question_text: when does a baby's lungs start functioning

question_tokens: when does a baby 's lungs start functioning

text: Adaptation to extrauterine life

text: Breathing and circulation[edit]

text: Perfusing its body by breathing independently instead of utilizing placental oxygen delivered via the umbilical cord is the first challenge of a newborn. At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with lung liquid, which is distinct from amniotic fluid.[1] When the newborn is expelled from the birth canal, its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment.[2] This triggers it to take the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery.[2] With the first breaths, there is a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in the surface area available for gas exchange. Over the next 30 seconds the pulmonary blood flow increases and is oxygenated as it flows through the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygenated blood now reaches the left atrium and ventricle, and through the descending aorta reaches the umbilical arteries. Oxygenated blood now stimulates constriction of the umbilical arteries resulting in a reduction in placental blood flow. As the pulmonary circulation increases there is an equivalent reduction in the placental blood flow which normally ceases completely after about three minutes. These two changes result in a rapid redirection of blood flow into the pulmonary vascular bed, from approximately 4% to 100% of cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary venous return results in left atrial pressure being slightly higher than right atrial pressure, which closes the foramen ovale. The flow pattern changes results in a drop in blood flow across the ductus arteriosus and the higher blood oxygen content of blood within the aorta stimulates the constriction and ultimately the closure of this fetal circulatory shunt.

text: All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern. During this transition, some types of congenital heart disease that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs.

text: It is common obstetric practice to intervene in these changes by applying a clamp to the umbilical cord, often within 20 seconds of birth, before transition has taken place. However delayed clamping (>1min) may have benefits in terms of iron status.[3]

text: Following birth, the expression and re-uptake of surfactant, which begins to be produced by the fetus at 20 weeks gestation, is accelerated. Expression of surfactant into the alveoli is necessary to prevent alveolar closure (atelectasis). At this point, rhythmic breathing movements also commence. If there are any problems with breathing, management can include stimulation, bag and mask ventilation, intubation and ventilation. Cardiorespiratory monitoring is essential to keeping track of potential problems. Pharmacological therapy such as caffeine can also be given to treat apnea in premature newborns. A positive airway pressure should be maintained, and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out.

text: Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.

text: Energy metabolism[edit]

text: Energy metabolism in the fetus must be converted from a continuous placental supply of glucose to intermittent feeding. While the fetus is dependent on maternal glucose as the main source of energy, it can use lactate, free-fatty acids, and ketone bodies under some conditions. Plasma glucose is maintained by glycogenolysis.

text: Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle begins in the late second trimester of pregnancy, and storage is completed in the third trimester. Glycogen stores are maximal at term, but even then, the fetus only has enough glycogen available to meet energy needs for 8–10 hours, which can be depleted even more quickly if demand is high. Newborns will then rely on gluconeogenesis for energy, which requires integration, and is normal at 2–4 days of life.

text: Fat stores are the largest storage source of energy. At 27 weeks gestation, only 1% of a fetus' body weight is fat. At 40 weeks, that number increases to 16%. Inadequate available glucose substrate can lead to hypoglycemia, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or other problems. Similarly, excess substrate can lead to problems, such as infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), hypothermia or neonatal sepsis.

text: Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism. For example, early feeding in the delivery room or as soon as possible may prevent hypoglycemia. If the blood glucose is still low, then an intravenous (IV) bolus of glucose may be delivered, with continuous infusion if necessary. Rarely, steroids or glucagon may have to be employed.

text: Temperature regulation[edit]

text: Newborns come from a warm environment to the cold and fluctuating temperatures of this world. They are naked, wet, and have a large surface-area-to-mass ratio, with variable amounts of insulation, limited metabolic reserves, and a decreased ability to shiver. Physiologic mechanisms for preserving core temperature include vasoconstriction (decrease blood flow to the skin), maintaining the fetal position (decrease the surface area exposed to the environment), jittery large muscle activity (generate muscular heat), and "non-shivering thermogenesis". The latter occurs in "brown fat" which is specialized adipose tissue with a high concentration of mitochondria designed to rapidly oxidize fatty acids in order to generate metabolic heat. The newborn capacity to maintain these mechanisms is limited, especially in premature infants. As such, it is not surprising that some newborns may have problems regulating their temperature. As early as the 1880s, infant incubators were used to help newborns maintain warmth, with humidified incubators being used as early as the 1930s.

text: Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5 °C), humidity, heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers while the use of skin-to-skin "kangaroo care" interventions for low-birth-weight infants have started to spread worldwide after its use as a solution in developing countries.[4]


document_title: Hank Voight

question_text: what episode does justin die in chicago pd

root

text: Hank Voight

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Hank has a son named Justin whom he bails out in "Professional Courtesy" after he crashes into a van while under the influence of alcohol. As the result of Justin's recklessness, the boy (Mike Duffy), who was in the van, is paralyzed from the waist down stopping him from playing hockey ever again. This incident marks the beginning of the tension between Hank and Lieutenant Matthew Casey (Jesse Spencer).

tag: p

text: Hank is widowed; his wife Camille died six years prior to "Now I'm God" of ovarian cancer.[5] Hank's father, Richard, was also a Chicago Police Officer.

text: While working a joint case with the NYPD Special Victims Unit, Voight and Sgt./Lt. Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) establish a bond of trust and friendship despite their differing methods.[6][7]

text: In Chicago Fire[edit]

text: This character was first seen in Chicago Fire as an antagonist. Voight's ruthless methods cause friction with Lieutenant Matthew Casey, a firefighter at the nearby Firehouse 51. Casey had arrived on the scene of a serious car crash where the driver, Voight's son Justin, had been drinking. The resulting arrest would have been a DUI with possible repercussions as the passenger in the other car had been paralyzed from the waist down.[8] Voight had tried various methods to stop Casey from filing the report against Justin. First beginning with bribery (a new television set for the CFD) and escalating to physical threats towards Casey and his then-fiance, Dr. Hallie Thomas. Voight attempted to have Casey injured or killed, but was arrested by Detective Antonio Dawson (Jon Seda) in a sting.[9] While in prison he offers Gabriela Dawson (Monica Raymund) information on who shot Antonio, who was working undercover at the time. This was in exchange for a future favour, which Dawson reluctantly accepted.[10] Internal Affairs (I.A.) later released Voight from prison and promoted him to Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit at CPD. Voight began working with Dawson and Detective Juiliet "Jules" Willhite (Melissa Sagemiller) to investigate a series of murders relating to pharmacy nurses. The case was related to a drug dealer named Thomas Cobb, whom Voight killed to protect Casey. Unfortunately, Hallie was murdered after accidentally discovering a drug operation at the hospital she worked at.[11]

text: Later in the series, he investigates a gang drive-by shooting which claimed the life of a young girl. Working alongside Dawson and Detective Erin Lindsay (Sophia Bush), Voight uses firefighter Joe Cruz's brother, Leon, who had former ties to the gang, as part of a sting. The operation ended with the successful capture of the intended gang lord, but also the deaths of two gang members.

text: In "Category 5", when he wants Casey's help with an investigation into Jack Nesbitt, he knowingly turns his offer down, hinting there is still tensions between the two from the first season. Casey eventually agrees to get some intel after he himself notices something was not right. In the season 3 finale, Gabriela discovers that Antonio has gone missing.

text: In Chicago P.D.[edit]

text: It is common knowledge in the Chicago police department that Voight is a suspected dirty cop for being associated with shady, unsavory characters in Chicago's underworld, breaking police protocol and taking bribes. It's revealed Voight has now and then outright committed and covered up crimes. However, despite his ruthlessness, his morally ambiguous and underhanded approach to police work, Voight is a veteran who is determined in getting the job done, is extremely dedicated to the victims of his cases, goes out of his way to protect and help vulnerable young people, and does have his fellow cops' and Chicago's best interests at heart. It is revealed that he is working with Internal Affairs using his dirty cop reputation as part of an operation to bring down high hitters in Chicago's crime world.

text: Prior to his arrest in 2012, Voight served in the Chicago PD's Gang Unit for almost 15 years. He has worked with Detective Alvin Olinsky (Elias Koteas), who later transferred to Intelligence, and Detective Jimmy Shi (Mark Dacascos), who now heads up a deep undercover vice squad in Chinatown.[12] It is revealed that a number of years ago, after the death of Olinsky's partner, Eddie Penland, Voight, Shi and Olinsky took the murderer, Browning, out to the docks and killed him by taking him "for a boat ride."[13]

text: Voight has a strained relationship with his son, Justin Voight. This may be due to the fact that his job in CPD was demanding and occupied most of his time. Justin acts out (usually by drinking and driving or fighting in bars) and hangs out with the wrong crowd. More recently, Justin was involved as an accessory to the murder of a rival gang member by his corrupt friend Joe Catalano. Voight learns from Antonio Justin's involvement was that of an innocent pawn and allows the case to be buried. Voight then takes Justin out and forces him to enlist in the United States Army to keep him out of trouble. Voight then kills Catalano by drowning him in the river.

text: While Voight struggles with his relationship with his own son, he has a tendency to help vulnerable young people. He took Erin Lindsay under his wing (and became her legal guardian) when she was a teenager and got her to stay away from drugs. She, in return, became his C.I. and later joined the CPD. More recently, he helped a 13-year-old boy named D'Anthony get out of the gang culture his older cousin forced him into. He later gives D'Anthony's aunt $4,000 to look after his basic needs.

text: In Season 2, Voight learns that he is going to be a grandfather when he meets Olive, who got pregnant by Justin before he enlisted. In "An Honest Woman", Voight was beaten and kidnapped, along with Olive, by two criminals, and was threatened by them to open the safe he has in his basement by killing Olive. It was revealed that earlier, she had run her mouth to an old friend of hers and confessed that Justin had told her about his father's secret stash. Then later, her friend went behind her back and betrayed her. The friend ended up telling other people about Voight's money, and one of these guys approached Olive with a knife. He cut her, but not deep enough to actually hurt the baby. Just so she knew he was prepared to cut her child out of her if she didn't help them set up Voight.

