document_title: Role Models

question_text: who sang love take me down to the streets

text: Role Models

text: Plot[edit]

text: Danny and Wheeler are two energy drink salesmen who promote a drink called "Minotaur" to school children, and encourage kids to stay off drugs. Wheeler loves the job, but Danny hates it, viewing it as a pointless, dead-end career. Danny's depression results in the collapse of his relationship with his girlfriend Beth, after he impulsively proposes to her. After a presentation at an elementary school, the duo find their Minotaur truck being towed, as they were parked in a no-parking zone. After an argument with the tow truck driver, Danny attempts to "drive" their truck free of the tow truck, damaging the tow truck, nearly running over a security guard and crashing into a statue. Both men are arrested and charged with assault and disorderly conduct.

text: Beth strikes a deal with the judge in which they have to log 150 hours of community service over the next 30 days, in lieu of 30 days in jail. They are to complete their service with Sturdy Wings, a big brother-big sister program led by Gayle Sweeny, a recovering addict. Gayle is aware of their court mandate and warns them that if they fail to meet her requirements they will be sent to prison. Wheeler is paired up with Ronnie a foul-mouthed streetwise miscreant obsessed with breasts, who has driven away all the other "Bigs" he has been paired with. Danny is assigned Augie, a nerdy teenager obsessed with medieval live action role-playing games.

text: Danny is unable to find common ground with Augie while Ronnie takes a disliking to Wheeler. Danny considers choosing the jail sentence, but Wheeler insists that if they go to jail, they will get raped. They gradually bond with their "littles". Ronnie and Wheeler share the experience of having been abandoned by their fathers while Danny learns about Augie's medieval fantasy realm. Ronnie takes an interest in Wheeler's favorite group, Kiss, and discovers that Wheeler shares his obsession with breasts, which Wheeler teaches him to control. Danny and Augie bond when they realize that they are both involved in the Sturdy Wings program against their will. Danny joins Augie's live action role playing game, "LAIRE" (Live Action Interactive Role-playing Explorers) and attempts to reconcile with Beth, but to no avail (Beth must commit to the break-up, stating that it is for the best).

text: However, their good luck is short-lived. When Augie manages to sneak up on the King of LAIRE, Argotron the King lies and tells everyone that he killed Augie. Danny, defending Augie, confronts and then pushes the King, and gets himself and Augie banned from LAIRE forever. Later, Danny insults Augie's mother and stepfather for refusing to support Augie's hobby, earning their hatred. As soon as Augie's parents kick Danny out of their house, Danny retorts, "I'd be psyched if he were my kid." Meanwhile, Wheeler takes Ronnie to a party and leaves him unsupervised, resulting in Ronnie walking home alone and a series of angry messages from Ronnie's mother, Karen, on Wheeler's cell-phone. Ronnie and Augie's parents ask Sturdy Wings for new mentors, and Danny and Wheeler are expelled from the program, thus failing to complete their community service. Beth says that she will defend Danny and Wheeler in court, but cannot make any promises, as they will eventually be sent to jail. Danny and Wheeler argue and go their separate ways.

text: Danny convinces King Argotron to allow himself and Augie to fight that afternoon in the much-awaited battle royale. Wheeler gets permission from Karen to hang out with Ronnie after he gets out of jail, and earns Ronnie's forgiveness. However, the King secretly warns the other members of Augie's LAIRE "country" of Xanthia that allowing Augie to fight with them will lead to severe retribution in the game. They call Augie to tell him he's too much of a liability and he has nowhere to turn. To form a new LAIRE country, Danny and Augie need four members and matching costumes. Danny asks Wheeler and Ronnie to join them. They arrive with Wheeler's Kiss costumes and a Kiss-themed Minotaur truck, naming their new country "Kiss-My-Anthia". After a betrayal by his former Xanthian allies, Augie finally duels with the king, defeating him. A hidden player, Sarah, who goes by Esplen in LAIRE, then attacks and defeats Augie; she is crowned the new queen and chooses Augie as her king-consort. Augie's parents forgive Danny.

text: Impressed with having seen that Wheeler and Danny care for the children, Gayle clears their names with the judge. Danny serenades Beth with a rendition of the Kiss song "Beth" and they happily reconcile.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seann William Scott as Wheeler
Paul Rudd as Danny
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Augie
Bobb'e J. Thompson as Ronnie
Elizabeth Banks as Beth
Jane Lynch as Gayle
Ken Jeong as King Argotron
Kerri Kenney-Silver as Lynette
Ken Marino as Jim
Nicole Randall Johnson as Karen
A.D. Miles as Martin
Joe Lo Truglio as Kuzzik
Vincent Martella as Artonius
Matt Walsh as Davith of Glencracken
Allie Stamler as Sarah/Queen Esplen
Jessica Morris as Linda the Teacher
Carly Craig as Connie
Keegan-Michael Key as Duane
Amanda Righetti as Isabel
Jorma Taccone as Mitch from Graphics
Armen Weitzman as Party Dude
Elijah Polanco as Ronnie's Friend
Nate Hartley as Rule Master
Louis C.K. as School Liaison

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally announced in December 2006 under the title Big Brothers, with Luke Greenfield directing and Timothy Dowling writing the script.[3] A January 22, 2007, draft of the script credits Moses Port and David Guarascio as writers, with no listing of Dowling.[4] During promotion for the film Knocked Up, Paul Rudd revealed that shooting on Big Brothers was on hiatus while the script was being retooled.[5] News was later revealed that Rudd was commissioned to write a new draft of the script and David Wain had signed on to direct.[6] Wain later revealed the film was now titled Little Big Men.[7] UniversalPictures.com listed the film under the final title Role Models, which made its release on November 7, 2008.[8] It was pre-screened at the University of Maryland's Hoff Theater on October 30, 2008 to positive accord.

text: A running gag in the film is a song entitled "Love Take Me Down (to the Streets)", which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings. In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building, Martin begins singing the song, which he claims is "one of their hits from the 70s", a fact which Danny denies. This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film. During the credits, the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by "Not Wings." The song was written by Charles Gansa, a composer who worked on the film, and A. D. Miles, who plays Martin in the film. It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo, a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band Rain.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Role Models opened #2 at the box office behind Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa with $19.2 million. The film made a total of $67,300,955 domestically and $25,201,210 in foreign countries, for a total of $92,502,165 worldwide.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Role Models was met with generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 78%, based on 157 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Role Models is a frequently crude, always funny comedy with the cast providing solid work throughout."[10] On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 61 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".[11]

text: In their year end review, IGN awarded Role Models with "Best Comedy Film of 2008".[12] Eye Weekly selected Role Models as one of the best films of 2008.[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on March 10, 2009 selling 1,028,207 during its first week generating $17,469,237 in revenue. As of August 10, 2011 the DVD has sold 2,555,713 copies and over $40 million in revenue.[2]


document_title: FIFA World Cup awards

question_text: who has the golden boot world cup 2018

question_tokens: who has the golden boot world cup 2018

root

text: FIFA World Cup awards

text: Awards

text: There are currently five post-tournament awards, and one given during the tournament:[1]

tag: p

text:
the Golden Ball (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Ball") for best player, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Boot (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Boot", previously known as the "adidas Golden Shoe" from 1982 to 2006) for top goal scorer, first awarded in 1982;
the Golden Glove Award (currently commercially termed "adidas Golden Glove"; previously known as the "Lev Yashin Award" from 1994 to 2006) for best goalkeeper, first awarded in 1994;
the Best Young Player (currently commercially termed as "Hyundai Best Young Player") award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year, first awarded in 2006;
the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play, first awarded in 1970;
the Man of the Match Award (currently commercially termed as "Budweiser Man of the Match") for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament, first awarded in 2002.

