document_title: The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)

question_text: who plays the phantom of the opera 2004

question_tokens: who plays the phantom of the opera 2004

text: The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1919, the Opéra Populaire holds a public auction to clear the theatre's vaults. Raoul, Viscount de Chagny purchases a papier-mâché music box in the shape of a monkey and eyes it sadly as Madame Giry, an aged woman dressed in black, watches him. The auctioneer then presents a shattered chandelier as the next item up for bid, explaining that it once played a key role in "the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera". As it flickers to life and slowly ascends to its original place in the rafters, the audience is transported back in time to the year 1870.

text: Back to this time, while the company rehearses for a performance of the grand opera Hannibal, manager Monsieur Lefèvre announces that he has decided to retire and that the opera has been purchased by Richard Firmin and Gilles André, two men who have no experience with the arts whatsoever. When resident soprano Carlotta Giudicelli begins to sing for the managers, a backdrop collapses and causes everyone to blame the "Opera Ghost", a mysterious figure who is rumored to live in the catacombs beneath the theater. Carlotta refuses to sing and storms offstage, leaving Firmin and André no choice but to cancel the performance. At the last minute, ballet mistress Madame Giry suggests that dancer Christine Daaé take Carlotta's place as she has been "well taught." The managers reluctantly agree and, to their surprise, Christine wins them over.

text: Later that night, after Christine's triumphant stage debut, she explains to Madame Giry's daughter, Meg, that she is being coached by a mysterious tutor who she refers to as the "Angel of Music"; a tutor who her late father said would teach her to sing. Christine returns to her dressing room to find Raoul, the opera's new patron and her former childhood sweetheart, waiting for her. The two reminisce about their youth as Christine tells Raoul her secret, only for him to laugh at her "fantasy" and invite her to dinner despite her protests. Unbeknownst to everyone, except Madame Giry, the Phantom of the Opera locks Christine in her dressing room and reveals himself in her mirror to her before hypnotizing her and taking her to his subterranean lair.

text: The Phantom reveals to her that he loves her and wants her to love him back. He shows Christine a bust of herself, wearing a wedding dress and veil, causing her to faint, and the Phantom places her in a bed. The next morning she awakes to find the Phantom writing music. She approaches him and removes his mask out of curiosity. He bursts into a fit of rage, covering his face with his hand. He at first says she must stay forever because she saw his deformities, revealing that he "dreams of beauty". Pitying him Christine hands him back his mask and the two have a moment of understanding. He then decides to return her to the opera house.

text: That morning, the two managers lament Christine's disappearance, as well as series of notes they received from the Opera Ghost trying to blackmail them for his payment and ordering them on how to run the opera house. When Carlotta returns, she is furious to find a note sent to her saying if she sang as the countess in Il Muto that night instead of Christine, then disaster "beyond [their] imagination" would occur. Firmin and André ignore the ghost's warnings and give Carlotta the lead role. That night, the Phantom interrupts the performance and criticizes their failure to follow his orders.

text: Carlotta continues to sing, but her voice croaks (as a result of the Phantom tampering with her throat spray) and the lead role is given to Christine. While the ballet is being performed, the Phantom encounters the chief stagehand Joseph Buquet and strangles him before hanging him from above, creating chaos. Christine flees to the roof with Raoul. She reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom's face and fears him, but also pities him because of his sadness. Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forevermore. Christine returns his love, kissing him passionately and they both leave the roof. The Phantom, who witnessed the scene, becomes heartbroken. He then hears them both singing together. Growing furious at Raoul, he vows revenge on them both.

text: Three months later, a masquerade party ensues in the opera house. At the party, Christine wears her new engagement ring from Raoul. The event is interrupted once again by the Phantom, who is dressed as Red Death. The Phantom brings his own composition, Don Juan Triumphant, and orders the managers to stage the opera. Raoul exits the room and Christine approaches the Phantom. At the sight of the engagement ring, the Phantom rips it from Christine and disappears into a trap on the floor. Raoul tries to follow him but is stopped by Madame Giry, who privately tells him the story of the Phantom's past. When she was a little girl, she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage. The child was beaten while everyone watched and laughed. The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child's face, revealing his deformity. Only the young Madame Giry pitied him. She was the last to leave and saw the child strangle the ringmaster with a rope. Chased by the police, Madame Giry helped him escape and found shelter for him beneath the opera house, where she has hidden him from the world ever since.

text: Christine takes a carriage to visit her father's grave, but the Phantom secretly takes over the reins. Raoul follows when he realizes she's gone. Christine arrives and laments over her father's death. The Phantom tries to win her back by pretending to be her father's angel, but Raoul arrives and stops him. A sword fight ensues in the cemetery, where Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him, but Christine pleads for him not to. His rage seemingly augmented, the Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away.

text: Christine admits she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her. Raoul realizes that they can use the Phantom's opera to capture him, as he will surely attend. Don Juan Triumphant is performed, and the Phantom makes his entrance (having secretly replaced the lead) with Christine. Raoul can do nothing but watch from his box as Christine falls for the Phantom yet again. However, she once again removes his mask, revealing his deformities to the entire audience, who scream in fear. He escapes with her by dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire.

text: The Phantom brings Christine back down to his lair. Madame Giry shows Raoul where the Phantom lives, and he goes to rescue Christine. The Phantom forces Christine to don the wedding dress and once again professes his love, and orders Christine to marry him. Christine tries to convince the Phantom that she does not fear his ugliness, but rather his anger and willingness to kill to get what he wants. Just then, Raoul enters the lair, and the Phantom ties him to a gate and threatens to kill him if Christine refuses to marry him. Christine reflects over the impossible choice before passionately kissing the Phantom to show him he is not alone in the world. The Phantom is shocked from experiencing real human love for the first time in his life. Ashamed of his murderous actions, he allows Christine and Raoul to leave and orders them to never return. He finds comfort in a little monkey music box. Christine approaches the Phantom, who tells her that he loves her, and she silently gives him the diamond ring from her finger to remember her by. After Christine and Raoul leave, the Phantom smashes every mirror in his underground lair and disappears through a secret passage behind a velvet curtain just before the police arrive. Upon entering, Meg finds only the Phantom's white mask.

text: Moving back to 1919, the elderly Raoul visits Christine's gravesite and places the music box near her tombstone. He stands in silence for a moment and then turns to leave, but stops upon noticing a red rose with a black ribbon tied around the stem lying on the ground with Christine's engagement ring attached to it; implying that the Phantom still lives and still loves Christine.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gerard Butler as The Phantom
Emmy Rossum as Christine Daaé
Patrick Wilson as Viscount Raoul de Chagny
Miranda Richardson as Madame Giry
Minnie Driver as Carlotta Giudicelli

Margaret Preece as Carlotta's singing voice

Simon Callow as Gilles André
Ciarán Hinds as Richard Firmin
Victor McGuire as Ubaldo Piangi
Jennifer Ellison as Meg Giry
Murray Melvin as Monsieur Reyer
Kevin McNally as Joseph Buquet
James Fleet as Monsieur Lefèvre
Ramin Karimloo as Gustave Daaé

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to The Phantom of the Opera in early 1989, granting Andrew Lloyd Webber total artistic control.[3] Despite interest from A-list directors, Lloyd Webber and Warner Bros. instantly hired Joel Schumacher to direct; Lloyd Webber had been impressed with Schumacher's use of music in The Lost Boys.[4] The duo wrote the screenplay that same year,[5] while Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman were cast to reprise their roles from the original stage production. Filming was set to begin at Pinewood Studios in England in July 1990, under a $25 million budget.[6]

text: However, the start date was pushed to November 1990 at both Babelsberg Studios in Munich, Germany and Barrandov Studios in Prague, Czech Republic.[7] Production for The Phantom of the Opera was stalled with Lloyd Webber and Brightman's divorce.[8] "Everything got tied up in settlements", Schumacher reflected. "Then my career took off and I was really busy."[9] As a result, The Phantom of the Opera languished in development limbo for Warner Bros. throughout the 1990s.[10] In February 1997, Schumacher considered returning, but eventually dropped out in favour of Batman Unchained, Runaway Jury and Dreamgirls.[11] The studio was keen to cast John Travolta for the lead role,[12] but also held discussions with Antonio Banderas, who undertook vocal preparation and sang the role of the Phantom in the TV special Andrew Lloyd Webber: The Royal Albert Hall Celebration.[13]

