chapter of the Fraternity performs a ritualistic memorial service to remember members who have died.

text: Reclamation and Retention – This program is an effort to encourage inactive members to become fully active and participate in the fraternity's programs.

text: College Endowment Funds – The fraternity donates thousands of dollars to Historically Black Colleges and Universities each year.

text: Health Initiatives – Chapters are required to coordinate programs that will encourage good health practices. Programs that members involve themselves in include HIV/AIDS awareness, blood drives, prostate cancer awareness, and sickle cell anemia awareness programs.

text: Voter Registration, Education and Motivation – Coordination activities that promote voter registration and mobilization.

text: NAACP – A Life Membership at Large in the NAACP is required by all chapters and districts.[6]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Omega Psi Phi recognizes undergraduate and graduate membership. College students must be working toward a bachelor's degree at a four-year institution, have at least 31 semester credits, and maintain at least a 2.5 grade point average. For the graduate chapter, an applicant must already possess a bachelor's degree.[7] The fraternity grants honorary membership to men who have contributed to society in a positive way on a national or international level. For example, Charles Young (March 12, 1864 – January 2, 1922) was the third African American graduate of West Point, the first black U.S. national park superintendent, the first African American military attaché, and the highest ranking black officer (Colonel) in the United States Army until his death in 1922.

text: National Pan-Hellenic Council membership[edit]

text: In 1930, Omega Psi Phi became one of 5 founding members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC). Today, the NPHC is composed of nine international black Greek-letter sororities and fraternities and promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other mediums for the exchange of information, and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.[8]

text: Grand Basileus[edit]

text:
Name
Order
Time in Office
Ref.

Edgar Amos Love
1st Grand Basileus
1911–1912
[9][10]

Oscar J. Cooper
2nd Grand Basileus
1912–1913
[9][10]

Edgar Amos Love
3rd Grand Basileus
1913–1915
[9][10]

George E. Hall
4th Grand Basileus
1915–1916
[9][10]

James C. McMorries
5th Grand Basileus
1916–1917
[9][10]

Clarence F. Holmes
6th Grand Basileus
1917–1918
[9][10][11]

Raymond G. Robinson
7th Grand Basileus
1918–1920
[9][10][12]

Harold H. Thomas
8th Grand Basileus
1920–1921
[9][10]

J. Alston Atkins
9th Grand Basileus
1921–1924
[10][13][14]

John W. Love
10th Grand Basileus
1924[a]
[10]

George L. Vaughn
11th Grand Basileus
1924–1926
[10][13]

Julius S. McClain
12th Grand Basileus
1926–1929
[10][12][15]

Matthew W. Bullock
13th Grand Basileus
1929–1932
[10]

Lawrence A. Oxley
14th Grand Basileus
1932–1935
[10][16]

William Baugh
15th Grand Basileus
1935–1937
[10][17]

Albert W. Dent
16th Grand Basileus
1937–1940
[10][17]

Z. Alexander Looby
17th Grand Basileus
1940–1945
[10][13][18]

Campbell C. Johnson
18th Grand Basileus
1945–1947
[10]

Harry Penn
19th Grand Basileus
1947–1949
[10]

Milo C. Murray
20th Grand Basileus
1949–1951
[10]

Grant Reynolds
21st Grand Basileus
1951–1953
[10][13][19]

John F. Potts
22nd Grand Basileus
1953–1955
[10][20][21]

Herbert E. Tucker, Jr.
23rd Grand Basileus
1955–1958
[10][22]

I. Gregory Newton
24th Grand Basileus
1958–1961
[10][16]

Cary D. Jacobs
25th Grand Basileus
1961–1964
[10][23]

George E. Meares
26th Grand Basileus
1964–1967
[13]

Ellis F. Corbett
27th Grand Basileus
1967–1970
[24]

James Avery
28th Grand Basileus
1970–1973
[23][25]

Marion Garnett
29th Grand Basileus
1973–1976
[26][27][28]

Dr. Edward Braynon, Jr.
30th Grand Basileus
1976–1979
[25][29][30][31]

Burnel E. Coulon
31st Grand Basileus
1979−1982
[25][30][32]

Dr. L. Benjamin Livingston
32nd Grand Basileus
1982–1984
[33]

Dr. Moses C. Norman
33rd Grand Basileus
1984–1990
[25][30][34]

Dr. C. Tyrone Gilmore, Sr
34th Grand Basileus
1990–1994
[9][25][30]

Dr. Dorsey Miller
35th Grand Basileus
1994–1998
[9][25][30]

Lloyd Jordan, Esq.
36th Grand Basileus
1998–2002
[9][25][30]

George H. Grace
37th Grand Basileus
2002–2006
[25]

Warren G. Lee
38th Grand Basileus
2006–2010
[30]

Dr. Andrew Ray
39th Grand Basileus
2010–2014
[35]

Antonio Knox
40th Grand Basileus
2014–present
.