text: Hank is friends with the 21st District's Desk Sergeant Trudy Platt (Amy Morton), and has a decent working relationship with District Commander Ron Perry (Robert Ray Wisdom), who had "six hundred reasons why he didn't want [Voight] to run Intelligence, but one reason why"[14]—because he got results. However, his relationship with Cmdr. Perry's successor, Cmdr Fischer (Kevin J. O'Connor), is not nearly as amicable.

text: In "Chicago Crossover", an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, he interrupts an interrogation handled by SVU detectives Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) and Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish), to do his own way of interrogation (beating the suspect to tell what that person knows). Benson stops him and threatens to arrest him, but along the way she allows him to. During the course of the case, the two of them are able to strike up a friendship.

text: In "The Three Gs", after working on the human trafficking case, he threatens the officer that filed an official complaint against Sean Roman. He offers him to go to a dentist under his financial help or threatens to beat him up.[15]

text: In "Daydream Believer", he threatens to beat serial killer Greg Yates (Dallas Roberts) to death after he kidnaps and murders Nadia Decotis (Stella Maeve), Intelligence's civilian administrator, and when he saw the crime scene of his two victims in the apartment building. At the end, when Yates was in holding, he relieves the corrections officer of his duty and roughs Yates up, insists he must feel what his victims went through and to never let his guard down.[16]

text: At the end of "There's My Girl", he demotes Kevin Atwater following an IAB investigation after he leaves a soda can with the suspect that led up to his suicide, and promotes Officer Kim Burgess to replace him.[17]

text: In "Born Into Bad News", he shows his concern for Erin Lindsay when she going back to the same person that she once was, and when her mother, Bunny, starts to show up back in her Lindsay's life (hinting the rivalry between the two). At the end, when he is pleading for Lindsay to not quit the department, she still sticks with her decision and for her mother to step in.

text: In "Start Digging", Hank is offered a meritorious promotion to Lieutenant by Commander Emma Crowley (Barbara Eve Harris) and the CPD brass as part of the new Chicago Police Superintendent's reorganization of the department that includes getting officers like him off the streets. However, before Hank could either accept or decline the promotion, his son Justin was assaulted and later died of his injuries, causing Hank to go on a revenge mission using whatever means necessary to find Justin's murderer. He takes the murderer to the silos, he makes him dig a hole and then kills him.

text: In "The Silos", he was brought back to the silos by Commander Emma Crowley and Internal Affairs detectives, to see if they can find they can recover the body and get him to confess. When the body was gone, he was quickly released and went back to duty. It was revealed that Lindsay had moved the body prior to them getting there.

text: In "Grasping for Salvation"; when a gun that was used in a murder of a boy, was connected to a 17 year old case that he and his old partner (Detective) now Lieutenant Denny Woods had solved. When he found out that Voight was investigating the case, he brings him up to the review board for disobeying direct order. And when the suspect that Voight and Woods arrested was innocent, Voight tried to have him released. It was later revealed that Woods had altered evidence to get him in prison.

text: At the season 5 premiere "Reform"; he sees a psychiatrist after Lindsay leaves CPD to join the FBI. He has a difficulty working with Lieutenant Denny Woods after he became the new independent auditor.

text: In "Promise"; he sends a gang leader, where his niece became one of the victims of a serial rapist and killer, information about the killer's identity and where he lives to exact revenge.

text: In "Snitch"; he became suspicious of Dawson when he was seen with Assistant State's Attorney Steve Kot in the parking lot. He told Olinsky to keep an eye on him and that he doesn't trust him.

text: In "Fallen", he manages to get Woods' suspicions on him. In "Monster", he suspects that Ruzek was being a mole when Halstead gets investigated by Internal Affairs and when he asks Platt about the missing money. Olinsky gets Ruzek with him to take him to meet his "CI" but instead meets Voight, discovering that he was the mole.

text: In "Rabbit Hole", Voight while angry about him getting evidence against him. While he can't do nothing about the charges against him, Voight manages to conspires with Ruzek to take down Woods. With the meeting between Ruzek and Woods was over, it was revealed Voight was there watching.

text: In "Chasing Monsters", Voight is seen standing over the bridge overlooking a crime scene where the police are busy dealing with a crime scene when Olinsky arrives to meet Voight, who says "It's what we thought" and suggests they wait it out and get in touch with Lindsay to give her a heads up, as to what is going on. Olinsky assures him that he did the right thing. Denny Woods reveals that a supermarket was breaking ground on the old railroad property by a bridge but it was halted when builders found some human remains; they just identified the remains as Kevin Bingham, the man who murdered his son, Justin. Woods says the crime lab is working overtime to clear Voight's name in any wrongdoing; he has also brought in the FBI and all hands on deck after everything Hank has been through. At the end of the episode, Voight sits at the bar where Woods finds him and orders him a drink. Denny tells him they found a slug with Bingham's body, but it turns out the slug matches the one that was shot at police during a robbery a few years back and it turns out, Voight was the one who made the arrest, but the gun was never recovered. Woods, says they are getting closer and the way he sees it; it's only a matter of time.

text: In "Ghosts", it was revealed that Voight has connections to the Ivory Tower. In "Payback", he gets the name of the witness, Ruben, from the Bingham investigation. In his own car, he sees the witness and an unknown man in what appears to be an transaction happening, he waits for the witness to leave then to get the second person involved. It turns out that Ruben was paying off his debt. In "Payback", he goes to find dirt on him but soon finds that he was a recovering addict trying to turn his life around and he was unable to go after him.

text: In "Saved", he witnesses a girl, Hannah Cates, from his past getting into an unknown SUV with a man she met in the alley. He gives chase but he had to turn the car around when he hears gunshots coming from a local credit union building. He and Ruzek have just walked into a robbery in progress. But during the investigation, surveillance photos surfaces with Hannah holding the gun. He assumes that she was forced into doing these crimes when almost everybody starts to doubt her. Like Lindsay, Hannah had a hard life but apparently she was on the wrong road and it was Voight’s wife Camille, not Voight himself, who passed his card to Hannah. While barricading in a car dealership building, Voight decides to go into the car dealership to handle Mike and Hannah himself. He’s realized that she turned to Mike when he (and her aunt and everyone else) wasn’t there for her. But before he can say more, Mike drags Hannah outside and both of them are shot dead. Voight holding Hannah’s body and apologizing, before over a drink he tells Olinsky about how Camille was one of Hannah’s teachers. After Camille’s illness, Voight had been checking in on Hannah until his own son Justin died, and then he forgot—so he blames himself for her death.

text: In "Homecoming", Voight goes to Wood's home to broker a deal by confessing to the Bingham's murder in order to get Olinsky, with ASA James Osha being there in person. But before he does so, Voight gets a message that Olinsky had been stabbed and rushes to Chicago Med where Olinsky had went. Upon going there, he sees Olinsky being rushed by doctors for surgery and while bleeding out Olinsky tells him that he will take care of it himself. While waiting to see how Olinsky was doing, a surgeon tells him that he had died. Voight broke the news to the rest of his team in the Chicago Med waiting room. Voight found a confused James Osha, who just wanted to know why Voight had blown out and got an earful blaming him for what had happened. Voight accused him of screwing Olinsky by prosecuting his case, before storming into the jail director’s office the next morning and giving him an even angrier tirade. Upon of finding out who the killer by a corrupt corrections officer, Voight beat him up in a storage closet and left him bleeding, claiming the man had tried to attack him. Antonio did not buy the story, but Voight told him that if he didn’t he could recuse himself from the investigation. The money that was left in the guard's bank account traces back to an Alberto Flores, from the beatings from Voight, he gives up a man from the Cali Cartel named Carlos DeLeon. In the warehouse, Voight orders Antonio to go a different way from him so that he can track down Carlos himself, and confronts the other man on the roof. The unarmed Carlos begs for his life, but Voight shoots him twice anyway and says Carlos was reaching for a gun. But the two witnesses immediately exclaim that Voight shot the man “in cold blood.” Voight gets a phone call from Osha just before he offers his own story to his department superiors when the accusations went public. Meanwhile, Woods calls Voight wanting another private conversation. It was revealed to be a vendetta that was motivated by Voight leaving him out to dry in "Grasping for Salvation". When Woods mention that another "witness" was there when the murder had occurred, it was later revealed that Voight knows all about Woods’ new witness and how Woods just paid her off. It was all a setup and Internal Affairs will be visiting Woods very soon. Voight is letting them in now so he can be arrested. Woods is hauled off in handcuffs, and Voight meets both the faux witness and Osha outside to thank them for their help. With the outcome, Voight disappears into a bottle apologizing to a photo of Olinsky before breaking down on the roof. The episode ends with him screaming in pain.

text: List of assignments[edit]

text:
Detective, Chicago PD Gang Unit (c. 1995)[18] – November 14, 2012[9]
Jailed for harassment and attempted murder (November 14, 2012 – May 1, 2013)
Squad Commander, Chicago PD 21st District (Intelligence Section) (May 15, 2013 – present[11])

tag: ul

text: Ranks[edit]

text:
Officer
Detective
 Sergeant[11]

text: Partners[edit]

text:
Detective Jimmy Shi, Chicago PD Gang Unit (Mark Dacascos)[12]
Detective Denny Woods (now Lieutenant)
Detective Alvin Olinsky, Chicago PD Gang & Intelligence Unit (Elias Koteas)
Detective Antonio Dawson, Chicago PD Intelligence Unit (Jon Seda)

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text: Appearances and crossovers[edit]

text: He has appeared on Chicago Fire before Chicago PD even started, some after to get more information on investigations, and on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit to assist. He also appears on Chicago Justice to testify.

