document_title: The Crown (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes of the crown in season 2

text: The Crown (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 through to the present day.[6] The first season, in which Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the early part of her reign, depicts events up to 1955, with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend.[7] The second season covers the Suez Crisis in 1956, the retirement of the Queen's third Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal, and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964.[8][9][10]

text: Beginning with season three, Olivia Colman will portray the Queen.[11] Season three will cover Harold Wilson's time as Prime Minister,[12] and will also include Princess Margaret's eight-year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn that leads to the Princess's divorce from Antony Armstrong-Jones in 1978.[8][13] It will also introduce Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer, who will be a focus of the fourth season (set during Margaret Thatcher's premiership).[12]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II[6]
Matt Smith as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband[6]
Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister[6]
Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother[14] (season 1)
Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister[15]
Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign[6]
Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret[16]
Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great-grandson of Queen Victoria
Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie[6]
John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister[6]
Alex Jennings as the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David[17]
Lia Williams as the Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife[17]
Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister[18] (season 2)
Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong-Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret[8] (season 2)

text: Featured[edit]

text: The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role.

text:
Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland, a noted artist who paints a portrait of the ageing Churchill (season 1)
Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell, a secretary who works with Altrincham and types up his editorial (season 2)
John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham, a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen (season 2)
Paul Sparks as Billy Graham, a prominent American preacher with whom Elizabeth consults (season 2)[17]
Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen (season 2)
Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy, the First Lady of the United States (season 2)
Burghart Klaußner as Dr. Kurt Hahn, the founder of Gordonstoun, where Philip and Charles went to school (season 2)
Finn Elliot as school-aged Prince Philip (season 2)[17]
Julian Baring as school-aged Prince Charles (season 2)[17]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles
Grace and Amelia Gilmour as young Princess Anne[19] (uncredited)
Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury
Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles
Harry Hadden-Paton as Martin Charteris
Daniel Ings as Mike Parker
Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret "Bobo" MacDonald
Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household
Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk
Will Keen as Michael Adeane
James Laurenson as Doctor Weir
Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton
Michael Culkin as Rab Butler
George Asprey as Walter Monckton
James Hillier as Equerry
Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden
Nick Hendrix (season 1) and Tom Durant-Pritchard (season 2) as Billy Wallace
Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith
David Shields (season 1) and Pip Carter (season 2) as Colin Tennant[20]
Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum
Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris
Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell
Joseph Kloska as Porchey
Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser
Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill[15]
Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville[14]
Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee
Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott
Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury
Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank
Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain
John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York
Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry[14]
Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth
Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret
Jo Stone-Fewings as Collins
Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham
Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker
Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting
Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten
Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd
Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith
Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis
Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan
Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish
Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby
Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry
Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry
Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore
Tim Steed as John Profumo
Lyla Barrett-Rye as school-aged Princess Anne
Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop
Patrick Warner as Peter Cook
Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr
David Annen as Alec Douglas-Home
Richard Lintern as Stephen Ward

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Wolferton Splash"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government.
22"Hyde Park Corner"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.
33"Windsor"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle the Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom.  This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten, and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from the Duke of Windsor. Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party, which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.
44"Act of God"Julian JarroldPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an "act of God", to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind, when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.
55"Smoke and Mirrors"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
The Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations, only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forgo kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned, and his insistence that the event be televised, which annoys the committee. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor view the coverage from their villa in Paris, and spitefully mock the new Queen.
66"Gelignite"Julian JarroldPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
When Margaret and the divorcee Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises her support, while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.
77"Scientia Potentia Est"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke, which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.
88"Pride & Joy"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements, and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position. While she is there, she buys a castle. Meanwhile, Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop, and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument, but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality, tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.
99"Assassins"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
Philip begins spending more time away from home, while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord "Porchey" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace, and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved, which has disappointed many others. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. As part of the celebrations, contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. However, the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what ageing has done to him. Churchill decides to resign as Prime Minister and requests that Eden replaces him. The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine's instructions.
1010"Gloriana"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves, but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove, of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship, the Queen Mother complains at Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date111"Misadventure"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In February 1957, Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon, seeing that divorce is not an option. Five months earlier, Elizabeth had suspected he may be having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase.  Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden's solution to the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal, but then agrees to military intervention. Philip's uncle Earl Mountbatten warns Elizabeth about the possible intervention, and she confronts Eden about the Israeli invasion of Sinai. Eden confesses that there is a secret agreement between the Israeli, French and British governments to reclaim the canal from the Egyptians, without approval from Parliament or the United Nations. British forces begin moving into Egypt. After her nightly prayers she resolutely closes the door to the room with an empty double bed.
122"A Company of Men"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In December 1956, Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure, before going on holiday to Jamaica to recover his health. Meanwhile, Philip continues his royal tour, punctuated by an interview which he abandons when the reporter asks him embarrassing questions about his family history. At Christmas, Philip makes a radio broadcast, prompting Elizabeth to let him know that his family is waiting for him as part of her Christmas Message and making him look forward to going home to a happier marriage. Meanwhile, Eileen, the wife of Philip's private secretary Michael, initiates divorce proceedings because of her husband's infidelities, including one with a waitress who works at Philip's lunch club. Elizabeth's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane that this could cause the press to start asking about Elizabeth and Philip's own marriage.
133"Lisbon"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Eden returns from Jamaica to find himself forced out of Downing Street by the Cabinet and the Conservative Party, who blame him for the Suez Crisis. As Macmillan becomes Prime Minister, Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to change Eileen's mind about the divorce. When he fails, and Elizabeth, Philip, and Parker learn about the decision, Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off an announcement, but she is rebuffed. The story goes public, prompting Philip to force Parker to resign. Elizabeth arranges Philip's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon, where they again discuss their marriage.  Philip says that he resents his son outranking him, and needs more respect from the court and palace staff. On February 22, 1957, Philip is made a Prince and becomes "His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".
144"Beryl"Benjamin CaronAmy Jenkins and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Shortly before her birthday, Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace.  She breaks off the engagement on finding him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the intended announcement, during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip's tenth wedding anniversary. Later, she meets photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him. He invites her to his studio for a sitting. Bored with traditional birthday pictures, she gives one of the photos, which suggests that she is nude, to the newspapers.  The following day, the picture is published, shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family. Macmillan's wife Dorothy tells him she will end her longtime affair, but Macmillan overhears her talking to her lover on the telephone suggesting otherwise.
155"Marionettes"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Lord Altrincham, a minor peer and magazine editor, sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article criticising Elizabeth. The piece was written after he had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone-deaf speech of hers, written by her aides, to workers at a car factory. While both local newspapers and the general public are initially against him, they support him after he appears on ITN and argues that the monarchy must adapt to post-war and post-Suez society. Macmillan reminds Elizabeth of the trend of nations to abolish their monarchies, prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret. She later implements two of his suggestions: that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised, and that the Debutante Ball be opened to some of her subjects. Six months later, the Queen Mother expresses embarrassment over the monarchy's slow loss of authority, while hosting a garden party.
166"Vergangenheit"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In 1945 Germany, a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top-secret diplomatic papers. After discovering that these contain information about "Windsor", Churchill informs King George and is asked to ensure that the files are never published. In 1958, shortly before meeting American evangelist Billy Graham, Elizabeth receives a letter from the Duke of Windsor asking permission to re-enter the UK to find employment. She agrees, and he starts convincing former sycophants to support his return. When historians unearth the papers, reorganised and titled The Marburg Files, Macmillan brings the matter before Elizabeth. He and the Queen Mother explain that one volume, which the United States wants published, concerns the Duke of Windsor's clandestine relationship with the Nazi High Command. After an encounter with the Duke does not go as planned, Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice, only to learn that the extent of the relationship was even worse than she had known. She then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before allowing the volume to be published and exiling the Duke of Windsor for betraying his country.
177"Matrimonium"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
After learning that Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman, Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong-Jones into proposing marriage. Because Elizabeth is pregnant, protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement. Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong-Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with other women, and also with his best male friend and his wife, who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong-Jones's child.  Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Andrew.  She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong-Jones's sexual activities.  Margaret and Armstrong-Jones are married at Westminster Abbey.
188"Dear Mrs. Kennedy"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Elizabeth invites newly-inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner. The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady, only to become annoyed on hearing that Jackie had insulted both her and the Palace at a party. Feeling challenged, she travels to Ghana to meet President Kwame Nkrumah, whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan. Elizabeth convinces him to cut ties with the Soviet Union and to realign Ghana with the United Kingdom, in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with him. Later, Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the UK and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle, where she apologises for insulting her, explaining that she had been under the influence of "substances". Elizabeth later confides in Philip, asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way. President Kennedy is assassinated, and Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place. She also sends Jackie a personal letter of sympathy.
199"Paterfamilias"Stephen DaldryTom Edge and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
On Philip's insistence Charles is sent to Gordonstoun School. Elizabeth and Louis, who are against the idea, recommend Eton College, only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to compel her to back him. As he takes Charles to Scotland, Philip recalls his time at the school, when he was punished for fighting by being forced to construct the school's front gate during the winter holiday, and when his favourite sister Cecile and her family had died in a plane crash, for which his father Andrew blamed him. Charles starts to struggle with Gordonstoun's rigorous curriculum and, when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge, is found crying by his security detail. Philip admonishes Charles for being "bloody weak".
2010"Mystery Man"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In 1963, the government is thrown into chaos by an affair between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becoming public knowledge. When the media begins to speculate about a "mystery man" seen in a photograph taken at a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward, who is charged with immorality offences, Margaret and Tony notice the similarities with Philip. Ward commits suicide, and the police find a hand-drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings. An embarrassed Macmillan resigns, and is succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, whose appointment is controversial due to his relationship with the Royal Family. Elizabeth asks Philip if he is the mystery man, and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova. Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity, having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck. He denies attending Ward's weekend parties, and reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth. Elizabeth gives birth to her fourth child.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Peter Morgan, who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience, is the main scriptwriter for The Crown.[21] The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry, Philip Martin, Julian Jarrold, and Benjamin Caron.[22] The first 10-part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date, costing at least £100 million.[23][24][25][26] A second season was commissioned,[27][28] with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons.[6] By October 2017, "early production" had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season,[11] and by the following January, Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By November 2014, Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series.[29] By May 2015, Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret.[30] In June 2015, John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill, and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip; Foy was confirmed as Queen Elizabeth II.[31] Also starring in the first season were Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, and Eileen Atkins.[32]