tag: ul

text: Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006:[2]

text:
The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most, during the World Cup final tournament, as determined by a poll of the general public;
An All-Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen  by the technical study group.

text: Golden Ball

text: The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals, with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media. Those who finish as runners-up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively. The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, sponsored by Adidas and France Football, though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as "golden ball winners" Kempes, Cruyff, Pelé, Bobby Charlton, Garrincha and Didi for 1978, 1974, 1970, 1966, 1962 and 1958 respectively.[3] Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times (Johan Cruyff in 1974, Romário in 1994, Lionel Messi in 2014).[4]

text:
Golden Ball[5]

World Cup

Golden Ball

Silver Ball

Bronze Ball

1930 Uruguay

 José Nasazzi

 Guillermo Stábile

 José Leandro Andrade

1934 Italy

 Giuseppe Meazza

 Matthias Sindelar

 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 Leônidas

 Silvio Piola

 György Sárosi

1950 Brazil

 Zizinho

 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Ademir

1954 Switzerland

 Ferenc Puskás

 Sándor Kocsis

 Fritz Walter

1958 Sweden

 Didi

 Pelé

 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Garrincha

 Josef Masopust

 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Bobby Charlton

 Bobby Moore

 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Pelé

 Gérson

 Gerd Müller

1974 West Germany

 Johan Cruyff

 Franz Beckenbauer

 Kazimierz Deyna

1978 Argentina

 Mario Kempes

 Paolo Rossi

 Dirceu

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

 Falcão

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Diego Maradona

 Harald Schumacher

 Preben Elkjær Larsen

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Lothar Matthäus

 Diego Maradona

1994 United States

 Romario

 Roberto Baggio

 Hristo Stoichkov

1998 France

 Ronaldo

 Davor Šuker

 Lilian Thuram

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

 Ronaldo

 Hong Myung-bo

2006 Germany

 Zinedine Zidane

 Fabio Cannavaro

 Andrea Pirlo

2010 South Africa

 Diego Forlán

 Wesley Sneijder

 David Villa

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

 Thomas Müller

 Arjen Robben

2018 Russia

 Luka Modrić

 Eden Hazard

 Antoine Griezmann

tag: table

text: Golden Boot

text: The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982,[6] under the name Golden Shoe.[3] It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010.[7] FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.[8]

text: If there is more than one player with the same number of goals, since 1994 the tie-breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal, if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such.[9][10] If there is still more than one player, the tie-breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time, which translates to a higher goal average.[11]

text:
Top Goalscorer[12][13]

World Cup

Top goalscorer

Goals

Runners-up

Goals

Third place

Goals

1930 Uruguay

 Guillermo Stábile

8

 Pedro Cea

5

 Bert Patenaude

4

1934 Italy

 Oldřich Nejedlý

5[a]

 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio

4

None

—

1938 France

 Leônidas

7[b]

 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola

5

1950 Brazil

 Ademir

8[c]

 Óscar Míguez

 Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra

4

1954 Switzerland

 Sándor Kocsis

11

 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst

6

None

—

1958 Sweden

 Just Fontaine

13

 Pelé Helmut Rahn

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez

4

None

—

1966 England

 Eusébio

9

 Helmut Haller

6

 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer

4

1970 Mexico

 Gerd Müller

10

 Jairzinho

7

 Teófilo Cubillas

5

1974 West Germany

 Grzegorz Lato

7

 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens

5

None

1978 Argentina[17]

 Mario Kempes

6

 Teófilo Cubillas

 Rob Rensenbrink

5

Golden Shoe[8]

World Cup

Golden Shoe

Goals

Silver Shoe

Goals

Bronze Shoe

Goals

1982 Spain

 Paolo Rossi

6

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

5

 Zico

4

1986 Mexico

 Gary Lineker

 Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona

None[18]

1990 Italy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Tomáš Skuhravý

 Roger Milla  Gary Lineker

4

1994 United States

 Oleg Salenko[d] Hristo Stoichkov[e]

None

—

 Kennet Andersson Romário

5[f]

1998 France[20]

 Davor Šuker

 Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri

5

None[g]

2002 South Korea/Japan[21]

 Ronaldo

8[h]

 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo

2006 Germany[23]

 Miroslav Klose

5

 Hernán Crespo

3[i]

 Ronaldo

3[i]

Golden Boot[8]

World Cup

Golden Boot

Goals

Silver Boot

Goals

Bronze Boot

Goals

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller

5[j]

 David Villa

5[j]

 Wesley Sneijder

5[j]

2014 Brazil

 James Rodríguez

6

 Thomas Müller

5

 Neymar

4[k]

2018 Russia

 Harry Kane

 Antoine Griezmann

4[l]

 Romelu Lukaku

4[l]

Notes

Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals, which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany. However, FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006, making Nejedlý the outright top scorer.[14]

Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals. However, in November 2006, FIFA confirmed that in the quarter-final tie against Czechoslovakia, he had scored once, not twice as FIFA had originally recorded, meaning he had scored only seven goals in total.[14]

Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950, as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain (6–1). The 5–0 goal had been credited to Jair, but is now credited to Ademir.[15][16]

Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages. His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored.

Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker, Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each, and both received the Golden Shoe.[9]

Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals (Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio) by having three assists each.[9][19]

Jump up ^ Both runners-up had the same number of assists, and each received the Silver Shoe.

