document_title: Lend-Lease

question_text: when was the lend lease act extended to the soviet union

text: Lend-Lease

text: Historical background[edit]

text: After the defeat of France during June 1940, the British Commonwealth and Empire were the only forces engaged in war against Germany and Italy, until the Italian invasion of Greece. Britain had been paying for its material with gold as part of the "cash and carry" program, as required by the US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, but by 1941 it had liquidated so many assets that its cash was becoming depleted.[5]

text: During this same period, the U.S. government began to mobilize for total war, instituting the first-ever peacetime draft and a fivefold increase in the defense budget (from $2 billion to $10 billion).[6] In the meantime, as the British began becoming short of money, arms, and other supplies, Prime Minister Winston Churchill pressed President Franklin D. Roosevelt for American help. Sympathetic to the British plight but hampered by public opinion and the Neutrality Acts, which forbade arms sales on credit or the loaning of money to belligerent nations, Roosevelt eventually came up with the idea of "lend–lease". As one Roosevelt biographer has characterized it: "If there was no practical alternative, there was certainly no moral one either. Britain and the Commonwealth were carrying the battle for all civilization, and the overwhelming majority of Americans, led in the late election by their president, wished to help them."[7] As the President himself put it, "There can be no reasoning with incendiary bombs."[8]

text: In September 1940, during the Battle of Britain the British government sent the Tizard Mission to the United States.[9] The aim of the British Technical and Scientific Mission was to obtain the industrial resources to exploit the military potential of the research and development work completed by the UK up to the beginning of World War II, but that Britain itself could not exploit due to the immediate requirements of war-related production. The shared technology included the cavity magnetron (key technology at the time for highly effective radar; the American historian James Phinney Baxter III later called "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores"),[10][11] the design for the VT fuze, details of Frank Whittle's jet engine and the Frisch–Peierls memorandum describing the feasibility of an atomic bomb.[12] Though these may be considered the most significant, many other items were also transported, including designs for rockets, superchargers, gyroscopic gunsights, submarine detection devices, self-sealing fuel tanks and plastic explosives.

text: During December 1940, President Roosevelt proclaimed the U.S.A. would be the "Arsenal of Democracy" and proposed selling munitions to Britain and Canada.[8] Isolationists were strongly opposed, warning it would result in American involvement with what was considered by most Americans as an essentially European conflict. In time, opinion shifted as increasing numbers of Americans began to consider the advantage of funding the British war against Germany, while staying free of the hostilities themselves.[13] Propaganda showing the devastation of British cities during The Blitz, as well as popular depictions of Germans as savage also rallied public opinion to the Allies, especially after the defeat of France.

text: After a decade of neutrality, Roosevelt knew that the change to Allied support must be gradual, especially since German Americans were the largest ethnicity in America at the time. Originally, the American policy was to help the British but not join the war. During early February 1941, a Gallup poll revealed that 54 percent of Americans were in favor of giving aid to the British without qualifications of Lend-Lease. A further 15 percent were in favor with qualifications such as: "If it doesn't get us into war," or "If the British can give us some security for what we give them." Only 22 percent were unequivocally against the President's proposal. When poll participants were asked their party affiliation, the poll revealed a political divide: 69 percent of Democrats were unequivocally in favor of Lend-Lease, whereas only 38 percent of Republicans favored the bill without qualification. At least one poll spokesperson also noted that, "approximately twice as many Republicans" gave "qualified answers as ... Democrats."[14]

text: Opposition to the Lend-Lease bill was strongest among isolationist Republicans in Congress, who feared the measure would be "the longest single step this nation has yet taken toward direct involvement in the war abroad". When the House of Representatives finally took a roll call vote on February 9, 1941, the 260 to 165 vote was largely along party lines. Democrats voted 238 to 25 in favor and Republicans 24 in favor and 135 against.[15]

text: The vote in the Senate, which occurred a month later, revealed a similar partisan difference. 49 Democrats (79 percent) voted "aye" with only 13 Democrats (21 percent) voting "nay." In contrast, 17 Republicans (63 percent) voted "nay" while 10 Senate Republicans (37 percent) sided with the Democrats to pass the bill.[16]

text: President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease bill into law on 11 March 1941. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article." In April, this policy was extended to China,[17] and in October to the Soviet Union. Roosevelt approved US $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to Britain at the end of October 1941.

text: This followed the 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement, whereby 50 US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for basing rights in the Caribbean. Churchill also granted the US base rights in Bermuda and Newfoundland for free, allowing British military assets to be redeployed.[18]

text: After the United States entered the war in December 1941, foreign policy was rarely discussed by Congress, and there was very little demand to cut Lend-Lease spending. In spring 1944, the House passed a bill to renew the Lend-Lease program by a vote of 334 to 21. The Senate passed it by a vote of 63 to 1.[19]

text: Administration[edit]

text: President Roosevelt established the Office of Lend-Lease Administration during 1941, appointing steel executive Edward R. Stettinius as head.[20] During September 1943, he was promoted to Undersecretary of State, and Leo Crowley became director of the Foreign Economic Administration which was given responsibility for Lend-Lease.

text: Lend-lease aid to the USSR was nominally managed by Stettinius. Roosevelt's Soviet Protocol Committee was dominated by Harry Hopkins and General John York, who were totally sympathetic to the provision of "unconditional aid". Few Americans objected to Soviet aid until 1943.[21]

text: The program began to be ended after VE Day. During April 1945, Congress voted that it should not be used for post-conflict purposes, and during August 1945, after Japanese surrender, the program was ended. Prior to his death during April of that year, Roosevelt had announced his intention to end the program from September 1945.[22]

text: Scale[edit]

text: Value of materials supplied by the USA to other allied nations [23]

text:
Country
Value in
Millions of Dollars

 British Empire
31,387.1

 Brazil
372.0

 Soviet Union
10,982.1

 Mexico
39.2

 France
3,223.9

 Chile
21.6

 Republic of China
1,627.0

 Peru
18.9

 Netherlands
251.1

 Colombia
8.3

 Belgium
159.5

 Ecuador
7.8

 Greece
81.5

 Uruguay
7.1

 Norway
47.0

 Cuba
6.6

 Turkey
42.9

 Bolivia
5.5

 Yugoslavia
32.2

 Venezuela
4.5

 Saudi Arabia
19.0

 Guatemala
2.6

 Poland
12.5

 Paraguay
2.0

 Liberia
11.6

 Dominican Republic
1.6

 Iran
5.3

 Haiti
1.4

 Ethiopia
5.3

 Nicaragua
0.9

 Iceland
4.4

 El Salvador
0.9

 Iraq
0.9

 Honduras
0.4

 Czechoslovakia
0.6

 Costa Rica
0.2

Total
48,395.4

text: Significance[edit]

text: Lend-Lease would help the British and Allied forces win the battles of the late war.

text: Even after the United States forces in Europe and the Pacific began to attain full strength during 1943–1944, Lend-Lease continued. Most remaining allies were largely self-sufficient in front line equipment (such as tanks and fighter aircraft) by this time, but Lend-Lease provided a useful supplement in this category even so, and Lend-Lease logistical supplies (including motor vehicles and railroad equipment) were of enormous assistance.[24]

text: Much of the aid can be better understood when considering the economic distortions caused by the war. Most belligerent powers decreased severely production of non-essentials, concentrating on producing weapons. This inevitably produced shortages of related products needed by the military or as part of the military-industrial complex. For example, the USSR was very dependent on rail transportation, but the war practically ended rail equipment production. Just 446 locomotives were produced during the war,[25] with only 92 of those being built between 1942 and 1945.[26] In total, 92.7% of the wartime production of railroad equipment by the USSR was supplied by Lend-Lease,[24] including 1,911 locomotives and 11,225 railcars[27] which augmented the existing prewar stocks of at least 20,000 locomotives and half a million railcars.[28]

text: Furthermore, much of the logistical assistance of the Soviet military was provided by hundreds of thousands of U.S.-made trucks. Indeed, by 1945, nearly a third of the truck strength of the Red Army was U.S.-built. Trucks such as the Dodge ¾ ton and Studebaker 2½ ton were easily the best trucks available in their class on either side on the Eastern Front. American shipments of telephone cable, aluminum, canned rations, and clothing were also critical.[29]

text: Lend-Lease also supplied significant amounts of weapons and ammunition. The Soviet air force received 18,200 aircraft, which amounted to about 13% of Soviet wartime aircraft production.[24] And while most tank units were Soviet-built models, some 7,000 Lend-Lease tanks were deployed by the Red Army, or 8% of war-time production.

