document_title: The Wonder Years

question_text: who sings the theme song of the wonder years

text: The Wonder Years

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: The series was conceived by writers Neal Marlens and Carol Black. They set out to create a family show that would appeal to the baby-boomer generation by setting the series in the late '60s, a time of radical change in America's history. They also wanted the series to tie this setting in to the life of a normal boy growing up during the period. After writing the script for the pilot episode, Marlens and Black began pitching the series to television networks. None of them were interested, except for ABC, with whom Marlens and Black reached an agreement.[14]

text: Marlens had originally wanted the setting to be his native Huntington, Long Island, where he grew up. Elements were also taken from Black's childhood from the White Oak section of Silver Spring, Maryland.[15] ABC, however, insisted that the location remain nonspecific (the colloquial "Anytown, USA").[16][17][18][19]

text: Writing[edit]

text: When they started writing the series, Marlens and Black took a script for a future film that they had been toying with, which featured an off-screen narrator. Black explained, "We liked the concept that you could play with what people think and what they're saying, or how they would like to see themselves as opposed to how the audience is seeing them."[20] They based the show, in part, on their own childhood growing up in the suburbs. Black recalled that "we naturally [took] elements of our experience and [threw] them into the pot. The basic setup, the neighborhood, the era – that's the time and place where we grew up."[20]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The search for the main lead of the show did not take long. Marlens and Black went to five casting directors and interviewed them for recommendations. All five of them recommended Fred Savage, who at the time was famous for his roles as the grandson in The Princess Bride and as Charlie/Marshall in Vice Versa. Marlens and Black, having never heard of Savage, decided to see the rough cut of Vice Versa. Said Marlens, "[We saw] a marvelous actor with a natural quality – which essentially means he has no quality at all except being a kid. It sounds funny, but it's a rare thing to find in a child actor." Marlens and Black took this approach when casting the other kids for the show, looking for natural ability rather than professionalism. According to Marlens, they saw 300 to 400 kids before narrowing it down to 70, "My wife and I made the final choice ... each of whom had to be approved by the network."[21] For the choice of Savage's character's main love interest, the choice came down to actress Danica McKellar and her sister, Crystal McKellar. With just days to go before shooting, the producers eventually selected Danica to play Winnie Cooper. However, Mary Buck, the head of casting, noted that, "it was practically a tossup". Crystal McKellar was liked so much by the producers that they eventually created the character of Becky Slater so that they could have her on the show.[22] Danica later reflected on the experience, "I auditioned, like everyone else. They had read lots of girls but hadn't found their 'Winnie' yet, and I was thrilled to be chosen."[23]

text: Filming[edit]

text: At the end of the first season, Marlens and Black departed from the show. Although they never gave a reason for their sudden departure, it may have been due to Black's pregnancy. She hinted at it in an interview in April 1988, saying "We have secret plans to leave Los Angeles before our kids reach the age of cognizance."[20] One challenge for the cast and crew was filming around a child actor, meaning that the show had to obey child labor laws. Savage at the time explained, "You have to get at least three hours of school in every day. So whenever I'm on a break, I go to school. It's really intense because I have to get a lot done in short periods. And it's hard because if they need you back on the set, they pull you away every twenty minutes. If you're writing an essay and suddenly get inspired, you've got to stop and go back to work."[24] Many exterior shots were filmed in Burbank, California. [25]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: As the show was in the process of wrapping its sixth and final season, a costume designer on the show named Monique Long filed a sexual harassment charge against stars Fred Savage and Jason Hervey.[26] The suit brought a lot of unwanted publicity to the show. In the end, the case was settled out of court, with Savage stating that he was "completely exonerated", adding that it was a "terrible experience".[27]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993. Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC. As Kevin matured, the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well. However, the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot, saying, "We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s, the gentle tone of the series and, most importantly, the 8 p.m. time period." Bob Brush noted that, "When Kevin became 16 and 17, there were really things he needed to get to that we couldn't do at 8 p.m., especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience. We would get notes from the network saying, "You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years." Other reasons for the show's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings. The cast's salary increases, coupled with location shooting (which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver's license), led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode. The final episode aired on May 12, 1993. Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be, but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last, he was forced to have the ending be open-ended, until the recording of Daniel Stern's narration.[28] Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending, in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie don't end up as a couple. Brush acknowledged this disappointment, saying, "Some viewers [were] surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be," and explained, "The message I wanted in there is that that's part of the beauty of life. It's fine to say, 'I'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy,' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves."[29]

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[30]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating

1
6
January 31, 1988 (1988-01-31)
April 19, 1988 (1988-04-19)
10
18.8
(Tied with ALF)

2
17
November 30, 1988 (1988-11-30)
May 16, 1989 (1989-05-16)
22
16.3
(Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie)

3
23
October 3, 1989 (1989-10-03)
May 16, 1990 (1990-05-16)
8
19.2

4
23
September 19, 1990 (1990-09-19)
May 15, 1991 (1991-05-15)
30
14.2

5
24
October 2, 1991 (1991-10-02)
May 13, 1992 (1992-05-13)
N/A
N/A

6
22
September 23, 1992 (1992-09-23)
May 12, 1993 (1993-05-12)
N/A
N/A

text: The series depicts the social and family life of a boy in a typical American suburban middle-class family from 1968 to 1973, covering the ages of 12 through 17. Each year in the series takes place exactly 20 years before airing (1988 to 1993).

text: The show's plot centers on Kevin Arnold, son of Jack and Norma Arnold. Kevin's father holds a management job at NORCOM, a defense contractor, while his mother is a housewife. Kevin also has an older brother, Wayne, and an older sister, Karen. Two of Kevin's friends and neighbors are prominently featured throughout the series: his best friend, Paul Pfeiffer, and his crush-turned-girlfriend Gwendolyn "Winnie" Cooper. Storylines are told through Kevin's reflections as an adult in his mid-30s, voiced by narrator Daniel Stern.

text: In the pilot episode, Winnie's older brother Brian, whom Kevin admires, is killed in action in Vietnam in 1968. Kevin meets Winnie in a nearby wooded area called Harpers Woods. This unsaid relationship between Winnie and Kevin remains dormant for a long while, with Winnie starting to date a popular 8th grader named Kirk McCray and Kevin briefly going steady with Becky Slater. After Kevin breaks up with Becky due to his feelings for Winnie, Becky becomes a recurring nuisance for Kevin. Winnie eventually dumps Kirk as well, and Kevin and Winnie share a second kiss at the start of the 1969 summer vacation. Around St. Valentine's Day 1970, Winnie temporarily dates Paul, who has broken up with his girlfriend Carla. Winnie and Kevin start dating each other soon after.

text: Just before the summer break, Winnie and her family move to a house four miles away. Although Winnie attends a new school, Lincoln Junior High, she and Kevin decide to remain together and maintain a successful long distance relationship. A beautiful new student named Madeline Adams joins Kevin's school and quickly catches Kevin's eye, but it is Winnie who breaks up with Kevin after meeting Roger, a jock at her new school. Neither relationship lasts long, but Winnie and Kevin don't reunite until she is injured in a car crash. After graduating from junior high, Kevin and Winnie both go to McKinley High and Paul attends a prep school. Paul would later transfer to McKinley High and join Kevin and Winnie.

text: Earlier seasons of the show tended to focus on plots involving events within the Arnold household and Kevin's academic struggles, whereas later seasons focused much more on plots involving dating and Kevin's friends.

text: Kevin has several brief flings during the summer of 1971 and the 1971–1972 academic year. After Kevin's grandfather gets his driver's license revoked, he sells his car to Kevin for a dollar. Paul transfers to McKinley High after his first semester at prep school when his father runs into financial troubles. Wayne decides to join the army as a result of his inability to do well in school. This gets turned around when Wayne isn't able to get his physical. Winnie and Kevin are reunited when they go on a double date to a school dance and find themselves more attracted to each other than their respective partners. In late 1972, Kevin's older brother Wayne starts working at NORCOM, and dates his co-worker Bonnie, a divorcée with a son, but the relationship does not last. Kevin's father quits NORCOM, and buys a furniture manufacturing business.

text: Final episode and epilogue[edit]

text: In the series finale double episode, Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort. Kevin, meanwhile, is at his job at his father's furniture factory and calls Winnie, who by all accounts is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin. Eventually, Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving, reasoning that he needs to "find himself." Kevin hops in his car and heads to the resort where Winnie is working, hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together.[31][32]

text: Kevin eventually secures a job at the resort, and plays a round of poker with the in-house band. He wins big, and goes out to search for Winnie to tell her of his good fortune. To his surprise, he sees Winnie engaged in a passionate kiss with another lifeguard.

text: The next day, Kevin confronts her actions, and they fight. Kevin then plays another round of poker, losing his car in a bet in the process. Desperate, Kevin confronts Winnie and her new beau at the restaurant and ends up punching him in the face. Kevin then leaves the resort on foot.

text: On a desolate stretch of highway, Kevin decides to begin hitchhiking. He finally gets picked up by an elderly couple and much to his surprise he finds Winnie in the backseat. Winnie was fired over the fight Kevin instigated at the resort. Kevin and Winnie begin to argue and the elderly couple gets fed up and kicks them out of the car. A flash rain storm begins and Kevin and Winnie search for shelter. They find a barn and discuss how much things are changing and the prospects for the future. They make up and kiss passionately. (It is loosely implied that the two lose their virginity with each other.)

text: The narrator's monologue states

text: Once upon a time, there was a girl I knew who lived across the street, brown hair, brown eyes. When she smiled, I smiled, when she cried, I cried. Every single thing that ever happened to me that mattered, in some way, had to do with her. That day, Winnie and I promised each other that no matter what, that we will always be together. It was a promise full of passion, truth and wisdom. It was the kind of promise that can only come from the hearts of the very young.

text: They soon find their way back to their home town and arrive hand-in-hand to a Fourth of July parade. During this parade, the adult Kevin (Daniel Stern) describes the fate of the show's main characters: Kevin makes up with his father, graduates from high school in 1974, and leaves for college, later becoming a writer. Paul studies law at Harvard. Karen, Kevin's sister, gives birth to a son in September 1973. Kevin's mother becomes a businesswoman and corporate board chairwoman. Kevin's father dies in 1975, and Wayne takes over his father's furniture business. Winnie studies art history in Paris while Kevin stays in the United States. Winnie and Kevin end up writing to each other once a week for the next eight years. When Winnie returns to the United States in 1982, Kevin meets her at the airport with his wife and eight-month-old son.

text: The final sounds, voice-over narration, and dialogue of the episode and series is that of Kevin (voice of Daniel Stern), with children heard in the background:

text: Growing up happens in a heartbeat. One day you're in diapers, the next day you're gone. But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul. I remember a place, a town, a house, like a lot of houses. A yard like a lot of other yards. On a street like a lot of other streets. And the thing is, after all these years, I still look back ... with wonder.

text: A little boy (Stern's real life son, Henry) can be heard asking his dad to come out and play catch during a break in the final narration. Kevin's narrative responds, "I'll be right there" as the episode – and series – closes.

text: In 2011, the finale was ranked #11 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.[33]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Arnold (Fred Savage): Character born March 18, 1956, Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s.[34] The voice of Kevin as an adult (and the show's narrator) is supplied by Daniel Stern (Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot).
John "Jack" Arnold (Dan Lauria): Character born on November 6, 1927, died in 1975. Kevin's father was a gruff, laconic man and a Korean War veteran; he grew up during the Great Depression, served in the US Marine Corps, and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant. He works at NORCOM, a large military defense corporation, in a middle management position he loathes. Later, he starts his own business, building and selling handcrafted furniture. The series's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin's freshman year of college – that is, two years after the time of the show's finale – although in a previous episode, an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin's sons. Jack represents the viewpoint of the "Silent Generation" that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s. He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972.
Norma Arnold (née Gustavson) (Alley Mills): Character born circa 1928, Kevin's housewife mother. Unlike her husband, Norma is friendly and upbeat. She met Jack as a college freshman. When he graduated, she moved across the country with him and did not finish college. She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics. Although she came of age at the same time as her husband, she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role, reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s.
Karen Arnold (Olivia d'Abo): Character born circa 1950, Kevin's older, hippie sister. Her free-spirited ways clash with her overbearing father's conservatism, and she depends upon her mother as a mediator. When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael (David Schwimmer) during her freshman year of college, she has a falling out with her father. The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska, where Michael has secured a good job. Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents' viewpoints and has a baby, while her husband learns to support his wife and child.
Wayne Arnold (Jason Hervey): Character born circa 1954, Wayne is Kevin's older brother. Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul, calling Kevin "butthead" or "scrote". He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies. Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships. For a time, he dated a girl named Dolores, but that was more casual than serious. In later seasons, Wayne matures. In the final season, he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie, but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband.
Paul Joshua Pfeiffer (Josh Saviano): Character born March 14, 1956, Paul is Kevin's long time best friend, a bright and excellent student, and an allergy sufferer. He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah. Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series's early seasons, their relationship becomes somewhat strained later. Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff, causing tension with Paul. Paul also attends a private prep school for one season, leaving Kevin alone to start public high school. In another episode, Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity. In the final episode, it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard.
Gwendolyn "Winnie" Cooper (Danica McKellar): Winnie is Kevin's main love interest and neighbor. Her older brother's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the plot. In another episode, Winnie's parents separate in grief over the death of their son. In the epilogue of the final episode, it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris. Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns; in the concluding moments of the finale, Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States, Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child, despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry. "Like I said," says Kevin at the end, "things never turn out exactly the way you plan them." As suggested in an episode entitled "The Accident" and in the finale episode of the series, every important event in Kevin's life has somehow involved Winnie.

tag: ul

text: Syndication[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Reruns of the show aired in syndication between September 1992 and September 1997. Nick at Nite then reran the show from October 13, 1997 to February 3, 2001.[35] It also reran on The New TNN (January 22, 2001 to September 28, 2001), ABC Family (November 12, 2001 to October 2, 2004), Ion Television (April 2, 2007 to October 4, 2007), and The Hub (October 11, 2010 to August 31, 2012).

text: In Canada, the show aired on CTS Ontario from September 2010 until September 2, 2011.

text: In Australia, the show aired on Network Ten between 1989 and 1995, then from March 31, 2012 on ABC1.

text: In Spain the series initially aired Mondays 9:30pm on TVE2 (now La2) as part of the Monday night Comedy block which also featured Murphy Brown. The series was later promoted to main channel TVE1 where it aired Fridays 9pm. Years later, in the late 90s, commercial station Antena 3TV recovered the series and aired it first in its 2pm comedy hour, later relocating it to a 530pm slot as part of the youth macro-show La Merienda.[citation needed]

text: Opening Sequence[edit]

text: Three different versions of the opening were made and each set to the Joe Cocker rendition of With a Little Help from My Friends.

text: First version (Pilot)[edit]

text: This first version of the opening was very basic: Nothing but a black screen was shown, after the title logo, with each cast member's name appearing in the center one by one. Much like the Arye Gross narration, this version of the opening was only used once when the pilot first aired after Super Bowl XXII.

text: Second version (Seasons one through five)[edit]

text: This opening now consists of home movie footage from the pilot, after the title logo is shown, ending with the "Created by" credit. In season five, more footage is added to show how much the cast has aged.

text: Third version (Season six)[edit]

text: The opening was overhauled completely in this version. Now, it consisted of stock footage and images of various moments throughout 60's and early 70s culture (i.e. John Lennon and Yoko Ono's Bed-in, The Kent State Shootings, The Moon Landing, an anti-war protest.), and was set to a new edit of Cocker's rendition of the song (starting with the chorus, versus the opening of the song, as was the case in seasons one through five). The final image in this version is of Kevin, Paul, Winnie, and presumably some of their classmates in a group photograph edited to look like it belonged in the time period.

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: Initially, the first four episodes were released on 2 VHS Tapes by Anchor Bay in 1997, with most of the music intact (a select few songs, however, were re-recordings).[36] In the coming years, fees for licensing music prevented further episodes from being released at that point on VHS. The two volumes that were released on VHS were later released on DVD in 2000. Four episodes of the series were also included in two official "best-of" DVD sets (The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years), without much of the original music.[37][38]

text: For many years, The Wonder Years remained unreleased on DVD as official season box sets, due to music licensing issues.[39] Because of this issue, The Wonder Years routinely appeared high on the list of TV shows in-demand for a DVD release.[37][40][41]

text: In a blog update on the Netflix website on March 30, 2011,[42] and a press release issued the next day,[43] Netflix stated that they would be adding The Wonder Years to their instant streaming service. The other three 20th Century Fox series noted as part of the deal were added to the Watch Instantly service by April 2,[44][45][46] while The Wonder Years remained unavailable. On October 1, 2011,[47] 114 full-length episodes of the series were added to Netflix streaming. The clip show from the end of Season 4, which was released on DVD, has not been included.[48]

text: On September 26, 2011, it was announced that Amazon Prime's streaming video service would be adding The Wonder Years, describing the series as "available on digital video for the first time",[49] although Netflix added the series ahead of Amazon's release. All 115 episodes (including the clip show) became available to Prime members starting October 6, 2011.[50]

text: On both digital streaming services, portions of the soundtrack have been replaced. The show's opening theme, Joe Cocker's rendition of The Beatles' "With a Little Help from My Friends," has been replaced on Netflix[51] and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings. The majority of the show's soundtrack remains unchanged. Songs such as "Light My Fire" by The Doors and "Foxy Lady" by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound-alikes with different lyrics.

text: On February 11, 2014, StarVista/Time Life announced the upcoming DVD release of the complete series in the second half of the year, noting that they were "painstakingly securing the rights for virtually every song."[52] On June 11, packaging details for complete set were revealed. The packaging consists of a miniature school locker featuring a replica yearbook with signatures from cast members, behind-the-scenes photos and classic show memorabilia. Also included are two notebooks similar to those carried by the two lead characters, each featuring detailed episode information, production photos, all 115 episodes plus over 15 hours of bonus features on 26 DVDs. Customized Wonder Years magnets are also included. On September 30, 2014, the complete series was released to those that pre-ordered the set through mail order from Time Life/Star Vista. Also a box set for the first four seasons was released as well. October 10, 2014, though was considered the official release date.[53]

text: On October 7, 2014, Star Vista released Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.[54] Season Two was released on February 3, 2015. Season Three was released on May 26, 2015. Season Four was released on January 12, 2016. Season Five was released on May 24, 2016. Season Six was released on September 27, 2016.

text: On October 6, 2015, Star Vista released The Wonder Years- The Complete Series: Collectors Box set and The Wonder Years- The Complete Series DVD collections in a wide general retail release.[55]

text: On May 9, 2016, Fabulous Films released The Wonder Years - The Deluxe Edition on 26 DVDs in the UK. It was intended to be the first release to contain every episode in its original transmission presentation, although in the end this did not happen.[56] The set includes over 23 hours of bonus material.

text: On October 1, 2017, The Wonder Years was removed from Netflix after being on there for 7 years.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release dates
DVD Special Features

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season One
6
October 7, 2014[57]
N/A
June 8, 2016

Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion, May 28, 2014
Featurette: With a Little Help from My Friends: The Early Days of The Wonder Years
Interviews with:

Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black
Fred Savage
Danica McKellar
Josh Saviano

Season Two
17
February 3, 2015[58]
N/A
June 8, 2016

Interview with Fred Savage (Part 1)
Interview with Danica McKellar (Part 1)
Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion
Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black

Season Three
23
May 26, 2015
N/A
June 8, 2016

Cast Interviews
Hall Pass: Roundtable with Danica McKellar, Fred Savage, and Josh Saviano
A Family Affair: At Home With The Arnolds

Season Four
23
January 12, 2016
N/A
June 8, 2016

Teachers That Made A Difference
Cast Interviews

Season Five
24
May 24, 2016
N/A
June 8, 2016

That's A Wrap!: Mark B. Perry's Farewell Set Tour Season 5
Will You Love Me Tomorrow: The Wonder Years Love Stories
Cast Interviews

Season Six
22
September 27, 2016
N/A
June 8, 2016

One-Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale
At Last: The Final Episode
Interview Bob Brush, Executive Produce
From The Vault: Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters

The Complete Series
115
September 30, 2014
N/A
April 20, 2016
Two notebooks, each featuring detailed episode information and production photos
Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members, behind-the-scenes photos and classic show memorabilia, and liner notes penned by Fred Savage, series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black, and executive producer Bob Brush
2014 Los Angeles cast reunion, featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years
Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members (Fred Savage, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, Dan Lauria, Alley Mills, Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey), as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles, such as David Schwimmer, Ben Stein, Bob Picardo and Seth Green
In-depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern, Neal Marlens, Carol Black, Bob Brush and other production personnel
10 brand-new featurettes: •"With A Little Help From My Friends": The Early Days of The Wonder Years "The Times They Are A-Changin'": The Era "My Generation": The Kids Grow Up "When A Man Loves A Woman": Kevin & Winnie Forever "Bookends": Kevin & Paul "A Family Affair": At Home With The Arnolds "I Love You For Sentimental Reasons": Fan-Favorite Episodes "Will You Love Me Tomorrow": The Wonder Years' Love Stories "ABC": Teachers That Made A Difference "Both Sides Now": The Music That Made The Moments
"That's a Wrap! Mark B. Perry's Farewell Set Tour Season 5" - Writer/Producer Mark B. Perry's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show, which includes new commentary from him.
"From the Vault: Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters" - Alley Mills reads her emotional, written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show's finale.
The one-hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12, 1993, including a deleted scene not included in the half-hour broadcasts of the final two episodes (both the one-hour finale and half-hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras).[59]

text: DVD music replacements[edit]

text: The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96% of the original music soundtrack (including the opening theme song, "With a Little Help From My Friends", as originally sung by Joe Cocker). There were altogether some 15 exceptions, in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song, while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune. None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed.

text: In the episode "The Phone Call", the "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" was replaced with a song called "Star Crossed Lovers", which has been used in many other TV shows and movies, including The Brady Bunch. In "Dance With Me", Joe Cocker's cover of "The Letter" was replaced with the original version by The Box Tops, while the Herman's Hermits version of "There's a Kind of Hush" was replaced with a rerecording by the Craggy Blue Project. The episode "Heart of Darkness" had two replacements: "Riders on the Storm" by The Doors was replaced with "Children of the Night", while Richie Havens' cover of The Beatles' song "Here Comes the Sun" was replaced by "Train to Nowhere". In the episode "Whose Woods Are These?", the Blood, Sweat & Tears recording entitled "Variations on a Theme By Erik Satie (1st and 2nd Movements)" (adapted from Satie's "Third Gymnopédies") was replaced with "Le Suenne Fite".

text: The episode "How I Am Spending My Summer Vacation" replaced the Doors' "Light My Fire" with "Love's on Fire", while the episode "Summer Song" replaced Blood, Sweat & Tears' "Spinning Wheel" with a rerecording by former BS&T frontman David Clayton Thomas. In "Family Car", Neil Young's "Long May You Run" was replaced with "Keep Your Motor Running". In "Wayne on Wheels", "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" was again replaced by "Star Crossed Lovers". In the episode "The Treehouse", Doris Day's "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" was replaced with "Call the Whole Thing Off". In the episode "Little Debbie", "Tammy" by Liberace was replaced with a song called "Sammy". "Clip Show" contains the scene from "Heart of Darkness" in which "Here Comes the Sun" is replaced with "Train to Nowhere". The episode "Kevin Delivers" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' "You've Made Me So Very Happy" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode "Alice in Autoland", Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" was replaced with a rerecording by him. In the final episode "Independence Day", the Ennio Morricone song "Brothers" from the 1986 motion picture The Mission, which was played over the pivotal barn scene featuring Kevin and Winnie's last kiss, was replaced with the generic tune "Pastorale" (for this instance alone, the same replacement was used in the 1998 The Best of The Wonder Years DVD release).

text: Also, not a music change per se, but the Daniel Stern redub of the pilot is used, with the standard opening sequence.

text: Other than the above music changes, all other music is intact and all 115 episodes are completely unaffected.

text: The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music, but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case.[60]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic/WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks, featuring Joe Cocker's cover of The Beatles' "With a Little Help from My Friends", which is the show's theme song.[61]

text: After the series' original run was over, Laserlight Digital released a 5-disc compilation box set under the title Music from 'The Wonder Years in 1994. This is the same company that later released the only two DVDs for the series, The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years. The disc included 40 oldies favorites and 5 original songs (each is repeated twice in the set) written exclusively for the series by W. G. Snuffy Walden.

text: In 2014, Time Life released a new soundtrack for the show which accompanies deluxe versions of their complete series DVD set. The CD is not available for purchase separately from the DVD box set, however.

text: Book[edit]

text: In 1990 the book The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties by Edward Gross was published by Pioneer Books (ISBN 1-55698-258-5). It contains information about the creation and production of the show, interviews with cast and crew, and an extensive episode guide (up to the middle of the 4th season when the book was published). While long out of print and hard to find, the author gave permission to a fan website to publish the book online for free in its entirety.[62]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

1991
American Cinema Editors' Eddie Award
Best Edited Episode from a Television Series
Dennis C. Vejar (For episode "Goodbye")
Nominated

1993
Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television
Dennis C. Vejar (For episode "The Wedding")
Nominated

1989
ASCAP Film and Television Music Award
Top TV Series
Stewart Levin
Won

1988
BMI Film & TV Awards
BMI TV Music Award
W.G. Snuffy Walden, John Lennon and Paul McCartney
Won

1989
Won

1990
Won

1988
Casting Society of America's Artios Award
Best Casting for TV, Comedy Episodic
Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman
Won