Jump up ^ During the tournament, after the group stage match against Costa Rica, Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal, and FIFA granted him the change.[22]

^ Jump up to: a b Eight players had scored three goals. Ronaldo, Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist, and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime (308 minutes for Crespo, 411 for Ronaldo, 559 for Zidane).[24]

^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Villa, Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals. Müller won by virtue of having more assists (3) than the rest (each had one). Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder, and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán.[25]

Jump up ^ Neymar, Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament. Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors (480; Messi played 693 minutes, and Van Persie, 548).[26]

^ Jump up to: a b Griezmann, Lukaku, Denis Cheryshev, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals. Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists (2) than the rest (Lukaku had one, the rest had zero). Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists (one) than Cheryshev, Ronaldo or Mbappé (zero).[27]

text: Golden Glove

text: The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament. The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994, in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper.[6] The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player's performance throughout the final competition. Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position, they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well, as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002. Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994, every All-Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper. In the event of a tie, the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition. The next tiebreakers are saves made, then minutes played.

text:
World Cup

Golden Glove

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

1938 France

 František Plánička

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

1990 Italy

 Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea

1994 United States

 Michel Preud'homme

1998 France

 Fabien Barthez

2002 Korea/Japan

 Oliver Kahn

2006 Germany

 Gianluigi Buffon

2010 South Africa

 Iker Casillas

2014 Brazil

 Manuel Neuer

2018 Russia

 Thibaut Courtois

text: Best Young Player Award

text: The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany's Lukas Podolski.[28] The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old.  For the 2018 World Cup, this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997. The election took place on FIFA's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group.[29]

text: FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the "best young player" of the World Cup, between 1958 and 2002, named the best young player of each tournament.[30] With 61% of the overall vote, the winner was Pelé, who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas, the best young player at Mexico 1970, and England's Michael Owen, who reached similar heights at France 98.[31]

text:
YPA[32]

World Cup

Best Young Player

Age

1958 Sweden

 Pelé

17

1962 Chile

 Flórián Albert

20

1966 England

 Franz Beckenbauer

20

1970 Mexico

 Teófilo Cubillas

21

1974 West Germany

 Władysław Żmuda

20

1978 Argentina

 Antonio Cabrini

1982 Spain

 Manuel Amoros

21

1986 Mexico

 Enzo Scifo

20

1990 Italy

 Robert Prosinečki

21

1994 United States

 Marc Overmars

1998 France

 Michael Owen

18

2002 Korea/Japan

 Landon Donovan

20

2006 Germany

 Lukas Podolski[28]

21

2010 South Africa

 Thomas Müller[33]

20

2014 Brazil

 Paul Pogba[34]

21

2018 Russia

 Kylian Mbappé[35]

19

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy

text: The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970. Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered. The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy, a diploma, a fair play medal for each player and official, and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development.[36]

text: The appearance of the award was originally a certificate. From 1982 to 1990, it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy, a football-playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play.[37][38] Ever since 1994, it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure.[39] Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico.[40]

text:
World Cup

FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners

1970 Mexico

 Peru

1974 West Germany

 West Germany

1978 Argentina

 Argentina

1982 Spain

 Brazil

1986 Mexico

 Brazil

1990 Italy

 England

1994 United States

 Brazil

1998 France

 England France

2002 Korea/Japan

 Belgium

2006 Germany

 Brazil Spain

2010 South Africa

 Spain

2014 Brazil

 Colombia

2018 Russia

 Spain

text: Man of the Match

text: The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002. While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group,[41][42] the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA's website.[43][44]

text:
World Cup

Most Man of the Match wins

Wins

2002 South Korea/Japan

 Rivaldo

3

2006 Germany

 Andrea Pirlo

3

2010 South Africa

 Wesley Sneijder

4

2014 Brazil

 Lionel Messi

4

2018 Russia

 Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić

3

text: Total awardsAs of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Player

Country

MoM

WC with awards

1

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
6
2006, 2010, 2014

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
2010, 2014, 2018

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
2010, 2014, 2018

4

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay
5
2010, 2014, 2018

5

Eden Hazard
 Belgium
4
2014, 2018

Keisuke Honda
 Japan
2010, 2014

James Rodríguez
 Colombia
2014, 2018

Miroslav Klose
 Germany
2002, 2006

Park Ji-sung
 South Korea
2002, 2006, 2010

Thomas Müller
 Germany
2010, 2014

Wesley Sneijder
 Netherlands
2010

text: By CountryAs of 15 July 2018

text:
Rank

Country

MoM

Players

1

 Brazil
22
14

 Germany
12

3

 France
17
11

4

 Spain
16
10

5

 Argentina
15
8

6

 England
14
12

7

 Mexico
12
10

 Netherlands
3

9

 South Korea
11
7

 Portugal
6

 United States
7

text: Most Entertaining Team

text: The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game, organised through public participation in a poll[6] starting in 1994.[7]

text:
World Cup

Most Entertaining Team Award

1994 United States

 Brazil[23]

1998 France

 France[23]

2002 Korea/Japan

 South Korea[45]

2006 Germany

 Portugal[46]

2010 South Africa

 Germany[47]

2014 Brazil

 Colombia[48]

text: All-Star Team

text: The All-Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals. The ways in which the FIFA All-Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year.  A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team.[49] However, in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad, chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All-Star Team.[50] For 1998, 2002 and 2006, substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23-player squads. The All-Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally, three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa.[51]

text:
All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1930 Uruguay

 Enrique Ballestrero

 José Nasazzi
 Milutin Ivković

 Luis Monti
 Álvaro Gestido
 José Leandro Andrade

 Pedro Cea
 Héctor Castro
 Héctor Scarone
 Guillermo Stábile
 Bert Patenaude

1934 Italy

 Ricardo Zamora

 Jacinto Quincoces
 Eraldo Monzeglio

 Luis Monti
 Attilio Ferraris
 Leonardo Cilaurren

 Giuseppe Meazza
 Raimundo Orsi
 Enrique Guaita
 Matthias Sindelar
 Oldřich Nejedlý

1938 France

 František Plánička

 Pietro Rava
 Alfredo Foni
 Domingos da Guia

 Michele Andreolo
 Ugo Locatelli

 Silvio Piola
 Gino Colaussi
 György Sárosi
 Gyula Zsengellér
 Leônidas

1950 Brazil

 Roque Máspoli

 Erik Nilsson
 José Parra
 Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Obdulio Varela
 Bauer
 Alcides Ghiggia
 Jair

 Zizinho
 Ademir
 Juan Alberto Schiaffino

1954 Switzerland

 Gyula Grosics

 Ernst Ocwirk
 Djalma Santos
 José Santamaría

 Fritz Walter
 József Bozsik
 Nándor Hidegkuti
 Zoltán Czibor

 Helmut Rahn
 Ferenc Puskás
 Sándor Kocsis

1958 Sweden

 Harry Gregg

 Djalma Santos
 Bellini
 Nílton Santos

 Danny Blanchflower
 Didi
 Gunnar Gren
 Raymond Kopa

 Pelé
 Garrincha
 Just Fontaine

1962 Chile

 Viliam Schrojf

 Djalma Santos
 Cesare Maldini
 Valery Voronin
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger

 Mário Zagallo
 Zito
 Josef Masopust

 Vavá
 Garrincha
 Leonel Sánchez

1966 England

 Gordon Banks

 George Cohen
 Bobby Moore
 Vicente
 Silvio Marzolini

 Franz Beckenbauer
 Mário Coluna
 Bobby Charlton

 Flórián Albert
 Uwe Seeler
 Eusébio

1970 Mexico

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz

 Carlos Alberto
 Atilio Ancheta
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Giacinto Facchetti

 Gérson
 Rivellino
 Bobby Charlton

 Pelé
 Gerd Müller
 Jairzinho

1974 West Germany

 Sepp Maier

 Ruud Krol
 Paul Breitner
 Elias Figueroa[52]
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Berti Vogts

 Wolfgang Overath
 Kazimierz Deyna
 Johan Neeskens

 Rob Rensenbrink
 Johan Cruyff
 Grzegorz Lato

1978 Argentina

 Ubaldo Fillol

 Berti Vogts
 Ruud Krol
 Daniel Passarella
 Alberto Tarantini

 Dirceu
 Teófilo Cubillas
 Rob Rensenbrink

 Roberto Bettega
 Paolo Rossi
 Mario Kempes

1982 Spain

 Dino Zoff

 Luizinho
 Júnior
 Claudio Gentile
 Fulvio Collovati

 Zbigniew Boniek
 Falcão
 Michel Platini
 Zico

 Paolo Rossi
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

1986 Mexico

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

 Josimar
 Manuel Amoros
 Júlio César

 Jan Ceulemans
 Jean Tigana
 Michel Platini
 Diego Maradona

 Preben Elkjær Larsen
 Emilio Butragueño
 Gary Lineker

1990 Italy

 Sergio Goycochea
 Luis Gabelo Conejo

 Andreas Brehme
 Paolo Maldini
 Franco Baresi

 Diego Maradona
 Lothar Matthäus
 Dragan Stojković
 Paul Gascoigne

 Salvatore Schillaci
 Roger Milla
 Jürgen Klinsmann

text:
MasterCard All Star Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

1994 United States[50]

 Michel Preud'homme

 Jorginho
 Márcio Santos
 Paolo Maldini

 Dunga
 Krasimir Balakov
 Gheorghe Hagi
 Tomas Brolin

 Romário
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Roberto Baggio

1998 France[53](1)

 Fabien Barthez
 José Luis Chilavert

 Roberto Carlos
 Marcel Desailly
 Lilian Thuram
 Frank de Boer
 Carlos Gamarra

 Dunga
 Rivaldo
 Michael Laudrup
 Zinedine Zidane
 Edgar Davids

 Ronaldo
 Davor Šuker
 Brian Laudrup
 Dennis Bergkamp

2002 Korea/Japan[54](2)

 Oliver Kahn
 Rüştü Reçber

 Roberto Carlos
 Sol Campbell
 Fernando Hierro
 Hong Myung-bo
 Alpay Özalan

 Rivaldo
 Ronaldinho
 Michael Ballack
 Claudio Reyna
 Yoo Sang-chul

 Ronaldo
 Miroslav Klose
 El Hadji Diouf
 Hasan Şaş

2006 Germany[55]

 Gianluigi Buffon
 Jens Lehmann
 Ricardo

 Roberto Ayala
 John Terry
 Lilian Thuram
 Philipp Lahm
 Fabio Cannavaro
 Gianluca Zambrotta
 Ricardo Carvalho

 Zé Roberto
 Patrick Vieira
 Zinedine Zidane
 Michael Ballack
 Andrea Pirlo
 Gennaro Gattuso
 Luís Figo
 Maniche

 Hernán Crespo
 Thierry Henry
 Miroslav Klose
 Luca Toni
 Francesco Totti

text: 1 In addition to the 16 of the All-Star Team, 6 reserves were listed:  Edwin van der Sar,  Juan Sebastián Verón,  Thierry Henry,  Jay-Jay Okocha,  Michael Owen, and  Christian Vieri.[53]

text: 2 Again there were seven reserves:  Iker Casillas,  Cafu,  Dietmar Hamann,  Joaquín,  Hidetoshi Nakata,  Landon Donovan, and  Marc Wilmots.[54]

text: In 2010, an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named "Dream Team", sponsored by Yingli.[56] The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi,[57] and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense.[58]

text:
Dream Team

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

Manager

2010 South Africa[56]

 Iker Casillas

 Philipp Lahm  Sergio Ramos  Carles Puyol  Maicon

 Xavi  Bastian Schweinsteiger  Wesley Sneijder  Andrés Iniesta

 David Villa  Diego Forlán

 Vicente del Bosque

2014 Brazil[57]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcelo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva David Luiz

 Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez

 Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Neymar

 Joachim Löw

2018 Russia[59]

 Thibaut Courtois

 Raphaël Varane  Thiago Silva  Diego Godín  Marcelo

 Luka Modrić  Philippe Coutinho  Kevin De Bruyne

 Kylian Mbappé  Harry Kane  Cristiano Ronaldo

text: While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014, official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index, which evaluates players' performances through statistical data.[60]

text:
Castrol Index Top 11

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

2014 Brazil[60]

 Manuel Neuer

 Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij

 Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez

 Arjen Robben Thomas Müller

text:
Fantasy McDonald’s Overall XI

World Cup

Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

2018 Russia[61]

 Thibaut Courtois

 Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina

 Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić

 Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann

text:
Only two players have been named in three separate All-Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven: Djalma Santos in 1954, 1958 and 1962, Franz Beckenbauer in 1966, 1970 and 1974. Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006, 2010 and 2014. However, the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All-Star team listed. Lahm's name has only been in one of these.
21 players have been named in two separate All-Star teams: Luis Monti (1930 and 1934; representing Argentina and Italy respectively); Garrincha (1958 and 1962); Pelé (1958 and 1970); Bobby Charlton (1966 and 1970); Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink (1974 and 1978); Berti Vogts (1974 and 1978); Paolo Rossi (1978 and 1982); Michel Platini (1982 and 1986); Diego Maradona (1986 and 1990); Paolo Maldini (1990 and 1994); Dunga (1994 and 1998); Roberto Carlos, Rivaldo, and Ronaldo (1998 and 2002); Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane (1998 and 2006); Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose (2002 and 2006); Marcelo and Thiago Silva (2014 and 2018).
Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All-Star teams by 12 years apart (1958 and 1970).
Uruguay in 1930 and 1950,  Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All-Star Team. Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006, however, the 2006 edition listed 23 players.
Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All-Star Team with 7 players each. However, the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall, while the 2006 selection had 23.
37 different Brazilian players have been named in All-Star teams, Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper.
Only two Asian players have been named in All-Star teams, Hong Myung-bo and Yoo Sang-chul of South Korea. Another Asian player Hidetoshi Nakata has been named in reserves. All three players were selected in 2002.
Similarly, only two African players have been named in All-Star teams, Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002.
Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team, Diego Maradona, was selected in that year's All-Star team.
Uniquely, brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998.
Similarly, Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy, in 1962 and 1990, 1994 respectively.
Uniquely, Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona (1979 and 1986) and Lionel Messi (2005 and 2014) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship.

