document_title: Rick and Morty

question_text: when does the last episode of rick and morty air

text: Rick and Morty

text: Premise

text: Characters

text: The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household, which consists of parents Jerry and Beth, their kids Summer and Morty, and Beth's father, Rick Sanchez, who lives with them as a guest.

text: Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist, who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school, marriage, love, and family. He frequently goes on adventures with his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, a kind but easily distressed boy, whose naive but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick's Machiavellian ego. Morty's 17-year-old sister, Summer, is a more conventional teenager, who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures. The kids' mother, Beth, is a generally level-headed person and assertive force in the household, though self-conscious about her professional role as a horse doctor. She is dissatisfied with her marriage with Jerry, a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.

text: Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another. The show's original Rick identifies himself as "Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C-137", in reference to his original universe, but this doesn't necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household. For instance, in the first-season episode "Rick Potion #9", after turning the entire world population into monsters, Rick and Morty move to a different dimension, leaving Summer, Beth and Jerry behind.

text: Setting

text: According to Justin Roiland, the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington.[1] The adventures of Rick and Morty, however, take place across an infinite number of realities, with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick's flying car.

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)

2
10
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)

3
10
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

text: Production

text: Development

text: Rick and Morty was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. The duo first met at Channel 101, a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon.[2] At Channel 101, participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot, and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series. Roiland, then a producer on reality programming, began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch, in 2004. His pilots typically consisted of shock value—"sick and twisted" elements that received a confused reaction from the audience.[2] Nevertheless, Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating. In 2006, Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling, and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101. The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti, an animated short starring Doc Brown and Marty McFly, characters from the Back to the Future film trilogy.[3] In the short, which Harmon would dub "a bastardization, a pornographic vandalization", Doc Smith urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him oral sex.[4] The audience reacted to it wildly, and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters, which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled.[4][5] Harmon would later create and produce Community, an NBC sitcom, while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for Disney's Fish Hooks and Cartoon Network's Adventure Time.

text: In 2012, Harmon was briefly fired from Community. Adult Swim, searching for a more prime-time, "hit" show,[6] approached Harmon shortly afterward, who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style. He also was unfamiliar with animation, and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue, characters, and story.[5] Instead, he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series. Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters, renamed Rick and Morty.[4] Roiland initially wanted the show's run time to consist of one eleven-minute segment, but Adult Swim pushed for a half-hour program.[6] Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters, while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty's grandfather. Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground, Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch.[4] Prior to developing Rick and Morty, he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox, and he had begun to feel "burned out" with developing television.[5]

text: The first draft was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon's unfurnished Community office.[7] The duo had broken the story that day, sold the pilot, and then sat down to write.[5][8] Roiland, while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination, encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft.[7] "We were sitting on the floor, cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said, 'Wait, if you go home, it might take us three months to write this thing. Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours.' He just had a premonition about that," recalled Harmon.[5] Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices, partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty. Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo.[7] Adult Swim placed a tamer TV-14 rating on the program, which initially was met with reluctance from the show's staff. The network's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime-time, competing with major programs.[5]

text: The main theme for Rick and Morty by Ryan Elder was originally used in a rejected Cartoon Network pilot Roiland made called "Dog World", which was referenced in the episode "Lawnmower Dog".[9]

text: Writing

text: The general formula of Rick and Morty consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios: an extremely selfish, alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson across space for intergalactic and/or interdimensional adventures, intercut with domestic family drama.[4][6] This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between Matt Groening's two shows The Simpsons and Futurama, balancing family life with heavy science fiction.[10] The series is inspired by British-style storytelling, as opposed to traditional American family TV stories.[2] Roiland has stated his and Harmon's intentions for the series to lack traditional continuity, opting for discontinuous storylines "not bound by rules".[11] In producing the series' first season, episodes were occasionally written out of order. For example, "Rick Potion #9" was the second episode written for the series, but was instructed to be animated as the fifth, as it would make more sense within the series' continuity.[2]

text: Many episodes are structured with use of a story circle, a Harmon creation based largely on Joseph Campbell's monomyth, or The Hero's Journey. Its two-act structure places the act break at an odd location in the stages of the monomyth: after The Meeting with the Goddess, instead of Atonement with the Father.[7] Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series, such as The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who. He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty's point of view, but stated "we don't want to be the companions. We want to hang out with the Doctor, we idolize the Doctor, but we don't think like him, and that's really interesting, Rick is diseased, he's mentally ill, he's an absolute lunatic because he lives on this larger scale."[12]

text: Harmon has noted that the writers room at the show's studio bears a striking resemblance to the one used for Community.[5] In comparing the two, he noted that the writing staff of Rick and Morty was significantly smaller, and more "rough and tumble verbally".[5] The first season writing staff consisted of Roiland, Harmon, Tom Kauffman, Ryan Ridley, Wade Randolph, and Eric Acosta, while writer's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit. Described as a "very, very tiny little writers' room with a lot of heavy lifting from everybody," the show's writing staff, like many Adult Swim productions, is not unionized with the Writers' Guild of America.[10] The writing staff first meets and discusses ideas, which evolve into a story.[2] Discussions often include anecdotes from personal life as well as thoughts on the science fiction genre.[5] After breaking the story—which consists of developing its consistency and logical beginning, middle, and conclusion—a writer is assigned to create an outline. Roiland and Harmon do a "pass" on the outline, and from there the episode undergoes several more drafts. The final draft of the script is last approved by either of the co-creators.[2] Harmon has admitted that his perfectionism can some times be disruptive and cause writing schedule delays. For the most part, this was the reason why the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.[13][14]

text: Animation and voice recording

text: Animation for the show is done using Toon Boom Harmony, post-production work is done in Adobe After Effects, and background art is done in Adobe Photoshop.[15] Production of animation is handled by Bardel Entertainment in Canada.[16] Roiland's cartooning style is heavily indebted to The Simpsons, a factor he acknowledged in a 2013 interview, while also comparing his style to that of Pendleton Ward (Adventure Time) and J.G. Quintel (Regular Show): "You'll notice mouths are kind of similar and teeth are similar, but I think that's also a stylistic thing that... all of us are kind of the same age, and we're all inspired by The Simpsons and all these other shows we're kind of subconsciously tapping into."[10] John Kricfalusi's The Ren & Stimpy Show was another strong influence for Rick and Morty, which is why, according to Roiland, the small "w-shaped mouths" that the characters occasionally make is a reference to a similar expression that Ren frequently makes.[17] When recording dialogue, Roiland does a considerable amount of improvisation, in order to make the characters feel more natural.[18]

text: Future

text: Althought there hasn't been an official renewal announcement by Adult Swim,[19] Dan Harmon talked about the possibility of creating more than ten episodes per season, in a September 2017 interview, where he stated "I’m about to do season 4 of Rick and Morty and want to prove that I’ve grown."[20] On October 1, 2017, similarly to the second-season finale, the animated character Mr. Poopybutthole re-appeared in the post-credits scene of the third-season finale and said that it will be a long wait until the fourth season of the show.[21]

text: Philosophy

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (November 2017)

text:
Nobody exists on purpose, nobody belongs anywhere,
everybody's gonna die. Come watch TV.
“
”

Morty Smith, "Rixty Minutes"

tag: div

text: There has been discussion among viewers about the philosophy of Rick and Morty.[22] The show most frequently adopts an existentialist perspective,[23] while Harmon has described Rick as an anarchist, who doesn't like being told what to do.[24] Other philosophies that have been referenced in the characters behavior and observations include: absurdism, nihilism and the work of Friedrich Nietzsche.[25][26] The series addresses the insignificance of human existence as compared to the size of the universe, with no recognizable divine presence, as described by Lovecraft's philosophy of cosmicism. The characters of the show find ways to deal with cosmic horror and existential dread, either by asserting the utility of science over magic or choosing life in ignorant bliss.[27][28]

text: Release

text: The series was first announced during Adult Swim's 2012 Upfront presentation.[29] Adult Swim ordered 10 half-hour episodes (not including the pilot) to comprise the first season.[30][31] Matt Roller, a writer for the series, confirmed via Twitter that the network renewed Rick and Morty for a second season, which premiered on July 26, 2015. In August 2015, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season, which consists of 10 episodes.[32] It premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017, with the rest of the season beginning on July 30, 2017.[33]

text: Online distribution

text: Adult Swim has made all of the episodes available on iTunes, Google Play, Amazon, YouTube, and Vudu, as well as a 37-minute interview between creators Harmon and Roiland at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, and a panel at the 2015 ATX Television Festival.[34] Episodes have also been made available to stream on the series' official website with a cable provider login.[35] The episode "Rixty Minutes" was released early by the network via 109 15-second videos on Instagram.[36] Some of the episodes are available for free streaming on Adult Swim's website; for the rest a U.S. cable subscription is required.[37] Season one was made available for on-demand viewing on Hulu in June 2015. Season two is also available as of June 2016.[38] Seasons 1-3 are available on Netflix in some countries.[fn 1]

text: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions,[39] hoping to dissuade viewers from watching the illegal livestreams on YouTube, which constitute copyright infringement.[40]

text: Home media

text: The complete first season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[41] Before its release, Roiland had confirmed that it would contain uncensored audio tracks.[42] The complete second season was released on DVD (Region 1) and Blu-ray on June 7, 2016.[43]

text: Reception

text: Critical reception

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
100% (5 reviews)[44]
85 (8 reviews)[45]