text:
Chicago Fire: "Professional Courtesy" (October 24, 2012)
Chicago Fire: "One Minute" (October 31, 2012)
Chicago Fire: "Hanging On" (November 7, 2012)
Chicago Fire: "Rear View Mirror" (November 14, 2012)
Chicago Fire: "Nazdarovya!" (February 13, 2013)
Chicago Fire: "Retaliation Hit" (May 1, 2013)
Chicago Fire: "Let Her Go" (May 15, 2013)
Chicago Fire: "Rhymes With Shout" (November 26, 2013)
Chicago Fire: "You Will Hurt Him" (December 3, 2013)
Chicago Fire: "A Rocket Blasting Off" (March 11, 2014)
Chicago Fire: "A Dark Day (1)" (April 29, 2014)
Chicago Fire: "Nobody Touches Anything" (November 11, 2014)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: "Chicago Crossover" (November 12, 2014)
Chicago Fire: "We Called Her Jellybean" (April 28, 2015)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: "Daydream Believer" (April 29, 2015)
Chicago Fire: "Category 5" (May 5, 2015)
Chicago Fire: "Spartacus" (May 12, 2015)
Chicago Fire: "A Taste of Panama City" (October 20, 2015)
Chicago Fire: "Sharp Elbows" (November 24, 2015)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: "Nationwide Manhunt" (February 10, 2016)
Chicago Med: "Guilty" (March 29, 2016)
Chicago Fire: "Some Make It, Some Don't" (January 3, 2017)
Chicago Fire: "Deathtrap" (March 1, 2017)
Chicago Justice: "Fake" (March 1, 2017)
Chicago Justice: "Uncertainty Principle" (March 5, 2017)
Chicago Justice: "See Something" (March 7, 2017)


document_title: Clothing sizes

question_text: what is size 38 in france in the usa

question_tokens: what is size 38 in france in the usa

text: Clothing sizes

text: History of standard clothing sizes[edit]

text: Before the invention of clothing sizes in the early 1800s, all clothing was made to fit individuals by either tailors or makers of clothing in their homes. Then garment makers noticed that the range of human body dimensions was relatively small. Therefore sizes were invented to

text:
Horizontal torso measurements include the neck circumference, the shoulder width, the bustline measurements – over-bust circumference, the full bust circumference, the bust-point separation, and the under-bust (rib-cage) circumference – the natural waist circumference, the upper hip circumference and the lower hip circumference.
Vertical torso measurements include the back (neck-waist) length, the shoulder-waist length (not the same as the back length, due to the slope of the shoulder), the bust-shoulder length, the bust-waist length, and the two hip-waist lengths.
Sleeve measurements include the under-arm and over-arm lengths, the fore-arm length, the wrist circumference and the biceps circumference.

text: However, because of the drape and ease of the fabric, not all measurements are required to obtain a well-fitting dress in most styles.

text: Standards[edit]

text: International[edit]

text: ISO[edit]

text: There are several ISO standards for size designation of clothes:

text:
ISO 3635: 1981, Size designation of clothes – Definitions and body measurement procedure
ISO 3636: 1977, Size designation of clothes - Men’s and boys outerwear garments.
ISO 3637: 1977, Size designation of clothes - Women’s and girls outerwear garments.
ISO 3638: 1977, Size designation of clothes - Infants garments.
ISO 4415: 1981, Size designation of clothes - Mens and boys underwear, nightwear and shirts.
ISO 4416: 1981, Size designation of clothes - Women’s and girls’ underwear, nightwear, foundation garments and shirts.
ISO 4417: 1977, Size designation of clothes - Headwear.
ISO 4418: 1978, Size designation of clothes - Gloves.
ISO 5971: 1981, Size designation of clothes - Pantyhose.
ISO 7070: 1982, Size designation of clothes - Hosiery.
ISO 8559: 1989, Garment construction and anthropometric surveys – Body dimensions
ISO/TR 10652: 1991, Standard sizing systems for clothes

text: Asia[edit]

text: China[edit]

text:
GB 1335-81
GB/T 1335.1-2008 Size designation of clothes - Men
GB/T 1335.2-2008 Size designation of clothes - Women
GB/T 1335.3-2008 Size designation of clothes - Children
GB/T 2668-2002 Sizes for coats, jackets and trousers
GB/T 14304-2002 Sizes for woolen garments

text: Japan[edit]

text:
JIS L 4001 (1997) Sizing systems for infants' garments
JIS L 4002 (1997) Sizing systems for boys' garments
JIS L 4003 (1997) Sizing systems for girls' garments
JIS L 4004 (1997) Sizing systems for men's garments
JIS L 4005 (1997) Sizing systems for women's garments
JIS L 4006 (1997) Sizing systems for foundation garments
JIS L 4007 (1997) Sizing systems for Hosiery and Pantyhose

text: South Korea[edit]

text:
KS K 0050 (2009) Men’s wear
KS K 0051 (2004) Women's wear
KS K 0052 Infants
KS K 0059 Headgear
KS K 0070 Brassiere
KS K 0037 Dress Shirts
KS K 0088 Socks

text: Russian Federation[edit]

text: GOST R 53230-2008 (ISO 4415-1981) Size designation of clothes. Men's and boy's underwear, nightwear and shirts

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Wacoal (1981, 1987)

text: Australia[edit]

text:
L9 - Women’s clothing - Apparel Manufacturers Association of NSW - 1959-1970
AS1344-1972, 1975, 1997 Size coding scheme for women’s clothing
AS1182 - 1980 - Size coding scheme for infants and children's clothing

text: Europe[edit]

text: CEN[edit]

text: The European Standards Organisation (CEN) produced a series of standards, prefixed with EN 13402:

text:
EN 13402-1: Terms, definitions and body measurement procedure
EN 13402-2: Primary and secondary dimensions
EN 13402-3: Size designation of clothes. Body measurements and intervals (2004)
EN 13402-4: Coding system (2006)

text: intended to replace the existing national standards of the 33 member states. It is currently in common use for children's clothing, but not yet for adults. The third standard EN 13402-3 seeks to address the problem of irregular or Vanity sizing through offering a SI unit based labelling system, which will ALSO pictographically describe the dimensions a garment is designed to fit, per the ISO 3635 standard.

text: Germany[edit]

text: DOB-Verband (1983)

text: France[edit]

text:
AFNOR NF G 03-001 (1977) - Human body - Vocabulary - Pictogram;
AFNOR EXP G 03-002 (1977) - Women Measures
AFNOR EXP G 03-003 (1977) - Men Measures
AFNOR EXP G 03-006 (1978) - Measures of babies and young children
AFNOR EXP G 03-007 (1977) - Size designation of clothes for men, women and children
AFNOR NF G 03-008 (1984) - Tights - Sizes - Designation - Marking

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
BS 3666:1982 Specification for size designation of women's wear
BS 6185:1982 Specification for size designation of men's wear

text: BS 3666:1982, the standard for women's clothing, is rarely followed by manufacturers as it defines sizes in terms of hip and bust measurements only within a limited range. This has resulted in variations between manufacturers and a tendency towards vanity sizing.[1]

text: Former Yugoslavia[edit]

text: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Serbia still use the JUS (F.G0.001 1979, F.G0.002 1979, F.G0.003 1979) standards developed in the former Yugoslavia.[2] In addition to typical girth measurements clothing is also marked to identify which of 5 height bands: X-Short, Short, Medium, Tall, X-Tall, and body types: Slim, Normal, or Full, it is designed to fit.

text: North America[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text:
CS-151-50 - Infants, Babies, Toddlers and Children's clothing
CS 215-58 - Women's Clothing (1958)
PS 36-70 - Boys Clothing (1971)
PS 42-70 Women's Clothing (1971)
PS 45-71 - Young Men's clothing,
PS 54-72 - Girls Clothing
ASTM D5585-95, (2001)
ASTM D6829-02, (2008)
ASTM D5585-11, (2011)
ASTM D6240-98,
ASTM D6960-04, Women's Plus sized (2004)

text: The common US misses sizes have not had stable dimensions. For example, the dimensions of two size 10 dresses from different companies, or even from the same company, may have grossly different dimensions; and both are almost certainly larger than the size 10 dimensions described in the US standard. Vanity sizing may be partly responsible for this deviation (which began in earnest in the 1980s). There is no mandatory clothing size or labelling standard in the U.S, though a series of voluntary standards have been in place since the 1930s.

text: Women[edit]

text: Comparison tables[edit]

text:
Women's dresses and suits

United States
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24

UK
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

Germany
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54

France
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56

Italy
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60

Korea
44
44
55
55
66
66
77
77
88
88

tag: table

text:
Women's clothing sizes

USA
4
6
8
10
12

UK
8
10
12
14
16

France
36
38
40
42
44

Japanese
7
11
15
17
21

Bust
32"
34"
36"
38"
40"

81 cm
86 cm
91 cm
97 cm
102 cm

Waist
24"
26.5"
29"
31"
33"

61 cm
67 cm
74 cm
79 cm
84 cm

Hip
35"
37"
39"
41"
43"

89 cm
94 cm
99 cm
104 cm
109 cm

text:
Women’s blouses and sweaters

EU
40
42
44
46
48
50

UK
34
36
38
40
42
44

US
32
34
36
38
40
42

text:
Children’s junior misses dresses and coats

EU
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

UK
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17

US
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15

text:
Korean casual / underwear (KS 051 - 2009)

Dress size
3XS
XXS
XS
S
M
L
XL
XXL
3XL
4XL

Bust (cm)
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110-115
120-125

text:
Japanese dresses sizes (JIS L 4005 - 2001)

Dress size
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31

Bust (cm)
74
77
80
83
86
89
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
120
124

text:
Japanese dresses length modifiers

Modifier
PP (double-petite)
P (petite)
R (regular)
T (tall)

Subject Height (cm)
142
150
158
166

Additional hip girth (cm)
0
0
2
4

text:
Japanese dresses fit modifiers

Modifier
Y
A
AB
B

Additional hip girth (cm)
0
4
8
12

text: e.g. a dress marked 13-Y-PP or 13-Y-P would be designed for someone with an 89 cm bust and 89 cm hips, while a dress marked 13-B-T would be targeted at a taller individual with 105 cm hips, but the same 89 cm bust. The B fitting adds 12 cm and the T height modifier 4 cm to the base hip measurement 89 + 16 = 105 cm.[3] Additionally there are a set of age based waist adjustments, such that a dress marketed at someone in their 60s may allow for a waist 9 cm larger than a dress, of the same size, marketed at someone in their 20s. The age based adjustments allow for up to a 3 cm increase in girth, per decade of life.

