document_title: Apollo 17

question_text: where did apollo 17 land on the moon

question_tokens: where did apollo 17 land on the moon

text: Apollo 17

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Position[8]
Astronaut

Commander
Eugene A. Cernan
Third and last spaceflight

Command Module Pilot
Ronald E. Evans
Only spaceflight

Lunar Module Pilot
Harrison H. Schmitt
Only spaceflight

text: Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle were assigned to the backup crew of Apollo 14.[9] Engle flew sixteen X-15 flights, three of which exceeded the 50 mi (80 km) border of space.[10] Following the rotation pattern that a backup crew would fly as the prime crew three missions later, Cernan, Evans, and Engle would have flown Apollo 17. Harrison Schmitt served on the backup crew of Apollo 15 and, following the crew rotation cycle, was slated to fly as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 18. However, Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970. Following this decision, the scientific community pressured NASA to assign a geologist to an Apollo landing, as opposed to a pilot trained in geology. In light of this pressure, Harrison Schmitt, a professional geologist, was assigned the Lunar Module Pilot position on Apollo 17.[9] Scientist-astronaut Curt Michel believed that it was his own decision to resign, after it became clear that he would not be given a flight assignment, that mobilized this action.[11]

text: Subsequent to the decision to assign Schmitt to Apollo 17, there remained the question of which crew (the full backup crew of Apollo 15, Dick Gordon, Vance Brand, and Schmitt, or the backup crew of Apollo 14) would become prime crew of the mission. NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton ultimately assigned the backup crew of Apollo 14 (Cernan and Evans), along with Schmitt, to the prime crew of Apollo 17.[9]

text: Backup crew[edit]

text: Original[edit]

text:
Position[12]
Astronaut

Commander
David Scott

Command Module Pilot
Alfred Worden

Lunar Module Pilot
James Irwin

This had been the Apollo 15 prime crew.

text: Replacement[edit]

text:
Position[8][13]
Astronaut

Commander
John Young

Command Module Pilot
Stuart Roosa

Lunar Module Pilot
Charles Duke

text: The Apollo 15 prime crew received the backup assignment since this was to be the last lunar mission and the backup crew would not rotate to another mission. However, when the Apollo 15 postage stamp incident became public in early 1972 the crew was reprimanded by NASA and the United States Air Force (they were active duty officers). Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton removed them from flight status and replaced them with Young and Duke from the Apollo 16 prime crew and Roosa from the Apollo 14 prime and Apollo 16 backup crews.[12][14]

text: Support crew[edit]

text:
Robert F. Overmyer[15]
Robert A. Parker[16]
C. Gordon Fullerton[17]

text: Mission insignia[edit]

text: The insignia's most prominent feature is an image of the Greek sun god Apollo backdropped by a rendering of an American eagle, the red bars on the eagle mirroring those on the flag of the United States. Three white stars above the red bars represent the three crewmen of the mission. The background includes the Moon, the planet Saturn and a galaxy or nebula. The wing of the eagle partially overlays the Moon, suggesting man's established presence there. The gaze of Apollo and the direction of the eagle's motion embody man's intention to explore further destinations in space.[18]

text: The patch includes, along with the colors of the U.S. flag (red, white, and blue), the color gold, representative of a "golden age" of spaceflight that was to begin with Apollo 17. The image of Apollo in the mission insignia is a rendering of the Apollo Belvedere sculpture. The insignia was designed by Robert McCall, with input from the crew.[18]

text: Planning and training[edit]

text: Like Apollo 15 and Apollo 16, Apollo 17 was slated to be a "J-mission," an Apollo mission type that featured lunar surface stays of three days, higher scientific capability, and the usage of the Lunar Roving Vehicle. Since Apollo 17 was to be the final lunar landing of the Apollo program, high-priority landing sites that had not been visited previously were given consideration for potential exploration. A landing in the crater Copernicus was considered, but was ultimately rejected because Apollo 12 had already obtained samples from that impact, and three other Apollo expeditions had already visited the vicinity of Mare Imbrium. A landing in the lunar highlands near the crater Tycho was also considered, but was rejected because of the rough terrain found there and a landing on the lunar far side in the crater Tsiolkovskiy was rejected due to technical considerations and the operational costs of maintaining communication during surface operations. A landing in a region southwest of Mare Crisium was also considered, but rejected on the grounds that a Soviet spacecraft could easily access the site; Luna 21 eventually did so shortly after the Apollo 17 site selection was made.[2]

text: After the elimination of several sites, three sites made the final consideration for Apollo 17: Alphonsus crater, Gassendi crater, and the Taurus-Littrow valley. In making the final landing site decision, mission planners took into consideration the primary objectives for Apollo 17: obtaining old highlands material from a substantial distance from Mare Imbrium, sampling material from young volcanic activity (i.e., less than three billion years), and having minimal ground overlap with the orbital ground tracks of Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 to maximize the amount of new data obtained.[2]

text: The Taurus-Littrow site was selected with the prediction that the crew would be able to obtain samples of old highland material from the remnants of a landslide event that occurred on the south wall of the valley and the possibility of relatively young, explosive volcanic activity in the area. Although the valley is similar to the landing site of Apollo 15 in that it is on the border of a lunar mare, the advantages of Taurus-Littrow were believed to outweigh the drawbacks, thus leading to its selection as the Apollo 17 landing site.[2]

text: Apollo 17 was the only lunar landing mission to carry the Traverse Gravimeter Experiment (TGE), an experiment built by Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology designed to provide relative gravity measurements throughout the landing site at various locations during the mission's moonwalks. Scientists would then use this data to gather information about the geological substructure of the landing site and the surrounding vicinity.[19]

text: As with previous lunar landings, the Apollo 17 astronauts underwent an extensive training program that included training to collect samples on the surface, usage of the spacesuits, navigation in the Lunar Roving Vehicle, field geology training, survival training, splashdown and recovery training, and equipment training.[20]

text: Mission hardware and experiments[edit]

text: Traverse Gravimeter[edit]

text: Apollo 17 was the only Apollo lunar landing mission to carry the Traverse Gravimeter Experiment. As gravimeters had proven to be useful in the geologic investigation of the Earth, the objective of this experiment was to determine the feasibility of using the same techniques on the Moon to learn about its internal structure. The gravimeter was used to obtain readings at the landing site in the immediate vicinity of the Lunar Module (LM), as well as various locations on the mission's traverse routes. The TGE was carried on the Lunar Roving Vehicle; measurements were taken by the astronauts while the LRV was not in motion or after the gravimeter was placed on the surface.[21]

text: A total of twenty-six measurements were taken with the TGE during the mission's three moonwalks, with productive results. As part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), the astronauts also deployed the Lunar Surface Gravimeter, a similar experiment, which ultimately failed to function properly.[19]

text: Scientific Instrument Module[edit]

text: Sector one of the Apollo 17 Service Module (SM) contained the Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) bay. The SIM bay housed three experiments for use in lunar orbit: a lunar sounder, an infrared scanning radiometer, and a far-ultraviolet spectrometer. A mapping camera, panoramic camera, and a laser altimeter were also included in the SIM bay.[21]

text: The lunar sounder beamed electromagnetic impulses toward the lunar surface, which were designed with the objective of obtaining data to assist in developing a geological model of the interior of the Moon to an approximate depth of 1.3 km (0.81 mi).[21]

text: The Infrared Scanning Radiometer was designed with the objective of generating a temperature map of the lunar surface to aid in locating surface features such as rock fields, structural differences in the lunar crust, and volcanic activity.[21]

text: The Far-Ultraviolet Spectrometer was to be used to obtain data pertaining to the composition, density, and constituency of the lunar atmosphere. The spectrometer was also designed to detect far-UV radiation emitted by the Sun that has been reflected off the lunar surface.[21]

text: The Laser Altimeter was designed with the intention of measuring the altitude of the spacecraft above the lunar surface within approximately two meters (6.6 feet), and providing altitude information to the panoramic and mapping cameras.[21]

text: Light flash phenomenon[edit]

text: Throughout the Apollo lunar missions, the crew members observed light flashes that penetrated closed eyelids. These flashes, described as "streaks" or "specks" of light, were usually observed by astronauts while the spacecraft was darkened during a sleep period. These flashes, while not observed on the lunar surface, would average about two per minute and were observed by the crew members during the trip out to the Moon, back to Earth, and in lunar orbit.[21]

text: The Apollo 17 crew conducted an experiment, also conducted on Apollo 16, with the objective of linking these light flashes with cosmic rays. As part of an experiment conducted by NASA and the University of Houston, one astronaut wore a device that recorded the time, strength, and path of high-energy atomic particles that penetrated the device. Analysis of the results concluded that the evidence supported the hypothesis that the flashes occurred when charged particles travelled through the retina in the eye.[21][22]

text: Surface Electrical Properties Experiment[edit]

