document_title: Natural resources of India

question_text: india has the largest deposit of which mineral

text: Natural resources of India

text: General[edit]

text: The total cultivable area in India is 1,945,355  km² (56.78% of its total land area), which is shrinking due to population pressures and rapid urbanisation. India has a total water surface area of 360,400 km²[1][2]

text: India produces 4 fuels, 11 metallic, 52 non-metallic and 22 minor minerals.[3] India's major mineral resources include Coal (4th largest reserves in the world), Iron ore, Manganese ore (7th largest reserve in the world as in 2013),[4] Mica, Bauxite (5th largest reserve in the world as in 2013),[5] Chromite, Natural gas, Diamonds, Limestone and Thorium (world's largest along coast of Kerala[6] shores). India's oil reserves, found in Bombay High off the coast of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and in eastern Assam meet 25% of the country's demand.[7][8]

text: A national level agency National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) was established in 1983 for integrated natural resources management in the country. It is supported by Planning Commission (India) and Department of Space.[9]

text: Biotic resources[edit]

text: Biotic resources are obtained from the living and organic material. These include forest products, wildlife, crops and other living organisms. Most of these resources are renewable because they can regenerate themselves. Fossil fuels are considered as biotic because they are formed from decayed organic matter. Fossil fuels are non-renewable.[10]

text: Forestry[edit]

text: India's land area includes regions with high rainfall to dry deserts, Coast line to Alpine regions. Around 21 percent of the total geographical area consists of Forests. Due to variations in climatic conditions and differences in altitude, different types of Forest are present in India including Tropical, Swamps, Mangrove and Alpine. Variety of forest vegetation is large. Forests are the main source of firewood, Paper, Spices, Drugs, Herbs, Gums and more. Forests contribute significant amount to nation's GDP.[11]

text: Fish[edit]

text: India has a long history in fishing and aquaculture. India has rich marine and inland water resources. It has an 8129 km long coastline. Inland fishery is carried out in Rivers, Reservoirs and Lakes. In Indian rivers more than 400 species of fish are found and many species are economically important. Shrimps, Sardines, Mackerels, Carangid, Croakers and other varieties are available. Major Fish species available are Carp, Catfish, Murrel and Weed fish.[12] India is one of the major marine fish producer. In 2012-2013, 9 Lakh tonnes of Marine products was exported.[13]

text: Coal[edit]

text: Coal mining in India started in 1774 through East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar River in the Indian State of West Bengal . Growth of the Indian coal mining started when steam locomotives were introduced in 1853. Production increased to Million tonnes. Production reached 30 million tonnes in 1946. After Independence, National Coal Development Corporation was set up and colleries were owned by Railways. India consumes coal mainly for Power sector. Other industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical and paper rely coal for energy requirements.[14]

text: Oil[edit]

text: India had about 750 Million metric tonne of proven oil reserves as April 2014 or 5.62 billion barrels as per EIA estimate for 2009,[15] which is the second-largest amount in the Asia-Pacific region behind China.[16] Most of India's crude oil reserves are located in the western coast (Mumbai High) and in the northeastern parts of the country, although considerable undeveloped reserves are also located in the offshore Bay of Bengal and in the state of Rajasthan. The combination of rising oil consumption and fairly unwavering production levels leaves India highly dependent on imports to meet the consumption needs. In 2010, India produced an average of about 33.69 million metric tonne of crude oil as on April 2010[17] or 877 thousand barrels per day as per EIA estimate of 2009.[15] During 2006, India consumed an estimated 2.63 Mbbl/d (418,000 m3/d) of oil.[18] The EIA estimates that India registered oil demand growth of 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m3/d) during 2006. As of 2013 India Produces 30% of India's resources mostly in Rajasthan.[18]

text: India's oil sector is dominated by state-owned enterprises, although the government has taken steps in past recent years to deregulate the hydrocarbons industry and support greater foreign involvement. India's state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation is the largest oil company. ONGC is the leading player in India's upstream sector, accounting for roughly 75% of the country's oil output during 2006, as per Indian government estimates.[16] As a net importer of all oil, the Indian Government has introduced policies aimed at growing domestic oil production and oil exploration activities. As part of the effort, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas crafted the New Exploration License Policy (NELP) in 2000, which permits foreign companies to hold 100% equity possession in oil and natural gas projects.[16] However, to date, only a handful of oil fields are controlled by foreign firms. India's downstream sector is also dominated by state-owned entities, though private companies have enlarged their market share in past recent years.

text: Natural gas[edit]

text: As per the Ministry of petroleum, Government of India, India has 1,437 billion cubic metres (50.7×10^12 cu ft) of confirmed natural gas reserves as of April 2010. A huge mass of India's natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, particularly the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam,tripura, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas. As per EIA data, India produced 996 billion cubic feet (2.82×1010 m3) of natural gas in 2004.[19] India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed about 1,089×10^9 cu ft (3.08×1010 m3) of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93×10^9 cu ft (2.6×109 m3) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar.[19]

text: As in the oil sector, India's state-owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production. ONGC and Oil India Ltd. (OIL) are the leading companies with respect to production volume, while some foreign companies take part in upstream developments in joint-ventures and production sharing contracts. Reliance Industries, a privately owned Indian company, will also have a bigger role in the natural gas sector as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin.[19] The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) holds an effective control on natural gas transmission and allocation activities. In December 2006, the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors, private domestic companies, and Government oil companies to hold up to 100% equity stakes in pipeline projects. While GAIL's domination in natural gas transmission and allocation is not ensured by statute, it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure.[19]

text: Abiotic resources[edit]

text: Abiotic resources are obtained from the non-living and non-organic material. Some of the resources like Water and Air are Renewable. Other resources like Minerals are Non-renewable and exhaustible because they cannot be regenerated.[10] Minerals have many categories like Metallic, Non-Metallic and Minor minerals.

text: Metallic minerals[edit]

text: Metallic minerals are the minerals which contain one or more metallic elements. They occur in rare, naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits. Metallic minerals available from India are Zinc, Iron ore, Manganese ore, Gold, Bauxite, Silver, Lead, Tin, Copper and Chromite.[20]

text: Copper[edit]

text: Copper has been used since ancient times. Details of Copper mining and metallurgy are available in ancient works like Arthashastra. Copper is mainly used in Industrial applications, Electrical/Electronic equipments and Consumer products such as utensils. Major resources of Copper are available at Rajasthan, Madhya pradesh and Jharkhand. As on 2010, India had 1.56 billion tonnes of Copper ore.[21] India is one of the 20 major Copper producers. In 2008, India produced 7,10,000 tonnes of copper.[22] Hindustan Copper Limited, a public sector company is the only producer of primary refined copper. Post-pillar method and Blast hole stoping method are used for Mining. Some of the domestic demand is met through scrap recycling. In India, Copper scrap is recycled through Direct melting, which is a hazardous process.[21]

text: Zinc[edit]