text: Schumacher and Lloyd Webber restarted development for The Phantom of the Opera in December 2002.[5] It was then announced in January 2003 that Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group had purchased the film rights from Warner Bros. in an attempt to produce The Phantom of the Opera independently.[13] As a result, Lloyd Webber invested $6 million of his own money.[14] The Phantom of the Opera was produced on a $55 million budget. A further $15 million was used for marketing, bringing the final budget to $70 million.[2] Warner Bros. was given a first look deal for distribution; the studio did not sign on until June 2003, when the principal cast was chosen.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Hugh Jackman was offered the chance to audition for the Phantom, but he faced scheduling conflicts with Van Helsing. "They rang to ask about my availability", Jackman explained in an April 2003 interview, "probably about 20 other actors as well. I wasn't available, unfortunately. So, that was a bummer."[16] "We needed somebody who has a bit of rock and roll sensibility in him", Andrew Lloyd Webber explained. "He's got to be a bit rough, a bit dangerous; not a conventional singer. Christine is attracted to the Phantom because he's the right side of danger."[5] Director Joel Schumacher had been impressed with Gerard Butler's performance in Dracula 2000.[17] Prior to his audition, Butler had no professional singing experience and had only taken four voice lessons before singing "The Music of the Night" for Lloyd Webber.[3]

text: Katie Holmes, who began working with a vocal coach, was the front-runner for Christine Daaé in March 2003.[18] She was later replaced by Anne Hathaway, a classically trained soprano, in 2004. However, Hathaway dropped out of the role because the production schedule of the film overlapped with The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, which she was contractually obligated to make.[19] Hathaway was then replaced with Emmy Rossum. The actress modeled the relationship between the Phantom and Christine after Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine.[14] Patrick Wilson was cast as Raoul based on his previous Broadway theatre career. For the role of Carlotta, Minnie Driver devised an over-the-top, camp performance as the egotistical prima donna. Despite also lacking singing experience, Ciarán Hinds was cast by Schumacher as Richard Firmin; the two had previously worked together on Veronica Guerin.[4] Ramin Karimloo also briefly appears as the portrait of Gustave Daaé, Christine's father. Karimloo later played the Phantom as well as the role of Raoul on London's West End.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography lasted from 15 September 2003 to 15 January 2004. The film was shot entirely using eight sound stages at Pinewood Studios,[20] where, on the Pinewood backlot, the bottom half exterior of the Palais Garnier was constructed. The top half was implemented using a combination of computer-generated imagery (CGI) and a scale model created by Cinesite. The surrounding Paris skyline for "All I Ask of You" was entirely composed of matte paintings.[4] Cinesite also created a miniature falling chandelier, since a life-size model was too big for the actual set.[21]

text: Production designer Anthony D. G. Pratt was influenced by French architect Charles Garnier, designer of the original Paris opera house, as well as Edgar Degas, John Singer Sargent, Gustave Caillebotte, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Schumacher was inspired by Jean Cocteau's Beauty and the Beast (1946), where a hallway is lined with arms holding candelabra. The cemetery was based on the Père Lachaise and Montparnasse.[22] Costume designer Alexandra Byrne utilised a limited black, white, gold and silver colour palette for the Masquerade ball.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Release and awards[edit]

text: The Phantom of the Opera was released in the United States on 22 December 2004. With a limited release of 622 theaters, it opened at tenth place at the weekend box office, grossing $6.5 million across five days.[23] After expanding to 907 screens on 14 January 2005[24] the film obtained the 9th spot at the box office,[25] which it retained during its 1,511 screens wide release on 21 January 2005.[26][27] The total domestic gross was $51,225,796. With a further $107 million earned internationally, The Phantom of the Opera reached a worldwide total of $158,225,796.[2] A few foreign markets were particularly successful,[28] such as Japan, where the film's ¥4.20 billion ($35 million) gross stood as the 6th most successful foreign film and 9th overall of the year.[29][30] The United Kingdom and South Korea both had over $10 million in receipts, with $17.5 million and $11.9 million, respectively.[2][31]

text: Anthony Pratt and Celia Bobak were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, as was John Mathieson for Cinematography. However, both categories were awarded to The Aviator. Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyricist Charles Hart were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song ("Learn to Be Lonely") but lost to "Al otro lado del río" from The Motorcycle Diaries.[32] The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe but it lost to Alfie's "Old Habits Die Hard". In the same ceremony, Emmy Rossum was nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, losing to Annette Bening in Being Julia.[33] At the Saturn Awards, Rossum won for Best Performance by a Younger Actor,[34] while The Phantom of the Opera was nominated for Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film and Alexandra Byrne was nominated for Costume Design.[35]

text: The soundtrack of the film was released in two separate CD formats on 23 November 2004 as a two-disc deluxe edition which includes dialogue from the film and a single-disc highlights edition.

text: The film had its initial North America video release on DVD and VHS on 3 May 2005, following its first digital release on HD-DVD on 18 April 2006 and a Blu-ray edition on 31 October 2006.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it 32% rotten with an average score of 5/10. "The music of the night has hit something of a sour note: Critics are calling the screen adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's popular musical histrionic, boring and lacking in both romance and danger", the consensus read. "Still, some have praised the film for its sheer spectacle".[36] By comparison, Metacritic calculated an average score of 40/100 from its 39 reviews collected.[37]

text:
"The film looks and sounds fabulous and I think it's an extraordinarily fine document of the stage show. While it doesn't deviate much from the stage material, the film has given it an even deeper emotional centre. It's not based on the theatre visually or direction-wise, but it's still got exactly the same essence. And that's all I could have ever hoped for."

— Andrew Lloyd Webber[5]

text: Despite having been impressed with the cast, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote that "Teen romance and operetta-style singing replace the horror elements familiar to film-goers, and director Joel Schumacher obscures any remnants of classy stage spectacle with the same disco overkill he brought to Batman Forever."[38] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com believed that Phantom of the Opera "takes everything that's wrong with Broadway and puts it on the big screen in a gaudy splat."[39]

text: In a mixed review for Newsweek, David Ansen praised Rossum's performance, but criticized the filmmakers for their focus on visual design rather than presenting a cohesive storyline. "Its kitschy romanticism bored me on Broadway and it bores me here—I may not be the most reliable witness. Still, I can easily imagine a more dashing, charismatic Phantom than Butler's. Rest assured, however, Lloyd Webber's neo-Puccinian songs are reprised and reprised and reprised until you're guaranteed to go out humming."[40] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly believed Schumacher did not add enough dimension in adapting The Phantom of the Opera. "Schumacher, the man who added nipples to Batman's suit, has staged Phantom chastely, as if his job were to adhere the audience to every note".[41]

text: Roger Ebert reasoned that "part of the pleasure of movie-going is pure spectacle—of just sitting there and looking at great stuff and knowing it looks terrific. There wasn't much Schumacher could have done with the story or the music he was handed, but in the areas over which he held sway, he has triumphed."[42] In contrasting between the popularity of the Broadway musical, Michael Dequina of Film Threat magazine explained that "it conjures up this unexplainable spell that leaves audiences sad, sentimental, swooning, smiling—in some way transported and moved. Now, in Schumacher's film, that spell lives on."[43]


document_title: Flag of India

question_text: who presented the first flag in free india's parliament

question_tokens: who presented the first flag in free india 's parliament

root

text: Flag of India

text: Design and construction details

text:
Sizes of the National Flag

Flag size[1][2]
Length and width (mm)
Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)[3]

1
6300 × 4200
1295

2
3600 × 2400
740

3
2700 × 1800
555

4
1800 × 1200
370

5
1350 × 900
280

6
900 × 600
185

7
450 × 300
90[4]

8
225 × 150
40

9
150 × 100
25[4]

tag: table

text: According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]

tag: p

text:
Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours[3]

Colour
X
Y
Z
Brightness

India saffron (Kesari)
0.538
0.360
0.102
21.5

White
0.313
0.319
0.368
72.6

India green
0.288
0.395
0.317
8.9

text: Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080.[6] Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.

text: Symbolism

text: Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]

text: A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

text:
“
Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]
”

text: History

text: A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]

text: In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]

text: The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]

text: Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.

text: In 1909, Lord Ampthill, former Governor of the Madras Presidency, wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."[17]

text: In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]

text: In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.

text: In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]

text: On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.

text: Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, 1923, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.[22]

text: While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.

text: Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]

text: A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.

text: On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.

text: The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]

text: Manufacturing process

text: The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.[29] Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.[1]

text: In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.[5] The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.[30][31]

text: Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).[5][30][31][32]

text: There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka, Marathwada, Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan.[33] The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India.[31] Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.[5] The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.[5]

text: Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.[30][31]

text: Protocol

text: Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[5] Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.[34]

text: Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.[5] The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.[5][35]

text: The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[1]

text: The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.[36][37]

text: At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.[5] It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India.[5]

text: The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.[38]

text: Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.[1]

text: Display

text: The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[1]

text: Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.[1]

text: The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.[1]

text: The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.[5]

text: The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]

text: Half-mast

text: The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.