text: a. Finished unexpired term of Atkins[10]

text: List of Omega Psi Phi Grand Conclaves[edit]

text: Notable hazing incidents and controversies[edit]

text: In 1977, Robert Brazile, a student at the University of Pennsylvania, collapsed and died at a fraternity house meeting due to injuries and beatings he sustained while pledging the fraternity.[36]

text: In 1978, Nathaniel Swimson, a student at North Carolina Central University, died during an off-campus initiation activity. He was asked to run several miles before he collapsed and died.[36]

text: In 1983, Vann Watts, a student at Tennessee State University, died of an alcohol overdose following an initiation party. It was reported that prior to his death, he was severely beaten and verbally abused by fraternity members.[37]

text: In 1984, a Hampton University student was killed participating in an Omega Psi Phi ritual. The family of the deceased student privately settled with the fraternity for an undisclosed amount as a result of his wrongful death.[38]

text: In 1986, Thomas Harold, a student at Lamar University, died as a result of running miles on Lamar's track as part of a pledging task.[39][40]

text: In 1993, 24 Omegas were arrested for making pledges from University of Maryland at College Park eat vomit and dog biscuits, dropping hot wax on their necks, and beating them so badly that they needed medical attention.[41]

text: In 1997, the fraternity was court ordered to pay a former Indiana University pledge $774,500 for injuries he sustained while pledging in 1994. [42]

text: In 1999, Omega Psi Phi was court ordered to pay a former University of Louisville student nearly $1 million for suffering kidney failure due to hazing activity in 1997.[43]

text: In 2001, Joseph T. Green, a student at Tennessee State University, died as result of an asthma attack he developed from being asked to run long distances while pledging. In 2002, his family filed a $15 million wrongful death lawsuit against the men of Omega Psi Phi Incorporated.[44] [45]

text: In 2009, a former pledge at the University of Houston (UH) settled with the fraternity for an undisclosed amount after being hit with a baseball bat, wood board, and TV antenna while pledging. The UH student wanted to join the fraternity because his father was a member. The chapter was placed on suspension following this incident. [46]

text: In 2014, the chapter at Valdosta State University was banned from campus until at least August 2022 due to severe hazing and violating the school's code of conduct.[47]

text: In 2015, six Omega Psi Phi members at Johnson C. Smith University were arrested and charged with assault for severely beating pledges over a two-month span.[48]

text: In 2015, four Omega Psi Phi members at Saginaw Valley State University were arrested and charged for striking pledges with open hands and paddles. One known pledge sustained a serious injury after losing consciousness one night pledging.[49]

text: In 2015, a Florida Atlantic University student reported to the police she was gang-raped at an Omega Psi Phi "Oil Spill" step show after party. Inside the party, she stated she was suddenly and forcefully pulled behind curtains and raped by a group of men in a dark area.[50][51]

text: In 2016, the fraternity at Florida State University was suspended for severely abusing pledges and violating the university's code of conduct.[52] Criminal charges are pending for members of the fraternity.

text: In April 2017, Omega Psi Phi member and alleged spree killer Steve Stephens referenced the fraternity multiple times in videos he posted during his killing spree. Stephens claimed that he was going to shoot "Greeks" in the head until he was caught. [53]

text: "Unofficial" practices[edit]

text: Like many fraternal organizations, Omega Psi Phi has a rich tradition of practices. While some traditions are naturally secret, many are freely expressed in public. A popular one is referring to members as "Que Dogs" or "Ques". Another is the practice of members voluntarily undergoing branding of the letters, or variations and designs based on them (such as two linked Omega symbols), on their skin. The brands often are displayed in public as a matter of pride; some prospects first learn of the fraternity by seeing members bearing brands.[54]


document_title: Chromebook

question_text: when did the samsung chromebook 3 come out

root

text: Chromebook

text: History[edit]

text: The first Chromebooks for sale, by Acer Inc. and Samsung, were announced at the Google I/O conference in May 2011, and began shipping on June 15, 2011.[4] Lenovo, Hewlett Packard and Google itself entered the market in early 2013. In December 2013, Samsung launched a Samsung Chromebook specifically for the Indian market that employed the company's Exynos 5 Dual core processor.[9] In addition to laptop models, a desktop version, called a Chromebox, was introduced in May 2012, and an "all-in-one" device was introduced in January 2014, by LG Electronics. The all-in-one is named the Chromebase.

tag: p

text: Critical reaction to the device was initially skeptical, with some reviewers, such as then New York Times technology columnist David Pogue,[10] unfavorably comparing the value proposition of Chromebooks with that of more fully featured laptops running the Microsoft Windows operating system. That complaint dissipated later in reviews of machines from Acer and Samsung that were priced lower.[11]

text: In February 2013, Google announced and began shipping the Chromebook Pixel, a higher-spec machine with a high-end price tag. The Pixel C is based on Android.