text: The Left Bank producers noted that Smith was paid more than Foy in the first two seasons, partially because of his Doctor Who fame.[33] This information brought up discussion on the gender pay gap, including the creation of a petition asking Smith to donate the difference between his and Foy's salary to the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund.[34] Left Bank later issued an apology to Foy and Smith for putting them "at the center of a media storm... through no fault of their own." Left Bank also clarified that they "are responsible for budgets and salaries; the actors are not aware of who gets what, and cannot be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues." They added that they support "the drive for gender equality in film and TV and [were] eager to talk to the British Time’s Up campaign and [were] already speaking to Era 50:50, a group campaigning for gender equality on screen and stage."[35] Suzanne Mackie, Left Bank's creative director, did note that moving forward, no other actor would be paid more than the actress portraying the Queen.[33] Regarding the controversy, Foy was "not [surprised about the interest in the story] in the sense that it was a female-led drama. I'm not surprised that people saw [the story] and went, 'Oh, that's a bit odd.' But I know that Matt feels the same that I do, that it's odd to find yourself at the center [of a story] that you didn't particularly ask for."[36] Smith noted that he supported Foy and was "pleased that it was resolved and [the producers] made amends for it because that's what needed to happen." The Hollywood Reporter noted it was unclear what Smith was referring to regarding the situation being resolved and amended, as Netflix and Left Bank had not commented on the matter further.[37]

text: The producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons, as the timeline moves forward and the characters age.[38] In October 2017, Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons.[11] By January 2018, Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip, respectively, for these seasons.[39][10] However, by the end of the month Bettany was forced to drop out due to the time commitment required.[13] By the end of March 2018, Tobias Menzies was cast as Prince Phillip for the third and fourth seasons.[40] In early May 2018, Bonham Carter was confirmed to have been cast, alongside Jason Watkins as Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[41] The next month, Ben Daniels was cast as Antony Armstrong-Jones for the third season,[42] along with Erin Doherty joining the series as Princess Anne.[43] A month later, Josh O'Connor and Marion Bailey were cast as Prince Charles and the Queen Mother, respectively, for the third and fourth seasons.[44]

text: Filming[edit]

text: An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, altogether taking 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street, were built at Elstree Studios,[28][45] while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya.[28] Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace, the Royal Naval College,[46] Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle,[47] Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House,[45] The Historic Dockyard Chatham,[48] Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate.[49] Filming on the second season began in early October 2016.[38] Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about GB£5 million (US$7 million) to produce.[33] The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season.[50]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. In the series the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she would no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772.  Yet there is clear evidence that in reality efforts had been made to prevent any further delay of the marriage, which would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance, stay in the country and even continue with her public duties.[51]

text: The re-enactment of the removal of the King's cancerous lung, originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas, was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak, specialist in transplant surgery at Guy's Hospital, London. Chandak and his surgical team also became part of the real scene.[52] The surgical model of King George VI was donated to the Gordon Museum of Pathology for use as a teaching aid.[53]

text: Despite confirming historical accuracy that Queen Elizabeth did condemn the Duke of Windsor following her informing of The Marburg Files; historians have stated that the episode's implication that the Duke was admonished from the Royal family upon publication is false and that the Duke remained in contact and his public appearances continued.[54]

text: Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal highlighted the historical inaccuracy of the series, and argued for "more truth in art and entertainment".[55] Gordonstoun School responded to its negative portrayal in series two, claiming that in fact the Prince's personal feedback to the school had been overwhelmingly positive.[56] Royal historian Hugo Vickers said that the same episode inaccurately depicted Philip’s sister’s death in a plane crash as having arisen from his own misbehaviour at Gordonstoun, stating “It is beyond me how serious film-makers would wish to turn such a dreadful tragedy into a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth."[56]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016.[57] The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016.[58][59] The second season was released on December 8, 2017.[60] The third season is expected to be released in 2019.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported 89% approval for the first season based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 8.72/10. Its critical consensus reads, "Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top-notch production worthy of its grand subject."[61] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 81 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[62]

text: The Guardian's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that "Netflix can rest assured that its £100m gamble has paid off. This first series, about good old British phlegm from first to last, is the service's crowning achievement so far."[63] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Ben Lawrence said, "The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors, a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before. It is a portrait of an extraordinary family, an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one."[64] Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series as "faultless" and complimented its "exquisite writing and magnificent acting".[65] Writing for The Boston Globe, Matthew Gilbert also praised the series saying it "is thoroughly engaging, gorgeously shot, beautifully acted, rich in the historical events of postwar England, and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance".[66] Vicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger described it as "sumptuous, stately but never dull".[67] The A.V. Club's Gwen Ihnat said it adds "a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family. The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task".[68]

text: The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said, "We're clearly meant to see the duke [of Windsor] as a wastrel with heart. It doesn't quite come off—Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty-hearted scoundrel—but it's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work."[69] Robert Lloyd writing for the Los Angeles Times said, "As television it's excellent—beautifully mounted, movingly played and only mildly melodramatic."[70] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively: "Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series, taken in as shorter, intently focused films".[71] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said, "This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups."[72] The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg said the first season "remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics, finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette".[73] Other publications such as USA Today,[74] Indiewire,[75] The Atlantic,[76] CNN[77] and Variety[78] also reviewed the series positively.