text: Italian sizes (ITA)[edit]

text: Dress sizes are calculated as follows:

text: French sizes (FRA/BEL)[edit]

text: Dress sizes are calculated as follows:

text: Standard dress size = (Bust Circumference cm / 2) - 4

text: Germanic sizes (DE/AT/NL/SE/DK)[edit]

text: Dress sizes are calculated as follows:

text:
Standard dress size (Height 164–170 cm) = (Bust Circumference cm / 2 ) - 6
Short dress sizes (Height <164 cm) = Standard dress size / 2
Tall dress sizes (Height >170 cm) = Standard dress size * 2

text:
Women's clothing sizes (DE/AT/NL/SE/DK)

[hide]Short Size codes
< 164 cm
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Standard size codes
< 170 cm
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54

Tall size codes
170 cm
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
104
108

International
XS
S
M
L
XL
XXL

EU Tops
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
105
110
116
122
128

EU Bottoms
60
63
67
70
75
80
84
88
94
100
106
112

Shoulder Width (cm)
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14

Arm length (cm)
58
59
59
60
60
61
61
61
61
62
62
62

Bust (cm)
74–77
78–81
82–85
86–89
90–93
94–97
98–102
103–107
108–113
114–119
120–125
126–131

Waist (cm)
58–61
62–64
65–68
69–72
73–77
78–81
82–85
86–90
91–95
96–102
103–108
109–114

Hips (cm)
80–84
85–89
90–94
95–97
98–101
102–104
105–108
109–112
113–116
117–122
123–128
129–134

Inside Leg (cm)
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114

BH-Größe
65AA
70AA
70A
75A
75B
80B
85C
90C
90D
95D
100E
105E

text: Men[edit]

text: Comparison tables[edit]

text:
Men's shirts

UK & other EU / Japan
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

UK / US / AUS
14
14½
15
15½
15¾
16¼
16½
17
17½
18
18½

Japan[4]
S
S
M
M
L
L
LL,XL
LL,XL
LL,XL

Korea[4]
90

95

100

105

110

text:
Men's sports shirts, T-shirts

EU
36
37/38
39/40
41/42
43/44
45/46

UK / US
XS
S
M
L
XL
XXL

84 cm
92 cm
100 cm
108 cm
116 cm
124 cm

text:
Men's sweaters, jackets

EU
38/40
42/44
46/48
50/52
52/54

UK / US
S
M
L
XL
XXL

text:
Men's suits, suit jackets, blazers, overcoats[5]

EU/Russia
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64

UK / US
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54

Japan
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52

Korea
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130

SML
XXS
XS
S
S
M
M
L
L
XL
XXL
XXXL

text:
Men's jeans, slacks, pants, trousers: Waist

EU
64/68
68/72
72/76
76/80
80/84
84/88
88/92
92/96
96/100
100/104
104/108
108/112
112/116

Italy
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

UK / US
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
38
40
42
44

text:
Men's jeans, slacks, pants, trousers: Length

EU
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48

UK / US
25/26
27/28
29/30
31
32
33
34
36

text:
Men's underwear

EU
1
2
3
4
5

UK / US
S
M
L
XL
XXL

text: French sizes (FRA/BEL)[edit]

text: Chest / Suit sizes are calculated as follows:

text: Standard Size Code = ( Chest Circumference cm + 1) / 2

text: Germanic sizes (AT/DE/NL/DK/SE/FI)[edit]

text:
Standard Size Code (Normale) = ( Chest Circumference cm – 1) / 2
Short / Stocky (Kurz / Untersetzt) = Standard Size Code / 2
Portly (Bauchgrößen) = Standard Size Code + 1
Tall / Lean (Schlank / Lang) = (Standard Size Code - 1) * 2

text:
Men's clothing sizes (AT/DE/NL/DK/SE/FI)

Standard Size Codes[6]
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74

Underwear[7]
4
5
6
7
8

International
XXS
XS
S
M
L
XL
XXL
3XL
4XL
5XL
6XL
7XL

Chest (cm)
086–89
090–93
094–97
098–101
102–105
106–109
110–113
114–117
118–121
122–125
126-128
129-132
133-136
137-140
141-144
145-148

Waist size (cm)
074–77
078–81
082–85
086–89
090–94
095–99
100–104
105–109
110–114
115–119
120-124
125-128
129-132
133-134
135-138
139-142

Hip circumference (cm)
090–93
094–97
098–101
102–105
106–109
110–113
114–117
118–121
122–125
126–129

Height (cm)
166–170
168–173
171–176
174–179
177–182
180–184
182–186
184–188
185–189
187–190
191-192
193-194
195-196
197-198
199-200
201-202

Short / Stocky
(untersetzte)
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Chest (cm)
089–92
093–96
097–100
101–104
105–108
109–112
113–116
117–120
121–124
125-128
129-132
133-136
137-140
141-144
145-148

Waist size (cm)
081–84
085–88
089–92
093–96
097–100
101–106
107–110
111–114
115–118

Hip circumference (cm)
097-100
101–104
105–108
109–112
113–116
117–120
121–124
125–128
129–132

Height (cm)
163-167
166–170
169–173
172–176
175–178
177–180
179–182
181–183
182–183
184
185
186
187
188
189-190
191-192

Portly
(Bauchgrößen)

51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73

Chest (cm)

100–103
104–107
108–111
112–115
116–119
120–123
124–126
127-130
131-134
135-138
139-142
143-146

Waist size (cm)

102–107
108–111
112–117
118–121
122–125
126–129
130-132
133-136
137-140
141-146
147-150
151-154

Hip circumference (cm)

108–111
112–115
116–119
120–123
124–127
128–132
133–137

Height (cm)

168–172
170–174
172–176
174–178
176–180
178–182
180–184

Tall size
(schlanke)

90
94
98
102
106
110
114
118
122

Chest (cm)

088–91
092–95
096–99
100–103
104–107
108–111
111-114
115-118
119-122

Waist size (cm)

074–77
078–81
082–85
086–89
090–93
094–98
100-104
105-109
110-114

Hip circumference (cm)

092–95
096–99
100–103
104–107
108–111
112–115
116-119
120-123
124-127

Height (cm)

175–179
178–182
181–185
184–188
186–190
188–192
193-197
196-200
199-203


document_title: Troy: Fall of a City

question_text: who plays helen of troy fall of a city

question_tokens: who plays helen of troy fall of a city

text: Troy: Fall of a City

text: Premise[edit]

text: The story of the 10 year siege of Troy by the Greeks is told after the young prince of Troy, Paris, has an affair with Helen of Troy, the wife of the Greek king.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis Hunter as Paris[3]
Bella Dayne as Helen of Troy[3]
David Threlfall as Priam[3]
Frances O'Connor as Hecuba[3]
Tom Weston-Jones as Hector[3]
Joseph Mawle as Odysseus[3]
Chloe Pirrie as Andromache[3]
Johnny Harris as Agamemnon[3]
David Gyasi as Achilles[3]
Jonas Armstrong as Menelaus[3]
Alfred Enoch as Aeneas[3]
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Cassandra[3]
Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Zeus[4]
Chris Fisher as Deiphobus[5]
Christiaan Schoombie as Troilus[5]
Alex Lanipekun as Pandarus[5]
Jonathan Pienaar as Litos[5]
David Avery as Xanthias
Lex King as Aphrodite
Amy Louise Wilson as Briseis
Inge Beckmann as Hera
Shamilla Miller as Athena
Diarmaid Murtagh as Hermes
Thando Hopa as Artemis
Nina Milner as Penthesilea[6]
Grace Hogg-Robinson as Hermione
Jovan Muthray as Kaidas

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed in Cape Town and consists of eight episodes.[7] It is written by David Farr, Nancy Harris, Mika Watkins, and Joe Barton, and directed by Owen Harris and Mark Brozel.[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)

1
"Black Blood"
Owen Harris
David Farr
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17)
3.2 Million[8]

2
"Conditions"
Owen Harris
David Farr
24 February 2018 (2018-02-24)
N/A

3
"Siege"
Owen Harris
Nancy Harris
3 March 2018 (2018-03-03)
N/A

4
"Spoils of War"
Mark Brozel
Mika Watkins
10 March 2018 (2018-03-10)
1.6 Million

5
"Hunted"
Mark Brozel
David Farr
17 March 2018 (2018-03-17)
N/A

6
"Battle on the Beach"
Mark Brozel
Joe Barton
24 March 2018 (2018-03-24)
N/A

7
"Twelve Days"
John Strickland
David Farr
31 March 2018 (2018-03-31)
N/A

8
"Offering"
John Strickland
David Farr
7 April 2018 (2018-04-07)
N/A

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 12 reviews, and an average rating of 5.67/10.[9] On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]


document_title: NCIS (season 8)

question_text: who was the port to port killer on ncis

question_tokens: who was the port to port killer on ncis

text: NCIS (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs, NCIS Senior Special Agent (SSA) assigned to Washington's Navy Yard
Michael Weatherly as Anthony DiNozzo, NCIS Special Agent, second in command
Cote de Pablo as Ziva David, NCIS Special Agent
Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto, Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS
Sean Murray as Timothy McGee, NCIS Special Agent
Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance, NCIS Director
David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard, Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS

text: Also starring[edit]

text: Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer, Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent
Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS (Gibbs' old boss)
David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent
Michael Nouri as Eli David, Mossad Director (Ziva's father)
Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs (Gibbs' father)
Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport, departing Secretary of the Navy
Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar, Mossad Agent
Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. (Tony's father)
Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Senior Special Agent
TJ Ramini as Malachi Ben-Gidon, Mossad Agent
Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera
Jacqueline Obradors as Paloma Reynosa
Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranson, a psychiatrist and Kate's sister
Michael O'Neill as Riley McCallister, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS
Sarah Jane Morris as E.J. Barrett, NCIS Senior Special Agent
Matt Willig as Simon Cade, NCIS Special Agent
Alimi Ballard as Gayne Levin, NCIS Special Agent
Matt Craven as Clayton Jarvis, new Secretary of the Navy
Enrique Murciano as Ray Cruz, CIA Agent
Tamer Hassan as Agah Bayar, NCIS target
Kerr Smith as Jonas Cobb, NCIS target and killer of Mike Franks

