document_title: Complex system

question_text: an example of a complex system in the u.s. is

text: Complex system

text: Overview[edit]

text: The term complex systems often refers to the study of complex systems, which is an approach to science that investigates how relationships between a system's parts give rise to its collective behaviors and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment.[1] The study of complex systems regards collective, or system-wide, behaviors as the fundamental object of study; for this reason, complex systems can be understood as an alternative paradigm to reductionism, which attempts to explain systems in terms of their constituent parts and the individual interactions between them.

text: As an interdisciplinary domain, complex systems draws contributions from many different fields, such as the study of self-organization from physics, that of spontaneous order from the social sciences, chaos from mathematics, adaptation from biology, and many others. Complex systems is therefore often used as a broad term encompassing a research approach to problems in many diverse disciplines, including statistical physics, information theory, nonlinear dynamics, anthropology, computer science, meteorology, sociology, economics, psychology, and biology.

text: Key concepts[edit]

text: Systems[edit]

text: Complex systems is chiefly concerned with the behaviors and properties of systems. A system, broadly defined, is a set of entities that, through their interactions, relationships, or dependencies, form a unified whole. It is always defined in terms of its boundary, which determines the entities that are or are not part of the system. Entities lying outside the system then become part of the system's environment.

text: A system can exhibit properties that produce behaviors which are distinct from the properties and behaviors of its parts; these system-wide or global properties and behaviors are characteristics of how the system interacts with or appears to its environment, or of how its parts behave (say, in response to external stimuli) by virtue of being within the system. The notion of behavior implies that the study of systems is also concerned with processes that take place over time (or, in mathematics, some other phase space parameterization). Because of their broad, interdisciplinary applicability, systems concepts play a central role in complex systems.

text: As a field of study, complex systems is a subset of systems theory. General systems theory focuses similarly on the collective behaviors of interacting entities, but it studies a much broader class of systems, including non-complex systems where traditional reductionist approaches may remain viable. Indeed, systems theory seeks to explore and describe all classes of systems, and the invention of categories that are useful to researchers across widely varying fields is one of systems theory's main objectives.

text: As it relates to complex systems, systems theory contributes an emphasis on the way relationships and dependencies between a system's parts can determine system-wide properties. It also contributes the interdisciplinary perspective of the study of complex systems: the notion that shared properties link systems across disciplines, justifying the pursuit of modeling approaches applicable to complex systems wherever they appear. Specific concepts important to complex systems, such as emergence, feedback loops, and adaptation, also originate in systems theory.

text: Complexity[edit]

text: Systems exhibit complexity when difficulties with modeling them are endemic. This means their behaviors cannot be understood apart from the very properties that make them difficult to model, and they are governed entirely, or almost entirely, by the behaviors those properties produce. Any modeling approach that ignores such difficulties or characterizes them as noise, then, will necessarily produce models that are neither accurate nor useful. As yet no fully general theory of complex systems has emerged for addressing these problems, so researchers must solve them in domain-specific contexts. Researchers in complex systems address these problems by viewing the chief task of modeling to be capturing, rather than reducing, the complexity of their respective systems of interest.

text: While no generally accepted exact definition of complexity exists yet, there are many archetypal examples of complexity. Systems can be complex if, for instance, they have chaotic behavior (behavior that exhibits extreme sensitivity to initial conditions), or if they have emergent properties (properties that are not apparent from their components in isolation but which result from the relationships and dependencies they form when placed together in a system), or if they are computationally intractable to model (if they depend on a number of parameters that grows too rapidly with respect to the size of the system).

text: Networks[edit]

text: The interacting components of a complex system form a network, which is a collection of discrete objects and relationships between them, usually depicted as a graph of vertices connected by edges. Networks can describe the relationships between individuals within an organization, between logic gates in a circuit, between genes in gene regulatory networks, or between any other set of related entities.

text: Networks often describe the sources of complexity in complex systems. Studying complex systems as networks therefore enables many useful applications of graph theory and network science. Some complex systems, for example, are also complex networks, which have properties such as phase transitions and power-law degree distributions that readily lend themselves to emergent or chaotic behavior. The fact that the number of edges in a complete graph grows quadratically in the number of vertices sheds additional light on the source of complexity in large networks: as a network grows, the number of relationships between entities quickly dwarfs the number of entities in the network.

text: Nonlinearity[edit]

text: Complex systems often have nonlinear behavior, meaning they may respond in different ways to the same input depending on their state or context. In mathematics and physics, nonlinearity describes systems in which a change in the size of the input does not produce a proportional change in the size of the output. For a given change in input, such systems may yield significantly greater than or less than proportional changes in output, or even no output at all, depending on the current state of the system or its parameter values.

text: Of particular interest to complex systems are nonlinear dynamical systems, which are systems of differential equations that have one or more nonlinear terms. Some nonlinear dynamical systems, such as the Lorenz system, can produce a mathematical phenomenon known as chaos. Chaos as it applies to complex systems refers to the sensitive dependence on initial conditions, or "butterfly effect," that a complex system can exhibit. In such a system, small changes to initial conditions can lead to dramatically different outcomes. Chaotic behavior can therefore be extremely hard to model numerically, because small rounding errors at an intermediate stage of computation can cause the model to generate completely inaccurate output. Furthermore, if a complex system returns to a state similar to one it held previously, it may behave completely differently in response to exactly the same stimuli, so chaos also poses challenges for extrapolating from past experience.

text: Emergence[edit]

text: Another common feature of complex systems is the presence of emergent behaviors and properties: these are traits of a system which are not apparent from its components in isolation but which result from the interactions, dependencies, or relationships they form when placed together in a system. Emergence broadly describes the appearance of such behaviors and properties, and has applications to systems studied in both the social and physical sciences. While emergence is often used to refer only to the appearance of unplanned organized behavior in a complex system, emergence can also refer to the breakdown of organization; it describes any phenomena which are difficult or even impossible to predict from the smaller entities that make up the system.

text: One example of complex system whose emergent properties have been studied extensively is cellular automata. In a cellular automaton, a grid of cells, each having one of finitely many states, evolves over time according to a simple set of rules. These rules guide the "interactions" of each cell with its neighbors. Although the rules are only defined locally, they have been shown capable of producing globally interesting behavior, for example in Conway's Game of Life.

text: Spontaneous order and self-organization[edit]

text: When emergence describes the appearance of unplanned order, it is spontaneous order (in the social sciences) or self-organization (in physical sciences). Spontaneous order can be seen in herd behavior, whereby a group of individuals coordinates their actions without centralized planning. Self-organization can be seen in the global symmetry of certain crystals, for instance the apparent radial symmetry of snowflakes, which arises from purely local attractive and repulsive forces both between water molecules and between water molecules and their surrounding environment.