text: Goal of the Tournament

text:
World Cup

Player

Scored against

Source

2006 Germany

 Maxi Rodríguez

 Mexico

[62]

2010 South Africa

 Diego Forlan

 Germany

2014 Brazil

 James Rodriguez

 Uruguay

2018 Russia

 Benjamin Pavard

 Argentina


document_title: Merit pay

question_text: a firm would most likely use merit pay as an element of a(n)

question_tokens: a firm would most likely use merit pay as an element of a ( n )

text: Merit pay

text: History[edit]

text: Merit pay's roots lie in behavioral psychology and incentive theory. These theories are based in the belief that people are rational and react to incentives and that you can increase performance with the correct catalyst.

text: One example of a system that uses merit-pay is the Teacher Advancement Program (TAP) created by the Milken Family Foundation in 1999. TAP is currently in place in more than 180 schools all across the United States. In this program, salary raises are based on some aspects of teacher performance, measured by a combination of observations and student test scores. TAP teachers can advance their career in three ways: (1) remain in the classroom and become a mentor to others, (2) leave the classroom and become a master teacher, or (3) advance to administration through traditional means. This program is focused on helping teachers improve performance by learning from others. Teachers are put into small groups that—for a few hours each week—collaborate about what's working in the classroom. The opportunity allows teachers to build skills that will improve classroom learning.

text: Since adopting TAP in 2001, Bell Street Middle School has doubled the percent of students with advanced scoring in math and reading. The school has also reduced the number of students scoring "below basic level of math" by 46 percent.[citation needed] Another benefit of the TAP program for the middle school has been a reduction in teacher turnover from 32 percent to 10 percent.[citation needed]

text: One criticism of TAP is that it is expensive for schools, costing from $250 to $400 per student per year.[1] Many TAP schools use grants to fund the program cost.[2] An independent study conducted by Vanderbilt University researchers compared TAP schools' test score gains to non-TAP schools. TAP seems to do better at the elementary school level, but in fact does worse than non-TAP schools in grades 6 through 10.[3]

text: In 2006, the United States Congress created a $600 million federal grant program called the Teacher Incentive Plan (TIF). In 2009, the program was expanded and supported with American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funding. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the TIF "supports efforts to develop and implement performance-based teacher and principal compensation systems in high-need schools." The program's goals include:

text:
(1) improving student achievement by increasing teacher and principal effectiveness
(2) reforming teacher and principal compensation systems so that teachers and principals are rewarded for increases in student achievement
(3) increasing the number of effective teachers teaching poor, minority, and disadvantaged students in hard-to-staff subjects
(4) creating sustainable performance-based compensation systems (PBCSs)

text: A national evaluation of the TIF program has yet to be performed, but preliminary research has provided mixed results. According to an article by the Center for American Progress, an evaluation of programs supported by TIF, such as Denver's ProComp program and the Nashville study (both discussed below), has shown initial evidence that performance-based pay has had a positive effect on student achievement.[citation needed] However, other evaluations, such as a study performed by the Vanderbilt University National Center on Performance Incentives in the metropolitan Nashville School System, have not confirmed the hypothesis that rewarding teachers for improved scores will cause scores to rise.[4][5]

text: Denver's Professional Compensation System for Teachers was approved by teachers and financially backed by Denver voters in 2004 and 2005, and it later received additional funding from a TIF grant in 2006. In this program, teachers are given nine ways to increase their earnings, such as working in a high-needs schools, exceeding expectations on state exams, meeting professional objectives set at the beginning of the year, receiving a worthy evaluation from a principal, and gaining "distinguished school" status by meeting mixed criteria such as parent satisfaction. In 2010, an evaluation report detailing effects of ProComp was issued. This report highlighted several key findings in both district-wide student achievement trends, as well as in student achievement outcomes relating to teacher hiring effects. On a district-wide level, the 2010 evaluation showed a substantial increase in mathematics and reading achievement from the immediate time period before ProComp's implementation compared to time period subsequent to the implementation. Additionally, teachers hired after the implementation of ProComp showed higher first-year achievement compared to those hired before the program's implementation.

text: The National Center on Performance Incentives conducted a three-year study in the metropolitan Nashville School System from 2006 through 2009, in which middle school mathematics teachers participated in an experiment to evaluate the effect of financial rewards for teachers whose students showed large gains on standardized tests. As stated in the study's final findings report, "The experiment was intended to test the notion that rewarding teachers for improved scores would cause scores to rise."[citation needed] The results of the study did not confirm this hypothesis. Students of teachers assigned to the treatment group eligible for bonuses did not outperform students whose teachers were assigned to the control group that was not eligible for bonuses.

text: Effort versus selection[edit]

text: Most analyses of merit pay, including the Nashville Study, consider whether or not the existing teachers in a school perform better after being offered pay for performance. Scores might go up if teachers work harder or "work better." This situation, often called "increased effort," implies that teachers were not working as hard as they might before the performance pay was offered, and the lack of achievement results implies that the performance pay does not lead to increased effort. On the other hand, an additional feature of performance pay might be improved "selection" of who enters and who stays in teaching. For example, a different group of teachers might be induced to enter the teacher profession if pay was aligned more with performance. And, the best teachers, the ones who get the added performance pay, may on average be induced to stay in the classroom longer. These larger impacts through changes in selection would not show up on the evaluations previously conducted but can show up on overall comparisons of countries that do and do not employ performance pay systems. Ludger Woessmann finds evidence that performance pay does improve performance when viewed across countries.[6] Additionally, the analysis of the impact of dismissing ineffective teachers by Eric Hanushek can be interpreted as a special form of performance pay where pay is reduced to zero (or a very low amount) for teachers who do not perform well.[7]

text: Loss aversion and merit pay[edit]

text: Loss aversion was first proposed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979. They proposed the notion that individuals assign value to gains and losses rather than to final assets.[8] In other words, individuals have a tendency to prefer avoiding losses rather than accruing gains.

text: This notion of people hating to lose, more than they like gaining something, even if the potential amount that could be lost is the same as the amount to be gained, has been tested in many arenas.

text: An experiment conducted by Kahneman et al. 1990 Journal of Political Economy describes testing loss aversion through the concepts of the Endowment effect and the Coase Theorem. The endowment effect reveals the notion that people place a higher value on objects they own relative to objects they do not. The Coase theorem focuses on transaction costs and the importance of who owns a particular commodity.

text: They found that randomly assigned owners of a mug required significantly more money to part with their possession (around $7) than randomly assigned buyers were willing to pay to acquire it (around $3). Kahneman attributed this result to loss aversion: owners were affected more by the loss of the mug compared to the effect of a buyer purchasing the mug as a gain.[9]

text: Another experiment conducted by Terrance Odean at Berkeley College examined the account of 10,000 investors at a large discount brokerage house. The tendency of investors revealed they held on to losing investments too long and sold winning investments too soon. Their behavior did not appear to be motivated by rational re-balancing of portfolios or to avoid higher trading costs. According to Odean, these investors held on to these losing stocks in order to prolong the feeling of loss from selling them, even though there was no evidence that by holding onto them, they would rise in value. "Winning investments that investors chose to sell continued in subsequent months to outperform the losing stocks investors kept."[10]

text: Benefits[edit]

text:
Leads to better educational outcomes.