text: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal. It is also a fair conductor of electricity. References to medicinal uses of zinc are present in the Charaka Samhita. Ancient Zinc smelting technique was found at a zinc production site in Zawar, Rajasthan. Zinc is recovered from a number of different zinc ores. The types of zinc ores include sulfide, carbonate, silicate and oxide.[23] It is used in corrosive resistant coating for Iron and Steel. Also used in Automotive, Electrical and Machinery industries. India is the World's fourth largest Zinc reserve as in 2013.[24] Hindustan Zinc Limited is the main producer of Zinc in India. Most of the resources are available in Rajasthan. Minor amount of resources are available in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra states.[23]

text: Iron ore[edit]

text: India is the World's third biggest exporter of Iron ore as in 2013.[5] As on 2010, India had 27 billion tonnes or resource (including Hematite and Magnetite). Major amount of Hematite is found in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa .Minor amount of Hematite is found in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Major amount of Magnetite is found in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Minor amount of Magnetite is found in Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Mining is done by opencast method. Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of Pig iron, Sponge iron and Steel. It is also used in coal washeries, cement and glass industries.[25] The public sector companies like National Mineral Development Corporation and Steel Authority of India contribute to 25% of the total production. Private companies including Tata Steel provides major contribution.[26]

text: Chromite[edit]

text: It is an oxide of Chromium and Iron. It is the only commercial source of Chromium. As on 2010, India had 200 million tonnes of resource. Major amount of resources are available from Orissa (Cuttack and Jajpur districts). Minor amount of resources are available from Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.[27] In 2009-2010, India produced 3.41 million tonnes and ranked second in world production.[28] It is mostly mined by opencast method. Chromium provides additional strength to the alloys and it is resistant to corrosion. So it is mainly used in Metallurgical applications. It can withstand sudden temperature changes makes it use in Refractories. It is also used in Chemical applications.[27]

text: Non-metallic minerals[edit]

text: Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting. They are generally associated with sedimentary rocks. Non-Metallic minerals available from India are Phosphorite, Dolomite, Gypsum, Garnet, Wollastonite, Vermiculite, Ochre, Perlite, Bentonite, Asbestos, Cadmium, Felspar, Soapstone, Kaolin, Sillimanite, Limestone, Diatomite, Pyrophyllite, Fluorite, Vanadium, Dunite, Ilmenite, Gallium and Zircon[29]

text: Garnet group[edit]

text: It is a group of complex silicate minerals and has similar chemical compositions. There are three groups of garnet - Aluminum-garnet group, Chromium-garnet group, and Iron-garnet group. The minerals in Aluminium-garnet group are Almandine, Grossularite, Pyrope, and Spessartine. The mineral in Iron-garnet group is Andradite. The mineral in Chromium-garnet group is Uvarovite. Garnet group minerals occur in different rock types.[30] It is a hard substance. It is resistant to chemical exposure. Used as a semi-precious stone and also in Abrasives, Sand blasting, Water filtration materials and Water jet cutting. Garnets are available in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. It is also found in beach sands of Kerala, Orissa and Tamil Nadu states.[31] In 2007-08, India produced 8,73,000 tonnes.[32]

text: Wollastonite[edit]

text: It is a meta-silicate of Calcium. It is mostly white in color and occurs as bladed or needle like crystals. As on 2010, India had 16 million tonnes of resource. Most of the deposits are available in Rajasthan (Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi and Udaipur districts). Minor amount of deposits are found in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.[33] It is mainly used in Ceramic industries and Metallurgical applications. It is also used as a filler in Wall tiles, Paint, Rubber and Plastic. India is one of the largest reserves. In 2010, India produced 1,45,000 tons.[34] It is mined by opencast method. It is also used as a substitute for short-fibre asbestos in brake-linings. Central Building Research Institute has found that Wollastonite can be used as substitute for chrysotile asbestos in cement products.[33]

text: Sillimanite group[edit]

text: It is a group of metamorphic minerals - Sillimanite, Kyanite and Andalusite. These are polymorphs of Alumino-Silicate. These are formed under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The three minerals are calcined to form Mullite. Mainly used as refractory materials.[35] As on 2010, India had 66 million tonnes of Sillimanite, 100 million tonnes of Kyanite and 18 million tonnes of Andalusite as resource. Most of the resources are found in Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Assam. Minor amount of resources are found in Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Granular Sillimanite is available in beach sands of South India. Sillimanite refractory bricks are used in Steel, Glass and Petrochemical industries.[36] In 2004, India produced 14,500 tonnes of Sillimanite and 6200 tonnes of Kyanite.[35]

text: Ilmenite[edit]

text: It is a compound of Iron and Titanium. It will be iron-black or Steel-gray in color. It is non-toxic material and used in biomedical substances. Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology has developed an Environment friendly technology for processing Ilmenite.[37] It is also used in production of Titanium dioxide pigment. It is available in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Orissa. Mining is done at locations Chavara, Chatrapur, Aluva and Manavalakurichi by Indian Rare Earths limited.[38] As on 2013, India has 21% of the world's reserves and constitutes 6% of the world's production.[39]

text: Pyrophyllite[edit]

text: It is a hydrous Alumino-silicate. It is chemically inert, has high melting point and low electrical conductivity. It is used in Refractories, Foundry dressings, Pesticides, Ceramics and Rubber. It is available as Hydrothermal deposits.[40] Physical and Optical properties of Pyrophyllite is similar to Talc. It is also used in Electrical insulators, Sanitary-ware and in Glass industry. As on 2010, India had 56 million tonnes of resource. Most of the resources are found in Madhya pradesh (Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and Shivpuri districts). Remaining resources are found in Orissa, Uttar pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In 2010, India produced 1.5 million tonnes.[41]

text: Minor minerals[edit]

text: Minor minerals available are building stone, brick earth, quartzite, marble, granite, gravel, clay and sand. These are mainly used in building constructions.[20] Environmental impact of mining these minerals was significant over a period of time even the area was small. Impacts were Increasing water scarcity, damage to river beds and adverse effects on biodiversity. So from 2012 onwards, mining of these minerals are to be done after clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (India). [42]

text: Marble[edit]

text: Marble is a metamorphosed limestone formed by re-crystallization. It is available in different colours and textures. Marble deposits are available in many states of India.[43] It has been used in India for a long time. It was used in construction of Temples, Tombs and Palaces. Now it is also used for flooring in homes and offices. It is preferred for flooring because of its durability and water resistance.[44] Marbles which are economically important are available in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. As on 2010, there was 1931 million tonnes of resource, including all grades of marble. Based on the chemical composition, types of Marble available are Calcite, Dolomitic, Siliceous Limestone, Serpentine and Travertine marbles. Other than construction, it is used in Paint and Agricultural lime.[43]

text: Nuclear[edit]

text: India's proven Nuclear reserves include Uranium, Thorium.