2
95% (8 reviews)[46]
N/A

3
98% (12 reviews)[47]
N/A

text: Rick and Morty has received universal critical acclaim, holding a 97% approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes.[48] Additionally, the first season of Rick and Morty holds a Metacritic score of 85 based on eight reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[45] David Weigand of San Francisco Chronicle described it as "offbeat and occasionally coarse... the take-away here is that it works". He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being "fresh, colorful and as wacky as the script", and states that the series possesses "shades of Futurama, South Park and even Beetlejuice", ultimately opining that its humor felt "entirely original".[49] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised the series and stated that it was "Grandparenting at its unhinged finest."[50] Todd Spangler of Variety gave the series a lukewarm review; while he found the series was passable, he contrasted it with other Adult Swim series as "often seems overly reliant on simply being frenetic at the expense of being witty" and enjoyed it as "a welcome attempt to dream just a little bigger".[51] David Sims of The A.V. Club gave the series an "A−". In reviewing the first two episodes, he complimented the animation for its "clean, simple style". He stated that while the series has "a dark, sick sensibility", he praised its "effort to give each character a little bit of depth", further applauding Roiland's voice talent for the eponymous characters.[52]

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015
Annie Award
Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[53]

2016
Gold Derby Awards
Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[54]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Animated TV Show
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[55]

2018
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Pending
[56]

2018
Annie Award
Best General Audience Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Rick and Morty
Pending
[57]

Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Ryan Ridley, Dan Guterman
Pending
[58]

text: Impact on popular culture

text: This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)

text:
On May 17, 2015, the finale of the twenty-sixth season of the animated sitcom, The Simpsons, opened with an elaborate couch gag featuring Rick and Morty, written by Harmon and Roiland.[59] Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, described it as "probably the most ambitious and lengthy couch gag" on The Simpsons to date.[60]
On November 30, 2015, the fast food restaurant chain Carl's Jr. and Hardee's released a television commercial, in which Rick brings several sentient burgers into a sleeping Morty's room. The burgers run amok and steal objects.[61]
On May 13, 2017, in a promotional short film for the 2017 film Alien: Covenant, Rick and Morty land on an Engineer's ship in the Alien dimension in response to a distress signal, wherein a facehugger attaches itself to Rick's face and dies from the toxicity of the drugs and alcohol in Rick's body.[62][63]
On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served Szechuan sauce, months after it was referenced several times in the Season 3 premiere, "The Rickshank Redemption".[64]
Google Assistant is programmed to recognize and reply accordingly to various catchphrases from the show. For example, if the user says "Wubba lubba dub dub", Assistant will reply either "Sorry, i don't speak Birdperson" or "Are you in pain? How can i help?", in reference to the first-season episode "Ricksy Business", where Birdperson explains to Morty that Rick's catchphrase means "I am in great pain, please help me." Another example is the command "Get Schwifty", to which Assistant replies "Ohhhh yeah, you gotta get Schwifty!", which are lyrics from the song "Get Schwifty" that was sang by Rick and Morty in the titular episode of the second season.[65]

text: Other media and products

text: Comics

text: At New York Comic Con 2014, editor-in-chief of Oni Press, James Lucas Jones, announced that a Rick and Morty comic book adaptation would be released in early 2015.[66] On April 1, 2015, the series debuted with its first monthly issue, entitled "BAM!"[67] The series is written by Zac Gorman and illustrated by CJ Cannon.[68] Artist Tom Fowler wrote a multi-issue story arc that began in March, 2016.[69] Using the television series' established premise of alternate timelines, the comic book expressly features the Rick and Morty (and supporting cast) of a different timeline, allowing the comics to tell stories without conflicting with the canon of the show.

text: Video games

text:
In 2014, Rick and Morty's Rushed Licensed Adventure, a Flash point-and-click adventure game, was released on the Adult Swim website.[70]
In December 2014, Rick and Morty: Jerry's Game was released for iOS and Android. The game consists of the player popping balloons and air filled condoms endlessly. Characters show up from time to time. The amount of balloons popped is counted and used as currency for unlocking special balloons, backdrops, and features. The game is based on a game Jerry was seen playing in an episode. The game includes micro-transactions.[71]
On August 10, 2015, a Rick and Morty-themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game Dota 2.[72] The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with characters from Rick and Morty, voiced by Justin Roiland.
Pocket Mortys is a Pokémon parody game set in the "Rick and Morty Rickstaverse",[73] released on iOS and Android as a free-to-play game from Adult Swim Games, released early[74] on January 13, 2016. Coinciding with the many-worlds interpretation, the game follows versions of Rick and Morty that belong to an alternate timeline, rather than the duo followed in the show. The game uses a style and concept similar to the Pokémon games, with catching various "wild" Mortys, battling them with a variety of Aliens, Ricks, and Jerrys. The game features voice acting from Roiland and Harmon.
Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality, announced on July 15, 2016 and released on April 20, 2017, is a VR game for HTC Vive VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs, the developers of Job Simulator.[75][76]

text: Tabletop games

text:
On June 22, 2016, Cryptozoic Entertainment released Total Rickall, a co-operative strategy card game based on the plot of the episode of the same name, where players must determine which characters are real or parasites.[77]
On August 3, 2016, Cryptozoic Entertainment released Mr. Meeseeks' Box o' Fun, a game combining elements of dice games and truth or dare featuring the popular Mr. Meeseeks character from the episode "Meeseeks and Destroy".[78]

text: Other

text: On May 11, 2017, the Rickmobile, a traveling shop with exclusive merchandise, made its first stop in Atlanta for the Rick and Morty Don't Even Trip Road Trip.[79][80]


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: goals scored by france in world cup 2018

root

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches, for an average of 2.64 goals per match.

tag: p

text: Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament, doubling the record of six set in 1998.[1]

text: 6 goals

text: Harry Kane

tag: ul

text: 4 goals

text:
Romelu Lukaku
 Antoine Griezmann
 Kylian Mbappé
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Denis Cheryshev

text: 3 goals

text:
Eden Hazard
 Yerry Mina
 Mario Mandžukić
 Ivan Perišić
 Artem Dzyuba
 Diego Costa
 Edinson Cavani

text: 2 goals

text:
Sergio Agüero
 Mile Jedinak
 Philippe Coutinho
 Neymar
 Luka Modrić
 Mohamed Salah
 John Stones
 Takashi Inui
 Ahmed Musa
 Son Heung-min
 Andreas Granqvist
 Wahbi Khazri
 Luis Suárez

text: 1 goal

text:
Ángel Di María
 Gabriel Mercado
 Lionel Messi
 Marcos Rojo
 Michy Batshuayi
 Nacer Chadli
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Marouane Fellaini
 Adnan Januzaj
 Dries Mertens
 Thomas Meunier
 Jan Vertonghen
 Roberto Firmino
 Paulinho
 Renato Augusto
 Thiago Silva
 Juan Cuadrado
 Radamel Falcao
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 Kendall Waston
 Milan Badelj
 Andrej Kramarić
 Ivan Rakitić
 Ante Rebić
 Domagoj Vida
 Christian Eriksen
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Yussuf Poulsen
 Dele Alli
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Kieran Trippier
 Benjamin Pavard
 Paul Pogba
 Samuel Umtiti
 Raphaël Varane
 Toni Kroos
 Marco Reus
 Alfreð Finnbogason
 Gylfi Sigurðsson
 Karim Ansarifard
 Genki Haraguchi
 Keisuke Honda
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuya Osako
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Carlos Vela
 Khalid Boutaïb
 Youssef En-Nesyri
 Victor Moses
 Felipe Baloy
 André Carrillo
 Paolo Guerrero
 Jan Bednarek
 Grzegorz Krychowiak
 Pepe
 Ricardo Quaresma
 Mário Fernandes
 Yury Gazinsky
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Salem Al-Dawsari
 Salman Al-Faraj
 Sadio Mané
 M'Baye Niang
 Moussa Wagué
 Aleksandar Kolarov
 Aleksandar Mitrović
 Kim Young-gwon
 Iago Aspas
 Isco
 Nacho
 Ludwig Augustinsson
 Emil Forsberg
 Ola Toivonen
 Josip Drmić
 Blerim Džemaili
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Granit Xhaka
 Steven Zuber
 Dylan Bronn
 Ferjani Sassi
 Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 José Giménez

text: 1 own goal

text:
Aziz Behich (against France)
 Fernandinho (against Belgium)
 Mario Mandžukić (against France)
 Ahmed Fathy (against Russia)
 Edson Álvarez (against Sweden)
 Aziz Bouhaddouz (against Iran)
 Oghenekaro Etebo (against Croatia)
 Thiago Cionek (against Senegal)
 Denis Cheryshev (against Uruguay)
 Sergei Ignashevich (against Spain)
 Yann Sommer (against Costa Rica)
 Yassine Meriah (against Panama)

