document_title: Apple TV

question_text: when did apple tv 4th generation come out

question_tokens: when did apple tv 4th generation come out

root

text: Apple TV

text: History[edit]

text: 1st generation history[edit]

text: Apple TV was unveiled as a work in progress called "iTV" on September 12, 2006 using a modified Front Row interface using the Apple Remote.[5][6] Apple started taking pre-orders for Apple TV on January 9, 2007. The name "iTV" was originally going to be used to keep it in line with the rest of their "i"-based products (iMac, iPod, etc.), but was not used because the British terrestrial broadcast network ITV holds the rights to the name in the UK and threatened to take legal action against Apple.[7]

tag: p

text: Apple TV started shipping on March 21, 2007 with a 40 GB hard disk.[8] Apple released a 160 GB HDD model on May 31, 2007; and ceased selling the 40 GB HDD version on September 14, 2009.[9]

text: On January 15, 2008, a major and free software upgrade was announced; this turned the Apple TV into a stand-alone device that no longer required a computer running iTunes on Mac OS X or Windows to stream or sync content to it, and making most of the Apple TV's hard disk redundant. The update allowed the device to rent and purchase content directly from iTunes Store, as well as download podcasts and stream photos from MobileMe (which was called .Mac at the time) and Flickr.[10] This update did away with Front Row and introduced a new interface for the original Apple TV in which content was organized into six categories, all of which appeared in a large square box on the screen upon startup (movies, TV shows, music, YouTube, podcasts, and photos) and presented in the initial menu, along with a "Settings" option for configuration, including software updates.[11][12]

text: On July 10, 2008, Apple released the iTunes Remote app on the App Store,[13] and the Apple TV 2.1 software update that added recognition for the iPhone and iPod Touch as remote control devices intended as a software alternative to the Apple Remote.[14] Later updates to the Apple TV, iTunes, and Remote software added support for the iPad, and introduced support for new features as they were added to iTunes.

text: In July 2011, Apple discontinued the Front Row interface for Mac users, leaving subsequent Apple TVs as the only officially-supported 10-foot user interface from Apple.

text: On September 9, 2015, Apple officially classified the first generation Apple TV as being obsolete/vintage which means that owners of first generation Apple TV will no longer be able to get service after this date.[15]

text: In September 2017, with the release of iTunes 12.7, it is no longer possible to sync and stream with the first generation Apple TV, although it is not listed in the iTunes update release notes.[citation needed]

text: Beginning May 25, 2018, security changes will prevent Apple TV (1st generation) from using the iTunes Store. This device is an obsolete Apple product and will not be updated to support these security changes.[16]

text: 2nd and 3rd generation history[edit]

text: The second generation Apple TV was unveiled on September 1, 2010, and was the first to run on a variant of iOS.[17][18][19] The device was now housed in a smaller, all-black case, one-quarter the size of the original. The new model did away with an internal hard drive and had 8 GB internal flash storage, enough local storage for buffering purposes; all media was now streamed, instead of synced.[20] The new device could also stream rented content from iTunes and video from computers or iOS devices via AirPlay. All content is drawn from online or locally connected sources.

text: In the March 7, 2012 presentation that mainly dealt with the third generation iPad, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a third version of the Apple TV. The third generation Apple TV is externally identical to the second generation model and includes a single-core A5 processor. It also supports 1080p content from iTunes and Netflix.[21] On January 28, 2013, Apple silently released a third generation "Rev A" which included component changes.

text: On March 9, 2015, Apple reduced the price of the 3rd generation (Rev A) Apple TV to $69.

text: On October 4, 2016, 9to5Mac reported that Apple had phased out the Apple TV 3rd generation, with Apple Store employees instructed to pull all units and demo units from store shelves. Shortly afterwards, Apple took down the purchase page for the Apple TV 3rd generation from its website, with the link redirecting to the purchase page for the Apple TV 4th generation.[22]

text: Amazon Video was automatically added to 3rd generation Apple TVs running 7.2.2 on December 6, 2017.[23]

text: 4th and 5th generation history[edit]

text: On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the 4th generation Apple TV, to ship in October 2015. It is the first major update to the platform since the release of the 2nd generation Apple TV on September 1, 2010. Tim Cook took the stage and said "The future of TV is apps". He also stated that the Apple TV needed a modern OS. While matching the form factor of the 2nd and 3rd generation models, it is significantly taller. The 4th generation Apple TV features a new touch remote allowing swipe-to-select functionality instead of the old remote's arrow button, and integrated Siri support with a built-in microphone and an accelerometer (IMU). The Siri button on the remote allows several functions, including searching across providers for content, accessing additional metadata and video/audio controls.

text: The 4th generation also uses a new operating system, tvOS, with an associated app store, allowing download of third-party apps for video, audio, games and other content. Upon release, the third-party apps were available from a limited range of providers, with new APIs providing opportunities for more third-party apps to be released in the future. A requirement of new apps and games is that they must include interfacing with the new touchpad-enabled Siri remote.[24] Apple's senior vice president of Software Engineering Craig Federighi said that tvOS 9 is 95 percent based on iOS 9 with the interface and APIs being tweaked to support the big screen.[citation needed]

text: Upon launch, there were several unexpected issues which included incompatibility with Apple's Remote app for iOS and watchOS,[25] which were fixed by Apple in December 2015.

text: As Amazon's Fire TV competes directly with the Apple TV, Amazon initially declined to develop an Amazon Video application for the Apple TV and declined to sell the 4th generation Apple TV, along with removing all 3rd generation SKUs in late October 2015.[26] Amazon reversed their stance and released their app in late 2017,[27] and has stated that the Apple TV will be sold on Amazon as well.[28]

text: On September 13, 2016, Apple released the tvOS 10 software update for the Apple TV, bringing an all new remote app, single-sign on, dark mode, HomeKit support, and many more features to the 4th generation Apple TV.

text: On September 12, 2017, Apple announced the 5th generation Apple TV, named Apple TV 4K, which supports 2160p output, HDR10, Dolby Vision, and includes a faster Apple A10X Fusion processor. Externally it is similar to the 4th generation model, with the only differences being the addition of vents on the base, the removal of the USB-C port, and the addition of a white outline around the menu button on the included Siri Remote. Following the announcement of the new models, the 64 GB version of the 4th generation Apple TV was discontinued.[29]

text: Features[edit]

text: Apple TV allows consumers to use an HDTV to stream video, music, and podcasts as well as downloading apps and games from the tvOS App Store. The first, second, and third generations offered limited content which Apple had provisioned to work with Apple TV. These have now been discontinued[30] in favor of the fourth generation Apple TV, with an OS based on iOS called tvOS which lets developers create their own apps with their own interface that run on Apple TV. These include multimedia, music apps, and games.

text: Features of Apple TV include:

text:
Video Streaming

The primary function of Apple TV is streaming video through the internet. Users of Apple TV can rent or buy movies and TV shows from the iTunes Store, or stream video from a variety of services found in the tvOS App Store such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, YouTube, Vimeo, HBO Now, Showtime, Sling TV, and DirecTV Now.
Users can stream live and on-demand content from apps that support login through a cable provider by way of one universal app called TV. TV unifies all content into one central application that allows the user to watch whatever they want from any source while providing recommendations. These include ABC, NBC, CBS, NBA, NFL, NHL, WatchESPN, History Channel, Food Network, CNN, Fox News, HGTV, Disney, National Geographic, and many others. The upcoming single-sign on feature in tvOS 10.1 will allow users to log in to all of these apps at once, bypassing the need to authenticate each individually.

Music and Podcasts Streaming

Users can access their music and podcasts libraries that they purchased in iTunes through iCloud through the Music and Podcasts apps, respectively. In addition, users can also subscribe to music streaming services such as Apple Music, Pandora, Qello, and Vevo and access content that way.

Photos

The built in Photos app syncs user photos from iCloud Photo Library and displays them on TV. In addition, users can download third-party apps like Adobe Lightroom [31] to view, edit and share them.

Apps and Games

With the fourth generation Apple TV and later, users can download apps and games from the tvOS App Store. This app store is similar to the one found on the Apple iPhone and iPad.
Apps can now be ported from iOS easily by developers since tvOS and iOS share a common codebase and kernel.

Examples include the Papa John's Pizza[32] app which allows for users to order pizza right from Apple TV and Zillow which allows users to search for homes right on their TV.

Games use the Accelerometer and Gyroscope along with the touchpad found on the Siri Remote for control. External Bluetooth Game controllers: (such as the SteelSeries Nimbus, or the HORIPAD ULTIMATE Wireless Gaming Controller) can also be paired.

Examples include Asphalt 8, a driving game which can be played using the Siri Remote.

Casting and Mirroring

With AirPlay, users can stream or mirror content from your iOS device or Mac wirelessly. AirPlay can be accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen in Control Center on iOS or in the Menu Bar on a Mac. There are several different functions to AirPlay.[33] These include:

Casting which allows users to wirelessly send video or audio from their iPhone, iPad, or Mac to the Apple TV
Mirroring which allows users to wirelessly mirror their Mac screen or AirPlay device which to the TV, using it as a second monitor.
Peer-to-Peer AirPlay which uses Bluetooth to connect if the Apple TV and the iOS Device/Mac are not on the same Wi-Fi network.

Siri

Siri is a voice assistant on tvOS that allows a user to check the weather, stocks, sports scores, as well as searching for content across a multitude of different applications. Voice dictation can also be used in text fields, including usernames and passwords.
Universal search is available for a wide number of apps in the United States, but the feature is limited to iTunes and Netflix in Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In Australia, universal search supports movies and TV shows in iTunes, Netflix, and Stan.[34] Apple has been rapidly expanding the feature to encompass additional channels worldwide.[35]

HomeKit

The third generation[36] Apple TV and later can also be used as a home hub to control all of the HomeKit devices, such as locks, thermostats, or garage doors, in one's home, either locally or over the Internet. However, HomeKit Automation, such as automatic implementation of scenes, is only possible with a fourth generation Apple TV or later. A user can use Siri on Apple TV (4th generation or later) to control the devices.