text: Some were more critical of the show. In a review for Time magazine, Daniel D'Addario wrote that it "will be compared to Downton Abbey, but that .. was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes. Foy struggles mightily, but she's given little...The Crown's Elizabeth is more than unknowable. She's a bore".[79] Vulture's Matt Zoller Seitz concluded, "The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic, much less bestow complexity on characters outside England's innermost circle."[80] Verne Gay of Newsday said, "Sumptuously produced but glacially told, The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside. The scenery keeps changing, but remains the same."[81] Slate magazine's Willa Paskin, commented: "It will scratch your period drama itch—and leave you itchy for action."[82] Writing for The Mail on Sunday, Hugo Vickers, an English biographer of the Royal Family, argued that "while [The Crown] certainly holds the attention, it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity."[83]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91% approval rating for the second season based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 8.45/10. The website's critical consensus read "The Crown continues its reign with a self-assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes."[84] On Metacritic, the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100, based on 27 critics, retaining the first season's indication of "universal acclaim".[85]

text: Foy and Smith both earned significant praise from critics. Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote "As always, Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance."[86] Reviewing the first episode, Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote that Foy and Smith have "seldom been better".[87] Hugo Rifkind of The Times said "While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going, for the rest of us it's getting better and better."[88]

text: Alison Keene of Collider said "each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story...It's another exceptionally strong season of television, full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur."[89] Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide argued that the public is attracted to the royals' celebrity and star power, and said: "The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham."[90] Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic that the portrayal of a monarch who "would rather be living any other life" is "riveting", and that it is "gorgeously shot, with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward. And it's surprisingly funny."[91]

text: The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said "The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex. Margaret, à la Ms. Kirby's interpretation, smolders, as does Elizabeth, at least on occasion."[92] Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote that the season "continues to romanticize the British royal family, but the romance comes from how they're normal, not divine".[93]

text: Less complimentary reviews saw the season criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first. John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail that despite being  "lavishly made" and "breathtaking", it "now leans toward a three-hanky weeper about marriage. It is less than it was, like the monarchy itself, and of interest to monarchy fans only."[94] Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added "Many of the season's wounds are self-inflicted" and that Prince Philip "still comes across as a whiny man-child".[95] Phil Owen of The Wrap described the season as "trashy" and saw dry comedy in Northam's portrayal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden:  "I'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy. There's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he's having a nervous breakdown in every scene."[96]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

The Crown

Won

[97]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

Nominated

[98]

Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow

Won

Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series

Jared Harris

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Best Main Title – TV Show/Digital Streaming Series

Hans Zimmer

Nominated

[99]

2017

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Won

[100]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Claire Foy

Won

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

John Lithgow

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Claire Foy, Clive Francis, Harry Hadden-Paton, Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, Daniel Ings, Billy Jenkins, Vanessa Kirby, John Lithgow, Lizzy McInnerny, Ben Miles, Jeremy Northam, Nicholas Rowe, Matt Smith, Pip Torrens, Harriet Walter

Nominated

[101]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow

Won

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Won

Art Directors Guild Awards

One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series

Martin Childs

Nominated

[102]

American Cinema Editors Awards

Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television

Yan Miles (for "Assassins")

Nominated

[103]

Satellite Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Won

[104]

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Jared Harris

Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards

Outstanding Period Television Series

Michele Clapton

Won

[105]

Dorian Awards

TV Drama of the Year

The Crown

Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Broadcasting Press Guild Awards

Best Online First/Streaming

The Crown

Won

[106][107]

Best Actor

Matt Smith

Nominated

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Writer

Peter Morgan

Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards

Best Editing

Úna Ní Dhonghaíle

Nominated

[108]

Location Managers Guild Awards

Outstanding Locations in Period Television

Pat Karam, Robert Bentley

Won

[109]

BAFTA Television Craft Awards

Best Costume Design

Michele Clapton

Won

[110][111]

Best Director: Fiction

Stephen Daldry

Nominated

Best Photography and Lightning: Fiction

Adriano Goldman

Nominated

Best Production Design

Martin Childs

Nominated

Best Special, Visual and Graphic Effects

Úna Ní Dhonghaíle, Molinare

Won

Best Title and Graphic Identity

Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks

Nominated

Best Writer: Drama

Peter Morgan

Nominated

BAFTA Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[112]

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

John Lithgow

Nominated

Jared Harris

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Vanessa Kirby

Nominated

Glamour Awards

Best UK TV Actress

Won

[113]

TCA Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[114]

Outstanding New Program

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Drama

Claire Foy

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Peter Morgan, Stephen Daldry, Andy Harries, Philip Martin, Suzanne Mackie, Matthew Byam-Shaw, Robert Fox, Tanya Seghatchian, and Andrew Eaton

Nominated

[115]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy (for "Assassins")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow (for "Assassins")

Won

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series

Stephen Daldry (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series

Peter Morgan (for "Assassins")

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Nina Gold, Robert Sterne

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)

Adriano Goldman (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Period/Fantasy Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Michele Clapton, Alex Fordham, Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell (for "Wolferton Splash")

Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series

Ivana Primorac, Amy Riley (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Main Title Design

Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks, Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han

Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series

Rupert Gregson-Williams (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program (One Hour or More)

Martin Childs, Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Won

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role

Ben Turner, Tom Debenham, Standish Millennas, Kim Phelan, Oliver Cubbage, Lionel Heath, Charlie Bennet, Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone (for "Windsor")

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series

Rupert Gregson-Williams

Nominated

[116]

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

The Crown

Won

[117]

2018

American Society of Cinematographers Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television

Adriano Goldman (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Won

[118]

Art Directors Guild Awards

One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series

Martin Childs (for "A Company of Men", "Beryl", "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Nominated

[119]

Cinema Audio Society Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series – One Hour

Chris Ashworth, Lee Walpole, Stuart Hilliker, Martin Jensen, Rory de Carteret, Philip Clements (for "Misadventure")

Nominated

[120]

Costume Designers Guild Awards

Excellence in Period Television Series

Jane Petrie

Won

[121]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[122]

Best Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards

Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[123]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[124]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Claire Foy

Nominated

Location Managers Guild Awards

Outstanding Locations in Period Television

Pat Karam and Robert Bentley

Nominated

[125]

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Claire Foy, Victoria Hamilton, Vanessa Kirby, Anton Lesser, Matt Smith

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Won

BAFTA Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[126]

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Vanessa Kirby

Won

BAFTA Television Craft Awards

Best Writer: Fiction

Peter Morgan

Nominated

[127]

Best Editing: Fiction

Pia di Ciaula

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Jane Petrie

Nominated

Best Production Design

Martin Childs, Alison Harvey

Nominated

Best Photography: Fiction

Adriano Goldman

Won

Best Special, Visual & Graphic Effects

Asa Shoul, Christopher Reynolds

Nominated

Best Sound: Fiction

Sound Team

Won

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Peter Morgan, Stephen Daldry, Andy Harries, Philip Martin, Suzanne Mackie, Matthew Byam-Shaw, Robert Fox, Andy Stebbing, and Martin Harrison

Pending

[5]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Matt Smith (for "Mystery Man")

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Vanessa Kirby (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series

Stephen Daldry (for "Paterfamilias")

Pending

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series

Peter Morgan (for "Mystery Man")

Pending

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Nina Gold and Robert Sterne

Pending

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)

Adriano Goldman (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Matthew Goode (for "Matrimonium")

Pending

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series

Ivana Primorac (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Period Costumes

