document_title: Nagaland

question_text: nagaland was formed in 1963. which state was it a part of earlier

question_tokens: nagaland was formed in 1963 . which state was it a part of earlier

text: Nagaland

text: History[edit]

text: Antiquity[edit]

text: The ancient history of the Nagas is unclear. Tribes migrated at different times, each settling in the northeastern part of present India and establishing their respective sovereign mountain terrains and village-states. There are no records of whether they came from the northern Mongolian region, southeast Asia or southwest China, except that their origins are from the east of India and that historic records show the present-day Naga people settled before the arrival of the Ahoms in 1228 AD.[6][9]

text: The origin of the word 'Naga' is also unclear.[6] A popularly accepted, but controversial, view is that it originated from the Burmese word 'naka' or 'naga', meaning people with earrings. Others suggest it means pierced noses.[12] Both naka and naga are pronounced the same way in Burmese.[13] The ancient name of Nagaland is 'Nakanchi' or 'Naganchi', derived from the Naga language.[14]

text: Before the arrival of European colonialism in South Asia, there had been many wars, persecution and raids from Burma on Naga tribes, Meitei people and others in India's northeast. The invaders came for "head hunting" and to seek wealth and captives from these tribes and ethnic groups. When the British inquired Burmese guides about the people living in northern Himalayas, they were told 'Naka'. This was recorded as 'Naga' and has been in use thereafter.[6][10]

text: British India[edit]

text: With the arrival of the British East India Company in the early 19th century, followed by the British Raj, Britain expanded its domain over the whole of South Asia, including the Naga Hills. The first Europeans to enter the hills were Captains Jenkins and Pemberton in 1832. The early contact with the Naga tribes were characterised by suspicion and conflict. The colonial interests in Assam, such as tea estates and other trading posts suffered from raids from tribes who were known for their bravery and "head hunting" practices. To put an end to these raids, the British troops recorded 10 military expeditions between 1839 and 1850.[6] In February 1851, at the bloody battle at Kikrüma, people died on the British and the Kikrüma Naga tribe side; in days after the battle, intertribal warfare followed that led to more bloodshed. After that war, the British adopted a policy of respect and non-interference with Naga tribes.

text: Despite this, between 1851 and 1865, Naga tribes continued to raid the British in Assam. The British India Government, fresh from the shocks of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, reviewed its governance structure throughout South Asia including its northeastern region. In 1866, the British India administration established a post at Samaguting with the explicit goal of ending intertribal warfare and tribal raids on property and personnel.[9][10] In 1869, Captain Butler was appointed to lead and consolidate the British presence in the Nagaland Hills. In 1878, the headquarters were transferred to Kohima — creating a city that remains an important centre of administration, commerce and culture for Nagaland.[6]

text: On 4 October 1879, G.H. Damant (M.A.C.S), a British political agent, went to Khonoma with troops, where he was shot dead with 35 of his team.[15] Kohima was subsequently attacked and the stockade looted. This violence led to a determined effort by the British Raj to return and respond. The subsequent defeat of Khonoma marked the end of serious and persistent hostility in the Naga Hills.[6]

text: Between 1880 and 1922, the British administration consolidated their position over a large area of the Naga Hills and integrated it into its Assam operations. The British administration enforced the rupee as the currency for economic activity and a system of structured tribal government that was very different than historic social governance practices.[9] These developments triggered profound social changes among the Naga people.

text: In parallel, since the mid-19th century, Christian missionaries from the United States and Europe, stationed in India,[16] reached into Nagaland and neighbouring states, converting Nagaland's Naga tribes from animism to Christianity.[9][17]

text: World War II[edit]

text:
In 1944 during World War II, the Indian National Army with the help of Japanese Army, led by Netaji Subhashchandra Bose, invaded through Burma and attempted to take India through Kohima. The population was evacuated. British India soldiers defended the area of Kohima and having lost many of their original force were relieved by British in June 1944.
Together the British and Indian troops successfully repelled the Japanese troops.[18]
The battle was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 from the town of Kohima, coordinated with action at Imphal, Manipur.[19][20]
The Indian National Army lost half their numbers, many through starvation, and were forced to withdraw through Burma.[21][22]

text: There is the World War II Cemetery, and the War Museum, in honour of those who lost their lives during World War II during the fighting between British Empire and Japanese troops. Nearly 4,000 British Empire troops lost their lives, along with 3,000 Japanese. Many of those who lost their lives were Naga people, particularly of Angami tribe. Near the memorial is the Kohima Cathedral, on Aradura hill, built with funds from the families and friends of deceased Japanese soldiers. Prayers are held in Kohima for peace and in memory of the fallen of both sides of the battle.[23][24]

text: Naga national wakening[edit]

text: In 1929, a Memorandum was submitted to the Simon Statutory Commission, requesting that the Nagas be exempt from reforms and new taxes proposed in British India, should be left alone to determine their own future.[25] This Naga Memorandum stated,

text: Before the British Government conquered our country in 1879-80, we were living in a state of intermittent warfare with the Assamese of the Assam valley to the North and West of our country and Manipuris to the South. They never conquered us nor were we subjected to their rules. On the other hand, we were always a terror to these people. Our country within the administered area consists of more than eight regions quite different from one another, with quite different languages which cannot be understood by each other, and there are more regions outside the administered area which are not known at present. We have no unity among us and it is only the British Government that is holding us together now. Our education is poor. (...) Our country is poor and it does not pay for any administration. Therefore if it is continued to be placed under Reformed Scheme, we are afraid new and heavy taxes will have to be imposed on us, and when we cannot pay, then all lands have to be sold and in long run we shall have no share in the land of our birth and life will not be worth living then. Though our land at present is within the British territory, Government have always recognised our private rights in it, but if we are forced to enter the council the majority of whose number is sure to belong to other districts, we also have much fear the introduction of foreign laws and customs to supersede our own customary laws which we now enjoy.

text: From 1929 to 1935, the understanding of sovereignty by Nagas was 'self-rule' based on traditional territorial definition. From 1935 to 1945, Nagas were merely asking for autonomy within Assam. In response to the Naga memorandum to Simon Commission, the British House of Commons decreed that the Naga Hills ought to be kept outside the purview of the New Constitution; the Government of India Act, 1935 and ordered Naga areas as Excluded Area; meaning outside the administration of British India government. Thereafter from 1 April 1937, it was brought under the direct administration of the Crown through Her Majesty's representative; the Governor of Assam province.[citation needed]

text: The Naga Memorandum submitted by the Naga Club (which later became the Naga National Council) to the Simon Commission explicitly stated, 'to leave us alone to determine ourselves as in ancient times.'[26] In February 1946, the Naga Club officially took shape into a unified Naga National Council in Wokha. In June 1946, the Naga National Council submitted a four-point memorandum to officials discussing the independence of India from British colonial rule. The memorandum strongly protested against the grouping of Assam with Bengal and asserted that Naga Hills should be constitutionally included in an autonomous Assam, in a free India, with local autonomy, due safeguards and separate electorate for the Naga tribes.[citation needed]

text: Jawaharlal Nehru replied to the memorandum and welcomed the Nagas to join the Union of India promising local autonomy and safeguards. On 9 April 1946, the Naga National Council (NNC) submitted a memorandum to the British Cabinet Mission during its visit to Delhi. The crux of the memorandum stated that: "Naga future would not be bound by any arbitrary decision of the British Government and no recommendation would be accepted without consultation".[citation needed]

text:
In June 1946, the NNC submitted a four-point memorandum signed by T. Sakhrie; the then Secretary of NNC, to the still-visiting British Cabinet Mission. The memorandum stated that:[citation needed]
1. The NNC stands for the solidarity of all Naga tribes, including those in un-administered areas;
2. The Council protests against the grouping of Assam with Bengal;
3. The Naga Hills should be constitutionally included in an autonomous Assam, in a free India, with local autonomy and due safeguards for the interests of the Nagas;
4. The Naga tribes should have a separate electorate.

text: On 1 August 1946, Nehru, President of the Indian National Congress Party in his reply to the memorandum, appealed to the Nagas to join the Union of India promising local autonomy and safeguards in a wide-ranging areas of administration.[citation needed] It was after 1946 only that the Nagas had asserted their inalienable right to be a separate nation and an absolute right to live independently.[citation needed]

text: Since Indian independence[edit]

text: After the independence of India in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. Phizo-led Naga National Council and demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents, that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The union government sent the Indian Army in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),[27] and it became a Union territory directly administered by the Central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, banks, as well as non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following discussion between Prime Minister Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged state within the Union of India.[28]

text: Nagaland statehood[edit]

text: Accordingly, the territory was placed under the Nagaland Transitional Provisions Regulation, 1961[29] which provided for an Interim body consisting of 45 members to be elected by tribes according to the customs, traditions and usage of the respective tribes. Subsequently, Nagaland attained statehood with the enactment of the state of Nagaland Act in 1962[30] by the Parliament. The interim body was dissolved on 30 November 1963 and the state of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963 and Kohima was declared as the state capital. After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected Nagaland Legislative Assembly was constituted on 11 February 1964.[27][31]

text: The rebel activity continued, in the form of banditry and attacks, motivated more by tribal rivalry and personal vendetta than by political aspiration. Cease-fires were announced and negotiations continued, but this did little to stop the violence. In March 1975, direct presidential rule was imposed by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the state. In November 1975, the leaders of largest rebellion groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution, a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.[32] The Nagaland Baptist Church Council played an important role by initiating peace efforts in 1960s.[6] This took concrete and positive shape during its Convention in early 1964. It formed the Nagaland Peace Council in 1972. However, these efforts have not completely ended the inter-factional violence. In 2012, the state's leaders approached Indian central government to seek a political means for a lasting peace within the state.[33]

text: Over the 5-year period of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militants deaths per year in inter-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).[34] The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 100,000 people.[35] The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 27th February 2018 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in 59 out of the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. The scheduled election in Northern Angami II constituency did not take place as only incumbent MLA Neiphiu Rio was nominated and was therefore declared elected unopposed. A voter turnout of 75% was observed in the 2018 election.[36]

text: Historical rituals[edit]

text: Historically, Naga tribes celebrated two main rituals. These were feasting and head hunting.

text: Head hunting[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Head hunting, a male activity, would involve separating men from their women before, during and after coming back from an expedition. The women, as a cultural practice, would encourage men to undertake head-hunting as a prerequisite to marriage. The men would go on an expedition against other tribes or neighbouring kingdoms, and kill to score number of heads they were able to hunt. A successful head hunter would be conferred a right to ornaments. The practice of head hunting was banned in 19th century India, and is no longer practised among Naga people.[6]

text: Feasts of Merit[edit]

text: In Naga society, individuals were expected to find their place in the social hierarchy, and prestige was the key to maintaining or increasing social status. To achieve these goals a man, whatever his ascendancy, had to be a headhunter or great warrior, have many conquests among women sex, or complete a series of merit feasts.[37]

text: The Feasts of Merit reflected the splendor and celebration of Naga life.[9] Only married men could give such Feasts, and his wife took a prominent and honoured place during the ritual which emphasised male-female co-operation and interdependence. His wife brewed the beer which he offered to the guests. The event displayed ceremonies and festivities organised by the sponsor. The Feast given by a wealthier tribes person would be more extravagant.[38] He would typically invite everyone from the tribe. This event bestowed honour to the couple from the tribe. After the Feast, the tribe would give the couple rights to ornaments equally.[9][39]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Nagaland is largely a mountainous state. The Naga Hills rise from the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam to about 610 metres (2,000 ft) and rise further to the southeast, as high as 1,800 metres (6,000 ft). Mount Saramati at an elevation of 3,841.00 metres (12,601.70 ft) is the state's highest peak; this is where the Naga Hills merge with the Patkai Range in which form the boundary with Burma. Rivers such as the Doyang and Diphu to the north, the Barak river in the southwest, dissect the entire state. 20 percent of the total land area of the state is covered with wooded forest, a haven for flora and fauna. The evergreen tropical and the sub tropical forests are found in strategic pockets in the state.[40]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity levels. Annual rainfall averages around 1,800–2,500 millimetres (70–100 in), concentrated in the months of May to September. Temperatures range from 21 to 40 °C (70 to 104 °F). In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below 4 °C (39 °F), but frost is common at high elevations. The state enjoys a salubrious climate. Summer is the shortest season in the state that lasts for only a few months. The temperature during the summer season remains between 16 to 31 °C (61 to 88 °F). Winter makes an early arrival and bitter cold and dry weather strikes certain regions of the state. The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is 24 °C (75 °F). Strong northwest winds blow across the state during the months of February and March.[41]

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: About one-sixth of Nagaland is covered by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests—including palms, bamboo, rattan as well as timber and mahogany forests. While some forest areas have been cleared for jhum cultivation, many scrub forests, high grass, and reeds. Many staple Indian species live in Nagaland including dholes, pangolins, porcupines, elephants, leopards, bears, many species of monkeys, deer, and buffaloes thrive across the state's forests.

text: The great Indian hornbill is one of the most famous birds found in the state. Blyth's tragopan, a vulnerable species of pheasant, is the state bird of Nagaland. It is sighted in Mount Japfü and Dzükou Valley of Kohima district, Satoi range in Zunheboto district and Pfütsero in Phek district. Of the mere 2500 tragopans sighted in the world, Dzükou valley is the natural habitat of more than 1,000.[43] The state is also known as the "falcon capital of the world."[42]

text: Mithun (a semi-domesticated gaur) found only in the north-eastern states of India, is the state animal of Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of the Government of Nagaland. It is ritually the most valued species in the state. To conserve and protect this animal in the northeast, the National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM) was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1988.[44]

text:
Nagaland is home to 396 species of orchids, belonging to 92 genera of which 54 having horticultural and medicinal economic importance.[45] Kopou (pictured right) is also used for festive hairstyle decoration by women in India's northeast.
Rhododendron is the state flower. The state has at least four species which is endemic to the state.

text: Geology[edit]

text: Several preliminary studies indicate significant recoverable reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Limestone, marble and other decorative stone reserves are plentiful, and other as yet unexploited minerals include iron, nickel, cobalt and chromium.[5]

text: Urbanization[edit]

text: The Nagaland population is largely rural with 71.14% living in rural regions in 2011.[46] Census reports up to 1951 listed just one settlement in Nagaland as a town, the capital Kohima. The next two settlements, Dimapur and Mokokchung, were listed as towns from 1961. Four more towns appeared in 1981, Tuensang, Wokha, Mon and Zunheboto.[47]

text: The relatively slow rate of urbanization in Nagaland was described in the 1980s as being an effect of (a) the largely administrative roles of the towns, except for Dimapur which had a more diversified economy, and (b) a low level of mobility among the tribes of Nagaland, scheduled tribes constituting nearly 90% of the population.[47]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population[edit]

text: The population of Nagaland is nearly two million people, of which 1.04 million are males and 0.95 million females.[6] Among its districts, Dimapur has the largest population (379,769), followed by Kohima (270,063). The least populated district is Longleng (50,593). 75% of the population lives in the rural areas. As of 2013, about 10% of rural population is below the poverty line; among the people living in urban areas 4.3% of them are below the poverty line.[48]

text:
showPopulation change

CensusPop. %±
1951213,000—1961369,00073.2%1971516,00039.8%1981775,00050.2%19911,210,00056.1%20011,990,00064.5%20111,980,602-0.5%Source:Census of India[49]

text: The state showed a population drop between 2001 census to 2011 census, the only state to show a population drop in the census. This has been attributed, by scholars,[50] to incorrect counting in past censuses; the 2011 census in Nagaland is considered most reliable so far.[51]

text:
The largest urban agglomerations are centred upon Dimapur (122,834) and Kohima (115,283).
Other major towns (and 2011 census populations) are Tuensang (36,774), Mokokchung (35,913), Wokha (35,004), Mon (26,328), Chumukedima (25,885), Zunheboto (22,633), Kiphire (16,487), Kuda (16,108), Kohima Village (15,734), Phek (14,204), Pfutsero (10,371) and Diphupar 'A' (10,246).[52][53][54][55][56]

text: Languages[edit]

text: Languages of Nagaland in 2011[57][58][59]

text: Naga people form the majority of the population. According to the 2011 census there are 2 million people living in Nagaland. The Naga people numbering around 1.8 million in the state, constituting over 90% of the population. Per Grierson's classification system, Naga languages can be grouped into Western, Central and Eastern groups. The Western group includes (among others) Angami, Chokri[60] and Kheza. The Central group includes Ao, Sumi, Lotha and Sangtam, whereas the Eastern group includes Konyak and Chang.[61] In addition, there are Naga-Bodo group illustrated by Mikir language, and Kuki group of languages illustrated by Sopvama (also called Mao Naga) and Luppa languages. These belong mostly[9] to the Sino-Tibetan language family.[62] Shafer came up with his own classification system for languages found in and around Nagaland.[61] Each tribe has one or more dialects that are unintelligible to others.

text: In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed English as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland. Other than English, Nagamese, a creole language based on Assamese, is widely spoken.[63]

text: The major languages spoken as per the 2001 census are Ao (257,500), Konyak (248,002), Lotha (168,356), Angami (131,737), Phom (122,454), Sema (92,884), Yimchungre (92,092), Sangtam (84,150), Chakru (83,506), Chang (62,347), Zeme (71,954, covering Zeliang, 61,492 and Zemi, 10,462), Bengali (58,890), Rengma (58,590), Hindi (56,981), Kheza (40,362), Khiamniungan (37,752), Nepali (34,222), Pochury (16,681), Kuki (16,846), Assamese (16,183) and Chakhesang (9,544).