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems that are adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. Examples of complex adaptive systems include the stock market, social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the ecosystem, the brain and the immune system, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any human social group-based endeavor in a cultural and social system such as political parties or communities.

text: Features[edit]

text: Complex systems may have the following features:[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years, the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to established fields of science such as physics and chemistry. The history of the scientific study of these systems follows several different research trends.

text: In the area of mathematics, arguably the largest contribution to the study of complex systems was the discovery of chaos in deterministic systems, a feature of certain dynamical systems that is strongly related to nonlinearity.[11] The study of neural networks was also integral in advancing the mathematics needed to study complex systems.

text: The notion of self-organizing systems is tied with work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, including that pioneered by chemist and Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine in his study of dissipative structures. Even older is the work by Hartree-Fock c.s. on the quantum-chemistry equations and later calculations of the structure of molecules which can be regarded as one of the earliest examples of emergence and emergent wholes in science.

text: The earliest precursor to modern complex systems theory can be found in the classical political economy of the Scottish Enlightenment, later developed by the Austrian school of economics, which argues that order in market systems is spontaneous (or emergent) in that it is the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.[12][13]

text: Upon this the Austrian school developed from the 19th to the early 20th century the economic calculation problem, along with the concept of dispersed knowledge, which were to fuel debates against the then-dominant Keynesian economics. This debate would notably lead economists, politicians and other parties to explore the question of computational complexity.[citation needed]

text: A pioneer in the field, and inspired by Karl Popper's and Warren Weaver's works, Nobel prize economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek dedicated much of his work, from early to the late 20th century, to the study of complex phenomena,[14] not constraining his work to human economies but venturing into other fields such as psychology,[15] biology and cybernetics. Gregory Bateson played a key role in establishing the connection between anthropology and systems theory; he recognized that the interactive parts of cultures function much like ecosystems.

text: While the explicit study of complex systems dates at least to the 1970s,[16] the first research institute focused on complex systems, the Santa Fe Institute, was founded in 1984.[17][18] Early Santa Fe Institute participants included physics Nobel laureates Murray Gell-Mann and Philip Anderson, economics Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow, and Manhattan Project scientists George Cowan and Herb Anderson.[19] Today, there are over 50 institutes and research centers focusing on complex systems.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Complexity in practice[edit]

text: The traditional approach to dealing with complexity is to reduce or constrain it. Typically, this involves compartmentalisation: dividing a large system into separate parts. Organizations, for instance, divide their work into departments that each deal with separate issues. Engineering systems are often designed using modular components. However, modular designs become susceptible to failure when issues arise that bridge the divisions.

text: Complexity management[edit]

text: As projects and acquisitions become increasingly complex, companies and governments are challenged to find effective ways to manage mega-acquisitions such as the Army Future Combat Systems. Acquisitions such as the FCS rely on a web of interrelated parts which interact unpredictably. As acquisitions become more network-centric and complex, businesses will be forced to find ways to manage complexity while governments will be challenged to provide effective governance to ensure flexibility and resiliency.[20]

text: Complexity economics[edit]

text: Over the last decades, within the emerging field of complexity economics new predictive tools have been developed to explain economic growth. Such is the case with the models built by the Santa Fe Institute in 1989 and the more recent economic complexity index (ECI), introduced by the MIT physicist Cesar A. Hidalgo and the Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann. Based on the ECI, Hausmann, Hidalgo and their team of The Observatory of Economic Complexity have produced GDP forecasts for the year 2020.[citation needed]

text: Complexity and education[edit]

text: Focusing on issues of student persistence with their studies, Forsman, Moll and Linder explore the "viability of using complexity science as a frame to extend methodological applications for physics education research", finding that "framing a social network analysis within a complexity science perspective offers a new and powerful applicability across a broad range of PER topics".[21]

text: Complexity and modeling[edit]

text: One of Friedrich Hayek's main contributions to early complexity theory is his distinction between the human capacity to predict the behaviour of simple systems and its capacity to predict the behaviour of complex systems through modeling. He believed that economics and the sciences of complex phenomena in general, which in his view included biology, psychology, and so on, could not be modeled after the sciences that deal with essentially simple phenomena like physics.[22] Hayek would notably explain that complex phenomena, through modeling, can only allow pattern predictions, compared with the precise predictions that can be made out of non-complex phenomena.[23]

text: Complexity and chaos theory[edit]

text: Complexity theory is rooted in chaos theory, which in turn has its origins more than a century ago in the work of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. Chaos is sometimes viewed as extremely complicated information, rather than as an absence of order.[24] Chaotic systems remain deterministic, though their long-term behavior can be difficult to predict with any accuracy. With perfect knowledge of the initial conditions and of the relevant equations describing the chaotic system's behavior, one can theoretically make perfectly accurate predictions about the future of the system, though in practice this is impossible to do with arbitrary accuracy. Ilya Prigogine argued[25] that complexity is non-deterministic, and gives no way whatsoever to precisely predict the future.[26]

text: The emergence of complexity theory shows a domain between deterministic order and randomness which is complex.[27] This is referred as the "edge of chaos".[28]

text: When one analyzes complex systems, sensitivity to initial conditions, for example, is not an issue as important as it is within chaos theory, in which it prevails. As stated by Colander,[29] the study of complexity is the opposite of the study of chaos. Complexity is about how a huge number of extremely complicated and dynamic sets of relationships can generate some simple behavioral patterns, whereas chaotic behavior, in the sense of deterministic chaos, is the result of a relatively small number of non-linear interactions.[27]

text: Therefore, the main difference between chaotic systems and complex systems is their history.[30] Chaotic systems do not rely on their history as complex ones do. Chaotic behaviour pushes a system in equilibrium into chaotic order, which means, in other words, out of what we traditionally define as 'order'.[clarification needed] On the other hand, complex systems evolve far from equilibrium at the edge of chaos. They evolve at a critical state built up by a history of irreversible and unexpected events, which physicist Murray Gell-Mann called "an accumulation of frozen accidents".[31] In a sense chaotic systems can be regarded as a subset of complex systems distinguished precisely by this absence of historical dependence. Many real complex systems are, in practice and over long but finite time periods, robust. However, they do possess the potential for radical qualitative change of kind whilst retaining systemic integrity. Metamorphosis serves as perhaps more than a metaphor for such transformations.

text: Complexity and network science[edit]

text: A complex system is usually composed of many components and their interactions. Such a system can be represented by a network where nodes represent the components and links represent their interactions.[10][32] [33][34] for example, the INTERNET can be represented as a network composed of nodes (computers) and links (direct connections between computers). Its resilience to failures was studied using percolation theory in.[35] Other examples are social networks, airline networks,[36] biological networks and climate networks.[37] Networks can also fail and recover spontaneously. For modeling this phenomenon see Majdandzik et al.[6] Interacting complex systems can be modeled as networks of networks. For their breakdown and recovery properties see Gao et al.[38] [7] Traffic in a city can be represented as a network. The weighted links represent  the velocity between two junctions (nodes). This approach was found useful to characterize the global traffic efficiency in  a city.[39]

text: General form of complexity computation[edit]

text: The computational law of reachable optimality[40] is established as a general form of computation for ordered systems and it reveals complexity computation is a compound computation of optimal choice and optimality driven reaching pattern overtime underlying a specific and any experience path of ordered system within the general limitation of system integrity.

text: The computational law of reachable optimality has four key components as described below.

text: 1. Reachability of Optimality: Any intended optimality shall be reachable. Unreachable optimality has no meaning for a member in the ordered system and even for the ordered system itself.

text: 2. Prevailing and Consistency: Maximizing reachability to explore best available optimality is the prevailing computation logic for all members in the ordered system and is accommodated by the ordered system.

text: 3. Conditionality: Realizable tradeoff between reachability and optimality depends primarily upon the initial bet capacity and how the bet capacity evolves along with the payoff table update path triggered by bet behavior and empowered by the underlying law of reward and punishment. Precisely, it is a sequence of conditional events where the next event happens upon reached status quo from experience path.

text: 4. Robustness: The more challenge a reachable optimality can accommodate, the more robust it is in term of path integrity.

text: There are also four computation features in the law of reachable optimality.

text: 1. Optimal Choice: Computation in realizing Optimal Choice can be very simple or very complex. A simple rule in Optimal Choice is to accept whatever is reached, Reward As You Go (RAYG). A Reachable Optimality computation reduces into optimizing reachability when RAYG is adopted. The Optimal Choice computation can be more complex when multiple NE strategies present in a reached game.

text: 2. Initial Status: Computation is assumed to start at an interested beginning even the absolute beginning of an ordered system in nature may not and need not present. An assumed neutral Initial Status facilitates an artificial or a simulating computation and is not expected to change the prevalence of any findings.

text: 3. Territory: An ordered system shall have a territory where the universal computation sponsored by the system will produce an optimal solution still within the territory.

text: 4. Reaching Pattern: The forms of Reaching Pattern in the computation space, or the Optimality Driven Reaching Pattern in the computation space, primarily depend upon the nature and dimensions of measure space underlying a computation space and the law of punishment and reward underlying the realized experience path of reaching. There are five basic forms of experience path we are interested in, persistently positive reinforcement experience path, persistently negative reinforcement experience path, mixed persistent pattern experience path, decaying scale experience path and selection experience path.

text: The compound computation in selection experience path includes current and lagging interaction, dynamic topological transformation and implies both invariance and variance characteristics in an ordered system's experience path.

text: In addition, the computation law of reachable optimality gives out the boundary between complexity model, chaotic model and determination model. When RAYG is the Optimal Choice computation, and the reaching pattern is a persistently positive experience path, persistently negative experience path, or mixed persistent pattern experience path, the underlying computation shall be a simple system computation adopting determination rules. If the reaching pattern has no persistent pattern experienced in RAYG regime, the underlying computation hints there is a chaotic system. When the optimal choice computation involves non-RAYG computation, it's a complexity computation driving the compound effect.

text: Notable figures[edit]

text:
Stephen Wolfram
Jim Crutchfield
Robert McCormick Adams
Robert Axelrod
Christopher Alexander
Philip Anderson
Kenneth Arrow
W. Brian Arthur
Nihat Ay
Yaneer Bar-Yam
Albert-Laszlo Barabas
Gregory Bateson
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Samuel Bowles
Paul Cilliers
Walter Clemens, Jr.
Jennifer Dunne
Brian Enquist
Joshua Epstein
Doyne Farmer
Jessica Flack
Murray Gell-Mann
Nigel Goldenfeld
James Hartle
John Holland
Alfred Hubler
Arthur Iberall
Stuart Kauffman
David Krakauer
Robert May
John Miller
Melanie Mitchell
Cris Moore
Edgar Morin
Harold Morowitz
Bill McKelvey
Mercedes Pascual
David Pines
Sidney Redner
Jerry Sabloff
Cosma Shalizi
D. Eric Smith
Dave Snowden
Sergei Starostin
Steven Strogatz
Andreas Wagner
Duncan Watts
Geoffrey West
David Wolpert


document_title: Irish Cup

question_text: where is the irish cup final being played

root

text: Irish Cup

text: Format[edit]

text: Different formats and rules have been used in the past in respect of eligibility to enter the competition, the number of teams and rounds, replays, extra time, penalties, etc. The competition begins in August or September with the first round, and ends with the final in May of the following year. The competition is open to all clubs in Northern Ireland with intermediate or senior status. Clubs obtain such status by meeting minimum criteria laid down by the Irish Football Association in respect of facilities, etc. Each club, for example, must have its own enclosed ground. Members of the NIFL Premier Intermediate League and all regional league entrants from level 4 and below enter in the first round, sometimes necessitating byes into the second round, depending on the number of entrants. The 24 senior members of the Northern Ireland Football League are exempt until the fifth round, which consists of 32 clubs and is played in January.[1]

tag: p

text: The competition has always been played in a randomly drawn knock-out format. Teams are drawn against each other randomly. The team who is drawn first from each tie is the home team, except in the case of an intermediate team from outside the Championship drawn first against a senior team, when the tie is played at the ground of the senior team. If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes, extra time is played and (if necessary) penalties are used to decide the winner.[1] Both semi-finals and the final are played at Windsor Park.

text: The Cup winners qualify to represent Northern Ireland in the following season’s UEFA Europa League. However, if they have already qualified for European competition as winners or runners-up of the NIFL Premiership, the 4th-placed Premiership club[4] are awarded the berth, and do not have to participate in the Premiership's Europa League play-offs.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: Since its inception in 1881, the Irish Cup has always been, and continues to be, considered the most important such competition in Northern Ireland (and, prior to 1921, Ireland), second only to the NIFL Premiership. The Cup Final is the climax of the domestic season in Northern Ireland and usually attracts the biggest attendance of any club match. The Irish Cup started in the 1880–81 season. The draw for the first round took place on 10 January 1881. The trophy was first awarded to Moyola Park (from Castledawson in County Londonderry) when they beat Cliftonville (from Belfast) 1–0 in the final at Cliftonville Cricket Ground, Belfast on 9 April 1881.

text: Since the inception of the Irish Football League in 1890–91 (and excluding the First and Second World War years when the League was suspended), the Cup has been won by Irish League clubs on every occasion except three famous ‘giant-killing’ occasions when "junior" clubs beat senior opponents in the final: in 1928, Willowfield beat Larne 1–0; in 1955, Dundela beat Glenavon 3–0; and in 1976, Carrick Rangers beat Linfield 2–1. In the early years, Army regiments stationed in Ireland entered teams such as King's Own Rifles (Cork), three of which reached the final: the Gordon Highlanders in 1890, the Black Watch (Limerick) in 1892 and the Sherwood Foresters (Curragh, County Kildare) in 1897. The Gordon Highlanders were the only Army team to win the Cup.

text: From 1881 to 1921, when the Irish Cup was an all-Ireland competition, southern clubs (from what would become the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland) only won the competition four times out of a possible 41: Shelbourne (from Dublin) won three times (in 1906, 1911 and 1920); and Bohemians (also from Dublin) won it in 1908. There were two all-southern finals: Bohemians defeating Shelbourne in 1908, and Shelbourne defeating Bohemians in 1911 (both ties required replays). Shelbourne, Bohemians and Derry City are the only clubs to win both the Irish Cup and the FAI Cup. Other Dublin clubs to compete in the Irish Cup were Dublin University, St. James's Gate, Dublin Association, Tritonville and Richmond Rovers.

text: In the second competition in 1881–82, Queen's Island became the first Belfast club to win the Cup and it did not leave Belfast again for another 24 years, when in 1905–06, Shelbourne became the first club from Dublin to win it. Of the 135 competitions played since 1881, Belfast clubs have won the Cup 100 times. The last time a club from outside Belfast won the cup was in 2014, when Glenavon beat Ballymena United 2–1 to win the cup for the sixth time and become the cup's most successful club from outside Belfast.[n 1]

text: In the early years of the competition the final was played at several different venues in Belfast, including the Oval, Solitude, Grosvenor Park and Celtic Park, as well as Dalymount Park in Dublin. From 1996–2014 the final was played exclusively at Windsor Park. However, the 2015 final had to be switched to the Oval, following the discovery of damage to a stand at the usual Windsor Park venue.[6] The first final ever played outside Belfast took place in 1903, when Distillery won their 7th Irish Cup with a 3–1 victory over Bohemians at Dalymount Park, Dublin. The last final to be played outside Belfast was in 1975; Coleraine winning the Cup with a 1–0 victory over Linfield in the second replay, after 1–1 and 0–0 draws in the first two games. Since then the final has been played at either The Oval, or Windsor Park. The first final between two clubs from outside Belfast was in 1908, when Bohemians beat Shelbourne 3–1 after a replay.

text: In 1921, Glenavon became the first club from County Armagh to reach the final, but no club from Armagh won the Cup until Glenavon in 1957. County Down's first Cup finalists and winners were Ards in 1927; and County Antrim's were Ballymena in 1929. In 2007, Dungannon Swifts became the first club from County Tyrone to reach the final.

text: Prior to replays being abolished in the final, a replay was required to decide the winner of 21 finals, the first in 1890 after Cliftonville and the Gordon Highlanders drew 2–2. Of the 21 finals to be replayed, eight of them required a second replay to separate the two finalists. The last time this occurred, and the last final replay ever played before they were abolished was in 1993, when Bangor defeated Ards 1–0 after two 1–1 draws. It was decided after this that there should only be one replay in which penalties would be used to determine the winner if necessary, and eventually the rules were changed to remove final replays altogether, with penalties being used if necessary after extra time in the first match. The first, and to date only final to be won on penalties took place in 2007, when Linfield beat Dungannon Swifts 3–2 on penalties following a 2–2 draw after extra time. In 2014, the rules were changed to abolish replays from the entire competition. All ties level after 90 minutes now use 30 minutes of extra time, and if necessary, a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner.

text: The final was not played on three occasions:

text:
In 1912, Linfield were awarded the Cup after the other three semi-finalists (Cliftonville, Glentoran and Shelbourne) resigned from the IFA in a dispute over referee's wages.
In 1920, Shelbourne, who had beaten Glenavon in one semi-final, were awarded the Cup after the other semi-final was declared null and void as both of the clubs involved were ejected from the competition: Belfast Celtic after Celtic fans fired shots at Glentoran supporters during a riot, and Glentoran for fielding an unlisted player.
In 1999, Portadown were awarded the Cup when the other finalists, Cliftonville, were ejected from the competition after it was discovered that they had fielded an ineligible player during the earlier rounds.

tag: ul

text: A total of 24 different clubs have won the Cup, but only 13 clubs have done so more than once. 33 different clubs have reached the final, with 11 of them appearing only once. Of those 11 clubs, five of them have won the Cup in their sole final appearance. On five occasions the same two clubs have reached the final in consecutive years: in 1885 and 1886, Distillery and Alexander; in 1913 and 1914, Glentoran and Linfield; in 1930 and 1931, Ballymena United and Linfield; Coleraine and Glentoran in 2003 and 2004; and in 2011 and 2012 Linfield and Crusaders. The most common final has been between Glentoran and Linfield, which has occurred 15 times. Linfield have won eight of the meetings, with Glentoran winning seven. The last time both clubs reached the final was in 2006, when Linfield won 2–1.

text: In 2001, the final was broadcast live on television for the first time on BBC Northern Ireland and has been on every occasion since

text: Windsor Park has hosted the most finals (70, including replays), followed by The Oval with 25, and Solitude with 22.

text: Records[edit]

text: Most wins: 43, Linfield

text: Most consecutive wins: 4, Glentoran (1985, 1986, 1987 & 1988)

text: Most appearances in a final: 62, Linfield[n 2]

text: Most consecutive appearances in a final: 5, Linfield (1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 & 1895)

text: Most defeats in a final: 20, Linfield

text: Most consecutive defeats in a final: 3, Linfield (1975, 1976 & 1977)

text: Biggest win in a final: Linfield 10–1 Bohemians (1895)

text: Longest gap between wins in a final: 70 years, Cliftonville (1909 and 1979)

text: Longest gap between appearances in a final: 55 years, Bangor (1938 and 1993)

text: Most appearances in a final without winning: 5, Larne (1928, 1935, 1987, 1989 & 2005)

text: Most common pair of finalists: Glentoran v Linfield (15 times), 1899, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1923, 1932, 1942, 1945, 1966, 1973, 1983, 1985, 2001 & 2006

text: Final results[edit]

text: Key:

text:
Scores level after 90 minutes. A replay was required.

(aet)

Scores level after extra time. A replay was required.

(aet)

Scores level after 90 minutes. Winner was decided in extra time with no penalty shootout required.

pens.

Scores level after extra time. A penalty shootout was required to determine the winner.

tag: table

text:
Season

Date

Winner(number of titles)

Score

Runner-up

Venue

Attendance

1880–81

9 April 1881

Moyola Park (1)

1 – 0

Cliftonville

Cliftonville Cricket Ground, Belfast

1,500

1881–82

13 May 1882

Queen's Island (1881) (1)

1 – 0

Cliftonville

Ulster Cricket Ground

2,000

1882–83

5 May 1883

Cliftonville (1)

5 – 0

Ulster

Bloomfield Ground, Knock, Belfast

2,000

1883–84

19 April 1884

Distillery (1)

5 – 0

Wellington Park

Ulster Cricket Ground

2,000

1884–85

21 March 1885

Distillery (2)

3 – 0

Limavady

2,000

1885–86

27 March 1886

Distillery (3)

1 – 0

Limavady

1,000

1886–87

12 February 1887

Ulster (1)

3 – 0

Cliftonville

Broadway Ground, Belfast

4,000

1887–88

17 March 1888

Cliftonville (2)

2 – 1

Distillery

Ulster Cricket Ground

3,000

1888–89

16 March 1889

Distillery (4)

5 – 4

YMCA

3,500

1889–90

8 March 1890

Gordon Highlanders (1)

2 – 2

Cliftonville

4,500

Replay

12 March 1890

3 – 1

Ulsterville, Belfast

3,500

1890–91

14 March 1891

Linfield (1)

4 – 2

Ulster

Solitude, Belfast

5,000

1891–92

12 March 1892

Linfield (2)

7 – 0

The Black Watch

5,500

1892–93

11 March 1893

Linfield (3)

5 – 1

Cliftonville

Ulsterville, Belfast

1893–94

17 March 1894

Distillery (5)

2 – 2

Linfield

Solitude, Belfast

5,500

Replay

18 April 1894

3 – 2

1894–95

23 March 1895

Linfield (4)

10 – 1

Bohemians

2,000

1895–96

14 March 1896

Distillery (6)

3 – 1

Glentoran

6,000

1896–97

20 March 1897

Cliftonville (3)

3 – 1

Sherwood Foresters

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

5,000

1897–98

19 March 1898

Linfield (5)

2 – 0

St Columb's Hall Celtic

The Oval, Belfast

3,000

1898–99

18 March 1899

Linfield (6)

2 – 1

Glentoran

Solitude, Belfast

7,000

1899–1900

24 March 1900

Cliftonville (4)

2 – 1

Bohemians

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

5,500

1900–01

13 April 1901

Cliftonville (5)

1 – 0

Freebooters

Grosvenor Park, Belfast[7][8]

5,500

1901–02

15 March 1902

Linfield (7)

5 – 1

Distillery

Solitude, Belfast

8,000

1902–03

14 March 1903

Distillery (7)

3 – 1

Bohemians

Dalymount Park, Dublin

6,000

1903–04

17 March 1904

Linfield (8)

5 – 1

Derry Celtic

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

6,000

1904–05

11 March 1905

Distillery (8)

3 – 0

Shelbourne

Solitude, Belfast

12,000

1905–06

28 April 1906

Shelbourne (1)

2 – 0

Belfast Celtic

Dalymount Park, Dublin

8,000

1906–07

23 March 1907

Cliftonville (6)

0 – 0

Shelbourne

Celtic Park, Belfast

12,900

Replay

20 April 1907

1 – 0

Dalymount Park, Dublin

10,000

1907–08

21 March 1908

Bohemians (1)

1 – 1

Shelbourne

8,000

Replay

28 March 1908

3 – 1

9,000

1908–09

3 April 1909

Cliftonville (7)

0 – 0

Bohemians

Windsor Park, Belfast

3,000

Replay

10 April 1909

2 – 1

Dalymount Park, Dublin

15,000

1909–10

26 March 1910

Distillery (9)

1 – 0

Cliftonville

The Oval, Belfast

10,000

1910–11

25 March 1911

Shelbourne (2)

0 – 0

Bohemians

Dalymount Park, Dublin

16,000[9]

Replay

15 April 1911

2 – 1

1911–12

Linfield (9)

Final not played.[n 3]

1912–13

29 March 1913

Linfield (10)

2 – 0

Glentoran

Celtic Park

20,000

1913–14

28 March 1914

Glentoran (1)

3 – 1

Linfield

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

20,000

1914–15

27 March 1915

Linfield (11)

1 – 0

Belfast Celtic

Solitude, Belfast

20,000[10]

1915–16

25 March 1916

Linfield (12)

1 – 1

Glentoran

Celtic Park

Replay

1 April 1916

1 – 0

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

1916–17

31 March 1917

Glentoran (2)

2 – 0

Belfast Celtic

Windsor Park, Belfast

20,000

1917–18

30 March 1918

Belfast Celtic (1)

0 – 0

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

Replay

13 April 1918

0 – 0

Solitude, Belfast

2nd replay

24 April 1918

2 – 0

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

1918–19

29 March 1919

Linfield (13)

1 – 1

Glentoran

Celtic Park, Belfast

18,000

Replay

5 April 1919

0 – 0

Grosvenor Park, Belfast

2nd replay

7 April 1919

2 – 1

Solitude, Belfast

1919–20

Shelbourne (3)

Final not played.[n 4]

1920–21

26 March 1921

Glentoran (3)

2 – 0

Glenavon

Windsor Park, Belfast

1921–22

25 March 1922

Linfield (14)

2 – 0

Glenavon

Solitude, Belfast

1922–23

31 March 1923

Linfield (15)

2 – 0

Glentoran

1923–24

29 March 1924

Queen's Island (1920) (1)

1 – 0

Willowfield

Windsor Park, Belfast

1924–25

21 March 1925

Distillery (10)

2 – 1

Glentoran

Solitude, Belfast

20,000

1925–26

27 March 1926

Belfast Celtic (2)

3 – 2

Linfield

1926–27

26 March 1927

Ards (1)

3 – 2

Cliftonville

The Oval, Belfast

1927–28

25 April 1928

Willowfield (1)

1 – 0

Larne

Windsor Park, Belfast

1928–29

30 May 1929

Ballymena (1)

2 – 1

Belfast Celtic

Solitude, Belfast

1929–30

29 March 1930

Linfield (16)

4 – 3

Ballymena

Celtic Park, Belfast

1930–31

28 March 1931

Linfield (17)

3 – 0

Ballymena

The Oval, Belfast

1931–32

26 March 1932

Glentoran (4)

2 – 1

Linfield

Celtic Park, Belfast

1932–33

8 April 1933

Glentoran (5)

1 – 1

Distillery

Windsor Park, Belfast

33,000

Replay

12 April 1933

1 – 1

25,000

2nd replay

28 April 1933

3 – 1

1933–34

14 April 1934

Linfield (18)

4 – 0

Cliftonville

The Oval, Belfast

1934–35

6 April 1935

Glentoran (6)

0 – 0

Larne

Windsor Park, Belfast

15,000

Replay

10 April 1935

0 – 0

2nd replay

30 April 1935

1 – 0

10,545

1935–36

4 April 1936

Linfield (19)

0 – 0

Derry City

Celtic Park, Belfast

Replay

8 April 1936

2 – 0

1936–37

10 April 1937

Belfast Celtic (3)

3 – 0

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

1937–38

9 April 1938

Belfast Celtic (4)

0 – 0

Bangor

Solitude, Belfast

Replay

7 May 1938

2 – 0

1938–39

29 April 1939

Linfield (20)

2 – 0

Ballymena United

1939–40

20 April 1940

Ballymena United (1)

2 – 0

Glenavon

Windsor Park, Belfast

1940–41

26 April 1941

Belfast Celtic (5)

1 – 0

Linfield

12,000

1941–42

18 April 1942

Linfield (21)

3 – 1

Glentoran

Celtic Park, Belfast

1942–43

17 April 1943

Belfast Celtic (6)

1 – 0

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

1943–44

17 April 1944

Belfast Celtic (7)

3 – 1

Linfield

25,240

1944–45

14 April 1945

Linfield (22)

4 – 2

Glentoran

Celtic Park, Belfast

20,000

1945–46

13 April 1946

Linfield (23)

3 – 0

Distillery

20,137

1946–47

26 April 1947

Belfast Celtic (8)

1 – 0

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

25,000

1947–48

10 April 1948

Linfield (24)

3 – 0

Coleraine

Celtic Park, Belfast

31,000

1948–49

16 April 1949

Derry City (1)

3 – 1

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

27,000

1949–50

22 April 1950

Linfield (25)

2 – 1

Distillery

17,000

1950–51

28 April 1951

Glentoran (7)

3 – 1

Ballymena United

25,000

1951–52

26 April 1952

Ards (2)

1 – 0

Glentoran

20,000

1952–53

25 April 1953

Linfield (26)

5 – 0

Coleraine

Solitude, Belfast

21,000

1953–54

24 April 1954

Derry City (2)

2 – 2

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

35,000

Replay

29 April 1954

0 – 0

28,000

2nd replay

10 May 1954

1 – 0

28,000

1954–55

23 April 1955

Dundela (1)

