document_title: Preventive detention

question_text: under the preventive detention act a person can be arrested without trial for

text: Preventive detention

text: Specific jurisdictions[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australian laws authorize preventive detention in a variety of circumstances.[1] For example, mandatory detention in Australia (a form of immigration detention) is applied to asylum seekers who arrive in Australian territorial waters or territory, until their status as an asylum seeker is established.

text: In Australia's most populous State, New South Wales, preventive detention regimes have established powers to detain or to continuously monitor and limit particular activities of those who were once convicted of various serious sexual and violent offences. Recently, this has been extended, with the State government now able to control the free movement, speech, association and work of individuals and businesses via Serious Crime Prevention Orders (‘SCPOs’).[2] Based on provisions in the United Kingdom, a range of state officials may apply to the NSW District or Supreme Courts to create an SCPO consisting of any conditions they consider appropriate.[3] These conditions may include positive obligations - such as an obligation to report to a police station - or negative ‘prohibitions’ or ‘restrictions’, for instance, a prohibition on travelling beyond a certain location. Failure to comply with the SCPO, carries with it a maximum penalty of five years’ imprisonment.[4]

text: SCPOs have been described as a "watershed extension of state power in New South Wales"[5] by legal academics, and were strongly opposed by the legal community when they were introduced and passed into with less than two weeks' consideration by the Parliament of NSW.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, anyone declared a dangerous offender by the courts is subject to an indefinite period of detention

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, the 1998 Criminal Proceedings Code allows for a normal pre-trial "prisión preventiva" or remand[6] of 12 months if the person is considered a "flight risk", but if the case is declared "complex", it can be increased to up to three years and a half of imprisonment without conviction, or even more in some cases. As of 23 May 2013, over 3,000 people were in pre-trial detention.[6]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The police can detain people for 6 hours without involving the courts or pay compensation for wrongful arrest.[7] In relation to the ongoing gang war in Copenhagen between the biker gangs and second generation youth gangs it has been suggested to extend the 6 hour limit to several weeks.[8] Before the Copenhagen Climate Council a new set of emergency laws was introduced allowing the police to detain people for up to 12 hours without charging them for a crime.[9] Critics fear that they will remain as permanent laws when the summit is over.[10]

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, "preventive detention" (German: Sicherungsverwahrung, §66 Strafgesetzbuch) has a similar meaning to that in New Zealand. Sicherungsverwahrung can only be imposed as part of a criminal sentence, and it is handed down to individuals who have committed a grave offence and are considered a danger to public safety. It is an indeterminate sentence that follows a regular jail sentence. To assure the suitability of the preventive detention, it has to be reviewed every two years to determine the ongoing threat posed by the individual. Preventive detention is typically served in regular prisons, though separated from regular prisoners and with certain privileges.

text: The Sicherungsverwahrung is usually imposed in the original verdict, but can be imposed later under certain circumstances. This practice of subsequent incapacitation orders was ruled a violation of Art 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights.[11] Subsequently, a huge discussion in Germany over the handling of this verdict occurred. In reaction to this the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany issued a verdict on Sicherungsverwahrung in May 2011, deeming it unconstitutional.[12] In response, a new law regulating Sicherungsverwahrung was passed in November 2012 .[13]

text: India[edit]

text: In India, preventive detention can be extended for only six months. After three months, such a case is brought before an advisory board for review.

text: Preventive detention in India dates from British rule in the early 1800s, and continued with such laws as the Defence of India Act 1939 and the Preventive Detention Act 1950.[14]

text: The controversial Maintenance of Internal Security Act was enacted by Indian parliament during Indira Gandhi prime ministership in 1971, however it was amended several times during national emergency (1975-1977), leading to human right violations. It was subsequently repealed after Indira Gandhi lost the election in 1977, and the new government took over.[15]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA) was a preventive detention law that was enacted after Malaysia gained independence from Britain in 1957. The ISA allowed for detention without trial or criminal charges under limited, legally defined circumstances. The ISA was invoked against terrorism activity and against anyone deemed a threat to national security. On 15 September 2011, Najib Razak, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, said that this legislation would be repealed and replaced by two new laws.[16]

text: On 17 April 2012, the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA) was approved by the Malaysian Parliament as a replacement for the ISA. It was given the Royal Assent on 18 June 2012 and gazetted on 22 June 2012.[17]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, "preventive detention" is an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment, second only to life imprisonment in terms of seriousness. It may be given to offenders aged 18 or over who are convicted of a qualifying sexual or violent offence, and the court is satisfied that the person is likely to commit another qualifying sexual or violent offence if they were given a determinate sentence of imprisonment.[18] Preventive detention has a minimum non-parole period of five years in prison, but the sentencing judge can extend this if they believe that the prisoner's history warrants it. A total of 314 people were serving terms of preventive detention in 2013, of whom 34 were on parole.[19]

text: Alfred Thomas Vincent has been in prison on preventive detention since 1968 and was still there as of 2015.[20]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Under Apartheid, the government of South Africa used preventive detention laws to target its political opponents. These included, notably, the Terrorism Act of 1967, which gave police commanders the power to detain terrorists—or people with information about terrorists—without warrant.[21]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: England and Wales used to have provisions, introduced by the Labour Government in 2003, to deal with dangerous offenders similar to what is used in Canada. However, the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 abolished what was called Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) without replacement, although offences committed prior to the coming into force of the 2012 Act may still trigger IPP.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right to "a speedy and public trial". Thus, arrested persons may not be held for extended periods of time without trial. However, since the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA), controversy has broken out as to whether or not the U.S. government now has the power to indefinitely detain citizens. Section 1021 and 1022 of the legislation enacted policies described by The Guardian as allowing indefinite detention "without trial [of] American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay".[22]

text: Convicted persons can be held indefinitely as a "dangerous offender".


document_title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)

question_text: dancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges

root

text: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Couples[edit]

text: The professional dancers were announced on April 12, 2018.[3] The eight professionals returning from last season are Lindsay Arnold, Alan Bersten, Sharna Burgess, Witney Carson, Artem Chigvintsev, Keo Motsepe, Gleb Savchenko, and Emma Slater. The two remaining professional dancers were both in the troupe last season, and have previously been professional dancers on the show: Sasha Farber (last competed in season 24) and Jenna Johnson (last competed in season 23). The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke, Mark Ballas, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Peta Murgatroyd, and Valentin Chmerkovskiy.

tag: p

text: The cast was announced on April 13 on Good Morning America.[4]

text:
Celebrity

Notability (known for)

Professional partner

Status

Ref.