text: Uranium[edit]

text: In Nalgonda District, the Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Reserve (the only tiger project in Telangana) has been forced to surrender over 3,000 sq. kilometres to uranium mining, following a directive from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests.[45]

text: In 2007, India was able to extract 229 tonnes of U3O8 from its soil.[46] On 19 July 2011, Indian officials announced that the Tumalapalli mine in Andhra Pradesh state of India could provide more than 170,000 tonnes of uranium, making it as the world's largest uranium mine. Production of the ore is slated to begin in 2012.[47]

text: The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently discovered that the upcoming mine in Tumalapalli has close to 49,000 tonne of uranium reserves. This could just be a shot in the arm for India's nuclear power aspirations as it is three times the original estimate of the area's deposits.[48]

text: Thorium[edit]

text: The IAEA's 2005 report estimates India's reasonably assured reserves of thorium at 319,000 tonnes, but mentions recent reports of India's reserves at 650,000 tonnes.[49] A government of India estimate, shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, puts the recoverable reserve at 846,477 tonnes.[50] The Indian Minister of State V. Narayanasamy stated that as of May 2013, the country's thorium reserves were 11.93 million tonnes (monazite, having 9-10% ThO2[51]), with a significant majority (8.59 Mt; 72%) found in the three eastern coastal states of Andhra Pradesh (3.72 Mt; 31%), Tamil Nadu (2.46 Mt; 21%) and Odisha (2.41 Mt; 20%).[52] Both the IAEA and OECD appear to conclude that India may possess the largest share of world's thorium deposits.


document_title: Nuchal scan

question_text: normal range for nuchal fold at 12 weeks

root

text: Nuchal scan

text: Indication[edit]

text: All women, whatever their age, have a small risk of delivering a baby with a physical or cognitive disability. The nuchal scan helps physicians estimate the risk of the fetus having Down syndrome or other abnormalities more accurately than by maternal age alone.

tag: p

text: Down Syndrome[edit]

text: Overall, the most common chromosomal disorder is Down syndrome (trisomy 21). The risk rises with maternal age from 1 in 1400 pregnancies below age 25, to 1 in 350 at age 35, to 1 in 100 at age 40.[3] Down syndrome is the second most common chromosomal abnormality associated with increased nuchal translucency, after Turner syndrome (45,X).[citation needed]

text: Until recently, the only reliable ways to determine if the fetus has a chromosomal abnormality was to have an invasive test such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, but such tests carry a risk of causing a miscarriage estimated variously as ranging between 1%[citation needed] or 0.06%.[4] Based on maternal age, some countries offer invasive testing to women over 35; others to the oldest 5% of pregnant women.[5] Most women, especially those with a low risk of having a child with Down syndrome, may wish to avoid the risk to the fetus and the discomfort of invasive testing. In 2011, Sequenom announced the launch of MaterniT21, a non-invasive blood test with a high level of accuracy in detecting Down syndrome (and a handful of other chromosomal abnormalities). As of 2015, there are five commercial versions of this screen (called cell-free fetal DNA screening) available in the United States.

text: Blood testing is also used to look for abnormal levels of alphafetoprotein or hormones. The results of all three factors may indicate a higher risk. If this is the case, the woman may be advised to have a more reliable screen such as cell-free fetal DNA screening or an invasive diagnostic test (such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis).

text: Screening for Down syndrome by a combination of maternal age and thickness of nuchal translucency in the fetus at 11–14 weeks of gestation was introduced in the 1990s. This method identifies about 75% of affected fetuses while screening about 5% of pregnancies. Natural fetal loss after positive diagnosis at 12 weeks is about 30%.[5]

text: Other chromosomal defects[edit]

text: Other common chromosomal defects that cause a thicker nuchal translucency are

text:
Turner syndrome
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 13
Triploidy

tag: ul

text: Other defects with normal karyotype[edit]

text: In fetuses with a normal number of chromosomes, a thicker nuchal translucency is associated with other fetal defects and genetic syndromes.[6]

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Nuchal scan (NT procedure) is performed between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, because the accuracy is best in this period. The scan is obtained with the fetus in sagittal section and a neutral position of the fetal head (neither hyperflexed nor extended, either of which can influence the nuchal translucency thickness). The fetal image is enlarged to fill 75% of the screen, and the maximum thickness is measured, from leading edge to leading edge. It is important to distinguish the nuchal lucency from the underlying amniotic membrane.[7]

text: Normal thickness depends on the crown-rump length (CRL) of the fetus. Among those fetuses whose nuchal translucency exceeds the normal values, there is a relatively high risk of significant abnormality.

text: Accuracy[edit]

text: Between 65 and 85% of trisomic fetuses will have a large nuchal thickness. Further, other, non-trisomic abnormalities may also demonstrate an enlarged nuchal transparency. This leaves the measurement of nuchal transparency as a potentially useful first trimester screening tool. Abnormal findings allow for early careful evaluation of chromosomes and possible structural defects on a targeted basis.

text: How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult. The use of a single millimeter cutoff (such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age (by approximately 15% to 20% per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks).[8] At 12 weeks of gestational age, an "average" nuchal thickness of 2.18mm has been observed; however, up to 13% of chromosomally normal fetuses present with a nuchal translucency of greater than 2.5mm. Thus for even greater accuracy of predicting risks, the outcome of the nuchal scan may be combined with the results of simultaneous maternal blood tests. In pregnancies affected by Down syndrome there is a tendency for the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to be increased and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) to be decreased.

text: The advantage of nuchal scanning over the previous use of just biochemical blood profiling is mainly the reduction in false positive rates.[9]

text: Nuchal scanning alone detects 62% of all Down syndrome (sensitivity) with a false positive rate of 5.0%; the combination with blood testing gives corresponding values of 73% and 4.7%.[10]

text: In another study values of 79.6% and 2.7% for the combined screening were then improved with the addition of second trimester ultrasound scanning to 89.7% and 4.2% respectively.[11] A further study reported detection of 88% for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and 75% for trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), with a 3.3% false-positive rate.[12] Finally, using the additional ultrasound feature of an absent nasal bone can further increase detection rates for Down syndrome to more than 95%.[13]

text: When screening is positive, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis testing is required to confirm the presence of a genetic abnormality. However this procedure carries a small risk of miscarriage so prior screening with low false positive rates are needed to minimize the chance of miscarrying.

text: Development of nuchal translucency[edit]

text: The actual anatomic structure whose fluid is seen as translucency is likely the normal skin at the back of the neck, which either may become edematous or in some cases filled with fluid by dilated lymphatic sacs due to altered normal embryological connections.[14]

text: The translucent area measured (the nuchal translucency) is only useful to measure between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, when the fetal lymphatic system is developing and the peripheral resistance of the placenta is high. After 14 weeks the lymphatic system is likely to have developed sufficiently to drain away any excess fluid, and changes to the placental circulation will result in a drop in peripheral resistance. So after this time any abnormalities causing fluid accumulation may seem to correct themselves and can thus go undetected by nuchal scanning.

text: The buildup in fluid is due to a blockage of fluid in the developing fetal lymphatic system. Progressive increase in the width of the translucent area during the 11- to 14-week measurement period is thus indicative of congenital lymphedema.[15]

text: Nuchal fold thickness[edit]

text: At the end of the second trimester, the nuchal translucency can no longer be seen and instead the nuchal fold thickness is measured between 16 and 24 weeks gestation. The fold is more focal and at the level of the posterior fossa. This measurement has a higher threshold of normal, although the implications of increased thickness are similar to those of translucency. The nuchal fold thickness is considered normal if under 5mm between 16 and 18 weeks gestation and under 6mm between 18 and 24 weeks gestation.