3 – 0

Glenavon

10,000

1955–56

21 April 1956

Distillery (11)

2 – 2

Glentoran

16,000

Replay

26 April 1956

0 – 0

2nd replay

30 April 1956

1 – 0

20,000

1956–57

13 April 1957

Glenavon (1)

2 – 0

Derry City

23,000

1957–58

26 April 1958

Ballymena United (2)

2 – 0

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

24,000

1958–59

18 April 1959

Glenavon (2)

1 – 1

Ballymena United

Windsor Park, Belfast

18,000

Replay

29 April 1959

2 – 0

1959–60

30 April 1960

Linfield (27)

5 – 1

Ards

The Oval, Belfast

20,000

1960–61

22 April 1961

Glenavon (3)

5 – 1

Linfield

Solitude, Belfast

22,000

1961–62

14 April 1962

Linfield (28)

4 – 0

Portadown

The Oval, Belfast

20,000

1962–63

20 April 1963

Linfield (29)

2 – 1

Distillery

20,000

1963–64

25 April 1964

Derry City (3)

2 – 0

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

19,000

1964–65

24 April 1965

Coleraine (1)

2 – 1

Glenavon

18,000

1965–66

23 April 1966

Glentoran (8)

2 – 0

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

20,000

1966–67

22 April 1967

Crusaders (1)

3 – 1

Glentoran

Windsor Park, Belfast

20,000

1967–68

27 April 1968

Crusaders (2)

2 – 0

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

18,000

1968–69

19 April 1969

Ards (3)

0 – 0

Distillery

Windsor Park, Belfast

17,000

Replay

23 April 1969

4 – 2

16,000

1969–70

4 April 1970

Linfield (30)

2 – 1

Ballymena United

Solitude, Belfast

12,000

1970–71

3 April 1971

Distillery (12)

3 – 0

Derry City

Windsor Park, Belfast

6,000

1971–72

22 April 1972

Coleraine (2)

2 – 1

Portadown

8,000

1972–73

28 April 1973

Glentoran (9)

3 – 2

Linfield

12,000

1973–74

27 April 1974

Ards (4)

2 – 1

Ballymena United

7,000

1974–75

19 April 1975

Coleraine (3)

1 – 1

Linfield

The Showgrounds, Ballymena

5,600

Replay

23 April 1975

0 – 0

5,400

2nd replay

29 April 1975

1 – 0

5,200

1975–76

10 April 1976

Carrick Rangers (1)

2 – 1

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

9,500

1976–77

23 April 1977

Coleraine (4)

4 – 1

Linfield

10,000

1977–78

29 April 1978

Linfield (31)

3 – 1

Ballymena United

12,000

1978–79

28 April 1979

Cliftonville (8)

3 – 2

Portadown

Windsor Park, Belfast

18,000

1979–80

26 April 1980

Linfield (32)

2 – 0

Crusaders

The Oval, Belfast

12,000

1980–81

2 May 1981

Ballymena United (3)

1 – 0

Glenavon

Windsor Park, Belfast

6,000

1981–82

24 April 1982

Linfield (33)

2 – 1

Coleraine

The Oval, Belfast

12,000

1982–83

30 April 1983

Glentoran (10)

1 – 1

Linfield

Windsor Park, Belfast

12,000

Replay

7 May 1983

2 – 1

The Oval, Belfast

8,000

1983–84

5 May 1984

Ballymena United (4)

4 – 1

Carrick Rangers

Windsor Park, Belfast

5,000

1984–85

4 May 1985

Glentoran (11)

1 – 1

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

12,000

Replay

11 May 1985

1 – 0

Windsor Park, Belfast

12,000

1985–86

3 May 1986

Glentoran (12)

2 – 1

Coleraine

8,000

1986–87

2 May 1987

Glentoran (13)

1 – 0

Larne

8,000

1987–88

30 April 1988

Glentoran (14)

1 – 0

Glenavon

10,000

1988–89

6 May 1989

Ballymena United (5)

1 – 0

Larne

The Oval, Belfast

5,000

1989–90

5 May 1990

Glentoran (15)

3 – 0

Portadown

Windsor Park, Belfast

12,000

1990–91

4 May 1991

Portadown (1)

2 – 1

Glenavon

12,000

1991–92

2 May 1992

Glenavon (4)

2 – 1

Linfield

The Oval, Belfast

12,000

1992–93

1 May 1993

Bangor (1)

01 – 1 (aet)

Ards

Windsor Park, Belfast

8,500

Replay

8 May 1993

01 – 1 (aet)

6,000

2nd replay

11 May 1993

1 – 0

5,000

1993–94

7 May 1994

Linfield (34)

2 – 0

Bangor

The Oval, Belfast

10,000

1994–95

6 May 1995

Linfield (35)

3 – 1

Carrick Rangers

6,800

1995–96

4 May 1996

Glentoran (16)

1 – 0

Glenavon

Windsor Park, Belfast

10,000

1996–97

3 May 1997

Glenavon (5)

1 – 0

Cliftonville

8,222

1997–98

2 May 1998

Glentoran (17)

01 – 0 (aet)

Glenavon

8,250

1998–99

Portadown (2)

Final not played.[n 5]

1999–2000

6 May 2000

Glentoran (18)

1 – 0

Portadown

Windsor Park, Belfast

8,355

2000–01

5 May 2001

Glentoran (19)

01 – 0 (aet)

Linfield

14,190

2001–02

11 May 2002

Linfield (36)

2 – 1

Portadown

11,129

2002–03

3 May 2003

Coleraine (5)

1 – 0

Glentoran

9,000

2003–04

1 May 2004

Glentoran (20)

1 – 0

Coleraine

8,300

2004–05

7 May 2005

Portadown (3)

5 – 1

Larne

5,431

2005–06

6 May 2006

Linfield (37)

2 – 1

Glentoran

12,500

2006–07

5 May 2007

Linfield (38)

0 2 – 2 (aet) (3 – 2 pens.)

Dungannon Swifts

7,600

2007–08

3 May 2008

Linfield (39)

2 – 1

Coleraine

8,452

2008–09

9 May 2009

Crusaders (3)

1 – 0

Cliftonville

8,820

2009–10

8 May 2010

Linfield (40)

2 – 1

Portadown

7,940

2010–11

7 May 2011

Linfield (41)

2 – 1

Crusaders

8,200

2011–12

5 May 2012

Linfield (42)

4 – 1

Crusaders

7,325

2012–13

4 May 2013

Glentoran (21)

03 – 1 (aet)

Cliftonville

9,825

2013–14

3 May 2014

Glenavon (6)

2 – 1

Ballymena United

7,282

2014–15

2 May 2015

Glentoran (22)

1 – 0

Portadown

The Oval, Belfast

8,072

2015–16

7 May 2016

Glenavon (7)

2 – 0

Linfield

Windsor Park, Belfast

11,500

2016–17

6 May 2017

Linfield (43)

3 – 0

Coleraine

12,551

2017-18

5 May 2018

Coleraine (6)