1989
Nominated

1990
Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld
Nominated

1989
Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series
Steve Miner (For the pilot episode)
Won

1991
Peter Baldwin (For episode "The Ties That Bind")
Nominated

1989
Golden Globe Award
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Won

1990
Nominated

Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Fred Savage
Nominated

1991
Nominated

1988
Humanitas Prize
30 Minute Category
Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

1989
Matthew Carlson
Won

1990
Todd W. Langen
Won

David M. Stern (For episode "The Powers That Be")
Nominated

1991
Bob Brush
Won

Mark B. Perry (For episode "The Ties That Bind")
Nominated

1992
Craig Hoffman (For episode "Hardware Store")
Nominated

1993
Sy Rosen (For episode "The Nose")
Nominated

1990
Peabody Award

ABC Television and Black/Marlens Company in association with New World Television
Won

1988
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Comedy Series
Carol Black, Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver
Won

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series
Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

1989
Outstanding Comedy Series
Carol Black, Neal Marlens, Bob Brush, Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series
Matthew Carlson (For episode "Pottery Will Get You Nowhere")
Nominated

Todd W. Langen (For episode "Coda")
Nominated

David M. Stern (For episode "Loosiers")
Nominated

Michael J. Weithorn (For episode "Our Miss White")
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
Peter Baldwin (For episode "Our Miss White")
Won

Michael Dinner (For episode "How I'm Spending My Summer Vacation")
Nominated

Steve Miner (For episode "Birthday Boy")
Nominated

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
Robert Picardo
Nominated

Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Maxine Stuart
Nominated

Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production
Stuart Bass (For episode "Loosiers")
Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design for a Series
Scilla Andreen (For episode "Birthday Boy")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special
Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Ray West and John L. Mack (For episode "Birthday Boy")
Nominated

1990
Outstanding Comedy Series
Bob Brush, Bob Stevens, Jill Gordon, Matthew Carlson, Michael Dinner, Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series
Bob Brush (For episode "Goodbye")
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
Michael Dinner (For episode "Goodbye")
Won

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
David Huddleston
Nominated

Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production
Dennis C. Vejar (For episode "Goodbye")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special
Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Ray West and John L. Mack (For episode "St. Valentine's Day Massacre")
Nominated

1991
Outstanding Comedy Series
Bob Brush, Jill Gordon, Ken Topolsky, David Chambers and Michael Dinner
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
Peter Baldwin (For episode "The Ties That Bind")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special
Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and John L. Mack (For episode "Little Debbie")
Nominated

1992
Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and Craig Hunter (For episode "Grandpa's Car")
Nominated

1993
Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and Craig Hunter (For episodes "Summer" and "Independence Day")
Nominated

1988
Television Critics Association Award
Program of the Year

Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy
Won

1989
Nominated

1990
Nominated

2006
TV Land Award
Favorite Series Finale

Nominated

2007
Favorite Heard-But-Not-Seen Character
Daniel Stern
Nominated

2008
Character You'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You
Danica McKellar
Nominated

1989
Viewers for Quality Television Award
Best Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Won

1990
Best Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Won

1991
Best Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Nominated

Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Specialty Player
Robert Picardo
Nominated

1992
Best Quality Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Nominated

1989
Writers Guild of America Award
Episodic Comedy
Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For episode "My Father's Office")
Won

Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode)
Nominated

1990
Matthew Carlson (For episode "Pottery Will Get You Nowhere")
Nominated

Todd W. Langen (For episode "Coda")
Won

1991
Bob Brush (For episode "Goodbye")
Nominated

David M. Stern (For episode "The Powers That Be")
Nominated

Bob Stevens (For episode "Rock 'N' Roll")
Nominated

1989
Young Artist Award
Best Family Television Series

Won

Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series
Fred Savage
Won

Best Young Actor Guest-Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series
Robin Thicke
Nominated

Best Young Actor in a Featured, Co-Starring, Supporting, Recurring Role in a Comedy, Drama Series, or Special
Josh Saviano
Nominated

Best Young Actress in a Featured, Co-Starring, Supporting, Recurring Role in a Comedy, Drama Series, or Special
Danica McKellar
Won

1990
Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series
Fred Savage
Nominated

Jason Hervey
Nominated

Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series
Danica McKellar
Nominated

Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series
Robert Jayne
Nominated

Joshua John Miller
Nominated

1992
Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series
Danica McKellar
Nominated

Best Young Actor Guest-Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series
Brandon Crane
Won

Best Young Actress Guest-Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series
Crystal McKellar
Nominated

Lisa Paige Robinson
Nominated

1993
Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series
Josh Saviano
Nominated

Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series
Danica McKellar
Nominated

Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series
Giovanni Ribisi
Nominated

Best Young Actress Guest-Starring in a Television Series
Wendy J. Cooke
Nominated


document_title: In My Feelings

question_text: who raps in the song in my feelings

question_tokens: who raps in the song in my feelings

root

text: In My Feelings

text: Composition and samples[edit]

text: "In My Feelings" is a bounce track, similar to Drake's previous single "Nice for What".[5] Upon its release, several outlets reported that the song and "Kiki" was about Keshia Chanté,[6] Drake's first girlfriend and childhood friend from Toronto.[7][8][9][10] It was also reported that "KB" was K'yanna Barber, a resident of Oakland, California.[11][12] Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ("Jenny"), who he briefly dated in 2016, and Quality Control duo City Girls, made up of members Yung Miami ("Resha") and JT.[13] The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals.[3]

tag: p

text: The track samples "Smoking Gun (Acapella Version)" by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown.[5] "Lollipop" by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode "Champagne Papi" from the television series Atlanta.[14] The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne.[3]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the "Kiki Challenge", "In My Feelings Challenge" or "DoTheShiggy", the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy, who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge.[15] The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles (ghost riding) and dance in oncoming traffic.[16][17][18] Originating in the US, the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern.[19] The challenge is banned in roads of EDSA and other public roads in the Philippines.[citation needed]

text: The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album, with writer Ben Dandrige-Lemco saying, "it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album, 'In My Feelings'".[5] The Hollywood Reporter's Jonny Coleman felt that the song, along with "Nice for What", "might be two of the most enduring tracks [in the album]".[20] Andy Hutchins of Time called the song "a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce."[21]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14, 2018, "In My Feelings" debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week. The following week, partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge associated with the song,[22] it ascended to the top spot of the chart, becoming Drake's sixth number-one single on the chart.[23] On the issue dated July 28, 2018, "In My Feelings" broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week with 116.2 million streams, and retained the top spot on the chart.[24] It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.

text: In the UK, it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules, but the next week, due to the popularity of the dance challenge, it entered at number four. A week later, it rose to number one. "In My Feelings" spent four weeks at the top of the chart, before being replaced by "Shotgun".

text: The success of "In My Feelings" made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart.[25]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The song's music video was shot on July 23, 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans, whom Drake previously worked with on the videos for "God's Plan", "Nice for What", and "I'm Upset" earlier in the year.[26]

text: The song's music video was released on August 2, 2018, on Drake's YouTube channel.[27] "KeKe" is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad. The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song, including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia.  Comedian Shiggy, who has been credited with inventing the viral "In My Feelings Challenge", makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video. At the end of the music video, a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the "In My Feelings Challenge" is displayed. A few of these people include Will Smith, DJ Khaled, Ciara, Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Dua Lipa, Millie Bobby Brown, Liza Koshy, Noah Schnapp, Ryan Seacrest, Shay Mitchell, Bobby Berk, Tan France, Karamo Brown, Antoni Porowski, Jonathan Van Ness, and J-Hope (BTS).

text: As of September 2018, the music video on YouTube has amassed more than 130 million views.[28]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal.[29][30]

text:
Noah "40" Shebib – production, recording
Noel "Gadget" Campbell – mixing
Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Greg Moffet – mixing assistance, recording assistance
Ronald Moonoo – mixing assistance
Blaqnmild – production
TrapMoneyBenny – production

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Argentina (Argentina Hot 100)[31]

59

Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[32]

12

Australia (ARIA)[33]

1

Australia Urban (ARIA)[34]

1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[35]

3

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[36]

6

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[37]

12

Brazil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[38]

66

Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música)[39]

8

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[40]

1

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[41]

2

Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[42]

50

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[43]

5

Denmark (Tracklisten)[44]

1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[45]

3

France (SNEP)[46]

3

Germany (Official German Charts)[47]

4

Greece International Digital (IFPI)[48]

1

Hungary (Single Top 40)[49]

2

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[50]

2

Ireland (IRMA)[51]

2

Italy (FIMI)[52]

5

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[53]

46

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[54]

1

Malaysia (RIM)[55]

1

Mexico (AMPROFON)[56]

2

Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[57]

2

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[58]

1

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[59]

2

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[60]

1

Norway (VG-lista)[61]

3

Portugal (AFP)[62]

1

Romania (Airplay 100)[63]

26

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[64]

2

Singapore (RIAS)[65]

1

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[66]

1

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[67]

8

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[68]

1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[69]

2

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[70]

1

UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[71]

1

US Billboard Hot 100[72]

1

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[73]

21

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[74]

1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[75]

6

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[76]

1

tag: table

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[77]

3× Platinum

210,000^

Belgium (BEA)[78]

Gold

20,000*

France (SNEP)[79]

Gold

100,000*

Italy (FIMI)[80]

Platinum

50,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[81]

Platinum

30,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[82]

Gold

20,000^

Sweden (GLF)[83]

Platinum

40,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[84]

Platinum

600,000

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region

Date

Format

Label(s)

Ref.

United States

July 10, 2018

Rhythmic contemporary

Young MoneyCash MoneyRepublic

[1]

Contemporary hit radio

[2]

United Kingdom

July 27, 2018

[85]

Italy

August 24, 2018

Universal

[86]


document_title: Ages of consent in Oceania

question_text: what is the age of consent in victoria

question_tokens: what is the age of consent in victoria

text: Ages of consent in Oceania

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia is a federation of States and Territories, with each State and Territory having the primary jurisdiction over age of consent issues within its territory. However, as a result of the international affairs power under Australia's constitution, a 1997 United Nations Human Rights Committee ruling has resulted in States repealing rules that differentiated between homosexual and heterosexual people on age of consent issues.

text: Regulations by state[edit]

text:
State
Minimum age of consent

 New South Wales
16

 Queensland
16

 South Australia
17

 Tasmania
17

 Victoria
16

 Western Australia
16

 Northern Territory
16

 Australian Capital Territory
16

text: Federal laws[edit]

text: Under federal legislation that applies to all Australians, it is an offence for an Australian citizen, resident or body corporate[1] while outside of Australia to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16[1] or to induce a child under the age of 16 to have sexual intercourse,[1] or be somehow involved in a similar sexual act.[1]

text: Sex between consenting adults (18 or over) in private, regardless of gender or sexual orientation can not be outlawed under section 4 of the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994.[2]

text:
Australia federation of AIDS organisations, age of consent (20 July 2007)[3]
Australia federation of AIDS organisations, age of consent - State and territory legislation (29 June 2006)[4]

text: Australian Capital Territory[edit]

text: It is an offence in the Australian Capital Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16.[5] However, it is a defence if the younger party was aged 10 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger party.[6]

text: Coral Sea Islands Territory[edit]

text: The laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply to the Coral Sea Islands Territory.

text: New South Wales and Norfolk Island[edit]

text: It is an offence in New South Wales to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16[7] or attempt such an offence.[8] It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender (guardian, teacher etc.).[9] Since July 1, 2016 all NSW laws also apply to the approximately 2,000 residents on Norfolk Island, under both the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 and the Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016 - because the Norfolk Legislative Assembly was abolished on July 1, 2015.[10][11][12]

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: It is an offence in the Northern Territory to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16[13] or attempt such an offence.[14] It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender[15] (guardian, teacher etc.).

text: Queensland[edit]

text: It is an offence in Queensland to have carnal knowledge of a person under the age of 16 (Criminal Code Act 1899, s.215). "Carnal knowledge" includes all types of sexual activity.[16] Legislation in September 2016 lowered and equalised the age of consent for anal sex to 16.[17]

text: South Australia[edit]

text: It is an offence in South Australia to engage in any activity which involves fellatio, cunnilingus or placing any part of the body within the labia majora, vagina or anus of a person under the age of 17 unless they are lawful spouses.[18] The Australian Marriage Act can permit someone who is 18 or over to marry a 16-year-old.[19] However, it is a defence if the person is 16 at the time of the offence and either the offender is under 17 years of age or believe on reasonable grounds that the other person is 17 or older.[20] It is also an offence to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 if that person is under the care of the offender[21] (guardian, teacher etc.).

text: Tasmania[edit]

text: It is an offence in Tasmania to have sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 17.[22] However, it is a defence if the younger person was aged 12 years or older and the older was not more than 3 years their senior or, if the younger person was of or above 15 years and the older was not more than 5 years their senior.[23][24]

text: Victoria[edit]

text: It is an offence in Victoria to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16.[25] However, it is a defence if the younger party was aged 12 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person, or they were married.[26] It is also an offence for a person having the care of a person under the age of 18 to sexually penetrate that person[27] (guardian, teacher etc.). A person under the age of 18 is not allowed to work as a prostitute nor to be in a brothel.[28]

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: It is an offence in Western Australia to sexually penetrate a person under the age of 16.[29] It is also an offence for a person in a position of authority over a person under the age of 18 to have sex with that person.[30]

text: Clipperton Island (France)[edit]

text: The laws of France where applicable apply.[31] (These specify a general age of consent of 15.) See Ages of consent in Europe#France.

text: Cook Islands[edit]

text: It is an offence in the Cook Islands to have sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of 16,[32] (ss146 and 147). If the girl consented and is aged 12 or more, it is a defence if the offender is younger than the girl, or if he is under 21 of age and "had reasonable cause to believe, and did believe" that the girl was aged 16 or older. (These defenses do not apply if consent was obtained fraudulently.)

text: There is no minimum age of consent for boys with women, although sodomy is illegal at any age (s155) and also exist the sodomy crimes that apply we criminal codes (S154, S159)

text: 154. Indecency between males - (1) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years who, bring a male,-

text: (a) Indecently assaults any other male; or

text: (b) Does any indecent act with or upon any other male; or

text: (c) Induces or permits any other male to do any indecent act with or upon him.

text: (2) No boy under the age of fifteen years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section, unless the other male was under the age of twenty-one years.

text: (3) It is not defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

text: 155. Sodomy - (1) Every one who commits sodomy is liable-

text: (a) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a female, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;

text: (b) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a male, and at the time of the act that male is under the age of fifteen years and the offender is of over the age of twenty-one years, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;

text: (c) In any other case, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.

text: (2) This offence is complete upon penetration.

text: (3) Where sodomy is committed on any person under the age of fifteen years he shall not be charged with being a party to that offence, but he may be charged with being a party to an offence against section 154 of this Act in say case to which that section is applicable.

text: (4) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

text: 159. Keeping Place of resort for homosexual acts -Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who-

text: (a) Keeps or manages, or acts or assists in the management of, say premises used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or

text: (b) Being the tenant, lessee, or occupier of any promises, knowingly permits the premises or any part thereof to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or

text: (c) Being the lessor or landlord of any premises, or the agent of the lessor or landlord, lets the premises or any part thereof with the knowledge that the premises are to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males, or that dome part thereof is to be so used, or is wilfully a party to the continued use of the premises or any part thereof as a place of resort for the commission of such acts as aforesaid.

text: More in line with the Criminal Code sections 152 and 153, the age of consent for same-sex men and women is begins, starting at 15 years

text: 152. Indecent act between woman and girl - (1) Every woman of or over the age of twenty-one years is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years who-

text: (a) Does any indecent act with or upon any girl under the age of fifteen years; or

text: (b) Induces or permits any girl under the age of fifteen years to do say indecent act with or upon her.

text: (2) The girl shall not be charged as a party to an offence committed with or upon her against this section.

text: (3) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the girl consented.

text: 153. Indecency between man and boy - (1) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who, being a male-

text: (a) Indecently assaults any boy under the age of fifteen years; or

text: (b) Does any indecent act with or upon any boy under the age of fifteen years; or

text: (c) Induces or permits any boy under the age of fifteen years to do any indecent act with or upon him.

text: (2) No person under the age of twenty-one years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against this section.

text: (3) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the boy consented.

text: Easter Island (Chile)[edit]

text: Federated States of Micronesia[edit]

text: The states’ statutory rape laws apply to children age 13 and below in Chuuk, Yap, and Kosrae and age 15 and below in Pohnpei.[33]

text: Fiji[edit]

text: Under the Crimes Act 2010 effective since 1 February 2010, the age of consent in Fiji is 16, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender.

text: French Polynesia (France)[edit]

text: Juan Fernández Islands (Chile)[edit]

text: Kiribati[edit]

text: The age of consent in Kiribati is 15 (sections 133, 134 & 135), but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages (sections 153, 154 & 155). Furthermore, section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse, while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse.[34]

text: Marcus Island (Japan)[edit]

text: Marcus Island is administratively under the government of Tokyo. See Age of Consent in Japan.