text: The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.

text: The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

text: Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.

text: On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.[1]


document_title: List of countries by infant mortality rate

question_text: where does the united states rank in infant mortality rate

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report, by five years averages,[1] and the CIA World Factbook.[2]

text: The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 34.1 according to the CIA World Factbook. The under-5 mortality rate of the world is 43 deaths per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization.[3]

text: Note that due to differences in reporting, these numbers may not be comparable across countries; while the WHO recommendation is that all children who show signs of life should be recorded as live births, in many countries this standard is not followed, artificially lowering their infant mortality rates relative to countries which follow those standards.

text: Lists[edit]

text: Note: The last column in both tables enables interactive links between the tables; also, the tables can be variously sorted using the  icon.

text: Under-five mortality from the World Health Organization[edit]

text: The following is a list of OECD countries by under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births as published by the WHO in 2015.[4]

text:
Rank
Country
Under-five mortality rate
Relative under-five mortality rate

1
 Turkey
13.5
13.5

2
 Mexico
13.2
13.2

3
 Argentina
10.6
10.6

4
 Slovakia
7.3
7.3

5
 United States
6.5
6.5

6
 Hungary
5.9
5.9

7
 New Zealand
5.7
5.7

8
 Poland
5.2
5.2

9
 Canada
4.9
4.9

10
 Greece
4.6
4.6

11
 France
4.3
4.3

12
 United Kingdom
4.2
4.2

13
 Spain
4.1
4.1

14
 Belgium
4.1
4.1

15
 Israel
4.0
4

16
  Switzerland
3.9
3.9

17
 Australia
3.8
3.8

18
 Netherlands
3.8
3.8

19
 Germany
3.7
3.7

20
 Portugal
3.6
3.6

21
 Ireland
3.6
3.6

22
 Italy
3.5
3.5

23
 Denmark
3.5
3.5

24
 Austria
3.5
3.5

25
 Czech Republic
3.4
3.4

26
 South Korea
3.4
3.4

27
 Sweden
3.0
3

28
 Estonia
2.9
2.9

29
 Japan
2.7
2.7

30
 Slovenia
2.6
2.6

31
 Norway
2.6
2.6

32
 Finland
2.3
2.3

33
 Iceland
2.0
2

34
 Luxembourg
1.9
1.9

text: List by the CIA World Factbook[edit]

text:
Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) – 2016 estimates[2]

Country or territory
CIA
2016 estimates
->UN

 Afghanistan
112.8
->

 Albania
12.3
->

 Algeria
20.3
->

 American Samoa
8.5
->

 Andorra
3.6
->

 Angola
76.5
->

 Anguilla
3.4
->

 Antigua and Barbuda
12.5
->

 Argentina
10.1
->

 Armenia
13.1
->

 Aruba
11
->

 Australia
4.3
->

 Austria
3.4
->

 Azerbaijan
24.7
->

 Bahamas, The
11.7
->

 Bahrain
9.2
->

 Bangladesh
32.9
->

 Barbados
10.5
->

 Belarus
3.6
->

 Belgium
3.4
->

 Belize
19.3
->

 Benin
54.2
->

 Bermuda
2.5
->

 Bhutan
33.9
->

 Bolivia
36.4
->

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
5.6
->

 Botswana
8.6
->

 Brazil
12.8
->

 British Virgin Islands
12.6
->

 Brunei
9.9
->

 Bulgaria
8.5
->

 Burkina Faso
73.8
->

 Burma
42.2
->

 Burundi
60.4
->

 Cape Verde
22.7
->

 Cambodia
48.7
->

 Cameroon
52.2
->

 Canada
4.6
->

 Cayman Islands
6
->

 Central African Republic
88.4
->

 Chad
87
->

 Chile
6.7
->

 China
12.2
->

 Colombia
14.1
->

 Comoros
61.8
->

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
69.8
->

 Congo, Republic of the
56.4
->

 Cook Islands
13.5
->

 Costa Rica
8.3
->

 Cote d'Ivoire
57.2
->

 Croatia
9.5
->

 Cuba
4.5
->

 Cyprus
8.1
->

 Czech Republic
2.6
->

 Denmark
4
->

 Djibouti
47.2
->

 Dominica
10.9
->

 Dominican Republic
18.1
->

 Ecuador
16.9
->

 Egypt
19.7
->

 El Salvador
17.3
->

 Equatorial Guinea
67.2
->

 Eritrea
45.6
->

 Estonia
3.8
->

 Ethiopia
51.1
->

 European Union
4
->

 Faroe Islands
5.5
->

 Fiji
9.7
->

 Finland
2.5
->

 France
3.3
->

 French Polynesia
4.7
->

 Gabon
45.1
->

 Gambia, The
62
->

 Gaza Strip
17.1
->

 Georgia
15.6
->

 Germany
3.4
->

 Ghana
36.3
->

 Gibraltar
6
->

 Greece
4.6
->

 Greenland
9
->

 Grenada
9.9
->

 Guam
5.3
->

 Guatemala
22
->

 Guernsey
3.4
->

 Guinea-Bissau
87.5
->

 Guinea
51.7
->

 Guyana
31.5
->

 Haiti
48.2
->

 Honduras
17.7
->

 Hong Kong
2.7
->

 Hungary
5
->

 Iceland
2.1
->

 India
40.5
->

 Indonesia
23.5
->

 Iran
37.1
->

 Iraq
37.5
->

 Ireland
3.7
->

 Isle of Man
4.1
->

 Israel
3.5
->

 Italy
3.3
->

 Jamaica
13.1
->

 Japan
2
->

 Jersey
3.8
->

 Jordan
14.7
->

 Kazakhstan
20.3
->

 Kenya
38.3
->

 Kiribati
33.2
->

 Korea, North
22.9
->

 Korea, South
3
->

 Kuwait
7.1
->

 Kyrgyzstan
26.8
->

 Laos
51.4
->

 Latvia
5.3
->

 Lebanon
7.6
->

 Lesotho
47.6
->

 Liberia
65.8
->

 Libya
11.1
->

 Liechtenstein
4.3
->

 Lithuania
3.8
->

 Luxembourg
3.4
->

 Macau
3.1
->

 Macedonia
7.5
->

 Madagascar
42.4
->

 Malawi
44.8
->

 Malaysia
12.9
->

 Maldives
22.9
->

 Mali
100
->

 Malta
3.5
->

 Marshall Islands
20
->

 Mauritania
53.3
->

 Mauritius
10
->

 Mexico
11.9
->

 Micronesia, Federated States of
20.5
->

 Moldova
12.3
->

 Monaco
1.8
->

 Mongolia
21.8
->

 Montserrat
12.7
->

 Morocco
22.7
->

 Mozambique
67.9
->

 Namibia
36.4
->

 Nauru
7.9
->

   Nepal
28.9
->

 Netherlands
3.6
->

 New Caledonia
5.3
->

 New Zealand
4.5
->

 Nicaragua
19
->

 Nigeria
71.2
->

 Niger
82.8
->

 Northern Mariana Islands
5.3
->

 Norway
2.5
->

 Oman
13.2
->

 Pakistan
53.9
->

 Palau
10.9
->

 Panama
10.1
->

 Papua New Guinea
37.4
->

 Paraguay
19.4
->

 Peru
19
->

 Philippines
21.9
->

 Poland
4.5
->

 Portugal
4.4
->

 Puerto Rico
7.4
->

 Qatar
6.2
->

 Romania
9.6
->

 Russia
6.9
->

 Rwanda
56.8
->

 Saint Helena
13.7
->

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.6
->

 Saint Lucia
11.2
->

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.6
->

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12.3
->

 Samoa
19
->

 San Marino
4.4
->

 Sao Tome and Principe
46.6
->

 Saudi Arabia
13.6
->

 Senegal
50.3
->

 Serbia
5.9
->

 Seychelles
10.2
->

 Sierra Leone
70
->

 Singapore
2.4
->

 Slovakia
5.2
->

 Slovenia
4
->

 Solomon Islands
15.2
->

 Somalia
96.6
->

 South Africa
32
->

 South Sudan
64.6
->

 Spain
3.3
->

 Sri Lanka
8.6
->

 Sudan
50.2
->

 Suriname
25.3
->

 Svalbard
NA
->

 Swaziland
50.4
->

 Sweden
2.6
->

  Switzerland
3.6
->

 Syria
15.2
->

 Taiwan
4.4
->

 Tajikistan
32.8
->

 Tanzania
41.2
->

 Thailand
9.4
->

 Timor-Leste
36.3
->

 Togo
43.7
->

 Tonga
11.6
->

 Trinidad and Tobago
23
->

 Tunisia
21.6
->

 Turkey
18.2
->

 Turkmenistan
35.5
->

 Turks and Caicos Islands
10.4
->

 Tuvalu
29.9
->

 Uganda
57.6
->

 Ukraine
8
->

 United Arab Emirates
10.3
->

 United Kingdom
4.3
->

 United States
5.8
->

 Uruguay
8.5
->

 Uzbekistan
18.6
->

 Vanuatu
15.1
->

 Venezuela
12.5
->

 Vietnam
17.8
->

 U.S. Virgin Islands
6.5
->

 Wallis and Futuna
4.4
->

 West Bank
14.6
->

 Western Sahara
53.3
->

 Yemen
47.4
->

 Zambia
62.9
->

 Zimbabwe
25.9
->

text: List by the United Nations population division[edit]

text: Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) - longitudinal data - the 2015 revision

text: [Note to editors: This table should be modified so that values between 25 and 40 and values between 40 and 60 have a different background colours. (All values > 25 are currently represented by the same colour.) The colour scheme is unhelpful when well over 2/3 of the cells have the same background colour and the progress made by many countries is not reflected by the colours.]