3 – 1

Cliftonville

12,012

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Performance By Club[edit]

text:
Club

Winners

Runners-up

Winning Years

Linfield

43

21

1890–91, 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1901–02, 1903–04, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1918–19, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1938–39, 1941–42, 1944–45, 1945–46, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1959–60, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1969–70, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2016–17

Glentoran

22

19

1913–14, 1916–17, 1920–21, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2012–13, 2014–15

Distillery

12

7

1883–84, 1884–85, 1885–86, 1888–89, 1893–94, 1895–96, 1902–03, 1904–05, 1909–10, 1924–25, 1955–56, 1970–71

Cliftonville

8

11

1882–83, 1887–88, 1896–97, 1899–00, 1900–01, 1906–07, 1908–09, 1978–79

Belfast Celtic

8

4

1917–18, 1925–26, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1940–41, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1946–47

Glenavon

7

10

1956–57, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1991–92, 1996–97, 2013–14, 2015-16

Coleraine

6

6

1964–65, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1976–77, 2002–03, 2017-18

Ballymena United[n 6]

5

7

1939–40, 1957–58, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1988–89

Ards

4

2

1926–27, 1951–52, 1968–69, 1973–74

Portadown

3

8

1990–91, 1998–99, 2004–05

Crusaders

3

3

1966–67, 1967–68, 2008–09

Derry City

3

3

1948–49, 1953–54, 1963–64

Shelbourne

3

3

1905–06, 1910–11, 1919–20

Bohemians

1

5

1907–08

Ballymena[n 6]

1

2

1928–29

Bangor

1

2

1992–93

Carrick Rangers

1

2

1975–76

Ulster

1

2

1886–87

Willowfield

1

1

1927–28

Dundela

1

0

1954–55

Gordon Highlanders

1

0

1889–90

Moyola Park

1

0

1880–81

Queen's Island (1881)

1

0

1881–82

Queen's Island (1920)

1

0

1923–24

Larne

0

5

–

Derry Celtic[n 7]

0

2

–

Limavady United

0

2

–

Dungannon Swifts

0

1

–

Freebooters

0

1

–

Sherwood Foresters

0

1

–

The Black Watch

0

1

–

Wellington Park

0

1

–

YMCA

0

1

–

text: Total cups won by town or city[edit]

text: 24 different clubs have won the cup, and the overwhelming majority of cups have been won by clubs from Belfast.

text:
Town or city

Number of cups won

Clubs

Belfast

100

Linfield (42), Glentoran (22), Distillery[n 1](12), Cliftonville (8), Belfast Celtic (8), Crusaders (3), Ulster (1), Willowfield (1), Dundela (1), Queen's Island (1881) (1), Queen's Island (1920) (1)

Lurgan

7

Glenavon (7)

Coleraine

6

Coleraine (6)

Ballymena

6

Ballymena United (5), Ballymena (1)[n 6]

Dublin

4

Shelbourne (3), Bohemians (1)

Newtownards

4

Ards (4)

Derry

3

Derry City (3)

Portadown

3

Portadown (3)

Bangor

1

Bangor (1)

Carrickfergus

1

Carrick Rangers (1)

Castledawson

1

Moyola Park (1)

British Army

1

Gordon Highlanders (1)

text: Final venues[edit]

text: There have been 133 Irish Cup finals contested during the 136 competitions completed thus far, as the final was not played on three occasions. In addition, 29 final replays have been contested, for a total of 162 matches played at twelve different grounds. Windsor Park has been the most common venue, having hosted 71 finals including replays.

text:
Venue

Number of finals(including replays)

First final

Last final

Windsor Park

73

1908–09

2017–18

The Oval

25

1897–98

2014–15

Solitude

23

1890–91

1969–70

Celtic Park

12

1906–07

1947–48

Dalymount Park

8

1902–03

1910–11 replay

Grosvenor Park

8

1896–97

1918–19 replay

Ulster Cricket Ground

7

1881–82

1889–90

Ballymena Showgrounds

3

1974–75

1974–75 second replay

Ulsterville

2

1889–90 replay

1892–93

Bloomfield

1

1882–83

1882–83

Broadway Ground

1

1886–87

1886–87

Cliftonville Cricket Ground

1

1880–81

1880–81

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Distillery, now based outside Belfast (in Ballyskeagh) and known as Lisburn Distillery, won the Cup 12 times while still based in Belfast.

Jump up ^ Linfield have won the Cup 43 times and been runners-up 20 times. However, as the final was not played in 1911–12 they have only appeared in 61 finals.

Jump up ^ Linfield were awarded the Cup after the other three semi-finalists (Cliftonville, Glentoran and Shelbourne) resigned from the IFA in a dispute over referee's wages.

Jump up ^ Shelbourne, who had beaten Glenavon in one semi-final, were awarded the Cup after the other semi-final was declared null and void as both of the teams involved were ejected from the competition: Belfast Celtic after their fans fired shots at Glentoran supporters during a riot, and Glentoran for fielding an unlisted player.

Jump up ^ Portadown were awarded the Cup when the other finalists, Cliftonville, were ejected from the competition after it was discovered that they had fielded an ineligible player during the earlier rounds.

^ Jump up to: a b c Ballymena United F.C. were formed immediately after Ballymena F.C. dissolved in 1934, following expulsion from the league. Generally, Ballymena United assume the history of the previous club, however technically they were two different entities.

Jump up ^ Including one final as St Columb's Hall Celtic.

tag: ol


document_title: Violet Turner

question_text: who wins custody of lucas in private practice

text: Violet Turner

text: Story-lines[edit]

text: Season One[edit]

text: Violet is a psychiatrist at the Oceanside Wellness Centre. Though she tells her patients that "happiness can be attained with focus", she fails to find any happiness in her own life and she even questions the usefulness of her chosen profession. Six months previously, her boyfriend Allan had ended their romantic relationship, devastating her. The situation was made worse when she ran into Allan in a supermarket, only to discover that he married a younger woman only a few months after their break-up. This has shaken Violet badly and she continues to telephone Allan as she tries to deal with their dissolved relationship.

text: Violet is highly offended by women who lie about being raped. In a conversation with Dell Parker, she confirms that she was raped during her junior year of college and her best friend in college helped her get through it. In Episode 4.08 ("What Happens Next"), Violet also reveals this experience to Charlotte (after Charlotte's own rape).

text: Violet is best friends with her co-worker, Cooper Freedman, often getting him out of humiliating situations with women.

text: Violet also attended the University of Oregon, pursuing medicine at Harvard Medical School. She is a member of the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Psychiatrists.

text: Season Two[edit]

text: More recently, Violet has had relationships with both her co-worker Peter Wilder and Sheldon, a psychiatrist working for "the enemy", the fourth floor. After choosing to stay with Sheldon, she discovers that she is pregnant but is unsure who the father is. At first, she keeps this information to herself, as she fears her abilities as a potential mother. In a moment of confidence, she tells one of her patients this and afterwards confides in Cooper. Cooper willingly moves in with her to help her get through it and encourages her to see Addison about the baby. During a conversation with Dell, she experiences some cramping and admits to him that she is pregnant. He performs an ultrasound to make sure there are no problems and after seeing the baby's heartbeat for the first time, Violet has a panic attack. Dell then convinces her to tell both Sheldon and Pete about the situation. Gathering them both in her office, she tells them they are not responsible for this and she says she knows that neither of them want children. Sheldon and Pete, both shocked, are instantly angry that she didn't tell them sooner and that she assumes they wouldn't want to be a part of the child's life, depending on who the father is. Pete then bluntly asks if this conversation means she's keeping the baby. Pausing, Violet admits that yes she will be raising the child, which up until that point was undecided. Later on, Sheldon proposes to Violet. In the Season 2 finale, Pete confronts Violet and says that he loves her and wants them to try as a family. She turns him down, but later kisses Pete and tells him she loves him too.