text: History[edit]

text: The nuchal scan first came into widespread use in 2003.[16]


document_title: Sam & Cat

question_text: who plays the red robot in sam and cat

question_tokens: who plays the red robot in sam and cat

text: Sam & Cat

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ever since Carly Shay moved to Italy with her father (in the series finale of iCarly), Sam Puckett has been touring the West Coast on her motorcycle and stops in Venice, Los Angeles. She witnesses Cat Valentine being thrown into the back of a garbage truck and rescues her. They become friends and Cat convinces her to become roommates after Cat's cheerful and supportive grandmother Nona moves to a retirement home called Elderly Acres. To make money rather than getting traditional after-school jobs, Sam and Cat form an after-school babysitting business called "Sam and Cat's Super Rockin' Funtime Babysitting Service", which leads them into a series of comical adventures. Besides Nona, other people involved in their lives are Dice, their next door neighbor who is notorious for aiding people for money, and Goomer, a dim-witted professional MMA fighter whom Dice manages.[11]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett, who is rude, aggressive, loves pranks, and hates working. After her best friend Carly Shay moved to Italy to live with her dad, Sam tours the west coast on her motorcycle until she saves Cat from a garbage truck. She becomes friends with Cat and joins her in the babysitting job they start. She secretly has a heart of gold and a soft spot for Cat, but will threaten violence on anyone who harms her friends. Sam is not afraid of anything and is handy at fighting or bossing her way out of any situation.

text: Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine, who is sweet, naive, bubbly and almost always happy. She has a playful nature, often takes things literally, and faints when she is frightened. She has a short attention span and has bright red hair dyed to resemble her favorite snack, a red velvet cupcake. Cat has been living with her grandmother Nona since her parents went away to visit her brother. She can be emotional and does not take criticism well. Despite her ditziness, she is actually very intelligent and empathetic. In the earlier parts of the show, Ariana Grande dyed her hair red when playing Cat Valentine (which she also did when playing the character on Victorious) until it was changed to her wearing a red-haired wig in later episodes.

text: Cameron Ocasio as Dice, is Sam and Cat's neighbor who lives with his mom and his weird Aunt Ferjeen (who is notorious for having "night gas"). Dice is cool, calm and collected, and he knows all the tenants and gossip. He makes extra money by wheeling and dealing, often selling unusual items like hair cuttings from celebrities (including some he obtained from Sam), hats with misspelled logos, and odd gadgets. He is a talented pitchman. Dice manages a mixed martial arts fighter named Goomer who is not bright.[12]

text: Maree Cheatham as Nona, Cat's cheerful, supportive, and independent grandmother. Fun-loving and young at heart, Nona prefers the company of people her own age. Although she is always around whenever Sam and Cat need her, she has moved out of the apartment she shared with Cat and into Elderly Acres to be nearer to her friends, allowing Sam to move in permanently. She is criticized for not being in touch with the younger generation, and tells stories which fail to interest them.[13]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Zoran Korach as Goomer, a professional mixed martial artist who trains at Punchy's Gym. He is 27 years old but has the mental ability of someone much younger. He is very dim-witted and easily confused. Despite his childish nature, he is very good at fighting. Dice took over his management after his original manager claimed Goomer was "too stupid to manage".
Griffin Kane and Emily Skinner as Max and Chloe, a brother and sister who, alongside their baby brother Darby, were among the less rambunctious kids babysat by Nona; Sam and Cat babysit them now. They appear in episodes "#Pilot","#NewGoat", and "#PeezyB".
Sophia Grace Brownlee & Rosie McClelland as Gwen and Ruby, British girls whom Sam and Cat babysit in the episode "#TheBritBrats". At first they seem polite, but later they behave quite rudely. They are experienced con artists who bilk Dice out of $500 and Cat out of her bicycle. In a loose parody of The Sting, Sam concocts a rigged bingo game to trick the British brats into surrendering Dice's money and Cat's bike.[14][15] They also were in "#RevengeOfTheBritBrats" where they return and drive a wedge between Sam and Cat. This plan failed when Sam and Cat caught onto their plans.[16]
Dan Schneider as the voice of Tandy, a red robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waiter.
Lisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle, a blue female robot that works at the restaurant "Bots" as a waitress.
Nick Gore as Randy, a kid who appeared numerous times in the show and is constantly introducing himself. Randy was originally supposed to appear in one episode, but the creator of the show, Dan Schneider, found him funny so he became a recurring character.[17]
Ronnie Clark as Herb, a man who pretends to be homeless, but he is in fact rich and owns a condo.
Cyrus Arnold as BJ Malloy, a boy who loves to eat eggs and call Dice "Diceberg", because it rhymes with "iceberg" and this attitude stresses Dice. He considers Dice as his friend.
Steve Lewis as Brody, a spear fisherman that always boasts his job and is often seen with a speargun in his hand.
Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish, a clerk at the Handy Quick who enjoys taking selfies and grooming himself.

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz, Cat's acting teacher at Hollywood Arts, an eccentric aging hippie who occasionally doesn't wear shoes. His teaching methods are often unconventional, such as when he throws a ball at Cat while she is performing, but they are sometimes effective.[18]  He is a recurring character in Victorious and appeared in "#MommaGoomer".
Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams as Sylvia Burke and Janice Dobbins, the original creators of the puppet show Salmon Cat, a TV show from the 1970s. Marshall and Williams are famous for playing Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney, respectively, on Laverne & Shirley.[19]
Kel Mitchell, as Peezy B, a huge rap star who has rejected Cat's music video audition.[20]
Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen, a college student previously seen in Zoey 101 who is injured during a bicycle incident and loses one of her shoes, which Cat finds, leading her to find the second shoe.
Scott Baio as Officer Kelvin, a police officer who arrests Sam and Cat for "stealing money" from an ATM at the Handy Quick when Yokvish catches on to Cat's activity.
Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West, Cat's friend from Hollywood Arts. She is mean, aggressive, violent, and often offends Cat. She befriends Sam when they discover that they have a lot in common.
Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson, Sam's friend from Seattle and ex-boyfriend. He likes technological stuff, and served as technical producer of the iCarly web show on iCarly. Cat brings him to her house in order to flirt with him at the time when Sam was hanging out with Jade.
Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro, Cat's friend and love interest. He is a nerd who carries a puppet named Rex (who he makes speak as a ventriloquist). He kissed Cat in one of the final episodes of Victorious. When Cat hits on Freddie out of jealousy of Sam's friendship with Jade, Robbie is brought in by Jade so that Sam can hit on him.
Michael Eric Reid as himself, he plays Sinjin Van Cleef in Victorious. Michael appears in "#BlooperEpisode" and tells Zoran Korach that he knows what it's like to be left out for not being a main character.
Danielle Morrow as Nora Dershlit, an old enemy of Carly, Sam, and Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," her pet chicken Maurice helps Nora escape from the prison somewhere near Seattle so that she can exact her revenge.
Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman, an old enemy of Carly, Sam, and Freddie. In "#SuperPsycho," Nevel is seen in a Peter Sinai hospital for the very sick upon contracting Porcupox (a disease which somehow comes from a porcupine). Sam and Cat visit him in order to get advice on how to find Nora Dershlit.
Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson, a friend of Carly, Sam, and Freddie. After he is visited by Nora during his date with a girl at a movie theater, Gibby tips off Sam that Nora has escaped from prison.
Jessica Chaffin as Coco Wexler, a character from Zoey 101 whom Sam and Cat meet at the airport. Coco was once married to Carl, then they divorced. Coco is devastated when Carl proposes to her mother.
Josh Server as Agent Partridge, an airport agent who interrogates Dice and Goomer after they are mistaken for a terrorist plot.