text: Marshall Islands[edit]

text: The age of consent in Marshall Islands is 16. Section 152(A) of the Criminal Code provides that anyone engaging in sexual penetration with a person under 16 is liable to imprisonment for up to 25 years.[35]

text: Nauru[edit]

text: In Nauru it is an offence under the Crimes Act 2016, Division 7.3 to engage in sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 16.[36] Consent is not a defence unless the younger party was aged 13 years or older and the offender was not more than 2 years older than the younger person.[36]

text: New Caledonia (France)[edit]

text: New Caledonia has a civil law system based on French law; the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands.[31]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: It is an offence in New Zealand to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 16.[37] It is a defence if due diligence had been undertaken by the defendant to ascertain the victim's age, had reasonable grounds to believe the victim was aged 16 or over and consent was given.[38] Further it is an offence for a person to have a sexual connection with a person under the age of 18 if the defendant is in a guardianship role (parent, stepparent, foster parent, guardian, uncle, aunt or other members of extended family, whanau or other power or authority or responsibility for care or upbringing).[39] The age of consent for girls had earlier been 12 years, and was progressively raised to 16 years in the late 19th century.

text: The age of consent for prostitution in New Zealand is higher. Although prostitution is legal, under the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 it is illegal to procure or receive sexual services from any person under 18.[40]

text: New Zealand has had a uniform and equal age of consent of 16, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender since the passage of the Homosexual Law Reform Act in 1986. All territories of New Zealand have legalized homosexuality in 2007 (except for the Cook Islands as shown below) LGBT rights in New Zealand under the Niue Amendment Act 2007.[41]

text: Although age of consent laws in New Zealand (as with most other Western countries) are currently severe, consensual relationships between adults and young teens are usually not prosecuted unless the parent or child complain about it. Contraceptives in New Zealand are not age restricted and are available to people under 16. A teen 12 years or older can be prosecuted for a consensual relationship with a teen under 16 (both parties if both are 12 years or older), although this is extremely rare. Even with a complaint, it is still up to police discretion and if the age difference is small it is rarely prosecuted, with family group conferences being the more likely option.[42] There was an attempt to formalise this under law in 2004, however this was abandoned after a public outcry. Before 2005, there was no law in New Zealand prohibiting any form of sexual relationship between adult women and male minors.[43]

text: The sexual abuse of boys of any age, including rape, by adult women was fully legal in New Zealand until around 2007. This is despite New Zealand having been party to international conventions against the exploitation of children since the 1980s. In 2003, swimming instructor Stacey Margaret Friel, 21, was reported to have had sex with a 13-year-old boy, but faced no charges at the time due to the lack of laws against sexual abuse of boys by women. Since the loophole in the laws was closed there have been a number of cases of women being prosecuted for sexual abuse of young boys, including a woman who gave birth to the child of an 11-year-old boy whom she had allegedly raped.[44]

text: Tokelau[edit]

text: The age of consent is 16. Section 19 of the Crimes, Procedures and Evidence Rules, 2003 (CPER) reads: "1) A person who has carnal knowledge of another— [..] (i)(II)if the victim is under the age of 16 years, whether the victim consented or not [...] commits an offence." Section 21 reads: "(1) A person who indecently assaults another commits an offence. (2) Where the victim is a mental defective or under the age of 16 years it is no defence to a charge under this rule that the person consented to the offence, or that the person charged believed that the person assaulted was sane or not under the age of 16 years as the case may be."[45]

text: Niue[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The age of consent in Niue is 16.

text: Okinotori Islands (Japan)[edit]

text: The Okinotori Islands are administratively under the government of Tokyo. See Age of Consent in Japan.

text: Palau[edit]

text: The age of consent in Palau is 17.[46] There is a close in age exemption allowing 15 and 16 year-olds to have sex with partners less than 5 years older. Article § 1602 reads: a) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the first degree if: (...) (3) The person knowingly engages in sexual penetration with a person who is at least fifteen years old but less than seventeen years old; provided that: (A) The person is not less than five years older than the minor; and (B) The person is not legally married to the minor".[47]

text: Papua (Indonesia)[edit]

text: The age of consent in Indonesia Ages of consent in Asia.

text: Papua New Guinea[edit]

text: In Papua New Guinea it is unlawful to have carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of 16.[48] If the victim is aged 12 or more, it is a defence if the defendant "believed, on reasonable grounds" that the girl was aged 16 or older. It is a crime for any person to indecently deal with a boy under the age of 14 (section 211), and boys under the age of 17 are not deemed able to consent to acts by another male that, but for their consent, would be indecent assaults (section 243). Also having or allowing carnal knowledge "against the order of nature" is illegal at any age, as are acts of "gross indecency" between males (sections 210 and 212).

text: Pitcairn Island (United Kingdom)[edit]

text: The current age of consent appears to be 16, as a 1999 case involved a New Zealand tourist convicted of "unlawful carnal knowledge" of a girl of 15 (this will be confirmed once The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 comes into effect). However the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 involved mostly charges of rape or sexual assault, not "underage sex" (and some "gross indecency with a child under 14" charges), although it was claimed during the trial that (presumably consensual) "underage sex" with girls from the age of 12 was normal on Pitcairn.

text: Samoa[edit]

text: The age of consent in Samoa is 16, per Section 59. Sexual conduct with young person under 16, of the Crime Act 2013.[49] Homosexual acts are illegal regardless of age (Section 67. Sodomy).[49]

text: Solomon Islands[edit]

text: The age of consent in the Solomon Islands is 15 (sections 141, 142 & 143), but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages (sections 160, 161 & 162). Further, section 140 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse, while section 144 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse.[50]

text: Tonga[edit]

text: The age of consent in Tonga is 15.[51]

text: Section 121

text: Carnal knowledge of child or young person

text: (2) Any person who carnally knows any young person under the age of 15 years shall be liable on conviction thereof to imprisonment for 5 years

text: Section 124

text: Indecent assault

text: (5) A young person under the age of 15 years cannot in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an indecent assault for the purposes of this section.

text: Tuvalu[edit]

text: The age of consent in Tuvalu is 15 (sections 133, 134 & 135), but homosexual sex is illegal at all ages (sections 153, 154 & 155). Further, section 132 prohibits taking a girl under 18 out of the care of her parents or guardian for the purpose of sexual intercourse, while section 136 prohibits procuring a girl under 18 for sexual intercourse.[52]

text: United States (Hawaii and Pacific Territories)[edit]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: The age of consent in Hawaii is 16 years old. There is however a close in age exemption, which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older.[53]

text: American Samoa[edit]

text: It is an offence in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16.[54]

text: Guam[edit]

text: The age of consent in Guam is 16.

text: § 25.25. Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct.[55]

text: (a) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists:

text: (1) that other person is at least fourteen (14) years of age and under sixteen (16) years of age

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text: The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16, according to Sections 1306-1309 of the Commonwealth Code.[56] There a close-in-age exemption permitting minors aged 13–15 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older. Under the same provisions, it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid, encourage, induce or causes minors under 13 to engage in any sexual activity, or minors aged 13–15 to engage in sexual activity with persons older than them by three years or more.

text: The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner - being age 18 or older - is the parent, stepparent, adopted parent, or legal guardian of the younger person, or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person. This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person's parent, stepparent, adopted parent or legal guardian. According to section 1317, a position of authority "means an employer, youth leader, scout leader, coach, teacher, counselor, school administrator, religious leader, doctor, nurse, psychologist, guardian ad litem, babysitter, or a substantially similar position, and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control" over a person under 18.

text: According to Section 1310, affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306-1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age.

text: Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with persons aged 18 or 19, if they are "committed to the custody of the Department of Public Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth’s civil or criminal laws, and the offender is the legal guardian of the person".

text: Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument[edit]

text: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island, are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior, as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.

text: Midway Atoll[edit]

text: Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge). As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.

text: Vanuatu[edit]

text: Since 1 January 2007 under the Criminal Consolidation Act 2006, the age of consent on Vanuatu is 15 for heterosexual conduct and 18 for homosexual conduct.[57][58] Article 97 reads: (...) (2) No person shall have sexual intercourse with any child under the age of 15 years but of or over the age of 13 years. (3) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the child consented or that the person charged believed that the child was of or over the age in question. [59] Article 99 reads: No person shall commit any homosexual act with a person of the same sex under 18 years of age, whether or not that person consents. [59]

text: Wallis and Futuna (France)[edit]

text: The laws of France where applicable apply.[31] See Ages of consent in Europe#France.


