document_title: The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)

question_text: what was on the other side of the island in blue lagoon

text: The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the early Victorian period, two young cousins, Richard (Glenn Kohan) and Emmeline Lestrange (Elva Josephson), and a galley cook, Paddy Button (Leo McKern), survive a shipwreck in the South Pacific and reach a lush tropical island. Paddy cares for the children and forbids them by "law" from going to the other side of the island, as he had found remains from bloody human sacrifices on an altar. He also warns them against eating a deadly scarlet berry.

text: Several years later, Paddy dies after a drunken binge. Now alone, the children go to another part of the island and rebuild their home.

text: Years pass and they grow into tall, strong teenagers. They live in their hut, spending their days fishing, swimming, and diving for pearls. Richard and Emmeline (now portrayed by Christopher Atkins and Brooke Shields) begin to fall in love. This is stressful for them, because of their lack of education on human sexuality. Emmeline is frightened by her first menstrual period; she refuses to allow Richard to inspect her for what he imagines is a wound. Richard becomes physically attracted to Emmeline, but she does not reciprocate his feelings, inciting Richard to go off alone and masturbate.

text: A ship appears for the first time in years, but Emmeline does not light the signal fire. As a result, the ship passes by without noticing them. When Richard angrily confronts Emmeline about this, she tells him that the island is their home now and they should stay, to Richard's disbelief.

text: Emmeline secretly ventures to the forbidden side of the island, and sees the altar. She associates the blood on the altar with the blood of Christ's crucifixion. She comes to the conclusion that the altar is God, and tries to persuade Richard to go to the other side of the island to pray with her. Richard is shocked at the idea of breaking the Law. They insult each other and Emmeline reveals she knows about his masturbating, and threatens to tell her Uncle Arthur about it. They throw coconuts at each other, and she hits him on the head. Following the fight, Richard kicks Emmeline out of their hut.

text: Emmeline accidentally steps on a stonefish. Sick and weak, she pleads with Richard to "take her to God." Richard carries her to the other side of the island and places her on the altar, offering a prayer to God. Emmeline recovers and Richard admits his fear of losing her.

text: After Emmeline regains her ability to walk, they go skinny dipping in the lagoon and then swim to shore. Still naked, Richard and Emmeline discover sexual intercourse and passionate love. They regularly make love from then on. Emmeline becomes pregnant. Richard and Emmeline are stunned when they feel the baby move inside her, and assume it is her stomach causing the movements.

text: Emmeline gives birth to a baby boy, whom they name Paddy. Emmeline holds him and learns how to feed him as the baby instinctively starts suckling. The young parents teach Paddy how to swim, fish, and build things.

text: A ship led by Richard's father Arthur (William Daniels) approaches the island and sees the family playing on the shore. When they notice the ship, they walk away instead of signaling for help, content with their lives. As they are covered in mud, their appearance is difficult to determine, and Arthur assumes they are natives.

text: One day, the family takes the lifeboat to visit their original homesite. Richard goes off and finds bananas for them, leaving Emmeline and Paddy with the boat. Emmeline does not notice when Paddy brings a branch of the scarlet berries into the boat. Emmeline and Paddy slowly drift away, and Paddy tosses one of the oars out. Unable to reach the oar, Emmeline shouts to Richard and he swims to her, followed closely by a shark. Emmeline throws the other oar at the shark, striking it and giving Richard time to get into the boat. They are unable to retrieve the oars without risking a shark attack. They paddle with their hands to no avail; the boat is caught in the current and drifts out to sea.

text: After drifting for days, Richard and Emmeline awake to find Paddy eating the berries he picked. Hopeless, Richard and Emmeline eat the berries as well, lying down to await death. A few hours later, Arthur's ship finds them. Arthur asks, "Are they dead?" The captain (Gus Mercurio) answers, "No, sir. They're asleep."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brooke Shields as Emmeline Lestrange
Elva Josephson as Young Emmeline
Christopher Atkins as Richard Lestrange
Glenn Kohan as Young Richard
Bradley Pryce as Little Paddy
Chad Timmermans as Infant Paddy
Leo McKern as Paddy Button
William Daniels as Arthur Lestrange
Alan Hopgood as Captain
Gus Mercurio as Officer