Proponents argue that paying teachers according to their effectiveness would be consistent with management precepts from the private sector and would lead to better educational outcomes. Lewis Solmon, President of the TAP and a control group that merit pay contributes toward student achievement. The RAND study concluded that fifty percent of the schools with these reforms outperformed the control schools in math and forty-seven percent outperformed the control in reading.[11]

Helps low-performing schools attract teachers.

Schools that use merit pay are better able to attract teachers than schools with no merit pay system. This is especially helpful in enabling schools with lower socioeconomic status attract qualified teachers. For instance, a review of the Teacher Advancement Program [2] in Arizona showed that over a three-year period, 61 teachers started working at the two schools of lowest socioeconomic status in the Madison school district, both of which use the TAP and of these teachers 21% have come from schools in high socioeconomic areas.[12]

Higher teacher retention rates.

Merit pay programs can also alleviate the problem of teacher retention. Stronge, Gareis and Little (2006) argue that merit pay or other performance pay programs provide added motivation for teachers in keeping novice teachers from leaving the profession after a few years and especially in retaining experienced teachers.[13]

Show the value of a teachers work

Teachers who actually strive for their students to be better will show under the performance pay.

Teachers will work harder to maintain their incentives

Higher scores will demonstrate a teacher's ability of going the extra mile.

tag: ol

text: Detractors[edit]

text:
Low teacher morale and increased competition between teachers.
Wasted time and money in the administration of the merit pay plans.
Little evidence from research that incentive programs lead to student achievement.

text:
The system can't simply reward high scores. If it did, it would favor teachers in wealthy neighborhoods whose students came to school with excellent skills. Nor can the system reward only improvement. If it did, it would unfairly penalize teachers whose students were already scoring too well to post large gains.
Moreover, any money for test results scheme will worsen the problem of teachers cheating on standardized tests to avoid the consequences of the No Child Left Behind Act. Teachers willing to erase wrong answers on exams to avoid having their school labeled "needing improvement" will also be tempted by the thought of a personal raise.[15]

text: Teachers may not feel the need to help one another and may feel they have to compete with one another.

text: Merit pay may lead educators to become dishonest in order to receive the higher pay of higher test scores.

text: Political opinions and implementation history[edit]

text: Teacher merit pay[edit]

text: Some political figures support the merit-pay system as an effective policy for enhancing educational quality.

text: Political reactions[edit]

text: Jeb Bush, governor of Florida during that time, enacted a 5 percent bonus for the top 25 percent of teachers in the state of Florida. A large factor in selection of the top 25 percent of teachers was student score improvement. A similar program was implemented in Houston at the same time, only lacking a limit on the percentage of teachers who could receive the bonus. Teachers in both states rebelled, stating that a year of instruction can't be measured in a single test, on a single day. These systems showed other imperfections as well. For example, a county in Florida ran out of money before all the teachers received bonuses. Accusations of discrimination also existed, a result of difference in pay between predominately black and predominately white schools.

text: President Barack Obama does support merit pay for teachers. He believes teachers' pay should be increased based on performance tests, not arbitrary tests. He wishes to work with the National Education Association (NEA) to find a new system to get rid of performance pay.[16][17][18]

text: The National Education Association (NEA) adamantly opposes some forms of merit pay. In June 2003 NEA President Reg Weaver said:

text: Teachers understand that politically motivated panaceas such as merit pay and eliminating tenure do nothing to improve teacher quality. Our members are open to alternatives, but we will always oppose quick fixes designed to weaken the voice of teachers and effectiveness of education employees in all jobs.

text: In September 2011, President Obama took steps to reform certain unpopular and ineffective provisions of No Child Left Behind, stating, "Congress hasn't been able to do it, so I will.[19] The most notable change to the law related to the 2014 deadline for all schools to bring their entire student body to "proficient" levels in reading and math. The Obama administration offered a pass on the deadline and the opportunity to design their own accountability systems to some schools. The provisions that required failing schools to offer after-school tutoring and no-cost bus transportation to better schools were also waived.

text: In order to qualify for these waivers, however, states must demonstrate an adoption of "college and career ready" academic standards and deliver a sketch of how they plan to transform their lowest performing schools. States that apply for these waivers this fall can be reviewed by the Education Department early next year. According to Eugene Wilhoit, executive director of the Council of Chief State School Officers, likely candidates for early application include Georgia, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and Colorado. Wilhoit believes that other states will also apply for the waiver after watching the process unfold for the states that apply early. Still, other states are not likely to apply at all, unwilling to disrupt current accountability systems when No Child Left Behind could soon be overhauled by Congress.

text: Federal government merit pay[edit]

text: Clinton and Gore[edit]

text: In early 1993, incoming President Bill Clinton—inheriting a federal government mired in recession and record debt—assigned his Vice President, Al Gore, to form a National Performance Review (NPR) panel to undertake a "Reinventing Government" initiative "to create a government that 'works better, costs less, and gets results Americans care about.'"[20]

text: In 1993, with Executive Order 12862, the President called for a revolution in government's customer service to deliver services equal to the best in business.[21]

text: Working with David Osborne (noted co-author of the popular book Reinventing Government) and leaders in government, business and organizational development, the committee made numerous recommendations, and developed implementation schemes for them.[20] Among those was "III. Reinvent To Get The Job Done With Less - 9. Create Performance-Based Organizations (PBOs)." The NPR's "Blair House Papers" explained that:

text: Performance-Based Organizations (PBOs) are discrete management units that commit to clear objectives, specific measurable goals, customer service standards, and targets for improved performance. Once designated, they would have customized managerial flexibilities and a competitively hired chief executive, who would sign an annual performance agreement with the Secretary and have a share of his or her pay depend on the organization's performance. The British, who have extensive experience with this concept, find that such agencies improve performance and cut administrative costs.[21]

text: Thus began the modern movement towards merit-based pay in U.S. federal civil service. However, the NPR was clear that not all functions of government were suited to such performance-rewarded incentives:

text: In a PBO, the policy-making and regulatory functions are split from their program operations. The PBO focuses on programmatic operations. Not all government agencies are suited to become PBOs. Operations that do not have clear, measurable results should be excluded. For example, the foreign policy and planning offices in the State Department or basic scientific research offices at the National Institutes for Health may be inappropriate candidates.[21]

text: Subsequent efforts of the NPR (by 1999 renamed the "National Partnership for Reinventing Government") led to additional efforts to identify and apply effective and suitable ways to reward federal employee performance.[21]

text: Bush[edit]

text: In 2004, Pres. George W. Bush and other Republicans favored shifting federal civilian employee salary pay raises from across-the-board uniform raises towards a merit-based pay system—particularly through a proposed system called the "...Human Capital Performance Fund, which agencies can use to reward their highest performing employees,..." according to a March, 2004 letter to Congress from the Bush administration's Director of the Office of Management & Budget (OMB), Joshua Bolten. The Bush Budget Director's letter goes on to say:

text: The President's pay proposal provides sufficient pay not only to recruit and retain needed workers, but also to reward the government’s highest performing employees. The Administration is implementing better agency performance appraisal systems that will be able to distinguish superior performance. Such systems will enable agencies to reward employees with funds from the Human Capital Performance Fund. These incentives will produce improved performance and results for the American people. Federal workers should be rewarded with a pay policy that most effectively recruits, retains, and rewards quality employees.[22]

text: Critics, particularly Democrats, especially from districts with high dependence on federal civilian employment (e.g.: around Washington, D.C., in adjoining Maryland and Virginia), expressed objections to the Bush administration's desire to allocate raises differently for civilian federal workers than for military personnel.[22]

text: Obama[edit]

text: Inheriting the merit pay programs instituted by the prior administration—along with two wars and the "Great Recession," and a divided Congress—Pres. Barack Obama, and both parties in Congress, found difficulty in managing federal employee compensation.

text: Despite an official pay freeze, federal employee compensation continued to rise—owing in part to the merit pay ("pay-for-performance" or "employee bonus") system, but also due to promotions and to automatic scheduled increases in "completing waiting periods used in grade- and step-type pay systems." Chairman of the House Oversight & Government Reform Committee, Rep. Darrell Issa (R-Calif.) claimed, "These increases are driven by automatic, tenure-based pay hikes that are in no way tied to merit or performance."[23]

text: Congressional Democrats and federal employees' unions responded that federal workers were not paid competitively with the private market, and the increases were overdue. Critics, however, and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), concluded that federal workers earned substantially more than their counterparts in the private sector. A CBO report said overall average federal compensation was 16% higher than in for corresponding work in the private sector.[23][24]

text: On December 27, 2012, Obama issued an executive order giving federal employees an across-the-board raise, estimated by Congressional Republicans as costing taxpayers "$11 billion over ten years." In response, in February, 2013, House Republicans passed H.R. 273 "Overturning the President’s Federal Pay Hike," to undo Obama's blanket federal pay hike.[25] However, underscoring their commitment to incentive-based compensation, they took pains to note that merit pay remained. In a "Fact Sheet" on the bill, the committee reported:

text:
Federal Workers Still Get Raises
H.R. 273 does NOT prevent federal employees from receiving bonuses, merit based pay increases, promotions, or even tenure based pay increases – commonly referred to as “step” increases. It simply prevents the President from implementing a planned across the board increase for all federal employees[26]

text: Heritage Foundation[edit]

text: Speaking for the leading conservative "think tank", the Heritage Foundation, James Sherk, in testimony before the House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform, March 9, 2011, blamed automatic raises for federal pay inflation, which he said surpassed private sector pay.

text: Brookings Institution[edit]

text: In late 2013, the leading liberal "think-tank," the Brookings Institution, published research by analysts Choi and Whitford, who cautioned that—despite a shift of resources to merit-based pay for federal workers, intended to "better align pay and performance"—such efforts often fail, and such incentives "may not work" for "public organizations." However, rather than focus on the results of merit-based pay in "individual and organizational performance," Choi and Whitford focused, instead, on its effects on "job satisfaction," saying that is "often a good predictor of performance." They studied federal government "findings" that indicated that subjecting federal employees to merit-based pay produces workers who are "consistently less happy" with their pay, their job and their organization, than those federal employees paid in "traditional compensation systems." Their report expresses concern that this could affect long-term outcomes.[27]

text: Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014[edit]

text: The idea of merit pay receive a major discrediting blow from the Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014 (still developing as of June 2014), which revealed nationwide altering of records by VA executives—particularly falsifying patient waiting lists and wait times, and the keeping of "secret" wait lists—to ensure receiving merit pay bonuses. Over 1,000 veterans have been reported affected, as of June 2014, with dozens having apparently died waiting for care. The scandal has become the leading U.S. domestic news story in April/May/June 2014, resulting in investigations by the VA Inspector General, Congress, and others. The VA's merit pay system and bonuses, and lack of scrutiny of their distribution, are the most frequently cited root cause for the problem, as of June 2014.[28][29][30][31][32][33]

text: The issue first became a major national topic when a doctor at the VA hospital in Phoenix reported that perhaps over 40 patients had died due to false and secret waiting-lists that delayed or prevented their care. Subsequent reports found similar allegations at many other VA medical facilities around the nation. Patient wait times were a metric used to determine executive bonuses, and it is alleged that the delays in care were concealed by wait list abuses in order to ensure that staff received bonuses.[28][29][30][31][31][32][33]

text: Citing records obtained by OpentheBooks.com through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, Fox News reported that Employees at the Phoenix VA office were paid "millions in higher-than-average salaries and bonuses," adding that between 2011 and 2013, "over $843,000 in bonuses" were paid out to approximately "half the system's 3,170 workers". This averages to approximately $530 per rewarded employee, though bonuses varied widely and most employees did not receive any bonus money; Fox News reported that the Phoenix VA's Director, Sharon Helman, got the largest bonus in 2013 of $9,345.[34][35]

text: Subsequent allegations and audits revealed the waiting list issue in Phoenix was not unique, but part of a wider, systemic problem in the VA nationwide, with secret waiting lists and related issues being uncovered at numerous other VA medical facilities, including in Chicago, Kansas City, Wichita, El Paso, and elsewhere.[28][30][31][35][36]

text: On May 30, 2014, President Obama accepted the resignation of Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Gen. Eric Shenseki, noting that...