text: In January 2015, Acer announced the first big screen Chromebook, the Acer Chromebook 15 with an FHD 15.6-inch display.[12]

text: Integration with Android[edit]

text: In May 2016, Google announced it would make Android apps available on Chromebooks via the Google Play application distribution platform. At the time, Google Play access was scheduled for the ASUS Chromebook Flip, the Acer Chromebook R 11 and the most recent Chromebook Pixel, with other Chromebooks slated over time.[13][14][15] Partnering with Google, Samsung released the Chromebook Plus and Chromebook Pro in early 2017, the first Chromebooks to come with the Play Store pre-installed.[16] A February 2017 review in The Verge reported that the Plus with its ARM processor handled Android apps "much better" than the Intel-based Pro, but said that "Android apps on Chrome OS are still in beta" and are "very much [an] unfinished experience."[17] The number of Chrome OS systems supporting Android apps in either the stable or beta channel is increasing.[18][19]

text: Design[edit]

text: Initial hardware partners for Chromebook development included Acer, Adobe, Asus, Freescale, Hewlett-Packard (later HP Inc.), Lenovo, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Toshiba,[20] Intel,[21] Samsung,[22][23] and Dell.[24]

text: Chromebooks ship with Google Chrome OS, an operating system that uses the Linux kernel and the Google Chrome web-browser with an integrated media-player.[25][26] Enabling developer mode allows the installation of Linux distributions on Chromebooks. Crouton is a script that allows the installation of Linux distributions from Chrome OS, and running both operating systems simultaneously.[27] Some Chromebooks include SeaBIOS, which can be turned on to install and boot Linux distributions directly.[28][29] With limited offline capability and a fast boot-time, Chromebooks are primarily designed for use while connected to the Internet.[30] Instead of installing traditional applications such as word processing and instant messaging, users add web apps from the Chrome Web Store.[31] Google claims that a multi-layer security architecture eliminates the need for anti-virus software.[4]

text: Support for many USB devices such as cameras, mice, external keyboards and flash drives is included, utilizing a feature similar to plug-and-play on other operating systems. Like the prototype Cr-48, Chromebooks have a specialized keyboard complete with buttons for opening and controlling multiple browser-windows, as well as a Web search button which replaces the caps lock key (caps lock being activated by pressing both alt+search).[32]

text: An analysis of the Samsung Series 5 components by iFixit in June 2011, estimated a total cost of $334.32, representing US$322.12 in materials and US$12.20 in labor. With an initial retail price of US$499.99 that also pays for retail margins, shipping, marketing, and research and development, the profit margins on the Chromebooks are quite thin, requiring a large production run to make a profit.[33]

text: While Chromebooks are designed to be used when connected to the Internet, users are able to access Google applications such as Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Keep, and Google Drive in offline mode. Chromebooks also come with a built-in local music-player, a photo editor, and a PDF- and Microsoft Office document-viewer that are functional without Internet access. Other apps with offline support include Amazon's Cloud Reader, the New York Times App, and Angry Birds.[34][35] Google Play video content is available offline using an extension to the Chrome browser.[36]

text: All Chromebooks, except the first three, boot with the help of Coreboot, a fast-booting BIOS.[37][38]

text: The integration of Android and Chrome, announced in 2016, is anticipated to drive the design and form factor of future Chromebooks[15], including an expected first Chrome OS tablet[39].

text: Sales and marketing[edit]

text: The first two commercially available Chromebooks, the Samsung Series 5 and the Acer AC700, were unveiled on May 11, 2011, at the Google I/O developer conference. They were to begin selling through online channels, including Amazon and Best Buy in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain starting June 15, 2011; however, Acer's AC700 was not available until early July.[40] The first machines sold for between $349 and $499, depending on the model and 3G option.[41] Google also offered a monthly payment scheme for business and education customers at $28 and $20 per user, per month, respectively for a three-year contract, including replacements and upgrades. Verizon offers models equipped with 3G/4G LTE connectivity 100–200 MB of free wireless data per month, for two years.[42][43]

text: Google's early marketing efforts relied primarily on hands-on experience: giving away Samsung machines to 10 Cr-48 pilot program participants along with the title Chromebook Guru and lending Chromebooks to passengers on some Virgin America flights.[44][45][46]

text: At the end of September 2011, Google launched the Chrome Zone, a "store within a store", inside the Currys and PC World superstore in London.[47] The store had a Google-style look and feel with splashes of color all around the retail store front.[48] The concept was later changed to a broader in-store Google shop, which has not expanded beyond the PC World on Tottenham Court Road.[49]

text: In addition to these marketing strategies, Google Chrome has created several "Chromebook minis" that demonstrate the ease of use and simplicity of the devices in a comical manner. For example, when the question "How do you back up a Chromebook" is asked, it is implied to refer to data backup, but instead, shows two hands pushing a Chromebook back to the end of a table. This is followed by the statement, "You don't have to back up a Chromebook," showing how all data is stored on the web.[50]

text: In an article published on ZDNet in June 2011, entitled "Five Chromebook concerns for businesses", Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols faulted the devices for lack of virtual private network capability, not supporting some Wi-Fi security methods, in particular Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) Enterprise with Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or Cisco’s Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP). He also noted that its file manager does not work, the need to use the undocumented crosh shell to accomplish basic tasks such as setting up a secure shell (SSH) network connection as well as serious deficiencies in documentation.[51]

text: In one of the first customer reviews, the City of Orlando, Florida, reported on their initial testing of 600 Chromebooks as part of a broader study related to accessing virtual desktops. Early indications show potential value in reducing IT support costs. End users have indicated that the Chromebook is easy to travel with and starts up quickly. One stated that "If I just need to stay connected for emergencies, I take my Chrome," but when traveling for business she would still take her laptop. Orlando does plan to continue to use the Chromebooks.[52]

text: On November 21, 2011, Google announced price reductions on all Chromebooks.[53] Since then, the Wi-Fi-only Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $349, the 3G Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $449, and the Acer AC700 was reduced to $299.