text:
#
Country or territory[Note 1]
1950 /
1955
1955 /
1960
1960 /
1965
1965 /
1970
1970 /
1975
1975 /
1980
1980 /
1985
1985 /
1990
1990 /
1995
1995 /
2000
2000 /
2005
2005 /
2010
2010 /
2015
<-CIA

1
Singapore
60.99
43.2
28.62
23.79
19.35
12.85
8.76
5.48
4.64
4.08
2.5
2.16
1.77
<-"

2
Iceland
21.43
18.5
16.74
13.41
11.85
9.42
6.4
5.62
4.79
4.01
2.62
2.01
2.03
<-"

3
Japan
50.07
37.25
25.84
16.48
11.95
8.75
6.63
4.96
4.44
3.75
3.03
2.59
2.2
<-"

4
Finland
34.47
26.07
19.53
15.08
11.95
8.77
6.5
6.01
5.11
3.86
3.28
2.77
2.26
<-"

5
Sweden
19.71
16.97
15.63
12.53
10.53
7.92
6.78
6.17
5.34
3.64
3.33
2.49
2.8
<-"

6
Luxembourg
43.44
36.95
29.2
20.91
17.84
13.13
11.99
8.99
7.25
4.86
4.95
2.32
1.58
<-"

7
Norway
22.3
18.9
16.82
13.92
11.31
9.03
7.47
8.47
5.91
4.01
3.52
3.03
2.5
<-"

8
Czech Republic
46.27
24.33
20.11
21.88
20.29
17.84
14.81
11.5
9.41
5.81
4.01
3.15
2.46
<-"

9
Slovenia
22.77
18.7
16.59
16.57
15.53
13.73
13.37
10.24
7.34
4.91
4.03
2.89
2.87
<-"

10
Italy
60.41
48.64
40.97
33.19
26.73
17.95
12.93
9.65
7.59
5.64
4.23
3.48
2.3
<-"

11
Spain
64.86
51.03
41.25
32.05
22.37
15.21
10.35
8.03
6.51
4.8
3.91
3.64
3
<-"

12
Germany
46.4
38.56
30.24
22.64
20.8
15.53
11.07
8.28
6.19
4.84
4.2
3.7
3.1
<-"

13
France
45.64
33.6
25.43
20.72
16.26
11.82
9.48
8.01
6.8
4.74
4.27
3.68
3.34
<-"

14
Austria
55.11
43.2
32.78
26.43
24.32
16.9
12.55
9.47
7.12
4.81
4.52
3.78
3.09
<-"

15
Portugal
92.86
88.61
78.88
61.21
47.16
31.48
20.34
14.49
9.54
6.49
4.75
3.38
3.29
<-"

16
Belgium
46.02
35.45
27.71
22.52
18.84
14.05
11
9.31
7.96
5.38
4.33
3.82
3.33
<-"

17
Greece
45.81
41.19
38.02
33.62
24.98
20.84
14.72
11.52
8.28
6.92
4.79
4.23
2.84
<-"

18
Denmark
28.29
23.56
20.44
16.35
12.43
9.2
7.85
8.08
6.46
4.9
4.65
3.82
3.47
<-"

19
Ireland
41.45
34.27
28.09
22.91
18.28
15.2
10.23
8.38
6.79
6.11
5.51
3.74
2.93
<-"

20
Israel
38.93
33.06
28.32
24.33
20.67
17.09
13.72
10.78
8.36
6.46
5.01
3.9
3.48
<-"

21
Netherlands
23
18.26
15.65
13.26
10.97
9.25
8.29
7.34
6.17
5.28
4.86
4.11
3.46
<-"

22
Switzerland
29.03
23.54
20.91
16.83
13.68
9.7
7.8
7.03
6.07
4.77
4.56
4.21
3.68
<-"

23
South Korea
138.12
114.47
89.74
64.21
38.11
33.23
24.61
14.86
9.75
6.61
5.32
4.6
2.91
<-"

24
Australia
23.69
21.34
19.72
17.99
16.96
12.76
9.86
8.79
6.74
5.52
4.94
4.48
3.96
<-"

25
Cyprus
64.93
51.14
40.18
31.51
24.68
19.3
15.09
11.79
9.19
7.16
5.59
4.35
4.2
<-"

26
United Kingdom
28.68
24.26
22.18
19.02
17.3
14.13
10.84
9.12
6.88
5.9
5.34
4.9
4.19
<-"

27
New Zealand
26.82
24.12
21
18.11
16.09
13.95
12.01
10.72
7.54
6.24
5.49
5.01
4.31
<-"

28
Canada
38.5
32.59
26.53
21.27
16.77
12.61
9.24
7.51
6.33
5.47
5.24
5.13
4.73
<-"

29
Estonia
84.91
50.12
33.44
23.49
21.14
21.85
20.31
18.26
16.34
11.99
7.26
4.75
3.2
<-"

30
Croatia
95.53
70.76
49.72
34.94
25.38
21.9
18.25
13.52
10.21
7.11
6.52
5.75
3.95
<-"

31
Cuba
80.69
69.93
59.45
49.69
38.49
22.34
17.65
13.01
9.94
7.98
6.13
5.68
5.5
<-"

32
Lithuania
107.83
63.88
42.71
27.03
22.08
22.46
18.35
14.92
16.48
11.02
7.66
5.97
3.76
<-"

33
Malta
50.52
33.15
27.88
23.43
19.68
16.53
13.88
11.64
9.77
8.19
6.87
5.76
4.83
<-"

34
Hungary
71.89
54.73
42.93
37.25
35.99
25.86
19.99
17.06
13.17
9.59
7.43
5.59
4.62
<-"

35
Poland
78.93
59.2
49.54
36.08
27.83
23.18
19.77
16.96
16.35
10.11
7.21
6.08
4.58
<-"

36
Slovakia
73.9
36.74
26.55
25.3
24.62
22.19
17.94
13.88
11.59
9.03
7.27
6.25
4.91
<-"

37
Brunei
81.36
66.53
49.09
39.33
31.49
25.18
20.12
16.06
12.82
10.22
8.15
6.49
4.19
<-"

38
United States
30.48
27.33
25.39
22.68
18.4
14.34
11.6
10.37
8.81
7.47
6.99
6.87
5.97
<-"

39
Belarus
95.68
56.56
37.76
25.79
21.19
21.92
19.55
16.41
15.09
14.91
9.59
6.27
3.99
<-"

40
Malaysia
102.39
81.12
63.63
48.3
36.61
27.71
20.94
15.81
11.92
8.99
6.77
6.77
6.76
<-"

41
Puerto Rico
63.42
51.43
44.8
33.29
25.31
19.72
17.2
13.81
11.61
10.94
8.01
7.01
6.25
<-"

42
United Arab Emirates
181.08
143.4
110.53
78.9
56.99
41.11
29.56
21.68
16.47
12.38
9.22
6.88
6.23
<-"

43
Qatar
106.02
87.16
68.74
50.76
36.65
29.15
23.17
18.41
14.72
11.78
9.41
7.51
6.45
<-"

44
Chile
129.58
118.79
106.53
87.34
68.62
53.12
38.75
28.38
19.56
13.04
9.3
7.7
7.17
<-"

45
Latvia
76.87
45.34
30.28
22.27
20.04
22.85
18.5
14.57
17.56
15.73
9.92
7.8
6.49
<-"

46
Bahrain
172.56
146.78
105.44
70.81
47.47
31.96
23.14
18.54
14.85
11.98
9.76
7.96
6.91
<-"

47
French Polynesia
129.63
99.86
89.05
79.47
71.35
58.61
34.75
19.67
18.06
10.18
9.4
8.77
6.91
<-"

48
Bosnia and Herzegovina
188.6
135.73
98.06
72.64
49.21
34.03
25.61
17.56
18.42
11.14
9.86
9.03
7.6
<-"

49
Montenegro
120.1
104.22
71.88
49.57
33.05
28.5
25.8
21.5
17.92
11.57
11.57
10.89
4.41
<-"

50
Kuwait
123.8
93.82
70.7
53.94
41.53
33.07
23.9
16.27
12.69
10.88
10.22
9.65
8.63
<-"

51
Costa Rica
103.32
92.72
82.13
69.77
56.36
35.15
22.65
17.38
14.57
12.37
10.89
10.02
9.33
<-"

52
Bahamas
70.58
58.31
48.14
39.72
32.76
27
22.24
18.31
15.56
14.16
11.58
10.04
9.06
<-"

53
Sri Lanka
89.05
73.73
61.51
52.96
44.43
35.79
29.22
24.25
19.99
16.21
13.08
10.05
8.23
<-"

54
Oman
211
180.45
153.8
130.7
108.96
82.64
59.44
42.12
30.87
21.71
14.64
9.77
7.31
<-"

55
Grenada
107.89
86.73
69.38
55.39
44.13
35.1
27.89
22.12
17.53
13.88
12.03
10.18
9.58
<-"

56
Bulgaria
91.96
65.6
37.47
30.68
25.96
22.06
17.83
14.28
15.4
15.25
13.17
9.85
9.02
<-"

57
Lebanon
68.44
59.74
52.95
47.26
41.73
38.06
34.97
30.43
25.13
18.84
13.81
10.6
9.29
<-"

58
Republic of Macedonia
136.32
112.57
94.81
82.04
68.72
62.26
51.54
40.04
26.55
18.44
12.95
11.89
10.14
<-"

59
Russia
100.51
59.43
39.68
31.25
26.41
28.8
25.93
23.65
21.95
20.97
16.17
10.68
8.25
<-"

60
Serbia
117.61
103.36
88
68.62
50.83
40.19
34.79
22.37
17.16
16.11
14.14
12.45
9.77
<-"

61
Ukraine
78.78
46.47
31
23.46
21
22.94
19.97
17.76
17.07
16.64
14.81
12.64
9.16
<-"

62
Romania
90.94
80.43
53.98
51.03
39.28
30.86
25.68
25.55
22.99
20.28
16.95
11.97
9.64
<-"

63
Uruguay
57.42
53.04
47.91
47.12
46.34
42.46
33.5
22.57
20.07
15.59
14.36
13.44
12.67
<-"

64
Thailand
127.53
108.91
92.61
77.63
62.84
50.95
41.62
33.41
26.11
20.9
16.7
13.4
11.25
<-"

65
Argentina
63.93
58.8
59.76
57.41
48.12
39.08
32.2
27.13
24.36
21.85
15.04
14.61
13.69
<-"

66
Moldova
81.29
69.04
59.03
49.03
46.02
46.02
35.56
31.27
29
24.49
18.86
15.54
10.89
<-"

67
Venezuela
108.04
91.06
74.26
61.05
49.24
40.7
33.36
27.77
23.35
21.08
18.14
15.9
13.78
<-"

68
Saudi Arabia
201.93
180.95
160.62
137.49
105.28
76.95
56.2
41.15
30.4
23.15
18.81
16.23
15.34
<-"

69
Syria