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Assists[edit]

text: 2 assists

text:
Éver Banega
 Lionel Messi
 Kevin De Bruyne
 Eden Hazard
 Thomas Meunier
 Youri Tielemans
 Philippe Coutinho
 Juan Fernando Quintero
 James Rodríguez
 Antoine Griezmann
 Lucas Hernández
 Artem Dzyuba
 Aleksandr Golovin
 Viktor Claesson
 Wahbi Khazri
 Carlos Sánchez

text: 1 assist

text:
Gabriel Mercado
 Marcos Rojo
 Toby Alderweireld
 Nacer Chadli
 Romelu Lukaku
 Dries Mertens
 Douglas Costa
 Gabriel Jesus
 Neymar
 Willian
 Juan Cuadrado
 Joel Campbell
 Milan Badelj
 Marcelo Brozović
 Mateo Kovačić
 Mario Mandžukić
 Luka Modrić
 Ivan Perišić
 Josip Pivarić
 Domagoj Vida
 Šime Vrsaljko
 Thomas Delaney
 Christian Eriksen
 Nicolai Jørgensen
 Abdallah Said
 Jesse Lingard
 Harry Maguire
 Raheem Sterling
 Kieran Trippier
 Ashley Young
 Olivier Giroud
 Corentin Tolisso
 Mario Gómez
 Marco Reus
 Keisuke Honda
 Takashi Inui
 Shinji Kagawa
 Yuto Nagatomo
 Gaku Shibasaki
 Javier Hernández
 Hirving Lozano
 Fayçal Fajr
 Victor Moses
 Kenneth Omeruo
 Ricardo Ávila
 Paolo Guerrero
 Kamil Grosicki
 Rafał Kurzawa
 Gonçalo Guedes
 Raphaël Guerreiro
 João Moutinho
 Adrien Silva
 Alan Dzagoev
 Mário Fernandes
 Ilya Kutepov
 Roman Zobnin
 Abdullah Otayf
 M'Baye Niang
 Dušan Tadić
 Lee Jae-sung
 Ju Se-jong
 Sergio Busquets
 Dani Carvajal
 Andrés Iniesta
 Ola Toivonen
 Breel Embolo
 Mario Gavranović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Oussama Haddadi
 Hamdi Nagguez
 Rodrigo Bentancur
 Luis Suárez

text: Source: FIFA

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 169
Average goals per match: 2.64
Total number of braces: 10  Edinson Cavani, Denis Cheryshev, Diego Costa, Eden Hazard, Harry Kane, Romelu Lukaku (2), Kylian Mbappé, Ahmed Musa, John Stones
Total number of hat-tricks: 2  Harry Kane, Cristiano Ronaldo
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 29
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 22  Salman Al-Faraj, Karim Ansarifard, Artem Dzyuba, Andreas Granqvist (2), Antoine Griezmann (3), Eden Hazard, Mile Jedinak (2), Shinji Kagawa, Harry Kane (3), Luka Modrić, Victor Moses, Cristiano Ronaldo, Mohamed Salah, Ferjani Sassi, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Carlos Vela
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 7  Fahad Al-Muwallad, Christian Cueva, Lionel Messi, Luka Modrić, Cristiano Ronaldo, Bryan Ruiz, Gylfi Sigurðsson
Penalty kick success rate: 7001758600000000000♠75.86%
Own goals scored: 12  Edson Álvarez, Aziz Behich, Aziz Bouhaddouz, Denis Cheryshev, Thiago Cionek, Oghenekaro Etebo, Ahmed Fathy, Fernandinho, Sergei Ignashevich, Mario Mandžukić, Yassine Meriah, Yann Sommer

text: Timing[edit]

text:
First goal of the tournament: Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First brace of the tournament: Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France
Last brace of the tournament: Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Harry Kane for England against Panama
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+7th minute
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 115th minute
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute  Aziz Bouhaddouz (own goal) for Iran against Morocco, Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden, Salem Al-Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 109th minute
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes  Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 16  Belgium
Fewest goals scored by a team: 2  Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia
Most goals conceded by a team: 11  Panama
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2  Denmark, Iran, Peru
Best goal difference: +10  Belgium
Worst goal difference: -9  Panama
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 7  Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6  England against Panama
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3  Argentina against France
Biggest margin of victory: 5 goals  Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4  France
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0  Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0  Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3  Brazil, Uruguay
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2  Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 6  Harry Kane
Most assists provided by an individual: 2  Éver Banega, Nacer Chadli, Viktor Claesson, Philippe Coutinho, Kevin De Bruyne, Artem Dzyuba, Aleksandr Golovin, Antoine Griezmann, Eden Hazard, Lucas Hernández, Lionel Messi, Thomas Meunier, Juan Fernando Quintero, James Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés Sánchez, Youri Tielemans, Wahbi Khazri
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6  Antoine Griezmann (4 goals, 2 assists), Harry Kane (6 goals)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Thibaut Courtois, Hugo Lloris, Fernando Muslera, Robin Olsen
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3  Alisson, Fernando Muslera
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3  Harry Kane for England against Panama, Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years, 120 days  Felipe Baloy for Panama against England
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years, 183 days  Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 6 – Belgium, France, Croatia
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Iceland, Morocco, Panama
Most losses: 3 – Egypt, England, Panama
Fewest losses: 0 – Denmark, France, Spain
Most draws: 3 – Denmark, Spain
Fewest draws: 0 – Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Belgium, Croatia, Uruguay
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Egypt, Panama

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text:
Rank

Name

Team

Opponent

Awards

1

Antoine Griezmann
 France

Australia (GS),[3] Uruguay (QF),[4] Croatia (F)[5]

3

Eden Hazard
 Belgium

Tunisia (GS),[6] Japan (R16),[7] England (TP)[8]

Harry Kane
 England

Tunisia (GS),[9] Panama (GS),[10] Colombia (R16)[11]

Luka Modrić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS),[12] Argentina (GS),[13] Russia (QF)[14]

5

Denis Cheryshev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS),[15] Egypt (GS)[16]

2

Philippe Coutinho
 Brazil

Switzerland (GS),[17] Costa Rica (GS)[18]

Kylian Mbappé
 France

Peru (GS),[19] Argentina (R16)[20]

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal

Spain (GS),[21] Morocco (GS)[22]

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay

Saudi Arabia (GS),[23] Russia (GS)[24]

10

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Spain (R16)[25]

1

Ludwig Augustinsson
 Sweden

Mexico (GS)[26]

Milan Badelj
 Croatia

Iceland (GS)[27]

Jan Bednarek
 Poland

Japan (GS)[28]

Fakhreddine Ben Youssef
 Tunisia

Panama (GS)[29]

André Carrillo
 Peru

Australia (GS)[30]

Edinson Cavani
 Uruguay

Portugal (R16)[31]

Cho Hyun-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)[32]

Diego Costa
 Spain

Iran (GS)[33]

Kevin De Bruyne
 Belgium

Brazil (QF)[34]

Blerim Džemaili
  Switzerland

Costa Rica (GS)[35]

Mohamed El-Shenawy
 Egypt

Uruguay (GS)[36]

Christian Eriksen
 Denmark

Australia (GS)[37]

Emil Forsberg
 Sweden

Switzerland (R16)[38]

Andreas Granqvist
 Sweden

South Korea (GS)[39]

Hannes Þór Halldórsson
 Iceland

Argentina (GS)[40]

Amine Harit
 Morocco

Iran (GS)[41]

Javier Hernández
 Mexico

South Korea (GS)[42]

 Isco
 Spain

Morocco (GS)[43]

Adnan Januzaj
 Belgium

England (GS)[44]

N'Golo Kanté
 France

Denmark (GS)[45]

Aleksandar Kolarov
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)[46]

Hirving Lozano
 Mexico

Germany (GS)[47]

Romelu Lukaku
 Belgium

Panama (GS)[48]

Sadio Mané
 Senegal

Japan (GS)[49]

Lionel Messi
 Argentina

Nigeria (GS)[50]

Yerry Mina
 Colombia

Senegal (GS)[51]

Ahmed Musa
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)[52]

 Neymar
 Brazil

Mexico (R16)[53]

M'Baye Niang
 Senegal

Poland (GS)[54]

Yuya Osako
 Japan

Colombia (GS)[55]

 Paulinho
 Brazil

Serbia (GS)[56]

Ivan Perišić
 Croatia

England (SF)[57]

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)[58]

Yussuf Poulsen
 Denmark

Peru (GS)[59]

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal

Iran (GS)[60]

Marco Reus
 Germany

Sweden (GS)[61]

James Rodríguez
 Colombia

Poland (GS)[62]

Mohamed Salah
 Egypt

Saudi Arabia (GS)[63]

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Croatia (R16)[64]

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland

Serbia (GS)[65]

Samuel Umtiti
 France

Belgium (SF)[66]

tag: table

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Rank

Name
Team

Opponent

Awards

1

 Alisson
 Brazil

Costa Rica (GS), Serbia (GS), Mexico (R16)

3

Thibaut Courtois
 Belgium

Panama (GS), England (GS), England (TP)

Hugo Lloris
 France

Peru (GS), Uruguay (QF), Belgium (SF)

Fernando Muslera
 Uruguay

Egypt (GS), Saudi Arabia (GS), Russia (GS)

Robin Olsen
 Sweden

South Korea (GS), Mexico (GS), Switzerland (R16)

6

David Ospina
 Colombia

Poland (GS), Senegal (GS)

2

Kasper Schmeichel
 Denmark

Peru (GS), France (GS)

Danijel Subašić
 Croatia

Nigeria (GS), Argentina (GS)

9

Igor Akinfeev
 Russia

Saudi Arabia (GS)

1

Alireza Beiranvand
 Iran

Morocco (GS)

David de Gea
 Spain

Iran (GS)

Łukasz Fabiański
 Poland

Japan (GS)

Pedro Gallese
 Peru

Australia (GS)

Jo Hyeon-woo
 South Korea

Germany (GS)

Steve Mandanda
 France

Denmark (GS)

Guillermo Ochoa
 Mexico

Germany (GS)

Rui Patrício
 Portugal

Morocco (GS)

Jordan Pickford
 England

Sweden (QF)

Vladimir Stojković
 Serbia

Costa Rica (GS)

Francis Uzoho
 Nigeria

Iceland (GS)

text: Squads[edit]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Oldest coach: Óscar Tabárez  Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt, after Otto Rehhagel (71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup), he is the second oldest World Cup coach.[67]
Youngest coach: Aliou Cissé  Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland.
Country with most coaches:  Argentina with four coaches, alongside Argentina, Egypt, Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines. This is followed by  Spain with three coaches (Belgium, Saudi Arabia and Spain), then Germany, France, Colombia (with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014) and Portugal with two coaches each.
Teams with foreign coaches: Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches, including two teams (Australia and Denmark) of coaches whose home countries (Netherlands and Norway) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup.
Longest serving coach: As in 2014, the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez, who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006. Tabárez, however, was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990, while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004. Besides them, Didier Deschamps  France, José Pékerman  Colombia and Carlos Queiroz  Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli  Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos  Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup.
Shortest serving coach: The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro  Spain, who became in charge only two days before his team's first game. In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić  Serbia, Bert van Marwijk  Australia, Akira Nishino  Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi  Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams. Of these, however, van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup, but then refused to renew his contract.
Coaches who were former players: Didier Deschamps (France / 1998) became world champion having previously contested as a player, equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. Beside him, Aliou Cissé (Senegal / 2002), Gareth Southgate (England / 1998), Óscar Ramírez (Costa Rica / 1990), Adam Nawałka (Poland / 1978), Stanislav Cherchesov (Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002) and Mladen Krstajić (Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup.

text: Players[edit]

text:
Appearance record: Rafael Márquez  Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time, equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus
Oldest player: At 45 years and five months, Essam El-Hadary  Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals. By his use in the last group match on June 25, he was 45 years and 161 days, thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player.[68]
Youngest player: Daniel Arzani  Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days. He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute.[69]
Sofyan Amrabat  Morocco, who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran, is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother.[67]
Aleksandr Yerokhin  Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain. This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted.[70]
30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league, but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league.[71] By contrast, Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues.
The most number of players (129) are active in clubs based in England, the majority of them in the Premier League, with some in the lower leagues. In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England.
One player each plays in the leagues of Finland, Guinea, Honduras, Norway, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia and South Africa.
From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup, the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players.

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 219
Average yellow cards per match: 3.42
Total number of red cards: 4
Average red cards per match: 0.06
First yellow card of the tournament:Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia
First red card of the tournament:Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 1st minute
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1st minute
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+8th minute  Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica, Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 3rd minute
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 9 minutes  Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 15  Croatia
Most red cards (team): 1  Colombia, Germany, Russia, Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (team): 1  Saudi Arabia
Most yellow cards (player): 3  Sebastian Larsson
Most red cards (player): 1  Jérôme Boateng, Michael Lang, Carlos Sánchez Moreno, Igor Smolnikov
Most yellow cards (match): 8  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England
Most red cards (match): 1  Colombia vs Japan, Germany vs Sweden, Uruguay vs Russia, Sweden vs Switzerland
Fewest yellow cards (match): 0  Argentina vs Iceland, Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia
Most cards in one match: 8 yellow cards  Belgium vs Panama, France vs Argentina, Colombia vs England

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Cristiano Ronaldo

1
IRN

1
PRK

1
GHA

4
ESP (3), MAR

7

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total goals

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

Goals
Against

 Edinson Cavani

N/A

1
GER

1
CRC

3
RUS, POR (2)

5

 Javier Hernández

N/A

2
FRA, ARG

1
CRO

1
KOR

4

 Keisuke Honda

N/A

2
CMR, DEN

1
CIV

1
SEN

4

 Lionel Messi

1
SCG

0
N/A

4
BIH, IRN, NGA (2)

1
NGA

6

 Luis Suárez

N/A

3
MEX, KOR (2)

2
ENG (2)

2
KSA, RUS

7

text: Messi played in 2010 but did not score.

text:
Name

 2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Rafael Márquez

4
CRO, ECU, ITA, USA

4
IRN, ANG, POR, ARG

4
RSA, FRA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

3
GER, KOR, BRA

19

text: Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups.

text:
Name

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

Total

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

Apps
Against

 Valon Behrami

1
KOR

1
CHI

4
ECU, FRA, HON, ARG

4
BRA, SRB, CRC, SWE

10

 Tim Cahill

4
JPN, BRA, CRO, ITA

2
GER, SRB

2
CHI, NED

1
PER

9

 Andrés Guardado

1
ARG

3
RSA, URU, ARG

4
CMR, BRA, CRO, NED

4
GER, KOR, SWE, BRA

12

 Andrés Iniesta

1
KSA

6
SUI, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

14

 Javier Mascherano

5
CIV, SCG, NED, MEX, GER

4
NGA, KOR, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

20

 Lionel Messi

3
SCG, NED, MEX

5
NGA, KOR, GRE, MEX, GER

7
BIH, IRN, NGA, SUI, BEL, NED, GER

4
ISL, CRO, NGA, FRA

19

 Sergio Ramos

3
UKR, TUN, FRA

7
SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED

3
NED, CHI, AUS

4
POR, IRN, MAR, RUS

17

 Cristiano Ronaldo

6
ANG, IRN, NED, ENG, FRA, GER

4
CIV, PRK, BRA, ESP

3
GER, USA, GHA

4
ESP, MAR, IRN, URU

17

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

GF

AGF

GA

AGA

GD

AGD

CS

ACS

YC

AYC

RC

ARC

 Argentina

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

9
2.25

-3
-0.75

0

0.00

11

2.75

0

0.00

 Australia

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Belgium

7

6

0

1

18

2.57

16
2.29

6
0.86

+10
1.43

3

0.43

11

1.57

0

0.00

 Brazil

5

3

1

1

10

2.00

8
1.60

3
0.60

+5
1.00

3

0.60

7

1.40

0

0.00

 Colombia

4

2

1

1

7

1.75

6
1.50

3
0.75

+3
0.75

2

0.50

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Costa Rica

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Croatia

7

4

2

1

14

2.00

14
2.00

9
1.29

+5
0.71

2

0.29

15

2.14

0

0.00

 Denmark

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

3
0.75

2
0.50

+1
0.25

2

0.50

6

1.50

0

0.00

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

6
2.00

-4
-1.33

0

0.00

5

1.67

0

0.00

 England

7

3

1

3

10

1.43

12
1.71

8
1.14

+4
0.57

1

0.14

8

1.14

0

0.00

 France

7

6

1

0

19

2.71

14
2.00

6
0.86

+8
1.14

4

0.57

12

1.71

0

0.00

 Germany

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

2

0.67

1

0.33

 Iceland

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Iran

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

7

2.33

0

0.00

 Japan

4

1

1

2

4

1.00

6
1.50

7
1.75

-1
-0.25

0

0.00

5

1.25

0

0.00

 Mexico

4

2

0

2

6

1.50

3
0.75

6
1.50

-3
-0.75

1

0.25

9

2.25

0

0.00

 Morocco

3

0

1

2

1

0.33

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

0

0.00

8

2.67

0

0.00

 Nigeria

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

4
1.33

-1
-0.33

1

0.33

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Panama

3

0

0

3

0

0.00

2
0.67

11
3.67

-9
-3.00

0

0.00

11

3.67

0

0.00

 Peru

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

2
0.67

0
0.00

1

0.33

5

1.67

0

0.00

 Poland

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

5
1.67

-3
-1.00

1

0.33

3

1.00

0

0.00

 Portugal

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

6
1.50

6
1.50

0
0.00

1

0.25

7

1.75

0

0.00

 Russia

5

2

2

1

8

1.60

11
2.20

7
1.40

+4
0.80

1

0.20

6

1.20

1

0.20

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

7
2.33

-5
-1.67

0

0.00

1

0.33

0

0.00

 Senegal

3

1

1

1

4

1.33

4
1.33

4
1.33

0
0.00

0

0.00

6

2.00

0

0.00

 Serbia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

2
0.67

4
1.33

-2
-0.67

1

0.33

9

3.00

0

0.00

 South Korea

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

3
1.00

3
1.00

0
0.00

1

0.33

10

3.33

0

0.00

 Spain

4

1

3

0

6

1.50

7
1.75

6
1.50

+1
0.25

1

0.25

2

0.50

0

0.00

 Sweden

5

3

0

2

9

1.80

6
1.20

4
0.80

+2
0.40

3

0.60

8

1.60

0

0.00

  Switzerland

4

1

2

1

5

1.25

5
1.25

5
1.25

0
0.00

0

0.00

9

2.25

1

0.25

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

3

1.00

5
1.67

8
2.67

-3
-1.00

0

0.00

4

1.33

0

0.00

 Uruguay

5

4

0

1

12

2.40

7
1.40

3
0.60

+4
0.80

3

0.60

3

0.60

0

0.00

Total

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

169

1.32

169

1.32

0

0.00

33

0.26

219

1.71

4

0.03

text: Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation

T

Pld

W

D

L

Pts

APts

Pts/T

AFC
5
16
4
3
9
15
0.94
3.00

CAF
5
15
3
2
10
11
0.73
2.20

CONCACAF
3
10
2
1
7
7
0.70
2.33

CONMEBOL
5
21
11
3
7
36
1.71
7.20

UEFA
14
66
31
17
18
110
1.67
7.86

Total

32

64(1)