Jamie Anderson

Olympic snowboarder

Artem Chigvintsev

Eliminated 1ston April 30, 2018

[5]

Johnny Damon

Former MLB outfielder

Emma Slater

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar

Former NBA center

Lindsay Arnold

Eliminated 2ndon May 7, 2018

[6]

Arike Ogunbowale

Notre Dame women's basketball player

Gleb Savchenko

Jennie Finch Daigle

Former Olympic softball pitcher

Keo Motsepe

Eliminated 3rdon May 14, 2018

[7]

Chris Mazdzer

Olympic luger

Witney Carson

Mirai Nagasu

Olympic figure skater

Alan Bersten

Tonya Harding

Former Olympic figure skater

Sasha Farber

Third placeon May 21, 2018

[8]

Josh Norman

NFL cornerback

Sharna Burgess

Runner-upon May 21, 2018

Adam Rippon

Olympic figure skater

Jenna Johnson

Winneron May 21, 2018

tag: table

text: Hosts and judges[edit]

text: Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge.[6] On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge.[7]

text: Dance troupe[edit]

text: The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart. Additionally, professional dancer Morgan Larson, who performed on the Dancing with the Stars: Light Up the Night tour, joined the troupe for season 26.

text: Scoring chart[edit]

text:
Couple

Place

1

2

3

4

Adam & Jenna

1

24

37+37=74

39+2=41

30+28=58

Josh & Sharna

2

24

30+33=63

36+2=38

27+30=57

Tonya & Sasha

3

23

33+33=66

33+2=35

26+30=56

Jennie & Keo

4

21

26+37=63

29

Chris & Witney

21

33+33=66

33

Mirai & Alan

23

37+37=74

35

Kareem & Lindsay

7

17

26+33=59

Arike & Gleb

20

33+37=70

Jamie & Artem

9

19

Johnny & Emma

18

text: Average chart[edit]

text: This table only counts dances scored on a 30-point scale (scores by guest judges and points awarded in the dance-offs are excluded).

text:
Rank byaverage

Place

Couple

Totalpoints

Numberof dances

Average

1
1
Adam & Jenna
166
6
27.7

2
4
Mirai & Alan
103
4
25.8

2
Josh & Sharna
155
6
25.8

4

3
Tonya & Sasha
151
25.2

5
7
Arike & Gleb
71
3
23.7

6
4
Chris & Witney
94
4
23.5

7
Jennie & Keo
88
22.0

8
7
Kareem & Lindsay
60
3
20.0

9
9
Jamie & Artem
19
1
19.0

10
Johnny & Emma
18
18.0

text: Highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]

text: The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded) are as follows:

text:
Dance

Highest scored dancer(s)

Highest score

Lowest scored dancer(s)

Lowest score

Salsa

Mirai Nagasu
23
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
19

Cha-cha-cha

Adam RipponJosh Norman
24
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
17

Foxtrot

Mirai NagasuJosh Norman
27
Johnny Damon
18

Viennese waltz

Tonya Harding
26
Jamie Anderson
19

Paso doble

Josh Norman
23
—
—

Quickstep

Adam Rippon
28
Tonya Harding
24

Team dances

Jennie Finch DaigleMirai NagasuArike OgunbowaleAdam Rippon
27
Kareem Abdul-JabbarTonya HardingChris MazdzerJosh Norman
24

Rumba

Tonya Harding
24
—
—

Contemporary

Adam Rippon
29
Josh Norman
27

Jazz

Adam Rippon
30
—
—

Freestyle

Tonya HardingJosh Norman
30
Adam Rippon
28

text: Couples' highest and lowest scoring dances[edit]

text: Scores are based upon a potential 30-point maximum (team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded).

text:
Couple

Highest scoring dance(s)

Lowest scoring dance(s)

Adam & Jenna
Jazz (30)
Cha-cha-cha (24)

Josh & Sharna
Freestyle (30)
Paso doble (23)

Tonya & Sasha
Freestyle (30)
Foxtrot (23)

Jennie & Keo
Foxtrot &  Viennese waltz (21)
Cha-cha-cha (19)

Chris & Witney
Viennese waltz (25)
Salsa (21)

Mirai & Alan
Foxtrot (27)
Salsa (23)

Kareem & Lindsay
Salsa (19)
Cha-cha-cha (17)

Arike & Gleb
Foxtrot (24)
Salsa (20)

Jamie & Artem
Viennese waltz (19)
—

Johnny & Emma
Foxtrot (18)
—

text: Weekly scores[edit]

text: Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.

text: Week 1: First Dances[edit]

text: The couples danced the cha-cha-cha, foxtrot, salsa or Viennese waltz.

text: For the first time in the show's history, viewers were able to vote for the couples live online so that the results of the vote could be used to determine the first two eliminees that same evening.

text:
Couple

Scores[5]

Dance

Music[10]

Result

Chris & Witney

21 (7, 7, 7)

Salsa

"Mr. Put It Down"—Ricky Martin feat. Pitbull

Safe

Kareem & Lindsay

17 (6, 5, 6)

Cha-cha-cha

"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"—Stevie Wonder

Safe

Jennie & Keo

21 (7, 7, 7)

Foxtrot

"All-American Girl"—Carrie Underwood

Safe

Jamie & Artem

19 (6, 7, 6)

Viennese waltz

"Feeling Good"—Avicii feat. Audra Mae

Eliminated

Mirai & Alan

23 (7, 8, 8)

Salsa

"No Excuses"—Meghan Trainor

Safe

Arike & Gleb

20 (7, 6, 7)

Salsa

"Them Girls"—Whitney Myer

Safe

Adam & Jenna

24 (8, 8, 8)

Cha-cha-cha

"Sissy That Walk"—RuPaul

Safe

Johnny & Emma

18 (6, 6, 6)

Foxtrot

"Centerfield"—John Fogerty

Eliminated

Tonya & Sasha

23 (8, 8, 7)

Foxtrot

"When You Believe"—Whitney Houston & Mariah Carey

Last to be called safe

Josh & Sharna

24 (8, 8, 8)

Cha-cha-cha

"Finesse"—Bruno Mars

Safe

text: Week 2[edit]

text: Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Rashad Jennings, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.

text: The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance celebrating an iconic decade in sports. Paso doble and quickstep are introduced.

text:
Couple

Scores[6]

Dance

Music[11]

Result

Josh & Sharna

30 (7, 7, 8, 8)

Paso doble

"The Plaza of Execution"—James Horner

Safe

Jennie & Keo

26 (6, 7, 7, 6)

Cha-cha-cha

"Do It Like This"—Daphne Willis

Safe

Kareem & Lindsay

26 (7, 7, 6, 6)

Salsa

"La Malanga"—Eddie Palmieri

Eliminated

Chris & Witney

33 (9, 8, 8, 8)

Viennese waltz

"Next to Me"—Imagine Dragons

Last to be called safe

Tonya & Sasha

33 (8, 9, 8, 8)

Quickstep

"Redneck Woman"—Gretchen Wilson

Safe

Mirai & Alan

37 (9, 10, 9, 9)

Foxtrot

"It's a Small World"—The O'Neill Brothers

Safe

Arike & Gleb

33 (8, 9, 8, 8)

Foxtrot

"What About Us"—Pink

Eliminated

Adam & Jenna

37 (9, 9, 9, 10)