Jane Petrie, Emily Newby, Basia Kuznar and Gaby Spanswick (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More)

Martin Childs, Mark Raggett and Alison Harvey (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role

Ben Turner, Standish Millennas, Alison Griffiths, Matthew Bristowe, Iacopo Di Luigi, Garrett Honn, Charlie Bennett, Jenny Gauci and Carmine Agnone (for "Misadventure")

Pending


document_title: School of American Ballet

question_text: who started the school of american ballet and the new york city ballet

root

text: School of American Ballet

text: History[edit]

text: The school was founded by the renowned Russo-Georgian-born choreographer George Balanchine, and philanthropists Lincoln Kirstein and Edward Warburg in 1934.[1] Balanchine's self- prescribed edict, "But first, a school", is indicative of his adherence to the ideals of the training that was fostered by the Imperial Ballet School where he received his training. He realized that most great dance companies were fed by an academy closely associated with it. This practice afforded scores of dancers, well versed in the specifics of his technique and choreographic style. Among the teachers there were many Russian emigres who fled the Russian Revolution: Pierre Vladimiroff, Felia Doubrovska,[2] Anatole Oboukhoff, Hélène Dudin, Ludmilla Schollar, Antonina Tumkovsky, and Alexandra Danilova. Their intention was to establish a major classical ballet company in America, which would lead to the formation of today's New York City Ballet. The school was formed to train and feed dancers into the company. It opened at 637 Madison Avenue with 32 students on January 2, 1934, and the students first performed that June.[3][4] Seventy-five years later, the School was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama.[5]

tag: p

text: Program[edit]

text: Students are chosen through audition. Children's division auditions for the 2007-08 school year included six-year-olds for the first time; previously, the youngest students were required to turn eight in the year they began their studies. Children in the younger divisions are able to perform in various ballets with the company including George Balanchine's famous The Nutcracker, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Peter Martins's Swan Lake, and The Sleeping Beauty. The most advanced students perform in a workshop at the end of each year where the heads of many prestigious ballet companies choose several of them to join their companies, including New York City Ballet. This started in 1965, when Alexandra Danilova sought and received approval from Balanchine to produce a spring workshop performance for the students. These workshops have become an important preview for many outstanding dancers.[6]

text: The school also hosts a summer program, where it selects about 200 dance students from across the country to train for five weeks. This summer program is one of the most selective ballet summer programs in the country. During the summer program, students are divided into six girls' classes and two boys' classes:

text: Girls' classes:

text:
first division through fifth
B1
B2
C1
C2
D

tag: ul

text: Boys' classes:

text:
boys one through four (boys stay in the same level for two years before moving to the next)
intermediate men
advanced men
second advanced men

text: A small group of students from the summer program may be invited to enroll in SAB's winter term.

text: Faculty[edit]

text: As of June 2016, the faculty of School of American Ballet includes Peter Martins (artistic director/chairman of faculty), Kay Mazzo (co-chairman of faculty), Susan Pilarre, Suki Schorer, Sheryl Ware, Arch Higgins, Katrina Killian, Darci Kistler, Andrei Kramarevsky, Dena Abergel, Lisa de Ribere, Andrew Scordato, Allen Peiffer, Jock Soto, and Jonathan Stafford .

text: Alumni[edit]

text: According to SAB, alumni of the School of American Ballet make up over 90% of New York City Ballet, all but two of the company at present.[when?][7][8] Some alumni include Maria Tallchief, Tanaquil LeClercq, Jacques d'Amboise, Debra Austin, Jillana, Allegra Kent, Arthur Mitchell, Patricia McBride, Edward Villella, Suzanne Farrell, Kay Mazzo, Kathryn Morgan, Garielle Whittle, Helgi Tomasson, Fernando Bujones, Gelsey Kirkland, Heather Watts, Merrill Ashley, Jock Soto, Peter Boal, Victoria Rowell, Kyra Nichols, Darci Kistler, Patrick Bissell, Damian Woetzel, Ethan Stiefel, Wendy Whelan, Alan Bergman and Paloma Herrera as well as celebrities Sean Young, Ashlee Simpson, Macaulay Culkin, Lawrence Leritz, Vanessa Carlton, Megan Mullally, Alex Westerman, Ivanka Trump, and Madeleine Martin.

text: Mae L. Wien Awards[edit]

text: Lawrence A. Wien, his daughters and their families founded the Mae L. Wien Awards in their mother's name. SAB students are chosen each year on the basis of their outstanding promise and a faculty member is honored for distinguished service. New York City Ballet chief balletmaster Peter Martins may give a third award to a young choreographer at his discretion.


document_title: List of countries by barley production

question_text: country that has the highest in barley production

text: List of countries by barley production

text: This is a list of countries by barley production in 2013 based on Food and Agriculture Organization database.

text: Production by country >1,000,000 tonnes[edit]

text:
Rank
Country/Region
Barley production
(tonnes)[1]

1
 Russia
15,388,704

2
 Germany
10,343,600

3
 France
10,315,900

4
 Canada
10,237,100

5
 Spain
10,057,600

6
 Turkey
7,900,000

7
 Ukraine
7,561,650

8
 Australia
7,471,592

9
 United Kingdom
7,092,000

10
 Argentina
4,705,160

11
 United States
4,682,735

12
 Denmark
3,949,900

13
 Iran
3,200,000

14
 Poland
2,920,400

15
 Morocco
2,722,621

16
 Kazakhstan
2,539,030

17
 People's Republic of China
2,300,000

18
 Sweden
1,940,100

19
 Ethiopia
1,932,818

20
 Finland
1,904,200

21
 Algeria
1,750,000

22
 India
1,750,000

23
 Belarus
1,673,695

24
 Ireland
1,663,000

25
 Czech Republic
1,593,760

26
 Romania
1,542,247

27
 Hungary
1,071,100

-
World total
144,755,038

tag: table


document_title: Adaptation to extrauterine life

question_text: when do babies start breathing on their own

text: Adaptation to extrauterine life

text: Breathing and circulation[edit]

text: Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn. At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with lung liquid, which is distinct from amniotic fluid.[1] When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal, its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment.[2] This triggers it to take the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery.[2] With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange. Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle, and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries. Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow. As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes. These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed, from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the foramen ovale. The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt.

text: All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern. During this transition, some types of congenital heart disease that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs.

text: It is common obstetric practice to intervene in these changes by applying a clamp to the umbilical cord, often within 20 seconds of birth, before transition has taken place. However delayed clamping (>1min) may have benefits in terms of iron status.[3]

text:
Following birth, the expression and re-uptake of surfactant, which begins to be produced by the fetus at 20 weeks gestation, is accelerated. Expression of surfactant into the alveoli is necessary to prevent alveolar closure (atelectasis). At this point, rhythmic breathing movements also commence. If there are any problems with breathing, management can include stimulation, bag and mask ventilation, intubation and ventilation. Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems.
Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to treat apnea in premature newborns. A positive airway pressure should be maintained, and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out.

text: Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.

text: Energy metabolism[edit]

text: Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding. While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy, it can use lactate, free-fatty acids, and ketone bodies under some conditions. Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis.

text: Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy, and storage is completed in the third trimester. Glycogen stores are maximal at term, but even then, the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8–10 hours, which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high. Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy, which requires integration, and is normal at 2–4 days of life.

text: Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy. At 27 weeks gestation, only 1% of a fetus' body weight is fat. At 40 weeks, that number increases to 16%. Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or other problems. Similarly, excess substrate can lead to problems, such as infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), hypothermia or neonatal sepsis.

text:
Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism.
For example, early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia.
If the blood glucose is still low, then an intravenous (IV) bolus of glucose may be delivered, with continuous infusion if necessary. Rarely, steroids or glucagon may have to be employed.

text: Temperature regulation[edit]

text:
Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world.
They are naked, wet, and have a large surface-area-to-mass ratio, with variable amounts of insulation, limited metabolic reserves, and a decreased ability to shiver. Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction (decrease blood flow to the skin), maintaining the fetal position (decrease the surface area exposed to the environment), jittery large muscle activity (generate muscular heat), and "non-shivering thermogenesis". The latter occurs in "brown fat" which is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat. The newborn capacity to maintain these mechanisms is limited, especially in premature infants. As such, it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature.
As early as the 1880s, infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth, with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s.

text: Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5 °C), humidity, heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers while the use of skin-to-skin "kangaroo care" interventions for low-birth-weight infants have started to spread worldwide after its use as a solution in developing countries.[4]


document_title: Pretty Little Liars

question_text: where is the tv show pretty little liars filmed

text: Pretty Little Liars

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania (not far from Philadelphia), the series follows the lives of five girls: Spencer Hastings, Alison DiLaurentis, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin and Emily Fields, whose clique falls apart after the leader of the group, Alison, goes missing. One year later, the remaining estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious villain named "A" or "A.D.", who threatens and tortures them for the mistakes they have made before and after Alison was alive. At first, they think it is Alison herself, but after her body is found, the girls realize that someone else is planning on ruining their lives.[2]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Viewers
(in millions)
Adults
(18-49)

1
22
June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08)
March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
2.87
1.0

2
25
June 14, 2011 (2011-06-14)
March 19, 2012 (2012-03-19)
2.68
1.0

3
24
June 5, 2012 (2012-06-05)
March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19)
2.59[3]
1.1[3]

4
24
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
2.53[4]
1.1[4]

5
25
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
2.01[5]
0.9[5]

6
20
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
1.72[6]
0.8[6]

7
20
June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.11[7]
0.6[7]

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea was described as "Desperate Housewives for teens."[8] Alloy met with author Shepard, and gave her the property to develop into a book series.[8] With Alloy and Warner Horizon Television interested in producing Pretty Little Liars as a television series for years, it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer until the network shut down in early 2006 and reestablished as The CW later that year.[9] The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006.[10] In June 2008, Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family,[8] with the novels adapted for television.[9] After the pilot was shot in Vancouver, filming for the rest of the series moved to Los Angeles.[11][12] The series was primarily filmed at the Warner Bros. studio and backlot in the city of Burbank, near Los Angeles.[13] In June 2012, the series was selected by lottery for a California film and TV tax credit.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009.[9] Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project, followed by Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz in November 2009.[15] In December 2009, The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields, as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin, Nia Peeples as Pam Fields, Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin, and Bianca Lawson as Maya.[16][17] Mitchell had initially auditioned for the role of Spencer and then tried for Emily.[18] The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot.[17] The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings, also mentioning the casting of Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal.[19] On January 27, 2010, ABC Family picked up the series for 10 episodes, set to premiere in June 2010.[2] In April 2010, the role of Aria's father Byron was recast with Chad Lowe,[20] and Holly Marie Combs was cast as Aria's mother Ella. Jenna Marshall is played by Tammin Sursok.[21]

text: On January 7, 2011, Tilky Jones was cast as Logan Reed.[22] On April 8, 2011, Annabeth Gish was cast for the role of Anne Sullivan, a therapist who tries to find out the characters' secrets.[23] On May 23, 2011, Andrea Parker signed up to appear as Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison's mother.[24] On June 29, 2011, it was announced that Natalie Hall would be replacing Natalie Floyd as Hanna's soon-to-be stepsister, Kate.[25] On January 30, 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Tyler Blackburn had been promoted to series regular for the third season.[26] In March 2012, Janel Parrish was also promoted from recurring to series regular for the third season.[27] On March 16, 2016, TVLine reported that Andrea Parker was added as a series regular for the seventh season.[28]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family, including "spicy promos and hot posters".[29] ABC Family encouraged fans to host a "Pretty Little Premiere Party" for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit,[30] and selected applicants to become part of an interactive "Secret Keeper Game" played with iPhones provided by the network.[31] The show's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features, including a "Pretty Little Lie Detector".[32] Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window.[33]

text: A tie-in edition featuring the Season 1 poster and logo of the 2006 first novel in the Pretty Little Liars series was released on the date of the show's premiere,[34] as was the final book of the original book series, "Wanted".[35] "Wanted" later decidedly became the eighth book of the series, as Shepard later confirmed she would extend the series. A TV tie in of the second book "Flawless" featuring an altered Season 3 poster was released on December 28, 2010.

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for Pretty Little Liars is "Secret" by The Pierces, which was suggested by one of the show's stars, Ashley Benson.[36] The pilot episode featured music from artists such as The Fray, Ben's Brother, MoZella, Orelia, and Colbie Caillat.[37] The show has also featured music from Passion Pit, Lady Gaga, Pink, Florence and the Machine, Lykke Li, Selena Gomez & the Scene, McFly and Rachel Platten. Music from Katie Herzig can be heard multiple times throughout the show. A few songs being "Hey Na Na" and "Where the Road Meets the Sun". Madi Diaz has been heard on the show with her song "Heavy Heart", as well as Joy Williams with "Charmed Life" and Foreign Slippers with "What Are You Waiting For?". The last episode of season one featured a song by Alexz Johnson that she originally recorded for the soundtrack of the Canadian hit TV show Instant Star. On June 14, 2011, "Jar of Hearts" by Christina Perri was featured in the first episode of the second season. The song "Follow Suit" by Trent Dabbs has also been featured on the show. In the episode "The Perfect Storm", Lucy Hale sings a cover of the song "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" by British band Fairport Convention. The official soundtrack was released on February 15, 2011.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Troian Bellisario portrays Spencer Hastings, one of the five Liars. Bellisario also portrays Alex Drake, Spencer's identical twin sister. Spencer is an extreme perfectionist who likes to please her wealthy family and her friends. She is very competitive and an overachiever. Spencer is strong willed, smart, and kind towards everyone around her, but isn't afraid to take down someone who is a threat to something she cares about. She was in a relationship with Toby Cavanaugh (Keegan Allen) for most of the first six and a half seasons. Toby later joins the Rosewood Police Force to protect Spencer. Tired of being the victim, Spencer was a brief member of the "A" team after she thinks that she finds Toby in the woods killed by "A", but finds out from Mona that he is still alive and the only way to get to him is to become part of the team. She then learns that the only reason Toby joined the "A" team was to protect her. After the five year jump, Spencer dates Caleb Rivers (Tyler Blackburn) and lives in Washington, D.C. She returns home after the death of Charlotte Drake but ends up staying due to her mother running for the state senate. In the season 7 mid-season finale, it is revealed that she is the biological child of Mary Drake. After the one year time jump, it is shown she has continued with politics and is a paralegal at her mothers law firm. It is revealed that she had a twin sister, Alex Drake, who grew up in London, that became A.D to avenge Charlotte's death.
Ashley Benson portrays Hanna Marin, one of the five Liars. Hanna used to have an eating disorder. She was overweight, with the nickname 'Hefty Hanna'. After Alison DiLaurentis disappeared, Hanna lost weight and changed her style, which seemed similar to Ali's, with the help of her new best friend Mona Vanderwaal. Over the course of the series, Hanna cares more about the people around her and tries to protect herself and her friends. She is loyal and strong. She has had few love affairs through the series and was in a relationship with Caleb Rivers. After the time jump, Hanna was engaged to Jordan and working in the fashion industry, but has moved back to Rosewood and is married to Caleb. In the series finale, it is revealed that she is pregnant.
Holly Marie Combs portrays Ella Montgomery, the mother of Aria and Mike, as well as the wife of Byron.
Lucy Hale portrays Aria Montgomery, one of the five Liars. Aria is the artsy chameleon who is very intelligent, caring, and has a good sense of style. She's the one who keeps her family together. Aria spent some time as a "goth". She wore black, punk-like clothing and had pink highlights in her hair. After Alison disappeared, Aria and her family moved to Iceland for a year (because of Alison's disappearance), before returning to Rosewood. When Aria and her family moved back to Rosewood, she was no longer a "goth" as she used to be, she was a girly-girl. Aria had a relationship with her English teacher, Ezra Fitz (Ian Harding) from the very first episode of the entire show, but they decided to end their relationship before Aria went to college. After the time jump, Aria dates her co-worker, Liam, and then breaks up with him after she and Ezra start dating again. Ezra then proposes to her and they get engaged. Later, Aria joins the A-Team, after being blackmailed by Uber A. In the season finale, it is revealed that she is infertile which leads her to believe that she would never be able to marry Ezra however at the end of the episode she and Ezra are married
Ian Harding portrays Ezra Fitz, a former English teacher at Rosewood High who begins a relationship with Aria which causes a lot of tension due to her being his student. However they keep a steady relationship until season 4 when it is revealed that he is writing a book about the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis which causes Aria to break up with him. It is also revealed that he had a very brief relationship with Alison before she disappeared after she met him in bar near Hollis with Charlotte Drake. After the time jump, Ezra is in a very bad place due to his girlfriend Nicole being kidnapped and killed in Nicaragua while they were there doing charity work. He is writing a book about his experience which is being published through the company Aria is currently working at which causes them to rekindle their old friendship. In the season 6 finale, they have sex which causes them to talk about their relationship and Ezra proposes to Aria which after some hesitation and a confession about the death of Archer Dunhill, she accepts. They are married in the series finale.
Bianca Lawson portrays Maya St. Germain, a new girl who moves into Rosewood and develops a relationship with Emily, becoming her first girlfriend. She moves into Alison's old house which causes tension with the girls at first but they quickly begin to like her. She is killed in the season 2 finale by Lyndon James who was her stalker from a rehabilitation camp which she was sent to when Pam discovers weed in her bag. Lyndon disguises himself as her cousin who tries to get close to Emily so that he can kill her out of jealousy however, he is killed by Emily stabbing him in mid-season 3.
Laura Leighton portrays Ashley Marin, the mother of Hanna. In the first season she is working as a member of the bank until she is arrested as the suspected murderer of Darren Wilden. She is released when Mona takes the blame for murder and Pastor Ted posts her bail. She then begins working for Mrs DiLaurentis until her death when she chooses to leave as Jason takes over which causes tension due to their past relationship. After the 5 year time jump, she has now turned Radley into a fancy hotel and is working as the manager.
Chad Lowe portrays Byron Montgomery, the father of Aria and Mike, as well as the husband of Ella. He is the center of one of the first story lines due to him having an affair with one of his students at Hollis causing all sorts of issues with his family. Due to this, him and Ella get a divorced but later remarry in season 6 with Aria as their officiator. Chad Lowe was the first cast member to direct an episode of Pretty Little Liars, followed by Troian Bellisario.
Shay Mitchell portrays Emily Fields, one of the five Liars. Emily is the sporty one in the group. She is the best swimmer on the swim team, and she's very sweet and loyal. Emily is a shy, kind, closeted lesbian, in love with Alison DiLaurentis. Over the course of the series, Emily came out to her parents that she was in a relationship with Maya St. Germain. After Maya's murder, Emily develops a relationship with Paige McCullers in season 3. They're together for a while, until Paige betrays Emily's trust. After the time jump, Emily has dropped out of the university she attended in California after the death of her father and she came back to Rosewood with a secret. She ends up donating her eggs in season 6 to help 2 start a family. As of The DArkest Knight she is now working at Rosewood High School as the swim coach. In Season 7, it is revealed that Alison is pregnant with Emily's baby after A.D stole Emily's eggs after she donated them and impregnated Alison while she was in Welby. Emily confronts Ali about the baby and she agrees to have it for her. Soon after, Alison confesses her feelings for Emily and the 2 enter a relationship. In the series finale, Emily and Ali are raising twin girls, Lily and Grace. Alison proposes to Emily who accepts.
Sasha Pieterse portrays Alison DiLaurentis, one of the five Liars and the former "Queen Bee" of her clique, and the most popular girl in school before her disappearance. She enjoys using people's deepest secrets against them to keep them in line. Charming and manipulative, Alison managed to manipulate all four of her friends in one way or another and is skilled at finding ways to blackmail others. It was later revealed that Alison is alive and was on the run from "A". After the five-year time jump, Alison marries a man posing as Dr. Elliott Rollins, who was her sister Charlotte's psychiatrist. In the beginning of Season 7, Alison finds out that he is not the "good" man that she thought she married and with the help of the other girls, they manage to kill him before he kills them. Alison is now an English teacher at Rosewood High. It is also revealed in season 7 that she is pregnant with Emily's baby. Shortly after, she admits to being in love with Emily and enters a relationship with her and intends to raise the baby with her.In the series finale, she is raising twin girls, Lily and Grace, later on in the episode she proposes to Emily.
Tyler Blackburn portrays Caleb Rivers, the high school boyfriend and later husband of Hanna Marin, and a professional hacker. It is revealed in season 1 that he was in the foster care system and slept in school or public places the majority of the time to avoid staying with his foster family. For a brief time he moves into Hanna's basement before moving in with Lucas. He also reconnects with his biological parents. He departs the show mid-season 4 to go to Ravenswood, which was a sister spin-off show of Pretty Little Liars. He returns in the 100th episode with a haunting secret which causes tension between him and Hanna. They both begin drinking, him to forget Ravenswood, her coping with Alison's return to Rosewood. After the time jump, it is revealed that he and Hanna broke up due to them working too much and he begins dating Spencer causing a love triangle between the three of them. In the mid-season 7 finale, he confesses his feeling for Hanna leading to them having sex prompting them to get back together. In "Choose or Loose", they elope in the courthouse and in the finale, Hanna announces she's pregnant.
Janel Parrish portrays Mona Vanderwaal, the original and first "A". She is the person who stalked Alison before her disappearance, and did this as revenge for Alison crowning her "Rosewood's biggest loser". After Alison disappeared she became best friends with Hanna Marin and they transformed themselves into the most popular girls at school, taking Alison's place. In the season two finale she is exposed as "A" and sent to Radley Sanitarium, where she is visited by CeCe Drake (Charlotte), who takes Mona's place in the "A" game. In Season 3, she continues working as "A" and by the end of the season is kicked off the "A" team and becomes a victim of "A" along with the other girls. In Season 4 she helps the girls out with their investigations of the new "A". In season 5 she creates an army so as not to be intimidated by Alison's return. Later in the season, she fakes her own death to ferret out "A" but is kidnapped by "A" and imprisoned in "A"'s dollhouse. After the time jump, Mona is working for Veronica Hastings' rival for State Senator, and is revealed to be Charlotte Drake's killer.
Andrea Parker portrays Jessica DiLaurentis / Mary Drake, twin sisters. Jessica is the mother to Alison and Jason, while Mary is revealed to be the mother of Charlotte and Spencer. Mary was admitted to Radley Sanitarium for most of her life, but has now returned to Rosewood. During the fourth season, Mary kills Jessica and attempts to frame Peter Hastings for it. However, this is not revealed until season 7. She comes back to Rosewood later, now allied with Archer Dunhill. In the nineteenth episode of season 7, she takes the blame for the death of Archer Dunhill so the Liars won't have to go to prison. In the season finale, it revealed that she escaped prison with the help of Mona so that she could ally with Alex Drake, her other biological daughter, Spencer's twin sister who is revealed as A.D

text: Setting[edit]

text: Rosewood[edit]

text: Rosewood is a fictional town in the United States state of Pennsylvania. It is the principal setting of the series and the books. The Liars live in this town along with most of the other characters. It contains many principal locations: the police station, the Rosewood High School, the church, the Rosewood Shopping Center, Hollis College, the Rosewood Community Hospital, the Rosewood movie theater, the mausoleum, the dental office, the Ophthalmology Cabinet, and the Rosewood Court.