text: The updated Series 5 550 and the Chromebox, the first Chrome OS desktop machines, were released by Samsung in May 2012.[54][55][56][57] While the two lowest cost Chromebooks emerged later in the fall: the $249[58] Samsung Series 3 and the $199[59] Acer C7. The following February, Google introduced the most costly machine, their Chromebook Pixel, with a starting price of $1299.[60] All models released after May 2012, include 100 GB–1.09 TB of Google Drive cloud storage and 12 GoGo WiFi passes.[61][62]

text: By January 2013, Acer's Chromebook sales were being driven by "heavy Internet users with educational institutions", and the platform represented 5-10 percent of the company's US shipments, according to Acer president Jim Wong. He called those numbers sustainable, contrasting them with low Windows 8 sales which he blamed for a slump in the market. Wong said that the company would consider marketing Chromebooks to other developed countries, as well as to corporations. He noted that although Chrome OS is free to license for hardware vendors, it has required greater marketing expenditure than Windows, offsetting the licensing savings.[63]

text: During the first 11 months of 2013, 1.76 million Chromebooks sold in the United States, representing 21% of the US commercial business-to-business laptop market. During the same period in 2012, Chromebooks sold 400,000 units and had a negligible market share.[6]

text: In January 2015, Silviu Stahie noted in Softpedia that Chromebooks were eating into Microsoft's market share. He said "Microsoft is engaged in a silent war and it's actually losing. They are fighting an enemy that is so insidious and so cunning that it's actually hurting the company more than anything else. The enemy is called Chromebooks and they are using Linux...There is no sign that things are slowing down and Microsoft really needs a win, and soon if it wants to remain relevant."[64]

text: In 2015, Chromebooks, by sales volume (to companies in the US), are second after Windows based devices (with Android tablets, overtaking Apple's devices in 2014): "Chromebook sales through the U.S. B2B channels increased 43 percent during the first half of 2015, helping to keep overall B2B PC and tablet sales from falling. [..] Sales of Google OS-equipped (Android and Chrome) devices saw a 29 percent increase over 2014 propelled by Chromebook sales, while Apple devices declined 12 percent and Windows devices fell 8 percent."[65]

text: Education market[edit]

text: The education market has been the Chromebooks' most notable success, competing on the low cost of the hardware, software and upkeep. The simplicity of the machines, which could be a drawback in other markets, has proven an advantage to school districts by reducing training and maintenance costs.[66]

text: By January 2012, even while commercial sales were flat, Google placed nearly 27,000 Chromebooks in schools across 41 states in the US, including "one-on-one" programs, which allocate a computer for every student in South Carolina, Illinois, and Iowa.[67] As of August 2012, over 500 school districts in the United States and Europe were using the device.[68][69] In 2016, Chromebooks represented 58 percent of the 2.6 million mobile devices purchased by U.S. schools and about 64 percent of that market outside the U.S. By contrast, sales of Apple tablets and laptops to U.S. schools dropped that year to 19 percent, compared with 52 percent in 2012.[66]

text: Helping spur Chromebook sales is Google Classroom, an app designed for teachers in 2014, that serves as a hub for classroom activities including attendance, classroom discussions, homework, and communication with students and parents.[66]

text: There have, however, been concerns about privacy within the context of the education market for Chromebooks. School officials at schools issuing Chromebooks for students have affirmed that students have no right to privacy when using school-issued Chromebooks, even at home, and that all online and offline activity can be monitored by the school using third-party software pre-installed on the laptops.[70] Further, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has complained that Google itself is violating the privacy of students, by enabling the synchronisation function within Google Chrome ("Chrome Sync") by default, allowing web browsing histories and other data of students - including those under-13 - to be stored on Google servers and potentially used for purposes other than authorised educational purposes.[71][72] A point of contention has been the fact that users of school-issued Chromebooks cannot change these settings themselves as a measure to protect their privacy as only the administrator who issued the laptops can change them.[71][72] The EFF claims that this violates a Student Privacy Pledge already signed by Google in 2014.[71][72][73] EFF staff attorney Nate Cardozo stated: "Minors shouldn't be tracked or used as guinea pigs, with their data treated as a profit center. If Google wants to use students' data to 'improve Google products', then it needs to get express consent from parents."[71]

text: List of Chromebooks[edit]

text:
Available
Brand
Model
Code name[a][74]
Processor
Battery
RAM
Screen
Resolution
Weight
Internal Storage
WWAN
Touch
screen
Android Apps[b]
Convertible
USB Type C
Back-lit Keyboard
Earliest EOL[c]

000000002010-12-01-0000December 2010[74]
Google
Cr-48
Mario
Atom N455
8 hours
2 GB
12.1 in (30.7 cm)
1280×800
3.80 lb (1.7 kg)

3G

000000002015-12-01-0000December 2015[75]

000000002011-06-01-0000June 2011[74]
Samsung
Series 5
Alex
Atom N570
8.5 hours
2 GB
12.1 in (30.7 cm)
1280×800
3.06–3.26 lb (1.4–1.5 kg)

Optional

000000002016-06-01-0000June 2016[d][75]

000000002011-08-01-0000August 2011[74]
Acer
AC700
ZGB
Atom N570
6 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
3.19–3.20 lb (1.4–1.5 kg)