51

13(2)

51

179

1.40

5.59

text: Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium

City

Capacity

Elevation

Matchesplayed

Overallattendance

Averageattendanceper match

Averageattendanceas % of capacity

Overallgoalsscored

Averagegoals scoredper match

Central Stadium

Yekaterinburg

33,061[72]

273 m[73]

4

125,437

31,359

94.85%

9

2.25

Cosmos Arena

Samara

41,970[74]

163 m[75]

6

248,060

41,343

98.51%

11

1.83

Fisht Olympic Stadium

Sochi

44,287[76]

1 m[77]

6

264,057

44,010

99.37%

21

3.50

Kaliningrad Stadium

Kaliningrad

33,973[78]

0 m

4

132,249

33,062

97.32%

10

2.50

Kazan Arena

Kazan

42,873[79]

51 m[80]

6

254,451

42,409

98.92%

19

3.17

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

64,468[81]

13 m[82]

7

448,686

64,098

99.43%

14

2.00

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

78,011[83]

151 m[84]

7

546,077

78,011

100.00%

18

2.57

Mordovia Arena

Saransk

41,685[85]

126 m[86]

4

160,237

40,059

96.10%

9

2.25

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium

Nizhny Novgorod

43,319[87]

73 m[88]

6

256,427

42,738

98.66%

19

3.17

Otkritie Arena

Moscow

44,190[89]

125 m[90]

5

220,950

44,190

100.00%

16

3.20

Rostov Arena

Rostov-on-Don

43,472[91]

0 m

5

214,197

42,839

98.54%

14

2.80

Volgograd Arena

Volgograd

43,713[92]

31 m[93]

4

160,980

40,245

92.07%

9

2.25

Total
3,080,085

64
3,031,768
47,371
98.43%
169
2.64

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: Top 10 highest attendances.

text:
Rank
Attendance
Match
Venue
City
Date
Ref

1

78,011

 Russia vs  Saudi Arabia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow

14 June 2018

[94]

 Germany vs  Mexico

17 June 2018

[95]

 Portugal vs  Morocco

20 June 2018

[96]

 Denmark vs  France

26 June 2018

[97]

 Spain vs  Russia

1 July 2018

[98]

 Croatia vs  England

11 July 2018

[99]

 France vs  Croatia

15 July 2018

[100]

8

64,468

 Russia vs  Egypt

Krestovsky Stadium

Saint Petersburg

19 June 2018

[101]

 Brazil vs  Costa Rica

22 June 2018

[102]

 Nigeria vs  Argentina

26 June 2018

[103]

text: Lowest attendance: 27,015 –  Egypt vs  Uruguay, Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, 15 June 2018[104]


document_title: Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs

question_text: which is the richest football in the world

text: Current ranking

text: Rankings as of 1 June 2017.[1]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value
In millions

Debt as
% of value[2]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
4,583
6
11
850

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,635
6
2
688

3
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,580
3
-2
688

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,713
0
1
657

5
Manchester City
 England
2,083
5
8
650

6
Arsenal
 England
1,932
16
-4
572

7
Chelsea
 England
1,845
0
11
583

8
Liverpool
 England
1,492
7
-4
523

9
Juventus
 Italy
1,258
7
-3
379

10
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
1,058
17
4
377

11
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
841
0
3
578

12
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
808
0
-3
315

13
A.C. Milan
 Italy
802
73
-3
238

14
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
732
9
16
234

15
West Ham United
 England
634
11
17
213

16
Schalke 04
 Germany
629
7
-4
249

17
Roma
 Italy
569
3
-2
242

18
Inter Milan
 Italy
537
37
-4
199

19
Leicester City
 England
413
0
-
191

20
Napoli
 Italy
379
0
-4
158

text: Historical rankings

text: 2016 rankings

text: Rankings as of 1 May 2016.[3]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
% of value[5]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,645
3
12
694

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,549
2
12
675

3
Manchester United
 England
3,317
20
7
625

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,678
0
14
570

5
Arsenal
 England
2,017
17
54
524

6
Manchester City
 England
1,921
0
40
558

7
Chelsea
 England
1,661
0
21
505

8
Liverpool
 England
1,548
5
58
471

9
Juventus
 Italy
1,299
4
55
390

10
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
1,017
2
69
310

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
836
0
19
338

12
A.C. Milan
 Italy
825
32
6
240

13
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
814
0
28
578

14
Schalke 04
 Germany
655
21
15
264

15
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
633
22
45
225

16
Inter Milan
 Italy
559
43
27
198

17
West Ham United
 England
542
6
76
194

18
Roma
 Italy
508
36
N/A
217

19
Napoli
 Italy
396
0
12
151

20
Newcastle United
 England
383
0
10
104

text: 2015 rankings

text: Rankings as of 6 May 2015.[6]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
% of value[7]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,260
4
-5
746

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,160
3
-1
657

3
Manchester United
 England
3,100
20
10
703

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
2,350
0
27
661

5
Manchester City
 England
1,380
0
60
562

6
Chelsea
 England
1,370
0
58
526

7
Arsenal
 England
1,310
30
-2
487

8
Liverpool
 England
982
10
39
415

9
Juventus
 Italy
837
9
-2
379

10
A.C. Milan
 Italy
775
44
-9
339

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
700
6
17
355

12
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
634
0
53
643

13
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
600
9
17
293

14
Schalke 04
 Germany
572
0
-1
290

15
Inter Milan
 Italy
439
56
-9
222

16
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
436
53
33
231

17
Napoli
 Italy
353
0
19
224

18
Newcastle United
 England
349
0
N/A
210

19
West Ham United
 England
309
12
N/A
186

20
Galatasaray
 Turkey
294
17
-15
220

text: 2014 rankings

text: Rankings as of 15 July 2014.[8]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,440
4
675

2
Barcelona
 Spain
3,200
23
627

3
Manchester United
 England
2,810
-11
551

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,850
41
561

5
Arsenal
 England
1,331
0
370

6
Chelsea
 England
868
-4
394

7
Manchester City
 England
863
25
411

8
A.C. Milan
 Italy
856
-9
343

9
Juventus
 Italy
850
22
354

10
Liverpool
 England
704
8
313

11
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
599
31
333

12
Schalke 04
 Germany
580
16
258

13
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
514
-1
224

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
483
20
219

15
Paris Saint-Germain
 France
415
N/A
518

16
Galatasaray
 Turkey
347
N/A
204

17
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
328
33
156

18
Hamburg
 Germany
326
9
176

19
Roma
 Italy
307
19
162

20
Napoli
 Italy
296
-10
156

text: 2013 rankings

text: Rankings as of 17 April 2013.[9]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Real Madrid
 Spain
3,300
76
650

2
Manchester United
 England
3,165
61
502

3
Barcelona
 Spain
2,600
99
613

4
Arsenal
 England
1,326
3
368

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,309
6
468

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
945
-4
326

7
Chelsea
 England
901
18
409

8
Juventus
 Italy
694
17
248

9
Manchester City
 England
689
56
362

10
Liverpool
 England
651
5
296

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
520
-8
226

12
Schalke 04
 Germany
498
-15
221

13
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
436
11
240

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
401
-18
236

15
Lyon
 France
368
-4
167

16
Corinthians
 Brazil
358
-
119

17
Napoli
 Italy
330
17
188

18
Hamburg
 Germany
300
-15
154

19
Marseille
 France
285
-18
167

20
Newcastle United
 England
263
9
146

text: 2012 rankings

text: Rankings as of 19 April 2012.[10]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
1,965
5
532

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,877
34
695

3
Barcelona
 Spain
1,307
34
653

4
Arsenal
 England
1,292
8
364

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,235
12
466

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
989
18
341

7
Chelsea
 England
761
16
362

8
Liverpool
 England
619
12
295

9
Juventus
 Italy
591
-6
223

10
Schalke 04
 Germany
587
56
293

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
564
37
262

12
Inter Milan
 Italy
490
11
307

13
Manchester City
 England
443
52
246

14
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
394
52
197

15
Lyon
 France
385
8
193

16
Hamburg
 Germany
355
4
187

17
Roma
 Italy
354
38
208

18
Marseille
 France
349
26
218

19
Valencia
 Spain
288
-
186

20
Napoli
 Italy
283
-
167

text: 2011 rankings

text: Rankings as of 20 April 2011.[11]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)

1
Manchester United
 England
1,864
1
428

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,400
10
537

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
1
336

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,100
6
396

5
Barcelona
 Spain
975
-2
488

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
838
5
289

7
Chelsea
 England
658
2
313

8
Juventus
 Italy
628
-4
251

9
Liverpool
 England
552
-33
276

10
Inter Milan
 Italy
441
7
275

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
412
11
179

12
Schalke
 Germany
377
-2
171

13
Lyon
 France
358
8
179

14
Hamburg
 Germany
340
3
179

15
Manchester City
 England
291
13
153

16
Stuttgart
 Germany
281
0
141

17
Werder Bremen
 Germany
279
2
147

18
Marseille
 France
277
6
173

19
Atlético Madrid
 Spain
275
6
153

20
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
260
-1
124

text: 2010 rankings

text: Rankings as of April 2010.[12][13]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
% of value[14]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income ($m)[15]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,835
46
-2
459
150

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,323
54
-2
563
130

3
Arsenal
 England
1,181
41
-2
369
102

4
Barcelona
 Spain
1,000
58
4
513
113

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
990
14
-11
406
61

6
Liverpool
 England
822
47
-19
304
37

7
A.C. Milan
 Italy
800
0
-19
276
41

8
Juventus
 Italy
656
3
9
285
57

9
Chelsea
 England
646
8
-19
340
-73

10
Inter Milan
 Italy
413
0
12
276
-14

11
Schalke
 Germany
384
50
-25
175
-7

12
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
372
29
-16
186
35

13
Lyon
 France
333
10
-21
196
5

14
Hamburg
 Germany
329
0
0
206
41

15
Roma
 Italy
308
0
-19
205
25

16
Werder Bremen
 Germany
274
0
-6
161
24

17
Marseille
 France
262
0
9
187
19

18
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
261
32
-20
145
8

19
Manchester City
 England
258
0
-17
143
-56

20
Newcastle United
 England
198
8
-30
142
-49

text: 2009 rankings

text: Rankings as of April 2009.[16]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
% of value[14]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income ($m)[15]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,870
54
4
512
160

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,353
23
5
576
81

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
107
0
349
80

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
1,110
0
21
465
59

5
Liverpool
 England
1,010
59
-4
332
50

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
990
0
24
330
58

7
Barcelona
 Spain
960
43
22
487
108

8
Chelsea
 England
800
92
5
424
-13

9
Juventus
 Italy
600
5
18
264
46

10
Schalke
 Germany
510
38
9
234
41

11
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
445
29
12
228
70

12
Lyon
 France
423
18
4
245
94

13
Roma
 Italy
381
9
-12
276
69

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
370
77
-8
272
27

15
Hamburg
 Germany
330
0
13
202
44

16
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
325
33
1
183
9

17
Manchester City
 England
310
0
62
164
-16

18
Werder Bremen
 Germany
292
0
12
177
27

19
Newcastle United
 England
285
96
-5
198
-13

20
Stuttgart
 Germany
264
0
not reported
176
18

21
Aston Villa
 England
240
10
26
150
1

21
Marseille
 France
240
0
28
200
20

23
Celtic
 Scotland
218
14
-4
145
11

24
Everton
 England
207
49
5
151
14

25
Rangers
 Scotland
194
86
not reported
128
15

text: 2008 rankings

text: This is the April 2008 list.[17]

text:
Rank
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
%of value[14]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income($m)[15]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,800
60
24
394
111

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,285
27
24
474
112

3
Arsenal
 England
1,200
43
31
329
77

4
Liverpool
 England
1,050
65
131
269
60

5
Bayern Munich
 Germany
917
0
9
302
72

6
A.C. Milan
 Italy
798
0
-3
307
54

7
Barcelona
 Spain
784
27
47
392
92

8
Chelsea
 England
764
0
42
382
-5

9
Juventus
 Italy
510
5
-10
196
35

10
Schalke
 Germany
470
48
0
154
36

11
Roma
 Italy
434
12
94
213
48

12
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
414
15
70
207
64

13
Lyon
 France
408
7
19
190
15

14
Inter Milan
 Italy
403
0
-27
207
21

15
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
323
57
63
122
31

16
Newcastle United
 England
300
43
16
175
12

17
Hamburg
 Germany
293
0
32
163
41

18
Werder Bremen
 Germany
262
0
n/a
131
11

19
Valencia
 Spain
254
159
31
145
-45

20
Celtic
 Scotland
227
11
23
151
48

21
Everton
 England
197
30
24
103
-1

22
West Ham United
 England
195
23
25
115
-22

23
Manchester City
 England
191
63
-8
114
27

24
Aston Villa
 England
190
12
36
106
-40

25
Marseille
 France
187
0
19
134
13

text: Manchester United increased from $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion still remaining at top. While Real Madrid remains second due to an increase of $400 million. Arsenal also remain third after an approximate increase of $350 million.

text: 2007 rankings

text: This is the list released in March 2007.

text:
#
Team
Country
Value ($M)[4]
Debt as
%of value[14]
% change
on year
Revenue ($M)
Operating
income($m)[15]

1
Manchester United
 England
1,453
84
6
310
92

2
Real Madrid
 Spain
1,036
10
2
000
83

3
Arsenal
 England
915
53
9
246
20

4
Bayern Munich
 Germany
838
0
9
262
62

5
A.C. Milan
 Italy
824
0
-10
305
46

6
Juventus
 Italy
567
17
-18
321
45

7
Inter Milan
 Italy
555
n/a
10
264
26

8
Chelsea
 England
537
28
6
283
-37

9
Barcelona
 Spain
535
12
22
331
12

10
Schalke
 Germany
471
53
45
157
37

11
Liverpool
 England
454
18
28
225
37

12
Lyon
 France
343
n/a
65
163
10

13
Newcastle United
 England
260
46
-14
159
11

14
Tottenham Hotspur
 England
243
0
27
137
9

15
Roma
 Italy
224
0
-15
162
53

16
Hamburg
 Germany
221
n/a
n/a
130
31

17
Manchester City
 England
208
83
-6
114
9

18
Borussia Dortmund
 Germany
199
126
61
114
1

19
Ajax
 Netherlands
196
0
13
95
9

20
Celtic
 Scotland
185
14
18
106
-8

21
Everton
 England
165
32
34
107
-15

22
Marseille
 France
157
n/a
n/a
105
6

23
West Ham United
 England
156
27
n/a
111
6

24
Rangers
 Scotland
147
7
32
113
12

25
Aston Villa
 England
140
16
16
91
-21


document_title: I Am Jazz

question_text: how many episodes are in season 4 of i am jazz

text: I Am Jazz

text: Synopsis

text: Jazz Jennings, a South Florida teen, was assigned male at birth. Aged 4, Jennings was diagnosed with gender dysphoria in childhood, making her one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as gender dysphoric.[4] Her parents, Greg and Jeanette, decided to support her female gender identity by her fifth birthday. Jazz has been in the spotlight since 2007, when at age 6, she was interviewed by Barbara Walters to discuss her gender identity. She participated in follow-up interviews, launched a foundation, and co-wrote a book, also called I Am Jazz. She has also posted videos about her life on YouTube.

text: I Am Jazz focuses on the "Jennings" family (the surname "Jennings" is a pseudonym, and any reference to the family's exact location is obscured)[5][6] and their day-to-day lives. Jazz, who is about to go into high school, grapples with the usual teen angst in addition to her own challenges as a transgender girl. Her family, which includes her three siblings, parents and grandparents, also talk about their experiences.[2]

text: Production

text: The 11-part series involved filming five days a week, including both days on the weekend.[7] The series was initially called All That Jazz, but was retitled to I Am Jazz. The show takes its title from a 2011 documentary, I Am Jazz: A Family in Transition, that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network.[8][9]

text: The one-hour series premiere of I Am Jazz first aired at the same time Caitlyn Jenner was giving her acceptance speech for the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 ESPY Awards on ABC.[10]

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15)
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)

2
8
June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)

3
8
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)

4
8
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)

text: Episodes

text: Season 1 (2015)

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"All About Jazz"
July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15)
1.36[11]

One-hour series premiere. Jazz's family talk about Jazz's life and her insistence from an early age that she was a girl, and the struggles and confusion they faced. Jazz goes bathing suit shopping with Ari, and struggles to find a flattering suit; Jazz talks with her brothers about her insecurities over her body. Jazz's maternal grandparents stop by and talk about their shock in learning Jazz was transgender. Jazz and Jeanette visit the doctor to discuss results of Jazz's hormone tests.