General

HDMI CEC to control other devices in a user's home theater setup.[37]
App Switcher which enables users to switch apps
Aerial Screensaver which allows the TV to display a flyover view of a city when Apple TV is inactive. Screensavers can also be invoked from the home screen by pressing menu on the Siri Remote once.[38]

tag: ul

text: App Store[edit]

text: With the fourth generation Apple TV and tvOS, Apple announced an App Store which will allow any developer to make apps using the APIs available specifically tailored towards the TV. Also, since tvOS is based on iOS, any developer can port over apps from iOS and with a few modifications, as Apple stated on stage, and can make them available for all tvOS users with the App Store. The App Store will not be available to previous Apple TVs and will be a feature of the fourth generation Apple TV onward.

text: Accessibility[edit]

text: Since tvOS and watchOS are based on iOS, they have inherited many of the accessibility features of iOS and macOS and are compatible with Apple's entire product line including the Apple Watch as a remote controller for the Apple TV.

text: tvOS includes the Apple technologies of VoiceOver, Zoom, and Siri to help the blind and those with low vision. VoiceOver, Apple’s screen reader is available for more than 30 languages and enables visually impaired users to know what is on the visual display and input responses to on-screen prompts. VoiceOver gestures uses gestures that Apple users are already familiar with in other Apple products (flicks, taps, and the rotor) making the Apple TV familiar to the disabled in a way akin to how Apple designs their products to have a fit and finish consistency across product lines be it familiarity with macOS on a Macintosh, watchOS on an Apple Watch, or the iOS operating system on iPhones, iPads, or iPods.

text: Like other Apple products such as the iPhone with a three click sequence on the home button to activate accessibility features, with Apple TV's tvOS, the disabled user can activate VoiceOver without any installation process. One needs only to triple-click the Menu button on the Siri Remote and the Apple TV will guide the user through the complete initial setup, a task that is non-trivial to the visually impaired in most comparable products on the market.

text: Another accessibility feature is to increase contrast on the screen which acts by reducing the transparency of background elements on Movie and TV Show pages, menu tabs, and other parts of the operating system. The visually impaired can also turn on a high-contrast cursor to better delineate the focused content. The user can also opt to turn on "reduce motion" which in some screen actions, such as moving between app icons on the Home screen and launching apps are visually simpler which is of benefit to reduce strain on the eyes.

text: tvOS enables users to watch movies with audio descriptions of what is being shown on the screen. Movies with audio descriptions are displayed with the AD (Audio Description) icon in the iTunes Store for tvOS and in iTunes on a Macintosh or Windows PC.

text: Pairing a Bluetooth keyboard with the tvOS on the Apple TV enables another accessibility feature that also is an incorporation of VoiceOver. When typing, VoiceOver mirrors with an audio voice, each character pressed on the keyboard and repeated again when it is entered. The Apple TV is designed to work with the Apple Wireless Keyboard or the Apple Magic Keyboard. It will work with almost any brand of bluetooth keyboard.

text: Apple TV with and without tvOS supports closed captioning, so the deaf or hard of hearing can experience TV episodes and feature-length movies. Compatible episodes and movies are denoted with a CC (closed captioning) or SDH (Descriptive Audio) icon in the iTunes Store either on the Apple TV or in iTunes itself. The viewer can customize the captions in episodes or movies with styles and fonts that are more conducive to their hearing and/or visual impairment.

text: The Touch surface on the Siri Remote is customizable. Tracking when setting to Fast adjusts the thumb movements made to amplify the distance in relation to how far the thumb has moved on the glass touchpad. Conversely when tracking is set to slow, larger movements of the thumb on the touchpad will tune down the distance that is traversed on the screen. This can be of great help to those struggling with Parkinson's or other movement disorders to be able to use the Apple TV in a way that fits their disability.

text: Apple's Remote app on iOS devices allows control of the Apple TV from an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch. The iOS remote app increases the accessibility of the Apple TV by enabling Switch Control. Switch Control is a unique Apple technology that enables navigation sequentially through onscreen items and perform specific actions such as selecting, tapping, dragging, typing using third party Bluetooth-enabled switch hardware made for those with handicaps.

text: Restrictions[edit]

text: Similar to Google's redesign of YouTube, Apple has restricted access to most viewed charts on movies and podcasts. They are replaced by "Top Movies", "Top Podcasts", and "Editor's Picks". User may be under the impression that a "Top" media is equivalent of most popular or most watched.

text: Parental controls allow consumers to limit access to Internet media service content via "Restrictions" settings; individual services can be turned off (e.g., to reduce clutter), icons can be rearranged via the tap-and-hold technique à la iOS. Internet media is split into four categories: "Internet Photos", "YouTube", "Podcasts", and "Purchase and Rental". Each of the categories is configured by a parental control of "Show", "Hide" or "Ask" to prompt for a 4-digit PIN. In addition, movies, TV shows, music and podcasts can be restricted by rating.[39]

text: Local sources[edit]

text: Apple TV can sync or stream photos, music and videos from a computer running iTunes.[40]

text: A user can connect a computer on a local network to maintain a central home media library of digitized CD, DVD or HD content,[41] provide direct connectivity to photo organization software such as iPhoto,[42] limit home video access to a local network only,[43] play Internet radio,[44][45] or preload content on Apple TV to be used later as a non-networked video player.[46] For users who wish to connect the Apple TV to a computer, synchronization and streaming modes are supported.[40]

text: Apple TV in synchronization mode works in a way similar to the iPod. It is paired with an iTunes library on a single computer and can synchronize with that library, copying all or selected content to its own storage. Apple TV need not remain connected to the network after syncing.[46][47] Photos can be synced from iPhoto, Aperture, or from a folder on a Mac, or Adobe Photoshop Album, Photoshop Elements, or from a hard disk folder in Windows.[48]

text: Apple TV can also function as a peer-to-peer digital media player, streaming content from iTunes libraries and playing the content over the network.[49][50]

text: 1st generation Apple TVs can stream content from up to five computers or iTunes libraries. Also, five Apple TVs can be linked to the same iTunes library. The 2nd generation Apple TV onwards allows users to stream content from more than one iTunes library: these additional iTunes libraries can be on the same or on different computers. This is possible when Apple TV and every iTunes library from which you want to stream content meet all of the following conditions: (1) the Apple TV and the iTunes library you are streaming from are both on the same local network, (2) each uses the iTunes "Home Sharing" feature, and (3) each are using the same "Home Sharing" Apple ID.

text: Supported formats[edit]

text: Apple TV natively supports the following audio, video, and picture formats (although with the 4th generation, apps may use alternative built-in software in order to play other codecs and formats, e.g. VLC media player):

text:
Video

HEVC Dolby Vision (Profile 5)/HDR10 (Main 10 profile) up to 2160p at 60 frames per second (5th generation)
HEVC SDR up to 1080p at 30 frames per second (4th generation)

Main/Main 10 profile, hardware decoding on 5th generation, software decoding on 4th generation running tvOS 11 and later.[51]

H.264 up to 720p at 30 frames per second (2nd generation)[52][53]
H.264 up to 1080p at 30 frames per second (1st and 3rd generation)[54]
H.264 up to 1080p at 60 frames per second (4th generation)[55]
H.264 up to 2160p at 60 frames per second (5th generation)[55]

High or Main Profile level 4.0 or lower, or High or Main Profile level 4.2 or lower (4th generation[55]), Baseline profile level 3.0 or lower with AAC-LC audio up to 160 kbits/s per channel, 48 kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats.

MPEG-4 up to 720×432 (432p) or 640×480 pixels at 30 fps

MPEG-4 video up to 2.5 Mbit/s, 640×480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 kbit/s, 48 kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats.

Motion JPEG up to 720p at 30 fps

Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) up to 35 Mbit/s, 1280×720 pixels, 30 fps, audio in ulaw, PCM stereo audio in .avi file format.

Picture

JPEG
GIF
TIFF

Audio

HE-AAC (V1)
AAC (16–320 kbit/s)
FairPlay protected AAC
MP3 (16–320 kbit/s, or optionally VBR)
Audible (formats 2, 3, and 4)
Apple Lossless
AIFF
WAV
Dolby Digital (AC-3) surround sound pass-through, up to 5.1 channels [56]
Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) surround sound pass-through, up to 7.1 channels (4th generation or later)

TV compatibility

Compatible with high-definition TVs with HDMI and capable of 1080p or 720p at 60/50 Hz.
Requires HDCP when playing copy-protected content.
A sustained 8 Mbit/s or faster Internet connection is recommended for viewing 1080p HD movies and TV shows, 6 Mbit/s or faster for viewing 720p content, and 2.5 Mbit/s or faster for SD content.

tag: table

text: Attempts to sync unsupported content to Apple TV will draw an error message from iTunes.[57]

text: The 1st and 2nd generation Apple TV video output can be set to either 1080i or 1080p; however, this resolution is limited to the user interface and the viewing of photographs – all other content is simply upscaled to those resolutions. Those models cannot play 1080i or 1080p video content (e.g., HD camera video).[49][50][58][59][60] The 3rd and 4th generation Apple TV support 1080p video content.

text: Apple offers H.264 1080p movies and video podcasts on iTunes.[61] In comparison, Blu-ray Disc films are 1080p H.264 or VC-1 video encoded at rates of up to 40 Mbit/s.[62]

text: Apple TV's audio chip supports 7.1 surround sound,[63] and some high definition rentals from iTunes are offered with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound.[64]

text: There is an Apple TV export option in QuickTime which allows content in some formats that the device does not support to be easily re-encoded.[65] Applications that use QuickTime to export media can use this; e.g., iMovie's Share menu,[66] iTunes' advanced menu,[67] and some third-party content conversion tools.[68]

text: Connectivity[edit]

text: Apple TV streams video through an HDMI cable (Type A) connected to the TV's HDMI port. Audio is supported through the optical or HDMI ports. The device also has a Micro-USB port, which is reserved for service and diagnostics. The device connects through Ethernet or Wi-Fi to the computer for digital content from the Internet and local networks. Apple TV does not come with audio, video or other cables, which must be acquired additionally as required.[69] On the previous Apple TV, media files could be transferred directly onto the device by syncing with another computer. Once content was stored on the device's hard drive, Internet connectivity was no longer needed to view content.[46] This is not the case with the current model, which does not have a hard drive for storing media.