text: Apollo 17 was the only lunar surface expedition to include the Surface Electrical Properties (SEP) experiment. The experiment included two major components: a transmitting antenna deployed near the Lunar Module and a receiving antenna located on the Lunar Roving Vehicle. At different stops during the mission's traverses, electrical signals traveled from the transmitting device, through the ground, and received at the LRV. The electrical properties of the lunar soil could be determined by comparison of the transmitted and received electrical signals. The results of this experiment, which are consistent with lunar rock composition, show that the top 2 km (1.2 mi) of the Moon are extremely dry.[23]

text: Lunar Roving Vehicle[edit]

text: Apollo 17 was the third mission (the others being Apollo 15 and Apollo 16) to make use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle. The LRV, in addition to being used by the astronauts for transport from station to station on the mission's three moonwalks, was used to transport the astronauts' tools, communications equipment, and samples.[21] The Apollo 17 LRV was also used to carry experiments unique to the mission, such as the Traverse Gravimeter and Surface Electrical Properties experiment.[19][23] The Apollo 17 LRV traveled a cumulative distance of approximately 35.9 km (22.3 mi) in a total drive time of about four hours and twenty-six minutes; the greatest distance Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt traveled from the Lunar Module was about 7.6 km (4.7 mi).[24]

text: Biological cosmic ray experiment[edit]

text: Apollo 17 included a biological cosmic ray experiment (BIOCORE), carrying mice that had been implanted with radiation monitors to see whether they suffered damage from cosmic rays.[25]

text: Five pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) were implanted with radiation monitors under their scalps and flown on the mission. The species was chosen because it was well-documented, small, easy to maintain in an isolated state (not requiring drinking water for the duration of the mission and with highly concentrated waste), and for its ability to withstand environmental stress. Four of the five mice survived the flight; the cause of death of the fifth mouse was not determined.[25]

text: The study found lesions in the scalp itself and liver. The scalp lesions and liver lesions appeared to be unrelated to one another, and were not thought to be the result of cosmic rays. No damage was found in the mice's retinas or viscera.[25] At the time of the publication of the Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report, the mouse brains had not yet been examined.[25] However, subsequent studies showed no significant effect on the brains.[26]

text: Officially, the mice—four male and one female—were assigned the identification numbers A3326, A3400, A3305, A3356 and A3352. Unofficially, according to Cernan, the Apollo 17 crew dubbed them "Fe", "Fi", "Fo", "Fum" and "Phooey".[27]

text: Mission highlights[edit]

text: Launch and outbound trip[edit]

text: Apollo 17 was the last manned Saturn V launch and the only night launch. The launch was delayed by two hours and forty minutes due to an automatic cutoff in the launch sequencer at the T-30 second mark in the countdown. The issue was quickly determined to be a minor technical error. The clock was reset and held at the T-22 minute mark while technicians worked around the malfunction in order to continue with the launch. This pause was the only launch delay in the Apollo program caused by this type of hardware failure. The count then resumed, and the liftoff occurred at 12:33 am EST.[3][28]

text: Approximately 500,000 people were estimated to have observed the launch in the immediate vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, despite the early morning hour. The launch was visible as far away as 800 km (500 mi); observers in Miami, Florida, saw a "red streak" crossing the northern sky.[28]

text: At 3:46 am EST, the S-IVB third stage was re-ignited to propel the spacecraft towards the Moon.[3]

text: At approximately 2:47 pm EST on December 10, the Service Propulsion System engine on the Command/Service Module ignited to slow down the CSM/Lunar Module stack into lunar orbit. Following orbit insertion and orbital stabilization, the crew began preparations for landing in the Taurus-Littrow valley.[3]

text: Moon landing[edit]

text: After separating from the Command/Service Module, the Lunar Module Challenger and its crew of two, Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, adjusted their orbit and began preparations for the descent to Taurus-Littrow. While Cernan and Schmitt prepared for landing, Command Module Pilot Ron Evans remained in orbit to take observations, perform experiments and await the return of his crew-mates a few days later.[3][29]

text: Soon after completing their preparations for landing, Cernan and Schmitt began their descent to the Taurus-Littrow valley on the lunar surface. Several minutes after the descent phase was initiated, the Lunar Module pitched over, giving the crew their first look at the landing site during the descent phase and allowing Cernan to guide the spacecraft to a desirable landing target while Schmitt provided data from the flight computer essential for landing. The LM touched down on the lunar surface at 2:55 pm EST on December 11. Shortly thereafter, the two astronauts began re-configuring the LM for their stay on the surface and began preparations for the first moonwalk of the mission, or EVA-1.[3][29]

text: Lunar surface[edit]

text: The first moonwalk (EVA) of the mission began approximately four hours after landing, at about 6:55 pm on December 11. The first task of the first lunar excursion was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle and other equipment from the Lunar Module. While working near the rover, a fender was accidentally broken off when Gene Cernan brushed up against it, his hammer getting caught under the right-rear fender, breaking off the rear extension. The same incident had also occurred on Apollo 16 as Commander John Young maneuvered around the rover. Although this was not a mission-critical issue, the loss of the fender caused Cernan and Schmitt to be covered with dust thrown up when the rover was in motion.[30] The crew used duct tape to fix the problem by attaching a map to the damaged fender, but the dust picked up on the tape surface prevented it from sticking properly and the first fix was short lived. After an overnight rethink by the flight controllers, a better method of applying the tape resulted in a satisfactory fix that lasted for the length of the exploration.[31] The crew then deployed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) west of the immediate landing site. After completing this, Cernan and Schmitt departed on the first geologic traverse of the mission towards Steno crater to the south of the landing site, during which they gathered 14 kilograms (31 lb) of samples; took seven gravimeter measurements; and deployed two explosive packages, which were later detonated remotely to test geophones that had been placed by the astronauts and seismometers that had been placed on previous Apollo missions.[32] The EVA ended after seven hours and twelve minutes.[3][33]

text: On December 12, at 6:28 pm EST, Cernan and Schmitt began their second lunar excursion. One of the first tasks of the EVA was repairing the right-rear fender on the LRV, the rearward extension of which had been broken off the previous day. The pair did this by taping together four cronopaque maps with duct tape and clamping the replacement fender extension to the fender, thus providing a means of preventing dust from raining down upon them while in motion.[30][31][34] During this EVA, the pair sampled several different types of geologic deposits found in the valley, including the avalanche at the base of the South Massif, orange-colored soil at Shorty crater, and ejecta of Camelot crater. The crew completed this moonwalk after seven hours and thirty-seven minutes. They collected 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, deployed three more explosive packages and took seven gravimeter measurements.[3]

text: The third moonwalk, the last of the Apollo program, began at 5:26 pm EST on December 13. During this excursion, the crew collected 66 kilograms (146 lb) of lunar samples and took nine gravimeter measurements. They drove the rover to the north and east of the landing site and explored the base of the North Massif, the Sculptured Hills, and the unusual crater Van Serg. Before ending the moonwalk, the crew collected a rock, a breccia, and dedicated it to several different nations which were represented in Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, at the time. A plaque located on the Lunar Module, commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program, was then unveiled. Before reentering the LM for the final time, Gene Cernan expressed his thoughts:[3]

text: ...I'm on the surface; and, as I take man's last step from the surface, back home for some time to come - but we believe not too long into the future - I'd like to just [say] what I believe history will record. That America's challenge of today has forged man's destiny of tomorrow. And, as we leave the Moon at Taurus-Littrow, we leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind. "Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17."[35]

text: Cernan then followed Schmitt into the Lunar Module after spending approximately seven hours and 15 minutes outside during the mission's final lunar excursion.[3]

text: Return to Earth[edit]

text: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the Lunar Module on December 14, at 5:55 pm EST. After a successful rendezvous and docking with Ron Evans in the Command/Service Module in orbit, the crew transferred equipment and lunar samples between the LM and the CSM for return to Earth. Following this, the LM ascent stage was sealed off and jettisoned at 1:31 am on December 15. The ascent stage was then deliberately crashed into the Moon in a collision recorded by seismometers deployed on Apollo 17 and previous Apollo expeditions.[3][36]

text: On December 17, during the trip back to Earth, at 3:27 pm EST, Ron Evans successfully conducted a one-hour and seven minute spacewalk to retrieve exposed film from the instrument bay on the exterior of the CSM.[3]

text: On December 19, the crew jettisoned the no-longer-needed Service Module, leaving only the Command Module for return to Earth. The Apollo 17 spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere and landed safely in the Pacific Ocean at 2:25 pm, 6.4 kilometers (4.0 mi) from the recovery ship, USS Ticonderoga. Cernan, Evans and Schmitt were then retrieved by a recovery helicopter and were safely aboard the recovery ship 52 minutes after landing.[3][36]

text: Spacecraft locations[edit]

text: The Command Module America is currently on display at Space Center Houston at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.[37]