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Sasha Alexander as Caitlin Todd, deceased NCIS Special Agent who was killed by Ari Haswari
Tim Kelleher as Chris Pacci, deceased NCIS Special Agent
Meredith Monroe as April Ferris

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

163
1
"Spider and the Fly"
Dennis Smith
Gary Glasberg
September 21, 2010 (2010-09-21)
801
19.41[2]

Following Jackson Gibbs' (guest star Ralph Waite) confrontation with Paloma Reynosa (guest star Jacqueline Obradors), he is placed in NCIS protective custody at his son's house. A few months later, the death of a helicopter pilot embroils the team in the Reynosa Cartel's vendetta with Gibbs, making each team member a target. Paloma Reynosa, head of the cartel, plays a game of cat and mouse with NCIS as she makes a wide trail through the US, expanding her cartel's influence. Tensions erupt when Alejandro Rivera (guest star Marco Sanchez), calls Abby on her bluff to send the report on the Pedro Hernandez murder and threatens her in front of Gibbs. Aware of his involvement in the Reynosa Cartel, NCIS leads Rivera into a trap at a safehouse, tricking him into thinking his sister is dead and those responsible are in protective custody. Rivera takes the bait and intends to exact revenge, but ends up fatally shooting his own sister. Meanwhile, Leon Vance, whilst putting the report implicating Gibbs in a place no one will find it, receives a mysterious text message from Eli David, Director of Mossad claiming "I found him".

164
2
"Worst Nightmare"
Tony Wharmby
Steven D. Binder
September 28, 2010 (2010-09-28)
802
19.15[3]

A teenage girl is kidnapped from her middle school on the Quantico marine base, prompting NCIS to investigate. Nicholas Mason, the missing girl's grandfather (William Devane), complicates matters when he arranges a ransom drop without informing NCIS. While the team are working to find out the identity of the kidnapper and motive, Gibbs is worried Mason will take the law into his own hands and potentially cause more damage. Using an elaborate ploy, the team manages to trick the kidnapper into revealing where he was hiding the girl and arrest him. Meanwhile, three interns are assigned to NCIS; Abby is suspicious after her last assistant's (Chip Sterling in Season 3) attempt to kill her, Palmer feels ineffective after Ducky bonds with his intern, and McGee must contend with an intern who shows no interest in law enforcement or field work at all.

165
3
"Short Fuse"
Leslie Libman
George Schenck & Frank Cardea
October 5, 2010 (2010-10-05)
803
19.81[4]

NCIS responds to an emergency phone call after Heather Dempsey, a Marine bomb technician, shoots and kills an intruder in her home. Dempsey initially evades the investigation, but the team quickly find evidence she was not alone at the time. Her lover is revealed to be a senior FBI agent; the intruder a hit man. They learn that Dempsey's brother was shot and paralyzed by a man named Abbott in a gang war, and that the FBI lover recommended protective custody for him after he testified to escape jail time. Dempsey started a relationship with the agent to learn Abbott's new identity and location. When he learned that Dempsey was searching for him, Abbott hired the hitman to kill her before she could kill him. Because hiring the hitman was not part of his immunity deal, Abbott is arrested. Meanwhile, Tony is excited to be chosen as the face of NCIS' new recruitment campaign, but Director Vance decides Gibbs promotes the qualities NCIS is looking for more than Tony does.

166
4
"Royals and Loyals"
Arvin Brown
Reed Steiner
October 12, 2010 (2010-10-12)
804
19.20[5]

The team is involved in an international incident as they investigate the murder of an American petty officer whose case is connected with a Royal Navy ship. Complications ensue when someone tries to get the ship to depart before NCIS can properly investigate. They discover that the murder was over a large amount of stolen CIA money, used to pay off warlords and dictators in Afghanistan. At first, the team suspects that the Royal Navy liaison officer is responsible, but quickly find out that he is actually an MI6 agent who was framed for the theft. With his help, they track down the real culprit, the corrupt CIA handler who was in charge of the money.

167
5
"Dead Air"
Terrence O'Hara
Christopher J. Waild
October 19, 2010 (2010-10-19)
805
19.41[6]

The team investigates the death of a radio DJ and a naval officer who were both killed live on air, and their job becomes more difficult by the discovery of various suspects. While searching for the murderer, they inadvertently uncover a large domestic terrorist group composed mostly of wealthy homeowners living in a gated community. The terrorist group feel that America should be spending more money defending itself rather than on foreign wars, and attempted to recruit the DJ to their cause. When the DJ refused, they had him killed to silence him. The NCIS team raids the community and arrests all of the members, only to find out that they have something much more sinister planned.

168
6
"Cracked"
Tony Wharmby
Nicole Mirante-Matthews
October 26, 2010 (2010-10-26)
806
20.18[7]

The NCIS team investigate the death of a Navy researcher who was hit by a bus in the middle of a busy street. They are surprised to find that her entire body is covered in elaborate chemical formulae, but begin to suspect her death was nothing more than an accident after finding evidence that she was becoming increasingly paranoid. Recognizing the researcher as a kindred spirit because they share similar thought processes, Abby becomes fixated on solving her equations and vows to finish the work that the victim originally started. Unfortunately her new-found obsession soon begins driving a wedge between her and the rest of the team but thanks to Gibbs and the victim's mother, Abby eventually regains her priorities and resumes working on the case. As the team discover that the researcher was being poisoned, Abby deduces that the formula is a method of converting bacteria into fuel. The trail leads back to a jealous co-worker, who poisoned the researcher in order to take her job.
Meanwhile, Tony's latest fling causes trouble when she suggests role playing, but refuses to tell Tony what she has in mind. Her fantasy is later revealed to be Tony Manero from Saturday Night Fever, evidenced by a very uncomfortable Tony attempting to sneak out of the Navy yard in a white disco suit.

169
7
"Broken Arrow"
Arvin Brown
George Schenck & Frank Cardea
November 9, 2010 (2010-11-09)
807
19.87[8]

When investigating a murder of a former Navy Commander and friend of Vice Admiral Chase, the team stumbles across a piece of an old nuclear bomb that had been lost during the Cold War. Because the victim had connections to Tony's father, they track him down and question him. Eventually, much to Tony's annoyance, Gibbs recruits DiNozzo Sr. to use his contacts to infiltrate a private party attended by arms dealers. They discover that the CEO of a salvage company stumbled across the nuclear bomb and plans to sell it on the black market. The CEO is arrested, and both DiNozzos finally reconcile their differences with one another.

170
8
"Enemies Foreign"
Dennis Smith
Jesse Stern
November 16, 2010 (2010-11-16)
808
19.43[9]

The team is designated to protect Eli David (Mossad Director & Ziva's father) during a NCIS conference. They must deal with three Palestinian terrorists trying to kill him. The episode ends on a cliffhanger when, after an attack by the terrorists at the conference apparently fails, Vance and David go to a safe house. Gibbs cannot reach them on the radio and Officer Hadar is shown to be lying dead at the safe house.

171
9
"Enemies Domestic"
Mark Horowitz
Jesse Stern
November 23, 2010 (2010-11-23)
809
18.78[10]

Gibbs arrives at the scene to find Hadar dead, Vance critically injured, and Eli missing. Eventually, the team tracks down Eli, who had gone into hiding to elude his assassins. They then deduce that the man who planted the bomb is an insider at NCIS. During the episode, Gibbs revisits Operation Trident, Vance's first job with NIS and when he met Eli David. Gibbs originally comes to the conclusion that Eli tried to have Vance killed during the op by tipping off his primary target: a Soviet operative called the Russian. When Eli is found, it is revealed that Vance and Eli had actually worked together during the op to stop the Russian and his hit team which was the career builder for Vance. The insider in NCIS was the same person who mounted the operation in Amsterdam and whose plan was foiled by Vance and Eli. It is revealed that the insider is Riley McAllister, former head of the San Diego field office, and that he mounted the operation so that his area of expertise, Russia, would come back into a post-Cold War play which would have allowed him to become Director. He had hired the Russian, the same man that he later sent Gibbs to assassinate in Paris along with Jenny Shepard, to kill Vance and he had set up the bomb at the safe house to have revenge on Vance and Eli. He then tries to kill Vance in his hospital room but Vance stabs him with a knife that Gibbs had given him to defend himself. Before he returns to Israel, Eli makes peace with Ziva.

172
10
"False Witness"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Steven D. Binder
December 14, 2010 (2010-12-14)
810
19.87[11]

The NCIS team investigates the disappearance of a Navy Petty Officer who is the sole witness in an upcoming murder trial. Meanwhile, Ziva and McGee attempt to discover the reason for Tony's strange behavior.

173
11
"Ships in the Night"
Thomas J. Wright
Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild
January 11, 2011 (2011-01-11)
811
21.93[12]

Gibbs and the NCIS team partner with Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) Agent Abigail Borin to investigate the murder of a Marine First Lieutenant on a dinner cruise. The team learns of the victim's wealth, opening up new lines of investigation. The victim was the heir of a multimillion dollar corporation, and was intending to use his ownership to turn the corporation into a charity organization. Piecing together the clues, the team discovers that the victim's death was the result of a conspiracy between his sister, the family lawyer, and the corporation's CFO. Later, one of the victim's squadmates, who is also a lawyer, arrives at NCIS to deliver his last will and testament, which was intended to carry out the victim's wishes to reform his company.