text: The 1st generation Apple TV had component video and RCA connector audio ports, both removed in the 2nd generation. The device does not have RCA/composite video or F/RF connectors.[50][70]

text: Starting with the 4th generation Apple TV, Apple removed the optical audio port. Apple also enhanced the HDMI port by adding support for HDMI 1.4. The 4th generation also removed the Micro-USB port in favor of the reversible USB-C port and the 5th generation removed USB entirely.

text: AirPlay[edit]

text: AirPlay allows iOS devices or an AirPort-enabled computer with the iTunes music player to send a stream of music to multiple (three to six, in typical conditions) stereos connected to an AirPort Express (the audio-only antecedent of Apple TV) or Apple TV.[71]

text: The AirPort Express' streaming media capabilities use Apple's Remote Audio Output Protocol (RAOP), a proprietary variant of RTSP/RTP. Using WDS-bridging,[72] the AirPort Express can allow AirPlay functionality (as well as Internet access, file and print sharing, etc.) across a larger distance in a mixed environment of wired and up to 10 wireless clients.

text: Speakers attached to an AirPort Express or Apple TV can be selected from within the "Remote" iPhone/iPod Touch program, allowing full AirPlay compatibility[73] (see "Remote control" section below).

text: A compatible Mac running OS X Mountain Lion or later can wirelessly mirror its screen to an Apple TV through AirPlay Mirroring[74] while one running OS X Mavericks or later can also extend its display with AirPlay Display.

text: Remote control[edit]

text: Apple TV can be controlled by many infrared remote controls[75] or paired with the included Apple Remote to prevent interference from other remotes.[49][76][77] Either kind of remote can control playback volume, but for music only.[10][78][79]

text: The Apple Wireless Keyboard is supported on the 2nd generation Apple TV and later using the built-in Bluetooth.[80] The consumer has the ability to control media playback, navigate menus and input text and other information. Third-party keyboards that use the Apple layout may also be compatible.[80]

text: On July 10, 2008, Apple released Remote, a free iOS application that allows the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad to control the iTunes library on the Apple TV via Wi-Fi.[81][82] The recently released Apple Watch also has a remote app to control Apple TV.[83]

text: The Remote App was updated on September 13, 2016, to take advantage of all the features of the Apple TV 4. This includes Siri, Touchpad, and Home Buttons, along with a now playing screen.

text: On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the new Siri Remote for the 4th generation Apple TV (although in some territories, Apple have kept the name Apple TV Remote, due to Siri functionality not being enabled on it in that territory).[84] It is a completely redesigned remote that features dual microphones for Siri support and a glass touch surface for navigation around the interface by swiping or tapping and scrubbing to fast forward or rewind. Also, it has a menu and home button, a Siri button to invoke Siri, a Play/Pause button, and a Volume Up/Down button to control the volume on the TV. The Siri Remote will communicate with the Apple TV via Bluetooth rather than infrared, and thus doesn't require a line-of-sight with the device. This new remote is only supported by the 4th generation Apple TV and later and will not work with earlier generations.

text: Siri[edit]

text: Beginning with the 4th generation Apple TV, the remote includes two microphones and a button to activate Siri. Siri on the Apple TV has all of the functions of Siri on iOS 9; it can also respond to requests specifically for the TV. For instance, the viewer can ask Siri to search for a TV show or movie and it will search across multiple different sources to tell the user where the content is available to watch. It can also do things such as Play/Pause, Rewind/Fast Forward, skip back 15 seconds and temporarily turn on captioning when asked "what did he say?" or "what did she say?", open a specific app, and more.

text: Software[edit]

text: 1st generation[edit]

text: The original Apple TV ran a modified build of Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger[85]

text: Apple TV Software 1.0[edit]

text: Apple TV software 1.0 presented the user with an interface similar to that of Front Row. Like Front Row on the Mac, it presents the user with seven options for consuming content. Movies, TV Shows, Music, Podcasts, Photos, Settings, and Sources.

text: Apple TV Software 2.0[edit]

text: In February 2008, Apple released a major and free upgrade to the Apple TV, labelled "Take Two"(2.0). This update did away with Front Row and introduced a new interface in which content was organized into six categories, all of which appeared in a large square box on the screen upon startup (movies, TV shows, music, YouTube, podcasts, and photos) and presented in the initial menu, along with a "Settings" option for configuration, including software updates.[86][12]

text: Apple TV Software 3.0[edit]

text: In October 2009, Apple released a minor upgrade for the Apple TV called "Apple TV Software 3.0". This update replaced the interface in version 2.0 with a new interface which presented seven horizontal columns across the top of the screen for the different categories of content (Movies, TV Shows, Music, Podcasts, Photos, Internet, and Settings). This update also added features such as content filtering, iTunes Extras, new fonts, and a new Internet radio app. The maximum resolution increased in both the 40 GB and 160 GB version to include 1080P.

text: 2nd and 3rd generation[edit]

text: The 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TVs run a version of iOS, rather than the modified Mac OS X of the original model.

text: The interface on Apple TV Software 4 is similar to that of previous versions, with only minor changes and feature additions throughout. In March 2012, Apple released a major new software update, with the Apple TV 3rd generation, labeled as Apple TV Software 5 (iOS 5.1), which shipped with the new 3rd generation Apple TV. This update completely revised the look of the home screen to make it resemble the icon grid seen on iOS. Instead of 7 columns, content and third-party channels are shown in a tiled grid format, which can be rearranged. Throughout the years, for Apple TV Software 5-6, Apple released minor revisions, content additions, and feature updates.

text: The Apple TV Software 7.0 features a flat look similar to iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite and adds features such as Peer-To-Peer AirPlay. Version 8.0 was skipped.

text: The final OS update for the third-generation Apple TV is Apple TV Software 7.2.2 (iOS 8.4.2) since it does not support tvOS 9.0 or later. However, it does support Amazon Video, which was automatically added to those Apple TVs running 7.2.2 on December 6, 2017.[23]

text: 4th and 5th generation[edit]

text: The fourth generation Apple TV and later run an operating system called tvOS which does not support the earlier generations of Apple TV. It features an app store, allowing third-party app developers to release their own apps on the platform.[87] Also, this new software features support for Siri voice control. Craig Federighi mentioned that tvOS is based 95% on iOS 9 and the rest being adaptions to optimize it for the TV. The tvOS software development kit (SDK) for developing tvOS apps is included in Xcode 7.1 and later.[88] A new development feature, App Thinning, is used in the Apple TV, running on tvOS, due to the storage restrictions of the device (32GB and 64GB) and the dual-use of the NAND Flash Memory to precache movies from Apple's content servers as well as storage for downloaded applications from the tvOS App Store. Apple's aim is to limit the size of application downloads and steering users towards downloading individual segments of apps in order to better manage storage space. Developers have reacted with criticism towards the download size limits, arguing that it leads to situations where game data is purged and has to be re-downloaded.[89]

text: Technical specifications[edit]

text:
Legend

Obsolete
Discontinued
Current

text:
Models
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
3rd generation Rev. A
4th generation
4K (5th generation)

Release date(s)
January 9, 2007
September 1, 2010
March 7, 2012
January 28, 2013
October 30, 2015
September 22, 2017

Discontinued
September 1, 2010
March 7, 2012
March 10, 2013[90]
September 8, 2016
64 GB: September 12, 2017
32 GB: In production
In production

Model number - Model ID -
Order number
A1218 - AppleTV1,1 -
MA711LL/A
A1378 - AppleTV2,1 -
MC572LL/A
A1427 - AppleTV3,1 -
MD199BZ/A
A1469 - AppleTV3,2 -
MD199LL/A
A1625 - AppleTV5,3 -
32 GB: MGY52LL/A 64 GB: MLNC2LL/A
A1842 - AppleTV6,2 -
32 GB: MQD22LL/A 64 GB: MP7P2LL/A

Processor
1 GHz Intel "Crofton" Pentium M[91]
1 GHz Apple A4 (ARM Cortex-A8)
1 GHz Apple A5 (single core ARM Cortex-A9, dual core with one core locked)
1 GHz Apple A5 (ARM Cortex-A9, single core - redesign from A5 dual core).
1.5 GHz Apple A8 (dual-core)
2.38 GHz Apple A10X Fusion (hexa-core)

Graphics
Nvidia GeForce Go 7300 with 64 MB of VRAM[92]
Apple A4 (PowerVR SGX535)
Apple A5 (PowerVR SGX543MP2)
Apple A5 (PowerVR SGX543MP1)
Apple A8 (PowerVR Series 6XT GX6450)
Apple A10X Fusion

Memory
256 MB of 400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM[93]
256 MB LPDDR2[94]
512 MB LPDDR2[95]
2 GB LPDDR3[96][97]
3 GB LPDDR4[98]

Storage
40 or 160 GB hard disk
8 GB NAND flash for cache[95][99]
32 or 64 GB NAND flash

Connectivity
USB 2.0 (officially for service use only, though hackers have managed to allow connectivity of hard disks, mice, and keyboards),[100] infrared receiver, HDMI, component video, optical audio
Bluetooth,[80] Micro-USB (reserved for service), HDMI, infrared receiver, optical audio
Bluetooth 4.0, USB-C (for service and developer use), HDMI 1.4, infrared receiver, Lightning (for Siri remote charging only)
Bluetooth 5.0, HDMI 2.0a, infrared receiver, Lightning (for Siri remote charging only)

Networking

Wi-Fi (802.11b/g and draft-n)
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n)
Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac)

10/100 Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet

Output
1080p (undefined, following the Version 3.0 software update), 720p 60/50 Hz (NTSC/PAL), 576p 50 Hz (PAL), 480p 60 Hz (NTSC)[101]
over HDMI (HDCP capable) or Component Video (480i 60 Hz is unofficially supported)
720p, 576p, 480p
over HDMI only (HDCP capable)
1080p, 720p, 576p, 480p
over HDMI only (HDCP capable)
2160p, 1080p, 720p, 576p, 480p
over HDMI only (HDCP capable) with HDR10 and Dolby Vision