Quickstep

"Make Way"—Aloe Blacc

Safe

Chris & WitneyJosh & SharnaKareem & LindsayTonya & Sasha

33 (8, 9, 8, 8)

Freestyle(Team 1950s Tennis)

"...Baby One More Time"—The Baseballs

Adam & JennaArike & GlebJennie & KeoMirai & Alan

37 (9, 10, 9, 9)

Freestyle(Team 1970s Football)

"Instant Replay"—Dan Hartman

text: Week 3: MVP Night (Semifinals)[edit]

text: Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, David Ross, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.

text: The couples performed one unlearned dance dedicated to the "MVP" in their lives, and participated in "ballroom battle" dance-offs for extra points. Former contestants were brought in to mentor the couples for the ballroom battles. Nastia Liukin mentored Jennie & Keo and Tonya & Sasha. Meryl Davis mentored Adam & Jenna and Mirai & Alan. Von Miller mentored Chris & Witney and Josh & Sharna. Contemporary, jive and rumba are introduced.

text:
Couple

Scores[7]

Dance

Music[12]

Result

Mirai & Alan

35 (9, 9, 8, 9)

Quickstep

"BO$$"—Fifth Harmony

Eliminated

Jennie & Keo

29 (7, 8, 7, 7)

Viennese waltz

"The Rest of Our Life"—Tim McGraw & Faith Hill

Chris & Witney

33 (8, 9, 7, 9)

Foxtrot

"I Got Rhythm"—Ray Chew

Tonya & Sasha

33 (8, 9, 8, 8)

Rumba

"See You Again"—Tyler Ward

Safe

Adam & Jenna

39 (10, 10, 9, 10)

Contemporary

"O"—Coldplay

Safe

Josh & Sharna

36 (9, 9, 9, 9)

Contemporary

"Stand by Me"—Bootstraps

Last to be called safe

text:
Dance-offs

Couple

Judges' votes

Public vote

Dance

Music

Result

Tonya & Sasha

Tonya, Jennie, Tonya, Tonya

Jennie (60%)

Cha-cha-cha

"Dance"—DNCE

Winner (2 pts)

Jennie & Keo

Loser

Adam & Jenna

Adam, Mirai, Mirai, Adam

Adam (64%)

Jive

"Johnny B. Goode"—Chuck Berry

Winner (2 pts)

Mirai & Alan

Loser

Josh & Sharna

Chris, Josh, Josh, Josh

Chris (55%)

Salsa

"WTF (Where They From)"—Missy Elliott feat. Pharrell Williams

Winner (2 pts)

Chris & Witney

Loser

text: Week 4: Finals[edit]

text: The final three couples performed one unlearned dance inspired by their journey on the show and a freestyle. Jazz is introduced.

text:
Couple

Scores[8]

Dance

Music[13]

Result

Tonya & Sasha

26 (8, 9, 9)

Viennese waltz

"The Time of My Life"—David Cook

Third Place[2]

30 (10, 10, 10)

Freestyle

"Hush Hush; Hush Hush"—The Pussycat Dolls

Josh & Sharna

27 (9, 9, 9)

Foxtrot

"Conqueror"—Empire cast feat. Estelle & Jussie Smollett

Runner-Up[2]

30 (10, 10, 10)

Freestyle

"Walk on Water"—Thirty Seconds to Mars

Adam & Jenna

30 (10, 10, 10)

Jazz

"Anything You Can Do"—Bernadette Peters & Tom Wopat

Winners

28 (9, 9, 10)

Freestyle

"Scooby Doo Pa Pa"—DJ Kass

text: Dance chart[edit]

text: The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week:

text:
Week 1: Cha-cha-cha, foxtrot, salsa, or Viennese waltz (First Dances)
Week 2: One unlearned dance & team dances
Week 3: One unlearned dance & ballroom battles (MVP Night; Semifinals)
Week 4: One unlearned dance & freestyle (Finals)

tag: ul

text:
Couple

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Adam & Jenna

Cha-cha-cha

Quickstep

Freestyle(Team 1970s Football)

Contemporary

Jive

Jazz

Freestyle

Josh & Sharna

Cha-cha-cha

Paso doble

Freestyle(Team 1950s Tennis)

Contemporary

Salsa

Foxtrot

Freestyle

Tonya & Sasha

Foxtrot

Quickstep

Freestyle(Team 1950s Tennis)

Rumba

Cha-cha-cha

Viennese waltz

Freestyle

Jennie & Keo

Foxtrot

Cha-cha-cha

Freestyle(Team 1970s Football)

Viennese waltz

Cha-cha-cha

Chris & Witney

Salsa

Viennese waltz

Freestyle(Team 1950s Tennis)

Foxtrot

Salsa

Mirai & Alan

Salsa

Foxtrot

Freestyle(Team 1970s Football)

Quickstep

Jive

Kareem & Lindsay

Cha-cha-cha

Salsa

Freestyle(Team 1950s Tennis)

Arike & Gleb

Salsa

Foxtrot

Freestyle(Team 1970s Football)

Jamie & Artem

Viennese waltz

Johnny & Emma

Foxtrot

text: Ratings[edit]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Episode

Air date

Rating/Share(18–49)

Viewers(millions)

1

"Week 1: Premiere"

April 30, 2018

1.1

5

8.48[14]

2

"Week 2"

May 7, 2018

1.0

4

7.73[15]

3

"Week 3: MVP Night (Semifinals)"

May 14, 2018

1.0

4

7.68[16]

4

"Week 4: The Finals"

May 21, 2018

1.1

5

8.77[17]


document_title: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

question_text: what is the genre of the boy in the striped pajamas

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
UK first edition book coverAuthor
John BoyneCountry
IrelandLanguage
EnglishGenre
Historical / post modernPublisher
David Fickling BooksPublication date
5 January 2006Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)Pages
216ISBN
0-385-60940-XOCLC
62132588Dewey Decimal
823.914 22LC Class
CS 2006/45764

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of  The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2]  In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a concentration camp.

text: When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.

text: The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.

text: Critics' reviews[edit]

text: Kathryn Hughes, writing in The Guardian, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book". While she comments on "the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant's son without anyone noticing", she describes the novel as "something that borders on fable", arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[5]

text: Nicholas Tucker, writing in The Independent, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned. It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination. Plainly and sometimes archly written, it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages."[6]

text: Ed Wright, writing in The Age of Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that "Bruno's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children's naive egocentricity, their innate concept of fairness, familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination." He concludes by observing that "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and, as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery's The Little Prince, Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world."[7]

text: A.O. Scott, writing in The New York Times, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel, writing: "Boyne’s reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences. To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers’ preconceptions." However Scott felt this undermined the work, saying: "A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” while one who has read other books on the topic — Jerry Spinelli’s “Milkweed,” say, or Anne Frank’s diary — may be irritated by the book’s evasions and euphemisms. There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "To mold the Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."[8]

text: Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[9] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation".  Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority.  Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[10]

text: Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book "Hollywood and the Holocaust", writing that "The rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but stating that "Blech is factually incorrect. In fact, there were male (though apparently not female) children at Auschwitz. In 1944, for example, according to the Nazis' meticulous records, there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old. Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers, while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities. Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards. Of course, thousands of other children at Auschwitz (including all the girls who arrived at the camp) were gassed."[11]


document_title: Search warrant

question_text: when do you not need a search warrant

question_tokens: when do you not need a search warrant

text: Search warrant

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales, a local magistrate issues search warrants, which require that a constable provide evidence that supports the warrant application. In the majority of cases where police already hold someone in custody, police can search premises[clarification needed] without a search warrant under Section 18 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), which requires only the authority of an inspector.