document_title: Flag of Argentina

question_text: what does the sun in the argentina flag mean

text: Flag of Argentina

text: History[edit]

text: The flag of Argentina was created by Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence. While in Rosario he noticed that both the royalist and patriotic forces were using the same colors, Spain's yellow and red. After realizing this, Belgrano created the Cockade of Argentina, which was approved by the First Triumvirate on February 18, 1812. Encouraged by this success, he created a flag of the same colors nine days later. It used the colors that were used by the Criollos during the May Revolution in 1810. However, recent research and studies would indicate that the colors were chosen from the Spanish Order of Charles III symbolizing the allegiance to the rightful, and then captive King Ferdinand VII of Spain. Most portraits about the creation or first uses of the flag show the modern design of it, but the flag of Macha, a very early design kept at the House of Freedom in Sucre, Bolivia was instead a vertical triband with two white bands and a light blue one in the middle.[1] The flag was first flown for soldiers to swear allegiance to it on 27 February 1812, on the Batería Libertad (Liberty Battery), by the Paraná River. On that day, Belgrano said the following words:

text: Soldiers of the Fatherland, we have heretofore had the glory of wearing the national cockade; there (pointing to the Independence battery), on the Independence Battery, where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon, shall our weapons enlarge their glory. Let us swear to defeat our enemies, internal and external, and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom. In testament that you so swear it, say with me: LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND! (after the oath) "Lord Captain and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery: go, take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today.[2]

text: Belgrano dispatched a letter addressed to the First Triumvirate, informing them of the newly created flag. However, unlike with the cockade, the Triumvirate did not accept the use of the flag: policy at the time was to state that the government was ruling on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain who was captive of Napoleon, whereas the creation of a flag was a clear independentist act. Thus, the triumvirate sent a warning to Belgrano not to fight under the flag, but by the time the reply had arrived, Belgrano had moved to the north, following the previous orders that requested him to strengthen the patriotic position in the Upper Peru after the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the Battle of Huaqui. Meanwhile, the flag was hoisted for the first time in Buenos Aires atop the Church of Saint Nicholas of Bari on August 23, 1812; where nowadays the Obelisk of Buenos Aires is located. Still not knowing about the Triumvirate's refusal, Belgrano raised the flag at San Salvador de Jujuy and had it blessed by the local church on the second anniversary of the May Revolution. Belgrano accepted the orders from the Triumvirate by time they arrived to Salta and ceased using the flag. As soldiers had already made oaths to the new flag, Belgrano said that he was saving it for the circumstance of a great victory.

text: The First Triumvirate was later replaced by the Second Triumvirate, with a more liberal ideology, who called the Asamblea del Año XIII. Despite being one of its original goals, it did not declare independence, and so did not approve the use of a national flag either; nevertheless, the flag made by Belgrano was authorized to be used as a war flag. The first oath to the newly-approved flag was on February 13, 1813, next to the Salado River, which became known as the "Río Juramento" ("Oath River"). The first battle fought with the approved flag was the Battle of Salta, a decisive patriotic victory that achieved the complete defeat of royalist Pío Tristán.

text: The flag would be finally declared the national flag by the Congress of Tucumán on July 20, 1816, shortly after the declaration of independence. The proposal was made by the deputy Juan José Paso and the text written by the deputy of Charcas, José Serrano. On February 25, 1818, the Congress (now working at Buenos Aires) included the Sun of May in the war flag, after the proposal of deputy Chorroarín. The sun was copied after the one that the first Argentine coin featured in 1813. It was subsequently decided to keep it as part of the regular flag afterwards, and thus the sun no longer represents war.

text: José de San Martín was aware of the new flag, but did not employ it during the crossing of the Andes in 1817. Being a joint operation of both Argentine and Chilean forces, he thought that a new flag would be a better idea than using either the Argentine or the Chilean flag. This led to the creation of the Flag of the Andes, used in the crossing. This flag is currently used as a provincial flag by Mendoza province.

text: On June 8, 1938, president Roberto Ortiz sanctioned national law no. 12,361 declaring June 20 "Flag Day", a national holiday. The date was decided as the anniversary of Belgrano's death in 1820. In 1957 the National Flag Memorial (a 10,000 m2 monumental complex) was inaugurated in Rosario to commemorate the creation of the flag, and the official Flag Day ceremonies have customarily been conducted in its vicinity since then.

text: In 1978 it was specified, among other measurements, that the Official Ceremony Flag should be 1.4 meters wide and 0.9 meters high, and that the sun must be embroidered.

text: According to the Decree 10,302/1944 the article 2 stated that the Official Flag of the Nation is the flag with sun, approved by the "Congress of Tucumán", reunited in Buenos Aires on 25 February 1818. The article 3 stated that the flag with the sun in its center is to be used only by the Federal and Provincial Governments; while individuals and institutions use a flag without the sun.[3]

text: In 1985 the Law 23,208 repealed the article 3 of the Decree 10,302/1944, saying that the Federal and Provincial Governments, as well as individuals have the right to use the Official Flag of the Nation.[4]

text:
The Cross of Burgundy flag of Spain (1536)

Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications (1717)

Flag of Spain (1785)

Flag of Belgrano (1812)

Flag of Macha (1816)

Flag used (1818)

Flag used during the Liga Federal (1830)

Flag used (1835)

Flag of the Argentine Confederation (1850)

Flag of Argentina (1861)

text: Design[edit]

text: Popular belief attributes the colors to those of the sky, clouds and the sun; some anthems to the flag like "Aurora" or "Salute to the flag" state so as well. However, historians usually disregard this idea, and attribute them to loyalty towards the House of Bourbon.[citation needed]

text: After the May Revolution, the first times of the Argentine War of Independence, the Triumvirate claimed to be acting on behalf of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who was prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte during the Peninsular War. Whether such loyalty was real or a trick to conceal independentism is a topic of dispute. The creation of a new flag with those colors would have been then a way to denote autonomy, while keeping the relations with the captive king alive.[citation needed]

text: Shape and size[edit]

text: From 1978, the flag's official proportions are 9:14, and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 meters. It features three stripes alternating sky blue, white and sky blue. Each stripe is 30 centimeters high.[citation needed] In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May (Spanish: Sol de Mayo), a golden sun. Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of the Inca sun god Inti.[5]

text: Flags with proportions of 1:2 and 2:3 are also in use.[citation needed]

text: Colors[edit]

text: The colors are officially defined using the CIE 1976 standard:

text:
Scheme
Sky blue
Yellow
Brown

CIE (L*, a*, b*)
67.27, -6.88, -32.23
74.97, 29.22, 81.58
44.53, 27.16, 22.48

*Black and white are as normal. *Source: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/normas-iram/

text: The following are given for computer, textile, print and plastic use:

text:
Scheme
Sky blue
Yellow
Brown

RGB
117, 170, 219
#75AADB
252, 191, 73
#FCBF49
132, 53, 17
#843511

Pantone (textile)
16-4132 TC
14-1064 TC
18-1441 TC

Pantone (print)
284 C / 284 U
1235 C / 116 U
483 C / 483 U

Pantone (plastic)
Q 300-4-1
Q 030-2-1
Q 120-2-4

Number
75AADB
FCBF49
843511

*Source: ibid.

text: The Spanish word celeste (sky blue) is used to describe the colour of the blue stripes.[citation needed]

text: Sun of May[edit]

text: The sun is called the Sun of May because it is a replica of an engraving on the first Argentine coin, approved in 1813, whose value was eight escudos (one Spanish dollar). It has 16 straight and 16 waved sunbeams.[citation needed]

text: In 1978 the sun color was specified to be golden yellow (amarillo oro), to have an inner diameter of 10 cm, and an outer diameter of 25 cm (the diameter of the sun equals  5⁄6 the height of the white stripe. The sun's face is  2⁄5 of its height). It features 32 rays, alternately wavy and straight, and from 1978 it must be embroidered in the "Official Flag Ceremony".[citation needed]

text: Influence of the Argentine flag[edit]

text: The French privateer Louis-Michel Aury used the Argentine flag as a model for the blue-white-blue flag of the first independent state in Central America, which was created 1818 in Isla de Providencia, an island off the east coast of Nicaragua. This state existed until approximately 1821, before the Gran Colombia took over control of these islands. Somewhat later (1823) this flag was again used as the model for the flag of the United Provinces of Central America,[6][7][8] a confederation of the current Central American states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which existed from 1823 to 1838. After the dissolution of the Union, the five countries became independent, but even today all of these states except Costa Rica use flags of blue-white-blue stripes (the Costa Rican flag has a red stripe superimposed on the white one, added to incorporate all the colors of the French flag). The Argentine flag also inspired the flags of Uruguay and Paraguay.

text:
Current flags of Central and South American countries

Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Uruguay

text: Anthems to the flag[edit]

text: Aurora (Sunrise)[edit]

text:
Alta en el cielo, un águila guerrera
Audaz se eleva en vuelo triunfal.
Azul un ala del color del cielo,
Azul un ala del color del mar.