text: A few minutes ago, Secretary Shinseki and Rob Nabors, who I’ve temporarily assigned to work with the VA, presented me with the department’s initial review of VA facilities nationwide. And what they’ve found is that the misconduct has not been limited to a few VA facilities, but many across the country. That’s totally unacceptable." Secretary Shinseki has now begun the process of firing many of the people responsible, including senior leaders at the Phoenix VA. He’s canceled any possible performance bonuses this year for VHA senior executives...."[29][37]


document_title: Tea with Mussolini

question_text: who did cher play in tea with mussolini

question_tokens: who did cher play in tea with mussolini

text: Tea with Mussolini

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins in 1935 in Florence, Italy, where a group of cultured expatriate English women – called the "Scorpioni" by the Italians – meet for tea every afternoon. Young Luca (Charlie Lucas) is the illegitimate son of an Italian businessman (Massimo Ghini) who shows little interest in his son's upbringing; the boy's mother, a dressmaker, has recently died. Mary Wallace (Joan Plowright), who works as the man's secretary, steps in to care for him, turning for support to her Scorpioni friends, including eccentric would-be artist Arabella (Judi Dench). Together, they teach Luca many lessons about life and especially the arts. Elsa Morganthal (Cher), a brash rich young American widow whom Scorpioni matron Lady Hester Random (Maggie Smith) barely tolerates, sets up a financial trust for Luca when she learns of the death of his mother, whom she was fond of and to whom Elsa still owes money for her dressmaking services.

text: One day when the ladies are in a restaurant for afternoon tea, it is vandalised by Fascists, reflecting the increasingly uncertain position of the expatriate community. Lady Hester, widow of Britain's former ambassador to Italy, retains an admiring faith in Benito Mussolini (Claudio Spadaro) and takes it upon herself to visit him, receiving his insincere assurances of their safety, and proudly recounts her "tea with Mussolini". But the political situation continues to deteriorate and the Scorpioni find their status and liberties diminishing. Luca's father decides that Italy's future is with Germany rather than Britain and sends Luca to an Austrian boarding school.

text: Five years later, Luca (now played by Baird Wallace) returns to Florence with the intention of using Elsa's trust fund to study art. He finds that most British nationals are fleeing the country, anticipating Mussolini's declaration of war on Great Britain, and that Mary has moved in with Lady Hester and the other English hold-outs. He arrives at the house just as they – and Hester's ineffectual grandson Wilfred (Paul Chequer), disguised as a young woman for his safety – are being rounded up and put onto a transport truck, which he follows to the nearby Tuscan town of San Gimignano. Because the United States is not at war, Elsa and her American compatriot Georgie Rockwell (Lily Tomlin), an openly lesbian archaeologist, remain free. Elsa uses Luca to deliver forged orders and funds to have the ladies moved from their distressingly barracks-like quarters to an upper class hotel. Believing that Mussolini himself issued the orders, Lady Hester is delighted, proudly brandishing the newspaper photo of her tea with Il Duce.

text: As the war progresses, oppression of Jews increases and Jewish Elsa – protected somewhat by her citizenship and wealth – provides a group of Italian Jews with fake passports, enlisting Luca – who has become enamored with her – to deliver them. However Luca becomes jealous when she forms a romantic alliance with Vittorio (Paolo Seganti), a shrewd Italian lawyer.

text: When the United States enters the war in 1941, Elsa and Georgie are interned with the British women. Elsa falls for Vittorio's scheme to embezzle her art collection and money, which would deliver her to the German Gestapo in a phony escape to Switzerland. Luca is aware of the deception but does not tell anyone out of jealous spite against Elsa. Mary learns of it from Elsa's art dealer, (Mino Bellei), and scolds Luca. His attitude changes and he gives his trust fund money to members of the Italian resistance movement, which Wilfred has joined. Elsa still refuses to believe Vittorio's betrayal and is ultimately convinced only when Lady Hester, informed by Mary and Luca of what Elsa has secretly done for all of them, repents of her contempt for Elsa and offers her gratitude and help. Elsa consents to an escape plan hatched by Mary, Luca and Wilfred. Before she departs, Elsa tells Luca how she once helped his young mother choose to go through with her pregnancy, thus allowing him to be there for her.

text: In July 1944, as the British Army advances toward San Gimignano, Arabella frantically defends her beloved frescoes from demolition by German troops and is heroically joined in the line of fire by Georgie and the English women, including Lady Hester. They are saved when the Germans receive orders to retreat, leaving the women and the towers untouched. The city rejoices as the Scots arrive, with Luca now serving as their commander's Italian interpreter. The major has orders to evacuate the Scorpioni but Lady Hester refuses to cooperate, resolved that they will resume their former lives in Italy. Mary is delighted to see that Luca – now in British uniform – has become the "English gentleman" his father wished him to become.

text: Closing texts explain the mostly happy fates of the characters, concluding with the remark that Luca went on to become an artist and "helped in making this film" – in other words, as writer and director.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dame Joan Plowright as Mary Wallace, a British expatriate who becomes a surrogate mother for Luca
Dame Maggie Smith as Lady Hester Random, widow of the former British ambassador to Italy
Cher as Elsa Morganthal Strauss-Armistan, a wealthy American socialite
Dame Judi Dench as Arabella, an aspiring artist and art lover
Lily Tomlin as Georgina 'Georgie' Rockwell, an openly lesbian American archaeologist
Tessa Pritchard as Connie Raynor, a journalist for The Morning Post
Baird Wallace as Luca Innocente, as a teenager
Charlie Lucas as Luca Innocente, as a child
Paul Chequer as Wilfred 'Lucy' Random, Lady Hester's grandson
Paolo Seganti as Vittorio Fanfanni, a lawyer and Elsa's lover
Mino Bellei as Cesare, an art dealer and close friend of Elsa
Massimo Ghini as Paolo Innocente, Luca's father
Michael Williams as the British Consul
Claudio Spadaro as Benito Mussolini
Pino Colizzi as Dino Grandi

text: Michael Williams, who was married to Judi Dench in real life, died not long after the film was finished. This film marks his last on-screen appearance.

text: Production[edit]

text: Lady Hester Random is based upon a real resident of Florence whom Zeffirelli knew in his childhood. Zeffirelli mentions her and a couple of other ladies of the Scorpioni in his autobiography. He said: "I don't remember if she was called Hester, but I remember this terrible, fantastic woman. She was the dowager of the community. I remember the many outrageous things she did because she could afford to be arrogant and bossy."

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film opened tenth at the U.S. box office with $1,633,183 for the weekend, eventually grossing a total of $14,401,563, considerably more than its budget.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
2000 – BAFTA Awards – Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role; Maggie Smith.
2000 – Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards – Best Period Hair Styling Feature; Vivian McAteer.
2000 – Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists – Best Costume Design (Migliori Costumi); Anna Anni, Alberto Spiazzi.

text:
1999 – Golden Trailer Awards – Best Drama.
2000 – BAFTA Awards – Best Costume Design; Jenny Beavan, Anna Anni, Alberto Spiazzi.[3]