text: Under Section 18(5)a of PACE, a constable can conduct a search immediately without an inspector's authorisation. This subsection allows a constable to search the home of a suspect(s) under arrest in their presence before they take the suspect to a police station (or other custody location). Under Section 32 of PACE, a constable who arrests a person who is on their own property or has just left their premises, may immediately search both the suspect and the immediate area.

text: In Scotland, a country operating on the distinct legal system of Scots law compared to England and Wales - the restrictions governing the use and execution of search warrants are set out under Part XIII under the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995. Search warrants must be signed by a Sheriff after a petition from police.[1]

text: Gas company officials may enter a home to inspect, repair, or replace gas meters and gas appliances by obtaining a warrant.[2]

text: Canada[edit]

text: To get a warrant police must present a judge with an ITO (information to obtain) form that contains reasonable and probable grounds to believe that an offence has been or is being committed, and that the authorization sought will afford evidence of that offence. This hearing is 'ex parte' meaning only the crown is present. This fact obliges the police to include any known facts that hurt their application.[3]

text: After a search the occupants have a copy of the warrant and may get hold of the ITO through crown disclosure[4] if the occupant(s) are charged. There are numerous different warrant procedures in the Criminal Code, some have specific requirements such as being served during daytime or having a named supervising officer present in the case of a home search.[5] If these(see link)[6] requirements are not met by the police the evidence found may become admissible against the accused at trial.

text: United States[edit]

text: Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

text: Under the Fourth Amendment, search warrants must be reasonable and specific. This means that a search warrant must reasonably identify the items to be searched for and the place where law enforcement officials are authorized to search for those items. Unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies, the search of other buildings or areas of a building, persons or vehicles, or the search for additional items that do not reasonably fall under the original warrant, will normally require additional search warrants.

text: To obtain a search warrant, an officer must prove to a magistrate or judge that probable cause exists for the proposed search, based upon direct information (i.e., the officer's personal observation) or other reliable information. An application for a search warrant will often rely upon hearsay information, such as information obtained from a confidential informant, as long as probable cause exists based on the totality of the circumstances. Police can seize both property and persons under a search warrant. The rationale is that evidence police collect without a search warrant may not be sufficient to convict, but may be sufficient to suggest that a warrant would allow police to find enough evidence to convict.

text: The issue of federal warrants is determined under Title 18 of the United States Code. The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.[7] Federal search warrants may be prepared on Form AO 93, Search and Seizure Warrant.[8] Although the laws are broadly similar, each state has its own laws and rules of procedure governing the issuance of warrants.

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: Certain searches don't require a search warrant. For example,[9]

text:
Consent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.
Hot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);
Imminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;
Emergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or
Search incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]
Public safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.
Plain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).

text: In a plain view case, the officer is legitimately on the premises, his observation is from a legitimate vantage point, and it is immediately obvious that the evidence is contraband. The plain view rule applies, for example, when the officer has pulled the suspect over for a seat belt violation and sees a syringe on the passenger seat.[11]

text: Protective sweep[edit]

text: If the subject is arrested in a home or vehicle, police may perform a protective search to make sure that there are no weapons within the vicinity.[12] For example, they may search for weapons the room where they arrested the subject of a warrant, and conduct a "protective sweep" of the premises if they reasonably suspect that other individuals may be hiding.

text: Rental properties and hotel rooms[edit]

text: With rented property, a landlord may refuse to allow law enforcement to search a tenant's apartment without a search warrant, and police must obtain a warrant under the same guidelines as if the tenant were the owner of the property.[13]

text: People who are occupying rooms at hotels or motels have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their rooms. However, a warrantless search may be possible if the hotel guest has property in their room a considerable period of time after the scheduled check-out time.[14]

text: Motor vehicle exception[edit]

text: As first established by Carroll v. United States, police are allowed to search a vehicle without a search warrant when they have probable cause to believe that evidence or contraband is located in a vehicle.[15][16] When police arrest an individual shortly after the individual has exited a vehicle, the police may conduct a full search of the suspect's person, any area within that person's immediate reach, and the passenger compartment of the recently occupied vehicle for weapons or any other contraband. However, Arizona v. Gant limits such searches to circumstances where the arrested person could have accessed the vehicle, or when the vehicle could contain evidence of the crime the person is arrested for.[17]

text: Border search exception[edit]

text: Under The Border Search Exception custom and immigration officers are not required to have a warrant or probable cause to conduct searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalents.[18]

text: This doctrine is not actually an exception to the Fourth Amendment, but rather to the Amendment's requirement for a warrant or probable cause. Balanced against the sovereign's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants. Not only is the expectation of privacy less at the border than in the interior, the Fourth Amendment balance between the interests of the Government and the privacy right of the individual is also struck much more favorably to the Government at the border. This balance at international borders means that routine searches are "reasonable" there, and therefore do not violate the Fourth Amendment's proscription against "unreasonable searches and seizures".

text: Delayed notice[edit]

text: A sneak and peek search warrant (officially called a delayed notice warrant and also a covert entry search warrant or a surreptitious entry search warrant) is a search warrant authorizing the law enforcement officers executing it to effect physical entry into private premises without the owner's or the occupant's permission or knowledge and to clandestinely search the premises.

text: Gag orders[edit]

text: In California, the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act mandates that in certain cases concerning electronic search warrants that the court issue gag orders "[...] prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought [...]".[19]


document_title: The Man in the High Castle (TV series)

question_text: what is the film in man in the high castle

text: The Man in the High Castle (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text: The central characters are Juliana Crain, Frank Frink, Joe Blake, John Smith, Nobusuke Tagomi, and Takeshi Kido. The series takes place in an alternate 1962.

text: Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half-sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai, just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel-style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated. The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as "The Man in the High Castle". Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be. Her boyfriend, Frank Frink (who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis), believes that the newsreel has no relation to real-life events. Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City, Colorado, in the Neutral Zone, where she was going to meet someone. Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy's place to find out what her half-sister's mission was. When she arrives in Canon City, she encounters Joe Blake.

text: Blake is a 27-year-old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith, a former US military officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS. Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City, which is Juliana, substituting for Trudy.