text: The ascent stage of lunar module Challenger impacted the Moon December 15, 1972 at 06:50:20.8 UT (1:50 am EST), at 19°58′N 30°30′E / 19.96°N 30.50°E / 19.96; 30.50 (Apollo 17 LM ascent stage).[37] The descent stage remains on the Moon at the landing site, 20°11′27″N 30°46′18″E / 20.19080°N 30.77168°E / 20.19080; 30.77168 (Apollo 17 LM descent stage).[1]

text: In 2009 and again in 2011, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the landing site from increasingly low orbits.[38]

text: Depiction of mission in fiction and popular culture[edit]

text: Portions of the Apollo 17 mission are dramatized in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled "Le Voyage dans la Lune."[39]

text: The prologue to the 1999 novel Back to the Moon, by Homer Hickam, begins with a dramatized depiction of the end of the second Apollo 17 EVA. The orange soil then becomes the major driver of the plot of the rest of the story.[40]

text: The 2005 novel Tyrannosaur Canyon by Douglas Preston opens with a depiction of the Apollo 17 moonwalks using quotes taken from the official mission transcript.[41]

text: Additionally, there have been fictional astronauts in film, literature and television who have been described as "the last man to walk on the Moon," implying they were crew members on Apollo 17. One such character was Steve Austin in the television series The Six Million Dollar Man. In the 1972 novel Cyborg, upon which the series was based, Austin remembers watching the Earth "fall away during Apollo XVII."[42] In the 1998 film Deep Impact fictional astronaut Spurgeon "Fish" Tanner, portrayed by Robert Duvall, was described at a Presidential press conference as the "last man to walk on the moon" by the President of the United States, portrayed by Morgan Freeman.[43]

text: In the Anime Aldnoah.Zero, the Apollo 17 mission locates an ancient transporter gate leading to Mars left by an unknown, extinct alien race. This discovery is the divergence point for the story's alternate history.

text: The song "Contact" from Daft Punk includes audio from the Apollo 17 mission, courtesy of NASA and Captain Eugene Cernan.

text: The song "Tomorrow" by Public Service Broadcasting also includes audio of Commander Eugene A. Cernan and Lunar Module pilot Harrison “Jack” Schmitt from the mission.

text: Multimedia[edit]

text:
The Apollo 17 Saturn V awaits launch

Vice President Spiro Agnew congratulates launch control after the launch

Apollo 17 photo of the Earth as the spacecraft heads for the Moon (known as "The Blue Marble photo")

Lunar Orbiter 4 image of the Taurus-Littrow valley, with the landing site near center.

Play media

Astronaut Harrison Schmitt falls while on a moonwalk

Harrison Schmitt poses with the American flag and Earth in the background during Apollo 17's first EVA. Eugene Cernan is visible reflected in Schmitt's helmet visor

View of the waning crescent Earth seen rising above the lunar horizon over the Ritz Crater

Schmitt stands next to a large boulder during EVA-3. He is looking in the direction of the LM which is visible beyond the right limb of the boulder.

Cernan in the Lunar Module after EVA-3

Schmitt in the Lunar Module after EVA-3

Play media

Apollo 17's Lunar Module blasts off and leaves the Moon

Evans performs an EVA before returning home

The plaque left on the Moon by Apollo 17

A model of the UV spectrometer used to take the first accurate measurements of the constituents of the Moon's atmosphere

Landing site, as imaged by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2009

Narrow-angle image of the LM Challenger descent stage surrounded by LRV tracks and footprints, as imaged by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011


document_title: Chip on shoulder

question_text: where does chip on your shoulder come from

root

text: Chip on shoulder

text: Look up chip on one's shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

tag: table

text: To have a chip on one's shoulder refers to the act of holding a grudge or grievance that readily provokes disputation.

tag: p

text: It can also mean a person thinking too much of oneself (often without the credentials).[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "A chip on the shoulder" comes from the ancient right of shipwrights within the Royal Navy Dockyards to take home a daily allowance of offcuts of timber, even if good wood was cut up for this purpose. The privilege was instated as a prescriptive right from 1634.[2][3][4] By 1756, this privilege had been abused and was costing taxpayers too much in lost timber for warship repair and construction. The decision was then made by the Navy Board to limit the quantity a shipwright could carry home. A warrant was issued to the Royal Dockyards to reduce the quantity of chips by ordering shipwrights to carry their bundles under their arms instead of on their shoulders, as one could not carry as much timber in this fashion. The specific incident from which the expression derives is as follows:

text:
“
Master Shipwright and his Assistant, Chatham Dockyard, to Navy Board, 17 June 1756.
On Tuesday a petition was brought to the Honourable Thomas Cooper, Esq., Commissioner of this yard, by John Bissenden and Robert Woodriff, shipwrights, in behalf of the whole body of shipwrights, relating to their carrying chips out of the yard on their shoulders. The next day the Commissioner sent for them in the presence of the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant and represented to them the ill consequence of such proceedings, and read to them your Honourable Board's warrant of the 4 May 1753 on which the said two men withdrew the petition and said they would talk to all the people and believe everybody would be satisfied with what had been said to them. And in the afternoon the Master Shipwright sent for all the foremen and quartermen and read the Order to them of the 4th May 1753, and give every quarterman a particular charge to tell all his men separately what the order was relating to their lowering their chips and carrying them under their arm out of the yard.
This day at twelve of the clock some few of the workmen about one hundred and fifty came up first to the gate without any chips, afterwards about twenty more came and lowered their chips agreeable to the Board's warrant. Then came John Miller, shipwright, about thirty feet before the main body of the people, on which the Master Shipwright ordered him to lower his chips. He answered he would not, with that the Master Shipwright took hold of him, and said he should. He, the said Miller replied, 'Are not the chips mine? I will not lower them.' Immediately the main body pushed on with their chips on their shoulders, crowded and forced the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant through the gateway, and when out of the yard give three huzzas.[5]

”

text: This custom[clarification needed] is known in North America since the early 19th century. The New York newspaper Long Island Telegraph reported on 20 May 1830 "when two churlish boys were determined to fight, a chip would be placed on the shoulder of one, and the other demanded to knock it off at his peril". A similar notion is mentioned in the issue of the Onondaga Standard of Syracuse, New York on 8 December 1830: "'He waylay me', said I, 'the mean sneaking fellow—I am only afraid that he will sue me for damages. Oh! if I only could get him to knock a chip off my shoulder, and so get round the law, I would give him one of the soundest thrashings he ever had'." Some time later in 1855, the phrase "chip on his shoulder" appeared in the Weekly Oregonian, stating "Leland, in his last issue, struts out with a chip on his shoulder, and dares Bush to knock it off". In American author Mark Twain's 1898 manuscript of Schoolhouse Hill, character Tom Sawyer states his knowledge of the phrase and custom when he says, "[I]f you want your fuss, and can't wait till recess, which is regular, go at it right and fair; put a chip on your shoulder and dare him to knock it off."[6]

text: In Canada, the custom is well described at St. Peter Claver's Indian Residential School for Ojibway boys in the town of Spanish, Ontario:

text:
“
By custom, the challenger, usually one of the intermediates, anxious to prove his worth or avenge some wrong, would deliberately seek out his foe with a wood chip or flat stone on his shoulder, placed there either by his own hand or by that of somebody else.
”

text: The challenger might further provoke his opponent by issuing a dare for him to knock off the chip. The opponent might then display his bravery and contempt by brushing the cheek of the challenger lightly as he did so. In more formal cases, a second might take the chip and present the chip to his man who would then place it on his own shoulder. The boys would then square off and fistfight like boxers.[7][8]


document_title: Refugees in New Zealand

question_text: where do most of new zealand refugees come from

text: Refugees in New Zealand

text: History of refugees in New Zealand[edit]

text: Even before the 1951 United Nations Convention was being adopted by member states, New Zealand accepted refugees.

text: Those granted refugee status prior to the UNHCR Convention were

text:
1100 Jewish refugees during the 1930s
837 Polish refugees, mostly children arrived in 1944
4,500 refugees from Europe between 1949 and 1952

tag: ul

text: New Zealand acceded to the UNHCR Convention in 1960, and refugee policy is based on the obligations that flow from that, namely to offer protection to refugees. The text is currently set out in the Sixth Schedule of the Immigration Act 1987. The Immigration Act is not a description of policy, but rather a framework for assessing and determining claims made by people in New Zealand seeking refugee status. The 1987 Act formalised an annual resettlement quota of 800 places, which was decreased to 750 places in 1997[2].