2
"Boys Aren't Nice to Her"
July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22)
1.02[13]

Ari is coming back from college for the summer, and the twins have to go back to sharing a room; their parents let them and Jazz makeover their rooms. Jazz feels her room is too girly and needs to match her age. Jeanette is emotional about Jazz growing up and no longer being her "baby." Jazz and her friends host a coed bowling night, but few boys come. She is hurt when she finds out one boy refused to come because she is transgender; Jazz talks about facing rejection as her friends start dating and how boys come up to her friends but ignore her. Jeanette is very worried about the social situations Jazz will face in high school.[12]

3
"High School Is Wild Fire"
July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22)
1.08[13]

Jazz attends a soccer conditioning clinic in preparation for high school. Her parents and coach discuss whether she should try out for the varsity or junior varsity squad when she enters high school. Greg stresses that he just wants Jazz to be happy. Jeanette worries that Jazz, who was barred from playing in the girls' league for several years, is scarred from the experience.[14]

4
"I Thought It Was a Choice"
July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29)
0.911[15]

Jazz believes she chose to be a girl, but she finds out it was not the case, when she was still a boy she would wear dresses in private, revealing that without knowing or remembering, Jazz had always truly been a girl.[citation needed]

5
"Am I Doing the Right Thing?"
July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29)
0.886[15]

6
"Happy Mother's Day!"
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
0.870[16]

7
"I'm Ready to Explore Boys"
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
0.897[16]

8
"So the Dad is Now Mom?"
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)
0.766[17]

9
"We Don't Read the Comments"
August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12)
0.690[17]

10
"Baby Jazz Is Growing Up"
August 19, 2015 (2015-08-19)
0.698[18]

11
"The Family Tells All"
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)
0.780[19]

text: Season 2 (2016)

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1 (12)
"The Hate is Real"
June 8, 2016 (2016-06-08)
1.048[20]

2 (13)
"I Looked Like a Man in a Dress"
June 15, 2016 (2016-06-15)
0.971[21]

3 (14)
"It's Either Surgery or Male Puberty"
June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)
0.987[22]

4 (15)
"Your Body May Be Rejecting the Implant"
June 29, 2016 (2016-06-29)
1.334[23]

5 (16)
"Confronted with Hate"
July 6, 2016 (2016-07-06)
1.181[24]

6 (17)
"She's Too Young for Breast Surgery"
July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13)
0.996[25]

7 (18)
"We Scare Most Boys"
July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20)
1.022[26]

8 (19)
"Teenage Angst and Broken Hearts"
July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)
1.110[27]

text: Season 3 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1 (20)
"Bottoms Up"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
1.386[28]

2 (21)
"Double Trouble"
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
0.942[29]

3 (22)
"Getting to the Bottom of It"
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)
0.886[30]

4 (23)
"Sweet Sixteen"
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)
0.982[31]

5 (24)
"Dating in the Dark"
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
0.759[32]

6 (25)
"Face Your Demons"
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
0.832[33]

7 (26)
"Dating in the Light"
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
0.863[34]

8 (27)
"In the Line of Fire"
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
0.850[35]

text: Season 4 (2018)

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1 (28)
"Winds of Change"
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
1.118[36]

2 (29)
"Weighty Issues"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
0.855[37]

3 (30)
"Resisting Temptation"
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
0.821[38]

4 (31)
"Big Trouble in the Big Apple"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
0.778[39]

5 (32)
"Trans Girl Meets Girl"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
0.835[40]

6 (33)
"Pizza Rolls, Gender Roles, and Jazz Rolls"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
0.849[41]

7 (34)
"Hungry for Acceptance"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
0.740[42]

8 (35)
"Nothing Is Set in Stone"
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
0.818[43]

text: Reception

text: Critic Brian Lowry of Variety praised I Am Jazz, calling it a "sensitively constructed series (in an admirable departure for the attention-seeking network)... Simply told and heartfelt, the show should add a welcome dimension to the education process, capturing the challenges associated with sexual identity at such a vulnerable age."[44] James Poniewozik, in his review for Time magazine, stated that the reality show airing on the same network that recently pulled 19 Kids and Counting off the air feels like a "change of an era." Poniewozik writes, "I Am Jazz is an engaging story of a teen girl who has transitioned. But it is also the story of everyone else, transitioning."[9] Marc Silver of The Washington Post wrote about the boom of transgender-theme shows on TV, including Jenner's upcoming reality show, I Am Cait: "I Am Cait will surely attract more viewers because of Jenner's fame. It's too soon to say how Jazz will fare. But, with her humor and honesty, she's a tough act for Caitlyn Jenner to follow."[45]

text: Awards

text: The show tied for best Outstanding Reality Program at the 27th annual GLAAD Media Awards.[46][47]

text: Broadcast

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Australia on TLC on December 10, 2015.[48]


document_title: Futures exchange

question_text: in which city did organized option markets originate

text: Futures exchange

text: Definition[edit]

text: According to The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Newbery 2008), futures markets "provide partial income risk insurance to producers whose output is risky, but very effective insurance to commodity stockholders at remarkably low cost. Speculators absorb some of the risk but hedging appears to drive most commodity markets. The equilibrium futures price can be either below or above the (rationally) expected future price (backwardation or contango)...Rollover hedges can extend insurance from short-horizon contracts over longer periods."[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: In Ancient Mesopotamia, around 1750 BC, the sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, created one of the first legal codes: the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi’s Code allowed sales of goods and assets to be delivered for an agreed price, at a future date; required contracts to be in writing and witnessed; and allowed assignment of contracts. The code facilitated the first derivatives, in the form of forward and futures contracts. An active derivatives market existed, with trading carried out at temples.[2]

text: One of the earliest written records of futures trading is in Aristotle's Politics. He tells the story of Thales, a poor philosopher from Miletus who developed a "financial device, which involves a principle of universal application". Thales used his skill in forecasting and predicted that the olive harvest would be exceptionally good the next autumn. Confident in his prediction, he made agreements with local olive-press owners to deposit his money with them to guarantee him exclusive use of their olive presses when the harvest was ready. Thales successfully negotiated low prices because the harvest was in the future and no one knew whether the harvest would be plentiful or pathetic and because the olive-press owners were willing to hedge against the possibility of a poor yield. When the harvest-time came, and a sharp increase in demand for the use of the olive presses outstripped supply (availability of the presses), he sold his future use contracts of the olive presses at a rate of his choosing, and made a large quantity of money.[3] It should be noted, however, that this is a very loose example of futures trading and, in fact, more closely resembles an option contract, given that Thales was not obliged to use the olive presses if the yield was poor.

text: Modern era[edit]

text: The first modern organized futures exchange began in 1710 at the Dojima Rice Exchange in Osaka, Japan.[4]

text: The London Metal Market and Exchange Company (London Metal Exchange) was founded in 1877, but the market traces its origins back to 1571 and the opening of the Royal Exchange, London. Before the exchange was created, business was conducted by traders in London coffee houses using a makeshift ring drawn in chalk on the floor.[5] At first only copper was traded. Lead and zinc were soon added but only gained official trading status in 1920. The exchange was closed during World War II and did not re-open until 1952.[6] The range of metals traded was extended to include aluminium (1978), nickel (1979), tin (1989), aluminium alloy (1992), steel (2008), and minor metals cobalt and molybdenum (2010). The exchange ceased trading plastics in 2011. The total value of the trade is around $US 11.6 trillion annually.[7]

text: The United States followed in the early 19th century. Chicago has the largest future exchange in the world, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Chicago is located at the base of the Great Lakes, close to the farmlands and cattle country of the Midwest, making it a natural center for transportation, distribution, and trading of agricultural produce. Gluts and shortages of these products caused chaotic fluctuations in price, and this led to the development of a market enabling grain merchants, processors, and agriculture companies to trade in "to arrive" or "cash forward" contracts to insulate them from the risk of adverse price change and enable them to hedge. In March 2008 the Chicago Mercantile Exchange announced its acquisition of NYMEX Holdings, Inc., the parent company of the New York Mercantile Exchange and Commodity Exchange. CME's acquisition of NYMEX was completed in August 2008.

text: For most exchanges, forward contracts were standard at the time. However, most forward contracts were not honored by both the buyer and the seller. For instance, if the buyer of a corn forward contract made an agreement to buy corn, and at the time of delivery the price of corn differed dramatically from the original contract price, either the buyer or the seller would back out. Additionally, the forward contracts market was very illiquid and an exchange was needed that would bring together a market to find potential buyers and sellers of a commodity instead of making people bear the burden of finding a buyer or seller.

text: In 1848 the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was formed. Trading was originally in forward contracts; the first contract (on corn) was written on March 13, 1851. In 1865 standardized futures contracts were introduced.

text: The Chicago Produce Exchange was established in 1874, renamed the Chicago Butter and Egg Board in 1898 and then reorganised into the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1919. Following the end of the postwar international gold standard, in 1972 the CME formed a division called the International Monetary Market (IMM) to offer futures contracts in foreign currencies: British pound, Canadian dollar, German mark, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, and Swiss franc.

text: In 1881 a regional market was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in 1883 introduced futures for the first time. Trading continuously since then, today the Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX) is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[8]

text: Futures trading used to be very active in India in the early to late 19th Century in the Marwari businessmen community.[9] Several business families made their fortunes in regular Opium futures trading in Calcutta and Bombay. There are records available of standardized Opium futures contracts done in 1870-1880's in Calcutta.[10] There are strong grounds to believe that Commodity futures could have existed in India for thousands of years before that with references to the existence of market operations similar to the modern day Futures market in Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra” written in 2nd century BCE. The first organised futures market was established only in 1875 by the Bombay Cotton Trade Association to trade in cotton contracts. This occurred soon after the establishment of trading in Cotton Futures in UK, as Bombay was a very important hub for Cotton Trade in the British Empire.[11] Futures trading in Raw Jute and Jute Goods began in Calcutta with the establishment of the Calcutta Hessian Exchange Ltd., in 1919. In modern times, most of the futures trading happens in the National Multi commodity Exchange (NMCE) which commenced futures trading in 24 commodities on 26 November 2002 on a national scale. Currently (August 2007) 62 commodities are being traded in NMCE.