Audio

Optical audio (48 kHz maximum sample rate), HDMI, RCA analog stereo audio
Optical audio (48 kHz fixed sample rate), HDMI
HDMI-CEC

Supports output up to 5.1 channels
Supports output up to 7.1 channels

Power
Built-in universal 48 W power supply
Built-in universal 6 W power supply
Built-in universal 11 W power supply[102]
Built-in universal 13 W power supply[98]

Dimensions
1.1 in (28 mm) (h)
7.7 in (197 mm) (w)
7.7 in (197 mm) (d)
0.9 in (23 mm) (h)
3.9 in (98 mm) (w)
3.9 in (98 mm) (d)
1.4 in (35 mm) (h)
3.9 in (98 mm) (w)
3.9 in (98 mm) (d)

Weight
2.4 lb (1.09 kg)
0.6 lb (0.27 kg)
15 oz (425 g)

Initial operating system
Apple TV Software 1.0 (modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger)
Apple TV Software 4.0 (based on iOS 4.1)
Apple TV Software 5.0 (based on iOS 5.1)
Apple TV Software 5.2[103] (based on iOS 6.1)
tvOS 9.0[104] (based on iOS 9)[105]
tvOS 11.0 (based on iOS 11)

Current operating system
Apple TV Software 3.0.2 (modified build of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger)
Apple TV Software 6.2.1 (based on iOS 7.1.2)
Apple TV Software 7.2.2 (based on iOS 8.4.2)[106]
tvOS 11.2.5 (based on iOS 11.2.5)

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Functionality[edit]

text: Apple TV contains neither a TV tuner nor a personal video recorder.[49][57] Both capabilities can be applied to the connected home computer through various third-party products, such as allowing PVR software to connect to iTunes and enable scheduled HDTV recordings to play automatically via Apple TV for playback.[107]

text: The Front Row interface lacks some iTunes functionality, including rating items, checking the account balance, adding funds to the account, synchronizing from more than one computer,[108] full Internet radio support,[50][109] and games.[110]

text: The Movies search box only searches the iTunes Store, not local hard drives and networks.[111]

text: Movies rented on Apple TV must be watched on Apple TV, unlike iTunes rentals, which can be transferred to any video-enabled iPod, iPhone, or Apple TV.[112][113] Movies purchased on Apple TV can be moved to a video-enabled iPod or iPhone via iTunes.[114]

text: Apple TV prior to 4th generation does not support the HDMI Consumer Electronics Control (HDMI CEC) protocol.

text: On the Apple TV (2nd generation), digital output audio is up-sampled to 48 kHz, including lossless CD rips at 44.1 kHz. Although this is a higher frequency and the difference is not audible in most cases, it means the audio is not 'bit perfect' which is often a goal for digital transmission of data.[115]

text: Sales[edit]

text: 1st generation sales[edit]

text: Within the first week of presales in January 2007, Apple TV was the top pre-selling item at the Apple Store.[116] Orders exceeded 100,000 units by the end of January and Apple began ramping-up to sell over a million units before the 2007 holiday season.[117] Analysts began calling it a "DVD killer"[118] that could enable multiple services. Analysts also predicted that Apple could sell up to 1.5 million units in the first year.[119] Besides the Apple Store, Best Buy was one of the first retailers to carry the device;[120] Target and Costco[121] followed shortly thereafter.

text: Two months into sales, Forrester Research predicted that Apple would only sell a million Apple TV units, because consumers prefer advertisement-supported content over paid content. Forrester predicted that cable companies would be the clear winners over content providers such as the iTunes Store.[122] Shortly after, Apple released YouTube functionality and Jobs stated that Apple TV was a "DVD player for the Internet". Some market analysts predicted that YouTube on Apple TV "provides a glimpse of this product's potential and its future evolution",[123] but overall, analysts had mixed reactions regarding the future of Apple TV. Some negative reactions followed after Jobs referred to the device as a "hobby", implying it was less significant than the Macintosh, iPod, and iPhone.[124]

text: In the fourth quarter of 2008, sales were triple that of the fourth quarter of 2007.[125]

text: In Apple's first-quarter 2009 financial results conference call, acting chief executive Tim Cook stated that Apple TV sales increased three times over the same quarter a year ago. Cook mentioned that the movie rental business was working well for Apple, Apple would continue investment in movie rentals and Apple TV, but Apple TV is still considered a hobby for the company.[125] Due to the growth of digital TV and consumers turning to Internet media services, an analyst predicted sales of 6.6 million Apple TVs by the end of 2009.[126]

text: 2nd generation sales[edit]

text: The second generation sold 250,000 units in the first two weeks it was available. On December 21, 2010, Apple announced that they had sold 1 million units.[127] In the second fiscal quarter of 2011, it had topped 2 million in total sales, with 820,000 sold in that quarter alone.[128]

text: On January 24, 2012, Apple announced they had sold 1.4 million units in the first fiscal quarter of 2012,[129] and 2.8 million units in all of fiscal year 2011.[130] (4.2 million units through January 1, 2012).

text: 3rd generation sales[edit]

text: Tim Cook revealed at the All Things Digital conference in May 2012 that Apple had sold 2.7 million of the 3rd generation model in 2012.[131]

text: In the Q4 FY2012 earnings call, Engadget reported comments from Tim Cook that Apple had shipped 1.3 million Apple TV units in the 4th Quarter (presumed to be 3rd generation).[132]

text: MacObserver reported statements by Tim Cook in the Q1 FY2013 earnings call that Apple sold over 2 million Apple TV units in the December Quarter (presumed to be 3rd generation).[133]

text: These reports lead to a cumulative volume of the 3rd generation device of 6 million units, as of January 1, 2013.

text: On February 28, 2014, at Apple's shareholders meeting, Apple CEO Tim Cook revealed that in 2013 Apple TV brought in 1 billion dollars of revenue for Apple.[134]

text: A market survey published by Parks Associates in December 2014 found that Apple TV has lost consumer traction to Google Chromecast, garnering only a 17% market share.[135]

text: Tim Cook revealed at the Apple Watch conference on March 9, 2015, that Apple had sold a total of 25 million Apple TVs to date.[136]

text: 4th generation sales[edit]

text: In the January 27, 2016, Apple earnings call, CEO Tim Cook stated that the Apple TV had record sales. However, no specific sales figures were mentioned; Apple TV is included in an "Other products" category, which also includes the Apple Watch, iPods, and Beats products, and is not broken down by individual products.[137]


document_title: Ron Hale

question_text: who plays sonny's father on general hospital

question_tokens: who plays sonny 's father on general hospital

text: Ron Hale

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ron Hale

Born
(1946-01-02) January 2, 1946 (age 72)
Grand Rapids, Michigan[1]

text: Ron Hale (born January 2, 1946) is an American actor best known for his role as Dr. Roger Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope for its entire run (1975–1989). He played the recurring role of Mike Corbin, the father of mobster Sonny Corinthos in the ABC soap opera General Hospital.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Search for Tomorrow (1951, TV Series) - Walt Driscoll (1969)
A Lovely Way To Die (1968) - (uncredited)
Me, Natalie (1969) - Stanley Dexter
Love is a Many Splendored Thing (1973, TV Series) - Dr. Jim Abbott
All the President's Men (1976) - Frank Sturgis
Ryan's Hope (1975-1989, TV Series) - Dr. Roger Coleridge
Matlock (1989, TV Series) - Eldon Williams
MacGyver (1990, TV Series) - Mike Travers
Original Intent (1992) - Dr. Johnson
Trial by Jury (1994) - Bailiff
The Dark Mist (1996) - Pentakis
Port Charles (1997, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Brothers Flub (1999) - Squish (voice)
Sunstorm (2001) - Jack
Intimate Portrait (2003, TV Series, Vanessa Marcil) - Himself
General Hospital (1996-2010, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Ghost and The Whale (2017) - Father Reinhart


document_title: Promised Land

question_text: who did the israelites fight for the promised land

text: Promised Land

text: Divine promise[edit]

text: The promise that is the basis of the term is contained in several verses of Genesis in the Torah. In Genesis 12:1 it is said:

text: and in Genesis 12:7:

text: Commentators have noted several problems with this promise and related ones:

text:
It is to Abram's descendants that the land will (in the future tense) be given, not to Abram directly nor there and then. However, in Genesis 15:7 it is said: He also said to him, "I am the LORD, who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to take possession of it." However, how this verse relates to the promises is a matter of controversy.
There is nothing in the promise to indicate God intended it be applied to Abraham’s physical descendants unconditionally, exclusively (to nobody but these descendants), exhaustively (to all of them) or in perpetuity.[2]
Jewish commentators drawing on Rashi's comments to the first verse in the Bible, assert that no human collective ever has any a priori claim to any piece of land on the planet, and that only God decides which group inhabits which land in any point in time. This interpretation has no contradictions since the idea that the Jewish people have a claim to ownership rights on the physical land is based on the idea of God deciding to give the land to the Jewish people and commanding them to occupy it as referred to in Biblical texts previously mentioned.

tag: ol

text: In Genesis 15:18-21 the boundary of the Promised Land is clarified in terms of the territory of various ancient peoples, as follows:

text: The verse is said to describe what are known as "borders of the Land" (Gevulot Ha-aretz).[3] In Jewish tradition, these borders define the maximum extent of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.[4]

text:
The promise was confirmed to Jacob at Genesis 28:13, though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying".
Other geographical borders are given in Exodus 23:31 which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates).

text: The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. Deuteronomy 1:8 says:

text: It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time of the united Kingdom of Israel under David.[5][6] The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time, and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land.

text: Descendants of Abraham[edit]

text:
Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau.[4][7][8][9]
[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]  This may however reflect an eisegesis or reconstruction of primary verses based on the later biblical emphasis of Jacob's descendants.  The promises given to Abraham happened prior to the birth of Isaac and were given to all his offspring signified through the rite of circumcision. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but notes that Ishmael's descendants have held much of that land through time.[17]

text: Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as having been given to all Jews, including proselytes and in turn their descendants,[18] with the traditional view being that a convert becomes a child of Abraham, as in the term "ben Avraham".[citation needed]

text: Christian interpretation[edit]

text: In the New Testament, the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines.[19] In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul the Apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise, avoiding the term "seeds" in plural (meaning many people), choosing instead "seed," meaning one person, who, he understands to be Jesus (and those united with him). For example, in Galatians 3:16 he notes:

text: In Galatians 3:28-29 Paul goes further, noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic/physical association, but a spiritual/religious one:

text: In Romans 4:13 it is written:

text: Boundaries from the Book of Numbers[edit]

text: 1845: Salomon Munk, Palestine, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique," in "L'Univers Pittoresque ;Under the name Palestine, we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 French: lieues carrées. Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 French: lieues. He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery, "Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur".[24][25]


document_title: Ecclesiastes

question_text: what title does the author of ecclesiastes use for himself

text: Ecclesiastes

text: Structure[edit]

text: Ecclesiastes is presented as an autobiography of "Kohelet" (or "Qoheleth", meaning "Assembler", but traditionally translated as "Teacher" or "Preacher"[2]). Kohelet's story is framed by voice of the narrator, who refers to Kohelet in the third person, praises his wisdom, but reminds the reader that wisdom has its limitations and is not man's main concern. Kohelet reports what he planned, did, experienced and thought. His journey to knowledge is, in the end, incomplete. The reader is not only to hear Kohelet's wisdom, but to observe his journey towards understanding and acceptance of life's frustrations and uncertainties: the journey itself is important.[3]

text: Few of the many attempts to uncover an underlying structure to Ecclesiastes have met with widespread acceptance; among them, the following is one of the more influential:[4]

text:
Title (1:1)
Initial poem (1:2–11)
I: Kohelet's investigation of life (1:12–6:9)
II: Kohelet's conclusions (6:10–11:6)

Introduction (6:10–12)
A: Man cannot discover what is good for him to do (7:1–8:17)
B: Man does not know what will come after him (9:1–11:6)

Concluding poem (11:7–12:8)
Epilogue (12:9–14)

text: Verse 1:1 is a superscription, the ancient equivalent of a title page: it introduces the book as "the words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem."[5]

text: Most, though not all, modern commentators regard the epilogue (12:9–14) as an addition by a later scribe. Some have identified certain other statements as further additions intended to make the book more religiously orthodox (e.g., the affirmations of God's justice and the need for piety).[6]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The ten-verse introduction in verses 1:2–11 are the words of the frame narrator; they set the mood for what is to follow: Kohelet's message is that all is meaningless.[5]

text: After the introduction come the words of Kohelet. As king he has experienced everything and done everything, but nothing is ultimately reliable. Death levels all. The only good is to partake of life in the present, for enjoyment is from the hand of God. Everything is ordered in time and people are subject to time in contrast to God's eternal character. The world is filled with injustice, which only God will adjudicate. God and humans do not belong in the same realm and it is therefore necessary to have a right attitude before God. People should enjoy, but should not be greedy; no-one knows what is good for humanity; righteousness and wisdom escape us. Kohelet reflects on the limits of human power: all people face death, and death is better than life, but we should enjoy life when we can. The world is full of risk: he gives advice on living with risk, both political and economic. Mortals should take pleasure when they can, for a time may come when no one can. Kohelet's words finish with imagery of nature languishing and humanity marching to the grave.[7]

text: The frame narrator returns with an epilogue: the words of the wise are hard, but they are applied as the shepherd applies goads and pricks to his flock. The original ending of the book was probably the words: "The end of the matter" (12:13) but the text we have continues: "Fear God" (a phrase used often in Kohelet's speech) "and keep his commandments" (which he never uses), "for God will bring every deed to judgement."[8]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Title, date and author[edit]

text: The book takes its name from the Greek ekklesiastes, a translation of the title by which the central figure refers to himself: Kohelet, meaning something like "one who convenes or addresses an assembly".[9] According to rabbinic tradition, Ecclesiastes was written by Solomon in his old age.[10] (An alternative tradition that "Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes" probably means simply that the book was edited under Hezekiah.)[11] Nevertheless, critical scholars have long rejected the idea of a pre-exilic origin.[12][13] The presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaisms points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE,[2] while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE, when another Jewish writer, Ben Sira, quotes from it.[14] The dispute as to whether Ecclesiastes belongs to the Persian or the Hellenistic periods (i.e., the earlier or later part of this period) revolves around the degree of Hellenization (influence of Greek culture and thought) present in the book. Scholars arguing for a Persian date (c. 450–330 BCE) hold that there is a complete lack of Greek influence;[2] those who argue for a Hellenistic date (c. 330–180 BCE) argue that it shows internal evidence of Greek thought and social setting.[15]

text: Also unresolved is whether the author and narrator of Kohelet are one and the same person. Some scholars have argued that the third-person narrative structure is an artificial literary device along the lines of Uncle Remus, although the description of the Teacher in 12:8–14 seems to favour a historical person whose thoughts are presented by the narrator.[16] The question, however, has no theological importance,[16] and one scholar (Roland Murphy) has commented that Kohelet himself would have regarded the time and ingenuity put into interpreting his book as "one more example of the futility of human effort".[17]

text: Genre and setting[edit]

text: Ecclesiastes has taken its literary form from the Middle Eastern tradition of the fictional autobiography, in which a character, often a king, relates his experiences and draws lessons from them, often self-critical: Kohelet likewise identifies himself as a king, speaks of his search for wisdom, relates his conclusions, and recognises his limitations.[3] It belongs to the category of wisdom literature, the body of biblical writings which give advice on life, together with reflections on its problems and meanings—other examples include the Book of Job, Proverbs, and some of the Psalms. Ecclesiastes differs from the other biblical Wisdom books in being deeply skeptical of the usefulness of Wisdom itself.[18] Ecclesiastes in turn influenced the deuterocanonical works, Wisdom of Solomon and Sirach, both of which contain vocal rejections of the Ecclesiastical philosophy of futility.

text: Wisdom was a popular genre in the ancient world, where it was cultivated in scribal circles and directed towards young men who would take up careers in high officialdom and royal courts; there is strong evidence that some of these books, or at least sayings and teachings, were translated into Hebrew and influenced the Book of Proverbs, and the author of Ecclesiastes was probably familiar with examples from Egypt and Mesopotamia.[19] He may also have been influenced by Greek philosophy, specifically the schools of Stoicism, which held that all things are fated, and Epicureanism, which held that happiness was best pursued through the quiet cultivation of life's simpler pleasures.[20]

text: Canonicity[edit]

text: The presence of Ecclesiastes in the Bible is something of a puzzle, as the common themes of the Hebrew canon—a God who reveals and redeems, who elects and cares for a chosen people—are absent from it, which suggests that Kohelet had lost his faith in his old age. Understanding the book was a topic of the earliest recorded discussions (the hypothetical Council of Jamnia in the 1st century CE). One argument advanced then was that the name of Solomon carried enough authority to ensure its inclusion, but other works which appeared with Solomon's name were excluded despite being more orthodox than Ecclesiastes.[21] Another was that the words of the epilogue, in which the reader is told to fear God and keep his commands, made it orthodox; but all later attempts to find anything in the rest of the book which would reflect this orthodoxy have failed. A modern suggestion treats the book as a dialogue in which different statements belong to different voices, with Kohelet himself answering and refuting unorthodox opinions, but there are no explicit markers for this in the book, as there are, for example in the Book of Job. Yet another suggestion is that Ecclesiastes is simply the most extreme example of a tradition of skepticism, but none of the proposed examples match Ecclesiastes for a sustained denial of faith and doubt in the goodness of God. "In short, we do not know why or how this book found its way into such esteemed company," summarizes Martin A. Shields in his 2006 book The End of Wisdom: A Reappraisal of the Historical and Canonical Function of Ecclesiastes[22]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Scholars disagree about the themes of Ecclesiastes. Is it positive and life-affirming, or deeply pessimistic?[23] Is Kohelet coherent or incoherent, insightful or confused, orthodox or heterodox? Is the ultimate message of the book to copy Kohelet, the wise man, or to avoid his errors?[24] At times Kohelet raises deep questions; he "doubted every aspect of religion, from the very ideal of righteousness, to the by now traditional idea of divine justice for individuals."[25] Some passages of Ecclesiastes seem to contradict other portions of the Old Testament, and even itself.[23] One suggestion for resolving the contradictions is to read the book as the record of Kohelet's quest for knowledge: opposing judgments (e.g., "the dead are better off than the living" (4:2) vs. "a living dog is better off than a dead lion" (9:4)) are therefore provisional, and it is only at the conclusion that the verdict is delivered (11–12:7). On this reading, Kohelet's sayings are goads, designed to provoke dialogue and reflection in his readers, rather than to reach premature and self-assured conclusions.[26]

text: The subjects of Ecclesiastes are the pain and frustration engendered by observing and meditating on the distortions and inequities pervading the world, the uselessness of human deeds, and the limitations of wisdom and righteousness. The phrase "under the sun" appears thirty times in connection with these observations; all this coexists with a firm belief in God, whose power, justice and unpredictability are sovereign.[27] History and nature move in cycles, so that all events are predetermined and unchangeable, and life has no meaning or purpose: the wise man and the man who does not study wisdom will both die and be forgotten: man should be reverent ("Fear God"), but in this life it is best to simply enjoy God's gifts.[20]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: In Judaism, Ecclesiastes is read either on Shemini Atzeret (by Yemenites, Italians, some Sepharadim, and the mediaeval French Jewish rite) or on the Shabbat of the Intermediate Days of Sukkot (by Ashkenazim). If there is no Intermediate Sabbath of Sukkot, even the Ashkenazim read it on Shemini Atzeret (or, for Ashkenazim in the Land of Israel, on the first Shabbat of Sukkot). It is read on Sukkot as a reminder to not get too caught up in the festivities of the holiday, as well as to carry over the happiness of Sukkot to the rest of the year by telling the listeners that, without God, life is meaningless. When the listeners take this to heart, then true happiness can be achieved throughout the year.

text: The final poem of Kohelet (Ecclesiastes 12:1–8) has been interpreted in the Targum, Talmud and Midrash, and by the rabbis Rashi, Rashbam and ibn Ezra, as an allegory of old age.

text: Catholicism[edit]

text: Ecclesiastes has been cited in the writings of past and current Catholic Church leaders. For example, doctors of the Church have cited Ecclesiastes. St. Augustine of Hippo cited Ecclesiastes in Book XX of City of God.[28] Saint Jerome wrote a commentary on Ecclesiastes.[29] St. Thomas Aquinas cited Ecclesiastes ("The number of fools is infinite.") in his Summa Theologica.[30]

text: The book continues to be cited by recent popes, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis. Pope John Paul II, in his general audience of October 20, 2004, called the author of Ecclesiastes "an ancient biblical sage" whose description of death "makes frantic clinging to earthly things completely pointless."[31] Pope Francis cited Ecclesiastes on his address on September 9, 2014. Speaking of vain people, he said, "How many Christians live for appearances? Their life seems like a soap bubble."[32]

text: Influence on Western literature[edit]

text: Ecclesiastes has had a deep influence on Western literature. It contains several phrases that have resonated in British and American culture, such as "eat, drink and be merry," "nothing new under the sun," "a time to be born and a time to die," and "vanity of vanities; all is vanity."[33] Abraham Lincoln quoted Ecclesiastes 1:4 in his address to the reconvening Congress on December 1, 1862, during the darkest hours of the American Civil War: "'One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever.'...Our strife pertains to ourselves—to the passing generations of men; and it can without convulsion be hushed forever with the passing of one generation."[34] American novelist Thomas Wolfe wrote: "[O]f all I have ever seen or learned, that book seems to me the noblest, the wisest, and the most powerful expression of man's life upon this earth—and also the highest flower of poetry, eloquence, and truth. I am not given to dogmatic judgments in the matter of literary creation, but if I had to make one I could say that Ecclesiastes is the greatest single piece of writing I have ever known, and the wisdom expressed in it the most lasting and profound."[1]

text: The opening of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 59 references Ecclesiastes 1:9–10.

text: Leo Tolstoy's Confession describes how the reading of Ecclesiastes affected his life.

text: Robert Burns' "Address to the Unco Guid" begins with a verse appeal to Ecclesiastes 7:16.

text: The title of Ernest Hemingway's first novel The Sun Also Rises was taken from Ecclesiastes 1:5.

text: The title of Edith Wharton’s novel House of Mirth was taken from Ecclesiastes 7:4 ("The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth.").

text: The title of Laura Lippman's novel, Every Secret Thing, and of its film adaptation, come from Ecclesiastes 12:14, ("For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil.")

text: The main character in George Bernard Shaw's novel The Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for God[35] meets Koheleth "known to many as Ecclesiastes".

text: The title and theme of George R. Stewart's post-apocalyptic novel Earth Abides is from Ecclesiastes 1:4.

text: In the dystopian novel "Fahrenheit 451," Ray Bradbury's main character, Montag, memorizes much of Ecclesiastes and Revelation in a world where books are forbidden and burned.

text: Pete Seeger's cautionary song "Turn! Turn! Turn!" takes many of its lyrics from the Book of Ecclesiastes.


document_title: Gho

question_text: gho is the national dress in which country

text: Gho

text: The gho or g'ô (Dzongkha: བགོ, IPA: [ɡ̊hoː˨])[1] is the traditional and national dress for men in Bhutan. Introduced in the 17th century by Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, to give the Ngalop people a more distinctive identity, it is a knee-length robe tied at the waist by a cloth belt known as the kera (སྐེད་རགས་).[2][3][4] On festive occasions, it is worn with a kabney.

text: The government of Bhutan requires all men to wear the gho if they work in a government office or school. Men are also required to wear the gho on formal occasions. In its modern form, the law dates from 1989, but the driglam namzha dress code is much older.


document_title: If It Isn't Love

question_text: if it isn't love new edition story

question_tokens: if it is n 't love new edition story

text: If It Isn't Love

text: Overview[edit]

text: Written and produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, the song spoke of a man who left a troubling relationship because he didn't want to fall in love, only to find out that he was in fact in love with his former girlfriend but is still in a dilemma over it: if it isn't love/why do I feel this way/why does she stay on my mind? The song has a memorable breakdown similar to that of The Jackson 5, where lead singer Ralph Tresvant admits that he made a mistake and he realizes he does love her, though his resolve is crushed as his band mates then retort: You love her, what?! Though he is optimistic that he will get her back.

text: Release and reaction[edit]

text: This song returned New Edition to the top ten of both the pop and R&B singles charts, peaking at number seven and two, respectively. Ironically, they would be held off from the top spot of the Hot Black Singles chart by the same person that was voted out of the group just two years prior, Bobby Brown with his #8 pop hit "Don't Be Cruel". The music video for the song showcased the group (and longtime manager Brooke Payne) going over rehearsal for a concert, which has the band gearing up to hit the stage. The video ended with the group running towards the stage, and transitioned them into their next music video; a concert performance for the follow-up single, "You're Not My Kind of Girl."

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
If It Isn't Love (12" Club Mix) - (7:42)
If It Isn't Love (Instrumental) - (5:10)
If It Isn't Love (Low Key Mix) - (4:30)

text: Trivia[edit]

text:
Beyoncé's video for her single "Love on Top" was inspired by the music video for "If It Isn't Love"
Brooke Payne appears as the group's choreographer in the video.
Sampled on rap group Kidz In The Hall 2008 release song "Whattup Wit Me".
Sampled by Trick Daddy on his song "Ain't a Thug" from his album Thug Matrimony: Married to the Streets.
Sung by Romeo, Bullethead and their singing group for a talent show on an episode of The Steve Harvey Show.
Sampled by Sevyn Streeter on her song "Fallen" (featuring Ty Dolla $ign and Cam Wallace) from her debut studio album Girl Disrupted.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Ronnie DeVoe: background vocals
Ricky Bell: background vocals
Michael Bivins: background vocals
Ralph Tresvant: lead vocals & background vocals
Johnny Gill: background vocals.


document_title: Charmed (season 4)

question_text: what episode of charmed does phoebe get pregnant

text: Charmed (season 4)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell
Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews
Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell
Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt
Julian McMahon as Cole Turner[a]
Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris[b]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell
James Read as Victor Bennett
Finola Hughes as Patty Halliwell
Krista Allen as The Source's Oracle
Ben Guillory and Peter Woodward as The Source of All Evil
Jesse Woodrow as Glen Balland
Debbi Morgan as The Seer
Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman
Tony Amendola and Michael Des Barres as Dark Priest
Deborah Keller as Julie

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jordan Bridges as Shane
James Hong as Zen Master
Daniel Dae Kim as Yen Lo
Robert Englund as Gammill
Charlie Weber as The Prince
Bethany Joy Lenz as Lady Julia
Alex Breckenridge as Michelle Miglis
Patrick Fischler as Foreman
Cleo King as Tanya
Ray Wise as Ludlow
Frances Bay as Old Phoebe Halliwell
Coolio as Lazarus Demon
Costas Mandylor as Rick Lang
Louis Mandylor as Nathan Lang
Armin Shimerman as Wizard
Jaime Gomez as Greg Conroy
Carel Struycken as The Tall Man
Dakin Matthews as Angel of Destiny
Bruce Campbell as Agent Jackman

text: Special musical guests[edit]

text:
Dave Navarro
Rebekah Ryan

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67

68
1

2
"Charmed Again"
Michael Schultz
Brad Kern
October 4, 2001 (2001-10-04)
4301801
6.0[1]

Leo was able to save Piper, but was unable to heal Prue. Piper and Phoebe must now deal with the loss of their oldest sister, and the loss of the Power of Three. However, The Source discovers an unknown sister named Paige Matthews, the daughter of Patty and her Whitelighter, Sam, who had been kept hidden. Paige, the now-youngest Halliwell can restore the Power of Three and reunite the sisters' strength as witches.

Piper and Phoebe must find Paige to destroy the demon Shax and to stop The Source from getting to her first, allowing them to become once again the Charmed Ones and re-constituting the Power of Three.

69
3
"Hell Hath No Fury"
Chris Long
Krista Vernoff
October 11, 2001 (2001-10-11)
4301069
5.0[2]

Paige takes the Book of Shadows into her work to cast spells which help her co-workers. Meanwhile, Piper, who is filled with anger over the death of Prue and the recent actions of Paige, is turned into a member of a supernatural band of vigilantes known as the Furies.

70
4
"Enter the Demon"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Daniel Cerone
October 18, 2001 (2001-10-18)
4301071
5.7[3]

Paige makes a major blunder when carelessly mixing potions for Piper while secretly wishing she could be in Phoebe's shoes training for combat, and ends up switching bodies with Phoebe. While the two sisters try to reverse the spell and struggle to harness each other's powers, they must battle a Zen Master's powerful disciple who has turned evil against his mentor and opened up a portal between two worlds.

71
5
"Size Matters"
Noel Nosseck
Nell Scovell
October 25, 2001 (2001-10-25)
4301070
5.3[4]

Phoebe and Piper do not take Paige seriously when she has a weird feeling about a creepy old house, landing Phoebe in the clutches of a hideous demon named Gammill (Robert Englund) and shrunk to a powerless five inches tall. When Paige and Piper also walk into the demon's trap, his collection is complete.

72
6
"A Knight to Remember"
David Straiton
Alison Schapker & Monica Breen
November 1, 2001 (2001-11-01)
4301072
4.7[5]

Paige's favorite (self-made) childhood fairy tale—which she could never remember being able to recall parts of—suddenly becomes real, bringing her face-to-face with her past life as an Evil Enchantress from Medieval times and into the arms of a knight in shining armor. Phoebe and Piper go back in time to vanquish the Evil Enchantress and end up trapped in the Dark Ages, leaving Paige and Leo to rescue them. At the same time, Piper and Phoebe have to periodically fight an electrical demon who is plaguing them, but they need a Power of Three spell to vanquish it. Piper and Phoebe put forward the idea to Paige that she should move into the manor with them.

73
7
"Brain Drain"
John Behring
Curtis Kheel
November 8, 2001 (2001-11-08)
4301073
4.7[6]

The Source sends Piper into a deep coma, where she perceives an alternate reality thanks to a demon named Alastair. Phoebe and Paige must find a way to return her to reality and save her from giving up their powers while she is delusional.

74
8
"Black as Cole"
Les Landau
Abbey Campbell, Brad Kern & Nell Scovell
November 15, 2001 (2001-11-15)
4301074
5.1[7]

In the midst of mulling over his marriage proposal, Phoebe comes face-to-face with Cole's demonic past when a widow tracks him down seeking vengeance for her husband's murder. Meanwhile, Paige encourages Piper and Leo to test their readiness to become parents.

75
9
"Muse to My Ears"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Krista Vernoff
December 13, 2001 (2001-12-13)
4301075
4.5[8]

Phoebe, Paige, and Piper must stop warlocks who are enslaving the world's muses to use their divine creative inspiration for evil. In the midst of the assault, Cole becomes testy about Phoebe's rebuffing his marriage proposal and is concerned that without his demonic powers he can no longer protect the love of his life.

76
10
"A Paige from the Past"
James L. Conway
Daniel Cerone
January 17, 2002 (2002-01-17)
4301076
3.4[9]

With Leo as her guide, Paige goes back in time to her teenage years, in an attempt to resolve her feelings about the accident that killed her parents. Meanwhile, Piper must prevent ghosts, who have inhabited Phoebe's and Cole's bodies, from fulfilling their mission.

77
11
"Trial by Magic"
Chip Scott Laughlin
Michael Gleason
January 24, 2002 (2002-01-24)
4301077
4.1[10]

While serving on jury for a murder trial, Phoebe has a premonition that reveals the defendant is innocent despite the overwhelming evidence against him. As she desperately stalls in the jury room, Piper, Paige, and Leo frantically try to discover the real killer in time to free the wrongly accused man.

78
12
"Lost and Bound"
Noel Nosseck
Nell Scovell
January 31, 2002 (2002-01-31)
4301078
3.9[11]

When Paige discovers that an 11-year-old runaway named Tyler is a Firestarter Witch, she whisks him to the manor for safekeeping, but soon discovers that his foster parents are demonic bounty hunters who are trying to take him to a Demon Academy where he will become a bodyguard for The Source. Meanwhile, Phoebe is given Grams' wedding ring by Cole, but to their surprise the ring has been cursed to transform the wearer into a traditional 1950s suburban housewife.

79
13
"Charmed and Dangerous"
Jon Pare
Alison Schapker & Monica Breen
February 7, 2002 (2002-02-07)
943A55
4.7[12]

The Source breaks an age-old agreement between good and evil by stealing The Hollow, an ancient vapor which he uses to absorb Piper and Paige's powers. Meanwhile, Phoebe must allow Cole to help them, despite her having a premonition involving Cole sacrificing his life to save her from evil, but there may be more to the premonition that Phoebe cannot see.

80
14
"The Three Faces of Phoebe"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Curtis Kheel
February 14, 2002 (2002-02-14)
4301080
4.7[13]

Phoebe develops a case of cold feet over marrying Cole and casts a spell which brings a young innocent Phoebe and an old cynical Phoebe to the Manor to help her make a decision. Meanwhile, while Cole is horrified to find that The Source is now taking over his entire being, The Source's chief rival, who believes that he is dead, is convinced by the Seer to kill the Charmed Ones in order to earn the allegiance of the entire Underworld.

81
15
"Marry-Go-Round"
Chris Long
Daniel Cerone
March 14, 2002 (2002-03-14)
4301081
4.5[14]

As Phoebe prepares for her wedding day, she is completely unaware that The Source has taken over Cole's body. Meanwhile, when the Seer tells Cole that if he can marry Phoebe in a "dark way", it will insure that their future son will be the most powerful, evil being ever.

82
16
"The Fifth Halliwheel"
David Straiton
Krista Vernoff
March 21, 2002 (2002-03-21)
4301082
4.8[15]

Paige, who feels like a fifth wheel among her happily married sisters and their husbands, becomes firmly convinced that Cole is still evil. Cole, the new Source, and the Seer secretly plot to impregnate Phoebe. Meanwhile, the sisters try to save a columnist as Cole tries to get Paige out of the way through his demonic contacts in The Underworld.

83
17
"Saving Private Leo"
John Behring
Daniel Cerone & Doug E. Jones
March 28, 2002 (2002-03-28)
4301083
3.9[16]

When two ghosts from Leo's past return to seek revenge, Leo faces his demons by submitting, causing Piper's life to be threatened, and leaving Paige to deal with the situation. Meanwhile, Cole tries to convince Phoebe they need a home of their own.

84
18
"Bite Me"
John T. Kretchmer
Curtis Kheel
April 18, 2002 (2002-04-18)
4301084
3.6[17]

A Vampire Queen tries to dethrone Cole as ruler of The Underworld and attempts to turn Paige against her sisters by turning her into a vampire. Meanwhile, Phoebe begins to feel under the weather and gets surprising news.

85
19
"We're Off to See the Wizard"
Timothy Lonsdale
Alison Schapker & Monica Breen
April 25, 2002 (2002-04-25)
4301085
4.2[18]

Phoebe tells Piper and Paige that she is pregnant, and that Cole is the father. Meanwhile, Piper and Paige team up with a wizard to stop the coronation of the new Source, unaware that it is Cole and Phoebe is soon to be his Queen of the Underworld.

86
20
"Long Live the Queen"
Jon Paré
Krista Vernoff
May 2, 2002 (2002-05-02)
4301086
4.7[19]

Phoebe accepts her new role in Cole's life, but she still sets out to save an innocent after she has a premonition and even seeks her sisters' help in protecting the man. Meanwhile, Piper's heart doesn't seem to be in it as she prepares to defend her family against any new threats from The Underworld.

87
21
"Womb Raider"
Mel Damski
Daniel Cerone
May 9, 2002 (2002-05-09)
4301087
5.0[20]

The Seer plans to steal Phoebe's unborn baby so she can raise the child to become the next Source and prevent the throne from passing on to another demon. Meanwhile, the baby begins to take over control of Phoebe's body, which proves dangerous to Paige.

88
22
"Witch Way Now?"
Brad Kern
Brad Kern
May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
4301088
5.2[21]

When the Angel of Destiny offers the sisters a chance to relinquish their powers and lead normal lives as a reward for vanquishing the Source of All Evil, their decision is put on the back burner. The sisters try to avoid an FBI agent who has them under surveillance, while also dealing with Cole's calls for help, who is trapped in another realm, holding onto his love for Phoebe. Meanwhile, Piper finds out that she is pregnant.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ McMahon is only credited for the episodes he appears in.
Jump up ^ Gregory is only credited for the episodes he appears in.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The fourth was a complete season review of season four, in which Gavin comments that the season was certainly different to season four with the introduction of Paige following Prue's death.[22] He said that Paige's introduction "made sense", and that "the pace goes a little quick here." He concludes that it is one of the good seasons of the show, and especially complimented Rose McGowan's portrayal of Paige.


document_title: Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited

question_text: where is india's modernised currency notes press situated

question_tokens: where is india 's modernised currency notes press situated

text: Units[edit]

text: Presses[edit]

text: SPMCIL comprises four presses: Currency Note Press (CNP)Nashik, Bank Note Press (BNP) Dewas, India Security Press Nashik, and Security Printing Press Hyderabad.[3] CNP was established in 1928 as the first printing press for bank notes in India.[4] Both CNP, located in Nashik, Maharashtra, and BNP, located in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, print the Indian currency notes. They are currently responsible for the printing of the new 500 rupee notes following the demonetisation of the old 500 rupee and 1000 rupee note. Currency is also printed by the two presses of Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. They are currently responsible for the printing of the new 2000 rupee notes, and speculations suggest that the printing of the 500 rupee notes will also shift to these presses for better speed and fewer errors.[5] BNP also has an ink factory that produces ink for security printing.[6] India Security Press, located in Nashik, and Security Printing Press, located in Hyderabad, produce travel documents, postage stamps, and other government-related documents.[3][7]

text: Mints[edit]

text: SPMCIL comprises four mints: India Government Mint, Mumbai, India Government Mint, Kolkata, India Government Mint, Hyderabad, and India Government Mint, Noida.[3] These mints produce coins, and medals and awards, as required by the Government of India.[8]

text: Paper mill[edit]

text: Security Paper Mill was established in 1968 at Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. It produces papers for banknotes and non–judicial stamps and further prints with new enhanced unit.[9] Bank note paper mill India private limited prints paper for Indian currency and located in Mysore.


document_title: Big Four (banking)

question_text: who owns the big 4 banks in australia

question_tokens: who owns the big 4 banks in australia

text: Big Four (banking)

text: International use[edit]

text: Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[1]

text:
The Federal Reserve
 The Bank of England[2]
 The Bank of Japan
 The European Central Bank

text: Australia/New Zealand[edit]

text: In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks[3] by market share, who between them hold 80% of the home loan markets in the country. In 2012, their combined total asset is A$2.66 trillion, which is about 200% of Australian GDP in 2011. In order of total assets, these are:

text:
National Australia Bank (NAB)
Commonwealth Bank (CBA) (was owned by Australian Government until 1996[4])
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ)
Westpac (WBC)

text: A longstanding policy of the federal government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the "four pillars policy". The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St.George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".

text: Being New Zealand's closest neighbour, with very close ties culturally and economically, has helped Australia dominate the banking sector there. Often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[5][6][7] or the 'big Aussie banks', the "Big Four" Australian banks also dominate the New Zealand banking sector in the form of:

text:
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, or ANZ, also comprising the former business of The National Bank.
ASB Bank, formerly Auckland Savings Bank, wholly owned by the Commonwealth Bank
The Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), wholly owned by the National Australia Bank
Westpac, formerly known as WestpacTrust after a merger with the Trust Bank.

text: Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand [8] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[9]

text: These four subsidiaries are massively profitable and in some cases even outperform the Australian parent company.[10] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[5] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[11] NZ$73.5 million,[12] NZ$14 million[13] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[14] In other words, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.

text: Austria[edit]

text: The "Big Four" banks of Austria are [15]:

text:
Erste Bank / Sparkasse* (credit unions)
UniCredit Bank Austria (formerly Creditanstalt)
Raiffeisen Bankengruppe*
Österreichische Postsparkasse

text: *separate legal entities operating under a common brand

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The "Big Four" banks of Belgium are a result of national- and international mergers in the early 90s.

text:
Belfius, government owned bank
BNP Paribas Fortis, subsidiary of BNP Paribas
ING Bank, subsidiary of the ING Group
KBC Bank, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the French Community of Belgium and KBC Brussels brand in the Brussels-Capital Region

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the "big four", according to Exame Magazine [16] in 2016:

text:
Name
Description
Year
Net Assets

Itaú Unibanco
Largest Private bank
2017
US$ 452.6 billion

Banco do Brasil
Largest State Owned Bank
2017
US$ 430.2 billion

Caixa Econômica Federal
State Owned Bank
2017
US$ 406.0 billion

Banco Bradesco
Private Bank
2017
US$ 391.6 billion

text: Canada[edit]

text: There are five banks dominating the Canadian banking world, hence the "Big Five" is used instead of "Big Four". The operation of Canadian banks include retail banking, mutual funds, insurance, credit cards, and brokerage activities. In addition, they have significant international operations in the form of subsidiaries (i.e. CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank, and TD Bank, N.A.). The Canadian banking operations of the Big Five are largely conducted out of each parent company, unlike U.S. banks that use a holding company structure to hold their primary retail banking subsidiaries. The Big Five include:

text:
Royal Bank of Canada (RBC)
Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD)
Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank)
Bank of Montreal (BMO)
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)

text: China[edit]

text: During the 1920s, the term "Big Four" applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e. the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[17] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. These were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.

text: By 1949, the Big Four banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned banks. These four, together with Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, Central Cooperative Treasury of China, were called the "Four Banks, Two Bureaus, One Treasury" or "四行两局一库".[18]

text: In the People's Republic of China, the Big Four state-owned commercial banks ("四大国有商业银行") are:

text:
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Bank of China
China Construction Bank
Agricultural Bank of China

text: and have been described as such in the Western press.[19] All four are state-controlled banks with commercial banking operations.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia, the ten biggest banking service networks are:[20][21]

text:
Name
Description
Year
Net Assets

Banco de Bogotá
Largest Private Bank
2017
COP 3.6 trillions

Bancolombia
Largest Private Bank
2017
COP 2.6 trillions

Banco Davivienda
Largest Private Bank
2017
COP 1,204 trillions

Banco de Occidente Credencial
Private Bank
2017
COP 932.827 billions

BBVA Colombia
Private Bank
2017
COP 346.333 billions

Banco Agrario de Colombia
State owned Bank
2017
COP 339.410 billions

Banco Colpatria
Private Bank
2017
COP 253.572 billion

Banco Caja Social
Private Bank
2017
COP 238.116 billions

Citibank Colombia
Private Bank
2017
COP 172.051 billions

Banco Popular
Private Bank
2017
COP 156.033 billions

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In Czech Republic, according to R. Pazderník,[22] the "big four" are:

text:
Česká spořitelna, subsidiary of Erste Group
Československá obchodní banka, subsidiary of KBC Bank
Komerční banka, subsidiary of Société Générale (formerly Státní banka československá, or State Bank of Czechoslovakia)
Investiční a poštovní banka.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The biggest banks in Finland are:

text: Osuuspankki (fully Finnish), Nordea (predominantly Swedish), Danske Bank, the fourth place is a tie between Aktia, S-pankki and Ålandsbanken.

text: Finland does not follow the Big 4 model so much as a model of 3 Major + 3 minor.

text: France[edit]

text:
BNP Paribas
Crédit Agricole
Société Générale
BPCE

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, after a series of mergers and acquisitions following the Greek government-debt crisis, the sector has concentrated with the below four banks controlling more than 90% of the market.

text:
National Bank of Greece
Piraeus Bank
Alpha Bank
Eurobank Ergasias

text: In 2013 the National Bank of Greece attempted to acquire Eurobank Ergasias but later the plan was abandoned.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text:
The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Hang Seng Bank
Standard Chartered Hong Kong

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
OTP Bank
UniCredit
K&H Bank
Raiffeisen Bank (Hungary)

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the largest four banks are:

text:
HDFC Bank[23]
State Bank of India
ICICI Bank
Bank of Baroda

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[24][25] These all operate in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and have a wider international presence; these banks also issue banknotes in Northern Ireland.[26][27]

text:
Bank of Ireland
Allied Irish Banks (operates as First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland)[28]
Danske Bank (also operates as Danske Bank in Northern Ireland[29]) - Irish Branch of Danske Bank A/S since 2007.
Ulster Bank - Subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group since 2000/2001

text: Ever since Danske Bank has phased out its personal banking services, it has been suggested that either KBC Ireland or Permanent TSB could replace, in the medium-term, Danske Bank in the "Big Four" ranking.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2017, the four largest banks by total assets are:

text:
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
Banco BPM
Intesa Sanpaolo
UniCredit

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the "big four"[30] are:

text:
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
Mizuho Financial Group
Japan Post Bank

text: However, a widely cited grouping is the three "megabanks," which include only the first three listed above.[31]

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[32]

text:
Audi Saradar Bank (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)

text: Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the middle east, the fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: The big four full-service in Luxembourg are:[33]

text:
Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (Spuerkeess), state owned bank
Banque Internationale à Luxembourg,
BGL BNP Paribas
ING Luxembourg

text: There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[34]

text:
ING Group
Rabobank
ABN AMRO
de Volksbank, state owned banking arm of SNS Reaal

text: The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the largest multinational banking and financial service corporations in the world, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[35]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[36]

text:
Zenith Bank
First Bank of Nigeria
Guaranty Trust Bank
Access Bank
United Bank for Africa (UBA)

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The "top five" banks of Pakistan are:[37]

text:
Habib Bank
MCB Bank Limited
National Bank of Pakistan
United Bank
Allied Bank Limited

text: Philippines[edit]

text: There are four banks that have at least ₱1 trillion (around US$20 billion) worth of assets as of 2017, making them the "big four" banks by default:[38]

text:
Banco de Oro
Metrobank
Land Bank of the Philippines
Bank of the Philippine Islands

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, the "big four" are:[39]

text:
Banco Comercial Português
Banco Português de Investimento
Caixa Geral de Depósitos (state-owned)
Novo Banco (former Banco Espírito Santo)

text: Romania[edit]

text:
Banca Comercială Română (of the Erste Group)
BRD – Groupe Société Générale
Banca Transilvania
Raiffeisen Bank

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The term 'Big Three' is used instead of four. 'Big Four' was previously used before Overseas Union Bank was acquired by United Overseas Bank. The 'Big Three' are:

text:
DBS Bank
OCBC Bank
United Overseas Bank

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, the "big five" are:[40]

text:
Standard Bank (Not at all related to Standard Chartered Bank)
FirstRand Bank (operators of First National Bank)
Nedbank - owned by Old Mutual.
Barclays Africa Group Limited trading as ABSA (also capitalised as Absa)- majority owned by Barclays since 2005; remainder owned by the public.
Capitec Bank by 1 August 2017 businesstech.co.za said Capitec is now the second biggest bank in South Africa.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, the term "Big Five", is used as opposed to four. The "big five" are:[citation needed]

text:
KB Kookmin Bank
Nonghyup Bank
Shinhan Bank
Woori Bank
Hana Bank

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, the "big four" are, as of March 2017:[41]

text:
Santander
BBVA (Bank of Bilbao and Biscay)
Caixabank (Bank of Barcelona and Seville)
Bankia (Bank of Madrid and Valencia)

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the "big four" are:[42]

text:
Nordea Bank AB
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB
Svenska Handelsbanken AB
Swedbank AB

text: Taiwan[edit]

text:
Bank of Taiwan
Taiwan Cooperative Bank
Land Bank of Taiwan
Mega International Commercial Bank

text: The "Big Five" also includes:

text: First Commercial Bank (zh) or CTBC Bank

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system were controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.

text:
The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in 1888 (Now HSBC)
The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China in 1894 (Now Standard Chartered Bank Thailand)
Banque de l'Indochine in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole)
Mercantile Bank of India in 1923 (Now Citibank Thailand, a subsidiary of Citigroup)

text: in 2014, the "big four" Bank [43] Together they hold over 66% of gross loans and controlling more than 67% of total assets in banking system [44]

text:
Bangkok Bank
Siam Commercial Bank
Krung Thai Bank
Kasikornbank

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In relation to the United Kingdom (England and Wales), the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest UK-based banking groups, being:

text:
Barclays;
HSBC;
Lloyds Banking Group; and
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group.[45][46]

text: Until 1970, the phrase "big five banks" was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:

text:
Barclays Bank (now part of Barclays);
Midland Bank (now HSBC Bank and part of HSBC);
Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
National Provincial Bank and
Westminster Bank

text: After the merger of Westminster Bank and National Provincial Bank to form NatWest (now part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group) in 1970, the term "big four" was used.

text: In Scotland the "big four" are:

text:
The Royal Bank of Scotland ("RBS") (part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group);
Bank of Scotland (part of Lloyds Banking Group);
Clydesdale Bank (part of CYBG plc); and
Trustee Savings Bank ("TSB") (now part of TSB ).[47]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the "big four" banks hold 39% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2015), and consist of:[48][49]

text:
Bank of America (headquartered and bank chartered in Charlotte, North Carolina)
Citigroup (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
JPMorgan Chase (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Columbus, Ohio)
Wells Fargo (headquartered in San Francisco, California, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

text: From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bancorp (headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota/bank charter Cincinnati, Ohio) and PNC Financial Services (headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania/bank charter Wilmington, Delaware) both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[50] However, Citibank still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC.[51]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: In Vietnam, the "big four" banks by total assets are four commercial banks:

text:
Agribank
BIDV
VietinBank
Vietcombank