174
12
"Recruited"
Arvin Brown
Gary Glasberg
January 18, 2011 (2011-01-18)
812
21.09[13]

A petty officer's recruitment session at a college fair comes to a fatal end, prompting the NCIS team to solve his murder. The team learns of the petty officer's homosexuality, leading Gibbs to classify the murder as a possible hate crime. Ducky's predecessor at NCIS, Dr. Walter Magnus (Bob Newhart), pays a visit. The team tracks down several suspects, but Gibbs eventually figures out that the killer was the father of one of the students the petty officer was advising. The father did not realize the petty officer was trying to help his son deal with his homosexuality, and feared he was attempting to start a relationship with him.
Meanwhile, Magnus reveals the true reason for his visit; he is suffering from Alzheimer's disease and he was hoping that coming back to NCIS would help him regain his memories. To help Magnus, Ducky with McGee aiding him gives Magnus a collection of pictures of all of the people Magnus had helped during his time in NCIS.

175
13
"Freedom"
Craig Ross, Jr.
Nicole Mirante-Matthews
February 1, 2011 (2011-02-01)
813
22.85[14]

The team investigates the death of a marine, which reveals that his wife has been abused.

176
14
"A Man Walks Into a Bar..."
James Whitmore, Jr.
Gary Glasberg
February 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)
814
20.35[15]

A naval commander is found dead in his rack aboard ship, apparently murdered. The NCIS team investigates while having to deal with mandatory psychological evaluations conducted by Dr. Rachel Cranston, who is eventually revealed to be the older sister of their former colleague and friend, Agent Caitlin Todd. It is discovered that the commander had actually committed suicide due to facing mandatory retirement and having no life other than the Navy. His colleagues had disguised the suicide out of respect for him.

177
15
"Defiance"
Dennis Smith
George Schenck & Frank Cardea
February 15, 2011 (2011-02-15)
815
19.40[16]

A botched assassination attempt in Belgravia forces NCIS to protect the Defense Minister's daughter Adriana, who is studying in the U.S. While the team is busy guarding Adriana, Gibbs attempts to investigate the death of the Marine who was killed protecting the minister. Meanwhile, Adriana begins developing a crush on McGee, but she is suddenly kidnapped by two armed attackers. Furious at their failure, Vance orders the team to solve the case in 48 hours or he will take McGee and Dinozzo's badges. The team discovers that Adriana, who disagreed with her father's policies, arranged her own kidnapping to pressure him. However, one of the conspirators becomes greedy and decides to hold her for ransom. Fortunately, the team is able to rescue her, but are unable to arrest her for her role in the plot due to diplomatic immunity. McGee is left to wonder if Adriana really did have feelings for him or if it was all just an act.

178
16
"Kill Screen"
Tony Wharmby
Teleplay by: Steven D. Binder
Story by: Steven Kriozere
February 22, 2011 (2011-02-22)
816
21.32[17]

The discovery of some extracted teeth and dismembered digits in a purse results in an NCIS investigation when they are identified as belonging to a Marine. As the team tries to track down the killer, an investigator from an electronic security firm arrives, having traced the source of a number of computer hackings to NCIS. This makes McGee nervous as he had regularly illegally hacked into government computers under Gibbs' orders. The team manages to track down Maxine (guest star Beth Riesgraf), who is the dead Marine's girlfriend and is an avid gamer and computer expert. She begins to take a liking to McGee. However, McGee tries to maintain his distance due to the events in "Defiance". She reveals that she had accidentally uncovered some sort of encrypted code in an MMORPG which turns out to be a program capable of hacking the Pentagon. The team tracks down the programmer responsible and shuts down his program, but he is found dead. Gibbs and McGee deduce that the investigator that arrived earlier was behind the killings, since news of such a threat to American security could ruin his career. Later, DiNozzo manipulates events to get McGee to start dating Maxine.

179
17
"One Last Score"
Michael Weatherly
Jesse Stern
March 1, 2011 (2011-03-01)
817
19.21[18]

NCIS discovers that one of its former investigative assistants found brutally stabbed to death was selling details for how to rob a warehouse full of valuable possessions.

180
18
"Out of the Frying Pan"
Terrence O'Hara
Teleplay by: Reed Steiner & Christopher J. Waild
Story by: Leon Carroll, Jr.
March 22, 2011 (2011-03-22)
818
19.46[19]

Director Vance has Gibbs and his team assigned to the case of a drug-addicted teenager accused of patricide. Gibbs begins to question Vance's motives when the NCIS team begin to find inconsistencies in the investigation that lead him to believe his suspect is innocent. Tensions between Gibbs and Vance – fuelled by budget cuts and re-assignments in previous episodes – come to a head when Vance admits the victim was a close friend. After a lengthy investigation, NCIS discover that the boy's runaway mother had recently tried to re-enter his life, and killed his father in a rage when he refused to let the two meet.

181
19
"Tell-All"
Kevin Rodney Sullivan
Andrew Bartels
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)
819
18.73[20]

A dying message from a naval officer attached to the Defense Intelligence Agency leads Gibbs' team in search of a manuscript containing military information. As the team investigates further, they find the body of a murdered FBI agent, and discover that both victims were involved in the writing of a book exposing secret anti-terrorist operations. However, the team is forced to track down the anonymous author of the book when Navy intelligence officers destroy all copies of the book. With the author's help (who is also a former Marine Lieutenant who was discharged for a failed anti-terrorist operation), they manage to arrest an arms dealer who had stolen a shipment of military weapons, but find out that she wasn't the killer. With this new information, as well as new evidence from Abby, Gibbs deduces that the FBI agent's husband is the killer, since he mistakenly believed that his wife was having an affair. As a minor story, Gibbs gets an invitation to a wedding, and throws it in the bin. Tony spends the entire episode trying to figure out who it is from. It turns out it was from one of his ex-wives (the same wife who married and divorced Fornell).

182
20
"Two-Faced"
Thomas J. Wright
Nicole Mirante-Matthews & Reed Steiner
April 5, 2011 (2011-04-05)
820
19.40[21]

The body of a seaman is found wrapped in plastic and doused with a hospital-grade cleanser, hallmarks of a serial killer known as the "Port-to-Port" killer who kills service personnel when they make landfall. Vance creates a task force to catch the killer, appointing Barrett as lead investigator as she had been tracking the killer since he struck in Rota, Spain. Tensions arise within the MCRT when Gibbs suspects Barret and DiNozzo are sleeping together, compromising the loyalties of the team. Ziva discovers her boyfriend Ray is a secret CIA liaison to NCIS and questions the entire nature of their relationship when she catches him in a lie. After several dead ends and the discovery of another victim (bringing the known total to five), the episode ends with Ziva and DiNozzo in a bar, discovering a human eyeball floating in a glass of gin and tonic sent by an unidentified patron.

183
21
"Dead Reflection"
William Webb
George Schenck & Frank Cardea
April 12, 2011 (2011-04-12)
821
19.87[22]

The Major Case Response Team investigates a murder in the Pentagon that was caught on camera. Complications arise when the killer himself is found dead in an apparent car accident, but Ducky claims it was impossible for him to have committed the murder that was caught on tape as he died two days earlier; eventually the team discovers the real killer was using an advanced silicone mask to impersonate the deceased so he could tamper with evidence implicating him in a botched special forces mission. Meanwhile, after trying to figure out the mystery of the eye from "Two-Faced", E.J. and Palmer discover that the eye from the previous episode can open MTAC when scanned, leaving everyone including Gibbs and the team shocked at the revelation.

184
22
"Baltimore"
Terrence O'Hara
Steven D. Binder
May 3, 2011 (2011-05-03)
822
17.87[23]

Special agent Anthony DiNozzo must dig into his past as a cop at Baltimore Police District when his old partner is murdered.

185
23
"Swan Song"
Tony Wharmby
Jesse Stern
May 10, 2011 (2011-05-10)
823
17.62[24]

While chasing the Port to Port Killer, NCIS is placed on high alert when evidence comes to light that he has infiltrated the Navy Yard. They learn that his latest victim survived because somebody intervened and lost an eye in the process: the team's on-again, off-again enemy, Trent Kort. Kort names the Port to Port Killer as Lt. Jonas Cobb (Kerr Smith), the first member of a CIA assassination team who cracked under inhumane training. Kort was sent to locate Cobb and eliminate him. As the NCIS team close in on Cobb, they suffer a personal tragedy when Mike Franks is killed after attempting to apprehend him. With Cobb injured, armed and unaccounted for, Gibbs confronts Leon Vance over his decisions in recent weeks. Vance admits that the decision to put E.J. Barrett in charge of the case came from higher up. Gibbs realizes that Cobb identifies with him, and is likely targeting E.J. The episode ends with E.J. ignoring Vance's orders and attempting to apprehend Cobb. However, Cobb ambushes E.J. and they both get into a struggle, which E.J. begins to slowly lose.

186
24
"Pyramid"
Dennis Smith
Gary Glasberg
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)
824
18.62[25]

Having finally learned the identity of the Port-to-Port killer after the death of Mike Franks, Gibbs and his team prepare for the worst when he makes his final strike close to the heart of NCIS, leading Ziva into a trap. When Ziva is found by McGee, DiNozzo, Gibbs and Ray Cruz, she reveals that it was misdirection while the killer, Lt. Jonas Cobb, infiltrates NCIS to target the people he holds responsible for turning him into a killer as a part of "Operation Frankenstein": Leon Vance, Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy. Everything he has done since killing his first victim in Spain has been with the sole intention of finding them – but knowing that the Secretary of the Navy is under twenty-four-hour protection, Cobb changes tactics and instead targets E.J. Barrett who is not only the person who has been investigating him from the beginning of his killing spree, but is also the Secretary of the Navy's niece. The NCIS team are able to track Cobb back to the facility where he was put through his training and is seen "training" Trent Kort, Jimmy Palmer and Barrett. He claims he only ever did what he thought was right, but refuses to surrender and is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance. The Secretary of the Navy resigns over the affair, Trent Kort goes into hiding in Israel and Mike Franks is given a military funeral in a coffin built by Gibbs. The episode ends with the new Secretary of the Navy Clayton Jarvis (Matt Craven) giving DiNozzo a classified assignment to "handle" an unknown person and informing him that an NCIS agent is suspected of selling classified information.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Episode
Ratings

Original airdate
Viewers
(millions)
Rank

Night
Week

"Spider and the Fly"
September 21, 2010
19.41[2]
1
2

"Worst Nightmare"
September 28, 2010
19.15[3]
1
3

"Short Fuse"
October 5, 2010
19.81[4]
1
2

"Royals & Loyals"
October 12, 2010
19.20[5]
1
2

"Dead Air"
October 19, 2010
19.41[6]
1
2

"Cracked"
October 26, 2010
20.18[7]
1
2

"Broken Arrow"
November 9, 2010
19.87[8]
1
3

"Enemies Foreign"
November 16, 2010
19.43[9]
1
3

"Enemies Domestic"
November 23, 2010
18.78[10]
2
4

"False Witness"
December 14, 2010
19.87[11]
1
2

"Ships in the Night"
January 11, 2011
21.93[12]
1
3

"Recruited"
January 18, 2011
21.09[13]
1
5

"Freedom"
February 1, 2011
22.85[14]
1
5

"A Man Walks Into A Bar..."
February 8, 2011
20.35[15]
1
4

"Defiance"
February 15, 2011
19.40[16]
1
3

"Kill Screen"
February 22, 2011
21.32[17]
1
5

"One Last Score"
March 1, 2011
19.21[18]
2
4

"Out of the Frying Pan"
March 22, 2011
19.46[19]
1
4

"Tell-All"
March 29, 2011
18.73[20]
2
5

"Two-Faced"
April 5, 2011
19.40[21]
1
5

"Dead Reflection"
April 12, 2011
19.87[22]
1
4

"Baltimore"
May 3, 2011
17.87[23]
1
4

"Swan Song"
May 10, 2011
17.62[24]
1
4

"Pyramid"
May 17, 2011
18.62[25]
1
4


document_title: Ireland Act 1949

question_text: when did the republic of ireland leave the commonwealth

text: Ireland Act 1949

text: Background[edit]

text: Following the secession of most of Ireland from the United Kingdom in 1922, the then created Irish Free State remained (for the purposes of British law) a dominion of the British Empire and thus its people remained British subjects with the right to live and work in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the Empire.[1] The British monarch continued to be head of state. However, by 1936, systematic attempts to remove references to the monarch from Irish constitutional law meant that the only functions remaining to the Crown were:

text:
signing Letters of Credence accrediting Irish ambassadors to other states; and
signing international treaties on Ireland's behalf.

text: This status quo remained, with Ireland participating little in the British Commonwealth and Éamon de Valera remarking in 1945 that "we are a republic" in reply to the question if he planned to declare Ireland as a republic. Then somewhat unexpectedly in 1948, during a visit to Canada, Taoiseach John A. Costello announced that Ireland was to be declared a republic. The subsequent Irish legislation, the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, provided for the abolition of the last remaining functions of the King in relation to Ireland and provided that the President of Ireland would exercise these functions in the King's place. When the Act came into force on 18 April 1949, it effectively ended Ireland's status as a British dominion. As a consequence of this, it also had the effect of ending Ireland's membership of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the existing basis upon which Ireland and its citizens were treated in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries as "British subjects", not foreigners.

text: Summary of provisions[edit]

text: The Act's long title summarises the Act's several purposes:

text: An Act to recognise and declare the constitutional position as to the part of Ireland heretofore known as Eire, and to make provision as to the name by which it may be known and the manner in which the law is to apply in relation to it; to declare and affirm the constitutional position and the territorial integrity of Northern Ireland and to amend, as respects the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the law relating to the qualifications of electors in constituencies in Northern Ireland; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.

text: The effects of the Acts various subsections are as follows:

text:
s. 1(1) – Declared that the country known in British law as "Eire" ceased to be "part of His Majesty's dominions" (i.e. a member of the Commonwealth) on 18 April 1949 (the date that the Irish "Republic of Ireland Act 1948" came into force). The reasons for including this declaration were described in a Working Party Report to the British Cabinet.[2] The Report stated such a declaration was desirable firstly because "as a matter of law, it [was] arguable, on the terms of the [Statute of Westminster], that some provision by the Parliament at Westminster is required in order to complete the process by which a country ceases to be a member of the Commonwealth." The Report added that inclusion of the declaration would "forestall any such legal argument". In addition, the Report said the declaration would have the "additional advantage of excluding, for all purposes of United Kingdom law, any future argument that Eire ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth, not merely from the date of commencement of the Republic of Ireland Act, but from the entry into force of the new Eire Constitution of 1937."
s. 1(2) – Declared that all of Northern Ireland would continue as part of the United Kingdom, and would remain within the Commonwealth, unless the Parliament of Northern Ireland consented otherwise. The Working Party Report noted around this that "it [had] become a matter of first-class strategic importance...that the North should continue to form part of His Majesty's dominions".[2] The Report continued that it indeed seemed "unlikely that Great Britain would ever be able to agree to [Northern Ireland secession] even if the people of Northern Ireland desired it."[2]
s. 1(3) – Established that the country up to then known in British law as "Eire" will in future be referred to by subsequent British legislation by the name "Republic of Ireland".
s. 2(1) – Declared that, even though the Republic of Ireland was no longer a British dominion, it would not be treated as a foreign country for the purposes of British law.
s. 2(2) – Established that the Irish ambassador to the United Kingdom would enjoy the same legal privileges with regard to taxation as the High Commissioners representing Commonwealth countries.
s. 3(1) – Continued in force certain existing British laws in relation to the Republic of Ireland that had previously related to the Irish state.
s. 3(2) – Made blanket provision for how certain wording in existing British legislation should be construed; for example, references to "His Majesty's dominions" were to be construed as including a reference to the Republic of Ireland despite its actual change of status.
s. 3(3) – Excluded from the generality of the preceding subsection any requirement for the Oireachtas to assent to any change in the law relating to the succession to the throne or the royal style and titles; and also ended the requirement for the Irish government to receive notifications under the provisions of the Regency Act 1937.
ss. 4 and 5 – Made certain technical provisions in relation to both transitional matters and to the citizenship of certain individuals born before the Irish Free State ceased to form part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; fixing a mistake in the British Nationality Act 1948 (see below).
s. 6 – Made a number of technical changes to the electoral law relating to the election of MPs to sit at Westminster for Northern Ireland. The principal change meant required a voter to have lived in Northern Ireland for at least three months prior to the registration date; this change was introduced because the Government of Northern Ireland did not want people from the Republic coming to Northern Ireland to vote in elections there.

text: Repairing mistake in British nationality law[edit]

text: The Ireland Act was also used by the United Kingdom to "repair an omission in the British Nationality Act, 1948".[3] The British Nationality Act included provisions dealing specifically with the position of "a person who was a British subject and a citizen of Eire on 31st December, 1948".[3] Because of this, how the British law would apply was dependent on a question of Irish law, namely, who was a "citizen of Eire"? The UK Government seriously misunderstood the position under Irish law. The UK Secretary of State for Home Affairs explained that:[3]

text: [w]hen British Nationality Act was passed the United Kingdom did not know that a person who was born in Southern Ireland of a Southern Irish father and on 6th December, 1922, was domiciled in Northern Ireland was regarded as a citizen of Eire under Eire law. They therefore considered that such a person became a United Kingdom citizen on 1st January, 1949 [in accordance with the British Nationality Act].

text: The impact of this was that many people in Northern Ireland were in theory deprived of a British citizenship status they would otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law. This was an unintended consequence of the British Nationality Act.

text: The Secretary of State also explained the background to the mistake. He reported that under Irish law the question of who was a "citizen of Eire" was in part, dependent on whether a person was "domiciled in the Irish Free State on 6th December, 1922".[3] In this regard he noted:[3]

text: The important date to bear in mind there is 6th December, 1922, for that was the date...the Irish Free State was constituted, and as constituted on 6th December, 1922, it consisted of the 32 counties with the six counties which now form Northern Ireland having the right to vote themselves out. They did so vote themselves out on 7th December, but on 6th December, 1922, the whole of Ireland, the 32 counties, was the Irish Free State and it was not until 7th December, the next day, the six counties having voted themselves out, that the Irish Free State became confined to the 26 counties. Therefore, the Eire law, by inserting the date 6th December, 1922, and attaching to that the domicile, meant that anybody domiciled inside the island of Ireland on 6th December, 1922, was a citizen of Eire.

text: The amendment made to the British Nationality Act under the Ireland Act was intended to make it clear, in summary, that regardless of the position under Irish law, the affected persons domiciled in Northern Ireland on 6 December 1922 would not be deprived of a British citizenship status they would otherwise have enjoyed but for Irish law.

text: In view of the above, the amendment made to the British Nationality Act under section 5 of the 1949 Act conferred Citizenship of the UK and Colonies (CUKC) on any Irish-born person meeting all the following criteria:[4]

text:
was born before 6 December 1922 in what became the Republic of Ireland;
was domiciled outside the Republic of Ireland on 6 December 1922;
was ordinarily resident outside the Republic of Ireland from 1935 to 1948; and
was not registered as an Irish citizen under Irish legislation.

tag: ol

text: Northern Ireland's name[edit]

text: The Act made no change to Northern Ireland's name. However, earlier drafts of the Bill had included a provision changing Northern Ireland's name to "Ulster".[5]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: The Act created outrage in Ireland because its provisions guaranteed that partition (i.e. the status of Northern Ireland as a part of the UK) would continue unless the Parliament of Northern Ireland chose otherwise.[6] Because Northern Ireland had a unionist majority, the guarantee that Northern Ireland would remain part of the UK unless the Belfast parliament resolved otherwise copper-fastened the so-called "unionist veto" in British law. The Irish parliament called for a Protest Against Partition[7] as a result. This was the first and last cross-party declaration against partition by the Irish parliament. The revival of an Irish Republican Army in the early 1950s has been attributed by Irish journalist and popular historian Tim Pat Coogan to the strength of popular feeling among nationalists on both sides of the border against the Act.