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: The 1970s saw the development of the financial futures contracts, which allowed trading in the future value of interest rates. These (in particular the 90‑day Eurodollar contract introduced in 1981) had an enormous impact on the development of the interest rate swap market.

text: Today, the futures markets have far outgrown their agricultural origins. With the addition of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) the trading and hedging of financial products using futures dwarfs the traditional commodity markets, and plays a major role in the global financial system, trading over $1.5 trillion per day in 2005.[12]

text: The recent history of these exchanges (Aug 2006) finds the Chicago Mercantile Exchange trading more than 70% of its Futures contracts on its "Globex" trading platform and this trend is rising daily. It counts for over $45.5 billion of nominal trade (over 1 million contracts) every single day in "electronic trading" as opposed to open outcry trading of futures, options and derivatives.

text: In June 2001 Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) acquired the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), now ICE Futures, which operated Europe’s leading open-outcry energy futures exchange. Since 2003 ICE has partnered with the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) to host its electronic marketplace. In April 2005 the entire ICE portfolio of energy futures became fully electronic.

text: In 2005, The Africa Mercantile Exchange (AfMX®) became the first African commodities market to implement an automated system for the dissemination of market data and information online in real-time through a wide network of computer terminals. As at the end of 2007, AfMX® had developed a system of secure data storage providing online services for brokerage firms. The year 2010, saw the exchange unveil a novel system of electronic trading, known as After®. After® extends the potential volume of processing of information and allows the Exchange to increase its overall volume of trading activities.

text: In 2006 the New York Stock Exchange teamed up with the Amsterdam-Brussels-Lisbon-Paris Exchanges "Euronext" electronic exchange to form the first transcontinental futures and options exchange. These two developments as well as the sharp growth of internet futures trading platforms developed by a number of trading companies clearly points to a race to total internet trading of futures and options in the coming years.[original research?]

text: In terms of trading volume, the National Stock Exchange of India in Mumbai is the largest stock futures trading exchange in the world, followed by JSE Limited in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa.[13]

text: Nature of contracts[edit]

text: Exchange-traded contracts are standardized by the exchanges where they trade. The contract details what asset is to be bought or sold, and how, when, where and in what quantity it is to be delivered. The terms also specify the currency in which the contract will trade, minimum tick value, and the last trading day and expiry or delivery month. Standardized commodity futures contracts may also contain provisions for adjusting the contracted price based on deviations from the "standard" commodity, for example, a contract might specify delivery of heavier USDA Number 1 oats at par value but permit delivery of Number 2 oats for a certain seller's penalty per bushel.

text: Before the market opens on the first day of trading a new futures contract, there is a specification but no actual contracts exist. Futures contracts are not issued like other securities, but are "created" whenever Open interest increases; that is, when one party first buys (goes long) a contract from another party (who goes short). Contracts are also "destroyed" in the opposite manner whenever Open interest decreases because traders resell to reduce their long positions or rebuy to reduce their short positions.

text: Speculators on futures price fluctuations who do not intend to make or take ultimate delivery must take care to "zero their positions" prior to the contract's expiry. After expiry, each contract will be settled, either by physical delivery (typically for commodity underlyings) or by a cash settlement (typically for financial underlyings). The contracts ultimately are not between the original buyer and the original seller, but between the holders at expiry and the exchange. Because a contract may pass through many hands after it is created by its initial purchase and sale, or even be liquidated, settling parties do not know with whom they have ultimately traded.

text: Compare this with other securities, in which there is a primary market when an issuer issues the security, and a secondary market where the security is later traded independently of the issuer. Legally, the security represents an obligation of the issuer rather than the buyer and seller; even if the issuer buys back some securities, they still exist. Only if they are legally cancelled can they disappear.

text: Standardization[edit]

text: The contracts traded on futures exchanges are always standardized. In principle, the parameters to define a contract are endless (see for instance in futures contract). To make sure liquidity is high, there is only a limited number of standardized contracts.

text: Clearing and settlement[edit]

text: Most large derivatives exchanges operate their own clearing houses, allowing them to take revenues from post-trade processing as well as trading itself. By netting off the different positions traded, a smaller amount of capital is required as security to cover the trades. Of the big derivatives venues Chicago Mercantile Exchange, ICE and Eurex all clear trades themselves. There is sometimes a division of responsibility between provision of trading facility, and that of clearing and settlement of those trades. Derivative exchanges like the CBOE and LIFFE take responsibility for providing the trading environments, settlement of the resulting trades are usually handled by clearing houses that serve as central counterparties to trades done in the respective exchanges. The Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) and LCH.Clearnet (London Clearing House) respectively are the clearing corporations for CBOE and LIFFE, although LIFFE and parent NYSE Euronext has long stated its desire to develop its own clearing service.

text: Central counterparty[edit]

text: Derivative contracts are leveraged positions whose value is volatile. They are usually more volatile than their underlying asset. This can lead to credit risk, in particular counterparty risk: a situation in which one party to a trade loses such a large sum of money that it is unable to honor its settlement obligation. In a safe trading environment, the parties to a trade need to be assured that the counterparties will honor the trade, no matter how the market has moved. This requirement can lead to complex arrangements like credit assessments and the setting of trading limits for each counterparty, thus removing many of the advantages of a centralised trading facility. To prevent this, a clearing house interposes itself as a counterparty to every trade, in order to extend a guarantee that the trade will be settled as originally intended. This action is called novation. As a result, trading firms take no risk on the actual counterparty to the trade, but instead the risk falls on the clearing corporation performing a service called central counterparty clearing. The clearing corporation is able to take on this risk by adopting an efficient margining process.[14]

text: Margin and Mark-to-Market[edit]

text: A margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit to cover some or all of the credit risk of their counterparty, in this case the central counterparty clearing houses. Clearing houses charge two types of margins: the Initial Margin and the Mark-To-Market margin (also referred to as Variation Margin).

text: The Initial Margin is the sum of money (or collateral) to be deposited by a firm to the clearing corporation to cover possible future loss in the positions (the set of positions held is also called the portfolio) held by a firm. Several popular methods are used to compute initial margins. They include the CME-owned SPAN (a grid simulation method used by the CME and about 70 other exchanges), STANS (a Monte Carlo simulation based methodology used by the OCC), TIMS (earlier used by the OCC, and still being used by a few other exchanges).

text: The Mark-to-Market Margin (MTM margin) on the other hand is the margin collected to offset losses (if any) that have already been incurred on the positions held by a firm. This is computed as the difference between the cost of the position held and the current market value of that position. If the resulting amount is a loss, the amount is collected from the firm; else, the amount may be returned to the firm (the case with most clearing houses) or kept in reserve depending on local practice. In either case, the positions are 'marked-to-market' by setting their new cost to the market value used in computing this difference. The positions held by the clients of the exchange are marked-to-market daily and the MTM difference computation for the next day would use the new cost figure in its calculation.

text: Clients hold a margin account with the exchange, and every day the swings in the value of their positions is added to or deducted from their margin account. If the margin account gets too low, they have to replenish it. In this way it is highly unlikely that the client will not be able to fulfill his obligations arising from the contracts. As the clearing house is the counterparty to all their trades, they only have to have one margin account. This is in contrast with OTC derivatives, where issues such as margin accounts have to be negotiated with all counterparties.

text: Regulators[edit]

text: Each exchange is normally regulated by a national governmental (or semi-governmental) regulatory agency:

text:
In Australia, this role is performed by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission.
In the Chinese mainland, by the China Securities Regulatory Commission.
In Hong Kong, by the Securities and Futures Commission.
In India, by the Securities and Exchange Board of India and Forward Markets Commission
In South Korea, by the Financial Supervisory Service.
In Japan, by the Financial Services Agency.
In Pakistan, by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan.
In Singapore by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.
In the UK, futures exchanges are regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.
In the USA, by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
In Malaysia, by the Securities Commission Malaysia.
In Spain, by the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV).
In Brazil, by the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM).
In South Africa, by the Financial Services Board (South Africa).
In Mauritius, by the Financial Services Commission (FSC)

text: Futures Data[edit]

text: There are several sources of futures data on the internet which can be used by professional traders, analysts and individual investors. The largest collection of futures data online can be found on Quandl and can be downloaded in any format.[15] Barchart Market Data also offers futures data and has been providing market data to finance professionals since the 1930s.[16] Other sources of futures data include websites like the Moore Research Center[17] and Turtletrader.com which has historical futures prices on contracts traded in US futures exchanges.[18]