text: Nobusuke Tagomi is a high-ranking Japanese official (the Trade Minister) in San Francisco. He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener, who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes. Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich's Führer Adolf Hitler dies, or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson's disease. Wegener explains that Hitler's successor will want to use the Reich's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States. Currently, however, Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare, with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically.

text: Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana's activities. Not having the information they seek, he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for, and they kill Frink's sister and her two children in retaliation, using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions. This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Crown Prince and Princess, but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan.

text: Season two[edit]

text: Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States, eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central-command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco. The attack kills many Empire military and other top-level leadership and it is presumed that the size and depth of the incendiary explosion means none of the perpetrators of the bombing—including Frink—survived the attack either.

text: Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder. John Smith, seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed, steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself, ensuring it goes through, and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake's knowledge. Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme, and also that he is the sole biological son of a top-ranking Nazi official in Berlin, Martin Heusmann. Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and, in so doing, becomes second-in-command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich's Acting Chancellor title, which they do quickly and almost by default.

text: Hitler's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies, and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary, including war. John Smith is the only high-ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann's sudden announcement. To gain insight in to why it has happened, he interrogates another high-ranking Nazi, Heydrich, who reveals a far-reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese, decimate their Empire, level Tokyo, kill their Emperor, and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich. John Smith undertakes carefully-calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and, as a final act, travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler — the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy — of the existence of the conspiracy. Audiotapes, together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay, are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer, who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor. He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler, detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann, and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers, nixing the war-declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann's conspiracy and John Smith's exposing of it. Upon learning this, the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler's men in general and then John Smith in particular.

text: The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich, and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich. Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory, and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Crain's sister is not in fact dead after all. In a basement somewhere, John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain, a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control; she has become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco. Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese, as they killed Juliana's father during the war.
Rupert Evans as Frank Frink, Juliana's boyfriend. He works in a factory, creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese, while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches. When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister, Frank is taken into custody, which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed. His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state.
Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake, a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith. He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance.
DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy, Frank's co-worker and friend. He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank's well being.
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi, the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America. His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season.
Rufus Sewell as John Smith, an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York. He is a natural-born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children. It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression.
Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido, the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco.
Brennan Brown as Robert Childan, an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank. (recurring, season 1; main, season 2)
Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell, leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen. (season 2)[9]
Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer, a young Berlin-born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe. (season 2)[10]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener, a disillusioned high-ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi.
Rick Worthy as Lemuel "Lem" Washington, owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance.
Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione, a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance.
Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida, Inspector Kido's right-hand man.
Arnold Chun as Kotomichi, Tagomi's assistant.
Hank Harris as Randall Becker, a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance
Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers, Frank's sister.
Allan Havey as the Origami Man, a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance.
Burn Gorman as the Marshal, a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees.
Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy, a young albino man living in Canon City.
Rob LaBelle as Carl, a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees.
Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer, a Jewish member of the Resistance.
Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson, a Jew living in the Pacific States; he is Frank's friend
Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura, a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia.
Tao Okamoto as Betty, Paul's wife.
Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan
Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan
Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka, an office worker in the Nippon building.
Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura, the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States.
Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen/The Man in the High Castle. (season 2)
Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann, Joe Blake's estranged father and high-ranking member of the Reich. (season 2)[11]
Cara Mitsuko as Sarah, a Japanese American Resistance member, confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp. (season 2)
Tate Donovan as George Dixon, a mysterious friend of the Crains (season 2).
Michael Hogan as Hagan, an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance. (season 2)
Tzi Ma as General Hidehisa Onoda, a leading member of the Japanese military. (season 2)

text: John Smith's family[edit]

text:
Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith, John's wife.
Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith, John and Helen's son and the eldest child. A member of the Hitler Youth, it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father's side of the family.
Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith, John and Helen's daughter.
Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith, John and Helen's daughter.

text: Juliana Crain's family[edit]

text:
Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker, Juliana's stepfather and Trudy's father.
Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker, Juliana's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II.
Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker, Juliana's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai.

text: Nobusuke Tagomi's family[edit]

text:
Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi, Nobusuke's wife. (season 2)
Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi, Nobusuke and Michiko's son. (season 2)

text: Historical figures[edit]

text:
Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler.
Ray Proscia as SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich.
Kenneth Tigar as SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler (season 2)
Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda (season 2)
Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun, Hitler's wife (season 2)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text: The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic-Con event. The season premiered on November 20, 2015.[12][13]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The New World"
David Semel
Frank Spotnitz
January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)

A young man, Joe Blake, volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies. In Japan-occupied San Francisco, Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy, only to see her get shot by the Japanese police. She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy's treason. The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II, which Juliana watches. She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy's place. A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys. Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco, Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai, who want to know Juliana's destination. Joe calls a Nazi commandant, Smith, revealing that he is working for them.

2
2
"Sunrise"
Daniel Percival
Frank Spotnitz
October 23, 2015 (2015-10-23)

In the Canon City diner, Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact. Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst (SD) agent trying to stop the resistance, and orders him not to intervene. However, when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana, Joe drives up, and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death. In New York, Smith is attacked by resistance fighters. In prison, Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana. The Kempeitai kill Frank's sister and her children, but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana's bag is found with fake film reels.

3
3
"The Illustrated Woman"
Ken Olin
Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town, looking for the man Juliana killed. They go to dispose of his body and car, but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names. They realize that Juliana's boss from the diner was her actual contact. Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children's deaths to his brother-in-law. Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun. The bounty hunter realizes Juliana's identity and tries to kill her.

4
4
"Revelations"
Michael Rymer
Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal. Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods, where they are surrounded by resistance fighters, who force them to give them the films and leave. Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal, causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent. The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway. When Juliana gets far enough, she burns her car and hides. When the Marshal reaches the car, he assumes that she has died. Back in the Reich, SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him, which route he was taking to work. In the Pacific States, Frank heads to the Crown Prince's speech with a gun to assassinate him, but hesitates to do so. The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman.

5
5
"The New Normal"
Bryan Spicer
Rob Williams
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack, and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku, for not protecting the Crown Prince. Kido then states that if he cannot find the gunman, he will do the same. Meanwhile, Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank, who tells her about his time in prison. Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith's office. He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City. Smith believes him, and invites Joe over for VA day (Victory in America day).

6
6
"Three Monkeys"
Nelson McCormick
Rob Williams
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Joe celebrates VA day at Smith's house. Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers. Smith, who has received intelligence about Wegener's activities but also happens to be an old friend, intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers. Smith has Wegener arrested. Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files.

7
7
"Truth"
Brad Anderson
Emma Frost
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister's death. Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future, and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana's past. Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City.

8
8
"End of the World"
Karyn Kusama
Walon Green
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States, only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film, and walks directly into the Kempeitai's ambush. Meanwhile, Smith's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery. The episode is named after the song of the same name, which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote.