text: Those granted refugee status post the signing of the UNHCR Convention were:

text:
Hungarian refugees following 1956 Hungarian revolution
Czechoslovaks from the 1968 Prague uprising
Asians fleeing Uganda in the 1970s
Chileans fleeing General Pinochet in the 1970s
Jews and East Europeans fleeing Soviet Union in the 1970s
Those fleeing wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos in the 1970s and 1980s
Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan arrive in the 1990s
Burma, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Sudan and the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s
Since 2000, Burundi, Eritrea, Djibouti and Bhutan
Colombian refugees since 2008.
Syrian refugees from 2014.[3]

text: In 2009, the incoming National government moved to a focus on refugees in the Asia-Pacific region which substantially decreased the number of refugees coming from both the Middle East and Africa. New Zealand now restricts quota refugees from both the Middle East and African unless (a) they already have family in New Zealand, (b) they are part of an emergency quota outside of the annual intake or (c) refugees from this region are able to register with the UNHCR outside of the Middle East and Africa. [4]. These restrictions have led to prominent advocates comparing New Zealand's policies to the 'Muslim Ban' of Donald Trump. [5]

text: In the decade 2007-2016 the top three refugee resettlement countries of origin have been Myanmar, Bhutan, and Colombia. [6]

text: Categories under which refugees are accepted into New Zealand[edit]

text: There are two pathways that refugees find their way into New Zealand. The first is a quota agreement with UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). The second is by way of an onshore claim to refugee status made after arrival in New Zealand. The status is then confirmed under conventions.

text: Each year New Zealand accepts 750 refugees per year, increasing to 1000 in July 2018, as part of an agreement with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, whereby their status has been ‘mandated’ or authenticated by the UNHCR. Because New Zealand is inaccessible by refugee coming by boat or a land bridge, New Zealand offers a resettlement programme. Included within this quota are places for women at risk (75 or more; 125 in 2016/17) medical/disabled (up to 75; just 2 in 2016/17), and emergency protection cases (1 in 2016/17) within their quota. In doing so they offer a preferential option for those who are already marginalised and vulnerable, and the most difficult to place. For this New Zealand had gained international respect for its humanitarianism, though in recent years the numbers of medical/disabled and emergency places have been close to zero. [7]

text: In addition to this quota New Zealand receives asylum seekers, whose claim is then either approved or declined by the Refugee Status Branch of the Immigration New Zealand, or by the Refugee Status Appeals Authority. In 2016, only 387 refugee status applications were received, with 32% found to be genuine.[8]

text: Refugees have also entered New Zealand in exceptional circumstances when requested by UNHCR. In 1999, in response to Kosovo humanitarian crisis, New Zealand accepted over 400 Kosovars for resettlement who had family in New Zealand. Again in 2001, New Zealand accepted resettlement for 130 Afghan asylum seekers picked up by the freighter, MS Tampa, after their craft capsized in the Indian Ocean. In 2015 a special quota of 600 places, additional to the annual quota, was announced for an intake of Syrian refugees, with 100 arriving in 2015/16 and 250 per year for 2016/17 and 2017/18. This, effectively, raised the quota to 1000 places from July 2016 onwards.

text: Refugee and asylum seeker settlement[edit]

text: Those refugees arriving under the UNHCR quota, arrive in Auckland in groups of about 180, and stay for the first six weeks at the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre. They are offered a programme of residential and employment orientation, and then move off to one of the seven major resettlement areas, Auckland (restricted to family connected cases in 2016), Hamilton, Palmerston North, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch (stopped after the 2011 earthquakes), Dunedin and, from 2018[9], Invercargill.

text: Asylum seekers who apply for refugee status on shore are equally likely to be held either in prison or the Mangere refugee reception centre [1]. If they are found to be genuine refugees they will be granted residence, then they are technically able to access Social welfare in New Zealand and other benefits provided by the state. However, assistance that addresses their specific needs as they attempt to integrate into New Zealand is limited[10].

text: Asylum seekers by boat[edit]

text: No mass boat arrival has ever made it to New Zealand. As such, New Zealand is one of a handful of countries that takes the majority of their refugees through a quota system. [11]

text: Nevertheless, in 2013 a Migration Amendment Bill was introduced which would allow the government to mandatorily detain refugees who arrive by boat in groups of ten or more. The bill, colloquially referred to as the Mass Arrivals Bill, was passed as the Migration Amendment Act 2014 but only after Peter Dunne insisted the number rise from ten to thirty people.[12]

text: A number of refugees have claimed that they are attempting to travel to New Zealand to claim asylum in recent years. Refugee advocates have claimed that the John Key and the National government is scare-mongering over asylum seekers in a manner similar to that deployed in Australian politics[13]. Examples of claimed boat arrivals include:

text: - In June 2011 85 Tamils were detained by Indonesia's maritime police off Sumatra, who were claiming they were travelling to New Zealand. New Zealand Immigration Minister Jonathan Coleman said there was "no concrete evidence" that the Sri Lankan people were actually trying to reach New Zealand. "When they had a look at the boat, there was no evidence that they were truly intending to come here, so I'm sure there is a range of things that the people on that boat are trying to do to leverage their position," Coleman said. "[14]

text: - In May 2015 a ship with passengers including 54 Sri Lankans (Tamils), 10 Bangladeshis, one person from Myanmar (Rohingya) and five additional crew were intercepted 8000km away from New Zealand. They claimed to be wanting to come to New Zealand. [15]

text: Australia-New Zealand relations on refugees[edit]

text: Since Helen Clark welcomed refugees from the Tampa New Zealand has been seen as a place where Australia might resettle asylum seekers who arrive by boay. This approach was formalised in an agreement between Julia Gillard and John Key in 2013 to allow up to 150 refugees from the Nauru and Manus detention centres to be relocated to New Zealand every year. With the 2013 Australian election of Tony Abbott the deal has remained on the table but has never been taken up by the Australian Liberal Party[16]. While many Australian refugee advocates have argued for New Zealand to bypass the Australian government and offer the deal directly to refugees in detention, the New Zealand government has made it clear that they are only interested in the deal as sanctioned by the Australian government[17].

text: Double The Quota campaign[edit]

text: In June 2013 Doing Our Bit, a small Wellington-based charitable trust led by Murdoch Stephens launched the Double The Quota campaign[18]. The campaign had two goals: to double the number of refugees welcomed through the annual resettlement quota from 750 to 1500 and to double the funding for resettlement services. The campaign justified this increase based on population growth since the quota was set at 800 places in 1987, and a sharp decrease in the number of asylum seekers accepted from 2001 onwards. They argued that the quota had not increased for three decades, that Australia welcomed five times as many refugees per capita as New Zealand, and that New Zealand ranked around 90th in the world at hosting refugees per capita[19].

text: Prior to the 2014 election only the Green Party and United Future had policies on increasing the quota. The National party had a policy of decreasing the quota to 500 places in 2002[20] but this policy was not continued, nor implemented when they gained power in 2008. At the 2014 election the Labour party indicated they would support raising the quota to 1000[21].

text: In early 2015 Amnesty International joined the call to double the quota[22]. The public awakening to the refugee crisis in August of that year led to doubling the quota becoming a popular argument for how New Zealand should respond, gaining support from mayors,[23] churches,[24] other NGOS, the National party youth wing,[25] and media commentators[26]. Public pressure saw the government agree to admit 600 additional Syrian refugees, with 150 places also set aside from within the quota for Syrians. They also said they would consider increasing the quota at the triennial review due in 2016[27].

text: A broad-based campaign ran in the first six months of 2016 to encourage the government to double the quota. While it was ultimately unsuccessful in that goal, the government did set in place an increase of the quota to 1000 places for July 2018. More importantly, United Future, Labour and the Greens all took on a policy of doubling the quota[28].

text: In the lead up to the 2017 election, Doing Our Bit continued the campaign with a nationwide speaking tour securing pledges of Members of Parliament and candidates to double the quota[29]. Among those signing was then deputy leader of the opposition, Jacinda Ardern. When Ardern eventually became Opposition leader and then leader of the coalition government with New Zealand First, she reiterated that the refugee quota would grow to 1500 places[30]. The Green party also secured a review of the numbers admitted under family reunification for their confidence and supply support.

text: Famous refugees from New Zealand[edit]

text: The following are well known refugees in New Zealand:

text:
Golriz Ghahraman - Oxford-educated, UN lawyer and New Zealand's first refugee member of parliament. Elected as a list candidate for the New Zealand Green Party. [31]
Rez Gardi - Young New Zealander of the year 2017.
Ahmed Zaoui - Algerian asylum seeker, politicians and poet.
Ann Beaglehole, historian.
Eliana Rubashkyn - Stateless refugee born in Colombia whose gender was recognized internationally under an UN resolution.

text: New Zealand is also home to numerous high-profile second-generation refugees including Sir John Key, investigative journalist Nicky Hager, and blogger David Farrar.


document_title: United States Senate elections, 2018

question_text: which republicans senators are up for reelection in 2018

question_tokens: which republicans senators are up for reelection in 2018

text: United States Senate elections, 2018

text: Partisan composition[edit]

text: Among the 33 Senators up for election in 2018 are 33 Class I Senators up for regular election. These consist of 23 Democrats, 2 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats, and 8 Republicans. If a Senate vacancy occurs between 2016 and 2018, there may be special elections before or during the 2018 election, depending on state law. The Alabama special election had been scheduled for 2018 but was moved to 2017.