text: Virtually all these locations are actually exteriors on the backlot of the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank. Interior scenes are filmed separately on nearby soundstages. For example, different sides of the same building on the backlot are used for the entrances of the Rosewood police station and high school.

text: Secondary locations[edit]

text: Real towns: New York City, Cape May, Philadelphia, London, Hilton Head Island and Brookhaven

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars premiered on June 8, 2010 in the United States, becoming ABC Family's highest-rated series debut on record across the network's target demographics.[38] It ranked number one in key 12–34 demos and teens, becoming the number-one scripted show in Women 18–34, and Women 18–49. The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers, which generated 2.47 million unique viewers, and was ABC Family's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager.

text: The second episode retained 100% of its premiere audience with 2.48 million viewers, despite the usual downward trend following a premiere of a show, and built on its premiere audience. It was the dominant number one of its time slot in Adults 18–49, and the number one show in female teens.[39] Subsequent episodes fluctuated between 2.09 and 2.74 million viewers.[40][41] The August 10, 2010 "Summer Finale" episode drew an impressive 3.07 million viewers.

text: On June 28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22.[42] On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, Pretty Little Liars was basic cable's top scripted series in women aged 18–34 and viewers 12–34.[43][44] The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8/7c, beginning on January 2, 2012.[45]

text: On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes.[46][47] On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season, again comprising 24 episodes. The second half of the third season began airing on January 8, 2013 and finished March 19, 2013. Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11, 2013. On March 25, 2013, it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled Ravenswood would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013.[48] The second half of season four premiered on January 7, 2014.[49] It was announced on June 10, 2014 that Pretty Little Liars was renewed for two seasons, making the show ABC Family's longest running original hit series.[50] On August 29, 2016, I.Marlene King announced that Pretty Little Liars would be ending after the seventh season had aired. The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season, in April instead of January.[51]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Pretty Little Liars opened with mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100, based upon 14 critical reviews.[52] The New York Daily News gave the show a positive review, commenting that it "makes most popular vampire romances look anemic", while concluding, "Pretty Little Liars could go in several directions, including mundane teen clichés. It's got an equally good shot at making us care about these imperfect pretty girls."[53] A writer on Terror Hook has stated that " 'Pretty Little Liars' gets off to a very promising start. Great production all around, the writing keeps the viewer on their toes, and the acting just reinforces it. The overall mystery of the show in the end is dark and unpredictable, even stepping into the slasher film realm."[54] The New York Post gave the show three out of five stars, stating, "OK, so we've established that there is no socially redeeming value in this series and that your kids shouldn't watch it if they are too young and impressionable. But if you can distract them enough to miss the first 15 minutes, the show isn't half-bad. Actually, it is half-good, if that makes sense."[55] The Los Angeles Times wrote that the series is "one of those shows that manages to mildly, and perhaps unintentionally, spoof its genre while fully participating in it, and that's not a bad thing at all."[56]

text: Entertainment Weekly had a less favorable review, giving the show a letter grade of "D−", saying, "Imagine the pitch for Liars: It's I Know What You Did Last Summer meets Gossip Girl, but like not so subtle." It went on to say that the plot "hits every racy teen entertainment mark so hard (everyone's hair is so full—of secrets!) that it feels like the only thing missing is a visit from the ghosts of Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze, Jr."[57] The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to those on The CW and noted, "Sure, there's a lot here that sustains more eye-rolling than interested stares, but a little patience might be warranted."[58]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Since the series premiere, Pretty Little Liars has remained popular. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that the show's "popularity is tilted toward women more than any other show in the data — over 94 percent of 'likes' come from women".[59]

text: The series earned its highest rated episode with 4.20 million total viewers, ranking among ABC Family's top 5 telecasts in adult viewers 18–34, total viewers and women viewers.[60] The highest rated episodes include season one's finale, with 3.64 million, and season two's premiere and finale episodes, each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers.[61][62][63] The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family, maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers.

text:
Ratings table

Season
Network
Episodes
Timeslot
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Viewers
(in millions)
Most watched episode

Premiere date
Viewers
(million)
Finale date
Viewers
(million)
Title
Viewers
(millions)

Season 1
ABC Family
22
Tuesdays 8:00 pm (first set)
Mondays 8:00 pm (second set)
June 8, 2010
2.47[64]
March 21, 2011
3.64[61]
2010–11
2.87
"Moments Later"
4.20[65]

Season 2
25
June 14, 2011
3.68[62]
March 19, 2012
3.69[63]
2011–12
2.68
"unmAsked"
3.69[63]

Season 3
24
Tuesdays 8:00 p.m.
June 5, 2012
2.93[66]
March 19, 2013
2.87[67]
2012–13
2.59[68]
"She's Better Now"
3.21[69]

Season 4
24
June 11, 2013
2.97[70]
March 18, 2014
3.12[71]
2013–14
2.53[72]
"Now You See Me, Now You Don't"
3.33[73]

Season 5
25
June 10, 2014
2.72[74]
March 24, 2015
2.65[75]
2014–15
2.01[76]
"EscApe From New York"
2.72[77]

Season 6
ABC Family (2015)

Freeform (2016)
20
June 2, 2015
2.38[78]
March 15, 2016
1.19[79]
2015–16
1.72[80]
"Game Over, Charles"
3.09[81]

Season 7
Freeform
20
June 21, 2016
1.43[82]
June 27, 2017
1.41[83]
2016–17
1.11[7]
"Tick-Tock, Bitches"
1.43[84]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

2010

Teen Choice Awards[91]
Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Ian Harding
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

2011

NewNowNext Awards[92]
TV You Betta Watch
Pretty Little Liars
Won

People's Choice Awards[93]
Favorite TV Obsession
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards[94]
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

Young Hollywood Awards[95]
Cast To Watch
Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell
Won

Teen Choice Awards[96]
Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Ian Harding
Won

Keegan Allen
Nominated

Banff Television Festival
Best Continuing Series
I. Marlene King, Lesli Linka Glatter and Lisa Cochran-Neilan
Won

Capricho Awards (pt)[97]
Best TV Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Best International Actress
Lucy Hale
Nominated

Best International Actor
Ian Harding
Nominated

2012
People's Choice Awards[98]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

GLAAD Media Awards[99]
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

TV Guide Awards[100]
Favorite Guilty Pleasure
Nominated

Capricho Awards (pt)[101]
Best TV Series
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[102]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Won

Choice TV Actor
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Troian Bellisario
Won

2013
People's Choice Awards[103]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite TV Fan Following
Little Liars
Nominated

Gracie Awards[104]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Rising Star
Lucy Hale
Won

TV Guide Awards[105]
Favorite Ensemble
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite Villain
Janel Parrish and Keegan Allen
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[106]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice Summer TV Show
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Keegan Allen
Won

Capricho Awards (pt)[107]
Best TV Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Best International Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

2014
People's Choice Awards[108][109]
Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Won

GLAAD Media Awards[110]
Outstanding Drama Series
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

40th Saturn Awards[111]
Best Youth-Oriented Television Series
Nominated

Young Hollywood Awards
Bingeworthy TV series
Nominated

Best Cast Chemistry — TV
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[112]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Lucy Hale
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Ashley Benson
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice TV Breakout Star: Female
Sasha Pieterse
Won

Candie's Choice Style Icon
Ashley Benson
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Awards[113]
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated

41st Saturn Awards[114]
Best Youth-Oriented Television Series
Nominated

MTV Fandom Awards
Feels Freak Out Of The Year
Won

Ship Of The Year
Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Lucy Hale
Won

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star: Male
Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice Summer TV Star: Female
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Won

Choice TV Scene Stealer
Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
"A" (Vanessa Ray)
Won

2016

People's Choice Awards[115]

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Won

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Keegan Allen
Nominated

Tyler Blackburn
Nominated

Ian Harding
Won

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Won

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice TV Scene Stealer
Sasha Pieterse
Won

Choice TV Chemistry
Ashley Benson and Tyler Blackburn
Won

Choice Summer TV Actress
Lucy Hale
Nominated

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

2017
People's Choice Awards[116]
Favorite Cable TV Actress
Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Nominated

Favorite Cable TV Drama
Pretty Little Liars
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Show Of The Year
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Drama
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Troian Bellisario
Nominated

Ashley Benson
Nominated

Lucy Hale
Won

Shay Mitchell
Nominated

Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Ian Harding
Nominated

Choice TV Villain
Janel Parrish
Won

Choice TV Ship
Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse
Nominated

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD release dates for Pretty Little Liars

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete First Season
June 7, 2011
September 24, 2012[117]
November 2, 2011[118]
22

Pretty Little Liars: Two Truths and a Lie—Discover some fun facts and fictional fallacies about the cast of Pretty Little Liars.
It All Started with a Little Lie: Making Pretty Little Liars—Discover how the pages and characters of Sara Shepard's novel became this can't miss TV series
Little Secrets from the Set—Catch up with the cast and crew of summer's hottest show as they bring us several juicy behind-the-scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set
Deleted Scenes and extras

The Complete Second Season
June 5, 2012[119]
November 11, 2013[120]
September 5, 2012[121]
25

Fashion's Guilty Pleasure: Check out Aria's edgy bohemian looks, Hanna's rock 'n' roll glamour, Emily's laid back sporty style and Spencer's prepster perfection
Men of Mystery: Brooding brows, soulful smiles and mysterious minds... get ready for the heart-melting guys of Rosewood
Deleted scenes and extras

The Complete Third Season
June 4, 2013
April 21, 2014[122]
June 19, 2013[123]
24

Featurette: "The 'A' Network"
The Lady Killer episode alternate endings
Bonus Webisodes
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Fourth Season
June 3, 2014
September 29, 2014[124]
July 9, 2014[125]
24

Featurette: "Unhooding Red Coat: Alison Is Alive!"
Featurette: "Confessions of 'A' Liar"
Featurette: "Pretty Little Scenes"
Bonus Recap Episode
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Fifth Season
June 2, 2015
July 15, 2015[126]
June 19, 2015
25

Featurette: "Good Girls, Bad Lies: The Stronger PLLs"
Featurette: "Pretty Little Liars: The Guys Are Back!"
Featurette: "Celebrating a Pretty 100th"
Featurette: "Christmas in Rosewood: Designing the Ice Ball"
We Love You to Death: Fan Appreciation Episode
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Sixth Season
April 19, 2016[127]
April 18, 2016[128]
April 22, 2016
20

Featurette: "We Heart the PLL Ships"
Featurette: "A PLL Prom"
Featurette: "Inside the 5 Years"
Featurette: "A Homecoming: The PLLs Return"
Pretty Little Liars: 5 Years Forward
Deleted Scenes

The Seventh and Final Season
July 25, 2017[129]
TBA
TBA
20

Featurette: "Inside the PLL Sheets"
Featurette: "That PLL Boy Is Mine"
Featurette: "A PLL Proposal"
Featurette: "A Surprising Mary Drake"
Featurette: "Hot for Haleb"
Featurette: "Say I Do"
Featurette: "The Final Sendoff from Rosewood"
Featurette: "A.D.: The Ultimate Suspect"
Featurette: "Thank You to Fans"
Pretty Little Liars: A-List Wrap Party (Special Episode)
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Series
July 25, 2017[129]
TBA
TBA
160

All previously released special features on all seven seasons.


document_title: Run (Foo Fighters song)

question_text: who is the old guy in foo fighters run video

text: Run (Foo Fighters song)

text: Background[edit]

text: The song had first been played live in February 2017.[3] The studio version of the song was released as a single on June 1, 2017,[5][3][6] making it the band's first single since "Saint Cecilia" in 2015.[7][8] Many music journalists noted the song was expected, but not confirmed, to be off of the band's upcoming ninth studio album, Concrete and Gold.[9][10] The single was a surprise release, without any prior indication being made of its existence, other than the band's vague allusions to working on music over the course of 2017.[11][12] Seven weeks after its initial release, the song topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart[13], the seventh song from the band to do so.[14]

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video for the song was released on the same day.[10] The video features the band performing the song in a nursing home (abandoned St Luke's Hospital in Pasadena, CA), in make-up making them appear as elderly versions of themselves, and end up inciting a riot amongst other patients and orderlies.[10][6] Multiple outlets, including Billboard and People magazines, felt the music video was an homage to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,[3][9] while Team Rock noted its additional similarity to the film Cocoon.[15] The video ends with a brief choreographed dance routine,[16] noted by Variety and ABC News as being similar to the routine done in Michael Jackson's video for the song "Thriller".[17][2] The video was directed by band frontman Dave Grohl.[8] The old age makeups were designed by Tony Gardner, and created by Alterian, Inc. The video was inspired by drummer Taylor Hawkins lamenting having to do promotional work for the song and album cycle while the band was beginning to look older; when Grohl told him that "it doesn't really matter", Hawkins proposed taking it in the opposite direction, and purposefully making themselves look older, inspiring Grohl to write up a treatment for the video.[18]

text: Composition and themes[edit]

text: The song is approximately five-and-a-half minutes long, and features a 40-second intro with just soft guitar notes and mellow vocals by Grohl.[19] After the intro, the song erupts into a hard rock sound, featuring heavy, distorted guitar riffs, thunderous drums, and alternating melodically sung and screamed vocals by Grohl.[3][1][9] The song features breakdowns similar to that found in heavy metal and noise rock music.[19][17] A number of outlets described the song as one of the heaviest rock songs the band has ever released.[3][20] Lyrically, the line "Wake up/run for your life with me" is urgently repeated through the song by Grohl.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The song was generally well-received upon release, with many journalists praising the band for maintaining their high-energy rock sound with the song, while being over twenty years into their career.[21][10] People praised the song for being "a return to full-speed-ahead rock. Like the best of Foo Fighters, it's hard and occasionally hilarious."[9] Similarly, NPR praised the song for being "an enjoyably ludicrous bit of viral silliness" and concluded "'Run' itself is no joke: Eight (and perhaps soon to be nine) albums into his Foo Fighters career, Grohl still wails with the infectiously unhinged force of a kid a third his age."[10]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Dave Grohl – lead vocals, guitar
Chris Shiflett – guitar
Pat Smear – guitar
Nate Mendel – bass
Taylor Hawkins – drums
Rami Jaffee – keyboards

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[22]
53

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[23]
9

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[24]
76

Canada Rock (Billboard)[25]
5

Finland Download (Latauslista)[26]
11

Finnish Airplay (Radiosoittolista)[26]
60

France (SNEP)[27]
106

Hungary (Single Top 40)[28]
10

Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[29]
28

Netherlands Single Tip (MegaCharts)[30]
23

New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)[31]
2

Poland (LP3)[32]
9

Portugal (AFP)[33]
85

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[34]
34

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[35]
41

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[36]
79

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37]
64

UK Download (Official Charts Company)[38]
33

UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[39]
1

US Digital Songs (Billboard)[40]
43

US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[41]
6

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[42]
7

US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[43]
1

US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[44]
3