text: According to the Russian historian Boris Vadimovich Sokolov, Lend-Lease had a crucial role in winning the war:

text: On the whole the following conclusion can be drawn: that without these Western shipments under Lend-Lease the Soviet Union not only would not have been able to win the Great Patriotic War, it would not have been able even to oppose the German invaders, since it could not itself produce sufficient quantities of arms and military equipment or adequate supplies of fuel and ammunition. The Soviet authorities were well aware of this dependency on Lend-Lease. Thus, Stalin told Harry Hopkins [FDR's emissary to Moscow in July 1941] that the U.S.S.R. could not match Germany's might as an occupier of Europe and its resources.[24]

text: Nikita Khrushchev, having served as a military commissar and intermediary between Stalin and his generals during the war, addressed directly the significance of Lend-lease aid in his memoirs:

text: I would like to express my candid opinion about Stalin's views on whether the Red Army and the Soviet Union could have coped with Nazi Germany and survived the war without aid from the United States and Britain. First, I would like to tell about some remarks Stalin made and repeated several times when we were "discussing freely" among ourselves. He stated bluntly that if the United States had not helped us, we would not have won the war. If we had had to fight Nazi Germany one on one, we could not have stood up against Germany's pressure, and we would have lost the war. No one ever discussed this subject officially, and I don't think Stalin left any written evidence of his opinion, but I will state here that several times in conversations with me he noted that these were the actual circumstances. He never made a special point of holding a conversation on the subject, but when we were engaged in some kind of relaxed conversation, going over international questions of the past and present, and when we would return to the subject of the path we had traveled during the war, that is what he said. When I listened to his remarks, I was fully in agreement with him, and today I am even more so.[30]

text: Joseph Stalin, during the Tehran Conference during 1943, acknowledged publicly the importance of American efforts during a dinner at the conference: "Without American production the United Nations [the Allies] could never have won the war."[31][32]

text: In a confidential interview with the wartime correspondent Konstantin Simonov, the Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov is quoted as saying:

text: Today [1963] some say the Allies didn't really help us… But listen, one cannot deny that the Americans shipped over to us material without which we could not have equipped our armies held in reserve or been able to continue the war.[33]

text: Returning goods after the war[edit]

text: Roosevelt, eager to ensure public consent for this controversial plan, explained to the public and the press that his plan was comparable to one neighbor's lending another a garden hose to put out a fire in his home. "What do I do in such a crisis?" the president asked at a press conference. "I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I want my garden hose back after the fire is over."[34] To which Senator Robert Taft (R-Ohio), responded: "Lending war equipment is a good deal like lending chewing gum—you certainly don't want the same gum back."[35]

text: In practice, very little was returned except for a few unarmed transport ships. Surplus military equipment was of no value in peacetime. The Lend-Lease agreements with 30 countries provided for repayment not in terms of money or returned goods, but in "joint action directed towards the creation of a liberalized international economic order in the postwar world." That is the U.S, would be "repaid" when the recipient fought the common enemy and joined the world trade and diplomatic agencies, such as the United Nations.[36]

text: US deliveries to the Soviet Union[edit]

text:
Shipped goods of the western Allies to the Soviet Union.[37]

Year
Amount
(tons)
%

1941
360,778
2.1

1942
2,453,097
14

1943
4,794,545
27.4

1944
6,217,622
35.5

1945
3,673,819
21

Total
17,499,861
100

text: American deliveries to the Soviet Union can be divided into the following phases:

text:
"pre Lend-lease" 22 June 1941 to 30 September 1941 (paid for in gold and other minerals)
first protocol period from 1 October 1941 to 30 June 1942 (signed 7 October 1941),[38] these supplies were to be manufactured and delivered by the UK with US credit financing.
second protocol period from 1 July 1942 to 30 June 1943 (signed 6 October 1942)
third protocol period from 1 July 1943 to 30 June 1944 (signed 19 October 1943)
fourth protocol period from 1 July 1944, (signed 17 April 1945), formally ended 12 May 1945 but deliveries continued for the duration of the war with Japan (which the Soviet Union entered on the 8 August 1945) under the "Milepost" agreement until 2 September 1945 when Japan capitulated. On 20 September 1945 all Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union was terminated.

text: Delivery was via the Arctic Convoys, the Persian Corridor, and the Pacific Route.

text: The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous as it involved sailing past German-occupied Norway. Some 3,964,000 tons of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7% was lost, while 93% arrived safely.[39] This constituted some 23% of the total aid to the USSR during the war.

text: The Persian Corridor was the longest route, and was not fully operational until mid-1942. Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000 tons of goods, 27% of the total.[39]

text: The Pacific Route opened in August 1941, but was affected by the start of hostilities between Japan and the US; after December 1941, only Soviet ships could be used, and, as Japan and the USSR observed a strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be transported.[40] Nevertheless, some 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this route, 50% of the total.[39]

text: In total, the U.S. deliveries through Lend-Lease amounted to $11 billion in materials: over 400,000 jeeps and trucks; 12,000 armored vehicles (including 7,000 tanks, about 1,386[41] of which were M3 Lees and 4,102 M4 Shermans);[42] 11,400 aircraft (4,719 of which were Bell P-39 Airacobras)[43] and 1.75 million tons of food.[44]

text: Roughly 17.5 million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, and food were shipped from the Western Hemisphere to the USSR, 94% coming from the US. For comparison, a total of 22 million tons landed in Europe to supply American forces from January 1942 to May 1945. It has been estimated that American deliveries to the USSR through the Persian Corridor alone were sufficient, by US Army standards, to maintain sixty combat divisions in the line.[45][46]

text: The United States delivered to the Soviet Union from October 1, 1941 to May 31, 1945 the following: 427,284 trucks, 13,303 combat vehicles, 35,170 motorcycles, 2,328 ordnance service vehicles, 2,670,371 tons of petroleum products (gasoline and oil) or 57.8 percent of the High-octane aviation fuel,[24] 4,478,116 tons of foodstuffs (canned meats, sugar, flour, salt, etc.), 1,911 steam locomotives, 66 Diesel locomotives, 9,920 flat cars, 1,000 dump cars, 120 tank cars, and 35 heavy machinery cars. Provided ordnance goods (ammunition, artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives) amounted to 53 percent of total domestic production.[24] One item typical of many was a tire plant that was lifted bodily from the Ford Company's River Rouge Plant and transferred to the USSR. The 1947 money value of the supplies and services amounted to about eleven billion dollars.[47]

text: British deliveries to the Soviet Union[edit]

text: In June 1941, within weeks of the German invasion of the USSR, the first British aid convoy set off along the dangerous Arctic sea route to Murmansk, arriving in September. It carried 40 Hawker Hurricanes along with 550 mechanics and pilots of No. 151 Wing to provide immediate air defence of the port and to train Soviet pilots. The convoy was the first of many convoys to Murmansk and Archangelsk in what became known as the Arctic convoys, the returning ships carried the gold that the USSR was using to pay the US.

text: By the end of 1941, early shipments of Matilda, Valentine and Tetrarch tanks represented only 6.5% of total Soviet tank production but over 25% of medium and heavy tanks produced for the Red Army.[48][49] The British tanks first saw action with the 138 Independent Tank Battalion in the Volga Reservoir on 20 November 1941.[50] Lend-Lease tanks constituted 30 to 40 percent of heavy and medium tank strength before Moscow at the beginning of December 1941.[51][52]

text: Significant numbers of British Churchill, Matilda and Valentine tanks were shipped to the USSR.[53]

text: Between June 1941 and May 1945, Britain delivered to the USSR:

text:
3,000+ Hurricanes
4,000+ other aircraft
27 naval vessels
5,218 tanks (including 1,380 Valentines from Canada)
5,000+ anti-tank guns
4,020 ambulances and trucks
323 machinery trucks
1,212 Universal Carriers and Loyd Carriers (with another 1,348 from Canada )
1,721 motorcycles
£1.15bn worth of aircraft engines
1,474 radar sets
4,338 radio sets
600 naval radar and sonar sets
Hundreds of naval guns
15 million pairs of boots

text: In total 4 million tonnes of war material including food and medical supplies were delivered. The munitions totaled £308m (not including naval munitions supplied), the food and raw materials totaled £120m in 1946 index. In accordance with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies Agreement of 27 June 1942, military aid sent from Britain to the Soviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge.[54][55]

text: Reverse Lend-lease[edit]

text: Reverse Lend-lease was the supply of equipment and services to the United States. Nearly $8 billion (equivalent to $124 billion today) worth of war material was provided to U.S. forces by her allies, 90% of this sum coming from the British Empire.[56] Reciprocal contributions included the Austin K2/Y military ambulance, British aviation spark plugs used in B-17 Flying Fortresses,[56] Canadian-made Fairmile launches used in anti-submarine warfare, Mosquito photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and Indian petroleum products.[57] Australia and New Zealand supplied the bulk of foodstuffs to United States forces in the South Pacific.[56][58] Though diminutive in comparison, Soviet-supplied reverse lend-lease included 300,000 metric tons of chromium and 32,000 metric tons of manganese ore, as well as wood, gold and platinum.[59]

text: In a November 1943 report to Congress, President Roosevelt said of Allied participation in reverse Lend-lease:

text: ...the expenditures made by the British Commonwealth of Nations for reverse lend-lease aid furnished to the United States, and of the expansion of this program so as to include exports of materials and foodstuffs for the account of United States agencies from the United Kingdom and the British colonies, emphasizes the contribution which the British Commonwealth has made to the defense of the United States while taking its place on the battle fronts. It is an indication of the extent to which the British have been able to pool their resources with ours so that the needed weapon may be in the hands of that soldier—whatever may be his nationality- who can at the proper moment use it most effectively to defeat our common enemies.[57]

text: In 1945–46, the value of Reciprocal Aid from New Zealand exceeded that of Lend-Lease, though in 1942–43, the value of Lend-Lease to New Zealand was much more than that of Reciprocal Aid. Britain also supplied extensive material assistance to American forces stationed in Europe, for example the USAAF was supplied with hundreds of Spitfire Mk V and Mk VIII fighter aircraft.

text: The cooperation that was built up with Canada during the war was an amalgam compounded of diverse elements of which the air and land routes to Alaska, the Canol project, and the CRYSTAL and CRIMSON activities were the most costly in point of effort and funds expended.

text: ... The total of defense materials and services that Canada received through lend-lease channels amounted in value to approximately $419,500,000.

text: ... Some idea of the scope of economic collaboration can be had from the fact that from the beginning of 1942 through 1945 Canada, on her part, furnished the United States with $1,000,000,000 to $1,250,000,000 in defense materials and services.

text: ... Although most of the actual construction of joint defense facilities, except the Alaska Highway and the Canol project, had been carried out by Canada, most of the original cost was borne by the United States. The agreement was that all temporary construction for the use of American forces and all permanent construction required by the United States forces beyond Canadian requirements would be paid for by the United States, and that the cost of all other construction of permanent value would be met by Canada. Although it was not entirely reasonable that Canada should pay for any construction that the Canadian Government considered unnecessary or that did not conform to Canadian requirements, nevertheless considerations of self-respect and national sovereignty led the Canadian Government to suggest a new financial agreement.

text: ... The total amount that Canada agreed to pay under the new arrangement came to about $76,800,000, which was some $13,870,000 less than the United States had spent on the facilities.[60]

text: Canadian aid to Britain[edit]

text: Canada had its own version of lend-lease for Britain.[61][62] Canada gave Britain gifts totaling $3.5 billion during the war, plus a zero-interest loan of $1 billion; Britain used the money to buy Canadian food and war supplies.[63][64][65] Canada also loaned $1.2 billion on a long-term basis to Britain immediately after the war; these loans were fully repaid in late 2006.[66]

text: (RCAF Station Gander) located at Gander International Airport, built in 1936 in Newfoundland, was leased by Britain to Canada for 99 years because of its urgent need for the movement of fighter and bomber aircraft to Britain.[67] The lease became redundant when Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949.

text: Most American Lend-Lease aid comprised supplies purchased in the U.S., but Roosevelt allowed Lend-Lease to purchase supplies from Canada, for shipment to Britain, China and the Soviet Union.[68]

text: Repayment[edit]

text: Congress had not authorized the gift of supplies delivered after the cutoff date, so the U.S. charged for them, usually at a 90% discount. Large quantities of undelivered goods were in Britain or in transit when Lend-Lease terminated on 2 September 1945. Britain wished to retain some of this equipment in the immediate post war period. In 1946, the post-war Anglo-American loan further indebted Britain to the U.S. Lend-Lease items retained were sold to Britain at 10% of nominal value, giving an initial loan value of £1.075 billion for the Lend-Lease portion of the post-war loans. Payment was to be stretched out over 50 annual payments, starting in 1951 and with five years of deferred payments, at 2% interest.[69] The final payment of $83.3 million (£42.5 million), due on 31 December 2006 (repayment having been deferred in the allowed five years and during a sixth year not allowed), was made on 29 December 2006 (the last working day of the year). After this final payment Britain's Economic Secretary to the Treasury formally thanked the U.S. for its wartime support.[70]

text: Tacit repayment of Lend-Lease by the British was made in the form of several valuable technologies, including those related to radar, sonar, jet engines, antitank weaponry, rockets, superchargers, gyroscopic gunsights, submarine detection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and plastic explosives as well as the British contribution to the Manhattan Project. Many of these were transferred by the Tizard Mission. The official historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, James Phinney Baxter III, wrote: "When the members of the Tizard Mission brought the cavity magnetron to America in 1940, they carried the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores."[71]

text: While repayment of the interest-free loans was required after the end of the war under the act, in practice the U.S. did not expect to be repaid by the USSR after the war. The U.S. received $2M in reverse Lend-Lease from the USSR. This was mostly in the form of landing, servicing, and refueling of transport aircraft; some industrial machinery and rare minerals were sent to the U.S. The U.S. asked for $1.3B at the cessation of hostilities to settle the debt, but was only offered $170M by the USSR. The dispute remained unresolved until 1972, when the U.S. accepted an offer from the USSR to repay $722M linked to grain shipments from the U.S., with the remainder being written off. During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless repayment of Lend-Lease. This was agreed upon before the signing of the first protocol on 1 October 1941 and extension of credit. Some of these shipments were intercepted by the Germans. In May 1942, the HMS Edinburgh was sunk while carrying 4.5 tonnes of Soviet gold intended for the U.S. Treasury. This gold was salvaged in 1981 and 1986.[72] In June 1942, the SS Port Nicholson was sunk en route from Halifax, Canada to New York, allegedly with Soviet platinum, gold, and industrial diamonds aboard; the wreck was discovered in 2008.[73] However, none of this cargo has been salvaged, and no documentation of its treasures has been produced.


document_title: List of Pittsburgh Steelers first-round draft picks

question_text: who was the steelers first round draft pick

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
†
= Admitted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
= Selected number one overall

†
Indicates the player was selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career.

Positions key

C
Center

CB
Cornerback

DB
Defensive back

DE
Defensive end

DL
Defensive lineman
DT
Defensive tackle
FB
Fullback
FS
Free safety

G
Guard
HB
Halfback
K
Placekicker
KR
Kick returner

LB
Linebacker
LS
Long snapper
OT
Offensive tackle
OL
Offensive lineman

NT
Nose tackle
P
Punter
PR
Punt returner
QB
Quarterback

RB
Running back
S
Safety
SS
Strong safety
TB
Tailback

TE
Tight end
WR
Wide receiver

tag: table

text: Player selections[edit]

text:
Pittsburgh Steelers first-round draft picks

Year
Pick
Player name
Position
College
Notes

1936
3
Shakespeare, WilliamWilliam Shakespeare
RB
Notre Dame

1937
5
Basrak, MikeMike Basrak
RB
Duquesne

1938
4
White, ByronByron White
RB
Colorado

1939
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[a]

1940
3
Eakin, KayKay Eakin
RB
Arkansas

1941
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[b]

1942
1
Dudley, BillBill Dudley*†
RB
Virginia

1943
7
Daley, BillBill Daley
FB
Minnesota

1944
10
Podesto, JohnnyJohnny Podesto
RB
St. Mary's (CA)

1945
2
Duhart, PaulPaul Duhart
RB
Florida

1946
3
Blanchard, DocDoc Blanchard
FB
Army

1947
5
Bechtol, HubHub Bechtol
WR
Texas

1948
9
Edwards, DanDan Edwards
WR
Georgia

1949
6
Gage, BobbyBobby Gage
RB
Clemson

1950
8
Chandnois, LynnLynn Chandnois
RB
Michigan State

1951
9
Avinger, ButchButch Avinger
FB
Alabama

1952
6
Modzelewski, EdEd Modzelewski
FB
Maryland

1953
5
Marchibroda, TedTed Marchibroda
QB
Detroit

1954
7
Lattner, JohnnyJohnny Lattner
RB
Notre Dame

1955
6
Varrichione, FrankFrank Varrichione
OT
Notre Dame

1956
1
Glick, GaryGary Glick*
QB
Colorado State
[c]

1956
5
Davis, ArtArt Davis
RB
Mississippi State

1957
5
Dawson, LenLen Dawson†
QB
Purdue

1958
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[d]

1959
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[e]

1960
6
Spikes, JackJack Spikes
FB
Texas Christian

1961
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[f]

1962
5
Ferguson, BobBob Ferguson
RB
Ohio State

1963
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[g]

1964
10
Martha, PaulPaul Martha
RB
Pittsburgh

1965
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[h]

1966
3
Leftridge, DickDick Leftridge
RB
WVU

1967
99–
ZZZNo pick
ZZZ–
ZZZ–
[i]

1968
10
Taylor, MikeMike Taylor
OT
USC

1969
4
Greene, JoeJoe Greene†
DT
North Texas

1970
1
Bradshaw, TerryTerry Bradshaw*†
QB
Louisiana Tech

1971
8
Lewis, FrankFrank Lewis
WR
Grambling

1972
13
Harris, FrancoFranco Harris†
RB
Penn State

1973
24
Thomas, J. T.J. T. Thomas
DB
Florida State

1974
21
Swann, LynnLynn Swann†
WR
USC

1975
26
Brown, DaveDave Brown
DB
Michigan

1976
28
Cunningham, BennieBennie Cunningham
TE
Clemson

1977
21
Cole, RobinRobin Cole
LB
New Mexico

1978
22
Johnson, RonRon Johnson
DB
Eastern Michigan

1979
28
Hawthorne, GregGreg Hawthorne
RB
Baylor

1980
28
Malone, MarkMark Malone
QB
Arizona State

1981
17
Gary, KeithKeith Gary
DE
Oklahoma

1982
12
Abercrombie, WalterWalter Abercrombie
RB
Baylor

1983
21
Rivera, GabrielGabriel Rivera
DE
Texas Tech

1984
23
Lipps, LouisLouis Lipps
WR
Southern Mississippi

1985
20
Sims, DarrylDarryl Sims
DE
Wisconsin

1986
9
Rienstra, JohnJohn Rienstra
G
Temple

1987
10
Woodson, RodRod Woodson†
DB
Purdue

1988
18
Jones, AaronAaron Jones
DE
Eastern Kentucky

1989
7
Worley, TimTim Worley
RB
Georgia

1989
24
Ricketts, TomTom Ricketts
OT
Pittsburgh
[j]

1990
21
Green, EricEric Green
TE
Liberty
[k]

1991
15
Richardson, HueyHuey Richardson
DE
Florida

1992
11
Searcy, LeonLeon Searcy
OT
Miami

1993
23
Figures, DeonDeon Figures
DB
Colorado

1994
17
Johnson, CharlesCharles Johnson
WR
Colorado

1995
27
Bruener, MarkMark Bruener
TE
Washington

1996
29
Stephens, JamainJamain Stephens
OT
North Carolina A&T

1997
24
Scott, ChadChad Scott
DB
Maryland

1998
26
Faneca, AlanAlan Faneca
G
LSU

1999
13
Edwards, TroyTroy Edwards
WR
Louisiana Tech

2000
8
Burress, PlaxicoPlaxico Burress
WR
Michigan State

2001
19
Hampton, CaseyCasey Hampton
DT
Texas
[l]

2002
30
Simmons, KendallKendall Simmons
G
Auburn

2003
16
Polamalu, TroyTroy Polamalu
DB
USC
[m]

2004
11
Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger
QB
Miami (OH)

2005
30
Miller, HeathHeath Miller
TE
Virginia

2006
25
Holmes, SantonioSantonio Holmes
WR
Ohio State
[n]

2007
15
Timmons, LawrenceLawrence Timmons
LB
Florida State

2008
23
Mendenhall, RashardRashard Mendenhall
RB
Illinois

2009
32
Hood, EvanderEvander Hood
DT
Missouri

2010
18
Pouncey, MaurkiceMaurkice Pouncey
C
Florida

2011
31
Heyward, CameronCameron Heyward
DE
Ohio State

2012
24
Decastro, DavidDavid DeCastro
G
Stanford

2013
17
Jones, JarvisJarvis Jones
LB
Georgia

2014
15
Shazier, RyanRyan Shazier
LB
Ohio State

2015
22
Dupree, BudBud Dupree
LB
Kentucky

2016
25
Burns, ArtieArtie Burns
CB
Miami

2017
30
Watt, T. J.T. J. Watt
LB
Wisconsin

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The Steelers traded their 1939 pick (2nd overall) to the Chicago Bears.[8]
b The Steelers traded their 1941 pick (3rd overall) to the Chicago Bears (3rd overall)[9]
c This was a lottery bonus pick.[10]
d The Steelers traded their 1958 pick (8th overall) to the San Francisco 49ers.[11]
e The Steelers traded their 1959 pick (8th overall) to the San Francisco 49ers.[12]
f The Steelers traded their 1961 pick (6th overall) to the San Francisco 49ers.[13]
g The Steelers traded their 1963 pick (11th overall) to the Chicago Bears.[14]
h The Steelers traded their 1965 pick (3rd overall) to the Chicago Bears.[15]
i The Steelers traded their 1967 pick (9th overall) to the Green Bay Packers.[16]
j The Steelers acquired the 1989 pick (24th overall) from the Minnesota Vikings.[17]
k The Steelers traded their 1990 pick (17th overall) to the Dallas Cowboys for Dallas' 1990 pick (21st overall, obtained from Minnesota Vikings) and a third-round pick (82nd overall, obtained from San Francisco 49ers).[5]
l The Steelers traded their 2001 pick (16th overall) to the New York Jets for their first-round pick (19th overall), their fourth-round pick (111th overall) and their sixth-round pick (181st overall).[18]
m The Steelers traded their first-round pick (27th overall), third round pick (92nd overall) and sixth round pick (200th overall) to obtain the 2003 pick (16th overall).[19]
n The Steelers obtained the 2006 pick from New York Giants by trading their first-round pick (32nd overall), their third round pick (96th overall) and their fourth round pick (129th overall).[20]

tag: ul


document_title: White House Down

question_text: who plays channing tatum's daughter in white house down

question_tokens: who plays channing tatum 's daughter in white house down

text: White House Down

text: Plot[edit]

text: President of the United States James Sawyer (Jamie Foxx) generates controversy over a proposed peace treaty between the allied nations to remove military forces from the Middle East. Divorced US Capitol Police officer John Cale (Channing Tatum) is currently assigned to Speaker of the House Eli Raphelson (Richard Jenkins) after saving his nephew's life during a tour in Afghanistan.

tag: p

text: Cale hopes to impress his politically obsessed daughter Emily (Joey King) by getting a job interview for the Secret Service Presidential Detail, while also getting tickets for the two of them to tour the White House. However, his interviewer, Secret Service Special Agent Carol Finnerty (Maggie Gyllenhaal), a former college acquaintance of his, believes him to be unqualified due to his disrespect towards authority, and subsequently deems him ineligible for the job.

text: Disguised as a janitor, a man detonates a bomb at the center of the US Capitol building, causing the White House to be on lockdown. Finnerty is sent to escort the Speaker to an underground command center in the Pentagon, while Vice President of the United States Alvin Hammond (Michael Murphy) is taken aboard Air Force Two. At the same time, mercenaries led by Emil Stenz (Jason Clarke), having infiltrated the White House by disguising themselves as audio-visual repairmen, quickly overwhelm the Secret Service, take the tour group hostage and seize the White House. Cale manages to escape to go find his daughter, who was separated from him during the tour. Retiring Head of the Presidential Detail Martin Walker (James Woods) escorts Sawyer and his detail to the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. Once they gain access, Walker kills his detail, revealing himself to be the real leader of the attack on the White House. He wants vengeance against Sawyer after a botched black ops mission resulted in the death of his son. Cale kills a mercenary, takes his gun and radio, and rescues Sawyer.

text: Walker and Stenz bring in Skip Tyler (Jimmi Simpson) to hack into the defense system, but still require Sawyer to activate the nuclear football. One of the mercenaries, Carl Killick (Kevin Rankin), catches Emily recording a video of the mercenaries and takes her hostage. Cale and Sawyer contact the command structure, which uses Emily's video to discover the identities of the mercenaries, who used to work for various government agencies. Cale and Sawyer try to escape via a tunnel but find the exit gate rigged with explosives. They are forced into the garage and escape in the presidential limo, which is attacked by Stenz and flips into the White House pool. After Sawyer and Cale are presumed dead in an explosion, Hammond is sworn in as the 47th President of the United States. Cale and Sawyer are still alive and learn that Hammond ordered an aerial incursion to take back the White House, but the mercenaries shoot down the choppers. Having already learned of Emily from the video, Stenz takes her to Walker in the Oval Office. Tyler finishes hacking into NORAD and launches a missile to shoot down Air Force One, killing Hammond and everyone else on board. Raphelson is sworn in as the 48th President of the United States and orders an air strike on the White House.

text: Sawyer surrenders himself to Walker to save Emily. Walker attempts to force Sawyer to use the football to launch the nuclear missiles against the various cities in Iran, which will result in retaliation by many countries. Sawyer refuses at first, while Cale sets various rooms on fire as a diversion. Down in the tunnels, Tyler accidentally detonates the explosives, killing him. After killing most of the remaining mercenaries and freeing the hostages, Cale confronts Stenz and blows him up with a grenade belt during a fight. Sawyer attacks Walker, who uses Sawyer's handprint to activate the football. Walker locks Iran's targets, but before he can initiate the launch, Cale kills him. Emily waves a presidential flag on the front lawn, convincing the incoming fighter planes to call off the air strike. Raphelson is revealed to have conspired with Walker in orchestrating the attack. Sawyer has Raphelson arrested and names Cale as his new special agent and takes him and Emily on a personal aerial tour of DC.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Channing Tatum as John Cale, a United States Capitol Police officer.[3]
Jamie Foxx as James William Sawyer, the President of the United States.[4]
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Carol Finnerty, Secret Service Presidential Detail.[5]
Jason Clarke as Emil Stenz, an ex-Delta Force and CIA operative. Leader of the mercenaries.[6]
Richard Jenkins as Eli Raphelson, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.[7]
Joey King as Emily Cale, the daughter of John Cale.[8]
James Woods as Martin Walker, Head of the Secret Service Presidential Detail.[9]
Nicolas Wright as Donnie Donaldson, White House Tour Guide.
Jimmi Simpson as Skip Tyler, a computer hacker and the technical specialist in Stenz's group.
Michael Murphy as Alvin Hammond, the Vice President of the United States.[10]
Rachelle Lefevre as Melanie, the ex-wife of John Cale and the mother of Emily Cale.[11]
Lance Reddick as General Caulfield, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[12]
Matt Craven as Kellerman, Capitol Police officer.
Jake Weber as Ted Hope, Secret Service agent.
Peter Jacobson as Wallace, Vice President Chief of Staff.
Barbara Williams as Muriel Walker, Martin Walker's wife.
Kevin Rankin as Carl Killick, a right-wing militant and one of Stenz's henchmen.
Garcelle Beauvais as Alison Sawyer, First Lady of the United States.[13]
Falk Hentschel as Gordon Motts, one of Stenz's henchmen.
Romano Orzari as James Mulcahy, one of Stenz's henchmen.
Jackie Geary as Jenna, assistant to the Vice President.
Anthony Lemke as Captain Hutton, an analyst in the Pentagon.
Vincent Leclerc as Ryan Todd, Secret Service agent.
Kyle Gatehouse as Conrad Cern, a right-wing white supremacist and one of Stenz's henchmen.