9
9
"Kindness"
Michael Slovis
Jace Richdale
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

With time running out, a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe. The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt. Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming, and Kido's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery. Meanwhile, Frank and Juliana, after taking possession of the new film, decide to watch it, but they are shocked to find out that the film describes, apparently in the near future, a nuclear-bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors; Frank is shown being executed by Joe, who is wearing an SS uniform.

10
10
"A Way Out"
Daniel Percival
Rob Williams
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)

Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent. He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film. Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap. Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince. Ed is caught with Frank's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince, averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku. Heydrich demands Smith's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler. Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler's alpine castle (filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle), but after confronting Hitler (who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches), kills himself instead. Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler. Joe evades Lem's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana's place. Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained. Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text: The second season was released on December 16, 2016.[14]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

11
1
"The Tiger's Cave"
Daniel Percival
Frank Spotnitz
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation, but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler. Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized. She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen, The Man in the High Castle, and his vast film collection. Meanwhile, General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis, much to Tagomi's dismay. Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family. Desperate to clear Ed's name, Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help. Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war. Gary Connell, leader of the West Coast Resistance, goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana, but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint. A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers. Karen is killed in the crossfire.

12
2
"The Road Less Traveled"
Colin Bucksey
Rob Williams
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved. Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura, who is a defense lawyer, to help Ed. In desperation, he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake, leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza, to whom Kasoura has a connection. Frank is almost killed by Okamura, the Yakuza leader, in the previous incident with Joe. However, he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery, with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant. Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed. He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen. Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father, a Reichminister named Heusmann, in Berlin. Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead. Meanwhile, Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco, to no avail. Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on, Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon, who is Trudy's real father. Learning he may be in Brooklyn, Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum, while leaving a letter to Frank.

13
3
"Travelers"
Daniel Sackheim
Erik Oleson
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Smith is warned by Dr. Adler, the family physician, to end his son Thomas's life, as the boy's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich. Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith, who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay. He keeps this a secret from Joe. Frank learns of Juliana's defection to the Nazi states, though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal. While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt, Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders. While saving a Resistance member named Sarah, Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese. Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis, leading her to think he may have betrayed her. Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter's treatment of his mother. He crosses paths with Nicole Becker, a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so. He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence.

14
4
"Escalation"
David Petrarca
Wesley Strick
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith's wife Helen and Thomas. While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment, she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed. General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue. Enraged, Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission, much to Ed's dismay. Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment. Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son's illness a secret. Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order. After escaping from her pursuers, Juliana is approached by Dixon. Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still-living wife Michiko, who is deceased in his own timeline.

15
5
"Duck and Cover"
John Fawcett
Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her. Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films. Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film. Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn, an experiment to perfect racial purity. Despite this, he takes up his father's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days. Kido attempts to use Onoda's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states, though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason. Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank's lives. Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving. Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke, but discovers the alternate Tagomi's relationship with them is estranged. He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son.

16
6
"Kintsugi"
Paul Holahan
Francesca Gardiner
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members, Lucy. Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America. She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity. Joe starts to get closer to Nicole, who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others. After spending the night with Nicole, Joe begins to embrace his real heritage. Sarah brings Frank to a secret prayer gathering with Hagan, a leader of the Resistance. Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self's relationship with his family, and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke's foregoing of the Japanese culture. Kido is informed by his right hand man, Yoshida, that they have found Abendsen's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films.

17
7
"Land O' Smiles"
Karyn Kusama
Rob Williams
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit. Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis. Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go. Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting. However, Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information. While at Adler's funeral, Smith is dismayed when Adler's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed. Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas, she notices he has a seizure and covers for him. Later, she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas's condition. Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse.

18
8
"Loose Lips"
Alex Zakrzewski
Rick Cleveland
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Smith questions Juliana about Joe's film and learns of San Francisco's impending destruction. Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast. Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead. The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising, leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent. Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father. Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him. Enraged, he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising. Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido, Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war, leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected: a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks. Smith executes Heydrich, but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war. Hitler passes away, leaving Heusmann in charge, and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict.

19
9
"Detonation"
Chris Long
Wesley Strick
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll. Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis, Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality. Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition, unaware that their conversation is being recorded. Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas' secret. In a televised address, Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe's horror. Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs. Before the operation, he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco. Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage. They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building, but are spotted by Kido, which starts a gunfight in the lobby. Just as Tagomi arrives, the bomb detonates, killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building. Frank and Sarah's fate is not shown.

20
10
"Fallout"
Daniel Percival
Erik Oleson
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)

Tagomi and Kido, who survived the bombing, deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ. Afterwards, Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb. The resistance attempts to avenge Karen's death by killing Juliana, but she escapes and kills Susan in the process. She then confronts and kills Dixon, who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas. Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher-ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler, exposing Heusmann as the traitor. After arresting Heusmann and Joe, Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle, possibly assuming control of the Reich, and rewards Smith for his service. The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized. After traveling to the Neutral Zone, a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive. Finally, Lem hands over Abendsen's remaining films to Tagomi.

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2010, it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four-part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures, FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films. Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton.[15]

text: On February 11, 2013, Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four-part miniseries, with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers, co-produced with Scott Free Prods., Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods.[16]

text: On October 1, 2014, Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn, Washington,[17] for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service.[18] This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott, David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free, Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures, Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz's Big Light Productions.[1] The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15, 2015.[19] Amazon Studios' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels. They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs, then release them and gather data on their success. The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series. On February 18, 2015, Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green-light along with four other series, and a full season would be produced.[20]

text: Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014. Principal filming took place in Seattle, with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City, as well as Roslyn, Washington, which was the long-time shooting location for Northern Exposure. Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail, the Paramount Theatre, a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area, as well as various buildings in the city's Capitol Hill, International District, and Georgetown neighborhoods. In Roslyn, the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery.[17][21]

text: In April 2015, filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the downtown area of West Georgia Street, along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building.[22] In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia.[23] Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen, Austria, were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season.[24]

text: Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95% based on reviews from 58 critics, with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10. The site's critical consensus states, "By executive producer Ridley Scott, The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV, with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia."[26] Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27]

text: Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote, "I can honestly say I loved this pilot. It's an impressive, streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel."[28] Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a "a superb, frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and (some sci-fi) turns."[29] Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex, and gripping, plot.[30] The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as "provocative" and "smartly adapted by The X-Files' Frank Spotnitz." The Daily Telegraph said it was "absorbing" and Wired called it "must-see viewing." Entertainment Weekly said it was "engrossing" and "a triumph in world-building," cheering, "The Man in the High Castle is king."

text: After its first season, Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time.[31]

text: Amazon subsequently announced it was the service's most-streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season.[32][33] Season 2 was met with mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63% based on reviews from 19 critics, with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10. The site's critical consensus states, "Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy, The Man in the High Castle's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions, bolstered by stunning visuals, strong performances, and intriguing new possibilities."[34] Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100, based on reviews from ten critics.[35]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

2015
IGN Awards[36]
Best New TV Series
The Man in the High Castle
Nominated

South by Southwest Awards[citation needed]
Excellence in Title Design
Patrick Clair
Nominated