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religion in Nagaland (2011)[64][65]

text: The state's population is 1.978 million, out of which 88% are Christians.[66][67] The census of 2011 recorded the state's Christian population at 1,739,651, making it one of the three Christian-majority states in India along with Meghalaya and Mizoram. The state has a very high church attendance rate in both urban and rural areas. Huge churches dominate the skylines of Kohima, Dimapur, and Mokokchung.

text: Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist state in the world" and "the most Baptist state in the world"[68][69][70] Among Christians, Baptists have constituted more than 75% of the state's population, thus making it more Baptist (on a percentage basis) than Mississippi in the southern United States, where 55% of the population is Baptist, and Texas which is 51% Baptist.[71][72] Roman Catholics, Revivalists, and Pentecostals are the other Christian denominations. Catholics are found in significant numbers in parts of Phek district, Wokha district and Kohima district as well as in the urban areas of Kohima and Dimapur.

text: Christianity arrived in Nagaland in the early 19th century. The American Baptist Naga mission grew out of the Assam mission in 1836. Miles Bronson, Nathan Brown and other Christian missionaries working out of Jaipur to bring Christianity to the Indian subcontinent, saw the opportunity for gaining converts since India's northeast was principally animist and folk religion driven. Along with other tribal regions of the northeast, the people of Nagaland accepted Christianity.[16] However, the conversions have been marked by high rates of re-denomination ever since. After having converted to Christianity, people do not feel bound to any one sect and tend to switch affiliation between denominations. According to a 2007 report,[67] breakaway churches are constantly being established alongside older sects. These new Christian churches differ from older ones in terms of their liturgical traditions and methods of worship. The younger churches exhibit a more vocally explicit form of worship. The Constitution of India grants all citizens a freedom to leave, change or adopt any religion and its new sects.

text: Hinduism, Islam and Jainism are also found in Nagaland. They are minority religions in the state, at 8.75%, 2.47% and 0.13% of the population respectively.

text: Government[edit]

text: The governor is the constitutional head of state, representative of the President of India. He possesses largely ceremonial responsibilities apart from law and order responsibilities.[citation needed]

text: The Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Vidhan Sabha) is the real executive and legislative body of the state. The 60-member Vidhan Sabha – all elected members of legislature – forms the government executive and is led by the Chief minister. Unlike most states in India, Nagaland has been granted a great degree of state autonomy, as well as special powers and autonomy for Naga tribes to conduct their own affairs. Each tribe has a hierarchy of councils at the village, range, and tribal levels dealing with local disputes.[citation needed]

text: Districts[edit]

text: When created in 1963 the state of Nagaland was divided into just three districts, Kohima district, Mokokchung district and Tuensang district. By a process of subdivision that number increased to seven in 1973, to eleven by 2004, and the most recent district to be created, Noklak district in 2017, brought the total number to twelve districts. Tuensang district is now the largest, nearly five times the area of Longleng district, the smallest. The most populous and the most urbanized is Dimapur district, with seven times the inhabitants of Longleng, the least populous. Noklak district is considered entirely rural. Dimapur district is also at the lowest elevation, Zunheboto district being highest in the mountains.

text: Elections[edit]

text: The Democratic Alliance of Nagaland (DAN) is a state level coalition of political parties. It headed the government with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Janata Dal (United) (JDU). It was formed in 2003 after the Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, with the Naga People's Front (NPF), and the BJP.[73] The alliance has been in power in Nagaland since 2003.[74]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Nagaland was about ₹12,065 crore (US$1.8 billion) in 2011-12.[75] Nagaland's GSDP grew at 9.9% compounded annually for a decade, thus more than doubling the per capita income.[76]

text: Nagaland has a high literacy rate of 80.1 per cent. The majority of the population in the state speaks English, which is the official language of the state. The state offers technical and medical education.[76] Nevertheless, agriculture and forestry contribute majority of Nagaland's Gross Domestic Product. The state is rich in mineral resources such as coal, limestone, iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and marble.[77] Nagaland has a recoverable reserve of limestone of 1,000 million tonnes plus a large untapped resource of marble and handicraft stone.

text: Most of state's population, about 68 per cent, depends on rural cultivation. The main crops are rice, millet, maize, and pulses. Cash crops, like sugarcane and potato, are also grown in some parts.

text: Plantation crops such as premium coffee, cardamom, and tea are grown in hilly areas in small quantities with a large growth potential. Most people cultivate rice as it is the main staple diet of the people. About 80% of the cropped area is dedicated to rice. Oilseeds is another, higher income crop gaining ground in Nagaland. The farm productivity for all crops is low, compared to other Indian states, suggesting significant opportunity for farmer income increase. Currently the Jhum to Terraced cultivation ratio is 4:3; where Jhum is local name for cut-and-burn shift farming. Jhum farming is ancient, causes a lot of pollution and soil damage, yet accounts for majority of farmed area. The state does not produce enough food, and depends on trade of food from other states of India.[5]

text: Forestry is also an important source of income. Cottage industries such as weaving, woodwork, and pottery are important sourcesof revenue.

text: Tourism has a lot of potential, but was largely limited due to insurgency and concern of violence over the last five decades. More recently, a number of Small Medium Enterprises and private sector companies have actively promoted Nagaland tourism, helping initiate a growing tourism market. Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.[78]

text: Nagaland's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.4 billion in current prices.

text: The state generates 87.98 MU compared to a demand for 242.88 MU. This deficit requires Nagaland to buy power. The state has significant hydroelectric potential, which if realised could make the state a power surplus state. In terms of power distribution, every village and town, and almost every household has an electricity connection; but, this infrastructure is not effective given the power shortage in the state.[5]

text: Tourism[edit]

text:
Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.[78] The state has been extremely successful in promoting the Hornbill Festival, which attracts Indian and foreign tourists alike.
The key thrusts of Nagaland's tourism are its rich culture, showcasing of history and wildlife. Tourism infrastructure is rapidly improving and experts contend this is no longer an issue as was in the past.[79] Local initiatives and tourism pioneers are now beginning to promote a socially responsible tourism model involving participation of the councils, village elders, the church and the youth.[80]

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: After a gap of almost 20 years, Nagaland state Chief Minister, T. R. Zeliang launched the resumption of oil exploration in Changpang and Tsori areas, under Wokha district in July 2014. The exploration will be carried out by the Metropolitan Oil & Gas Pvt. Ltd. Zeliang has alleged failures and disputed payments made to the state made by previous explorer, the state owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).[81]

text: Festivals[edit]

text: Nagaland is known in India as the land of festivals.[82] The diversity of people and tribes, each with their own culture and heritage, creates a year-long atmosphere of celebrations. In addition, the state celebrates all the Christian festivities. Traditional tribe-related festivals revolve round agriculture, as a vast majority of the population of Nagaland is directly dependent on agriculture. Some of the significant festivals for each major tribe are:[6]

text:
Tribe

Festival

Celebrated in

Angami
Sekrenyi
February

Ao
Moatsu, Tsungremong
May, August

Chakhesang
Tsukhenyie, Sekrenyi
April/May, January

Chang
Kundanglem, Nuknyu Lem
April, July

Dimasa Kachari
Bushu Jiba,
January, April

Khiamniungan
Miu Festival, Tsokum
May, October

Konyak
Aoleang Monyu, Lao-ong Mo
April, September

Kuki
Mimkut, Chavang kut
January, November

Lotha
Tokhu Emong
November

Phom
Monyu, Moha, Bongvum
April, May, October

Pochury
Yemshe
October

Rengma
Ngadah
November

Sangtam
Amongmong
September

Rongmei
Gaan-ngai
January

Sumi
Ahuna, Tuluni
November, July

Yimchungru
Metumniu, Tsungkamniu
August, January

Zeliang
Hega, Langsimyi/Chaga Gadi, and Mileinyi
February, October, March

text: Hornbill Festival of Nagaland[edit]

text: Hornbill Festival[83] was launched by the Government of Nagaland in December 2000 to encourage intertribal interaction and to promote cultural heritage of the state. Organized by the State Tourism Department and Art & Culture Department. Hornbill Festival showcases a mélange of cultural displays under one roof. This festival takes place between 1 and 10 December every year.

text: It is held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama which is about 12 km from Kohima. All the tribes of Nagaland take part in this festival. The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its history, culture and traditions.[84]

text: The festival is named after the hornbill bird, which is displayed in folklores in most of the states tribes. The week-long festival unites Nagaland and people enjoy the colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games and ceremonies. Traditional arts which include paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures are on display. Festival highlights include traditional Naga Morungs rxhibition and sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows, beauty contest, traditional archery, naga wrestling, indigenous games and musical concerts. Additional attractions include the Konyak fire eating demonstration, pork-fat eating competitions, the Hornbill Literature Festival (including the Hutton Lectures), Hornbill Global Film Fest, Hornbill Ball, Choral Panorama, North East India Drum Ensemble, Naga king chilli eating competition, Hornbill National Rock Contest,[85] Hornbill International Motor Rally and WW-II Vintage Car Rally.[86][87]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The railway network in the state is minimal. Broad gauge lines run 12.84 kilometres (7.98 mi), National Highway roads 365.3 kilometres (227.0 mi), and state roads 1,094.5 kilometres (680.1 mi). Roads are the backbone of Nagaland's transportation network. The state has over 15,000 km of surfaced roads, but these are not satisfactorily maintained given the weather damage. Yet, in terms of population served for each kilometre of surfaced road, Nagaland is the second best state in the region after Arunachal Pradesh.[5]

text: Railway[edit]

text: Nagaland was first connected to the railway line in 1903 when the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) wide metre gauge railway track earlier laid by Assam Bengal Railway from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru-Sadiya line.

text:
As part of the Indian Railway's ambitious plan to connect the capitals of all north-eastern states by broad gauge rail link, railway minister Suresh Prabhu laid the foundation stone of the 88-km rail line to bring Kohima, the capital of Nagaland, on the railway map of India.
The capitals of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura have already been connected with broad gauge line and projects are under various stages of progress to connect four other capitals of Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur and Sikkim.

text:
The project will be executed in three phases. The first phase involves construction of Dhansiri to Sukhovi (16 km) line, the second phase involves Sukhovi to Khaibong (30 km) and the third phase involves Khaibong to Zubza (45 km). While the first phase of the project is targeted for completion by December 2018, the second and third phases are targeted for completion by December 2019 and March 2020 respectively.
Rs 350 crore were allotted for financial year 2016-17 for the project.  The total sanctioned cost of the project is Rs 2,315 crore. The railway ministry has decided to make the planning process for projects participatory having scope for people's participation in the form of suggestions etc. For this an IT enabled platform has been designed which makes people's participation easy and the process transparent. All stakeholders would be able to participate in the planning process and monitor progress of the projects.

text:
Governor of Nagaland, PB Acharya, minister of state for railways, Rajen Gohain, chief minister of Nagaland T R Zeliang, general manager of Northeast Frontier Railway, Chahatey Ram, were present in the function held at the Dimapur railway. Dimapur is the only railway station in Nagaland and is on the Guwahati-Dibrugarh rail section. Since the region is culturally rich, instructions had been issued to design all future railway stations reflecting the local culture and heritage of the region. the Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) would be advised to explore possibility of marketing the handloom and handicraft products of the state.
This project was sanctioned by Railway Board in 2007-08. Considering its importance, it was declared a National Project in 2007. The new line will take off from the existing railhead at Dhansiri railway station, 19 km from Dimapur, and reach Zubza which is 16 km short of Kohima.

text: Railway: North East Frontier Railway[88]

text:
Broad gauge: 12.84 kilometres (7.98 mi)
Total: 12.84 kilometres (7.98 mi)

text: Roadway[edit]

text: National highways: 365.3 kilometres (227.0 mi)

text:
NH 61: Kohima, Wokha, Tseminyu, Wokha, Mokokchung, Changtongya, Tuli
NH 29: Dimapur-Kohima-Mao-Imphal (216.0 km or 134.2 mi)
NH 36: Dimapur-Doboka-Nagaon (169.9 km or 105.6 mi)
NH 150: Kohima-Jessami via Chakhabama-Pfutsero (120.1 km or 74.6 mi)
NH 155: Mokukchung-Jessami via Tuesang-Kiphire (333.0 km or 206.9 mi)

text: State highways[edit]

text:
There are 1,094.5 kilometres (680.1 mi) of state highways:[citation needed]
dimapur–Mokokchung 55r55r6666r6ia Chazuba and Zunheboto

text:
Kohima–Meluri via Chakhabama
Mokokchung–Mariani

text:
Mokokchung–Tuensang
Namtola–Mon
Tuensang–Mon–Naginimora
Tuensang–Kiphire–Meluri
Wokha–Merapani Road

text: Airway[edit]

text: Dimapur Airport, is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Dimapur, and 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Kohima. It is the sole airport in Nagaland with scheduled commercial services to Kolkata, West Bengal and Dibrugarh, Assam. The airport's asphalt runway is 7513 feet long, at an elevation of 487 feet.[89]

text: Education[edit]

text: Nagaland schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English — the official language of Nagaland. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

text: Nagaland has two Central University (Nagaland University, Global Open University), one engineering college (National Institute of Technology Nagaland), one College of Veterinary Science and animal husbandary in jalukie[90] and two private universities, St. Joseph University[91] and (a branch of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India).

text: Culture[edit]

text: The 16 main tribes of Nagaland are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Dimasa Kachari, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Kuki, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimchunger, and Zeliang. The Angamis, Aos, Konyaks, Lothas, and Sumis are the largest Naga tribes; there are several smaller tribes as well (see List of Naga tribes).

text: Tribe and clan traditions and loyalties play an important part in the life of Nagas. Weaving is a traditional art handed down through generations in Nagaland. Each of the tribe has unique designs and colours, producing shawls, shoulder bags, decorative spears, table mats, wood carvings, and bamboo works. Among many tribes the design of the shawl denotes the social status of the wearer. Some of the more known shawls include Tsungkotepsu and Rongsu of the Ao tribe; Sutam, Ethasu, Longpensu of the Lothas; Supong of the Sangtams, Rongkhim and Tsungrem Khim of the Yimchungers; the Angami Lohe shawls with thick embroidered animal motifs etc.

text: Folk songs and dances are essential ingredients of the traditional Naga culture. The oral tradition is kept alive through folk tales and songs. Naga folk songs are both romantic and historical, with songs narrating entire stories of famous ancestors and incidents. There are also seasonal songs which describe activities done in an agricultural season. Tribal dances of the Nagas give an insight into the inborn Naga reticence of the people. War dances and other dances belonging to distinctive Naga tribes are a major art form in Nagaland.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Nagaland is home to the bhut jolokia or ghost pepper, one of the hottest chilis in the world at 855,000 SHU on the Scoville scale. All the tribes of Nagaland have their own cuisine, and they use a lot of meat, fish, and fermented products in their dishes. However, the state dish is smoked pork cooked with fermented soya bean. Naga dishes use a lot of locally grown herbs, ghost peppers, ginger, and garlic. Famous dishes include snails cooked with pork and silkworm larvae, which is an expensive delicacy of the state. Galho is a vegetarian porridge cooked with rice, leaves, and condiments. Drinks include zutho and thutse, beers made with sticky rice.

text: Newspapers[edit]

text:
The Morung Express
Nagaland Page
Nagaland Post


document_title: 2018 World Series of Darts

question_text: who won the world series of darts las vegas

root

text: 2018 World Series of Darts

text: Prize money[edit]

text: International events[edit]

text:
Stage
Prize Money

Winner
£20,000

Runner-up
£10,000

Semi-finals
£5,000

Quarter-finals
£2,500

First Round
£1,250

tag: table

text: Final[edit]

text:
Stage
Prize Money

Winner
₤50,000

Runner-up
₤25,000

Semi-finals
₤16,500

Quarter-finals
₤12,500

Second Round
₤7,500

First Round
₤4,000

text: World Series events[edit]

text:
No.

Date

Event

Venue

Winner

Legs

Runner-up

Ref

1

25 May

German Masters

 Gelsenkirchen, Veltins-Arena

Mensur Suljović

8–2

 Dimitri Van den Bergh

[1]

2

6–7 July

US Masters

 Las Vegas, Mandalay Bay

Gary Anderson

8–4

 Rob Cross

[2]

3

13–14 July

Shanghai Masters

 Shanghai, Pullman Hotel

Michael Smith

8–2

 Rob Cross

[3]

4

3–5 August

Auckland Masters

 Auckland, The Trusts Arena

Michael van Gerwen

11–4

 Raymond van Barneveld

[4]

5

10–12 August

Melbourne Masters

 Melbourne, Hisense Arena

Peter Wright

11–8

 Michael Smith

[5]

6

17–19 August

Brisbane Masters

 Brisbane, Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre

7

2–4 November

World Series of Darts Finals

 Vienna, Multiversum Schwechat


document_title: The Hound of the Baskervilles

question_text: who died in the hound of the baskervilles

text: The Hound of the Baskervilles

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dr. James Mortimer asks Sherlock Holmes for advice following the death of his friend, Sir Charles Baskerville. Sir Charles was found dead on the grounds of his Devonshire estate, Baskerville Hall. Mortimer now fears for Sir Charles's nephew and sole heir, Sir Henry Baskerville, who is the new master of Baskerville Hall. The death was attributed to a heart attack, but Mortimer is suspicious, because Sir Charles died with an expression of horror on his face, and Mortimer noticed "the footprints of a gigantic hound" about 50 yards from where Sir Charles lay dead. The Baskerville family has supposedly been under a curse since the era of the English Civil War when ancestor Hugo Baskerville allegedly offered his soul to the devil for help in abducting a woman and was reportedly killed by a giant spectral hound. Sir Charles believed in the curse and was apparently fleeing from something in fright when he died.

tag: p

text: Intrigued, Holmes meets with Sir Henry, newly arrived from Canada. Sir Henry has received an anonymous note, cut and pasted from newsprint, warning him away from the Baskerville moors, and one of his new boots is inexplicably missing from his London hotel room. The Baskerville family is discussed: Sir Charles was the eldest of three brothers; the youngest, black sheep Rodger, is believed to have died childless in South America, while Sir Henry is the only child of the middle brother. Sir Henry plans to move into Baskerville Hall, despite the ominous warning message. Holmes and Dr Watson follow him from Holmes's Baker Street apartment back to his hotel and notice a bearded man following him in a cab; they pursue the man, but he escapes. Mortimer tells them that Mr Barrymore, the butler at Baskerville Hall, has a beard like the one on the stranger. Sir Henry's boot reappears, but an older one vanishes.

text: Holmes sends for the cab driver who shuttled the bearded man after Sir Henry and is both astounded and amused to learn that the stranger had made a point of giving his name as 'Sherlock Holmes' to the cabbie. Holmes, now even more interested in the Baskerville affair but held up with other cases, dispatches Watson to accompany Sir Henry to Baskerville Hall with instructions to send him frequent reports about the house, grounds, and neighbours. Upon arrival at the grand but austere Baskerville estate, Watson and Sir Henry learn that an escaped murderer named Selden is believed to be in the area.

text: Barrymore and his wife, who also works at Baskerville Hall, wish to leave the estate soon. Watson hears a woman crying in the night; it is obvious to him that it was Mrs Barrymore, but her husband denies it. Watson can find no proof that Barrymore was in Devon on the day of the chase in London. He meets a brother and sister who live nearby: Mr Stapleton, a naturalist, and the beautiful Miss Stapleton. When an animal sound is heard, Stapleton is quick to dismiss it as unrelated to the legendary hound. When her brother is out of earshot, Miss Stapleton mistakes Watson for Sir Henry and warns him to leave. She and Sir Henry later meet and quickly fall in love, arousing Stapleton's anger; he later apologises and invites Sir Henry to dine with him a few days later.

text: Barrymore arouses further suspicion when Watson and Sir Henry catch him at night with a candle in an empty room. Barrymore refuses to answer their questions, but Mrs. Barrymore confesses that Selden is her brother, and her husband is signalling that they have left supplies for him. Watson and Sir Henry pursue Selden on the moor, but he eludes them, while Watson notices another man on a nearby tor. After an agreement is reached to allow Selden to flee the country, Barrymore reveals the contents of an incompletely burnt letter asking Sir Charles to be at the gate at the time of his death. It was signed with the initials L.L.; on Mortimer's advice, Watson questions a Laura Lyons, who admits to writing the letter in hopes that Sir Charles would help finance her divorce, but says she did not keep the appointment. Watson tracks the second man he saw in the area and discovers it to be Holmes, investigating independently in hopes of a faster resolution. Holmes reveals further information: Stapleton is actually married to the supposed Miss Stapleton, and he promised marriage to Laura Lyons to get her cooperation.

text: They hear a scream and discover the body of Selden, dead from a fall. They initially mistake him for Sir Henry, whose old clothes he was wearing.

text: At Baskerville Hall, Holmes notices a resemblance between Stapleton and a portrait of Hugo Baskerville. He realises that Stapleton could be an unknown Baskerville family member, seeking to claim the Baskerville wealth by eliminating his relatives. Accompanied by Inspector Lestrade, whom Holmes has summoned, Holmes and Watson travel to the Stapleton home, where Sir Henry is dining. They rescue him from a hound that Stapleton releases while Sir Henry is walking home across the moor. Shooting the animal dead in the struggle, Sherlock reveals that it was a perfectly mortal dog - a mix of bloodhound and mastiff, painted with phosphorus to give it a hellish appearance. They find Miss Stapleton bound and gagged inside the house, while Stapleton apparently dies in an attempt to reach his hideout in a nearby mine located at the heart of the Grimpen Mire. They also find Sir Henry's boot, which was used to give the hound Sir Henry's scent.

text: Weeks later, Holmes provides Watson with additional details about the case. Stapleton was, in fact, Rodger Baskerville's son, also named Rodger. His now-widow is a South American woman, the former Beryl Garcia. He supported himself through crime for many years, before learning that he could inherit a fortune by murdering his uncle and cousin. Stapleton had taken Sir Henry's old boot because the new, unworn boot lacked his scent. The hound had pursued Selden to his death because of the scent on Sir Henry's old clothes. Mrs Stapleton had disavowed her husband's plot, so he had imprisoned her to prevent her from interfering.

text: The story ends with Holmes and Watson leaving to see the opera Les Huguenots starring Jean de Reszke.[4]

text: Origins and background[edit]

text: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote this story shortly after returning to his home Undershaw from South Africa, where he had worked as a volunteer physician at the Langman Field Hospital in Bloemfontein at the time of the Second Boer War.

text: Conan Doyle had not written about Sherlock Holmes in eight years, having killed off the character in the 1893 story "The Final Problem". Although The Hound of the Baskervilles is set before the latter events, two years later Conan Doyle would bring Holmes back for good, explaining in "The Adventure of the Empty House" that Holmes had faked his own death.

text: He was assisted with the plot by a 30-year-old Daily Express journalist named Bertram Fletcher Robinson (1870–1907).

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: His ideas came from the legend of Richard Cabell (d.1677), of Brook Hall, in the parish of Buckfastleigh, Devon,[5] which was the fundamental inspiration for the Baskerville tale of a hellish hound and a cursed country squire. Cabell's tomb survives in the village of Buckfastleigh.[6][7]

text: Squire Richard Cabell lived for hunting and was what in those days was described as a 'monstrously evil man'. He gained this reputation for, amongst other things, immorality and having sold his soul to the Devil. There was also a rumour that he had murdered his wife, Elizabeth Fowell, a daughter of Sir Edmund Fowell, 1st Baronet (1593–1674), of Fowelscombe.[8] On 5 July 1677, he died and was laid to rest in the sepulchre. The night of his interment saw a phantom pack of hounds come baying across the moor to howl at his tomb. From that night on, he could be found leading the phantom pack across the moor, usually on the anniversary of his death. If the pack were not out hunting, they could be found ranging around his grave howling and shrieking. In an attempt to lay the soul to rest, the villagers built a large building around the tomb, and to be doubly sure a huge slab was placed.[9]

text: Moreover, Devon's folklore includes tales of a fearsome supernatural dog known as the Yeth hound that Conan Doyle may have heard.

text: It is believed by Weller (2002) that Baskerville Hall is based on one of three possible houses on or near Dartmoor,[10] namely Fowelscombe in the parish of Ugborough, the seat of the Fowell Baronets; Hayford Hall, near Buckfastleigh (also owned by John King (d.1861) of Fowelscombe) and Brook Hall, in the parish of Buckfastleigh, about two miles east of Hayford, the actual home of Richard Cabell (d.1677), husband of Elizabeth Fowell.[11] It has also been claimed that Baskerville Hall is based on a property in Mid Wales, built in 1839 by one Thomas Mynors Baskerville. The house was formerly named Clyro Court and was renamed Baskerville Hall towards the end of the last century. Arthur Conan Doyle was apparently a family friend who often stayed there and may have been aware of a local legend of the hound of the Baskervilles.[12]

text: Still other tales claim that Conan Doyle was inspired by his time on holiday in North Norfolk, where the tale of Black Shuck is well known. The pre-Gothic Cromer Hall, where Conan Doyle stayed, also closely resembles Doyle's vivid descriptions of Baskerville Hall. [13]

text: Original manuscript[edit]

text: In 1902, Doyle's original manuscript of the book was broken up into individual leaves as part of a promotional campaign by Doyle's American publisher - they were used as part of window displays by individual booksellers. Out of an estimated 185-190 leaves, only 36 are known to still exist, including all the leaves from Chapter 11, held by the New York Public Library. Other leaves are owned by university libraries and private collectors.[14] A newly rediscovered example was sold at auction in 2012 for US$158,500.[15]

text: Technique[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The novel uses many traditional novelistic techniques which had been largely abandoned by the time of writing, such as letters, diary extracts, interpolated manuscripts, and the like, as seen in the works of Henry Fielding and, later, Wilkie Collins. It incorporates five plots: the ostensible 'curse' story, the two red-herring subplots concerning Selden and the other stranger living on the moor, the actual events occurring to Baskerville as narrated by Watson, and the hidden plot to be discovered by Holmes. Doyle wrote that the novel was originally conceived as a straight 'Victorian creeper' (as seen in the works of J. Sheridan Le Fanu), with the idea of introducing Holmes as the deus ex machina only arising later.

text: Publication[edit]

text: The Hound of the Baskervilles was first serialized in The Strand Magazine in 1901. It was well-suited for this type of publication, as individual chapters end in cliffhangers. It was printed in the form of a novel the following year.[16]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Hound of the Baskervilles has been adapted for many media.

text: Film and television adaptations[edit]

text: Over 20 film and television versions of The Hound of the Baskervilles have been made.

text:
Year
Title
Country
Director
Holmes
Watson

1914
Der Hund von Baskerville, 1. Teil
German Empire
Rudolf Meinert
Alwin Neuß
None

1914
Der Hund von Baskerville, 2. Teil — Das einsame Haus

1914
Der Hund von Baskerville, 3. Teil — Das unheimliche Zimmer
Richard Oswald

1915
Der Hund von Baskerville, 4. Teil

1920
Das dunkle Schloß
Weimar Republic
Willy Zeyn
Eugen Burg
None

1920
Das Haus ohne Fenster
Erich Kaiser-Titz

1920
Dr. MacDonalds Sanatorium

1921
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Maurice Elvey
Eille Norwood
Hubert Willis

1929
Der Hund von Baskerville
Weimar Republic
Richard Oswald
Carlyle Blackwell
George Seroff

1932
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Gareth Gundrey
Robert Rendel
Frederick Lloyd

1937
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Nazi Germany
Carl Lamac
Bruno Güttner
Fritz Odemar

1939
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United States
Sidney Lanfield
Basil Rathbone
Nigel Bruce

1951
Jighansa
India
Ajoy Kar
Sishir Batabyal as Detective Smarajit Sen
?

1955
Der Hund von Baskerville
West Germany
Fritz Umgelter
Wolf Ackva
Arnulf Schröder

1959
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Terence Fisher
Peter Cushing
André Morell

1962
Bees Saal Baad[17](based on H. K. Roy's Nishachari Bibhishika,[18] the Bengali adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles.[19])
India
Biren Nag
Asit Sen
(as Detective Gopichand)
?

1968
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Part 1 + 2 (from the Sherlock Holmes 1965 TV Series)
United Kingdom
Graham Evans
Peter Cushing
Nigel Stock

1968
L'ultimo dei Baskerville (episode of the TV series Sherlock Holmes)
Italy
Guglielmo Morandi
Nando Gazzolo
Gianni Bonagura

1971
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Собака Баскервилей)
USSR
A. F. Zinovieva
Nikolay Volkov
Lev Krugliy

1972
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United States
Barry Crane
Stewart Granger
Bernard Fox

1978
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Paul Morrissey
Peter Cook
Dudley Moore

1981
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Собака Баскервилей)
USSR
Igor Maslennikov
Vasilij Livanov
Vitali Solomin

1982
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Peter Duguid
Tom Baker
Terence Rigby

1983
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Douglas Hickox
Ian Richardson
Donald Churchill

1983
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse
Australia
Ian McKenzie & Alex Nicholas
Peter O'Toole (voice)
Earle Cross (voice)

1988
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
Brian Mills
Jeremy Brett
Edward Hardwicke

1995
The Slobbery Hound
United States
Fred Holmes
"Wishbone"
(Soccer the Dog, voice of Larry Brantley)
Ric Speigel

1999
The Hounds of the Baskervilles (episode of the animated TV series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century)
United States, United Kingdom
Robert Brousseau, Scott Heming
Jason Gray-Stanford
John Payne

2000
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Canada
Rodney Gibbons
Matt Frewer
Kenneth Welsh

2002
The Hound of the Baskervilles
United Kingdom
David Attwood
Richard Roxburgh
Ian Hart

2012
BBC Sherlock The Hounds of Baskerville
United Kingdom
Paul McGuigan
Benedict Cumberbatch
Martin Freeman

2015
The Adventure of Henry Baskerville and a Dog
(Basukaviru kun to inu no bōken,
"バスカーヴィル君と犬の冒険")[20]
Japan
Michiyo Morita
Kōichi Yamadera (voice)
Wataru Takagi (voice)

2016
Elementary: "Hounded"
United States
Robert Hewitt Wolfe
Jonny Lee Miller
Lucy Liu

text: Radio[edit]

text: The Hound of the Baskervilles has been adapted for radio for the BBC by Bert Coules on two occasions. The first starred Roger Rees as Holmes and Crawford Logan as Watson and was broadcast in 1988 on BBC Radio 4. Following its good reception, Coules proposed further radio adaptations, which eventually led to an entire dramatisation of the canon for radio, starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson.[21] The second adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles, featuring this pairing, was broadcast in 1998, and also featured Judi Dench as Mrs Hudson and Donald Sinden as Sir Charles Baskerville.[22]

text: Stage[edit]

text: In 2007, Peepolykus Theatre Company premiered a new adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds. Adapted by John Nicholson and Steven Canny, the production involves only three actors and was praised by critics for its physical comedy. Following a UK tour, it transferred to the Duchess Theatre in London’s West End. The Daily Telegraph described it as a 'wonderfully delightful spoof', whilst The Sunday Times praised its 'mad hilarity that will make you feel quite sane'. This adaptation continues to be presented by both amateur and professional companies around the world.[23]

text: Ken Ludwig authored an adaptation entitled Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery which premiered as a co-production at Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.) in January 2015 and McCarter Theatre Center in March 2015.[24]

text: Video games[edit]

text: The Hound of Baskervilles serves as the primary inspiration for the final case in Dai Gyakuten Saiban: Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken in which the protagonist teams up with Sherlock Holmes to investigate mysteries based on various entries in the Holmes chronology.[citation needed]

text: Sherlock Holmes and the Hound of the Baskervilles is a casual game by Frogwares. It departs from the original plot by introducing clear supernatural elements. Despite its non-canonical plot, it received good reviews.[25]

text: Related works[edit]

text:
The movie The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1941) makes references to The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Disney cartoonist Carl Barks parodied this story with The Hound of the Whiskervilles (1960), starring Uncle Scrooge.[26]
A 1965 issue of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (comic book) featured The Hound of Basketville, starring Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Gladstone Gander, and Pluto, as Sherlock Mouse, Doctor Goofy, Sir Gladstone Basketville, and the hound.
Stapleton reappears in Richard L. Boyer's version of The Giant Rat of Sumatra (1976). It turns out that he did not die, as Holmes and Watson assumed, but had escaped by another route, committing further crimes and vowing vengeance on Sherlock Holmes.
William of Baskerville, protagonist of Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose (1980), is a Franciscan monk and a sleuth, inspired by Sherlock Holmes and perhaps William of Occam and other real and fictional characters.
The hound of the Baskervilles is a character in Kouta Hirano's supernatural manga series Hellsing (1997-2008).
Spike Milligan satirised the novel in his book, The Hound of the Baskervilles According to Spike Milligan (1997), combining elements of the original novel with the Basil Rathbone serials.
The Moor (1998), a novel in Laurie R. King's series about Sherlock Holmes and Mary Russell, uses the setting and various plot elements, with Holmes returning to Dartmoor on a later case.
Pierre Bayard's book Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong (2008) re-opens the case and, by careful re-examination of all the clues, clears the hound of all wrongdoing and argues that the actual murderer got away with the crime completely unsuspected by Holmes, countless readers of the book over the past century—and even, in a sense, the author himself.

tag: ul


document_title: Mr. Keen, Tracer of Lost Persons

question_text: mr keen tracer of lost persons theme song

text: Mr. Keen, Tracer of Lost Persons

text: Characters and story[edit]

text: Bennett Kilpack began as Mr. Keen in 1937 with Arthur Hughes and then Phil Clarke stepping into the role later in the series. The kindly Keen and his faithful assistant, Mike Clancy (Jim Kelly), entertained listeners for 18 years. With 1690 nationwide broadcasts, Mr. Keen was the most resilient private detective in a namesake role. The nearest competitors were Nick Carter, Master Detective (726 broadcasts), The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (657) and The Adventures of the Falcon (473).[2] Only 59 of the 1690 Mr. Keen programs are known to survive.[3]

text: Richard Leonard directed scripts by Barbara Bates, Stedman Coles, Frank Hummert, Lawrence Klee and Bob Shaw. James Fleming and Larry Elliott were the announcers. Al Rickey's band provided the background music, including the program's theme, "Someday I'll Find You."

text: Satires[edit]

text: The cliches, stereotypes and simplistic dialogue provided much fodder for Bob and Ray's parody, Mr. Trace, Keener Than Most Persons, broadcast in numerous variations. It was also combined with rival detective show Martin Kane, Private Eye and satirized by Harvey Kurtzman and Jack Davis in Mad magazine's fifth issue (June-July 1953), as Kane Keen! Private Eye.

text: The character of Mr. Keen was referenced by Alfred Hitchcock in one of his television shows, according to The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion by Patrik Wikstrom and Martin Grams, Jr. Mr. Keen is also mentioned in the stage version of Bye Bye Birdie by the character Mr. Harry MacAfee, who was played by Paul Lynde.


document_title: Big Hero 6: The Series

question_text: who is the voice of hero in big hero 6

question_tokens: who is the voice of hero in big hero 6

text: Big Hero 6: The Series

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows the events of the feature film Big Hero 6 and continues the adventures of 14-year-old tech genius Hiro Hamada and the compassionate, cutting-edge robot Baymax created by his late brother Tadashi. Along with his friends Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Go Go and Fred, they form the superhero team Big Hero 6 and embark on high-tech adventures as they protect their city from an array of scientifically enhanced villains. Hiro also faces academic challenges and social trials as the new prodigy at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology (SFIT).

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Returning characters[edit]

text:
Ryan Potter as Hiro Hamada,[4] a 14-year-old robotics prodigy whose brother Tadashi Hamada was killed in an explosion at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology (SFIT) and member of Big Hero 6.
Scott Adsit as Baymax,[4] an inflatable robot originally built by Tadashi as a medical assistant, but reprogrammed by Hiro to also use martial arts and member of Big Hero 6.
Jamie Chung as GoGo Tomago,[5] a tough, athletic student at SFIT who specializes in electromagnetics and member of Big Hero 6.
Genesis Rodriguez as Honey Lemon,[4] a student at SFIT and chemistry enthusiast and member of Big Hero 6
Khary Payton as Wasabi,[4] a smart, slightly neurotic student at SFIT who specializes in lasers and member of Big Hero 6.
Brooks Wheelan as Fred,[4] a comic book fan who is also team mascot at SFIT and member of Big Hero 6.
Maya Rudolph as Aunt Cass,[4] Hiro's aunt and guardian.
David Shaughnessy as Heathcliff,[4] Fred's family butler.
Alan Tudyk as Alistair Krei,[4] a pioneer entrepreneur and CEO of Krei Tech.
Paul Briggs as Mr. Yama, a notorious gangster working under Obake and Hiro's arch-nemesis.[6]
Stan Lee as Frederick Frederickson III,[4] Fred's Dad and a former superhero.
Daniel Henney as Tadashi Hamada, Hiro’s older brother who built Baymax and was killed by Professor Callaghan who started a fire and let him die. He appears as a recording in "Baymax Returns".[6]

text: New characters[edit]

text:
Jenifer Lewis as Professor Granville,[4] the new head of the robotics program at SFIT. A stern woman who despises procrastination and deep down sees potential in Hiro.
Andrew Scott as Obake,[4] a mysterious villain.
Andy Richter as Globby,[4] a pathetic villain.
Diedrich Bader as Bluff Dunder,[4] a news reporter for San Fransokyo. Known for his somewhat vain delivery.
Susan Sullivan as Fred's Mom[4]
Sean Giambrone as Richardson Mole,[4] an eleven year old fanboy and Fred's arch-rival. He has an open crush on GoGo.
John Ross Bowie as Mel[4]
Haley Tju as Karmi,[4] a biology student at SFIT who is jealous of Hiro, but is in love with his alter ego.
Jeff Bennett as Baron Von Steamer, a steampunk based villain.
Katy Mixon as Barb, the mother of Juniper and part of the electricity powered duo High Voltage.
Sophie Reynolds as Juniper, the daughter of Barb and part of the electricity powered duo High Voltage.

text: Development and production[edit]

text: In March 2016, Disney announced that a Big Hero 6 television series was in development and will premiere on Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film and is created by Kim Possible's Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley and Nick Filippi.[2] Talking to Leonard Maltin for the podcast Maltin on Movies, Scott Adsit suggested an early 2018 release date.[7]

text: In March 2016, it was revealed that Jamie Chung will reprise her role as GoGo[5] and that following November, it was revealed that most of the cast members from the film would reprise their roles, including Ryan Potter, Genesis Rodriguez, Scott Adsit, Alan Tudyk, and Maya Rudolph.[4] Khary Payton replaced Damon Wayans Jr. as Wasabi and Brooks Wheelan replaced T. J. Miller as Fred.[4] On January 6, 2017, Disney XD released an official teaser trailer for the series.[1]

text: The first season will consist of 21 half-hours.[8]

text: On March 14, 2017, it was renewed for a second season, ahead of the series premiere.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [10]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Baymax Returns"
Stephen Heneveld, Ben Juwono
Written by : Sharon Flynn, Paiman Kalayen
Storyboard by : Trey Buongiorno, Christopher Copeland, Monica Davila, Michael Fong, Stephanie Stine, David Vantuyle, Young ki Yoon
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
1.11 (Disney Channel)[11]
0.40 (Disney XD)[11]

Shortly following the defeat of Callaghan and Hiro's first day at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, Hiro discovers Baymax's personality chip and proceeds to rebuild his skeleton. Meanwhile, Fred tries to convince the reluctant group to return to crime fighting as the superhero team Big Hero 6. Elsewhere, Yama is hired by the mysterious Obake to steal an unusual paperweight from Professor Granville, the new dean at SFIT and Hiro's professor. Hiro rushes the rebuilding process and the skeleton escapes and is captured by Yama and his crew. Yama pressures Hiro to retrieve the paperweight in exchange for the skeleton. With Fred's help they get it, but Yama double crosses them. Wasabi, GoGo and Honey Lemon arrive and save them and make off with the skeleton and paperweight, but meanwhile Yama managed to create duplicates of the skeleton and sends them out to attack the city. They also steal the paperweight which is revealed to have powerful magnetic energy that affects electric appliances including a train carrying Aunt Cass. The Big Hero 6 stop the train and Hiro tosses the paperweight into the sky where it safely explodes. The next day, Granville gives Hiro Tadashi's old lab and he joins his friends in becoming the Big Hero 6. Meanwhile the villain Obake contemplates his next move.

2
"Fred's Bro-Tillion"
TBA
TBA
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)[12]
TBD

When super-villain Baron Von Steamer crashes Fred's Bro-Tillion, Big Hero 6 springs into action.

3
"Big Roommates"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

A purse thief gets more than he bargained for when he steals Honey Lemon's chem-lab purse and it turns him into a monster.

4
"Issue 188"
Ben Juwono
TBA
[note 1]
TBD

Professor Granville sets Hiro up with Karmi, a student studying biology. Karmi despises Hiro for replacing her as the youngest student to join SFIT, yet ironically, she has a crush on Hiro's alter ego which she somehow cannot seem to recognize. Meanwhile, the Big Hero 6 take on Barb and Juniper, known collectively as the electricity and pop music powered duo High Voltage. In order to help, Fred has to visit his arch-nemesis, Richardson Mole who has in his possession issue 188 of Captain Fancy. In the end, Fred's mission turned out to be in regards to Hiro's identity not being noticed and the team take out High Voltage easily. Hiro realizes that Granville set him up with Karmi to help her become more social. Karmi gains some respect for Hiro, but now thinks that he "has it bad" for her.

5
"Food Fight"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

When Aunt Cass stumbles into an underground cooking competition, she thrives and becomes addicted to the excitement.

6
"Muirahara Woods"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

Hiro, Fred, and Baymax follow GoGo into the mysterious Muirahara Woods where they get lost and everything electronic strangely fails including Baymax.

7
"Failure Mode"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD

Hiro becomes demoralized when his latest school project fails spectacularly; the team must take on the incompetent villain, Globby.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Baymax Returns premiered on Disney XD channels in Canada on November 20, 2017 and in the UK and Ireland on November 30, 2017.[13][14]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Annie Award
Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production
Mark Taihei, Ben Plouffe, Chris Whittier, Sylvia Filcak, Amy Chen
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was first released on Disney XD UK's YouTube account on February 16, 2018.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Major League Baseball record holders

question_text: mlb most wins in a season pitcher modern era

text: Batting records (1876–present)[edit]

text: Career[edit]

text:
Record

Player

#

Refs

Highest batting average

Ty Cobb

.3664

Most singles

Pete Rose

3,215

[1]

Most doubles

Tris Speaker

792

[2]

Most triples

Sam Crawford

309

[3]

Most home runs

Barry Bonds

762

[4]

Most grand slams

Alex Rodriguez

25

Most home runs by a pitcher

Wes Ferrell

38

Most grand slams by a pitcher

Madison Bumgarner

3

Oldest player to hit first home run

Bartolo Colón

7004156890000000000♠42 years, 349 days old

[5]

Youngest player to hit a home run

Tommy Brown

7003646700000000000♠17 years, 257 days old

[6]

Most runs batted in

Hank Aaron

2,297

[7]

Most hits

Pete Rose

4,256

[8]

Most runs scored

Rickey Henderson

2,295

[9]

Highest on-base percentage

Ted Williams

.482

[10]

Most stolen bases

Rickey Henderson

1,406

[11]

Most steals of home

Ty Cobb

54

Highest slugging percentage

Babe Ruth

.690

[12]

Highest OPS

Babe Ruth

1.164

[13]

Most walks

Barry Bonds

2,558

[14]

Most intentional walks

Barry Bonds

688

[15]

Most strikeouts

Reggie Jackson

2,597

[16]

Most at-bats

Pete Rose

14,555

[17]

Most total bases

Hank Aaron

6,856

[18]

Most runs created

Barry Bonds

2,892

[19]

Most games played

Pete Rose

3,562

[20]

text: Single-Season[edit]

text:
Records

Player

#

Season

Refs

Games

Maury Wills

165

1962

Highest batting average

Hugh Duffy

.440

1894

[21]

Most singles

Ichiro Suzuki

225

2004

[22]

Most doubles

Earl Webb

67

1931

[23]

Most triples

Chief Wilson

36

1912

[24]

Most home runs

Barry Bonds

73

2001

Most runs batted in

Hack Wilson

191

1930

[25]

Most hits

Ichiro Suzuki

262

2004

[26]

Most runs scored

Billy Hamilton

192

1894

[27]

Highest on-base percentage

Barry Bonds

.609

2004

[28]

Most stolen bases[a]

Hugh NicolRickey Henderson

138130

18871982

[29]

Highest slugging percentage

Barry Bonds

.863

2001

[30]

Highest OPS

Barry Bonds

1.422

2004

[31]

Most walks

Barry Bonds

232

2004

[32]

Most strikeouts

Mark Reynolds

223

2009

Most extra base hits

Babe Ruth

119

1921

[33]

Fastest pitch thrown

Nolan Ryan

108.5 mph

1974

Most total bases

Babe Ruth

457

1921

[34]

Consecutive game hitting streak

Joe DiMaggio

56

1941

Most at-bats

Jimmy Rollins

716

2007

[35]

text: Pitching records (1876–present)[edit]

text: Career[edit]

text:
Record

Player

#

Most wins

Cy Young

511

Most losses

Cy Young

316

Lowest E.R.A.

Ed Walsh

1.82

Most no-hitters

Nolan Ryan

7

Most strikeouts

Nolan Ryan

5,714

Most shutouts

Walter Johnson

110

Most pickoffs

Steve Carlton

144

Most innings pitched

Cy Young

7,354⅔

Most hit batsmen

Gus Weyhing

278

Most home runs allowed

Jamie Moyer

522

Most complete games

Cy Young

749

Lowest WHIP

Addie Joss

.968

Most saves

Mariano Rivera

652

Highest win–loss percentage

Spud Chandler

71.7%

Most games

Jesse Orosco

1,252

Most consecutive scoreless innings pitched

Orel Hershiser

59[b]

text: Live-ball era (1920–present)[edit]

text: (if different from overall records)

text:
Record

Player

#

Most wins

Warren Spahn

363

Most losses

Nolan Ryan

292

Lowest earned-run average

Bob Gibson

2.91

Most shutouts

Warren Spahn

63

Most innings pitched

Phil Niekro

5,404⅓

Most complete games

Warren Spahn

382

Lowest WHIP

Mariano Rivera

1.000

text: Single season[edit]

text:
Record

Player

#

Season

Most wins

Old Hoss Radbourn

58

1884

Most losses

John Coleman

48

1883

Lowest E.R.A.

Tim Keefe

0.86

1880

Most strikeouts

Matt Kilroy

513

1886

Most shutouts

George BradleyPete Alexander

16

18761916

Most innings pitched

Will White

680

1879

Most complete games

Will White

75

1879

Lowest WHIP

Pedro Martínez

.7373

2000

Most saves

Francisco Rodríguez

62

2008

Highest win/loss percentage

Roy Face

94.7%

1959

Most hits allowed

John Coleman

772

1883

Most earned runs allowed

John Coleman

291

1883

text: Live-ball era (1920–present)[edit]

text: (if different from all-time records)

text:
Record

Player

#

Season

Most wins

Jim Bagby, Sr.Lefty GroveDenny McLain

31

192019311968

Most losses

Paul Derringer

27

1933

Most strikeouts

Nolan Ryan

383

1973

Most shutouts

Bob Gibson

13

1968

Most innings pitched

Wilbur Wood

376.2

1972

Most complete games

Bob Feller

36

1946

Most hits allowed

George Uhle

378

1923

Most earned runs allowed

Bobo Newsom

186

1938

text: Hitting records: single game (1876–present)[edit]

text:
Most hits in a nine-inning game: 7 by Wilbert Robinson, June 10, 1892, and Rennie Stennett, September 16, 1975.
Most hits in an extra-inning game: 9, Johnny Burnett, July 10, 1932.[36]
Most total bases in a nine-inning game: 19 (4 home runs, a double and a single), Shawn Green, May 23, 2002.

text: Pitching records: single game (1876–present)[edit]

text:
Most home runs allowed: 7, Charlie Sweeney, June 12, 1886
Most strikeouts: 21, Tom Cheney, September 12, 1962 (16 innings)
Most strikeouts in a nine-inning game: 20 by Kerry Wood, Roger Clemens (twice), and Max Scherzer [c]
Most consecutive home runs allowed: 4 by Paul Foytack, July 31, 1963, Chase Wright, April 22, 2007, Dave Bush, August 11, 2010, and Michael Blazek, July 27, 2017
Oldest pitcher to win a game: Jamie Moyer, age 49 years, 151 days, May 16, 2012

text: Catcher records: career[edit]

text:
Most runners caught stealing: 810, Gary Carter[38]
Most stolen bases allowed: 1,498, Gary Carter[39]
Most stolen-base attempts: 2,308, Gary Carter
Highest caught-stealing %: 57.40%, Roy Campanella[40]
Most pickoffs: 81, Iván Rodríguez[41]
Most games caught: 2,427, Iván Rodríguez

text: Most caught no hitters: 4, Jason Varitek, May 19, 2008 and Carlos Ruiz, July 25, 2015.

text: Note: Pre-1950 stolen-base data is incomplete; career leaders shown from 1950 to present.

text: Catcher records: single season[edit]

text:
Most runners caught stealing: Jody Davis, 89 (1986)[43]
Most stolen bases allowed: Mike Piazza, 155 (1996)[44]
Highest caught-stealing %: Mike LaValliere, 72.73% (1993)[45]
Most no-hitters caught: 2, Carlos Ruiz (2010) and Wilson Ramos (2015) (List of Major League Baseball no-hitters)

text: Both of Ruiz's no-hitters were by Roy Halladay; the second was in Game 1 of the National League Division Series, Halladay's first career postseason start. Both of Ramos' no-hitters were by Max Scherzer.

text: In 1914, Yankees catcher Les Nunamaker threw out three runners in the same inning.[46]

text: Other records[edit]

text:
Most World Series wins (as a manager): 7, Casey Stengel, Joe McCarthy
Most pennants won: 10, Casey Stengel, John McGraw
Most World Series appearances (as a manager): 10, Casey Stengel
Most World Series appearances (as a team): 40, New York Yankees
Most World Series titles (as a team): 27, New York Yankees
Most regular season wins (as a team): 116, Seattle Mariners (2001), Chicago Cubs (1907)
Most MVP Awards won: 7, Barry Bonds
Most Grand Slams By a Pitcher in One Season: Tony Cloninger, Madison Bumgarner, 2
Most Consecutive Games Played: 2,632, Cal Ripken, Jr.