Optional

000000002016-08-01-0000August 2016[75]

000000002012-05-01-0000May 2012[74]
Samsung
Series 5 550
Lumpy
Celeron 867
Core i5-2467M
6 hours
4 GB (upgradeable to 16 GB[76])
12.1 in (30.7 cm)
1280×800
3.02 lb (1.4 kg)

Optional

000000002017-05-01-0000May 2017[75]

000000002012-10-01-0000October 2012[74]
Samsung
Series 3
Snow (Daisy)
Exynos 5 Dual
6.5 hours
2 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.43 lb (1.1 kg)

Optional

000000002018-07-01-0000July 2018[75]

000000002012-11-01-0000November 2012[74]
Acer
C710
Parrot
Celeron 847
Celeron 1007U
4 hours
2 or 4 GB (upgradeable to 16 GB[76])
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
3.04–3.20 lb (1.4–1.5 kg)

000000002017-11-01-0000November 2017[75]

000000002013-01-01-0000January 2013[74]
Lenovo
ThinkPad X131e
Stout
Celeron 1007U
6.5 hours
4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
3.92 lb (1.8 kg)

000000002018-02-01-0000February 2018[75]

000000002013-02-01-0000February 2013[74]
HP
Pavilion Chromebook
Butterfly
Celeron 847
4.2 hours
2 or 4 GB
14 in (35.6 cm)
1366×768
3.96 lb (1.8 kg)

000000002018-02-01-0000February 2018[75]

000000002013-02-01-0000February 2013[74]
Google
Pixel
Link
Core i5-3427U
5 hours
4 GB
12.85 in (32.6 cm)
2560×1700
3.35 lb (1.5 kg)

Optional
Yes

000000002018-04-01-0000April 2018[75]

000000002013-10-01-0000October 2013[74]
HP
Chromebook 11
Daisy Spring
Exynos 5 Dual
6 hours
2 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.26 lb (1.0 kg)

Optional

000000002018-10-01-0000October 2018[75]

000000002013-10-01-0000October 2013[74]
HP
Chromebook 14
Falco
Celeron 2955U
9.5 hours
2 or 4 GB
14 in (35.6 cm)
1366×768
4.07 lb (1.8 kg)

Optional

000000002018-11-01-0000November 2018[75]

000000002013-10-01-0000October 2013[74]
Acer
C720
Peppy
Celeron 2955U
8.5 hours
2 or 4 GB (some upgradeable to 16 GB[76])
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.76 lb (1.3 kg)

000000002018-11-01-0000November 2018[75]

000000002013-11-01-0000November 2013
Acer
C720P
Peppy Pepto
Celeron 2955U
7.5 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.98 lb (1.4 kg)

Optional
Yes

?

000000002014-01-01-0000January 2014[74]
Dell
Dell Chromebook 11
Wolf
Celeron 2955U
10 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.90 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

000000002019-01-01-0000January 2019[75]

000000002014-02-01-0000February 2014[74]
Toshiba
CB30
Leon
Celeron 2955U
9 hours
2 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
1366×768
3.30 lb (1.5 kg)

000000002019-02-01-0000February 2019[75]

000000002014-05-12-0000May 12, 2014[77]
Samsung
Chromebook 2 11.6"
Peach Pit
Celeron N2840[78]
9 hours
2 GB[79]
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.60 lb (1.2 kg)

?

000000002014-05-12-0000May 12, 2014[77]
Samsung
Chromebook 2 11.6"
Peach Pit
Exynos 5 Octa 5420[80]
8 hours
2 or 4 GB[79]
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.60 lb (1.2 kg)

?

000000002014-05-12-0000May 12, 2014[77]
Samsung
Chromebook 2 13.3"
Peach Pit
Exynos 5 Octa 5800[81]
8.5 hours
4 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
1920×1080
3.10 lb (1.4 kg)

?

000000002014-06-29-0000June 29, 2014[74]
ASUS
Chromebook C200
Squawks
Celeron N2830
11 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.5 lb (1.1 kg)

Yes

?

000000002014-07-01-0000July 2014[82]
ASUS
Chromebook C300
Quawks
Celeron N2830

2 or 4 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
1366×768
3.1 lb (1.4 kg)

Yes

?

000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014[74][83]
Lenovo
N20
Clapper
Celeron N2830
8 hours
2 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.8 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

?

000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014[74][83]
Lenovo
N20p

Celeron N2830
8 hours
2 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
3.1 lb (1.4 kg)

Yes
Yes

?

000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014[74][83]
Acer
Chromebook 13 (CB5)
Big
Tegra K1
11–13 hours
2 or 4 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
1920×1080 and 1366×768
3.31 lb (1.5 kg)
32 GB

No
No
No
No
No
?

000000002014-09-02-0000September 2, 2014[74]
Toshiba
Chromebook 2
Swanky
Celeron N2840
9 hours
4 GB
13 in (33.0 cm)
1920×1080
2.95 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

000000002014-10-01-0000October 2014[84]
Acer
C730

Celeron N2840
8.5 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
3.09 lb (1.4 kg)

Yes

?