text: Production[edit]

text: In August 2012, Nickelodeon announced that Dan Schneider, the creator of iCarly and Victorious, would be making a spin-off of both shows called Sam & Cat, and ordered the pilot episode.[11] The series was then picked up for 20 episodes in November, with the premiere planned for 2013. Production began in January 2013,[21] and on June 8, 2013, Sam & Cat premiered in the United States. Several weeks later, on July 11, Nickelodeon doubled the season one order of 20 episodes, to 40.[1] Filming was scheduled to resume in early September 2013 to finish the second half of the first season.[1]

text: Schneider originally aimed for a March 23, 2013, premiere of Sam & Cat, following the Kids' Choice Awards;[22] however, Nickelodeon intended for the show to make its debut in the fall.[23] On April 18, 2013, the show's two stars Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande, via Twitter, announced its premiere was set for June.[24]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On April 2, 2014, Nickelodeon announced the series would be on hiatus.[25] Although they insisted the series was not cancelled, many speculated that it was. This was due to a rumored dispute between McCurdy and the network, Grande's rising musical career, and both actresses' desires to move on to other projects. On July 13, 2014, it was announced that the last episode would be "#GettinWiggy," which aired four days later.[6]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In March 2014, Jennette McCurdy became the subject of scandal after the leak of photographs revealing McCurdy in various states of undress. Her absence was noted at the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, where Sam & Cat won "Favorite Show" and Ariana Grande won "Favorite Actress." McCurdy claimed that Nickelodeon was treating her unfairly and that was the sole purpose for her failure to attend the awards.[26] On April 2, 2014, despite reports of a second season and with four episodes yet to be produced, Nickelodeon abruptly put the series on hiatus. Rumors were that McCurdy and Grande were having problems with the network over their salaries, with McCurdy accusing Nickelodeon of paying Grande more money. Grande later took to social media to deny the allegations.[27] However, they only stated that the hiatus was planned and said the series was not canceled.[28] However, three months later on July 13, 2014, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been canceled.[6]

text: For months in between, rumors of a feud between Grande and McCurdy ran high, and still do after the series' cancellation.[29] However, McCurdy stated in a 2015 interview with E! Online: "I just feel that Ariana and I were and are extremely close and extremely like-minded in a lot of different ways, and then sort of as the show dissolved everybody wanted to find some sort of hidden meaning in our relationship and some like drama, and I think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way. Like she knows me so well and I know her so well that I think it was unfortunate that things got misconstrued."[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The pilot episode debuted on Nickelodeon June 8, 2013, to an audience of 4.2 million viewers.[31] The second episode, one week later, drew 2.6 million viewers.[32] The most watched episode is "#TheKillerTunaJump: #Freddie #Jade #Robbie," which aired January 18, 2014, to 4.8 million viewers;[33] the second most watched episode is the pilot (4.2 million), while the least watched is "#SecretSafe" (2.0 million, on October 5, 2013).[34] In the United Kingdom the series premiere delivered 340,000 viewers, the most for that week. The Halloween episode premiere on October 26, 2013, brought 210,000 viewers staying in the same place.[35]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series airs on Nickelodeon worldwide. It premiered in Canada on August 12, 2013, on YTV and on September 7, 2013, on the original channel.[36] The show previewed on September 1, 2013, and premiered on October 14, 2013, in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[37] It previewed on September 30, 2013, and premiered on October 7, 2013, and October 11, 2013, in New Zealand[38][39] and Australia,[40][41] respectively. In Southeast Asia it started airing on October 19, 2013.[42]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2014
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Sam & Cat
Won
[43]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Comedy TV Show
Sam & Cat
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
International Program Favorite
Sam & Cat
Won
[44]

tag: table

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD release dates for Sam & Cat

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Sam & Cat[45]
2013
TBA
TBA

Sam & Cat: The Complete Series[46]
October 8, 2015
TBA
TBA
35
Manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R


document_title: Love Island (series 2)

question_text: what episode did alex bowen come in on love island

text: Love Island (series 2)

text: Production[edit]

text: On Valentine's Day, 14 February 2016, it was confirmed that Love Island would return for a second series due to air later in the year.[9] On 18 May 2016 it was confirmed that the series would begin on 30 May 2016,[1] but had scrapped the live eliminations.[10] A one-minute trailer for the series aired on 23 May 2016.[11] Pictures of the villa were unveiled on 28 May 2016.[12] The villa is located in Mallorca with 69 cameras watching the Islanders' every move. It only includes double beds forcing them to share with each other, but has a special Hideaway bedroom for couples to spend the night away from the others.

text: Islanders[edit]

text: The Islanders for the second series were revealed on 24 May 2016, just a week before the launch.[13] However, throughout the series, more Islanders entered the villa to find love. Some Islanders were dumped from the island for either failing to couple up, some were voted off by their fellow Islanders, and others for receiving the least votes in public eliminations. The series was won by Cara and Nathan on 11 July 2016 having received 54% of the vote.[14]

text:
Islander

Age

Hometown

Entered

Status

Ref

Cara De La Hoyde

26

Kent

Day 1

Winner (Day 45)

[15]

Nathan Massey

25

Essex

Day 1

Winner (Day 45)

[16]

Alex Bowen

24

Birmingham

Day 18

Runner-up (Day 45)

[17]

Olivia Buckland

22

Essex

Day 1

Runner-up (Day 45)

[18]

Kady McDermott

20

Stevenage

Day 3

Third place (Day 45)

[19]

Scott Thomas

28

Manchester

Day 1

Third place (Day 45)

[20]

Adam Maxted

24

Belfast

Day 11

Fourth place (Day 45)

[21]

Katie Salmon

20

The Wirral

Day 34

Fourth place (Day 45)

[22]

Emma Jane Woodham

19

Oxford

Day 27

Dumped (Day 41)

[23]

Terry Walsh

28

Surrey

Day 3

Dumped (Day 41)

[24]

Adam Jukes

23

Manchester

Day 34

Dumped (Day 41)

[25]

Lauren Whiteside

25

Blackpool

Day 37

Dumped (Day 41)

[26]

Tina Stinnes

21

London

Day 20

Dumped (Day 40)

[27]

Sophie Gradon

30

Newcastle

Day 1

Walked (Day 39)

[28]

Troy Frith

23

Kent

Day 30

Dumped (Day 37)

[29]

Tom Powell

24

Port Talbot

Day 1

Dumped (Day 33)

[30]

Liana Isadora Van Riel

20

Exeter

Day 20

Dumped (Day 33)

[27]

Oliver Maxwell Fernandez

25

Hertfordshire

Day 30

Dumped (Day 31)

[29]

Malin Andersson

23

Milton Keynes

Day 1

Dumped (Day 25)

[31]

Zara Holland

20

Hull

Day 1

Walked (Day 22)