text:
Parties

Total

Democratic
Republican
Independent

Last election (2016)
46
52
2
100

Before this election
46
52
2
100

Not up
23
44
0
67

Class 2 (2014→2020)
11
22
0
33

Class 3 (2016→2022)
12
22
0
34

Up
23
8
2
33

Class 1 (2012→2018)
23
8
2
33

Special: Class 2 & 3
0
0
0
0

Incumbent retiring
0
1
0
1

Incumbent running
23
7
2
32

Intent undeclared
0
0
0
0

text: Most recent election predictions[edit]

text: Democrats are expected to target the Republican-held Senate seats in Nevada and Arizona.[2] Democrats could also target seats in Texas[3], Utah[4] and Tennessee's open-seat.[5] Republicans are expected to target Democratic-held seats in Indiana, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, and West Virginia, all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 election and Donald Trump in the 2016 election,[6] as well as seats in Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan, all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election.[7] Republicans could also target seats in Virginia, Maine, and New Jersey.[2] Other races may also become competitive.

text:
State
PVI[8]
Incumbent
2012
result
Cook
Sept 29,
2017[9]
Roth.
September 29,
2017[10]
Sabato
September 28,
2017[11]

Arizona
105 !R+5
Flake, JeffJeff Flake (R)
049 !49% R
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

California
088 !D+12
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein (D)
037 !63% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Connecticut
094 !D+6
Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy (D)
045 !55% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Delaware
094 !D+6
Carper, TomTom Carper (D)
034 !66% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Florida
102 !R+2
Nelson, BillBill Nelson (D)
045 !55% D
098 !Lean D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Hawaii
082 !D+18
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono (D)
037 !63% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Indiana
109 !R+9
Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly (D)
050 !50% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

Maine
097 !D+3
King, AngusAngus King (I)
047 !53% I
098 !Lean D/I
096 !Safe D/I
097 !Likely D/I

Maryland
088 !D+12
Cardin, BenBen Cardin (D)
045 !55% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Massachusetts
088 !D+12
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren (D)
046 !54% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Michigan
099 !D+1
Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow (D)
041 !59% D
097 !Likely D
096 !Safe D
097 !Likely D

Minnesota
099 !D+1
Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar (D)
035 !65% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Mississippi
109 !R+9
Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker (R)
057 !57% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Missouri
109 !R+9
McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill (D)
045 !55% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

Montana
111 !R+11
Tester, JonJon Tester (D)
051 !49% D
097 !Likely D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Nebraska
114 !R+14
Fischer, DebDeb Fischer (R)
056 !56% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Nevada
099 !D+1
Heller, DeanDean Heller (R)
046 !46% R
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

New Jersey
093 !D+7
Menendez, BobBob Menendez (D)
041 !59% D
097 !Likely D
096 !Safe D
097 !Likely D

New Mexico
097 !D+3
Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich (D)
049 !51% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

New York
089 !D+12
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand (D)
028 !72% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

North Dakota
116 !R+17
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp (D)
050 !50% D
098 !Lean D
100 !Tossup
098 !Lean D

Ohio
103 !R+3
Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown (D)
049 !51% D
098 !Lean D
098 !Lean D
098 !Lean D

Pennsylvania
100 !EVEN
Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr. (D)
046 !54% D
097 !Likely D
098 !Lean D
097 !Likely D

Rhode Island
090 !D+10
Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse (D)
036 !64% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Tennessee
114 !R+14
Corker, BobBob Corker (R)
(retiring)
065 !65% R
103 !Likely R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Texas
108 !R+8
Cruz, TedTed Cruz (R)
057 !57% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
103 !Likely R

Utah
120 !R+20
Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch (R)
065 !65% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Vermont
085 !D+15
Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders (I)
029 !71% I
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D/I

Virginia
099 !D+1
Kaine, TimTim Kaine (D)
047 !53% D
097 !Likely D
097 !Likely D
097 !Likely D

Washington
093 !D+7
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell (D)
039 !61% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

West Virginia
120 !R+19
Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin (D)
039 !61% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
098 !Lean D

Wisconsin
100 !EVEN
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin (D)
049 !51% D
097 !Likely D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Wyoming
125 !R+25
Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso (R)
076 !76% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

text: Race summaries[edit]

text: In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 2019.

text: All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats; ordered by state.

text:
State
(linked to
summaries below)
Incumbent
Intent / Results
Candidates
(listed alphabetically)

Senator
Party
Electoral history

Arizona
Flake, JeffJeff Flake
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Deedra Abboud (Democratic)[12]
Craig Brittain (Republican)[13]
Jeff Flake (Republican)[14]
Doug Marks (Libertarian)[15]
Jim Moss (Democratic)[16]
Chris Russell (Democratic)[17]
Richard Sherzan (Democratic)[18]
Kyrsten Sinema (Democratic)[19]
Nicolas Tutora (Republican)[20]
Kelli Ward (Republican)[21]

California
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
Democratic
1992 (special)
1994
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Donald R. Adams (Independent)[22]
Jerry Leon Carroll (Independent)[23]
Michael Eisen (Independent)[24]
Dianne Feinstein (Democratic)[25]
Tim Gildersleeve (Independent)[26]
Eugene Patterson Harris (Democratic)[27]
David Hildebrand (Democratic)[28]
Charles Junior Hodge (Independent)[29]
Timothy Charles Kalemkarian (Republican)[30]
Caren Lancona (Republican)[31]
Richard Thomas Mead (Independent)[32]
John Melendez (Democratic)[33]
Douglas Howard Pierce (Democratic)[34]
Joseph Sandberg[35]
Stephen James Schrader (Republican)[36]
Steve Stokes (Democratic)[37]

Connecticut
Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Ann-Marie Adams (Democratic)[38]
Matthew Corey (Republican)[39]
Chris Murphy (Democratic)[40]
Dominic Rapini (Republican)[41]

Delaware
Carper, TomTom Carper
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Tykiem Booker (Democratic)[42]
Tom Carper (Democratic)[43]
Chuck Boyce (Republican)[44]

Florida
Nelson, BillBill Nelson
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Joe Allen (Independent)[45]
Lateresa Ann Jones (Republican)[46]
Edward Janowski (Independent)[45]
Tamika Lyles (Democratic)[47]
Bill Nelson (Democratic)[48]
Marcia Roberta Thorne (Republican)[49]
Joe Wendt (Libertarian)[45]

Hawaii
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Mazie Hirono (Democratic)[50]

Indiana
Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Mike Braun (Republican)[51]
Joe Donnelly (Democratic)[52]
Terry Henderson (Republican)[53]
Mark Hurt (Republican)[54]
Luke Messer (Republican)[55]
Todd Rokita (Republican)[56]
Kiel Richard Stone (Republican)[57]
Andrew Takami (Republican)[58]
Andrew U. D. Straw (Disability Party)[59]

Maine
King, AngusAngus King
Independent
2012
Incumbent running
Eric Brakey (Republican)[60]
Angus King (Independent)[61]
Zak Ringlestein (Democratic)[62]

Maryland
Cardin, BenBen Cardin
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Ben Cardin (Democratic)[63]
Sam Faddis (Republican)[64]
Richard "Rikki" Vaughn (Democratic)[65]
Arvin Vohra (Libertarian)[66]
Debbie "Rica" Wilson (Democratic}[65]

Massachusetts
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Elizabeth Warren (Democratic)[67]
Shiva Ayyadurai (Republican)[68]
Geoff Diehl (Republican)[69]
Mary Lindstrom (Republican)[70]
Darius Mitchell (Republican)[71]
Allen Waters (Republican)[72]
Heidi Wellman (Republican)[73]
James Devine (Independent)[74]
Joshua Ford (Independent)[75]

Michigan
Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
John James (Republican)[76]
Robert P. Young Jr. (Republican)[77]
Craig Allen Smith (Democratic)[78]
Debbie Stabenow (Democratic)[79]
Marcia Squier (independent)[80]

Minnesota
Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Amy Klobuchar (Democratic)[81]
Jim Newberger (Republican)[82]

Mississippi
Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker
Republican
2007 (appointed)
2008 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Jensen Bohren (Democratic)[83]
Roger Wicker (Republican)[84]

Missouri
McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Angelica Earl (Democratic)[85]
Josh Hawley (Republican)[86]
Claire McCaskill (Democratic)[87]
Tony Monetti (Republican)[88]
Austin Petersen (Republican)[89]
Courtland Sykes (Republican)[90]

Montana
Tester, JonJon Tester
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Troy Downing (Republican)[91]
Ron Murray (Republican)[92]
Albert Olszewski (Republican)[93]
Matthew Rosendale (Republican)[94]
Jon Tester (Democratic)[95]