text: Also in the Season 2 finale cliffhanger, Violet is drugged and trapped in her home by Katie, a mentally ill former patient who is convinced that Violet has her baby. Earlier in the episode, Violet thinks that Katie is off her psychiatric medications as Katie, who recently experienced a miscarriage, is almost euphoric about Violet's pregnancy. In the end, Katie blames Violet for her own unsuccessful pregnancy and is determined to hold Violet hostage until she gives her the baby. However, Katie begins to follow instructions for a caesarian section from a textbook, claiming she cannot wait for a normal delivery since she knows she will be arrested. Violet begins to instruct Katie on the C-section to save the baby's life, since she fears she cannot save her own. The season ends with Katie preparing to cut into Violet's belly.

text: Season Three[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 3, Pete and Naomi find Violet barely alive in a pool of blood, with her baby gone. She's rushed to the hospital where Naomi and Addison work frantically to save her life. While waiting, Pete and Sheldon argue over the fact that Violet knew something was wrong with Katie and they didn't believe her. Meanwhile, Katie shows up at the hospital with Violet's baby and Pete and Cooper convince her to let them make sure the baby is all right. She relents and they take the baby and she is arrested. Addison works to save the baby while Naomi works to save Violet. In the end both surgeries are a success and Violet later awakens, asking for her baby.

text: A month after being rescued, Violet is still trying to recover from her trauma. Pete lives with her and takes care of her and baby Lucas. Violet won't leave her house and has panic attacks every time the doorbell rings. After getting advice from Sheldon, Pete decides to move out, to help Violet recover and push her to go outside. Violet realizes that after dramatic events in her life she can't bond with her baby and gives Lucas to Pete, asking him to take care of the baby. Sheldon then files a paternity suit but the results reveal that Pete is the baby's father. Later during Katie Kent's trial, Violet lets Katie off by saying she was delusional during the attack which further agitates Pete. When Violet sleeps with Addison's father, Pete gives up on her.

text: Violet refuses to have anything to do with Lucas at all and eventually runs off on vacation with Cooper. When Cooper returns, Violet is not with him. It isn't until much later Violet returns, obviously more calm and sane. While gone she spent time in New York working through her issues with a therapist and has come home to try to be a mother to Lucas.

text: When Violet returns, she finds Pete in a relationship with Addison, something that causes her much pain. She tells Pete she wants shared custody, which he staunchly refuses. They get into a court battle in which everyone, including Cooper, says that she is unfit to share parenting duties completely. She confesses that she's still in love with Pete. Even though the Judge rules in favor of Pete, he agrees to slowly start introducing Violet to co-parenting Lucas. In the season 3 finale, Addison tells Pete he should be with Violet and they once again resume a relationship.

text: Season Four[edit]

text: In the Season 4 premiere Pete pops the question after a morning of passion. Later the same day Violet announces to their friends that she and Pete are getting married...that following weekend. She asks Cooper to be her maid of honor, but his objective side meddles to such a degree that seeds of doubt are planted in Violet's head and she proceeds to bolt from the ceremony. Pete follows her and without saying a word, he convinces her to take a leap of faith and the two finally get married. Violet later discovers that she is being sued by former patient Katie Kent and in the season four finale she gets her license suspended. Against Pete's wishes, she decides to leave town on a book tour.

text: Season Five[edit]

text: After Pete has a heart attack, Violet is nowhere to be found because she's at the airport and inadvertently counsels a woman in an abusive relationship. She returns to the hospital after learning about Pete's heart attack. During his recovery, he verbally abuses and berates Violet constantly, as she tries to get back into the practice and have her license reinstated. She soon tells Pete she will not be his punching bag. She also knows he's struggling as it's a sign and pattern. Violet begins to feel as though Pete hates her. When she begins work on a probationary period, Sheldon lets the past interfere but Pete forces him to rethink his issues and Sheldon apologizes. Violet realizes Pete is trying. Trying doesn't work and both begin to feel that the marriage isn't working. Violet turns to Addison and the two become friends and companions much to the annoyance of Pete and Sam. While talking with Sam and Addison about their relationship, she has an epiphany about her marriage with Pete and after some discussion, the two decide to separate.

text: Season Six[edit]

text: In the season premiére Violet is left wondering where Pete is as his court date has arrived and he's not there. Throughout the episode Violet and the rest of the practice debate whether he has fallen into some trouble or he decided to make a run for it. The only clue available is a text message from Pete to Violet stating, "No matter what happens, know that I love you. I'm out on a run". Speculation flies as Violet considers whether Pete meant a jog or a flight out of the country. In the last minutes of the episode it is revealed by Violet in a conversation with Cooper that police have informed her Pete had fallen off a hill while on a run and suffered a fatal heart attack. Because he was out of immediate sight, help couldn't arrive in time and he died. Violet is in shock, stating she could hardly believe it was Pete and she didn't know how to break the news to their three-year-old son. As per Pete's will, Violet throws a party rather than a funeral, having a difficult time dealing with people talking about how Pete helped them and getting high on pot in the bathroom. She tries to sing, but ends up breaking down, screaming over how he could leave them. In the final episode, after Addison's wedding, she publishes her second book called "Private Practice" which is about life and joy.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Robert Bianco for USA Today has praised Brenneman's talent in the role of Violet, but has opined that she is "incredibly badly used".[2] Variety's Cynthia Littleton has noted that Brenneman as Violet is the most intriguing of the show's supporting ensemble, both as an actor and a character.[3]


document_title: Et tu, Brute?

question_text: who said et tu brute then fall caesar

question_tokens: who said et tu brute then fall caesar

text: Et tu, Brute?

text: Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning "and you, Brutus?", made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former's assassination. The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts.[1] The quotation is widely used in the English-speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person, such as a friend.

text: Caesar utters these words in Act III, scene 2, as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus among the assassins. However, there is no reason to think that the historic Caesar said these words.[2][3]

text: The name "Brutus", a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.[4]

text: Context[edit]

text: On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BCE, Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he supposedly spoke those words and resigned himself to his fate.

text: The historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty. The Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;".[5][6] The phrase means "You too, child?" or "You too, young man?".[7]

text: Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[8]

text: In the play Julius Caesar (1599), Caesar says "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar!"[9] Shakespeare was making use of a phrase already in use: for example it is said, by Edmond Malone, to have appeared in a work that has been lost: Richard Eedes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. It also occurs in The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixt, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 3.[10][11]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or threat.[12] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[13] There is a poem by Horace, Satires; Book I, Satire 7, written approximately 30 BCE, that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression "E-t t-u Br-u-t-e", (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".[1]