000000002014-10-05-0000October 5, 2014[85]
HP
Chromebook 11 G3

Celeron N2840
9.5 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.83 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

000000002015-02-01-0000February 2015[74]
Acer
C740

Celeron 3205U
9 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.87 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

000000002015-11-01-0000November 2015[74]
Acer
Chromebook 15 (CB3-531)

Celeron N2830
9 hours
2 or 4 GB
15.6 in (39.6 cm)
1366×768
4.85 lb (2.2 kg)

Yes

000000002015-11-01-0000November 2015[74]
Acer
Chromebook 15 (CB5-571)
Yuna
Celeron 3205U
9 hours
2 or 4 GB
15.6 in (39.6 cm)
1920x1080
4.85 lb (2.2 kg)

Optional

Yes

000000002015-03-01-0000March 2015[74][86]
Google
Pixel (2015)
Samus
Core i5-5200U, Core i7-5500U
12 hours
8 or 16 GB
12.85 in
2560×1700
3.3 lb (1.5 kg)

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

000000002015-03-01-0000March 2015[74][86]
ASUS
Chromebook C201
Veyron Speedy
Rockchip RK3288
13 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.1 lb (1.0 kg)

Yes

000000002015-03-01-0000March 2015[74][86]
Hisense
C12

Rockchip RK3288
8.5 hours
2 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.4 lb (1.0 kg)

000000002015-06-01-0000June 2015[74]
ASUS
Chromebook Flip
Veyron Minnie
Rockchip RK3288
9 hours
2 or 4 GB
10.1 in (25.7 cm)
1280×800
2.0 lb (0.9 kg)

Yes
Yes
Yes

October 2015[87][88][89]
Lenovo
100S Chromebook

Celeron N2840
8 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.6 lb (1.2 kg)

October 2015[87][88][89]
Toshiba
Chromebook 2 (2015)
Gandof
Celeron 3215U, Core i3-5015U
8.5 hours
4 GB
13 in (33.0 cm)
1920×1080
2.95 lb (1.3 kg)

Yes

November 2015
HP
Chromebook 14

Celeron N2940
8 hours
4 GB
14 in (33.0 cm)
1920×1080
3.74 lb (1.7 kg)

February 2016[90]
ASUS
C202

Celeron N3060
10 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.6 lb (1.2 kg)

April 2016[91]
Acer
Chromebook 14
Edgar
Celeron N3160
12 hours
4 GB
14 in (35.6 cm)
1920×1080 and 1366×768
3.4 lb (1.5 kg)
32 GB

No

No

"Early 2016"[92]
Samsung
Chromebook 3

Celeron N3050
11 hours
2 or 4 GB
11.6 in (29.5 cm)
1366×768
2.53 lb (1.15 kg)

July 2016
HP
Chromebook 13

Intel Core m5-6Y57

8 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
3200×1800
2.86 lb (1.3 kg)

No

Yes

August 2016[93]
Acer
Chromebook R13

MediaTek M8173C
12 hours
4 GB
13.3 in (33.8 cm)
1920×1080
3.28 lb (1.49 kg)

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

August 2016
Acer
Chromebook R11

Celeron N3150
10 hours
4 GB
11.6 in (29.4 cm)
1366×768
2.8 lb (1.27 kg)

Yes
Yes
Yes
No

January 2017
ASUS
Chromebook Flip C302

Intel Core m3-6Y30
10 hours
4 GB
12.5 in(31.7 cm)
1920×1080
2.6 lb (1.17 kg)
64 GB

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

January 2017
Samsung
Chromebook Plus

Rockchip RK3399 ARM hexacore CPU
10 hours
4 GB
12.3 in (31.2 cm)
2400×1600
2.38 lb (1.08 kg)
32 GB

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

May 2017
Samsung
Chromebook Pro

Intel Core m3-6Y30
10 hours
4 GB
12.3 in (31.2 cm)
2400×1600
2.38 lb (1.08 kg)
32 GB

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

September 2017
ASUS
Chromeboook Flip C101

Rockchip RK3399 ARM hexacore CPU

1200×800

Yes

Yes
Yes

October 2017[94]
Google
Pixelbook
Bison/Eve
Intel i5
Intel i7
10 hours
8 GB
16 GB

128GB 256GB 512GB

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Available
Brand
Model
Code name
Processor
Battery
RAM
Screen
Resolution
Weight
Internal Storage
WWAN
Touch
screen
Android Apps
Convertible
USB Type C
Back-lit Keyboard
Earliest EOL

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ Engineering codenames are video game characters.
Jump up ^ "Chrome OS Systems Supporting Android Apps". Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Except where noted, these are unofficial end-of-life dates. Official EOL dates for these models will be at this date or later.
Jump up ^ Officially announced EOL date

tag: ol

text: The hardware generation and Linux kernel version[95] of most products can be inferred from the code name[96] and its corresponding video game series:

text:
Architecture
Game series
Characters

Bay Trail
Donkey Kong
Rambi, Swanky, Quawks,...

Haswell
Star Fox
Slippy, Falco, Peppy,...