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was a passion project of Randal Kleiser, who had long admired the original novel. He hired Douglas Day Stewart, who had written Boy in the Plastic Bubble, to write the script, and met up with Richard Franklin, the Australian director, who was looking for work in Hollywood. This gave him the idea to use an Australian crew, which Franklin helped supervise.[1]

text: The film was shot in Jamaica and Nanuya Levu, a privately owned island in Fiji.[2] The flora and fauna featured in the film includes an array of animals from multiple continents. As it turned out, the iguanas filmed on Fiji were a species hitherto unknown to biologists; this was noted by the herpetologist John Gibbons when he watched the film, and after traveling to the island where the iguanas were filmed, he described the Fiji crested iguana (Brachylophus vitiensis) in 1981.[3] The blue lagoon scenes were shot in Comino Island, Malta and Champagne Bay, Vanuatu.[citation needed]

text: All of Brooke Shields' nude scenes were performed by the film's 32-year-old stunt coordinator, Kathy Troutt.[4] Shields did many of her topless scenes with her hair glued to her breasts.[5][6]  Atkins appeared nude[7][8] (including frontal nudity[9]) in the film.

text: Underwater moving picture photography was performed by Ron and Valerie Taylor.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Blue Lagoon was panned by critics. It holds a score of 9% on Rotten Tomatoes out of 22 reviews.[11] Among the more common criticisms were the ludicrously idyllic portrayal of how children would develop outside of civilized society,[12][13][4] the unfulfilled buildup of the island's natives as a climactic threat,[12][4] and the way the film, while teasing a prurient appeal, conspicuously obscures all sexual activities and body parts.[12][13] Roger Ebert gave the film 1½ stars out of 4, claiming that it "could conceivably have been made interesting, if any serious attempt had been made to explore what might really happen if two 7-year-old kids were shipwrecked on an island. But this isn't a realistic movie. It's a wildly idealized romance, in which the kids live in a hut that looks like a Club Med honeymoon cottage, while restless natives commit human sacrifice on the other side of the island." He also deemed the ending a blatant cop-out.[12] He and Gene Siskel selected the film as one of their "dogs of the year" in a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews.[14] Time Out commented that the film "was hyped as being about 'natural love'; but apart from 'doing it in the open air', there is nothing natural about two kids (unfettered by the bonds of society from their early years) subscribing to marriage and traditional role-playing."[13] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post similarly called the film "a picturesque rhapsody to Learning Skills, Playing House, Going Swimming, Enjoying the Scenery and Starting to Feel Sexy in tropical seclusion." He particularly ridiculed the lead characters' persistent inability to make obvious inferences.[4]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was the ninth biggest box office hit of 1980 in North America according to Box Office Mojo, grossing US$58,853,106 in the United States and Canada[15] on a $4.5 million budget.[16][17][18]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Main awards
Nominee: Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Néstor Almendros
Nominee: Saturn Award – Best Fantasy Film
Nominee: Golden Globe Award, New Star of the Year – Christopher Atkins
1st Golden Raspberry Award
Won: Worst Actress (Brooke Shields)
Young Artist Awards
Nominee: Best Major Motion Picture – Family Entertainment
Nominee: Best Young Motion Picture Actor – Christopher Atkins
Nominee: Best Young Motion Picture Actress – Brooke Shields

text: Other honors[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[19]

text: Versions and adaptations[edit]

text: The Blue Lagoon was based on Henry De Vere Stacpoole's novel by the same name, which first appeared in 1908. The first film adaptation of the book was the British silent 1923 film of that name. There was another British adaptation in 1949. The 1980 version includes much more nudity and sex scenes than the 1949 version, though far less than the book.

text: The sequel Return to the Blue Lagoon (1991) loosely picks up where The Blue Lagoon left off, except that Richard and Emmeline are found dead in the boat. Their son is rescued. As Paddy's name is unknown to his rescuers, he is renamed Richard, after his father.

text: The movie was briefly parodied in a flashback scene of the movie Top Secret! (1984). The Quantum Leap episode "Leaping of the Shrew" guest-starred Brooke Shields, and was about a young man and woman marooned on a deserted island. It was also parodied in the movie Going Berserk (1983) when John Candy reveals his recurring nightmare inspired by the movie. The end of the dream spoofs Christopher Atkins' masturbation scene when Candy is spotted masturbating by the jeering passengers of a ship that happens to pass by.

text: On December 9, 2011, the cable TV network Lifetime greenlit the television film Blue Lagoon: The Awakening.[20] It premiered on the channel on June 16, 2012. Atkins appears in the 2012 film as one of the teachers on the ship-borne field trip where Emma and Dean are lost at sea and end up on an island.