141.29
123.71
107.76
90.3
71.07
55.37
42.93
33.48
26.29
21.27
17.77
14.94
17.87
<-"

70
Albania
144.92
124.94
98.95
76.97
57.99
46.85
43.2
37.84
30.74
26.3
20.25
16.11
14.42
<-"

71
Belize
100.18
88.57
78.2
68.54
59.57
50.49
39.87
35.2
29.71
23.02
19.68
16.99
14.33
<-"

72
Panama
85.74
73.72
61.91
51.87
43.12
36.13
34.12
29.82
26.29
23.31
19.85
16.84
15.16
<-"

73
Jamaica
90
75.83
58.79
48.87
42.15
32.98
30.42
25.93
22.64
21.57
19.97
17.89
15.04
<-"

74
China
128.9
131.06
135.04
93.86
72
54.98
44.67
42.29
40.46
34.25
25.32
16.74
11.65
<-"

75
Turkey
217.77
201.77
179.03
160.01
145.42
120.41
94.72
73.21
56.19
37.02
24.72
16.39
12.61
<-"

76
Colombia
123.22
105.39
92.13
82.21
73.06
56.73
42.98
35.36
27.64
23.99
20.48
19.05
17.92
<-"

77
Iran
220.22
197.62
174.81
153.62
123.74
95.47
71.3
49.82
39.81
32.34
25.05
18.91
14.78
<-"

78
Jordan
147.46
119.69
95.53
77.39
65.71
54.01
42.71
33.97
29.06
25.58
22.4
19.69
17.07
<-"

79
Mexico
121.33
101.62
88.19
79.53
69.02
56.9
47.08
39.52
33.09
27.7
20.51
19.93
18.79
<-"

80
Tunisia
232.38
218.03
195.46
173.31
139.95
97.28
65.84
48.79
35.19
28.64
23
18.7
18.7
<-"

81
Armenia
83
78
73.01
68.01
62.99
57.99
52.98
47.99
44.12
35.02
27
21.01
13.22
<-"

82
El Salvador
150.45
135.17
121.7
110.68
101.62
92.77
79.92
60.6
41.14
29.12
23.61
20.73
17.03
<-"

83
Georgia
80.03
73.03
66.03
59.02
52.02
49.35
46.68
44.02
45.01
37.55
29.01
19.41
13.66
<-"

84
Suriname
77.54
67.59
56.2
48.87
44.27
40.12
41.49
40.24
34.65
28.69
24.17
22.16
17.37
<-"

85
Tonga
58.93
52.96
47.22
42.02
37.29
33.88
30.59
27.79
26.38
24.96
23.48
22.03
20.44
<-"

86
Vietnam
103.62
81.47
66.72
56.82
54.23
45.62
41.16
37.13
33.76
29.02
25.28
22.18
19.32
<-"

87
Peru
158.7
148.28
136.14
126.33
110.32
99.09
81.66
68.04
55.47
40.64
27.4
21
18.63
<-"

88
Samoa
107.43
97.1
87.2
77.72
68.62
59.92
51.63
43.77
36.1
29.94
25.68
22.41
19.67
<-"

89
Palestinian territories
140.29
131.1
117.06
99.42
82.71
66.23
51.4
40.12
33.08
27.86
25.01
23.07
20.63
<-"

90
Nicaragua
172.41
150.77
131.39
113.83
97.92
90.19
79.83
65.02
48.02
33.59
26.45
24.02
19.96
<-"

91
Ecuador
138.29
128.2
119.14
107.06
94.96
81.5
68.29
55.07
43.14
33.82
27.1
23.37
21.06
<-"

92
Egypt
248.69
204.61
184.06
170.17
165.44
133.17
106.87
74.3
59.56
36.69
29.36
23.47
18.92
<-"

93
Brazil
136.51
123.97
111.95
101.46
91.87
83.61
70.72
50.56
40.78
30.37
25.19
20.89
15.33
<-"

94
Kazakhstan
110.12
101.79
93.46
85.17
76.89
68.6
60.31
52.01
51.06
43.47
32.04
27
14.12
<-"

95
Libya
254.08
230.08
166.22
121.47
90.01
67.16
51.03
41.21
32.93
29.63
27.23
24.29
24.29
<-"

96
North Korea
122.82
83.1
79.69
58.15
45.28
36.32
31.12
27.39
42.11
57.81
28.49
27.29
21.99
<-"

97
Philippines
96.77
86.55
77.38
67.8
59.27
62.36
54.52
39.55
36.05
32.29
28.91
25.88
23.17
<-"

98
Trinidad and Tobago
82.59
66.55
50.72
48.43
43.44
37.62
31.74
29.09
28.18
28.8
28.94
26.57
24.76
<-"

99
Honduras
169.3
153.97
135.54
119.02
103.71
81.06
65.01
52.99
43.05
35.06
31.22
29.44
27.79
<-"

100
Dominican Republic
153.23
138.72
123.99
109.02
95.97
86.02
75.23
62.94
47.65
41.35
34.96
29.59
25.09
<-"

101
Indonesia
192.56
166.71
143.96
124.02
104.93
91.67
80.01
68.32
56.18
45.27
36.49
29.69
24.97
<-"

102
Guatemala
140.91
133.85
126.78
115.53
102.48
90.96
79.34
67.08
54.82
45.54
38.66
30.14
22.64
<-"

103
Morocco
151.25
143.08
132.95
122.68
113.14
102
83.85
66.58
53.01
44.05
37.94
31.78
26.3
<-"

104
Kyrgyzstan
140.19
130.16
120.13
110.1
100.06
90.03
80.04
70.03
59.88
48.3
40.33
36.4
19.56
<-"

105
Paraguay
73.44
69.73
62.28
58.56
53.1
51.04
48.9
46.71
42.94
39.21
35.55
32.04
28.79
<-"

106
Mongolia
183.2
165.09
134.69
118.76
106.58
104.57
102.39
91.76
67.56
53.95
40.83
30.52
25.79
<-"

107
Iraq
225.44
169.94
128.62
91.4
72.74
56.99
43.29
38.07
36.57
36.2
34.68
33.28
32.13
<-"

108
Algeria
163.06
153.57
142.88
132.35
122.25
105.5
75.37
55.38
47.67
41.92
37.45
34.18
30.28
<-"

109
Guyana
72.28
66.84
62.08
57.42
56
54.46
52.53
49.9
44.94
40.49
36.56
34.41
33.23
<-"

110
Micronesia
96.52
86.52
76.9
67.65
58.32
49.35
47.02
44.63
42.29
39.98
37.93
34.86
32.66
<-"

111
Bhutan
269.09
238.95
212.13
188.63
158.79
131.13
109.96
92.04
75.64
61.74
51.93
39.52
30.49
<-"

112
Nepal
228.63
224.08
211.09
189.5
169.22
150.53
130.54
109.56
87.64
68.44
52.87
41.29
32.36
<-"

113
Botswana
135.21
123.78
113.38
104.05
90.31
74.69
63.53
57.84
56.67
64.82
58.3
38.57
32.49
<-"

114
Solomon Islands
146.15
131.62
117.53
104.1
91.33
79.13
75.71
89.84
77.89
65.13
51.37
42.86
38.04
<-"

115
Bangladesh
220.69
189.2
165.88
152.39
183.19
139.68
125.88
108.86
90.3
72.57
56.01
43.31
33.1
<-"

116
Azerbaijan
120.05
115.04
110.05
105.05
100.02
95.03
90
85
81.83
61.28
52.01
41.06
39.6
<-"

117
Namibia
171.96
149.2
130.58
115.12
100.75
87.47
76.44
67.11
60.44
57.63
57.17
43.2
33.53
<-"

118
Western Sahara
217.09
201.68
187.37
173.64
160.1
133.93
110.07
87.97
75.92
64.46
52.97
44.08
37.24
<-"

119
Madagascar
182.76
168.65
156.52
144.72
133.91
122.45
109.09
107.88
100.09
77.76
57.99
45.5
36.78
<-"

120
Cambodia
142.64
135.7
134.36
132.07
138.78
320.44
153.54
86
86.13
86.38
65.88
44.97
29.92
<-"

121
Uzbekistan
125.15
114.95
104.72
94.51
84.32
77.89
71.46
65.03
59.45
54.77
49.91
47.13
44.02
<-"

122
Sao Tome and Principe
124.52
112.38
99
88.13
76.06
64.93
63.63
60.54
57.53
54.64
51.86
46.05
43.51
<-"

123
South Africa
110.47
98.54
91
83.61
77.17
70.63
60.72
52.11
48.28
53.35
57.16
51.91
38.32
<-"

124
Tajikistan
160.17
151.29
142.42
133.55
124.67
115.8
106.94
98.04
88.19
79.65
63.06
45.14
39.88
<-"

125
Turkmenistan
150.17
140.29
130.42
120.54
110.68
100.77
90.9
81.03
75.51
61.27
51.75
50.49
46.7
<-"

126
India
186.18
170.44
157.54
146.79
135.78
120.67
105.65
93.15
81.93
71.01
59.94
50.11
41.36
<-"

127
Papua New Guinea
158.08
145.66
132.66
113.81
99.28
87.29
74.47
72.97
66.75
61.72
56.19
50.07
47.58
<-"

128
Bolivia
173.02
165.44
156.6
146.5
135.27
123.28
110.8
97.83
84.91
72.57
61.21
51.02
42.95
<-"

129
Haiti
221.59
195.06
171.75
151.23
135.72
132.01
123.24
100.98
85.8
70.26
56.06
52.22
46.96
<-"

130
Gabon
179.55
166.77
157.69
134.39
113.63
95.02
77.68
62.94
60.07
59.69
59.96
52.7
43.18
<-"

131
Myanmar
213.87
175.82
156.25
124.12
111.72
100.6
90.51
81.29
72.8
65.24
57.9
52.25
46.47
<-"

132
Gambia
156.29
150.08
144.18
127.49
113.46
100.97
89.96
81.57
75.21
69.62
60.04
50.95
47.07
<-"

133
East Timor
264.61
241.82
220.83
201.22
183.36
253.8
183.65
141.46
118.77
84.75