Broadwell
Final Fantasy X
Auron, Paine, Yuna, Rikku,...

text: Google[edit]

text: At a December 7, 2010, press briefing,[97][98][99] Google announced the Chrome OS Pilot Program, a pilot experiment and the first Chromebook, the Cr-48 Chrome Notebook, a prototype, to test the Chrome OS operating system and modified hardware for it. The device had a minimal design and was all black, completely unbranded although it was made by Inventec,[100] and had a rubberized coating. The device was named after Chromium-48, an unstable isotope of the metallic element Chromium,[101] and the participants were named Cr-48 Test Pilots. Google distributed about 60,000 Cr-48 Chrome Notebooks between December 2010 and March 2011[102][103] for free to participants and in return asked for feedback such as suggestions and bug reports. The Cr-48 was intended for testing only, not retail sales.[104][105][106]

text: The Cr-48's hardware design broke convention by replacing certain keys with shortcut keys,[107] such as the function keys, and replacing the caps lock key with a dedicated search key,[108] which can be changed back to caps lock in the OS's keyboard settings. Google addressed complaints that the operating system offers little functionality when the host device is not connected to the Internet, demonstrated an offline version of Google Docs, and announced a 3G plan that would give users 100 MB of free data each month, with additional paid plans available from Verizon.[30][109]

text: The device's USB port is capable of supporting a keyboard, mouse, Ethernet adapter, or USB storage, but not a printer, as Chrome OS offers no print stack.[110] Adding further hardware outside of the previously mentioned items will likely cause problems with the operating system's "self knowing" security model.[111] Users instead were encouraged to use a secure service called Google Cloud Print to print to legacy printers connected to their desktop computers, or to connect an HP ePrint, Kodak Hero, Kodak ESP, or Epson Connect printer to the Google Cloud Print service for a "cloud aware" printer connection.[112]

text: The Cr-48 prototype laptop gave reviewers their first opportunity to evaluate Chrome OS running on a device. Ryan Paul of Ars Technica wrote that the machine "met the basic requirements for Web surfing, gaming, and personal productivity, but falls short for more intensive tasks." He praised Google's approach to security, but wondered whether mainstream computer users would accept an operating system whose only application is a browser. He thought Chrome OS "could appeal to some niche audiences": people who just need a browser or companies that rely on Google Apps and other Web applications. But the operating system was "decidedly not a full-fledged alternative to the general purpose computing environments that currently ship on netbooks." Paul wrote that most of Chrome OS's advantages "can be found in other software environments without having to sacrifice native applications."[102]

text: In reviewing the Cr-48 on December 29, 2010, Kurt Bakke of Conceivably Tech wrote that a Chromebook had become the most frequently used family appliance in his household. "Its 15 second startup time and dedicated Google user accounts made it the go-to device for quick searches, email as well as YouTube and Facebook activities." But the device did not replace other five notebooks in the house: one for gaming, two for the kids, and two more for general use. "The biggest complaint I heard was its lack of performance in Flash applications."[113]

text: In ongoing testing, Wolfgang Gruener, also writing in Conceivably Tech, said that cloud computing at cellular data speeds is unacceptable and that the lack of offline ability turns the Cr-48 "into a useless brick" when not connected.[114] "It's difficult to use the Chromebook as an everyday device and give up what you are used to on a Mac/Windows PC, while you surely enjoy the dedicated cloud computing capabilities occasionally."[115]

text: Pixel[edit]

text: Launched by Google in February 2013, the Chromebook Pixel remains the high-end machine in the Chromebook family. The laptop has an unusual 3:2 display aspect ratio touch screen featuring what was at its debut the highest pixel density of any laptop,[116] a faster CPU than its predecessors in the Intel Core i5, and an exterior design described by Wired as "an austere rectangular block of aluminum with subtly rounded edges".[117] A second Pixel featuring LTE wireless communication and twice the storage capacity was shipped for arrival on April 12, 2013.[118]

text: The machine received much media attention, with many reviewers questioning the Pixel's value proposition compared to similarly priced Windows machines and the MacBook Air.[119][120]

text: Samsung[edit]

text: Samsung Series 5[edit]

text: Reviewing the Samsung Series 5 specifications, Scott Stein of CNET was unimpressed with a machine with a 12-inch screen and just 16 GB of onboard storage. "Chrome OS might be lighter than Windows XP, but we'd still prefer more media storage space. At this price, you could also get an 11.6-inch (290 mm) Wi-Fi AMD E-350-powered ultraportable running Windows 7."[55] On the other hand, MG Siegler of TechCrunch wrote a largely favorable review, praising the improvements in speed and trackpad sensitivity over the CR-48 prototype, as well as the long battery life and the fact that all models are priced below the iPad.[121]

text: In June 2011, iFixit dismantled a Samsung Series 5 and concluded that it was essentially an improved Cr-48. They rated it as 6/10 for repairability, predominantly because the case has to be opened to change the battery and because the RAM chip is soldered to the motherboard. iFixit noted that the "mostly-plastic construction" felt "a little cheap". On the plus side they stated that the screen was easy to remove and most of the components, including the solid-state drive would be easy to replace. iFixit's Kyle Wiens wrote that the Series 5 "fixes the major shortfalls of the Cr-48 and adds the polish necessary to strike lust into the heart of a broad consumer base: sleek looks, 8+ hours of battery life, and optimized performance."[122]

text: Samsung Series 5 550[edit]

text: In May 2012, Samsung introduced the Chromebook Series 5 550, with a Wi-Fi model and more expensive 3G model.[123]