text: Production[edit]

text: White House Down is directed by Roland Emmerich and based on a screenplay by James Vanderbilt, who is also one of the film's producers. Sony Pictures purchased Vanderbilt's spec script in March 2012 for $3 million, in what The Hollywood Reporter called "one of the biggest spec sales in quite a while". The journal said the script was similar "tonally and thematically" to the films Die Hard and Air Force One.[14] In the following April, Sony hired Roland Emmerich as director.[15] Emmerich began filming in July 2012 at the La Cité Du Cinéma in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[16] Cinematographer Anna Foerster shot the film with Arri Alexa Plus digital cameras.[17]

text: In 2012, Sony competed with Millennium Films, who were producing Olympus Has Fallen (also about a takeover of the White House) to complete casting and to begin filming.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: White House Down was originally scheduled for a November 1, 2013[19] release, but was moved up to a June 28, 2013 release.

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 22, 2013.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: White House Down received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 50%, based on 187 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "White House Down benefits from the leads' chemistry, but director Roland Emmerich smothers the film with narrative clichés and choppily edited action."[21] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews, the film has an average score of 52 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[22]

text: Roth Cornet of IGN gives it a 6.5/10, concluding: "White House Down is a pretty silly rehashing of previously tread action movie territory, but if you're willing to laugh along with (or even at) it, it can be a highly entertaining experience."[23]

text: Andrew Chan of the Film Critics Circle of Australia writes, "I am not entirely sure, whether I should be happy or sad that I laughed when someone got shot or bombed, but such is the manner of how the film is played out. Therefore, I prefer Olympus for this one."[24]

text: Richard Roeper, however, gave the film an F, stating that "Everyone in White House Down is an idiot, clinically insane, a cliché, or a vehicle for shameless exploitation." He later named it the worst film of 2013.[25]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $73.1 million in the United States and $132.3 million internationally for a total gross of $205.4 million, against a budget of $150 million.[2]

text: On its opening weekend in the U.S., the film disappointed and came in at 4th at the box office. It earned $24.9 million, less than March's similarly themed Olympus Has Fallen ($30.4 million opening).[26] In its second weekend, the film made $13.4 million.[27]

text: In October 2013, Sony announced it lost $197 million for June, July, and August 2013, and largely blamed "the box office flop of the movie White House Down as a key reason for the weakness".[28]


question_text: the secret life of the american teenager cast ethan real name

text: Season synopsis[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In season one, fifteen-year-old Amy Juergens finds out that she is pregnant after having sex at band camp with a handsome and popular boy, Ricky Underwood. Amy first confides in her two best friends Lauren and Madison about it. Amy also tells Ben Boykewich (the guy she started dating after becoming pregnant) the truth, but he is surprisingly supportive and offers to marry her anyway, despite the protests of his friends, Henry and Alice. When Ricky finds out he is the father, he is willing to be a part of his future child's life, causing Adrian Lee, Ricky's fling for a while to become jealous, especially since Ricky already has his sights on the sweet and virginal Grace Bowman, who was going out with Jack Pappas until he kissed Adrian in front of Grant High School. Much to Adrian's surprise, Grace is not angry at her after a while, and the two girls become friends despite being romantic rivals. Ricky and Ben also compete with each other for Amy's attention and at the end of the season, Amy has her child, a boy whom her sister, Ashley, names John. Amy decides to keep John, after struggling with the decision over the course of the season. Ricky said he would do anything to take care of his new son, John.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season two, Amy's parents Anne and George are divorced, and Anne even begins dating again, but when she becomes pregnant again, it is revealed that the baby is George's. At the same time, Ashley begins her freshman year at Grant High and resents the legacy Amy has accidentally created as a teenage mother so she befriends a gay classmate named Griffin and they both pledge to remain abstinent throughout high school. Ben returns from his summer Italy trip. Meanwhile, Amy struggles to raise John and frequently argues with Ricky over custodial arrangements, especially since Ben is becoming jealous of Ricky's constant presence. Eventually, Ben and Amy break up while Ricky and Adrian have agreed to date officially but Ricky has issues being faithful. Grace loses her virginity to Jack on the same night her father dies in a plane crash and is wracked with guilt. She blamed Jack and herself for her father's death which causes Jack to be so upset that he starts drinking. Grace refused to get out of the car to attend her father's funeral, so Ricky forces her to. Grace's brother Tom has trouble adjusting when their mother decides to remarry again. Adrian begins to reach out to Amy in order to make peace, so Amy, John, and Ricky can be a family with less drama. The season's events culminate with Adrian's cheating on Ricky with Ben on the night of the Mother/Daughter dance, in an attempt to get back at Ricky for kissing Amy. Ricky is angry at both, breaking up with Adrian and refusing to forgive Ben, thus crushing their already-fragile friendship.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season three, everyone finds out Adrian is pregnant with Ben's baby, except for Amy. So, Ben and Amy continue to date and start considering taking their relationship to the next level, while Ben struggles to tell Amy about Adrian. George and Anne Juergens have officially divorced and Anne lives closer to her mother while George stays at the house with Amy and Ashley. Ashley drops out of school and begins homeschooling herself. Kathleen Bowman's husband goes to Zimbabwe for a medical mission to bring aid to third world people and returns in the season finale with a proposal that he and Kathleen return to live and explore the world. Kathleen is hesitant to accept, not wanting to leave Grace and Tom behind by themselves. Towards the middle of the season, Amy and Ricky begin to date, and everyone is doubtful that Ricky will be faithful. Adrian and Ben decide to get married and the ceremony occurs near the end of the season. In the two-part season finale, Ben and Adrian are living together in their condo and Adrian begins to sense that something might be wrong with their baby. They decide to call the doctor, who has them meet her at the hospital as soon as possible. Adrian gives birth to their stillborn daughter. They named her Mercy. Amy and Ricky stayed home and start to make out, until John interrupts because he is hungry.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season four, Amy and Ricky begin to get closer when Amy and John begin to move in with Ricky in his apartment, which is above the butcher shop. Meanwhile, Ashley leaves to go on a road trip with her friend Toby. Grace goes to Didiju and meets a new guy named Daniel who later becomes her boyfriend. Jack and Madison break up forcing Jack to do all the senior stuff with Grace who he is still in love with. Adrian is depressed as she lost her baby and Ben wants to leave, but doesn't have the heart to do so. Adrian figures out that he wants to leave, and tries to seduce him so she can get pregnant again. Later Adrian sets her goal towards Ricky. Ricky proposes to Amy and she accepts. Afterwards, Jesse has a graduation party and everyone is invited. Adrian goes with Omar, her new boyfriend. Daniel's ex-girlfriend shows up at the party and says she wants him back. Ricky kisses Adrian one last time as per her wish and she claims she is "free" from him, after which her new boyfriend Omar breaks up with her claiming that the kiss was "totally disrespectful." The next morning outside, Grace asks Jack about Adrian's theory, and then end up kissing which is caught on a picture sent to Daniel by Raven (his ex-girlfriend), causing him to break up with Grace. Madison also sleeps with Jesse ending with 2 broken friendships and 1 broken relationship. Ben also shuns Henry when he sleeps with Adrian at the party because he was disloyal. Ben meets the lake house neighbor, Dylan, and she and her friends turn out to be a bad influence on him. Kathleen goes to Africa to learn that Marshall was cheating with her and already had a girlfriend and a son there who comes back to live with their family. In the last episode, Anne comes out with the fact that she really is gay, but when Amy is told, she is very upset and believes she is saying that because George is trying to have a good excuse as of why he cheated and also got back with Kathleen. Amy decided to take John away for the weekend.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
Kenny Baumann as Ben Boykewich
Mark Derwin as George Juergens (seasons 1–4; special guest star season 5)
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens (seasons 1–4; special guest season 5)
Greg Finley as Jack Pappas
Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood
Jorge-Luis Pallo as Marc Molina (season 1; guest season 2)
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee-Boykewich
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens (seasons 1–4; special guest star season 5)
Steven R. Schirripa as Leo Boykewich (seasons 3–5; recurring seasons 1–2)
Michael Grant as Ethan (season 5; recurring 4)
Cierra Ramirez as Kathy (season 5)

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The Secret Life of the American Teenager first aired on ABC Family on July 1, 2008.[1] Season 1 began with 11 episodes broadcast from July 1, 2008, to September 9, 2008. After a hiatus, 12 first-season episodes aired January 5, 2009, through March 23, 2009, despite being marketed as season 2, for a total of 23 episodes.[6] The first season was aired on Canadian broadcaster City starting on September 3, 2008.[7] In early 2009, City removed Secret Life from its schedule.[8] Therefore, MuchMusic started to air the first season in Canada on November 30, 2009, followed by the second season on December 7, 2009.[9] In the United Kingdom Secret Life is available on ABC Studios via sky on demand. It is however broken up into eight seasons in contrast to the original five.