63.99
50.16
43.91
<-"

134
Tanzania
153.38
143.25
136.24
128.16
118.72
108.58
104.58
102.22
103.09
92.24
69.56
52.36
36.96
<-"

135
Senegal
127.8
122.96
117.58
112.89
108.11
97.39
84.98
75.29
71.61
68.27
61.15
54.13
44.34
<-"

136
Eritrea
199.88
190.35
179.09
161.49
140.38
125.32
116.03
104.65
89.89
73.27
61.79
53.91
46.49
<-"

137
Ghana
147.49
133.57
122.09
113.31
106.54
99.27
92.7
82.76
72.51
66.91
60.91
55.35
51.08
<-"

138
Laos
177.08
166.99
157.02
147.55
138.24
130.43
122.03
108.47
95.71
82.44
69.23
56.74
46.78
<-"

139
Zimbabwe
114.59
105.19
96.71
89.58
82.75
74.27
62.75
57.11
58.88
67.24
69.29
61.79
48.42
<-"

140
Kenya
147.17
133.79
117.09
104.48
91.6
80.47
69.89
67.81
71.71
74.32
67.87
59.27
52.48
<-"

141
Sudan
134.73
121.59
111.31
102.17
93.35
89.09
87.02
84.12
79.95
73.83
66.83
59.66
53.32
<-"

142
Yemen
251.32
251.32
251.32
212.89
180.06
147.32
116.97
95.36
84
75.36
67.96
61.31
53.55
<-"

143
Djibouti
154.4
143.47
131.38
120.3
104.06
96.41
87.4
81.26
76.14
71.78
68.13
63.45
55.31
<-"

144
Ethiopia
199.54
181.67
160.19
148.09
140.7
136.72
140.3
125.9
114.17
96.7
77.98
59.89
49.99
<-"

145
Togo
186.36
164.28
145.04
128.11
112.92
100.71
92.31
87.19
83.46
80.25
77.37
64.33
50.18
<-"

146
Congo
142.12
122.77
106.99
96.63
89.97
84.1
79.21
77.66
79.72
84.95
81.84
64.29
50.61
<-"

147
Rwanda
160.54
151.8
143.23
137.18
135.17
128.27
108.78
113.65
288.71
116.33
89.88
58.83
49.21
<-"

148
Niger
161.92
160.23
158.5
155.63
150.73
138.75
132.83
139
129.73
102.93
81.84
63.73
59.84
<-"

149
Zambia
148.41
137.04
126.68
117.97
107.21
101.06
103.42
111.79
114.96
106.38
86.2
69.53
55.36
<-"

150
Uganda
160.59
145.42
130.27
116.55
112.3
111.5
112.68
115.54
109.89
98.4
80.74
69.51
61.2
<-"

151
Mauritania
147.98
135.49
122.8
113.65
106.18
98.88
89.25
82.7
79.68
76.12
75.63
72.66
67.27
<-"

152
Lesotho
169.18
150.24
134.2
130.18
122.96
109.57
93.78
83.61
69.36
79.16
84.14
75.69
60.14
<-"

153
Benin
209.68
192.46
176.9
162.61
147.91
134.17
122.33
112.75
102.58
92.06
82.37
73.78
68.7
<-"

154
Swaziland
174.03
160.55
150.6
140.72
124.19
107.87
90.47
77.36
69.3
80.2
86.66
75.89
64.64
<-"

155
Mozambique
220.37
201.6
184.98
172.23
158.55
147.98
151.87
146.14
135.42
111.43
89.28
73.8
64.42
<-"

156
Liberia
224.45
218.49
212.21
194.99
177.64
163.83
154.23
157.78
154.59
128.82
96.88
71.8
61.18
<-"

157
Pakistan
255.92
205.99
171.45
148.57
134.62
125.7
118.55
110.38
101.72
92.64
84.01
76.89
69.84
<-"

158
Burkina Faso
228.22
209.14
192.24
172.16
153.56
133.04
119.31
109.73
104.02
99.51
90.01
78.16
66.54
<-"

159
Guinea
207.04
200.11
195.12
192.29
185.54
171.49
156.56
142.47
128.31
111.79
95.25
80.99
59.2
<-"

160
Afghanistan
280.98
256.27
234.26
216.07
198.77
180.32
159.16
134.14
111.31
98.68
89.53
79.51
71.12
<-"

161
Equatorial Guinea
196.61
186.23
176.29
166.78
157.67
148.65
129.63
120.99
110.8
100.16
90.6
80.44
70.1
<-"

162
Cameroon
169.54
157.85
144.97
133.08
120.01
107.57
98.35
93.41
89.85
88.19
86.78
82.47
73.51
<-"

163
Malawi
197.97
192.55
185.92
180.1
168.94
159.37
152.56
150.57
139.24
121.43
105.13
79.65
60.09
<-"

164
Côte d'Ivoire
268.03
236.91
200.22
169.47
144.21
124.87
112.62
106.63
103.27
99.25
91.63
84.61
73.43
<-"

165
Congo_DR
166.75
157.67
151.31
143.56
133.79
129.22
121.55
116.08
109.77
112.95
99.57
83.87
73.18
<-"

166
Burundi
166.77
157.68
148.9
140.51
136.68
125.14
117.26
112.39
120.61
102.74
94.6
86.26
77.87
<-"

167
Somalia
200.17
186.23
173.24
160.69
147.53
136.83
127.82
123.28
129.6
105.17
97.02
89.78
79.47
<-"

168
South Sudan
248.59
226.18
209.57
193.95
181.32
169.05
163.86
149.89
129.95
113.91
101.41
89.11
77.67
<-"

169
Nigeria
200.68
186.61
172.91
159.63
147.3
134.23
125.33
126.02
125.99
118.61
104.03
89.93
76.31
<-"

170
Mali
242.34
223.84
207.17
191.71
176.43
162.85
150.76
139.08
128.12
118.19
108.94
89.43
84
<-"

171
Guinea-Bissau
180.38
174.45
167.95
159.18
152.27
143.01
134.83
128.53
121.55
114.96
108.05
101.94
91.87
<-"

172
Central African Republic
204.13
189.59
175.86
159.77
138.46
119.22
110.39
109.05
111.63
113.83
112.79
105.76
93.47
<-"

173
Chad
186.47
177.63
168.82
159.72
146.31
137.78
130.14
123.28
119.15
114.25
110.86
106.03
95.85
<-"

174
Angola
230.82
215.04
200.16
186.2
173.03
160.95
157.11
153.18
150.66
138.01
116.05
104.35
96.22
<-"

175
Sierra Leone
236.9
229.39
221.47
210.63
181.11
162.11
151.34
151.59
160.58
148.92
134.93
116.97
94.43
<-"

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Countries are ranked based on last three columns average calculated in order to make the rank more independent from fluctuations in any single (most recent) column.

tag: ol


document_title: History of bread

question_text: when was bread invented and who created it

text: History of bread

text: Antiquity[edit]

text: There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions, remains of structures and items used in bread making, and remains of the dough and bread itself.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

text: The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough (with sugar and water in) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter.[7] Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce "a lighter kind of bread than other peoples." Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast.

text: The idea of a free-standing oven that could be pre-heated, with a door for access, appears to have been Greek.[8]

text: Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads. In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread: Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days. By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker's shop, and in Rome, Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC, as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia;[9] the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium. In the Deipnosophistae, the author Athenaeus (c.A.D.170 – c. 230) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in the Classical world.[10] Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom-shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary, as noted by Diphilus when he declared "bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior." In order of merit, the bread made from refined [thoroughly sieved] flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted."[11] The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal: ópson, "condiment", i.e. bread's accompaniment, whatever it might be.[12]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: In medieval Europe, bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service. In the standard table setting of the day the trencher, a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches (15 cm by 10 cm), was served as an absorbent plate. At the completion of a meal the trencher could then be eaten, given to the poor, or fed to the dogs. It was not until the 15th century that trenchers made of wood started to replace the bread variety.[13]

text: To the 19th century[edit]

text: Up to the 19th century, bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials, including chalk, sawdust, alum, plaster, clay and ammonium carbonate. This gradually came to an end with government action, such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain.[14] America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however, as various states had varying policies regarding bread making. [15]

text: In the late 19th century, the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies. This was regarded as British bread despite its origins, and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain's position in its colonies further. Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread, as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances. Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods, particularly in North America, as it was a staple food in most diets, more so than other staple foods like meat. [16]

text: Industrialization[edit]

text: The industrialization of bread-baking was a formative step in the creation of the modern world.[17] Otto Frederick Rohwedder is considered to be the father of sliced bread. In 1912 Rohwedder started work on inventing a machine that sliced bread, but bakeries were reluctant to use it since they were concerned the sliced bread would go stale. It was not until 1928, when Rohwedder invented a machine that both sliced and wrapped the bread, that sliced bread caught on. A bakery in Chillicothe, Missouri was the first to use this machine to produce sliced bread.

text: A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process. This used the intense mechanical working of dough, and control of gases touching dough, to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition.[18] The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. In total contrast, traditional breadmaking is extremely time-consuming, as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking, and to produce the desired flavor and texture.

text: For generations, white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark (whole grain) bread. However, in most western societies, the connotations reversed in the late 20th century, with whole grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while Chorleywood bread became associated with lower-class ignorance of nutrition.[19]

text: More recently, and especially in smaller retail bakeries, chemical additives are used that both speed up mixing time and reduce necessary fermentation time, so that a batch of bread may be mixed, made up, risen, and baked in fewer than three hours. Dough that does not require fermentation because of chemical additives is called "quick bread" by commercial bakers. Common additives include reducing agents such as L-cysteine or sodium metabisulfite, and oxidants such as potassium bromate or ascorbic acid;[20][21] this last ingredient is added to wholemeal bread, in order to increase the softness of the loaf.[22] Calcium was added to flour in the UK to prevent rickets which had been detected as common in women who joined the World War 2 effort.[22] Often these chemicals are added to dough in the form of a prepackaged base, which also contains most or all of the dough's non-flour ingredients.

text: Since 1986,[23] domestic breadmakers that automate the process of making bread have become popular in the home.


document_title: Where the Heart Is (UK TV series)

question_text: who played danny in where the heart is

question_tokens: who played danny in where the heart is

text: Where the Heart Is (UK TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show follows the lives of the people of Skelthwaite, a fictional small Yorkshire town; particularly the work of the district nurses at the town's health centre. It originally focuses on the extended Snow and Goddard family — sisters-in-law and close friends Peggy Snow (Ferris) and Ruth Goddard (Lancashire) who work together as district nurses, while Ruth's husband and Peggy's younger brother Simon (Thomas Craig) is the town's main employer through his paper products factory. Peggy's husband Vic (Tony Haygarth) and her children Stephen and Lucy provide family-focused storylines which sit alongside the medical-based plots.

text: The programme underwent major changes at the end of series three and the beginning of series four, with first Lancashire and then Ferris departing. Ruth and Simon split, with Ruth moving to Australia, and Peggy tragically dies following a road accident involving a horse which also left her daughter Lucy fighting for her life. Storylines continued to focus on the rest of the family, with Simon and Vic adjusting to life as single men and for Vic, as a single father, whilst old friends Anna Kirkwall (Lesley Dunlop) and Karen Buckley (Leslie Ash) take over at the health centre. Anna begins a romance with Simon, but rejects him just before their wedding day, knowing that he wants to be with Ruth and Alfie in Australia. Karen's marriage to her husband David (Philip Middlemiss) crumbles when she chooses to focus on helping her long-lost son recover from his drug addiction, leading to Ash's departure from the series in 2003. Anna and David later become a couple, marry and remain the show's lead characters for the rest of its run.

text: Several other nurses work alongside Anna during this time, most notably Sally Boothe (Samantha Giles), whose family becomes the focus of many of the non-medical storylines after the remaining members of the Snow family departed in 2002. In an echo of the Snow family's development, Sally is also killed off, with later storylines focusing on her family's attempts to cope without her.