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The Special Edition DVD, with both widescreen and full-screen versions, was released on October 5, 1999. Its special features include the theatrical trailer, the original featurette, a personal photo album by Brooke Shields, audio commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins, and another commentary by Randal Kleiser, Douglas Day Stewart and Brooke Shields.[21] The film was re-released in 2005 as part of a two pack with its sequel, Return to the Blue Lagoon.[22]

text: A limited edition Blu-ray Disc of the film was released on December 11, 2012, by Twilight Time. Special features on the Blu-ray include an isolated score track, original trailer, three original teasers, a behind the scenes featurette called An Adventure in Filmmaking: The Making of The Blue Lagoon, as well as audio commentary by Randal Kleiser, Douglas Day Stewart and Brooke Shields and a second commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins.[23][24]

text: Streaming[edit]

text: The 1980 movie was made available for streaming through services such as Amazon Video and Vudu.[25][26]


document_title: Coal mining in India

question_text: which type of coal mostly found in india

root

text: Coal mining in India

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-independence[edit]

text: Commercial exploitation of coal in India began in 1774 with John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar river. The growth of Indian coal mining remained slow for nearly a century due to low demand. The introduction of steam locomotives in 1853 boosted demand, and coal production rose to an annual average of 1 million metric tons (1.1 million short tons). India produced 6.12 million metric tons (6.75 million short tons) of coal per year by 1900 and 18 million metric tons (20 million short tons) per year by 1920. Coal production received another boost during the First World War due to increased demand, slumped again in the early 1930s. Production reached a level of 29 million metric tons (32 million short tons) by 1942 and 30 million metric tons (33 million short tons) by 1946.[3]

tag: p

text: In the regions of British India known as Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, the Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries at locations such as Khas Jharia, Jamadoba, Balihari, Tisra, Katrasgarh, Kailudih, Kusunda, Govindpur, Sijua, Sijhua, Loyabad, Dhansar, Bhuli, Bermo, Mugma, Chasnala-Bokaro, Bugatdih, Putki, Chirkunda, Bhowrah, Sinidih, Kendwadih, and Dumka.[4][5]

text: Seth Khora Ramji Chawda of Sinugra was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields.[4][6] Natwarlal Devram Jethwa says that

text: The East Indian Railway in 1894-95 extended its line from Barakar to Dhanbad via Katras and Jharia. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira was also building Jharia Railway Station, when he discovered coal in Jharia belt. The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.[7]

text: Other Indian communities followed the example of the KGK in the Dhanbad-Jharia-Bokaro fields after the 1930s. These included the Punjabis, Kutchis, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Bengalis and Hindustanis. Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha -1920 mentions:- "Out of 92 collieries belonging to Gujaratis in Jharia Coalfields Area during 1920s - 50 belonged to Mistris of Kutch with Seth Khora Ramji as Head of them all." Seth Khora Ramji of Sinugra was also honored by King of Kutch by giving him a Paghdi.[4][8][9][10][11][12]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: Following independence, the Government of India introduced several 5-year development plans. Annual production rose to 33 million metric tons (36 million short tons) at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India Undertaking, was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways. The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry. The Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state-owned companies in the 1950s. Today, SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India sharing its equity in 51:49 ratio.

text: Nationalisation of coal mines[edit]

text: Right from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption. India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.[13] On account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in Jharia coalfield. Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners.

text: Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government. On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines. The nationalization was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971-72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In October, 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited, were nationalized on May 1, 1972 and brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a new Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971. This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1, 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which now is the piece of Central legislation determining the eligibility of coal mining in India.[14]

text: All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India. In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, was formed. It took over all the earlier private collieries in Raniganj Coalfield. Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 square kilometres (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 8,552.85 million metric tons (9,427.90 million short tons). Eastern Coalfields puts the reserves at 29.72 billion metric tons (32.76 billion short tons). That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).