text: Reviews generally questioned the value proposition. Dana Wollman of Engadget wrote that the Chromebook's keyboard "put thousand-dollar Ultrabooks to shame" and offered better display quality than on many laptops selling for twice as much. But the price "seems to exist in a vacuum—a place where tablet apps aren't growing more sophisticated, where Transformer-like Win8 tablets aren't on the way and where there aren't some solid budget Windows machines to choose from."[124]

text: Joe Wilcox of BetaNews wrote that "price to performance and how it compares to other choices" is "where Chromebook crumbles for many potential buyers." He noted that the new models sell for more than their predecessors, and while the price-performance ratio is quite favorable compared to the MacBook Air, "by the specs, there are plenty of lower-cost options."[125]

text: Samsung Series 3[edit]

text: In October 2012, the Series 3 Chromebook was introduced at a San Francisco event with the Samsung Chromebook XE303. The device was cheaper, thinner and lighter than the Chromebook 550. Google marketed the Series 3 as the computer for everyone, due to its simple operating system (Chrome OS) and affordable price. Target markets included students and first-time computer users, as well as households looking for an extra computer.[126][127]

text: The lower price proved a watershed for some reviewers. New York Times technology columnist David Pogue reversed his earlier thumbs-down verdict on the Chromebook, writing that "$250 changes everything." The price is half that of an "iPad, even less than an iPad Mini or an iPod Touch. And you’re getting a laptop." He wrote that the Chromebook does many of the things people use computers and laptops for: playing flash videos, and opening Microsoft Office documents. "In other words, Google is correct when it asserts that the Chromebook is perfect for schools, second computers in homes and businesses who deploy hundreds of machines."[10][11]

text: CNET's review of the Series 3 Chromebook was even more favorable, saying the machine largely delivered as a computer for students and as an additional computer for a household—especially for users who are already using Google Web applications like Google Docs, Google Drive, and Gmail. "It's got workable if not standout hardware, its battery life is good, it switches on quickly, and the $249 price tag means it's not as much of a commitment as the $550 Samsung Series 5 550 that arrived in May." The review subtracted points for performance. "It's fine for many tasks, but power users accustomed to having more than a couple dozen browser tabs open should steer clear."[126]

text: Samsung Chromebook 3[edit]

text: The Chromebook 3 is distinct from and distinguished from the similarly named Samsung Series 3 in several respects: newer (released 2016), different architecture (Intel Celeron N3050 instead of Exynos 5 Dual ARM Cortex),[128] thinner (0.7"),[128] and less expensive (about $100 less than the Series 3);[128] while remaining a full implementation of ChromeOS.

text: HP[edit]

text: HP's first Chromebook, and the largest Chromebook on the market at that time, was the Pavilion 14 Chromebook launched February 3, 2013.[129] It had an Intel Celeron 847 CPU and either 2GB or 4GB of RAM. Battery life was not long, at just over 4 hours, but the larger form factor made it more friendly for all-day use. HP introduced the Chromebook 11 on October 8, 2013, in the US.[130] In December 2013, Google and HP recalled 145,000 chargers due to overheating.[131] Sales were halted, resuming with a redesigned charger the following month.[132] The HP Chromebook 14 was announced September 11, 2013[133] with an Intel Haswell Celeron processor, USB 3.0 ports, and 4G broadband. Engadget praised the computer's design and convenient micro-USB charging, but criticized a sticky trackpad and short battery life, worse than the Samsung Chromebook with the same Exynos processor.[134] An updated version of the Chromebook lineup was announced on September 3, 2014. The 11-inch models included an Intel processor while the 14-inch models featured a fanless design powered by a Nvidia Tegra K1 processor. HP Chromebooks are available in several colors.[135]

text: Desktop variants[edit]

text: Two types of desktop computers also run Chrome OS.

text: Chromebox[edit]

text: Classed as small form-factor PCs, Chromeboxes typically feature a power switch and a set of ports: local area network, USB, DVI-D, DisplayPort, and audio. As with Chromebooks, Chromeboxes employ solid-state memory and support Web applications, but require an external monitor, keyboard, and pointing device.[136]

text: Chromebase[edit]

text:
Available
Earliest EOL
Brand
Model
Code name
Processor
RAM
Screen
Resolution
Weight

April 28, 2014 (2014-04-28)
May 2019 (2019-05)
LG
LG Chromebase
Monroe[74]
Celeron 2955U
2 GB
21.5 in (54.6 cm)
1920×1080
14.8 lb (6.7 kg)

January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
April 2021 (2021-04)
Acer Inc.
Acer Chromebase 24
Buddy[74]
Celeron 3215U
4 GB
23.8 in (60.5 cm)
1920×1080
-

text: Chromebase is an "all-in-one" Chrome OS device. The first such model was released by LG Electronics which integrated a screen, speakers, 1.3-megapixel webcam and microphone, with a suggested retail price of $350. The company unveiled the product in January 2014, at International CES in Las Vegas.[137][138]

text: Dongle variants[edit]

text: Chromebit[edit]

text: The Chromebit is a dongle running on Google's Chrome OS operating system. When placed in the HDMI port of a television or a monitor, this device turns that display into a personal computer. Chromebit allows adding a keyboard or mouse over Bluetooth or via the USB port.