Nebraska
Fischer, DebDeb Fischer
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Deb Fischer (Republican)[96]
Larry Marvin (Democratic)[97]
Jane Raybould (Democratic)[98]

Nevada
Heller, DeanDean Heller
Republican
2011 (appointed)
2012
Incumbent running
Jay Craddock (Democratic) [99]
Sarah Gazala (Republican)[100]
Dean Heller (Republican)[101]
Bobby Mahendra (Democratic)[102]
Jacky Rosen (Democratic)[103]
Jesse Sbaih (Democratic)[104]
Danny Tarkanian (Republican)[105]

New Jersey
Menendez, BobBob Menendez
Democratic
2006 (appointed)
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Lisa McCormick (Democratic)[106]
Bob Menendez (Democratic)[107]
Sean A. Thom (Democratic)[108]

New Mexico
Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Martin Heinrich (Democratic)[109]
Mick Rich (Republican)[110]

New York
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand
Democratic
2009 (appointed)
2010 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Kirsten Gillibrand (Democratic)[111]
Rafael Arden Jones Sr. (Republican)[112]
David A. Webber (Republican)[113]

North Dakota
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tom Campbell (Republican)[114]
Heidi Heitkamp (Democratic)[115]
Dustin Peyer (Democratic)[116]

Ohio
Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Melissa Ackison (Republican)[117]
Sherrod Brown (Democratic)[118]
Don Elijah Eckhart (Republican)[119]
Michael Gibbons (Republican)[120]
Josh Mandel (Republican)[121]

Pennsylvania
Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr.
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Paul Addis (Republican)[122]
Cynthia Ayers (Republican)[123]
Lou Barletta (Republican)[124]
Jeff Bartos (Republican)[125]
Bob Casey Jr. (Democratic)[126]
Jim Christiana (Republican)[127]
Paul DeLong (Republican)[128]
Dale Kerns (Libertarian)[129]
Bobby Lawrence (Republican)[130]
Rick Saccone (Republican)[131]
Andrew Shecktor (Republican)[132]

Rhode Island
Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Robert Flanders (Republican)[133]
Robert Nardolillo (Republican)[134]
Sheldon Whitehouse (Democratic)[135]

Tennessee
Corker, BobBob Corker
Republican
2006
2012
Incumbent retiring
Bill Bailey (Democratic)[136]
Marsha Blackburn (Republican)[137]
Larry Crim (Republican)[138]
James Mackler (Democratic)[139]
Andy Ogles (Republican)[140]

Texas
Cruz, TedTed Cruz
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Ted Cruz (Republican)[141]
Stefano de Stefano (Republican)[142]
Aaron Gwaltney (Independent)[143]
Irasema Hernandez (Democratic)[144]
Dan McQueen (Republican)[145]
Beto O'Rourke (Democratic)[146]
Dustin Ray Webb (Democratic)[147]

Utah
Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch
Republican
1976
1982
1988
1994
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Orrin Hatch (Republican)[148]
Mitchell Kent Vice (Democratic)[149]
Jenny Wilson (Democratic) [150]
Craig Bowden (Libertarian)[151]

Vermont
Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders
Independent
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Bernie Sanders (Independent)[152]
Jon Svitavsky (Democratic)[153]
Folasade Adeluola (Democratic)[153]

Virginia
Kaine, TimTim Kaine
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tim Kaine (Democratic)[154]
Corey Stewart (Republican)[155]
Ron Wallace (Republican)[156][157]

Washington
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Maria Cantwell (Democratic)[158]
Jennifer "GiGi" Ferguson (Democratic)[159]
Clay Johnson (Independent)[160]

West Virginia
Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin
Democratic
2010 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Bo Copley (Republican)[161]
Scott Ernst (Republican)[162][163]
Evan Jenkins (Republican)[164]
Joe Manchin (Democratic)[165]
Patrick Morrisey (Republican)[166]
Paula Jean Swearengin (Democratic)[167]

Wisconsin
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tammy Baldwin (Democratic)[168]
Kevin Nicholson (Republican)[169]
John Schiess (Republican)[170]
Leah Vukmir (Republican)[171]
Mary Jo Walters (Democratic)[172]

Wyoming
Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso
Republican
2007 (appointed)
2008 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
John Barrasso (Republican)[173]

State
Senator
Party
Electoral
history
Intent / Results
Candidates

Incumbent

text: Complete list of races[edit]

text: Thirty-three seats are up for election in 2018:

text:
Twenty-two Democrats are running for re-election.
One Democrat may seek re-election.
Two independents are running for re-election.
Seven Republicans are running for re-election.
One Republican is retiring.

text: Arizona[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He will be 55 years old in 2018. He is running.[14]

text: Former state senator Kelli Ward,[21] pharmacist Nicolas Tutora,[20][174] and owner, co-founder of IsAnybodyDown? Craig Brittain[13] are challenging Flake in the Republican primary.

text: U.S. Rep. Kyrsten Sinema,[19] Deedra Abboud,[12] Jim Moss,[16] Chris Russell,[17] and Richard Sherzan[18] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: California[edit]

text: Four-term Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She will be 85 years old in 2018. She is running for re-election.[25]

text: Democrats challenging Dianne Feinstein include Eugene Patterson Harris,[27] David Hildebrand,[175][28] John "Stuttering John" Melendez,[33] Douglas Howard Pierce,[34], Joseph Sandberg,[35] and 2016 candidate Steve Stokes.[37]

text: Republican candidates include Timothy Charles Kalemkarian,[176] Caren Lancona,[177] and Stephen James Schrader.[178]

text: Independent candidates include biologist Michael Eisen,[24] Donald R. Adams,[22] Jerry Leon Carroll,[23] Tim Gildersleeve,[26] Charles Junior Hodge,[29] and Richard Thomas Mead.[32]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Chris Murphy was elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. He will be 45 years old in 2018. He is running for reelection.[40] He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann-Marie Adams.[38]

text: Businessmen Matthew Corey[39] and Dominic Rapini[41] are seeking the Republican nomination.

text: Delaware[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Tom Carper won re-election with 66% of the vote in 2012. He will be 71 years old in 2018. He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24, 2017.[43]

text: Businessman Chuck Boyce is running for the Republican nomination.[44]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018. He has strongly hinted he will seek re-election to a fourth term in office.[179][48] He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles.[47]

text: Latersa Ann Jones[46] and Marcia Roberta Thorne[49] are running for the Republican nomination. Florida Governor Rick Scott is seen as potential Republican candidate to challenge Nelson. Scott will be 65 years old in 2018. First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014, Scott's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019, due to term limits.[180]

text: Joe Wendt is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination, while Joe Allen and Edward Janowski are running as independents.[45]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Mazie Hirono was elected with 63% of the vote in 2012. She will be 71 years old in 2018.

text: Indiana[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04% of the vote in 2012. He will be 63 years old in 2018. He is running.[52]

text: Congressmen Luke Messer[55] and Todd Rokita,[56] State Representative Mike Braun,[51] attorney Mark Hurt,[54][181][182] director of Purdue Polytechnic Institute Andrew Takami,[58] Kiel Richard Stone,[57] and Terry Henderson[53] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Disability Party candidate Andrew U. D. Straw has registered his campaign officially with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate.[183] Straw has run for U.S. House twice on disability platforms, once in Indiana's Second District and once in Illinois' Eighth District.[184]

text: Maine[edit]

text: One-term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three-way race with 53% of the vote in 2012. King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013, but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future.[185] This Senate election is scheduled to be the first in Maine to be conducted with ranked choice voting, as opposed to a simple plurality, after voters passed a citizen referendum approving the change in 2016.[186] An advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court holding that ranked choice voting would be unconstitutional only affects state office elections, but some legislators seek to repeal the measure in full.[187][188]

text: King has indicated he will seek reelection.[189] [61] He will be 74 years old in 2018.

text: State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination.[60]

text: Public school teacher and founder of UClass Zak Ringlestein is seeking the Democratic nomination.[62]

text: Maryland[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56% of the vote in 2012. He will be 75 years old in 2018. He is running.[190] He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Richard "Rikki" Vaughn and Debbie "Rica" Wilson.[65]

text: Sam Faddis is seeking the Republican nomination.[64]

text: Arvin Vohra, vice chairman of the Libertarian Party, is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination.[66]

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54% of the vote in 2012. She will be 69 years old in 2018. She is running.[67]

text: State Representative Geoff Diehl,[69] Shiva Ayyadurai,[68] former Romney aide Mary Lindstrom,[70] Darius Mitchell,[71] Allen Waters,[72] and Heidi Wellman[73] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: John Devine[74] and Joshua Ford[75] are running as independents.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012. She will be 68 years old in 2018. She is running.[79] She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Craig Allen Smith.[78]

text: On the Republican side, businessman John James[191] and retired Michigan Supreme Court chief justice Robert P. Young Jr. are running.[192]

text: Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running.[193]