text: Before the final Act was published, speculation that the legislation would change the name of "Northern Ireland" to "Ulster" was also the subject of adverse reaction from Nationalist politicians in Northern Ireland and from the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Ireland.[8]


document_title: Ruby-throated hummingbird

question_text: where do ruby throated hummingbirds go in the winter

text: Ruby-throated hummingbird

text: Description[edit]

text: This hummingbird is from 7 to 9 cm (2.8 to 3.5 in) long and has an 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in) wingspan. Weight can range from 2 to 6 g (0.071 to 0.212 oz), with males averaging 3.4 g (0.12 oz) against the slightly larger female which averages 3.8 g (0.13 oz).[2][3] Adults are metallic green above and greyish white below, with near-black wings. Their bill, at up to 2 cm (0.79 in), is long, straight, and very slender. As in all hummingbirds, the toes and feet of this species are quite small, with a middle toe of around 0.6 cm (0.24 in) and a tarsus of approximately 0.4 cm (0.16 in). The ruby-throated hummingbird can only shuffle if it wants to move along a branch, though it can scratch its head and neck with its feet.[4][5]

text: The species is sexually dimorphic.[6] The adult male has a gorget (throat patch) of iridescent ruby red bordered narrowly with velvety black on the upper margin and a forked black tail with a faint violet sheen. The red iridescence is highly directional and appears dull black from many angles. The female has a notched tail with outer feathers banded in green, black, and white and a white throat that may be plain or lightly marked with dusky streaks or stipples. Males are smaller than females and have slightly shorter bills. Juvenile males resemble adult females, though usually with heavier throat markings.[7] The plumage is molted once a year, beginning in late summer.

text: Habitat, range and migration[edit]

text: The breeding habitat is throughout most of eastern North America and the Canadian prairies, in deciduous and pine forests and forest edges, orchards, and gardens. The female builds a nest in a protected location in a shrub or a tree. Of all hummingbirds in the United States, this species has the largest breeding range.[4]

text: The ruby-throated hummingbird is migratory, spending most of the winter in southern Mexico and Central America,[8] as far south as extreme western Panama,[9] the West Indies, and southern Florida. During migration, some birds embark on a nonstop 900-mile journey across the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean from Panama to Gulf Coast.[8] The bird breeds throughout the eastern United States, east of the 100th meridian, and in southern Canada, particularly Ontario, in eastern and mixed deciduous and broadleaved forest.[10][11] In winter, it is seen mostly in Mexico and southern Florida.

text: During migration southward in autumn along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, older male and female birds were better prepared for long-distance flight than first-year birds by having higher body weights and larger fuel loads.[12]

text: Behavior and metabolism[edit]

text: Ruby-throated hummingbirds are solitary. Adults of this species are not social, other than during courtship (which lasts a few minutes); the female also cares for her offspring. Both males and females of any age are aggressive toward other hummingbirds. They may defend territories, such as a feeding territory, attacking and chasing other hummingbirds that enter.

text: As part of their spring migration, portions of the population fly from the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico across the Gulf of Mexico, arriving first in Florida and Louisiana.[8] This feat is impressive, as a 800 km (500 mi), non-stop flight over water would seemingly require a caloric energy that far exceeds an adult hummingbird's body weight of 3 g (0.11 oz).[8] However, researchers discovered the tiny birds can double their fat mass in preparation for their Gulf crossing[13], then expend the entire calorie reserve from fat during the 20-hour non-stop crossing when food and water are unavailable.[8][14]

text: Hummingbirds have one of the highest metabolic rates of any animal, with heart rates up to 1260 beats per minute, breathing rate of about 250 breaths per minute even at rest, and oxygen consumption of about 4 ml oxygen/g/hour at rest.[15] During flight, hummingbird oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue is approximately 10 times higher than that seen for elite human athletes.[8]

text: They feed frequently while active during the day. When temperatures drop, particularly on cold nights, they may conserve energy by entering hypothermic torpor.[8]

text: Flight[edit]

text: Hummingbirds have many skeletal and flight muscle adaptations which allow great agility in flight. Muscles make up 25–30% of their body weight, and they have long, blade-like wings that, unlike the wings of other birds, connect to the body only from the shoulder joint.[16] This adaptation allows the wing to rotate almost 180°, enabling the bird to fly not only forward but backward, and to hover in mid-air, flight capabilities that are similar to insects and unique among birds.[16]

text: Analysis of the main wing bone, the humerus, is thought to be specifically adapted for hovering flight. Hummingbirds have a relatively short humerus with proportionally massive deltoid-pectoral muscles which permit pronounced wing supination during upstroke when hovering.[17]

text: A hummingbird's ability to hover is due to its small mass, high wingbeat frequency and relatively large margin of mass-specific power available for flight. Several anatomical features contribute further, including proportionally massive major flight muscles (pectoralis major and supracoracoideus) and wing anatomy that enables the bird to leave its wings extended yet turned over (supine) during the upstroke. This generates lift that supports body weight and maneuvering.[18]

text: Hummingbirds achieve ability to support their weight and hover from wing beats creating lift on the downstroke of a wing flap and also on the upstroke in a ratio of 75%:25%, respectively, similarly to an insect.[18][19] Hummingbirds and insects gain lift during hovering partially through inversion of their cambered wings during an upstroke.[19] During hovering, hummingbird wings beat up to 80 times per second.[20]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Nectar from flowers and flowering trees, as well as small insects and spiders, are its main food. Although hummingbirds are well known to feed on nectar, small arthropods are an important source part of protein, minerals, and vitamins in the diet of adult hummingbirds. Hummingbirds show a slight preference for red, orange, and bright pink tubular flowers as nectar sources, though flowers not adapted to hummingbird pollination (e.g., willow catkins) are also visited.[9] Their diet may also occasionally include sugar-rich tree sap taken from sapsucker wells. The birds feed from flowers using a long, extendable tongue and catch insects on the wing or glean them from flowers, leaves, bark, and spiders' webs.

text: Young birds are fed insects for protein since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing birds.[9]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: As typical for their family, ruby-throated hummingbirds are thought to be polygynous. Polyandry and polygynandry may also occur. They do not form breeding pairs, with males departing immediately after the reproductive act and females providing all parental care.[21]

text: Males arrive at the breeding area in the spring and establish a territory before the females arrive. When the females return, males court females that enter their territory by performing courtship displays. They perform a "dive display" rising 2.45–3.1 m (8.0–10.2 ft) above and 1.52–1.82 m (5.0–6.0 ft) to each side of the female. If the female perches, the male begins flying in very rapid horizontal arcs less than 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in front of her. If the female is receptive to the male, she may give a call and assume a solicitous posture with her tail feathers cocked and her wings drooped.[citation needed]

text: The nest is usually constructed on a small, downward-sloping tree limb 3.1 to 12.2 m (10 to 40 ft) feet above the ground. Favored trees are usually deciduous, such as oak, hornbeam, birch, poplar or hackberry, although pines have also been used. Nests have even been found on loops of chain, wire, and extension cords.[4] The nest is composed of bud scales, with lichen on the exterior, bound with spider's silk, and lined with fibers such as plant down (often dandelion or thistle down) and animal hair. Most nests are well camouflaged. Old nests may be occupied for several seasons, but are repaired annually.[9] As in all known hummingbird species, the female alone constructs the nest and cares for the eggs and young.

text: Females lay two (with a range of 1 to 3) white eggs about 12.9 mm × 8.5 mm (0.51 in × 0.33 in) in size and produce one to two broods each summer.[4] They brood the chicks over a period of 12 to 14 days, by which point they are feathered and homeothermic. The female feeds the chicks from 1 to 3 times every hour by regurgitation, usually while the female continues hovering. When they are 18 to 22 days old, the young leave the nest and make their first flight.[9]

text: Longevity and mortality[edit]

text: The oldest known ruby-throated hummingbird to be banded was 9 years and 1 month of age. Almost all hummingbirds of 7 years or more in age are females, with males rarely surviving past 5 years of age. Reasons for higher mortality in males may include loss of weight during the breeding season due to the high energetic demands of defending a territory followed by energetically costly migration.[8]

text: A variety of animals prey on hummingbirds given the opportunity. Due to their small size, hummingbirds are vulnerable even to passerine birds and other animals which generally feed on insects. On the other hand, only very swift predators can capture them and a free-flying adult hummingbird is too nimble for most predators. Chief among their predators are the smaller, swifter raptors like sharp-shinned hawks, merlins, American kestrels and Mississippi kites as well as domestic cats, loggerhead shrikes and even greater roadrunners, all of which are likely to ambush the hummingbird while it sits or sleeps on a perch or are distracted by breeding or foraging activities. Predatory lizards and bird-eating snakes may also prey on the species, especially on its tropical wintering grounds. Even large, predatory invertebrates have preyed on ruby-throated hummingbirds, including praying mantises (which have been seen to ambush adult hummingbirds at hummingbird feeders on more than one occasion), orb-weaver spiders, and green Darners. Blue jays are common predators of nests, as are several other corvids in addition to some icterids, bats, squirrels and chipmunks.[22][23][24][25]

text: Vocalization[edit]

text:
Archilochus colubris call

Bird call of the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)

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text: The vocalizations of ruby-throated hummingbirds are rapid, squeaky chirps, which are used primarily for threats. For example, males may vocalize to warn another male that has entered his territory.

text: During the courtship displays, the male makes a rapid tik-tik tik-tik tik-tik sound with his wings.[26] The sound is produced both during the shuttle display, at each end of the side-to-side flight. Also, the sound is made during dive displays. A second, rather faint, repeated whining sound is sometimes produced with the outer tail-feathers during the dive, as the male flies over the female, spreading and shutting the tail as he does so.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Male ruby-throated hummingbird guarding his territory from the top of a tomato stake

Brooklyn Museum - Ruby-throated Humming Bird - John J. Audubon

Female ruby-throated hummingbird, North Carolina

text: Other reading[edit]

text:
Robinson, T. R., R. R. Sargent, and M. B. Sargent (1996). Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). In The Birds of North America. No. 204 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Williamson, S. L. (2001). A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America (Peterson Field Guide Series). Houghton Mifflin. Co., Boston, MA.
Ruby-throated hummingbird information