text: The North East Indian states enjoys special privileges under constitution of India. The Sixth Schedule of constitution and article 371 of constitution allows state governments to formulate its own policy in order to recognize customary tribal laws. For example, Nagaland has its own coal policy which allows its natives to mine coal from their respective lands. Similarly, coal mining in Meghalaya was rampant till imposition of ban on coal mining by National Green Tribunal. The Nagaland Coal[15] and Meghalaya Coal[16] has large buyers in North India, Central India and Eastern India.

text: Reserves[edit]

text: India has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world. As on 31 March 2016, India had 308.80 billion metric tons (340.39 billion short tons) of the resource. The known reserves of coal rose 0.7% over the previous year, with the discovery of an estimated 2.20 billion metric tons (2.43 billion short tons). The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2016 was 44.59 billion metric tons (49.15 billion short tons).[2] The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy derived from oil.

text: Coal deposits are primarily found in eastern and south-central India. Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra accounted for 98.58% of the total known coal reserves in India. As on 31 March 2016, Jharkhand and Odisha had the largest coal deposits of 26.29% and 24.58% respectively.[2]

text: Distribution of coal reserves by states[edit]

text: The following table shows the estimated coal reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016.[2][17]

text:
State
Coal Reserves
(in billion metric tonnes)
Type of Coalfield

Jharkhand
81.17
Gondwana

Odisha
75.90
Gondwana

Chhattisgarh
56.04
Gondwana

West Bengal
31.53
Gondwana

Madhya Pradesh
26.91
Gondwana

Telangana
21.41
Gondwana

Maharashtra
11.44
Gondwana

Uttar Pradesh
1.06
Gondwana

Meghalaya
0.58
Tertiary

Assam
0.52
Gondwana

Nagaland
0.32
Tertiary

Bihar
0.16
Gondwana

Sikkim
0.10
Gondwana

Arunachal Pradesh
0.09
Tertiary

India
308.80

tag: table

text: Distribution of lignite reserves by states[edit]

text: The following table shows the estimated lignite reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016.[2]

text:
State
Coal Reserves
(in billion metric tonnes)

Tamil Nadu
35.68

Rajasthan
5.73

Gujarat
2.72

Pondicherry
0.42

Jammu and Kashmir
0.03

Kerala
0.01

West Bengal
0.00

India
44.59

text: Production[edit]

text: The production of coal was 639.23 million metric tons (704.63 million short tons) in 2015-16, a growth of 4.93% over the previous year. The production of lignite was 43.84 million metric tons (48.33 million short tons) in 2015-16, 9% lower than the previous fiscal.[2] India is ranked 4th in world coal production.[18]

text: The top producing states are:

text:
Odisha - see Talcher in Angul district
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand

tag: ul

text: Other notable coal-mining areas include:

text:
Korba Coalfield in Korba District, Chhattisgarh (Gevra Mines: Asia's largest open cast mine)
Singareni collieries in Bhadradi district (Old Khammam District), Telangana
Jharia mines in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand
Nagpur & Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
Raniganj in Bardhaman district, West Bengal
Neyveli lignite mines in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu
Singrauli Coalfield and Umaria Coalfield in Madhya Pradesh

text: Consumption[edit]

text: Industries in India consumed 832.46 MT of coal in 2015-16. The largest consumers of coal in India are electricity generation (508.25 MT), steel and washery industries (56.45 MT), cement industries (8.93 MT) and sponge iron industries (7.76 MT). Consumption of lignite stood at 42.52 MT in 2015-16. Electricity generation alone accounts for 89.57% of the total lignite consumption.[2]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text: As on 31 October, the installed capacity of coal power in India was 186,492.88 MW, accounting for 60.7% of the total installed capacity.[19] India's electricity sector consumed about 72% of the coal produced in the country in 2013.[20]

text: A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.[21] India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production.[22]

text: Coal mafia[edit]

text: The state-owned coal mines of Bihar (now Jharkhand after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated mafia, beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad.[23] It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power.[24] Pilferage and sale of coal on the black market, inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the expropriation and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine.[25] A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.[26]

text: The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon.[27]

text: In June 2012, the Bollywood epic Gangs of Wasseypur was released portraying the coal mafia in the area of Dhanbad. The movie received overwhelming response and was declared a hit. Another Bollywood movie Gunday was also loosely based upon coal mafia.