[32]

James Khan

20

Teddington

Day 18

Dumped (Day 20)

[33]

Rykard Jenkins

25

Kent

Day 1

Walked (Day 15)

[34]

Daniel Lukakis

23

London

Day 1

Dumped (Day 15)

[35]

Rachel Fenton

23

Hampshire

Day 7

Dumped (Day 15)

[36]

Malia Arkian

26

Manchester

Day 7

Removed (Day 7)

[37]

Javi Shephard

27

York

Day 1

Dumped (Day 6)

[38]

text: Coupling[edit]

text: The couples were chosen shortly after the contestants entered the villa. After all of the girls entered, the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with.[39] Sophie was paired with Tom, Cara with Nathan, Malin and Rykard paired up, Zara and Scott coupled up, whilst Olivia paired up with Daniel and Javi remained single.[40] However, throughout the series the couples swapped and changed.

text:
Day 1

Day 6

Day 13

Day 20

Day 32

Day 37

Day 40

Final

Cara

Nathan

Nathan

Nathan

Nathan

Nathan

Nathan

Nathan

Winner (Day 45)

Nathan

Cara

Cara

Cara

Cara

Cara

Cara

Cara

Winner (Day 45)

Alex

Not in Villa

Olivia

Olivia

Olivia

Olivia

Runner-up (Day 45)

Olivia

Daniel

Rykard

Adam M

Alex

Alex

Alex

Alex

Runner-up (Day 45)

Kady

Not in Villa

Scott

Scott

Scott

Scott

Scott

Scott

Third place (Day 45)

Scott

Zara

Kady

Kady

Kady

Kady

Kady

Kady

Third place (Day 45)

Adam M

Not in Villa

Olivia

Zara

Liana

Tina

Katie

Fourth place (Day 45)

Katie

Not in Villa

Sophie

Adam M

Fourth place (Day 45)

Emma

Not in Villa

Terry

Terry

Terry

Dumped (Day 41)

Terry

Not in Villa

Malin

Malin

Malin

Emma

Emma

Emma

Dumped (Day 41)

Adam J

Not in Villa

Lauren

Lauren

Dumped (Day 41)

Lauren

Not in Villa

Adam J

Adam J

Dumped (Day 41)

Tina

Not in Villa

Troy

Adam M

Dumped (Day 40)

Sophie

Tom

Tom

Tom

Tom

Tom

Katie

Walked (Day 39)

Troy

Not in Villa

Tina

Dumped (Day 37)

Tom

Sophie

Sophie

Sophie

Sophie

Sophie

Dumped (Day 33)

Liana

Not in Villa

Adam M

Dumped (Day 33)

Oliver

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 31)

Malin

Rykard

Terry

Terry

Terry

Dumped (Day 25)

Zara

Scott

Daniel

Daniel

Adam M

Walked (Day 22)

James

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 20)

Rykard

Malin

Olivia

Rachel

Walked (Day 15)

Daniel

Olivia

Zara

Zara

Dumped (Day 15)

Rachel

Not in Villa

Rykard

Dumped (Day 15)

Malia

Not in Villa

Removed (Day 7)

Javi

N/A

Dumped (Day 6)

Notes

none

1

none

2

none

3

4

none

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^Note 1 : As new arrivals, Kady and Terry could not couple up with each other.
^Note 2 : On Day 21, new Islanders Liana and Tina were asked to put two couples on a break and separate them for the night. They chose Alex and Olivia, and Kady and Scott. As a result, Scott became coupled up with Tina for the night, and Liana was coupled with Alex.
^Note 3 : On Day 37, due to Sophie and Katie coupling up, this left two single boys Adam J and Troy. Lauren then entered the villa to choose which one to couple up with and which to dump from the island.
^Note 4 : As Adam J and Lauren were already immune, they were automatically coupled up.

text: Weekly summary[edit]

text: The main events in the Love Island villa are summarised in the table below.

text:
Week 1

Entrances

On Day 1, Cara, Daniel, Javi, Malin, Nathan, Olivia, Rykard, Scott, Sophie, Tom and Zara entered the villa.[41]
On Day 3, Kady and Terry entered the villa.[42]

Coupling

On Day 1, the Islanders coupled up for the first time. After all of the girls entered, the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with. Sophie was paired with Tom, Cara with Nathan, Malin and Rykard paired up, Zara and Scott coupled up, whilst Olivia paired up with Daniel and Javi remained single.[43]
On Day 6, the Islanders re-coupled. This time it was the girls who had to pick a boy to pair up with. Cara and Nathan, and Sophie and Tom were the only couples to remain together, whilst Olivia picked Rykard, Kady went with Scott, Malin chose Terry, and Zara coupled up with Daniel. As Javi remained single he was dumped from the island.[44]

Challenges

On Day 2, the boys went up against the girls in a game of Beer pong with a twist. A secret about an Islander was in each cup, and if the ball landed in the cup, the Islander who threw the ball would have to guess who the secret is about. To lock in their answer they had to kiss that chosen Islander.[45]
On Day 6, the boys competed in "Love Island's Strongest Man", where they took part in a number of physical activities in order to prove their strength. At the end of the competition Daniel was announced as the winner.

Dates

On Day 3, Cara and Nathan left the villa to go on their first date.
On Day 4, Javi was asked to choose one of the girls to go on a date with him. He chose Kady.
On Day 5, Terry had to choose two girls to cook him dinner then date separately. He chose Malin and Olivia, whilst Kady had to choose two boys to do the same. She chose Daniel and Scott.[46]

Exits

On Day 6, Javi was eliminated after failing to couple up.[47]

Week 2

Entrances

On Day 7, Malia and Rachel entered the villa.[48]
On Day 11, Adam M entered the villa.[49]

Coupling

On Day 13, the Islanders re-coupled once again. They were told that whoever new Islander Adam M coupled up with would be safe from the next elimination. Nathan and Cara, Scott and Kady, Terry and Malin, Tom and Sophie, Zara and Daniel remained coupled together, whilst Rykard picked Rachel, and Adam M chose Olivia.[50]

Challenges

On Day 7, Tom and Sophie hosted "A Trifling Matter" where the other couples competed to pass trifle ingredients from one bowl to another by passing with their mouths only. Olivia and Rykard won this challenge.
On Day 9, the boys competed against each other to sweat the most after doing physical exercise, then place their sweaty clothes into a bag. The girls then had to judge the scent of the boys without knowing which bag belonged to who, and then choose the most attractive scent. As most of the girls chose Rykard, he won the challenge.
On Day 11, Rachel hosted as the Islanders took part in "Size Matters" where the girls had to use clay to make models of their partner's penis. The boys then had to make models of their own penis. The couple with the most similar models won the challenge. This was Tom and Sophie.