2016
American Society of Cinematographers Awards[37]
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie, Mini-Series or Pilot
James Hawkinson (Episode: "The New World")
Nominated

Creative Arts Emmy Awards[38]
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
James Hawkinson
Won

Outstanding Main Title Design
Patrick Clair, Paul Kim, Jose Limon, Raoul Marks
Won

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More)
Drew Boughton, Linda King, Brenda Meyers-Ballard
Nominated

Outstanding Special Visual Effects
The Man in the High Castle
Nominated

Critics' Choice Television Awards[39]
Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Rufus Sewell
Nominated

Monte-Carlo Television Festival[citation needed]
Best TV Series Drama
The Man in the High Castle
Nominated

Saturn Awards[40]
Best New Media Television Series
The Man in the High Castle
Nominated

USC Scripter Awards[41]
Best Television Script
Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick
Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards[42]
Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real-Time Project
Casi Blume, David Andrade, Nick Chamberlain, Lawson Deming
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain
Nominated

Young Artist Awards[43]
Best Performance in a TV Series – Recurring Young Actor (14–21)
Quinn Lord
Nominated

2017
Artios Awards[44]
Television Pilot And First Season - Drama
Denise Chamian, Liz Ludwitzke, Candice Elzinga, Patti Kalles
Nominated

Creative Arts Emmy Awards[45]
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)
James Hawkinson
Nominated

Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program
"Resistance Radio"
Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program (One Hour or More)
Drew Boughton, Dawn Swiderski, Jon Lancaster
Nominated

Outstanding Special Visual Effects
Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain, David Andrade, Bill Parker, Justin Fox, Danielle Malambri
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards[46]
Outstanding Fantasy Television Series
J.R. Hawbaker
Nominated

Leo Awards[47]
Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series
Kurt Evans
Nominated

Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Chelah Horsdal
Won

Location Managers Guild Awards[48]
Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series
Nicole Noelle Chartrand, Robert Murdoch
Nominated

Saturn Awards[49]
Best New Media Television Series
The Man in the High Castle
Nominated

text: Advertising controversy[edit]

text: As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season, one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show, including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States.[50] In response to criticism from "state lawmakers and city leaders", the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group. MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that, "The MTA is a government agency and can't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them; we have to follow the standards approved by our board. Please note they're commercial ads." Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said, "This advertising, whether you find it distasteful or not, obviously they're not advertising Nazism; they're advertising a TV show." After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway. It was later announced that it was the MTA, not Amazon, that pulled the ad, due to pressure from Governor Cuomo.[51]


document_title: Age of marriage in the United States

question_text: what is the legal age of marriage in usa

text: Age of marriage in the United States

text: Unlike most Western countries, half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage. While in most US states, individuals age 18 have the ability to marry (with two exceptions—Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21)), all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances, such as parental consent, judicial consent, pregnancy, or a combination of these situations. Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone. In most states, children under 16 can be married too. In the 25 states [1] which have an absolute minimum age set by statute, this age varies between 13 and 17, while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met. Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute, the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states.[2] Over the past 15 years, more than 200,000 minors married in US, and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001.[3]

text:
State
Minimum age
Notes

Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account[2]
General age

 Alabama[4]
16
18

 Alaska[5]
14
18

 Arizona[6]
none
18
No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent.

 Arkansas[5]
none
18

 California[7]
none
18
No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent.

 Colorado[5][8][9]
none
18
No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent.

 Connecticut[10]
16
18
Since 2017, the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent.[10]

 Delaware[5]
none
18

 District of Columbia[5]
16
18

 Florida[5]
none
18
No minimum age in case of pregnancy[11]

 Georgia[5]
16
18

 Hawaii[5]
15
18
15 with parental or judicial consent.

 Idaho[5]
none
18

 Illinois[5]
16
18

 Indiana[12]
15
18
15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent.

 Iowa[5]
16
18

 Kansas[5]
15
18

 Kentucky[5]
none
18

 Louisiana[5]
none
18

 Maine[5]
none
18

 Maryland[5]
15
18

 Massachusetts[5]
none[13]
18
Consent can be just judicial, but is normally both parental and judicial. In the absence of any statutory minimum age, one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect.[14][15]

 Michigan[citation needed][16]
none
18
16 with parental consent

 Minnesota[5]
16
18

 Mississippi
none
21
females 15–21 and males 17–21 can marry with parental consent alone[17]

 Missouri[5]
none
18
Parental consent required for ages 15–17. Judicial consent required below age 15.

 Montana[5]
16
18

 Nebraska[5]
17
19

 Nevada[5]
none
18

 New Hampshire[18]
13 for females, 14 for males
18
In cases of "special cause" with parental consent and court permission.

 New Jersey[citation needed]
none
18
16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy.

 New Mexico[5]
none
18

 New York[19]
17
18
Since 2017, the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent.

 North Carolina
14
18

  North Dakota[5]
14
18
14 With parental consent

 Ohio[20]
none
18
18 for males regardless of parental consent. 16 for females with parental consent, 18 for females without parental consent.[20]

 Oklahoma[5]
none
18

 Oregon[5]
17
18
Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license.

 Pennsylvania[citation needed]
none
18
Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court "decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license."[21]

 Rhode Island[5]
none
18

 South Carolina[5]
16
18

 South Dakota[5]
16
18

 Tennessee[5]
none
18

 Texas[22]
16
18
Since 2017, the minimum age is 18, however emancipated minors aged 16–17 have an exemption to legally marry.[23][24][25]

 Utah[26]
15
18
15 with court approval and parental consent.

 Vermont[5]
16
18

 Virginia
16
18
In 2016, VA made 18 the minimum age; and 16 with court approval in special cases[27][28]

 Washington[5]
none
18
May be waived by superior court judge.[29]

 West Virginia[5]
none
18
No minimum with both parental and judicial consent

 Wisconsin[5]
16
18

 Wyoming[5]
none
18


document_title: Death Becomes Her

question_text: who plays the doctor in death becomes her

text: Death Becomes Her

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, narcissistic, manipulative actress Madeline Ashton performs in an awful musical version of Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway. She invites long-time rival Helen Sharp, an aspiring writer, backstage along with Helen's fiancé, plastic surgeon Ernest Menville. Ernest is smitten with Madeline, and breaks off his engagement with Helen to marry her. Seven years later, in 1985, Helen winds up in a psychiatric hospital after fixating upon Madeline. Obese and depressed, Helen feigns rehabilitation and is released, plotting revenge on Madeline.

text: Another seven years later, in 1992, Madeline lives in Beverly Hills with Ernest, but they are miserable. Madeline's career has faded, and Ernest is an alcoholic reduced to working as a reconstructive mortician. Receiving an invitation to a party celebrating Helen's new book, Madeline rushes to a spa where she regularly receives facial treatments. Understanding Madeline's situation, the spa owner gives her the business card of Lisle von Rhoman, a woman specializing in youth rejuvenation.

text: Madeline and Ernest attend the party for Helen's novel, Forever Young, and discover Helen is slim, youthful and beautiful. Dumbfounded and depressed by Helen's appearance, Madeline visits her young lover but discovers he is with a woman his age. Dejected, Madeline drives to Lisle's home. Lisle is a mysterious, wealthy socialite claiming to be 71, but looks much younger. She reveals to Madeline the secret of her beauty: an expensive potion that promises eternal life and an ever-lasting youthful appearance. Madeline purchases and drinks the potion and is rejuvenated. As a condition of purchase, Madeline must disappear from public life after ten years to keep the existence of the potion secret. Lisle warns Madeline to take good care of her body.

text: Helen seduces Ernest and convinces him to kill Madeline. When Madeline returns home, she and Ernest argue, during which Madeline falls down the stairs, breaking her neck. Believing Madeline dead, Ernest phones Helen for advice, not seeing Madeline stand and approach him with her head twisted backward. Ernest assumes she has a dislocated neck and drives her to the emergency room. Madeline is told she is technically dead and faints. She is taken to the morgue due to her body having no pulse and a temperature below 80°F. After rescuing Madeline, Ernest takes the sign of her "resurrection" as a miracle, returns home with Madeline and uses his skills to repair her body.

text: Helen demands information about Madeline's situation. Overhearing Helen and Ernest discussing their plot to stage Madeline's death, Madeline shoots Helen with a shotgun. Although the blast creates a hole in her stomach, Helen survives, revealing that she drank the same potion. Fed up with the pair, Ernest prepares to leave, but Helen and Madeline convince him to do one last repair on their bodies. They realize they will need constant maintenance and scheme to have Ernest drink the potion to ensure he will always be available.

text: After bringing Ernest to Lisle, she offers to give him the potion free of charge in exchange for his surgical skills. Ernest refuses rather than being immortal. He pockets the potion and flees, but becomes trapped on the roof. Helen and Madeline implore Ernest to drink the potion to survive an impending fall. Ernest refuses and drops the potion to the ground several stories below, but after falling he lands in Lisle's pool and escapes. After Lisle banishes Madeline and Helen from her group, the pair realize they must rely on each other for companionship and maintenance.

text: Thirty-seven years later, Madeline and Helen attend Ernest's funeral, where he is eulogized as having lived an adventurous and fulfilling life with a large family and friends. They are parodies of their former selves, with cracked, peeling paint and putty covering most of their grey and rotting flesh. Helen trips and teeters at the top of a staircase. After Madeline hesitates to help her, Helen grabs Madeline and the two tumble down the stairs, breaking to pieces. As their disembodied heads totter together, Helen sardonically asks Madeline, "Do you remember where you parked the car?"

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Goldie Hawn as Helen Sharp
Bruce Willis as Dr. Ernest Menville
Meryl Streep as Madeline Ashton
Isabella Rossellini as Lisle von Rhoman
Ian Ogilvy as Chagall
Adam Storke as Dakota Williams
Alaina Reed Hall as Psychologist
Michelle Johnson as Anna Jones
Mary Ellen Trainor as Vivian Adams
William Frankfather as Mr. Roy Franklin
John Ingle as Eulogist
Debra Jo Rupp as Patient
Fabio as Lisle's bodyguard
Sydney Pollack as Emergency Department Doctor (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Death Becomes Her was a technologically complex movie to make, and represented a major advancement in the use of computer generated effects, under the pioneering direction of Industrial Light and Magic.[2][3] For example, it was the first film where computer-generated skin texture was used, in the shot where Madeline resets her neck after her head is smashed with a shovel by Helen.[4] Creating the sequences where Madeline's head is dislocated and facing the wrong way around involved a combination of blue screen technology, an animatronic model created by Amalgamated Dynamics, and prosthetic make-up effects on Meryl Streep to create the look of a twisted neck.[5][6]

text: The digital advancements pioneered on Death Becomes Her would be incorporated into Industrial Light and Magic's next project, Jurassic Park, released by Universal only a year later. Both films shared cinematographer Dean Cundey and production designer Rick Carter, in addition to ILM.[7]

text: The production had a fair number of mishaps. For example, in a scene where Helen Sharp and Madeline Ashton are battling with shovels, Meryl Streep accidentally cut Goldie Hawn's face, leaving a faint scar. Streep admitted that she disliked working on a project that focused so heavily on special effects, saying:

text: My first, my last, my only. I think it's tedious. Whatever concentration you can apply to that kind of comedy is just shredded. You stand there like a piece of machinery—they should get machinery to do it. I loved how it turned out. But it's not fun to act to a lampstand. "Pretend this is Goldie, right here! Uh, no, I'm sorry, Bob, she went off the mark by five centimeters, and now her head won't match her neck!" It was like being at the dentist.[8]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was made entirely in Los Angeles and utilized several locations frequently used in film and television, including the Greystone Mansion (Ernest's funeral home) and the Ebell of Los Angeles (Helen's book party).[9] The exterior of Madeline and Ernest's mansion is located at 1125 Oak Grove Avenue in San Marino, but the interior was a set built on a soundstage.[10] The ending scene where Helen and Madeline tumble down a set of stairs outside a chapel was filmed at Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) in Brentwood.[11]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score was composed by American film composer Alan Silvestri, who also composed scores of other films directed by Zemeckis.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews.[13][14] Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 54% based on reviews from 26 critics.[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a 'thumbs down', commenting that while the film had great special effects, it lacked any real substance or character depth.[17]

text: The film's release on DVD was called "appallingly bad",[18] "horrible" and "sloppy"[19] due to the quality of its transfer, which has been said to suffer from excessive grain, blur and muted colors.[18] Many online DVD forum users speculated that the DVD transfer was taken from the Laserdisc edition of the film and called for a restorative release. The film was initially distributed in an open-matte, fullscreen edition with an aspect ratio of 1.33:1 in the United States before a widescreen version with its intended ratio (1.85:1) was released and subsequently distributed worldwide. The latter version has also been mistakenly labelled anamorphic.[20] It was later released in North America on Blu-ray from Shout Factory on April 26, 2016.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at number 1 at the box office with $12,110,355 on the same weekend as and ahead of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Bebe's Kids.[21] It went on to earn over $58.4 million domestically and $90.6 million internationally.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

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text:
Award
Role
Result

Academy Award
Best Visual Effects
Won

BAFTA Award
Best Visual Effects
Won

Golden Globe
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Meryl Streep)
Nominated

Saturn Award
Best Fantasy Film
Nominated

Best Director (Robert Zemeckis)
Nominated

Best Writing (Martin Donovan, David Koepp)
Nominated

Best Actor (Bruce Willis)
Nominated

Best Actress (Meryl Streep)
Nominated

Best Music (Alan Silvestri)
Nominated

Best Make-up (Dick Smith, Kevin Haney)
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress (Isabella Rossellini)
Won

Best Special Effects
Won