text: Following the success of its first season, ABC Family announced on January 31, 2009, plans to renew Secret Life.[10] The official press release was released on February 9 and was added to ABC Family's line up on April 7, 2009.[11] The show was renewed for a 24-episode second season, which began airing on June 22, 2009.[12][13][14] Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22, 2009, through September 7, 2009. After a four-month hiatus, the second half of the season returned on January 4, 2010,[15] and concluded on March 22, 2010.[16]

text: Following their record-breaking, mid-season returns, Make It or Break It, and Secret Life were both picked up for an additional season.[17] The third-season premiere of Secret Life was aired on June 7, 2010, at 8 pm.[18] On January 10, 2011, it was reported that Secret Life was picked up for a fourth season to be shown in Summer 2011 and season three would resume on March 28, 2011, after an extended season break.[19] The second half of the fourth season is set to air on March 26, 2012.

text: On February 2, 2012, it was announced ABC Family renewed The Secret Life of the American Teenager for a fifth season.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Secret Life received mixed reviews at the time of its debut. It currently has a score of 48 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic.[21] The New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are "... real and come from families of all stripes – from intact to single-parent households to one boy in foster care..."[22] However, most mainstream critics haven't embraced the show, indicating it as a TV-series version of an after school special, "filled with didactic messages and a lotta wooden acting," in the words of Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly.[23] The New York Times claimed that "Secret Life" must surely be the collective effort of an anti-pregnancy cabal. [...] ABC Family means well but could not have done worse. "Secret Life" doesn’t take the fun out of teenage pregnancy, it takes the fun out of television" and calls the show a "Prime-Time Cautionary Tale".[24] Variety magazine reported that "ABC Family's latest original drama wants to be a slow-motion version of "Juno" but settles for being an obvious, stereotype-laden teen soap [...] based on first impressions, "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" should probably stay a secret."[25] ReporterMag's Andrew Rees says, "The show...might be the worst scripted drama on television. Suffering from gag-worthy dialog, horrific plot twists, terrible acting, and characters who not even the best of 3-D glasses could give depth to, it’s a wonder how this show stays on the air."[26]

text: Brenda Hampton does not mind the poor reviews, saying, "I'd rather get good ratings and bad reviews than bad ratings and good reviews.".[23] Despite its lackluster critical reviews,[27] Secret Life received the highest premiere viewership ratings ever for an ABC Family original program. The pilot episode brought in 2.82 million viewers and a 0.9/3 share in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. Secret Life also scored high in the female demographic, registering a 6.5/24 among female teenagers and a 3.1/11 among 12- to 34-year-old females.[28]

text: Secret Life's mid-season finale episode of season one defeated the first hour of the much-publicized series premiere of 90210 on The CW in viewers 12–34 and females 12–34, beating 90210 in total viewers and all their key demographics, and bringing in some of the best ratings of the season for Secret Life.[29][30] The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers and was the highest rated telecast on March 23, 2009 in viewers aged 12–34 and the number one scripted telecast that night. The episode also beat 90210, which had 2.20 million viewers, more than half the usual number.[4]

text: On Monday, June 22, 2009, Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far, posting a series high in total viewers with 4.68 million viewers, and second-best numbers ever in adults 18–34 with 1.4 million viewers, behind season one's mid-season finale, adults 18–49 with 2.1 million viewers and viewers 12–34 with 2.9 million viewers. In June 2009, Secret Life ranked as cable’s number one scripted telecast in females 12–34, and the number one scripted series telecast in viewers 12–34 and female teens. Additionally, Secret Life stood as ad-supported cable’s number one telecast this month in female teens. The season debut became cable’s number one scripted series premiere of the 2008/2009 season to date in women 18–34, women 18–49, and viewers 12–34, and the number one scripted original premiere of summer 2009 in adults 18–34.[31]

text: Secret Life’s second season debut stands as cable’s number one scripted original series season premiere of summer 2009 in adults ages 18–34 and across core female 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 demos, ahead of such high profile series as USA’s Royal Pains and Burn Notice, and TNT’s The Closer.[32] Some critics praised the new developments of the show's second season, saying they could be "interesting material to build on." Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole "teen going through a pregnancy" plot has played out and the "frustrated young mother" thing is going on, we have room to explore some other topics. She remained hopeful that the writers will not just turn these new problems into issues of the week, instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall's death, deal with Ann's accidental pregnancy, and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex.[3]

text: With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere, the episode became ABC Family’s most-watched telecast ever in the key 12–34 and teen demos.[33] The episode stands as the series’ second-most-watched episode in viewers and is TV’s number one telecast of the season in female teens, cable’s number one telecast in females 12–34, and cable’s number one scripted telecast in viewers 12–34. The season two mid-season premiere remains cable’s number one scripted premiere of the 2009/10 season. It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale, and was number one in all target demos for the hour.[2]

text: On Monday, June 7, 2010, Secret Life opened its third season as the number one summer premiere for the 2010 summer season. It drew 1.3 million women 18–49 viewers, 2.3 million viewers 12–34, 1.8 million female 12–34 viewers, and 1.0 million teen viewers, topping high profiles premieres of Burn Notice, Royal Pains, and Pawn Stars. Additionally, Monday’s "Secret Life" ranks as summer’s number one scripted premiere on cable with 1.2 million viewers adults 18–34. It improved over its season 2 finale, growing by 20% in adults 18–34, by 21% in adults 18–49, and by 10% in viewers 12–34.[34]

text: Regarding The Secret Life's advertising, Laura Caraccioli-Davis, executive vice president of the media buyer Starcom, says, "Nielsen numbers will do the talking in the advertising community, which has a deep respect for success."

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager on ABC Family.

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET/PT)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale
Viewers
(in millions)

1

Tuesday 8:00PM (2008)
Monday 8:00PM (2009)

23

July 1, 2008

2.82[35]

March 23, 2009

4.50[36]
2008–2009
3.51

2

Monday 8:00PM

24

June 22, 2009

4.68[37]

March 22, 2010

3.17
2009–2010
3.24

3
26

June 7, 2010

3.18[38]

June 6, 2011

3.56
2010–2011
3.74

4
24

June 13, 2011

3.07[39]

June 4, 2012

1.43[40]
2011–2012
2.14

5
24

June 11, 2012

1.67[41]

June 3, 2013

1.50 [42]
2012–2013
1.22

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Throughout its five seasons, Secret Life has been nominated for several Teen Choice Awards, and won a Gracie Allen Award.[43] It won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Show during its premiere season.[44] In 2009, it was nominated for three Teen Choice Awards, including Choice TV Show Drama, Choice TV Breakout Show, and Choice Summer TV. Kenny Baumann was nominated for Choice TV Actor Drama and Choice Summer TV Star: Male, Shailene Woodley was nominated for Choice TV Actress Drama and Choice Summer TV Star: Female, Daren Kagasoff was nominated for Choice TV Breakout Star: Male and won Choice Summer TV Star Male,[45] and Molly Ringwald and Mark Derwin were nominated for Choice TV Parental Unit.[46] A Gracie Allen Award was awarded to the show for Outstanding Drama in 2009.[43] In 2010, the show was nominated as a Favorite TV Obsession at the 2010 People's Choice Awards; Shailene Woodley won a 2010 Gracie Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series;[47][48] the show was nominated as the Choice Summer TV show at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards; Ken Baumann and Daren Kagasoff were nominated as the Choice Male Summer TV Star; and Shailene Woodley was also nominated as the Choice Female Summer TV Star.[49]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Each Secret Life season is released on DVD in separate volumes. Season one, confusingly, is sold as season one and season two.[50][51][52] Season two is sold as volume three and volume four,[53][54] and similarly for the later seasons. The DVD releases include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, interviews with the cast, and behind-the-scenes featurettes. The season two, volume two DVD includes a preview of Ashley Juergen's Secret Diary, a novella released on June 15, 2010.[54]

text:
DVD release dates for The Secret Life of the American Teenager

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Volume One
December 30, 2008[50]
TBA
TBA
11
Incorrectly marketed as season one. Extras include deleted scenes, cast interviews, gag reel, episode commentaries, and 7 featurettes

Volume Two
June 16, 2009[55]
TBA
TBA
12
Incorrectly marketed as season two. Extras include behind-the-Scenes featurettes with the cast, exclusive music video from The Strange Familiar

Volume Three
December 22, 2009[56]
TBA
TBA
12
Extras include pilot episode "Make It or Break It", Hot Chat, exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the cast

Volume Four
June 15, 2010[54]
TBA
TBA
12
Extras include behind the "Secret" scenes, Cast on Family, interviews with cast and composer

Volume Five
December 21, 2010[57]
TBA
TBA
14
On Set with Director Anson Williams, On Set Fist Bumps with Joey and Matthew Levinson, On Set with Shailene Woodley, On Set with Luke Zimmerman

Volume Six
June 7, 2011[58]
TBA
TBA
12

Volume Seven
March 20, 2012
TBA
TBA
13

Volume Eight
TBA
TBA
TBA
11

Volume Nine
TBA
TBA
TBA
12

Volume Ten
TBA
TBA
TBA
12

text: Other media[edit]

text: On June 15, 2010, The Secret Diary of Ashley Juergens was published.[5] Written by Kelly and Courtney Turk, whose previous credits include episodes of 7th Heaven and NCIS, it documents the thoughts of the character Ashley Juergens in the events chronicling the first and part of the second season.[59] It also includes new characters that were not shown on Secret Life.[59] "We watched the episodes together and then talked briefly about ideas we each had and what we thought Ashley would have to say about whatever the storyline was. Then we separated and exchanged our chapters," Courtney stated while talking about the difference between writing a book and writing for television.[59]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series theme, sung by Molly Ringwald, is an upbeat version of Cole Porter's "Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)." Other noteworthy music featured in the installments includes:

text:
Both the first and last episodes of the first season feature the song "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne. It was also featured in the second-season episode 22. A piano version of the song was played during mid-4th-season finale.
In the fifteenth episode of the second season, Jack plays "She Don't Wanna Man" by Asher Roth while he and Madison dance.
At the Mother-Daughter Dance (Season 2, Episode 19), Love Story by Taylor Swift is played in the background while Amy, her mother, and Ashley sit on the bleachers.
In the fourth episode of the third season, when Adrian sits sadly on the stairs in front of her house, Tom plays "You Are So Beautiful" performed by Joe Cocker on his cell phone before they dance. (Season 3, episode 4).
The song "Kids" by MGMT appears in the fifth episode of the third season when a slide show of Amy lost in New York is played.
At a party in the Bowmans' guesthouse, the song "New Day" performed by Tamar Kaprelian is played.
Bruno Mars' "Just the Way You Are" plays in the final moments of the first half of the third-season finale, including during Ben and Adrian's wedding.
Sarah McLachlan's "Angel" plays after Ben and Adrian find out the baby is dead, and the montage is played to close the season.
"Daughters" by John Mayer was featured in the season's first episode during Amy's visit to the clinic.
In the fifth episode of the fourth season, "Rolling in the Deep" by Adele is played in the beginning during Adrian's walk and at the end of the episode when she is sitting in the empty nursery after punching numerous holes in the wall.
In the thirteenth episode of the fourth season "S&M" by Rihanna, "Memories" by David Guetta feat. Kid Cudi and "Til ya make it" by "Jamie Lynn Noon" are played at the end of the episode during the dance party.
At the beginning of first episode of fifth season, when Amy and Ricky went from chapel, is played Bruno Mars' song "Marry You".
In the last episode when Adrian recollects her school years and relationships is played "Try with Me" by Nicole Scherzinger.
In the last episode during Ricky's flashback, the song "Blurry" by Puddle of Mudd is played.


document_title: Cavalier

question_text: another name for a cavalier during the english civil war

text: Cavalier

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as the French word chevalier (as well as the Spanish word caballero), the Vulgar Latin word caballarius, meaning "horseman". Shakespeare used the word cavaleros to describe an overbearing swashbuckler or swaggering gallant in Henry IV, Part 2, in which Shallow says "I'll drink to Master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleros about London".[2]

text: English Civil War[edit]

text: "Cavalier" is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. It first appears as a term of reproach and contempt, applied to the followers of King Charles I in June 1642:

text: 1642 (June 10) Propositions of Parlt. in Clarendon v. (1702) I. 504 Several sorts of malignant Men, who were about the King; some whereof, under the name of Cavaliers, without having respect to the Laws of the Land, or any fear either of God or Man, were ready to commit all manner of Outrage and Violence. 1642 Petition Lords & Com. 17 June in Rushw. Coll. III. (1721) I. 631 That your Majesty..would please to dismiss your extraordinary Guards, and the Cavaliers and others of that Quality, who seem to have little Interest or Affection to the publick Good, their Language and Behaviour speaking nothing but Division and War.[2]

text: Charles, in the Answer to the Petition 13 June 1642 speaks of Cavaliers as a "word by what mistake soever it seemes much in disfavour".[3] It was soon reappropriated (as a title of honour) by the king's party, who in return applied Roundhead to their opponents, and at the Restoration the court party preserved the name, which survived until the rise of the term Tory.[3]

text: Social perceptions[edit]

text: Cavalier was not understood at the time as primarily a term describing a style of dress, but a whole political and social attitude. However, in modern times the word has become more particularly associated with the court fashions of the period, which included long flowing hair in ringlets, brightly coloured clothing with elaborate trimmings and lace collars and cuffs, and plumed hats.[4] This contrasted with the dress of at least the most extreme Roundhead supporters of Parliament, with their preference for shorter hair and plainer dress, although neither side conformed to the stereotypical images entirely.

text: Most Parliamentarian generals wore their hair at much the same length as their Royalist counterparts, though Cromwell was something of an exception. The best patrons in the nobility of Charles I's court painter Sir Anthony van Dyck, the archetypal recorder of the Cavalier image, all took the Parliamentary side in the Civil War. Probably the most famous image identified as of a "cavalier", Frans Hals' Laughing Cavalier, shows a gentleman from the strongly Calvinist Dutch town of Haarlem, and is dated 1624. These derogatory terms (for at the time they were so intended) also showed what the typical Parliamentarian thought of the Royalist side – capricious men who cared more for vanity than the nation at large.

text: The chaplain to King Charles I, Edward Simmons described a Cavalier as "a Child of Honour, a Gentleman well borne and bred, that loves his king for conscience sake, of a clearer countenance, and bolder look than other men, because of a more loyal Heart".[5] There were many men in the Royalist armies who fit this description since most of the Royalist field officers were typically in their early thirties, married with rural estates which had to be managed.

text: Although they did not share the same outlook on how to worship God as the English Independents of the New Model Army, God was often central to their lives.[6] This type of Cavalier was personified by Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading, whose prayer at the start of the Battle of Edgehill has become famous "O Lord, Thou knowest how busy I must be this day. If I forget Thee, do not forget me".[7] At the end of the First Civil War Astley gave his word that he would not take up arms again against Parliament and having given his word he felt duty bound to refuse to help the Royalist cause in the Second Civil War.

text: However, the word was coined by the Roundheads as a pejorative propaganda image of a licentious, hard drinking and frivolous man, who rarely, if ever, thought of God. It is this image which has survived and many Royalists, for example Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, fitted this description to a tee.[8] Of another Cavalier, George Goring, Lord Goring, a general in the Royalist army,[9] the principal advisor to Charles II, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, said:

text: [He] would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him".[10][11]

text: This sense has developed into the modern English use of "cavalier" to describe a recklessly nonchalant attitude, although still with a suggestion of stylishness.

text: Cavalier remained in use as a description for members of the party that supported the monarchy up until the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681 when the term was superseded by "Tory" which was another term initially with pejorative connotations. Likewise during Exclusion Bill crisis the term Roundhead was replaced with "Whig", a term introduced by the opponents of the Whigs and also was initially a pejorative term.[12]

text: Cavaliers in the arts[edit]

text: An example of the Cavalier style can be seen in the painting "Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles" by Anthony van Dyck.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Manganiello 2004, p. 476.
^ Jump up to: a b OED 1989, "Cavalier".
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm 1911, p. 562.
Jump up ^ OED 1989, "Cavalier", Meaning 4. attrib., First quotation "1666 EVELYN Dairy 13 Sept., The Queene was now in her cavalier riding habite, hat and feather, and horseman's coate".
Jump up ^ Carlton 2002, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 249.
Jump up ^ Hume 1841, p. 216 See footnote r. cites Warwick 229.
Jump up ^ Barratt 2005, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Memegalos 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarendon 1839, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911a, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Worden 2009, p. 4.

tag: ol


document_title: Mr. Olympia

question_text: who won mr olympia bodybuilding championship in 2017

text: Mr. Olympia

text: History[edit]

text: The 1965 and 1966 Mr. Olympia were won by Larry Scott, a famous bodybuilder of the time. Scott subsequently retired after his 1966 victory.

text: Harold Poole holds two Mr. Olympia distinctions. One is that he is the youngest ever competitor to have participated in the Olympia. In 1965 he competed in the first Mr. Olympia at the age of 21. The other is that he was the only man to compete in all three of the initial Mr. Olympia contests. He was runner-up in the 1965 and 1966 shows.

text: The 1967 Mr. Olympia, won by Sergio Oliva, heralded a new era in bodybuilding competition. At 5 ft 10 ins and 240 lbs[2] Oliva, nicknamed "The Myth", displayed a level of muscle mass and definition, including a "V" shape of a large and a well-formed upper-body that tapered down to a narrow waist, unlike anything seen in prior competitions. His upper arms measured nearly 22 inches[citation needed] and his chest measured at 55 inches,[citation needed] which tapered down to a reportedly 28 inch[citation needed] waist and two 31 inch legs.[citation needed] Oliva would go on to win the Mr. Olympia competition in 1967, 1968, and 1969—where he would defeat Arnold Schwarzenegger four to three, marking Schwarzenegger's first and only loss in a Mr. Olympia competition.

text: Schwarzenegger defeated Oliva at the 1970 Mr. Olympia after finishing second the year before. At 6′2″ and 240 lbs,[citation needed] he was able to match Sergio Oliva for size in his upper arms, chest, and back. However, contest judges deemed that Schwarzenegger's extra definition and muscularity over Sergio Oliva were substantial enough to award him the title. Schwarzenegger successfully defeated Oliva again in 1972.

text: Schwarzenegger went on to win the next three Mr. Olympia competitions, including the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition, which was highlighted in the 1977 docudrama Pumping Iron and featured other notable bodybuilders such as Lou Ferrigno, Serge Nubret, and Franco Columbu, who would go on to win the 1976 and 1981 competitions.

text: From 1974 until 1979, a dual weight division system was used, splitting competitors into two categories: "Heavyweights" (over 200lbs) and "Lightweights" (under 200lbs). The winners of each division would then compete against each other to decide an overall champion.

text: After winning the 1975 competition, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from competitive bodybuilding; this was also depicted in Pumping Iron.

text: Frank Zane won the 1977, 1978, and 1979 competitions. While not as physically massive as previous competitors such as Schwarzenegger, Oliva, or Ferrigno, Zane developed his physique to highlight symmetry aesthetics and definition. As such, Zane was able to defeat opponents who exceeded his own muscle-mass but lacked his level of muscular definition. 1977 was the first year the Sandow trophy was awarded.

text: In 1980, Schwarzenegger came out of retirement to win the Olympia yet again. Schwarzenegger had been a late entry into the competition, and his competitors did not know of his intentions to compete. The following year, Franco Columbu was victorious. Chris Dickerson won the 1982 competition, Samir Bannout won the 1983 competition, and Lee Haney won the 1984 competition. This was the start of 8 straight titles by Lee Haney.

text: Haney retired from competitive bodybuilding after his last Mr. Olympia victory in 1991.

text: Having placed second to Haney the previous year, Dorian Yates won the competition six straight times from 1992 until 1997. He retired after his final Olympia victory. Dorian is given credit for revolutionizing the sport during his reign as Mr. Olympia by combining larger mass than seen before with what was dubbed "granite hardness". The 90s were given the nickname "The Growth Hormone era". Dorian was the first Mr. Olympian to experiment with the hormone, which had succeeding bodybuilders packed with size. Subsequently, judging in professional bodybuilding competitions started placing greater emphasis on muscle mass, with many bodybuilding traditionalists commenting that muscle mass had now become the most important factor to winning, even greater than that of symmetry, aesthetics, and proportion.

text: Yates retired from competitive bodybuilding after his 1997 victory. Flex Wheeler seemed to be the heir apparent but Ronnie Coleman surprised everyone with a new improved physique in 1998, winning 8 consecutive titles.

text: In 1994 Joe Weider decided to add a separate Masters Olympia competition for professional bodybuilders to continue to compete at the highest levels in their later years.

text: Ronnie Coleman won the Mr. Olympia competition eight consecutive times, tying the record set by Lee Haney. Coleman returned in 2006 to defend his title but instead placed second to Jay Cutler, who won his first title after four consecutive years of finishing second to Coleman. Cutler successfully defended his title again in 2007. Coleman came in fourth place and announced his retirement from competition. In 2008, Dexter Jackson defeated Jay Cutler and became Mr. Olympia. In 2009, Jay Cutler became the third Mr. Olympia in history (the others being Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu) to reclaim the title and the only Mr. Olympia in history to reclaim the title after having it lost, by returning on stage and defeating the reigning champion Dexter Jackson who placed third in 2009.

text: In 2010, Cutler returned to claim his 4th Mr. Olympia title, becoming just the fifth competitor in Olympia history to win the title more than 3 times. In 2011, Phil Heath defeated Cutler for the title, beginning a winning streak that would last through the present day. From 2012 to 2014, the Olympia was dominated by the rivalry between Kai Greene and Heath, with Greene taking 2nd place and Heath 1st three years in a row. In 2016, Heath won his sixth straight title, while Greene did not compete in either the 2015 or 2016 Olympia. The 2008 Mr. Olympia winner Dexter Jackson took the 2nd place in 2015 while Shawn Rhoden was runner up in 2016.

text: Qualifying[edit]

text: In 2011, days after the conclusion of the 2011 Olympia Weekend, Chairman of the IFBB Professional League Jim Manion amended the qualifying rules as follows:

text:
Top five in each division at the Olympia.
Top three in each division at the Arnold Classic/International.
Top two in each division at the New York Pro.
1st place at all other competitions, even the Amateurs World Championship Competition.

text: The IFBB Professional League and Mr. Olympia 2016, LLC may offer special invites.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Overall
Heavyweight
Lightweight
Venue

1965

 Larry Scott
Heavyweight category not held.
Lightweight category not held.
 New York, United States

1966
$1,000

1967
$1,000
 Sergio Oliva

1968

1969

1970
 Arnold Schwarzenegger

1971
 Paris, France

1972
 Essen, West Germany

1973
 New York, United States

1974
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
 Franco Columbu

1975
$2,500
 Pretoria, South Africa

1976
$5,000
 Franco Columbu
 Ken Waller
 Columbus, United States

1977
$5,000
 Frank Zane
 Robby Robinson
 Frank Zane

1978
$15,000

1979
$25,000
 Mike Mentzer

1980
$25,000
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
Heavyweight category not held.
Lightweight category not held.
 Sydney, Australia

1981
 Franco Columbu
 Columbus, United States

1982
 Chris Dickerson
 London, United Kingdom

1983
 Samir Bannout
 Munich, West Germany

1984
$50,000
 Lee Haney
 New York, United States

1985
 Brussels, Belgium

1986
$55,000
 Columbus, United States

1987
 Gothenburg, Sweden

1988
Unknown
 Los Angeles, United States

1989
 Rimini, Italy

1990
$100,000
 Chicago, United States

1991
 Orlando, United States

1992
 Dorian Yates
 Helsinki, Finland

1993
 Atlanta, United States

1994

1995
$110,000

1996
 Chicago, Illinois, United States

1997
 Los Angeles, United States

1998
 Ronnie Coleman
 New York, United States

1999
 Las Vegas, United States

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004
$120,000

2005
$150,000

2006
$155,000
 Jay Cutler

2007

2008
 Dexter Jackson

2009
$200,000
 Jay Cutler

2010

2011
 Phil Heath

2012
$250,000 [3]

2013

2014
$275,000 [4]

2015
$400,000

2016

2017

text:
Ranking
Mr. Olympia champion
Year(s)
Number of wins

Overall
Heavyweight
Lightweight

1st
 Lee Haney
1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991
8
0
0

1st
 Ronnie Coleman
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005
8
0
0

3rd
 Phil Heath
2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017
7
0
0

3rd
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 (overall & heavyweight), 1975 (overall & heavyweight), and 1980
7
2
0

5th
 Dorian Yates
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
6
0
0

6th
 Jay Cutler
2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010
4
0
0

7th
 Frank Zane
1977 (overall & lightweight), 1978 (overall & lightweight), 1979 (overall & lightweight)
3
0
3

7th
 Sergio Oliva
1967, 1968, and 1969
3
0
0

9th
 Franco Columbu
1974 (lightweight), 1975 (lightweight), 1976 (overall & lightweight), and 1981
2
0
3

9th
 Larry Scott
1965 and 1966
2
0
0

11th
 Chris Dickerson
1982
1
0
0

11th
 Samir Bannout
1983
1
0
0

11th
 Dexter Jackson
2008
1
0
0

14th
 Robby Robinson
1977 (heavyweight) and 1978 (heavyweight)
0
2
0

15th
 Kenny Waller
1976 (heavyweight)
0
1
0

15th
 Mike Mentzer
1979 (heavyweight)
0
1
0

text:
Ranking
Mr. Olympia champion
Years
Number of consecutive wins

Overall
Heavyweight
Lightweight

1st
 Lee Haney
1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991
8
0
0

1st
 Ronnie Coleman
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005
8
0
0

3rd
 Phil Heath
2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017
7
0
0

4th
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 (overall & heavyweight), 1975 (overall & heavyweight), and 1980
6
2
0

4th
 Dorian Yates
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
6
0
0

6th
 Frank Zane
1977 (overall & lightweight), 1978 (overall & lightweight), 1979 (overall & lightweight)
3
0
3

6th
 Sergio Oliva
1967, 1968, and 1969
3
0
0

8th
 Jay Cutler
2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010
2 (twice)
0
0

9th
 Larry Scott
1965 and 1966
2
0
0

10th
 Franco Columbu
1974 (lightweight), 1975 (lightweight), 1976 (overall & lightweight), and 1981
1
0
3

10th
 Dexter Jackson
2008
1
0
0

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are irreligious:

text:
Frank Zane[5]
Mike Mentzer[6]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are atheists:

text: Mike Mentzer[6]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are Mormons:

text: Larry Scott[7]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are Christians:

text:
Sergio Oliva[8]
Arnold Schwarzenegger[9]
Franco Columbu[10]
Lee Haney[11]
Ronnie Coleman[12]
Jay Cutler[13]
Dexter Jackson[14]
Phil Heath[15]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are Roman Catholics:

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are Muslims:

text: Samir Bannout[16]

text: The following Mr. Olympia winners are openly gay:

text: Chris Dickerson[17]