Dates

On Day 7, Scott left the villa to go on a date with new Islander Malia, whilst Daniel left to date new Islander Rachel.[48]
On Day 9, Daniel and Zara left the villa to go on a date feeding ostriches.
On Day 9, after winning a challenge, Rykard chose to spend the night with Rachel in the Hideaway.
On Day 10, the girls speed dated four potential new Islanders.[51]
On Day 12, as the new Islander, Adam M was given the opportunity to take three girls out of the villa and date them separately. He chose Olivia, Sophie and Zara.[52]

Exits

On Day 7, Malia was removed from the villa following an altercation with Kady.[53]

Week 3

Entrances

On Day 18, Alex and James entered the villa.[54]
On Day 20, Liana and Tina entered the villa.[55]

Coupling

On Day 20, the Islanders re-coupled again, where the girls chose the boy they wanted to be in a couple with. Cara and Nathan, Kady and Scott, Malin and Terry, and Sophie and Tom remained together, whilst Zara chose Adam M, and Olivia picked Alex. As James remained single, he was dumped from the island.[56]

Challenges

On Day 16, the Islanders had to do dares that they randomly picked from a cup.
On Day 17, the Islanders were tested on how well they knew their other half. As the only single girl, Zara hosted the quiz. Tom and Sophie were announced as the winners of this challenge, and were rewarded with a video call home.[57]
On Day 18, Alex and James rated the other Islanders from most to least in a number of categories. The Islanders had to guess what Alex and James voted.[58]
On Day 19, the girls went head-to-head against each other in a pool of gunge. To win the game they had to be the first one to take the socks from their opponent. As Olivia was the fastest winner, she won the challenge overall.

Dates

On Day 17, the public voted Malin and Terry to go on a date.
On Day 18, the public voted Zara to date one of the new Islanders. She then chose Alex to spend the night in the Hideaway with her.[59]
On Day 19, new Islanders Alex and James were asked to choose one girl each to take on a date. Alex chose Olivia, and James chose Kady.[60]

Exits

On Day 15, after receiving the least amount of public votes, Daniel and Zara, and Rykard and Rachel were in danger of leaving. The remaining couples had to choose one member of each couple to dump from the island. They chose Daniel and Rachel.[61]
On Day 15, following Rachel's elimination, Rykard decided to leave the villa.[62]
On Day 20, James was eliminated after failing to couple up.[56]

Week 4

Entrances

On Day 27, Emma entered the villa.[63]

Coupling

On Day 21, Liana and Tina were asked to put two coupled on a break, and couple up with that boy for the night. Liana chose Alex and Olivia, whilst Tina chose Scott and Kady.[64]

Challenges

On Day 21, new Islanders Liana and Tina were asked to put two couples on a break and separate them for the night. They chose Alex and Olivia, and Kady and Scott. As a result, Scott became coupled up with Tina for the night, and Liana was coupled with Alex.
On Day 24, the boys had to revise on a subject to do with love, with the girls testing them afterwards. Scott was the winner of the quiz, and was rewarded with a video call home.[65]
On Day 24, the girls took part in a "Miss Love Island 2016" competition where they each had to show off their talents. The boys chose Sophie as the winner.
On Day 25, the Islanders were given quotes which had been said about them in the villa. The Islanders had to throw a mug of cold tea over the Islander they thought said the quote.
On Day 26, the boys each had to complete an undercover assignment without the girls knowing. They completed their missions and were rewarded with a football and goal posts.
On Day 27, the girls had to attempt to raise their partners heart rate. The girl who raised their boy's heart rate the most would win the challenge. Scott and Kady were the winners.

Dates

On Day 23, Tom and Sophie left the villa to go on a date.
On Day 23, Cara and Nathan spent the night in the Hideaway following a date.
On Day 27, Scott and Kady left the villa to go on a shopping date to buy food to cook for their fellow Islanders that night.
On Day 27, Adam M and Terry went on a date with new Islander Emma before she entered the villa.

Exits

On Day 22, Zara decided to leave the villa due to a family emergency.[4]
On Day 25, the public voted for their favourite girl in the villa. As Malin received the fewest votes, she was eliminated.[66]

Week 5

Entrances

On Day 30, Oliver and Troy entered the villa, but were instantly told that only one of them would be staying.[67]
On Day 34, Adam J and Katie entered the villa after being chosen by the other Islanders.[68]

Coupling

On Day 32, the Islanders re-coupled again, where the boys chose which girls they'd like to couple up with. They were told that Troy and the girl he chose would be immune from the next dumping. Cara and Nathan, Alex and Olivia, Scott and Kady and Sophie and Tom decided to remain together, whilst Terry chose to couple up with Emma, Adam M picked Liana, and Troy chose Tina.[69]

Challenges

On Day 30, the Islanders were all blindfolded and had to find their partner. During the task, Oliver and Troy entered the villa to join in.
On Day 32, the girls had to build some flat pack furniture. However it was the boys who had the instructions. The girls had to phone their partner who would explain how to build it over the phone. As Emma and Sophie ditched the boys and built it themselves, they won champagne.
On Day 34, potential new Islanders entered the villa and were put through a number of tests by the original Islanders. The boys chose Katie to stay, whilst the girls chose Adam J to stay.[70]

Dates

On Day 29, as a new Islander, Emma was asked to choose one boy to go on a date with. She chose Terry.
On Day 30, as new Islanders, Oliver and Troy were able to take three girls on a date. Oliver chose Kady, Sophie and Tina, whilst Troy chose Liana, Tina and Kady.
On Day 31, for Nathan's birthday, he left the villa to go on a date with Cara.
On Day 32, Troy and Tina left the villa to go on a date.[71]

Exits

On Day 31, the girls were asked to choose one of the new Islanders; Oliver and Troy to be dumped from the island. They chose to eliminate Oliver.[72]
On Day 33, Liana and Tom were dumped from the island following the Islander's decision to vote for Tom and Sophie, and Adam M and Liana as the weakest couples. The public then voted to save one Islander from each couple. They saved Sophie and Adam M leaving Liana and Tom eliminated.[73]

Week 6

Entrances

On Day 37, Lauren entered the villa.

Coupling

On Day 37, the Islanders re-coupled once again, where the girls had to choose who they wanted to couple up with. Nathan and Cara, Terry and Emma, Scott and Kady, and Alex and Olivia all remained with each other, whilst Tina chose to be with Adam M, and Katie decided to couple up with Sophie. This left Adam J and Troy single. Lauren then entered the villa and was asked to couple up with one of the single boys. She chose Adam J, which caused Troy to be dumped from the island.
On Day 40, due to Sophie's exit from the villa, the Islanders re-coupled for the final time. As Lauren and Adam J were already immune, they were automatically coupled up. Cara and Nathan, Scott and Kady, Terry and Emma, Alex and Olivia all remained together, whilst Adam M chose Katie. This left Tina single who was therefore dumped from the island.[74]

Challenges

On Day 36, the couples took part in a quiz hosted by Adam J and Katie. The answers to the questions were either A, B or C and the Islanders had swim to the correct answer in order to score a point. Alex and Olivia were the winners of the quiz.
On Day 38, the Islanders were shown a number of tweets from viewers. They had to then guess who each tweet was about by finding the answer in a pool.
On Day 39, the couples were given a dog for the day to look after.[75]
On Day 40, the boys took a lie detector test with the girls asking the questions.[76]
On Day 40 and 41, the couples had their parenting skills tested by looking after dolls.