text: Over the years the cast was expanded and the show became more of an ensemble drama, with typically three major nurse characters at any one time alongside other townsfolk, usually workers at Goddard's Paper Products and their families.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed in the Colne and Holme valleys of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire using the real life villages of Marsden, Golcar, Slaithwaite and Meltham for many of the external shots. The first series was mostly filmed in Slaithwaite, with some exterior shots filmed in the village of Baildon, but from series 2 onwards, Marsden was used as the principal filming location.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Final cast[edit]

text:
Lesley Dunlop as Anna Kirkwall/Buckley
Jessica Childs-Cavill as Amy Kirkwall
Molly Martin & Millie Martin as Rachel Kirkwall/Boothe
Christian Cooke as Luke Kirkwall
Philip Middlemiss as David Buckley
Brian Capron as Ozias Harding
Andrew Paul as Billy Boothe
Holly Lucas as Megan Boothe/Kirkwall
Adam Paul Harvey as Nathan Boothe
Shobna Gulati as Nisha Clayton
Ian Kelsey as Jack Clayton
Fiona Wade as Rowan Clayton
Richard Mylan as Danny Flint
Taylor Bourke as Cady Flint
Andrea Lowe as Zoë Phelps
Joanna Riding as Terri Gough
Wesley Nelson as Alfie Gough
Tom Chadbon as Dr. Kenworthy

tag: ul

text: Notable ex-cast members[edit]

text:
Denise van Outen as Kim Blakeney
Geraldine Newman as Mrs Murfin
Katie Riddoch as Molly Beresford
Pam Ferris as Peggy Snow
Tony Haygarth as Vic Snow
Leslie Ash as Karen Buckley
Keith Barron as Alan Boothe
Georgia Moffett as Alice Harding
Kelly Wenham as Jess Buckley
Julian Lewis Jones as Tom Beresford
Samantha Giles as Sally Boothe
Thomas Craig as Simon Goddard
Sarah Lancashire as Ruth Goddard
Andrew Knott as Henry Green
William Ash as Stephen Snow
Jason Done as Stephen Snow
Jessica Baglow as Lucy Snow
Danny Seward as Joe Beresford
Kerrie Taylor as Beth Enright/Beresford
Holly Grainger as Megan Boothe (first)
Marsha Thomason as Jacqui Richards/Snow
Paulette P Williams as Jacqui Richards/Snow
Matthew Lewis as Billy Bevan
Vincenzo Pellegrino as Chris Eckersley
William Travis as Dick Lampard
Kathryn Hunt as Cheryl Lampard
Phillippa Wilson as Cheryl Lampard
Neil McCaul as Keith Harrison
Melanie Kilburn as Sandra Harrison
Alex Carter as Craig Harrison

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series One (1997)[edit]

text:
"Skelthwaite" (6 April 1997)
"Things Fall Apart" (13 April 1997)
"Summoned by Bells" (20 April 1997)
"A Place in the World" (27 April 1997)
"King Walter" (4 May 1997)
"Dream" (11 May 1997)

text: Series Two (1998)[edit]

text:
"The Final Curtain" (19 April 1998)
"The Healing Game" (26 April 1998)
"Fresh" (3 May 1998)
"Gone Fishing" (10 May 1998)
"Darkness Follows" (17 May 1998)
"Family Matters" (24 May 1998)
"Ice Pops" (31 May 1998)
"No Place Like Home" (7 June 1998)
"She Goes On" (21 June 1998)
"Love" (5 July 1998)

text: Series Three (1999)[edit]

text:
"Expansions" (18 April 1999)
"Learning the Game" (25 April 1999)
"Flesh and Blood" (2 May 1999)
"Letting Go" (9 May 1999)
"Moving On" (16 May 1999)
"Home" (23 May 1999)
"Reach for the Stars" (30 May 1999)
"New Moon Arising" (6 June 1999)
"Not My Brother" (20 June 1999)
"A Special Language" (27 June 1999)
"A Higher Duty" (4 July 1999)
"Runaway" (11 July 1999)
"Union" (18 July 1999)
"The Letter" (25 July 1999)

text: Series Four (2000)[edit]

text:
"Breaking the Ice" (30 April 2000)
"No Regrets" (7 May 2000)
"The Dead Zone" (14 May 2000)
"Shifting Sands" (21 May 2000)
"Visiting Rights" (28 May 2000)
"The Leaving Party" (4 June 2000)
"A Foreign Field" (11 June 2000)
"Unforgettable" (9 July 2000)
"A Good Day" (16 July 2000)
"Friends in Need" (23 July 2000)
"Idle Hands" (30 July 2000)
"Over the Rainbow" (6 August 2000)
"Modern Love" (13 August 2000)
"Legacy" (20 August 2000)
"Getting Better" (27 August 2000)
"The Field" (3 September 2000)

text: Series Five (2001)[edit]

text:
"Happiness" (22 April 2001)
"Runaways" (29 April 2001)
"Sanctuary" (6 May 2001)
"Choices" (13 May 2001)
"The Ties That Bind" (20 May 2001)
"Home to Roost" (27 May 2001)
"Faith" (3 June 2001)
"Pound of Flesh" (17 June 2001)
"Damage" (24 June 2001)
"Too Much Too Young" (1 July 2001)
"Temptation" (8 July 2001)
"As Time Goes By" (15 July 2001)
"Declaration" (22 July 2001)
"Sticks and Stones" (29 July 2001)
"Cats and Dogs" (5 August 2001)
"The Team" (12 August 2001)

text: Series Six (2002)[edit]

text:
"No Turning Back" (21 April 2002)
"Relative Strangers" (28 April 2002)
"Happy Returns" (5 May 2002)
"Trust" (12 May 2002)
"In Your Dreams" (19 May 2002)
"United We Stand" (26 May 2002)
"Hold My Hand" (2 June 2002)
"Don't Let Go" (9 June 2002)
"Never Alone" (16 June 2002)
"Flesh and Blood" (23 June 2002)
"Count on Me" (30 June 2002)
"Extra Time" (7 July 2002)

text: Series Seven (2003)[edit]

text:
"My Way" (6 July 2003)
"The Games We Play" (13 July 2003)
"The Need Of You" (20 July 2003)
"Love Hurts" (27 July 2003)
"Not Waving But Drowning" (3 August 2003)
"A Time To Dance" (10 August 2003)
"Coming Home" (17 August 2003)
"Mister And Missus" (24 August 2003)
"Archangel" (23 December 2003)

text: Series Eight (2004)[edit]

text:
"Bowl Of Cherries" (11 July 2004)
"Stormy Weather" (18 July 2004)
"Moon River" (25 July 2004)
"The Games We Play" (1 August 2004)
"Little Boy Blue" (8 August 2004)
"Skin Deep" (15 August 2004)
"Body And Soul" (22 August 2004)
"Never Can Say Goodbye" (29 August 2004)

text: Series Nine (2005)[edit]

text:
"Care" (26 June 2005)
"When All This Is Over" (3 July 2005)
"Stamp Of Approval" (10 July 2005)
"Sisters Under The Skin" (17 July 2005)
"Together" (24 July 2005)
"Legacy" (31 July 2005)
"Brief Encounters" (7 August 2005)
"Peaches And Cream" (14 August 2005)
"So Long" (21 August 2005)
"In A Perfect World" (28 August 2005)

text: Series Ten (2006)[edit]

text:
"RSVP" (16 July 2006)
"Greater Love" (23 July 2006)
"Home Grown" (30 July 2006)
"Walk Of Faith" (6 August 2006)
"Closure" (13 August 2006)
"Finding Heaven" (20 August 2006)
"Don't Look Back In Anger" (27 August 2006)
"Flesh And Blood" (3 September 2006)
"And On The Way I Dropped It" (10 September 2006)

text: DVD release[edit]

text: DVDs of the series in the UK are listed below, released by Network DVD. So far Series 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been released.

text:
DVD Season
Ep #
Original aired
Region 2 (UK)

Series 1
6
6 April – 11 May 1997
27 March 2006[2]

Series 2
10
19 April – 5 July 1998
21 May 2012[3]

Series 3
14
18 April – 25 July 1999
6 May 2013 [4]

Series 4
16
30 April – 3 September 2000
10 March 2014[5]

Series 5
16
22 April – 12 August 2001
TBA

Series 6
12
21 April – 7 July 2002
TBA

Series 7
9
6 July – 23 December 2003
TBA

Series 8
8
11 July – 29 August 2004
TBA

Series 9
10
26 June – 28 August 2005
TBA

Series 10
9
16 July – 10 September 2006
TBA