Así en el alta aurora irradial.
Punta de flecha el áureo rostro imita.
Y forma estela el purpurado cuello.
El ala es paño, el águila es bandera.

Es la bandera de la patria mía,
del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios.
Es la bandera de la Patria Mía,
del sol nacido que me ha dado Dios.

High in the sky, a warrior eagle
rises audacious in its triumphal flight
One wing is blue, sky-colored;
one wing is blue, sea-colored.

In the high radiant aurora
its golden face resembles the tip of an arrow.
And its purple nape leaves a wake.
The wing is cloth, the eagle is a flag.

It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine
that God gave me, born of the sun.
It is the flag of the Fatherland of mine
that God gave me, born of the sun.

text: Lyrics by Luigi Illica and Héctor Cipriano Quesada, music by Héctor Panizza, it is sung during flag raising ceremonies.

text: Saludo a la bandera (Salutation to the Flag)[edit]

text:
Salve, argentina
bandera azul y blanca.
Jirón del cielo
en donde impera el Sol.
Tú, la más noble,
la más gloriosa y santa,
el firmamento su color te dio.

Yo te saludo,
bandera de mi Patria,
sublime enseña
de libertad y honor.
Jurando amarte,
como así defenderte,
mientras palpite mi fiel corazón.

Hail, Argentine
Blue and white flag
Shred of the sky
Where the Sun reigns
You, the Most Noble
The Most Glorious and Holy
The sky gave its color to you

I salute you
Flag of my motherland
Sublime ensign
of freedom and honour
Swearing to love you
as well as to defend you
for as long as my faithful heart beats

text: Mi Bandera (My Flag)[edit]

text:
Aquí está la bandera idolatrada,
la enseña que Belgrano nos legó,
cuando triste la Patria esclavizada
con valor sus vínculos rompió.

Aquí está la bandera esplendorosa
que al mundo con sus triunfos admiró,
cuando altiva en la lucha y victoriosa
la cima de los Andes escaló.

Aquí está la bandera que un día
en la batalla tremoló triunfal
y, llena de orgullo y bizarría,
a San Lorenzo se dirigió inmortal.

Aquí está, como el cielo refulgente,
ostentando sublime majestad,
después de haber cruzado el Continente,
exclamando a su paso: ¡Libertad!
¡Libertad! ¡Libertad!

Here is the idolized flag,
the flag that Belgrano left to us,
when the sad enslaved Homeland
bravely broke its bonds.

Here is the splendorous flag
that surprised the world with its victory,
when arrogant and victoriously during the battles
the top of the Andes it has climbed.

Here is the flag that one day
triumphantly rose in the middle of the battle
and, full of pride and gallantry,
to San Lorenzo it went immortal.

Here it is, like the shining sky,
showing sublimate majesty
after having crossed the continent
shouting in its way: "Freedom!"
" Freedom! Freedom!"

text: Pledge to the Flag[edit]

text: As Flag Day is celebrated on June 20, the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers. In large towns where students are gathered en masse, the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive, preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator, Manuel Belgrano, using the following or similar formulas:

text: Variant 1[edit]

text:
Summons:
Niños/Alumnos, la Bandera blanca y celeste—Dios sea loado—no ha sido atada jamás al carro triunfal de ningún vencedor de la tierra.

Niños/Alumnos, esa Bandera gloriosa representa a la Patria de los Argentinos. Prometáis rendirle vuestro más sincero y respetuoso homenaje, quererla con amor inmenso y formarle, desde la aurora de la vida un culto fervoroso e imborrable en vuestros corazones; preparándoos desde la escuela para practicar a su tiempo, con toda pureza y honestidad, las nobles virtudes inherentes a la ciudadanía, estudiar con empeño la historia de nuestro país y la de sus grandes benefactores a fin de seguir sus huellas luminosas y a fin también de honrar la Bandera y de que no se amortigüe jamás en vuestras almas el delicado y generoso sentimiento de amor a la Patria. En una palabra: ¿prometéis lo que esté en las medidas de vuestras fuerzas que la Bandera Argentina flamee por siempre sobra nuestras murallas y fortalezas, en lo alto de los mástiles de nuestras naves y a la cabeza de nuestras legiones y para que el honor sea su aliento, la gloria su aureola, la justicia su empresa?

Response: ¡Sí, prometo![9]

Summons:
Children/Students, the white and sky-blue flag, God be praised, has never been carried in the triumphal carts of any victors of this Earth.

Children/Students, this glorious Flag represents the Fatherland of the Argentines. I ask you all to promise to produce your most sincere and respectful homage, to love it and form it with immense love, from the dawn of the life a fervent and indelible cult in your hearts; preparing yourselves from the school to practice to its time, with all purity and honesty, the noble virtues inherent in citizenship, studying with determination the history of our country and that of its big benefactors in order to continue its luminous traces and to end also of honoring the Flag and of which there should never get depressed in your souls the delicate and generous love feeling to the Fatherland. In a word: do you promise that what should be in the measurements of your forces that the Flag of Argentina flames forever exceeds our walls and fortitude, on top of the masts of our ships and at the head of our legions and so that the honor should be its breath, the glory its aurora, the justice its company?

Response:"Yes, we promise!"
(either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture, if not all stand at attention)

text: Versions of this include references to Belgrano and to all who fought for the country during the Argentine War of Independence and other wars that followed.

text: Variant 2[edit]

text:
Summons:
Niños/Alumnos, esta es la Bandera que creó Manuel Belgrano en los albores de nuestra libertad, simboliza a la República Argentina, nuestra Patria.

Niños/Alumnos, es el símbolo de nuestra libre soberanía, que hace sagrados a los hombres y mujeres y a todos los pueblos del mundo. Convoca el ejercicio de nuestros deberes y nuestros derechos, a respetar las leyes y las instituciones. Es la expresión de nuestra historia forjada con la esperanza y el esfuerzo de millones de hombres y mujeres, los que nacieron en nuestra tierra y los que vinieron a poblarla al amparo de nuestra bandera y nuestra Constitución. Representa nuestra tierra y nuestros mares, nuestros ríos y bosques, nuestros llanos y montañas, el esfuerzo de sus habitantes sus sueños y realizaciones. Simboliza nuestro presente, en el que, día a día, debemos construir la democracia que nos ennoblece, y conquistar el conocimiento que nos libera; y nuestro futuro, el de nuestros hijos y el de las sucesivas generaciones de argentinos.

Niños/Alumnos, ¿prometen defenderla, respetarla y amarla, con fraterna tolerancia y respeto, estudiando con firme voluntad, comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos, aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo, en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos, sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables?

Response: Sí, prometo![10]

Summons:
Children/Students, in the sunrise of our freedom, Manuel Belgrano created this flag, the very symbol of our fatherland, the Republic of Argentina.

Children/Students, it is the symbol of our free sovereignty, which makes it sacred to the men and women and to all the peoples of the world. It was convoked by the exercise of our duties and our rights, to respect the laws and institutions. It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women, those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution. It represents our land and seas, our rivers and forests, our plains and mountains, the efforts of its inhabitants, their dreams and achievements. It symbolizes our present, in which, day to day, we must build democracy that enables us, and conquer the knowledge that frees us; and our future, for our children and the successive generations of Argentines.

Children/Students, therefore, do you promise to defend, respect, and love it, with fraternal tolerance and respect, studying with determination, committing to be free and honest citizens, in solidarity accepting their differences to all who populate in our land and manifest, in each and every one of our actions, these permanent and inalienable values?

Response:"Yes, we promise!"
(either using the Bellamy salute or using the hand over the heart gesture, if not all stand at attention)

text: The Glorious Revielle may be sounded by a military band or a marching band at this point when available, and confetti may be or may not be showered on the students.

text: In the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and civil uniformed services the pledge is similar but with a different formula and response of ¡Si, juro! (Yes, we pledge!)

text: Military/police variant[edit]

text:
Summons:
¿Jurais a la Patria, seguir constantemente su bandera y defenderla hasta perder la vida?

Response: ¡Sí, juro![11]

Summons:
Do you therefore pledge to the Fatherland, constantly follow its flag and defend it even at the cost of your lives?

Response:"Yes, we pledge!"

text: If in the Argentine Federal Police the words y su Constitution Nacional (and its Constitution) may be inserted.