Dates

On Day 35, as new Islanders, Adam J and Katie were asked to choose three other Islanders to take on dates. Adam J chose Sophie, Olivia and Tina, whilst Katie chose Alex, Adam M and Sophie.
On Day 37, Scott and Terry left the villa to go on a mates date. They were then interrupted by Malin who returned to confront Terry.[77]
On Day 37, having failed to couple up, Adam J and Troy were given a final opportunity to save themselves by dating new Islander Lauren. She then chose which of the two should remain in the villa.
On Day 40, Adam M and Katie left the villa to go on a date.
On Day 41, as a reward for winning the parenting challenge, Cara and Nathan left the villa to go on a date.

Exits

On Day 37, Troy was eliminated after failing to couple up.
On Day 39, Sophie decided to leave the villa.[5]
On Day 40, Tina was eliminated after failing to couple up.[74]
On Day 41, Adam J and Lauren, and Emma and Terry were eliminated after receiving the fewest public votes to save.[78]

Week 7

Entrances

On Day 42, the Islander's friends and family briefly entered the villa.[79]

Challenges

On Day 44, the Islanders were told that they'd be hosting "Love Island Summer Ball". The boys had to learn how to dance to impress the girls, whilst they left the villa to go shopping for dresses.
On Day 45, as winners, Cara and Nathan were given the choice of two envelopes. One containing £50,000 and the other containing nothing. As Cara picked the one with the money in, she was given the choice to keep it for herself of split the money with Nathan. She chose to share.

Dates

On Day 43, the Islanders chose Adam M and Katie to spend the night in the Hideaway.

Exits

On Day 45, Adam M and Katie left the villa in fourth place, whilst Scott and Kady finished third. Cara and Nathan were then voted the winners, leaving Alex and Olivia as runners-up.[80]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Official ratings are taken from BARB and include ITV2 +1.[81] Because the Saturday episodes are weekly catch-up episodes rather than nightly highlights, these are not included in the overall averages.

text:
Viewers (millions)

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Sunday

1.21
1.36
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.32

Monday

1.23
1.21
1.40
1.54
1.66
1.73
1.69

Tuesday

1.16
1.13
1.36
1.58
1.66
1.80

Wednesday

1.22
1.48
1.36
1.53
1.54
1.54

Thursday

1.25
1.34
1.46
1.66
1.66
1.42

Friday

1.40
1.31
1.55
1.63
1.63
1.47

Weekly average

1.25

1.28

1.42

1.59

1.63

1.59

1.51

Running average

1.25

1.27

1.32

1.39

1.43

1.46

1.47

Series average

1.47


document_title: Gossip columnist

question_text: page six is a famous gossip colum in what us newspaper

text: Gossip columnist

text: Libel and defamation[edit]

text: While gossip columnists’ "bread and butter" is rumor, innuendo, and allegations of scandalous behavior, there is a fine line between legally acceptable spreading of rumor and the making of defamatory statements, which can provoke a lawsuit. Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations, to protect the publisher against lawsuits for defamation (libel).

text: In the United States, celebrities or public figures can sue for libel if their private lives are revealed in gossip columns and they believe that their reputation has been defamed — that is, exposed to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or pecuniary loss. Gossip columnists cannot defend against libel claims by arguing that they merely repeated, but did not originate the defaming rumor or claim; instead, a columnist must prove that the allegedly defaming statement was truthful, or that it was based on a reasonably reliable source.

text: In the mid-1960s, rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the U.S. The court ruled that libel only occurred in cases where a publication printed falsehoods about a celebrity with “reckless disregard” for the truth. A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must now prove that the paper published the falsehood with actual malice, or with deliberate knowledge that the statement was both incorrect and defamatory.

text: Moreover, the court ruled that only factual misrepresentation is libel, not expression of opinion. Thus if a gossip columnist writes that they “...think that Celebrity X is an idiot,” the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel. On the other hand, if the columnist invents an allegation that “...Celebrity X is a wife beater,” with no supporting source or evidence, the celebrity can sue for libel on the grounds that their reputation was defamed.

text: History[edit]

text: The first gossip columnist, dominating the 1930s and 40s, was Walter Winchell, who used political, entertainment, and social connections to mine information and rumors, which he then either published in his column On Broadway, or used for trade or blackmail, to accumulate more power. He became "the most feared journalist" of his era.

text: In Hollywood's "golden age" in the 1930s and 1940s, gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios, so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool. During this period, the major film studios had "stables" of contractually obligated actors, and the studios controlled nearly all aspects of the lives of their movie stars. From the 1930s through the 1950s, the two best-known - and competing - Hollywood gossip columnists were Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons.

text: Well-timed leaks about a star's purported romantic adventures helped the studios to create and sustain the public's interest in the studios' star actors. As well, the movie studios' publicity agents acted as unnamed "well-informed inside sources" who provided misinformation and rumors to counteract whispers about celebrity secrets — such as homosexuality or an out-of-wedlock child — that could have severely damaged not only the reputation of the movie star in question, but the movie star's box office viability.

text: Having fallen into ill-repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons, gossip columnists saw a comeback in the 1980s. Today, many mainstream magazines such as Time which would once have considered the idea of hiring gossip columnists to pen articles to have been beneath their stature, have sections titled "People" or "Entertainment". These mainstream gossip columns provide a light, chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous. At the other end of the journalism spectrum, there are entire publications that deal primarily in gossip, rumor, and innuendo about celebrities, such as the 'red-top' tabloids in the UK and celebrity 'tell-all' magazines.

text: Notable gossip columnists[edit]

text: Notable gossip columnists include:

text:
Cindy Adams
Jani Allan
Flo Anthony
Army Archerd
Rona Barrett
Marilyn Beck
A.J. Benza
Jamie Foster Brown
Milly Cangiano
Ted Casablanca
Janet Charlton
Claudia Cohen
Mike Connolly
Giles Coren
Ana Marie Cox
Nigel Dempster
Matt Drudge
Shirley Eder
Jinx Falkenburg
Jimmy Fidler
Luke Ford
Sheilah Graham Westbrook
Lloyd Grove
Ian Halperin
Tanya Hart
David Hartnell
Courtney Hazlett
Perez Hilton
Hedda Hopper
Arianna Huffington
Micah Jesse
Shia Kapos
Dorothy Kilgallen
Irv Kupcinet
Frances Lynn
Isabel Mallon as "Bab" (1880s–90s)
Elsa Maxwell
Florabel Muir
Susan Mulcahy
Michael Musto
Louella Parsons
Rex Reed
Will Rogers
Sidney Skolsky
Liz Smith
Adela Rogers St. Johns
Jimmy Starr
Ed Sullivan
Ian Ortega Uganda
Mike Walker
Jeannette Walls
Earl Wilson
Walter Winchell
Mila Ximénez

text: Columns not named for a columnist[edit]

text: Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist, along with the media source, include:

text:
3am — Daily Mirror, a British newspaper.
Access Hollywood — a syndicated television program[clarification needed]
Bizarre — The Sun, a London newspaper
Page Six — New York Post, a New York City newspaper
Inside New York, in New York Post, New York City newspaper
Inside the Beltway — The Washington Times, a Washington, D.C. newspaper
Off the Record — The New York Observer, a New York newspaper
Vegas Confidential — Las Vegas Review-Journal, a Las Vegas newspaper