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. She will be 58 years old in 2018. She is running.[81]

text: State Representative Jim Newberger[82] is running for the Republican nomination.

text: Mississippi[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He will be 67 years old in 2018. He is running.[84]

text: Jensen Bohren[83] is seeking the Democratic nomination.

text: Missouri[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. She will be 65 years old in 2018. She is running.[87] She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl.[85]

text: Attorney General Josh Hawley,[86] Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen,[89] assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti,[88] and Navy Vet and former congressional staffer for Arkansas Rep. Bruce Westerman, Courtland Sykes,[90] are running for the Republican nomination. Others who have set up exploratory committees include State Representative Paul Curtman.[194]

text: Montana[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Jon Tester was re-elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He will be 62 years old in 2018. He is running.[95]

text: State Auditor Matthew Rosendale,[94][195] State Senator Albert Olszewski,[93] Troy Downing,[91] and Ron Murray[92] are running for the Republican nomination. State Secretary of State Corey Stapleton is also a potential Republican candidate.[196] Ryan Zinke resigned from the House of Representatives to become United States Secretary of the Interior. He could step down from that position to run for the Senate seat.

text: Nebraska[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Deb Fischer was elected with 56% of the vote in 2012. She will be 67 years old in 2018. She is running.[96]

text: Larry Marvin, who was a candidate in 2008, 2012, and 2014,[97] and Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould[98] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: Nevada[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Dean Heller was elected with 46% of the vote in 2012. He had been appointed to the seat in 2011. He will be 58 years old in 2018. Heller considered running for governor, but has since chosen to seek reelection.[197][198][101] Danny Tarkanian[105] and Sarah Gazala[199][100] are challenging Heller in the Republican primary.

text: Representative Jacky Rosen,[103] Jay Craddock,[99] Sujeet "Bobby" Narendra Mahendra,[102] [2] and Jesse Sbaih[104] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012. Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006. He will be 64 years old in 2018. He is running.[107]

text: Democrat Sean A. Thom is running.[108]

text: New Mexico[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He will be 47 years old in 2018. He is running.[109]

text: Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination.[110]

text: New York[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009, and won a special election to remain in office in 2010. She will be 51 years old in 2018. She is running.[111]

text: Former United States Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy, daughter of former President John F. Kennedy[200] is reportedly considering running as a Democrat, 9 years after declining to replace Hillary Clinton's vacant seat after becoming U.S. Secretary of State.

text: Rafael Arden Jones Sr.[112] and David A. Webber[113] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: North Dakota[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50% of the vote in 2012. She will be 63 years old in 2018. She is running.[115]

text: Dustin Peyer is running for the Democratic nomination.[116]

text: State Senator Tom Campbell[114] is running for the Republican nomination.

text: Ohio[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He will be 65 years old in 2018. He is running.[118]

text: Ohio State Treasurer Josh Mandel[121], investment banker Michael Gibbons[120], businesswoman Melissa Ackison[117] and Don Elijah Eckhart[119] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54% of the vote in 2012. He will be 58 years old in 2018. He is running.[126]

text: Republican candidates include U.S. Representative Lou Barletta,[124] Pennsylvania House of Representatives members Rick Saccone[131] and Jim Christiana,[127] Berwick councilman Andrew Shecktor,[132] Paul Addis,[122] Cynthia Ayers,[123] Jeff Bartos,[125] Paul DeLong,[128] and Robert "Bobby" Lawrence.[130]

text: In addition, Libertarian candidate Dale Kerns has announced his candidacy for this seat.

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected with 64% of the vote in 2012. He will be 63 years old in 2018. He is running.[135]

text: State Representative Robert Nardolillo[134] and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders[133] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Tennessee[edit]

text: Two-term Republican Senator Bob Corker was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. He will be 66 years old in 2018. Senator Corker filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for reelection,[201] but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire.[202]

text: U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn,[137] Larry Crim, a perennial candidate who ran as a Democrat in 2012 and 2014,[138] and Andy Ogles, former director of the Tennessee chapter of Americans for Prosperity,[140] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Bill Bailey[136] and James Mackler[139] are seeking the Democratic nomination.

text: Texas[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He will be 48 years old in 2018. He is running.[141][203]

text: Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano[142] and former mayor of Corpus Christi Dan McQueen[145] are also seeking the Republican nomination.

text: U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke is seeking the Democratic nomination.[204] Other Democrats who are running include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez[144] and Dustin Ray Webb.[147]

text: Aaron Gwaltney is running as an independent.[143][205]

text: Utah[edit]

text: Seven-term Republican Senator Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. He will be 84 years old in 2018. Before the 2012 election, Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected.[206] However he has since "left the door ajar", but denied that he had changed his mind until March 9, 2017, when he announced his re-election campaign.[148][207]

text: Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination, but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson, who made her Senate bid official on July 17, 2017. [208][209][150] Danny Drew[210][211] also was running but dropped out and endorsed Jenny Wilson. Mitchell Kent Vice[149] are also running for the Democratic nomination.

text: Craig Bowden is running for the Libertarians.[151]

text: Vermont[edit]

text: Two-term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71% of the vote in 2012. Sanders, one of two independent members of Congress, has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007. In November 2015, Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat rather than an Independent in all future elections. He will be 77 years old in 2018.[212] On July 28, 2016, Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent and two days later in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher that he would run for re-election.[152]

text: In 2016, activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders's 2016 presidential campaign, which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party.[213][214][215] In 2017, however, Giordano announced he would not run for the seat. [216]

text: Virginia[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Tim Kaine was elected with 53% of the vote in 2012. He will be 60 years old in 2018. He is running.[217][154]

text: Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart[155] and Ron Wallace are seeking the Republican nomination.[156][157]

text: Washington[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61% of the vote in 2012. She will be 60 years old in 2018. She is running.[158]

text: Jennifer "GiGi" Ferguson is running.[159]

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Joe Manchin was elected with 61% of the vote in 2012. He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election. He will be 71 years old in 2018. Manchin is running for re-election. Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin is also running for the Democratic nomination.[165][218]

text: Representative Evan Jenkins,[164] West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey,[166] coal miner Bo Copley,[161] and Scott Ernst[162][219] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. She will be 56 years old in 2018. She is running.[168] Mary Jo Walters, a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary,[220] and later that year a write-in candidate for Governor[221] is also seeking the Democratic nomination.[172]

text: State Senator Leah Vukmir,[171] businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson[169] and John Schiess[170] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Wyoming[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator John Barrasso was elected with 76% of the vote in 2012. Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007, and won a special election in 2008. He will be 66 years old in 2018. He is running.[173]


document_title: The Return of Jafar

question_text: who does the voice of the genie in aladdin 2

text: The Return of Jafar

text: Plot

text: Aladdin and Abu foil Abis Mal's plan, donating the treasures for the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, Jafar orders Iago to release him, but he refuses and drops the lamp into the well. Hoping to help the others respect him, Iago tells Aladdin that he is under Jafar's spell. Aladdin fends off against Abis Mal's clan of bandits, until Iago rescues him. Aladdin hides Iago from the others in the palace. When the Genie returns home, he, Jasmine and the Sultan prepare their special honorable dinner to promote Aladdin as a grand vizier. Rajah chases Iago through the palace and they accidentally ruin the dinner. Though Jasmine and the Sultan mistrust Iago, Aladdin convinces them to respect him. When Abis Mal obtains and uses the lamp, he meets Jafar. Before returning to the city, Jafar grants three wishes for Abis Mal, but he uses the first one. They force Iago to work for them.

text: Aladdin, Iago and the Sultan head through the river, while Jafar imprisons the Genie, Abu and Jasmine. Abis Mal and Jafar kidnap the Sultan, but Aladdin evades them and returns to the palace. Jafar frames Aladdin for the Sultan's assumed death, using the guards to prepare for the prisoner's execution. However, the repentant Iago releases the Genie, allowing him to save Aladdin and the others. They plan to destroy Jafar's lamp which is identified as his soul. While celebrating Aladdin's assumed death, Jafar demands Abis Mal to free him from the lamp, but he refuses and uses the second wish to get various treasures. Aladdin tries to steal the lamp from Abis Mal, but Jafar discovers them. He traps Aladdin and the others, turning the palace gardens into a lava-filled wasteland. Iago arrives to help them, but is knocked unconscious by Jafar. After Iago kicks the lamp into the pool of lava, it melts away. Aladdin and his friends rescue Iago, before escaping through the closing ledge to safety.

text: With Jafar gone, the palace reverts to normal and Iago is revived. Aladdin refuses to become a vizier, telling his friends that they will see the world. After the credits, Abis Mal realizes he cannot use his third wish.

text: Voice cast

text:
Scott Weinger as Aladdin

Brad Kane as Aladdin (singing voice)

Jonathan Freeman as Jafar
Gilbert Gottfried as Iago
Dan Castellaneta as Genie
Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine

Liz Callaway as Princess Jasmine (singing voice)

Jason Alexander as Abis Mal
Frank Welker as Abu
Val Bettin as the Sultan
Jim Cummings as Razoul

text: Songs

text:
"Arabian Nights"
"I'm Looking Out for Me"
"Nothing in the World (Quite Like a Friend)"
"Forget About Love"
"You're Only Second Rate"

text: Production

text: Originally planned to be a television special, Tad Stones suggested that the film should instead be released on home video.[6] Instead of receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public relations for Disney's home video division, stated the decision to release The Return of Jafar on home video was due to time constraints claiming that "to put the film in the theatrical pipeline would have taken up to five years", but releasing it on home video would take "less than two years." In addition to that, Feldstein confirmed that financing was also a consideration since producing a direct-to-video feature would be "less costly to make than Aladdin."[7] Likewise, due to an expanding video market, Disney claimed demand from theatrical and video audiences for more Aladdin and the other characters was another reason for a speedy follow-up.[8] Due to a well publicized bitter fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for Aladdin, Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson).[9] It was also the first Aladdin full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and Aladdin and the King of Thieves.

text: Reception

text: Critical reception has been generally mixed to negative. Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 27% based on 11 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10.[10]

text: David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating:

text:
“
Notable as the first direct-to-video Disney sequel, The Return of Jafar follows Aladdin (Scott Weinger) as he attempts to once again foil Jafar's (Jonathan Freeman) villainous plot to take over Agrabah. And despite the fact that he was freed from his lamp at the end of the first film, the genie (now voiced by Dan Castellaneta) is back and wackier than ever. It's clear right from the outset that Disney put very little effort into the production of The Return of Jafar, particularly in the realm of animation. The film has all the style and fluidity of a Saturday morning cartoon, while various songs are bland and forgettable. The repetitive storyline doesn't do the movie any favors, and even at a running time of 69-minutes, doldrums set in almost immediately. Castellaneta does the best he can with the material, but generally comes up short (particularly when compared with Robin Williams's manic performance from the original). The Return of Jafar is a thoroughly needless sequel that may keep small children engaged, but is bound to come off as nothing less than a huge disappointment for fans of the original.[11]
”

text: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program Siskel & Ebert, the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert.[12] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Steve Daly graded the sequel a C- criticizing it as a "knockoff" that "carries the Disney label and costs about as much as a tape of Aladdin, but it's clear from the first jerky frame that the same time, care, and creativity didn't go into it."[13]

text: Home video

text: The Return of Jafar was first released on VHS in the United States on May 20, 1994, being the first installment of Walt Disney Home Video collection series.[8] In its first two days, it had sold more than 1.5 million VHS copies.[3] By June 1994, more than 4.6 million VHS copies were sold in less than a week.[7] Ultimately, more than ten million copies were sold ranking among the top 15 top-selling videos of all time (at the time), grossing $150 million in profits.[14]

text: The trailer for the film was seen on the 1994 VHS videocassette release of The Fox and the Hound. Originally released on VHS that year, The Return of Jafar was later reissued on Special Edition DVD (with "Aladdin:" added to the title) on January 18, 2005, with digitally restored picture and remastered sound. The Special Edition DVD, along with the other two films in the series, were placed on moratorium ("placed back into the Disney Vault") on January 31, 2008 in the U.S., and February 4, 2008 in the U.K.[15] The Return of Jafar, along with Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America.[16]

text: Adaptations

text: Comic

text: When Disney was publishing their own comics in the mid-90s, they produced a two issue Aladdin comic presenting an alternate version of The Return of Jafar. It was titled The Return of Aladdin. The comic is introduced by the Merchant from the first film.

text: The story starts off showing that Aladdin has been particularly bored of palace life. Meanwhile, Jafar has escaped the Cave of Wonders. Iago is given the task of finding the right master for Jafar to manipulate. Their search seems hopeless as some people are able to enjoy all three wishes or messing up. They find someone to use the lamp, who is known as Isabella, a master magician. Isabella is similar in appearance to Jafar (except his clothing is green). His first wish is to return to Agrabah Palace (as he performed entertainment to the sultan in #1). His second wish is for an army of soldiers to pursue Aladdin and Jasmine when they catch on to Jafar's presence. He is persuaded to use his third wish to trap Jafar and Iago in the lamp again, sending them back to the cave. Due to persuasion by the Genie, the Sultan hires Isabella to a permanent entertainment job at the palace. The end of the story shows the merchant having a black lamp similar to Jafar's, but he claims it to be worthless.

text: Video game

text: The plot of the film is loosely used in Agrabah, one of the worlds in Kingdom Hearts II, and the Peddler appears from the first film. As in the film, Iago escapes from Jafar and does his best to respect Aladdin, Jasmine, Sora, Donald and Goofy, although Jafar coerces him into aiding him in his revenge, almost damaging Iago's friendship with Aladdin and Sora, but he redeems himself after taking a blow for Aladdin which almost claims his life. The Peddler, at the beginning, comes across Jafar's lamp, but sells it to Aladdin, Sora, Donald and Goofy for a rare artifact in the Cave of Wonders. Despite Aladdin sealing the lamp in the palace dungeon, the greedy Peddler breaks into the dungeon and frees Jafar, unleashing his fury on Agrabah until he is defeated by Sora and company. The Peddler's fate is left ambiguous. This was the first Disney sequel to have its plot adapted into a level in the Kingdom Hearts series, which was then followed by the Grid being an adaptation of Tron Legacy.

text: Furthermore, there is a mild allusion to the Agrabah boss battle in Kingdom Hearts. Sora must fight Jafar in Genie form, surrounded by a lava pit with raising and lowering levels, while Iago flies above with Jafar's lamp. Only striking the lamp has any effect on Jafar's health. This fight also takes place in the second game, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, and its PlayStation 2 remake. In both versions of Chain of Memories, the boss fight is due to the majority of the game being illusions created from Sora's memories. A second playable character, Riku, also fights the boss in his mode. The battle is once again visited in Kingdom Hearts Coded and Kingdom Hearts Re:coded.


document_title: Sarah Thomas (actress)

question_text: who played glenda in last of the summer wine

text: Sarah Thomas (actress)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Sarah Thomas

Born
Sarah Jane Thomas
(1952-06-05) 5 June 1952 (age 65)
London, England

text: Sarah Jane Thomas (born 5 June 1952) is a British actress, born in London, probably best known for her television appearances as Enid Simmons in Worzel Gummidge (1980), and as Glenda Wilkinson in Last of the Summer Wine (1986–2010). Thomas also made a brief cameo appearance in the fifth episode of the original Blackadder series (1983), 'the Witchsmeller Pursuivant', as a peasant girl who dies of the Black Death in the pre-credit sequence. She also appeared in a Christmas episode of Heartbeat (December 29, 1996), called 'Charity Begins at Home.'

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

1970
Special Branch
Au Pair Girl
TV series (1 episode: "Sorry Is Just a Word")

1975
Play for Today
Grace
TV series (1 episode: "Rumpole of the Bailey")

Within These Walls
Susan
TV series (3 episodes: 1975-1976)

1977
The Velvet Glove
Nurse
TV series (1 episode: "Auntie's Niece")

1979
Worzel Gummidge
Waitress/Enid the Maid/Enid Simmons/Miss Maple
TV series (8 episodes: 1979-1981)

1980
Together
Alison Warner
TV series (3 episodes)

1983
The Black Adder
Mrs. Field, a Goodwife
TV series (1 episode: "Witchsmeller Pursuivant")

1984
Miracles Take Longer
Paula's client
TV series (1 episode: "Episode #2.15")

Shroud for a Nightingale
Maureen Burt
TV series (5 episodes)

1985
Happy Families
Novice Catherine
TV series (1 episode: "Joyce")

1995
Madagascar Skin
Crab Hunter

Moses
Midwife
TV movie

1996
Heartbeat
Doris
TV series (1 episode: "Charity Begins at Home")

1997
The Bill
Lorraine Stuart
TV series (1 episode: "Don't Want to Hear the Bad News")

1986-2010
Last of the Summer Wine
Glenda
TV series (215 episodes)

2011
Doctors
Christine Vinnick
TV series (1 episode: "Relax and Rejuvenate")

text: Theatre appearances[edit]

text: In December 2007, Thomas starred in Cinderella at the Assembly Hall Theatre as the Fairy Godmother, appearing with Tom Vaughan, from Hollyoaks, and Barney Harwood. In 2008/09, she again starred as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella, at the Grand Theatre in Swansea, alongside Su Pollard and Chris Jarvis.

text: From December 2009 to January 2010 she appeared in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Malvern Theatre, alongside Mike Fischetti and Colin Baker.


document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who's singing the national anthem at the superbowl this year

question_tokens: who 's singing the national anthem at the superbowl this year

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion