document_title: Dwayne Johnson

question_text: when did the rock first appear in fast and furious

question_tokens: when did the rock first appear in fast and furious

text: Dwayne Johnson

text: Early life

text: Dwayne Douglas Johnson was born on May 2, 1972 in Hayward, California, the son of Ata Johnson (née Maivia) and professional wrestler Rocky Johnson (born Wayde Douglas Bowles). His maternal grandfather, "High Chief" Peter Maivia, was also a wrestler, and his maternal grandmother, Lia Maivia, was one of wrestling's few female promoters, taking over Polynesian Pacific Pro Wrestling after her husband's death in 1982 until 1988.[18][19] Johnson's father is Canadian, a Black Nova Scotian, while his mother is of Samoan descent.[20][21] His father was part of the first black tag team to win the World Tag Team Championship in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).[22] Through his mother, he is considered a non-blood relative of the Anoa'i wrestling family.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] His cousin, Savelina Fanene, is also a wrestler currently working for WWE.[31]

text: Johnson briefly lived in the suburb of Grey Lynn in Auckland, New Zealand with his mother's family.[32] He attended Richmond Road Primary School, before returning to the United States with his parents.[32] He spent 10th grade at President William McKinley High School in Honolulu, Hawaii. As he entered 11th grade, his father's job required his relocation to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where Dwayne began playing football at Freedom High School in the East Penn Conference.[21] He was also a member of the school's track and field and wrestling teams.[21]

text: Johnson was a promising football prospect and received offers from many Division I collegiate programs. He decided on a full scholarship from the University of Miami, playing defensive tackle. In 1991, he was on the Miami Hurricanes's national championship team.[33] When an injury sidelined him, he was replaced by future National Football League (NFL) star Warren Sapp.[21] While attending Miami, Johnson met his future wife, Dany Garcia, who graduated from the university in 1992 and later became a member of its Board of Trustees.[34] She also founded a Miami-based wealth management firm. In 2006, the couple donated $2 million to build a living room at the University's Newman Alumni Center.

text: Johnson graduated from Miami in 1995 with a Bachelor of General Studies degree in criminology and physiology.[35] He joined the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League in 1995. He was on the practice roster as a backup linebacker but was cut two months into the season.[21][36][37] On November 10, 2007, Johnson returned to the Miami Orange Bowl to participate in the festivities surrounding the University of Miami's last home football game at the stadium.

text: Professional wrestling career

text: Training (1995–1996)

text: Like his father and grandfather, several of Johnson's other (non-blood) relatives are or were professional wrestlers, including his uncles, Afa and Sika Anoaʻi (The Wild Samoans) and his cousins, Rodney (Yokozuna), Solofa (Rikishi), Matt (Rosey) and Eddie (Umaga).[32] When Johnson declared his intent to become a wrestler, his father initially resisted, but then agreed to train him himself, warning that he would not go easy on him.[21] Veteran wrestler Pat Patterson got Johnson several tryout matches with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1996. Under his real name, he defeated The Brooklyn Brawler at a house show[38] and lost the other matches to Chris Candido and Owen Hart.[32] After wrestling at Jerry Lawler's United States Wrestling Association as Flex Kavana[5] and winning the USWA World Tag Team Championship twice with Bart Sawyer in the summer of 1996, Johnson signed a WWF contract. He received additional training from Tom Prichard, alongside Achim Albrecht and Mark Henry.[6]

text: World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment

text: Intercontinental Champion (1996–1997)

text: Johnson made his WWF debut as Rocky Maivia, a combination of his father and grandfather's ring names, although his real name was acknowledged by the announcers.[39] He was initially reluctant to take this ring name but was persuaded by Vince McMahon and Jim Ross.[19][40] He was given the nickname "The Blue Chipper" and his lineage was played to on TV, where he was hyped as the WWF's first third-generation wrestler.[3] Maivia, a clean-cut face character, was pushed heavily from the start despite his wrestling inexperience. He debuted on Monday Night Raw as a member of Marc Mero's entourage on November 4, 1996[41] and had his first match at Survivor Series on November 17, in an eight-man elimination tag match; he was the sole survivor by single-handedly eliminating Crush and Goldust.[42] WWF fans generally rejected him because of his cheesy character.[43] On February 13, 1997, he won the Intercontinental Championship from Hunter Hearst Helmsley on Monday Night Raw.[44][45][46] Maivia successfully defended the title at In Your House 13: Final Four against Hunter Hearst Helmsley and at WrestleMania 13 against The Sultan. He defeated Bret Hart by disqualification in a title defense on March 31 episode of Raw is War.[47] On April 20 at In Your House 14: Revenge of the 'Taker, he lost to Savio Vega by countout, retaining the title for the final time. Audiences became increasingly hostile toward Maivia, with chants of "Die, Rocky, die!" and "Rocky sucks!" being heard during his matches.[2][5][19]

text: The Nation of Domination (1997–1998)

text: After losing the Intercontinental Championship to Owen Hart on the April 28, 1997 episode of Raw Is War[48] and suffering a legitimate knee injury in a match against Mankind,[2] Maivia returned in August 1997 and turned heel by joining Faarooq, D'Lo Brown and Kama in the stable called the Nation of Domination.[49] During this time, he refused to acknowledge the Rocky Maivia name, instead referring to himself in the third person as The Rock, though he would still be billed as Rocky "The Rock" Maivia until 1998. As The Rock, he insulted the audience in his promos as well as WWF television interviewers, once calling Kevin Kelly an "ugly hermaphrodite".[49]

text: At D-Generation X: In Your House, Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated The Rock in under six minutes to retain the Intercontinental Championship.[50] The next night on Raw Is War, Austin was ordered by Mr. McMahon to defend the title in a rematch, but forfeited it to The Rock instead, handing him the title belt before hitting him with the Stone Cold Stunner.[51][52] The Rock feuded with Austin and Ken Shamrock through the end of 1997 and beginning of 1998.[53][54] On the March 30 episode of Raw is War, The Rock debuted a new Intercontinental Championship belt which was used to represent the title until October 2, 2011, when the previous design was reused. Later that night, The Rock would also overthrow Faarooq as leader of the Nation of Domination to spark a feud between the two and successfully defended the Intercontinental title against Faarooq at Over the Edge: In Your House on May 31, 1998.[55]

text: The Rock and The Nation then feuded with Triple H and D-Generation X (DX), with the two stable leaders first meeting in the quarter-final of the 1998 King of the Ring tournament, which The Rock won. At King of the Ring, The Rock defeated Dan Severn in the semi-final match and lost to rival Ken Shamrock in the final. The Rock then resumed his feud with Triple H, as the two had a two out of three falls match at Fully Loaded: In Your House for the Intercontinental title, which The Rock retained in controversial fashion.[56] This led to a ladder match at SummerSlam, in which Triple H won the title.[57] At Breakdown: In Your House, The Rock defeated Ken Shamrock and Mankind in a triple threat steel cage match to become the number one contender for the WWF Championship. The Rock then feuded with fellow Nation member Mark Henry, effectively breaking up the stable.[58][59]

text: The Corporation (1998–1999)

text: The Rock's entertaining promos and ensuing popularity led to a face turn, in which he called himself "The People's Champion". This led to a feud with Mr. McMahon, who said he had "a problem with the people" and would thus target "The People's Champion". A double turn occurred at Survivor Series, when The Rock defeated McMahon's associate, Mankind, in the finals of the "Deadly Game" tournament[60] for the vacant WWF Championship in a fashion reminiscent of the Montreal Screwjob.[60][61] The Rock allied with Vince and Shane McMahon as the crown jewel of their stable, The Corporation.[60][62] On December 13, 1998 at the pay-per-view named for him, Rock Bottom: In Your House, The Rock had a rematch with Mankind for the WWF Championship. Mankind appeared to win the match when The Rock passed out in the Mandible Claw submission move, but Mr. McMahon ruled that since The Rock did not tap out, he retained his title.[62][63]

text: The Rock continued to feud with Mankind over the WWF Championship, which was traded back and forth between them. First, in the main event of the January 4, 1999 episode of Raw Is War, Mankind defeated The Rock after interference from Stone Cold Steve Austin.[64] Then, in an "I Quit" match at Royal Rumble on January 24, The Rock regained the title, when a recording of Mankind saying "I quit" from an earlier interview was played over the PA system.[65][66] On Halftime Heat (an episode of Sunday Night Heat aired in the same timeslot as the Super Bowl XXXIII halftime show) on January 31, Mankind pinned The Rock using a forklift truck in an empty arena match.[67] The two faced off again at St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House in a last man standing match which ended in a draw, meaning Mankind retained the title. Their feud ended on February 15 Raw Is War, when The Rock won his third WWF Championship in a ladder match after Big Show performed a chokeslam on Mankind off the ladder.[68][69] The Rock lost the WWF Championship to Stone Cold Steve Austin at WrestleMania XV.[70]

text: Though he was a villain, his amusing verbal skills led many fans to cheer The Rock, who then lost the title rematch at Backlash: In Your House[71] and was thus betrayed by Shane McMahon, turning him back into a fan favorite and beginning a feud with Triple H, The Undertaker and The Corporate Ministry that saw The Rock defeating Triple H at Over the Edge,[72] but then losing to WWF Champion The Undertaker at King of the Ring.[73] The Rock lost a number one contender's match to Triple H at Fully Loaded after interference from Mr. Ass.[74] This sparked a feud with Mr. Ass, culminating in a Kiss My Ass match at SummerSlam, which The Rock won.[75]

text: Record-breaking WWE Champion (1999–2002)

text: Toward the latter part of 1999, The Rock had several singles and tag team championship opportunities, teaming former enemy Mankind as The Rock 'n' Sock Connection after he challenged WWF Tag Team Champions The Undertaker and Big Show and Mankind offered his help.[76] They won the title for the first of three times.[77][78][79] The two performed numerous comedic skits together, including one on Raw Is War called "This Is Your Life" (based on the TV show), in which Mankind produced people from The Rock's past, such as his high school girlfriend and his high school football coach. The segment earned an 8.4 Nielsen rating, one of the highest ratings ever for a Raw segment.[77][80]

text: At Royal Rumble on January 23, 2000, The Rock entered the Royal Rumble match and was one of the final two remaining, along with Big Show; Show seemingly intended to throw The Rock over the top rope in a running powerslam-like position, but Rock countered the move on the ring apron, sending Big Show to the floor before re-entering the ring as the winner.[81] However, The Rock's feet hit the floor first, although those watching the event on TV did not see that, until Big Show proved this with additional video footage, and claimed to be the rightful winner. Despite this proof, the original decision could not be reversed, so a number one contender's match for the WWF Championship was held at No Way Out, which Big Show won after Shane McMahon interfered and hit The Rock in the head with a steel chair as he attempted to execute a People's Elbow.[82] The Rock defeated Big Show on March 13 episode of Raw Is War to regain the right to face the WWF Champion, Triple H, at WrestleMania 2000 in a fatal four-way elimination match, also including Big Show and Mick Foley.[83][84] Each wrestler had a McMahon in his corner: Triple H had his wife, Stephanie, Foley had Linda, The Rock had Vince and Big Show had Shane.[84][85] Triple H retained the title after Vince betrayed The Rock by hitting him with a chair.[85][86]

text: In the following weeks, The Rock continued his feud with Triple H and eventually won his fourth WWF Championship, which he won on April 30 at Backlash after Stone Cold Steve Austin intervened on his behalf.[87][88][89] On May 21 at Judgment Day, The Rock and Triple H faced in an Iron Man match with Shawn Michaels as the special guest referee.[90] With the score tied at five falls each and with seconds left on the time limit The Rock was disqualified when The Undertaker attacked Triple H, thus giving Triple H the 6–5 win and the title.[90] The next night on Raw Is War, The Rock got his revenge by taking out the entire McMahon-Helmsley Faction with The Undertaker's help.[91] The Rock won the WWF Championship for a fifth time at King of the Ring on June 25 by scoring the winning pin in a six-man tag team match, teaming with Kane and The Undertaker against Shane McMahon, Triple H and Vince McMahon, whom he pinned.[92][93] The Rock successfully defended the championship against Chris Benoit at Fully Loaded on July 23, Kurt Angle and Triple H at SummerSlam on August 27 and Benoit, Kane and The Undertaker at Unforgiven on September 24.[94]

text: The Rock lost the WWF Championship to Angle at No Mercy in October.[88][95] Around this time, The Rock feuded with Rikishi and defeated him at Survivor Series.[88][96] The Rock wrestled a six-man Hell in a Cell match for the WWF Championship at Armageddon, which Kurt Angle won to retain the title.[88][97] On December 18 on Raw, The Rock won the WWF Tag Team Championship with The Undertaker, defeating Edge and Christian, then losing it back to them the next night at a SmackDown! taping.[88][98] In 2001, The Rock continued to feud with Angle over the WWF Championship, culminating at No Way Out in February, where he pinned Angle to win the WWF Championship for a sixth time.[88][99][100] The Rock then feuded with the Royal Rumble winner, Stone Cold Steve Austin, whom he lost the title at WrestleMania X-Seven after Austin allied with Mr. McMahon, who interfered on his behalf.[88][101] On the next night's Raw Is War, during a steel cage title rematch, Triple H came to the ring with a sledgehammer and it seemed he would help The Rock, because of the rivalry between Austin and Triple H (and an argument with McMahon earlier in the night), but he attacked him instead, allying with McMahon and Austin.[102] Austin and Triple H formed a tag team called The Power Trip,[103] while The Rock was indefinitely suspended. Johnson used this time off to act in the movie The Mummy Returns.[5]

text: The Rock returned to the WWF in late July 2001 and had to decide whether to join the WWF or The Alliance (a group of former WCW and ECW wrestlers) during The Invasion, eventually siding with the WWF.[88] At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Booker T to win the WCW Championship.[88][104][105] He lost the title to Chris Jericho at No Mercy.[106][107] The next night on Raw, he teamed with Jericho to win the WWF Tag Team Championship from The Dudley Boyz.[108]

text: The Rock defeated Jericho on November 5 episode of Raw for his second WCW Championship, which was renamed to World Championship.[109] As part of the WWF's battle against The Alliance, The Rock wrestled in a "winner takes all" ten-man elimination match at Survivor Series. In the end, it came down to a one-on-one with Steve Austin (who had recently joined The Alliance). The Rock seemed to have the upper hand, until Jericho (a member of Team WWF, who was eliminated a few minutes earlier), entered the ring and attacked The Rock. Austin tried to capitalize on this by pinning The Rock, but Kurt Angle, a Team Alliance member, revealed his true allegiance by hitting Austin in the head with a title belt. The Rock then pinned Austin, forcing The Alliance to disband.[88][110] The Rock closed out 2001 by losing the World Championship at Vengeance to Chris Jericho, who would unify the WWF and WCW titles later that night.[111]

text: The Rock unsuccessfully challenged Jericho for the now Undisputed WWF Championship at Royal Rumble,[112] but defeated The Undertaker at No Way Out.[113] Three weeks before WrestleMania, The Rock headlined WWE's Asian tour to Japan, Singapore and Malaysia. The first show was in Yokahama Arena and had sold 18,000 tickets in sixty minutes. Jericho, who was booked to face him for all three shows, said he brought out the best in him and described his reaction as "one of the loudest I'd ever heard in my career. It was as if Elvis had joined The Beatles and all of them were wearing Godzilla costumes".[114] He then feuded with the New World Order, after challenging Hollywood Hulk Hogan to a match at WrestleMania X8. The match was billed as icon versus icon, with both men representing the top tier of two generations of wrestling; ultimately Rock pinned Hogan at WrestleMania X8.[115] After the nWo turned on Hogan for losing the match, The Rock allied with him and was drafted to the SmackDown! brand, becoming the first WWF wrestler to be drafted in the WWF draft lottery before taking a short sabbatical from wrestling.[116]

text: When he returned, The Rock won his then record-breaking seventh WWF/WWE Championship (which had been renamed the WWE Undisputed Championship after the WWF was renamed to WWE in May 2002)[117] at Vengeance on July 21, defeating Kurt Angle and The Undertaker in a triple threat match.[117][118] The Rock successfully defended the title at Global Warning in Australia against Triple H and Brock Lesnar by pinning Triple H, who saved The Rock when Lesnar attacked him after the match.[119] At SummerSlam on August 25, after interference from Lesnar's manager Paul Heyman and the use of a steel chair, The Rock lost the WWE Championship to Lesnar along with the record for the youngest WWE Champion, which he had set in 1998.[120] Following the loss against Lesnar, The Rock publicly declared that whether or not the crowd booed him he would always be the People's Champion, criticizing the fans in the arena and again taking a sabbatical from wrestling in order to focus on his film career.

text: Final feuds and departure (2003–2004)

text: The Rock returned on January 30, 2003, episode of SmackDown! to publicly criticize Hulk Hogan and make it clear that because of the success of his Hollywood career, WWE was no longer a priority and thus reestablishing him as a villain for the first time since 1999.[121] Rock defeated Hogan again at No Way Out[88][122] and drafted himself to the Raw brand where he had various feuds, including one with The Hurricane.[123] He also performed "Rock concerts", segments in which he played the guitar and mocked the show's host city.[124]

text: After failing to win number one contendership for the World Heavyweight Championship, The Rock turned his attention to Steve Austin who, to The Rock's chagrin, had been chosen as "Superstar of the Decade". This led to a match at WrestleMania XIX, which called back to their previous two WrestleMania encounters, both of which Austin had won. The Rock won after delivering three consecutive Rock Bottoms, ending their long-running feud in what turned out to be Austin's final match.[88][125] The next night, Raw was billed as "The Rock Appreciation Night", in honour of his victory over Austin. That night, he was attacked by a debuting Goldberg. At Backlash, Goldberg defeated The Rock, who then left WWE as an active wrestler to focus on his film career.[88][126]

text: The Rock then occasionally returned to WWE in non-wrestling roles, gradually turning face again by engaging in one night feuds against heels such as Chris Jericho and Christian.[127][128] The Rock aided Mick Foley in his feud against Evolution,[3][88][129] leading to a reunion of The Rock 'n' Sock Connection. They faced Ric Flair, Randy Orton, and Batista in a handicap match at WrestleMania XX, losing when Orton pinned Foley after the RKO. It turned out to be Rock's last match for the next seven years.[88][130] The Rock appeared in WWE sporadically following WrestleMania XX. He stood up for Eugene, made a cameo in his hometown of Miami and helped Mick Foley turn back La Résistance.[2] Later in 2004, he hosted a pie-eating contest, as part of the WWE Diva Search and ended the segment by giving Jonathan Coachman a spinebuster and a People's Elbow.[2] After this, he stated in several interviews that he was no longer under contract to WWE.[2] He stated that he would continue using the trademarked name "The Rock", per a dual ownership deal between him and WWE.

text: Sporadic appearances (2004–2009)

text: On August 23, 2004, episode of Raw, The Rock returned and took out Jonathan Coachman and La Résistance. In October 2005, The Rock did a tell all interview with WWE.com, he talked his contract with WWE, movies and feelings on a dream match with Shawn Michaels.[131] On March 12, 2007, The Rock appeared on a WWE show after nearly three years, via a pre-taped promo shown during Raw. He correctly predicted that Bobby Lashley would defeat Umaga at WrestleMania 23 in Donald Trump and Vince McMahon's "Battle of the Billionaires" match.[132] On March 29, 2008, The Rock inducted his father, Rocky Johnson, and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, into the WWE Hall of Fame. During his induction speech, he roasted wrestlers John Cena, Santino Marella, Chris Jericho, Mick Foley, Shawn Michaels, and Stone Cold Steve Austin.[133] In September 2009, he appeared at a World Xtreme Wrestling (WXW) show to support the pro wrestling debut of Sarona Snuka, the daughter of his long-time friend and mentor Jimmy Snuka.[134] On October 2, 2009, the ten-year anniversary of SmackDown, The Rock (with his usual flattop hair shaved off) cut a promo via pre-recorded video.

text: Return to WWE

text: Feud with John Cena (2011–2013)

text: On February 14, 2011, episode of Raw, The Rock was revealed as the host of WrestleMania XXVII, appearing live on Raw for the first time in almost seven years. During a lengthy promo, he addressed the fans, Michael Cole, The Miz and John Cena, calling Cena a "big fat bowl of Fruity Pebbles", inspiring a popular crowd chant and sign.[135] The Rock claimed to love wrestling, having been born into the business, a claim Cena argued.[136] After numerous appearances via satellite, The Rock appeared live on the Raw before WrestleMania XXVII to confront Cena, with whom he had been feuding through Twitter, making fun of Cena's clothing and calling him a "homeless Power Ranger" and "Vanilla Ice". After he and Cena exchanged insults, The Miz and Alex Riley appeared and attacked The Rock; he fended off Miz and Riley, only for Cena to blindside him with an Attitude Adjustment.[137]

text: On April 3 at WrestleMania XXVII, The Rock opened the show by cutting a promo. After appearing in numerous backstage segments, The Rock came to ringside to restart the main event between Cena and The Miz as a No Disqualification match, after it had ended in a draw. As revenge for the Attitude Adjustment Cena had given him on Raw, Rock hit Cena with the Rock Bottom, allowing The Miz to pin him and retain the WWE Championship. After the match, Rock attacked Miz and hit him with the People's Elbow.[138] The following night on Raw, Cena challenged The Rock to a match at WrestleMania XXVIII the next year, which Rock accepted. They then worked together to fend off an attack by The Corre, which at the time consisted of Wade Barrett, Heath Slater, Justin Gabriel, and Ezekiel Jackson.[139] The Rock appeared live on Raw in his hometown of Miami to celebrate his 39th birthday.[140]

text: On September 16, WWE announced The Rock would wrestle in a traditional 5-on-5 Survivor Series tag team match, teaming with Cena at Survivor Series in November.[141] However, on the October 24th episode of Raw, Cena instead chose The Rock to be his partner in a standard tag team match against Awesome Truth (The Miz and R-Truth),[142] which Rock which agreed to the following week via satellite.[143] On November 14, during the special Raw Gets Rocked, The Rock appeared live, delivering Rock Bottoms to Mick Foley, who had been hosting a "This Is Your Life"-style segment for Cena, and later both members of Awesome Truth.[144] Despite their rilvary, The Rock and Cena defeated Awesome Truth on November 20 at Survivor Series, when The Rock pinned The Miz with the People's Elbow. After the match, The Rock gave Cena a Rock Bottom.[145]

text: Leading up to WrestleMania, The Rock and Cena had several verbal confrontations on Raw.[146][147] On March 12, 2012, episode, The Rock hosted his first "Rock Concert" segment since 2004, mocking Cena in his songs. He opined that, having beaten Hulk Hogan and Stone Cold Steve Austin at previous Wrestlemanias, beating Cena would make him the greatest wrestler of all time.[148] On April 1 at WrestleMania XXVIII, The Rock faced Cena in the main event hyped for a year and billed with the tagline "Once in a Lifetime". When an overconfident Cena attempted the People's Elbow on The Rock, he countered with a Rock Bottom for the pin and the win.[149] The following night on Raw, The Rock praised Cena for putting up a good fight, calling their match "an honor". He then vowed to once again become WWE Champion.[150]

text: On July 23 at Raw 1000, The Rock announced he would face the WWE Champion at the Royal Rumble. During the show, he encountered WWE Champion CM Punk, Daniel Bryan, and John Cena, all of whom expressed a desire to face him. He later saved Cena from an assault by Big Show, only to be laid out by CM Punk.[151]

text: On January 7, 2013, Raw, The Rock returned to WWE to confront his Rumble opponent, then reigning champion CM Punk.[152] He also made his first SmackDown appearance in ten years on January 11 episode, attacking Team Rhodes Scholars with a Rock Bottom to Damien Sandow and a People's Elbow to Cody Rhodes.[153] The Rock closed out the 20th-anniversary episode of Raw on January 14 with one of his famous "Rock concerts", leading to a brawl with CM Punk.[154] The following week on Raw, The Rock was attacked by The Shield. Vince McMahon then asserted that if The Shield attacked The Rock in his title match with CM Punk, Punk would be stripped of the WWE Championship.[155] On January 27 at the Royal Rumble, Punk defeated The Rock after The Shield interfered. McMahon was about to strip Punk of the championship, however, at The Rock's request, he instead restarted the match. This culminated in The Rock defeating Punk to win his eighth WWE Championship, a win which marked The Rock's first WWE Championship reign in over ten years, and ending Punk's long reign as champion at 434 days.[156] Punk received a title rematch with The Rock at Elimination Chamber, with the added stipulation that if The Rock was disqualified or counted out, he would lose the title, but Rock pinned Punk to retain the championship.[157] The following night on Raw, The Rock unveiled the new WWE Championship during his championship celebration, with an entirely new center plate and his signature Brahma Bull logo on the side plates.[158] The Rock then resumed his rivalry with John Cena, with Cena blaming his personal and professional troubles on his loss to The Rock the previous year.[159][160] On April 7 at WrestleMania 29, Rock lost the WWE Championship to Cena, ending his reign at 70 days.[161] Despite being advertised for the Raw after WrestleMania, where it was stated by SmackDown General Manager Booker T that The Rock was still entitled a re-match for the WWE Championship,[162] The Rock did not appear because of a legitimate injury sustained during WrestleMania, in which his abdominal and adductor tendons tore from his pelvis.[163] Johnson underwent surgery on April 23 to reattach the torn tendons.

text: In August 2013, The Rock hinted at possible retirement but ultimately did not rule out a return.[164]

text: Part-time appearances (2014–present)

text: In April 2014, the Rock appeared in the opening segment of WrestleMania XXX along with Stone Cold Steve Austin and Hulk Hogan.[165] On October 6 episode of Raw, the Rock made a surprise appearance to confront Rusev and Lana; this resulted in the Rock clearing Rusev from the ring.[166]

text: The Rock appeared at the 2015 Royal Rumble event during the main event match, where he helped Roman Reigns fend off Big Show and Kane, and was booed ("for the first time in forever" (2003) as described by Dave Scherer of PWInsider.com) for doing so.[167] The Rock endorsed Reigns' eventual victory, but the crowd still booed both him and Reigns.[168][169] The Rock appeared at WrestleMania 31 alongside Ronda Rousey, getting into an in-ring altercation with Triple H and Stephanie McMahon (The Authority). Rock and Rousey prevailed after he attacked Triple H and she overpowered McMahon.[170] On June 27, The Rock appeared at a live event in Boston where he confronted Bo Dallas, giving him a Rock Bottom in the process.[171]

text: In January 2016, he returned to Raw in a segment which saw him diss Big Show, Lana and Rusev before getting into an altercation with WWE Tag Team Champions, The New Day. At WrestleMania 32, The Rock announced that WWE had broken the all-time WrestleMania attendance record before being interrupted by The Wyatt Family. The Rock defeated Wyatt Family member Erick Rowan in an impromptu match, giving him a Rock Bottom and pinning him in six seconds, which set the record for the fastest win in WrestleMania history. The Rock was then aided by the returning John Cena to fend off the remaining members of The Wyatt Family, Bray Wyatt and Braun Strowman.[172] The Rock was announced as the executive soundtrack producer for the WWE 2K18 video game on August 17.

text: Mainstream popularity in wrestling

text: The success of Johnson's wrestling character allowed him to cross over into mainstream pop culture. He appeared on Wyclef Jean's 2000 single "It Doesn't Matter" and in its music video.[173][174] He also recorded "Pie" with Slick Rick for WWF The Music, Vol. 5.[175] In 2000, he hosted Saturday Night Live.[176] Fellow wrestlers Triple H, The Big Show, and Mick Foley also appeared on the show.[3][177] Johnson has stated the success of that episode is the reason he began receiving offers from Hollywood studios.[178] Johnson had guest roles on Star Trek: Voyager, as an alien wrestler that uses The Rock's famous moves,[179] and on That '70s Show as his father, Rocky Johnson.

text: In 1999, The Rock was listed No. 5 on Entertainment Weekly's Top 12 Entertainers of the Year.[180] In 2000, on an Access Hollywood’s prime-time special, The Rock was ranked number six in the Top 10 Celebrities Of 2000.[181] Rock was also listed in Forbes Celebrity 100 that year and People Magazine's 25 Most Intriguing People.[182][183]

text: The Rock made a surprise appearance at the official Xbox unveiling during Bill Gates's keynote speech at the ongoing Computer Electronics Show in 2001.[184] Rock was also listed on E!'s 20 Top Entertainers[185] and Entertainment Weekly's 101 Most Influential People[186] that year and the previous year (2000).[187]

text: In 2002, Rock was listed on E!'s 25 Toughest Stars.[188] In 2003, he was listed in VH1's 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons[189] and was No. 13 in People Magazine's 50 Favorite TV Stars.[190]

text: Johnson's motion picture debut was a brief appearance as The Scorpion King in the opening sequence of The Mummy Returns. The character appears in the movie's climax in CGI form.[3][176] The movie's financial success led to Johnson's first leading role, in the spin-off The Scorpion King.[3] He received US$5.5 million for the role[191][192] and was listed in the 2007 Guinness World Records as the highest-paid actor in his first starring role. The Mummy Returns, featuring The Rock, shattered a two-year record by earning $28,594,667, the highest-grossing single day for any film in history.[193]

text: The Rock has appeared on the covers of many magazines, including Rolling Stone,[194] Entertainment Weekly,[195] Newsweek,[196] and TV Guide.[197]

text: Legacy in wrestling

text: The Rock has been listed as one of the all-time greatest professional wrestlers[8][9][10] as well as one of the top box office draws in wrestling history.[198]

text: Hulk Hogan called The Rock "the biggest superstar in this business", and 16-time world champion John Cena described him as "the biggest superstar in the history of WWE"[199] and "the most successful WWE superstar ever". WCW icon Diamond Dallas Page described him as "the biggest star in our business, of all time". Vince Russo, the head writer of WWE's most popular era The Attitude Era, stated: "I don't think there's ever going to be a star in the history of this business that is bigger than The Rock".

text: Many wrestlers placed The Rock on their "Mount Rushmore of Wrestling" including Hulk Hogan,[200] Ric Flair,[201] Chris Jericho[202] and John Cena.[203]

text: In "Cable Visions: Television Beyond Broadcasting", The Rock was described as "for a long time, the WWE's biggest star and probably held the greatest international appeal".[204] R.D. Reynolds stated in his book "The WrestleCrap Book of Lists" that The Rock was "the biggest star for WWE from 1999 until 2004."[205]

text: The Rock main-evented the most bought pay-per-view (PPV) worldwide in WWE history (WrestleMania XXVIII),[206] the most bought pay-per-view (PPV) domestically in WWE history (WrestleMania X-Seven), the second highest attended event in the history of WWE (WrestleMania 29),[207] the highest rated Raw in history,[208][209] and was part of the highest rated segment in Raw history.[210] In addition, The Rock main evented the nine highest-rated Raws in history and 10 out of the 15 highest rated SmackDowns in history. His return in 2001 did a 7.1 rating which was the highest rated segment of the entire year.[211]

text: The Rock was also part of the highest-rated match of 2000. His steel cage match with Shane McMahon on 1 May did an 8.3 rating on the regular time and a 9.1 on the overrun making this match the most watched professional wrestling match in the United States of this millennium.[212]

text: In 2011, The Rock's return generated a lot of buzz, an average of 4.7 million people watched that episode of Raw, but 7.4 million tuned in just during The Rock’s promo.[213] His return also led the following episode of Raw on March 7 to be the highest rated episode of that year.[214] In that same year, The Rock wrestled his first match in years at 2011 Survivor Series in Madison Square Garden. The event sold out in less than 90 minutes[215] and was the highest attended Survivor Series in almost a decade (since 2002). The Rock was also part of the highest rated Raw segment in 2012 in a segment on Raw 1000 with CM Punk and Daniel Bryan which drew a 4.3 rating and was also part of the highest rated overrun of that year (4.4) the same night.[216]

text: The Rock's highly anticipated WWE title match at the 2013 Royal Rumble led the event to be the most bought non-WrestleMania PPV in seven years. The night after the 2013 Royal Rumble on January 28 which saw The Rock win the WWE Championship for the first time in over a decade was the highest rated Raw episode of that year.[217] During that night, The Rock's segment with CM Punk did a 4.03 rating which was the highest rated segment since Raw 1000. The Rock was also part of the highest rated segment of 2013 in his segment with John Cena on Old School Raw which did a 4.1 rating.[218]

text: Rock headlined five WrestleManias (XV, 2000, X-Seven, XXVIII, and WrestleMania 29), and wrestled in six additional WrestleManias in non-headlining matches. In 2011, he became the first wrestler to ever host a WrestleMania (WrestleMania XXVII).[219]

text: He is one of only three WWE wrestlers (the other two being Shawn Michaels & the Undertaker) to headline a WrestleMania in three different decades: XV (1990s); WrestleMania 2000 & X-Seven (2000s); XXVIII & 29 (2010s).

text: Derived from one of his catchphrases "lay the smackdown", WWE introduced its second flagship program SmackDown! which later became television's second longest-running weekly episodic program.[220] The term "Smackdown" also has been included in Merriam-Webster dictionaries since 2007.[221][222]

text: The Rock was the first wrestler to win the WWF/E Championship six times,[223] then seven times.[224] Rock's Intercontinental Championship's reign in 1997–98 lasted 265 days and is the longest intercontinental title reign of the modern era (the last 24 years).[225] Rock is the only wrestler to introduce a different design of both the Intercontinental Championship (shortly after WrestleMania XIV) and the WWE Championship (on February 18, 2013 episode of Raw).[226] He was the youngest Intercontinental Champion as well as the youngest WWF Champion of his time.

text: The Rock also holds the record for most Raw shows main evented in one year (38 in 2000),[227] most Smackdown shows main evented in one year (36 in 2000)[228] and tied with Stone Cold Steve Austin (in 2001)[229] for most PPV shows main evented in one year (12 in 2000).[230] Overall The Rock has headlined 33 PPV events in WWE (including two Royal Rumble matches).

text: Rock was on the cover of the first three video games of the WWE games series[citation needed] including WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role which was the best-selling combat sports game on a single format (PlayStation), with 3.2 million copies sold.[231]

text: Acting career

text: Johnson acted on television while wrestling. In his first television acting job, in 1999, he played his own father in an episode of That '70s Show called "That Wrestling Show". Nearly a year later, he appeared in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tsunkatse" as an alien wrestler who fought popular character Seven of Nine. While Johnson was away from WWE, the company continued to sell "The Rock" merchandise, and he continued to be featured prominently in the opening montages of their television shows.[32]

text: Johnson broke into the mainstream with roles in the blockbuster action films The Mummy Returns (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), the action comedy The Rundown (2003), and the remake of Walking Tall (2004). He played a supporting role in Be Cool (2005) and was the primary antagonist in Doom (2006). Roles in Gridiron Gang (2006) and Reno 911!: Miami (2007) soon followed. Johnson played against type in Southland Tales (2007). He played a cocky famous American football player in The Game Plan (2007) and Agent 23 in Get Smart (2008). He presented the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 80th Academy Awards in February 2008.[232] He was nominated for the Favorite Movie Actor award at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his role in The Game Plan but lost out to Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[233][234]

text: Johnson hosted the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards on March 28, 2009. He appeared in the Cory in the House episode "Never the Dwayne Shall Meet".[235] and the Wizards of Waverly Place episode "Art Teacher" as part of his stint with The Walt Disney Company. He has made several guest appearances on Saturday Night Live, reviving his character of "The Rock Obama", a spoof and amalgamation of U.S. President Barack Obama and The Hulk.[236] Johnson played ex-con cab driver Jack Bruno in Las Vegas in Race To Witch Mountain (2009) and provided the voice of Capt. Charles "Chuck" Baker in Planet 51 (2009). He starred in the family comedy Tooth Fairy (2010) and made an uncredited cameo in Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010) as a psychiatrist who asks out a recently widowed character. He briefly appeared as an action-seeking detective in The Other Guys (2010) and returned to action films with Faster (2010).

text: Johnson appeared in Fast Five (2011), the fifth film of The Fast and the Furious film series, as DSS agent Luke Hobbs, who is assigned to hunt down the series' protagonists. He landed the role after series star Vin Diesel read comments and feedback from fans, the majority of whom wanted to see Diesel and Johnson in a movie together. Johnson, a fan of the franchise, had wanted to work with Universal Studios again after they had given him his first film roles. Fast Five grossed over $86 million in its opening weekend, the biggest opening for a Fast & Furious film, the biggest opening for an April release,[237] and the biggest opening for a Johnson movie.[238] Johnson starred in the adventure sequel film Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012) and headlined the action drama film Snitch (2013), based on a true story, which opened to mixed reviews; however, Johnson's performance was praised.

text: Johnson became known for reinvigorating film franchises after portraying Roadblock in G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) and reprising his role as Luke Hobbs in Fast & Furious 6 (2013).[239][240] He also starred in true-story films Pain & Gain (2013) and Empire State (2013). That same year, he hosted and produced the TNT reality competition series The Hero.[241][242] He won the Favorite Male Buttkicker Award at the 2013 Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards.[243] In May 2013, it was announced that he would executive produce and star in Ballers,[244] an HBO comedy-drama series about NFL players living in Miami, Florida.[245]

text: Johnson starred as the title character in Hercules (2014)[246] and reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in Furious 7 (2015).[247] He hosted another reality series for TNT in 2014, entitled Wake Up Call, which saw him "lending a helping hand to everyday people who were facing enormous challenges in their lives" alongside guest experts such as Rocco DiSpirito, Jillian Michaels, and Josh Shipp.[248] It was announced that he would executive produce and star in the horror film Seal Team 666,[249] and is set to play Nick Schuyler in the drama film Not Without Hope.[250] On December 16, 2013, Forbes named Johnson the top-grossing actor of 2013, with his films bringing in $1.3 billion worldwide for the year. Forbes credited the success of Fast & Furious 6, which grossed $789 million globally, and Johnson's frequent acting work as primary reasons for him topping the list.[251]

text: In 2016, Johnson co-starred with Kevin Hart in the action-comedy Central Intelligence and had a lead voice role in the Disney animated film Moana, in which he voiced the Polynesian demigod Maui. He returned for the action film The Fate of the Furious, which was released on April 14, 2017.

text: Johnson's production company, Seven Bucks Productions, produces several of his starring film projects, including Baywatch (2017) and the upcoming Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)[252][253] and Rampage (2018).[254] A sequel to the box-office hit San Andreas (2015) was announced to be in the pre-production stage with director of the first film, Brad Peyton, signed to return (marking their fourth collaboration following Journey 2, San Andreas, and Rampage respectively), along with the cast (including Johnson).[255] Johnson confirmed that he would star in the new Jumanji movie via his Instagram page.[253] In an interview, Johnson also discussed the possibility of an earlier release date than was originally announced for the DC Extended Universe film, Shazam.[256] Seven Bucks Production is named because that's how much money he had in his wallet after he was cut from the CFL.[257]

text: In March 2014, Johnson confirmed that he would be working with DC Entertainment for an untitled film project.[258][259][260] In September 2014, it was announced that he would play Black Adam, the villain, in a film about Shazam as a part of the DC Extended Universe; which he would also produce.[261][262]

text: Johnson has signed on to return in two additional sequels to Warner Bros.' Journey film series, as well as a Jungle Cruise feature film being developed by Disney.[263][264] In May 2016, Johnson confirmed his attachment to The Janson Directive as Paul Janson. The film will be produced by Universal Studios, with the intent to adapt more of Robert Ludlum's work in the future in a larger project than just the announced first installment.[265] Later that same month, it was announced that he would star in Legendary Entertainment's Skyscraper movie which will be an action-thriller film with Rawson Marshall Thurber signed on as director and writer. The same month it was announced that he would star as a rebooted version of the character Doc Savage in a film written and directed by Shane Black.[266] Johnson is signed on to film a remake of Big Trouble in Little China.[267] In July 2016, Johnson announced another television series which he will be involved in, named Muscle Beach, about the Southern California beach of that name. Johnson will be involved behind the scenes of the series.[268]

text: In January 2017, it was announced that Johnson's role as Black Adam for the DC Extended Universe will now include two separate film installments; the previously announced Shazam feature film, and an installment focusing on his anti-hero/villain character as well.[269] The following month, it was reported that he was also beginning work on a comedy film about a family of WWE fighters, titled Fighting with My Family.[270] In April 2017, Johnson's upcoming production schedule was announced that filming for Rampage had begun,[271] and that Jungle Cruise will begin filming in early 2018.[272] Johnson's role within the movie will also extend to the themepark ride, as Disney is reportedly in the process of redesigning it, with Johnson's input as well. The new layout will feature at all Walt Disney Parks and Resorts locations worldwide.[273] That same month, the first spin-off to The Fast and the Furious franchise was reported to feature Johnson and Jason Statham's characters teaming up for a mission with franchise screenwriter Chris Morgan signed on to write the script.[274] Several months later in July, it was revealed that Johnson will not appear in Shazam but will remain attached as producer for the film.[275]

text: Other work

text: In 2000 Johnson published his autobiography, which he co-wrote with Joe Layden, titled The Rock Says.... It debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list and remaining on the list for several weeks.[11]

text: On May 21, 2015, Johnson set a Guinness World Record for most selfies in three minutes, taking 105 selfies with fans during the premiere of San Andreas in London.[276]

text: In March 2016, Johnson partnered with the American fitness apparel manufacturer Under Armour to release "Project Rock".[277] The first item in his partnership with Under Armour, a gym bag, sold out in a couple of days.[278][279] His second item, a black T-shirt sporting the wrestler's iconic "brahma bull" sold out after being worn at WrestleMania 32.[280] Johnson also released an alarm clock app as part of "Project Rock" that received more than one million downloads in its first week of release.[281]

text: Activism and charity work

text: Johnson attended the 2000 Democratic National Convention[282] as part of WWE's non-partisan "Smackdown Your Vote" campaign, which aimed to influence young people to vote.[283] A supporter of the Republican Party at the time,[284][285] he had a speaking role at the 2000 Republican National Convention that same year.[286] In 2017, he told GQ Magazine that he was registered as an independent.[287]

text: In 2006, Johnson founded the Dwayne Johnson Rock Foundation, a charity working with at-risk and terminally ill children.[288] On October 2, 2007, he and his ex-wife donated $1 million to the University of Miami to support the renovation of its football facilities; it was noted as the largest donation ever given to the university's athletics department by former students. The University of Miami renamed the Hurricanes' locker room in Johnson's honor.[289]

text: Personal life

text: Because his mother, Ata Fitisemanu Maivia, is a descendant of Samoan chiefs, and in recognition of his service to the Samoan people, Malietoa Tanumafili II bestowed upon Johnson the noble title of Seiuli during his visit there in July 2004.[290] He received a partial Samoan pe'a tattoo in 2003.[291]

text: Johnson married Dany Garcia on May 3, 1997.[292] Their daughter, Simone Alexandra, was born August 14, 2001.[292] On June 1, 2007, they announced they were splitting up amicably and intended to remain friends.[292] Soon after the divorce, Johnson began dating Lauren Hashian, the daughter of Boston drummer Sib Hashian. They first met in 2006 while Johnson was filming The Game Plan, prompting rumors he left his marriage for Hashian.[293] Their first child, a daughter named Jasmine, was born in December 2015.[293][294][295]

text: Filmography

text:
Beyond the Mat (1999)
Longshot (2000)
The Mummy Returns (2001)
The Scorpion King (2002)
The Rundown (2003)
Walking Tall (2004)
Be Cool (2005)
Doom (2005)
Gridiron Gang (2006)
Reno 911!: Miami (2007)
Southland Tales (2007)
The Game Plan (2007)
Get Smart (2008)
Race to Witch Mountain (2008)
Planet 51 (2009)
Tooth Fairy (2010)
Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010)
The Other Guys (2010)
You Again (2010)
Faster (2010)
Fast Five (2011)
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012)
Snitch (2013)
G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013)
Pain & Gain (2013)
Fast & Furious 6 (2013)
Empire State (2013)
Hercules (2014)
Furious 7 (2015)
San Andreas (2015)
Central Intelligence (2016)
Moana (2016)
The Fate of the Furious (2017)
Baywatch (2017)
Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017)
Rampage (2018)
Skyscraper (2018)

text: Discography

text:
Year
Song
Album

2000
"It Doesn't Matter"
The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book

2001
"Pie"
WWF The Music, Vol. 5

2005
"You Ain't Woman Enough"
Be Cool soundtrack

2010
"Wind Beneath My Wings"
Tooth Fairy soundtrack

2012
"What a Wonderful World"
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island soundtrack

2016
"You're Welcome"
Moana soundtrack

text: In wrestling

text:
Finishing moves

Corporate Elbow[296]/People's Elbow[3][297] (Running delayed high-impact elbow drop, with theatrics) – usually preceded by a spinebuster; 1997–present[88]
Rock Bottom (Falling side slam) – 1997–present[3][297]
Running shoulderbreaker – 1996[88]

Signature moves

Fisherman suplex
Float-over DDT[88]
Flowing snap DDT, sometimes followed by a kip-up[88]
Jumping clothesline[297]
Running swinging neckbreaker[88]
Running thrust lariat[88]
Samoan drop[88]
Sharpshooter[88][297][298]
Snap overhead belly-to-belly suplex, sometimes to an oncoming opponent[88]
Spinebuster,[297] usually followed by a People's Elbow

Managers

Debra
Mr. McMahon[88]
Shane McMahon[88]

Nicknames

"The Brahma Bull"[299]
"The Corporate Champion"[300]
"The Great One"[299]
"The Most Electrifying Man in All of Entertainment/Sports Entertainment"[301][3]
"The People's Champion"[3][299]
"Rocky"[302]

Entrance themes

"Destiny" by Jim Johnston (1996–1997)
"Power" by Jim Johnston (August 11, 1997 – May 4, 1998)
"You Smell It?" by Jim Johnston (May 11, 1998 – August 24, 1998)
"The Rock Says" by Jim Johnston (August 30, 1998 – October 18, 1998)
"Do You Smell It (V1)" by Jim Johnston (October 19, 1998)
"Do You Smell It (V2)" by Jim Johnston (October 26, 1998 – August 26, 1999)
"Hypnotize" (Instrumental) by The Notorious B.I.G. (November 30, 1998)
"Do You Smell It (V3)" by Jim Johnston (August 30, 1999 – September 23, 1999)
"Know Your Role" by Jim Johnston (September 26, 1999 – April 2, 2001; March 8, 2004 – October 2, 2009)[303]
"If You Smell" by Jim Johnston (July 30, 2001 – February 20, 2003)[304]
"Is Cookin'" by Jim Johnston (February 23, 2003 – March 1, 2004)
"Electrifying" by Jim Johnston (February 14, 2011–present)[305]

text: Relatives in wrestling

text: Championships and accomplishments

text:
Pro Wrestling Illustrated

Match of the Year (1999) vs. Mankind in an "I Quit" match at Royal Rumble[306][307]
Match of the Year (2002) vs. Hollywood Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania X8[306][307]
Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1999, 2000)[306]
Wrestler of the Year (2000)[306]
Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000[308]
Ranked No. 76 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

United States Wrestling Association

USWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Bart Sawyer[309]

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE

WCW/World Championship (2 times)[310][311]
WWF/WWE Championship1 (8 times)[312][313]
WWF Intercontinental Championship (2 times)[314]
WWF Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Mankind (3), The Undertaker (1), and Chris Jericho (1)[315]
Deadly Games WWF Championship Tournament (1998)
Royal Rumble (2000)[3]
Sixth Triple Crown Champion
Slammy Awards (9 times)

Best Actor (2014)
Game Changer of the Year (2011) – with John Cena
Guess Who's Back or: Return of the Year (2011)
LOL! Moment of the Year (2012, 2013) – insulting John Cena using the history of Boston, Massachusetts – Rock Concert on the 20th anniversary episode of Raw
Match of the Year (2013) – vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 29
New Sensation (1997)
"Tell Me You Didn't Just Say That" Insult of the Year (2014) – insulting Rusev and Lana
"This is Awesome" Moment of the Year (2015 – shared with Ronda Rousey)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter

Best Box Office Draw (2000, 2011, 2012)[316][317]
Best Gimmick (1999)
Best on Interviews (1999, 2000)
Most Charismatic (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2011, 2012)[316][317]
Most Improved (1998)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2007)

text: 1 The Rock's seventh reign was as WWE Undisputed Champion.

text: Other awards and honors

text:
1991: NCAA National Championship – as a member of the Miami Hurricanes[318]
2001: Teen Choice Awards – Choice Movie Villain[319]
2012: CinemaCon Action Star of the Year[320]
2013: Kids Choice Awards – Favorite Male Butt Kicker[321]
2016: People's Choice Award – Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor[322]
2016: Mr. Olympia ICON Award[323]
2016: People Magazine Sexiest Man Alive[324]
2017: Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame[325]
2017: People's Choice Award for Favorite Premium Series Actor[326]
2017: NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year[327]


document_title: School prayer

question_text: when did they take prayer out of school

question_tokens: when did they take prayer out of school

root

text: School prayer

text: Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that

tag: p

text: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...

text: The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause.

text: Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state level,[1] thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.

text: School prayer prior to 1962[edit]

text: In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading.[2][not in citation given] Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. For instance, in the Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board (1890)), the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools. This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin.

text: A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale[edit]

text: The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools, when the case against recitation of the Lord's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963. A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior, suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US.[3]

text: In 1955, the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended (but not required) for the school districts under its purview. The prayer was relatively short: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country."[1][4] The board stated that the prayer would "combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism."[4]

text: Seven years later, Steven I. Engel, a Jew, was upset to see his son’s hands clasped and his head bent in prayer. He told his son that this was “not the way we say prayers.” Engel, a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union, would bring action along with Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons, and Lawrence Roth, all parents of children in the Long Island, New York public school system, against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so-called "Regent's prayer", arguing that it constituted the state-sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens’ First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]

text: Use of the Regent's prayer would be initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals, prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962. With its 8–1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents' Prayer in public schools unlawful, the U.S. Supreme Court made its first-ever decision on prayer in public schools. It made its second in 1963—the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling, which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord's Prayer unlawful in public schools.[3]

text: 1963 and after[edit]

text: In these two landmark decisions, Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state-sponsored prayer in US schools. While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state-school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause (thus overruling the New York Courts’ decisions), Abington held that Bible readings and other public school-sponsored religious activities were prohibited.[6] Madalyn Murray's lawsuit, Murray v. Curlett, contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States, and has had lasting and significant effects.

text: Until the lawsuit, it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school, including religious instruction itself. Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out. The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case, so the Court might have acted without Murray's intervention. With the success of the lawsuit, the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day. While students do continue to pray in public schools, even in organized groups such as "See You at the Pole", the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student. The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school-sponsored football games.

text: Following these two cases came the Court's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools. The Lemon test states that, in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause, any practice sponsored within state-run schools (or other public state-sponsored activities) must adhere to the following three criteria:[7]

text:
Have a secular purpose;
Must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and
Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion.

tag: ol

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative, and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school-sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962.[8] Since the 1990s, controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000), where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games (at state school facilities before a school-gathered audience) were, respectively, ruled unconstitutional.

text: Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school-sponsored religious activity, Engel, Abington, and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.[9] While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion, the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise. Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause, opponents of that "expression" may cite such accommodation as state "promotion" of one religious activity over another.[10] Regarding the Free Exercise Clause, the courts have consistently stated that students' setting forth of religious views through prayer cannot be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school, yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice.[11] Thus, anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States, as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work.

text: The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey, stating that: "The Court's school prayer decisions were, and still are, deeply unpopular with the public, many politicians and most religions organizations. 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization. In a 1991 opinion poll, 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer."[12] As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports, "the public's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices."[13] Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans, with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support.[14]

text: Canada[edit]

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:[15]

text: 167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167

text: The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:

text: Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)

text: 15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination.

text: 15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony.

text: In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.[16]

text: Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them.

text: The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.

text: Russow v. British Columbia[edit]

text: In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act’s requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools,[17] the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.

text: From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.

text: With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia.[18]

text: Conduct:

text: 76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles.

text: (2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school.

text: France[edit]

text: As a declared 'laïque' (roughly 'religiously neutral', secular) state, France has no school prayers. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation. In this regard, it is much like France, on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century. School prayer is therefore unknown, and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants. Despite its primarily secular stance, however, courses of religion and morals (which are dominantly Islamic) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school. In these instances, various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for.

text: Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending.[19] The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character", with two exceptions:

text:
Religious schools, which should provide worship appropriate to the school's religion (although most religious schools in the UK are Christian.)
Schools where the local education authority's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school.

tag: ul

text: Although there is a statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, many do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, states that 80% of secondary schools are not providing daily worship for all pupils.[20]

text: Ongoing debate[edit]

text: Arguments for and against school prayer[edit]

text: The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas.[11] Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool[21][22] as well as a valuable means to psychological stability.[23] On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority.[16] The latter kind of claim holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.[24]

text: In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.[25][26]

text: "Moment of silence"[edit]

text: Despite ongoing debate, there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced. In the United States, some administrations have introduced a "moment of silence" or "moment of reflection" in which a student may, if he or she wishes to, offer a silent prayer. The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree (1984) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause, while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state-approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause.[8] In this same case, the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will, and a public event where attendance is legally required. A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer, but schools full of public pupils may not. Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government’s ability to indoctrinate its citizens.[8] If it appears that participants at a state-sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself, courts may treat prayer as "legislative prayer". If, on the other hand, the State is more likely to influence participants at its events, courts may treat prayer as "state-sponsored" prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional.[27]


document_title: United States Senate election in Ohio, 2018

question_text: who is running for us senate in ohio

question_tokens: who is running for us senate in ohio

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Sherrod Brown, incumbent U.S. Senator[3]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showSherrod Brown

U.S. Senators

Cory Booker, U.S. Senator (D-NJ)[4]
Al Franken, former U.S. Senator (DFL-MN)[5]
Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator (D-CA)[6]
Amy Klobuchar, U.S. Senator (DFL-MN)[5]
Patty Murray, U.S. Senator (D-WA)[7]
Gary Peters, U.S. Senator (D-MI)[8]
Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator (D-MA)[9]

Labor unions

Ohio State AFL–CIO[10]
United Automobile Workers[11]
United Mine Workers of America[12]

Organizations

Council for a Livable World[13]
Democracy for America[14]
End Citizens United[15]
Human Rights Campaign[16]
League of Conservation Voters Action Fund[17]
LegitAction[18]
MoveOn.org[19]
Sierra Club[20]

tag: table

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[21]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Sherrod Brown (incumbent)
605,448
100

Total votes
605,448
100

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Jim Renacci, U.S. Representative[22]

text: Eliminated in Primary[edit]

text:
Melissa Ackison, businesswoman[23]
Don Elijah Eckhart, candidate for the Republican nomination in 2016[24]
Mike Gibbons, investment banker[25]
Dennis Jones[26]
Dan Kiley[27]

text: Withdrawn[edit]

text: Josh Mandel, Ohio State Treasurer and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2012[28][29]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Ken Blackwell, former mayor of Cincinnati, former Ohio State Treasurer, and former Ohio Secretary of State[30]
Rick Jones, Butler County Sheriff[31][32]
John Kasich, Governor of Ohio, former U.S. Representative[33]
Mary Taylor, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (ran for governor and lost the primary)[31]
Pat Tiberi, U.S. Representative[34][35][36][37]
J. D. Vance, author and venture capitalist[38][39][40][41]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showMike Gibbons

U.S. Senators

Rand Paul, U.S. Senator (R-KY) and 2016 presidential candidate[42]

Notable Individuals

Fred Dailey, Former Ohio Agriculture Director[43]
Doug Dieken[44]
Wes Farno, Former Chair of the Auglaize County Republican Party[45]
Charlie Frye, Chair of the Ashtabula County Republican Party[46]
Christopher Gagin, Chair of the Belmont County Republican Party[47]
Steve Hall, Chair of the Coschocton County Republican Party[48]
Larry Hardin, Chair of the Morrow County Republican Party[48]
Richard Jones, Sheriff of Miami County[49]
Thad Lichtensteiger, Chair of the Van Wert County Republican Party[48]
Bo Pelini, Youngstown State Penguins football coach, former Nebraska Cornhuskers football coach[50]
Phil Plummer, Sheriff of Montgomery County and Chair of Montgomery County Republican Party[51]
Rob Radway, Chair of the Hardin County Republican Party[48]
Ethan Reynolds, Mayor of New Carlisle[52]
Jim Roberts, Chair of the Seneca County Republican Party[53]
Carolyn Robey-Warren, President of Ohio Carry[54]

State Representatives

Marilyn Reid (former)[55]
Andy Thompson[56]

State Senators

Randy Gardner (Majority Leader)[57]
Frank Hoagland[58]
Jay Hottinger[59]
Matt Huffman[60]
Joy Padgett (former), current chairwoman of Ohio Women for Trump[61]

County Commissioners

Jeff Benton, Delaware County Commissioner[62]
Rodney Creech, Preble County Commissioner[52]
Mike Kerschner, Seneca County Commissioner[63]
Shayne Thomas, Seneca County Commissioner[63]
Jenny Vermillion, Crawford County Commissioner[63]
Doug Weisenauer, Crawford County Commissioner[63]

Organizations

America's Liberty PAC[64]
Citizens for Trump[65]
Cuyahoga Valley Republicans[66]
Ohio Carry[54]
Right to Life Action Coalition of Ohio[67]
Tea Party Express[68]

County Parties

Clermont County Republican Party[69]
Defiance County Republican Party[70]
Franklin County Republican Party[71]
Madison County Republican Party[72]
Miami County Republican Party[73]
Knox County Republican Party[74]

text:
showJosh Mandel (withdrawn)

U.S. Senators

Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator (R-AR)[75]
Ted Cruz, U.S. Senator (R-TX), and 2016 presidential candidate[76]
Mike Lee, U.S. Senator (R-UT)[77]
Rob Portman, U.S. Senator (R-OH)[78]
Marco Rubio, U.S. Senator (R-FL), and 2016 presidential candidate[79]
Pat Toomey, U.S. Senator (R-PA)[80]

Individuals

Mike Cernovich, Conservative activist and writer[81]
Jack Posobiec, Conservative activist[81]

Labor unions

CPPA – Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association[82]

Organizations

Citizens United[83]
Club for Growth[84]
FreedomWorks[85]
Senate Conservatives Fund[86]
Tea Party Express[87]

text:
showJim Renacci

U.S. Presidents

Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States[88]

U.S. Vice Presidents

Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States[89]

U.S. Senators

Rob Portman, U.S. Senator (R-OH)[90]

Statewide Office Holders

Josh Mandel, Ohio Treasurer[91]

State Representatives

Steve Hambley

U.S. Representatives

Steve Chabot (OH-1)[92]
Warren Davidson (OH-8)[92]
Bob Gibbs (OH-7)[92]
Bill Johnson (OH-6)[92]
Jim Jordan (OH-4)[92]
David Joyce (OH-14)[92]
Bob Latta (OH-5)[92]
Steve Stivers (OH-15)[92]
Mike Turner (OH-10)[92]
Brad Wenstrup (OH-2)[92]

Mayors

Rob Duncan, Norwalk[93]
Bob Meilander, Kipton

Notable Individuals

Zachary Hall, Chairman of the Lucas County Teen Age Republicans
Anthony Scaramucci, Former White House Communications Director

County Parties

Brown County Republican Party[94]
Cuyahoga County Republican Party[95]
Fulton County Republican Party[96]
Lake County Republican Party[97]
Preble County Republican Party[98]
Summit County Republican Party[99]

Organizations

Business-Industry Political Action Committee[100]
Ohio Black Republican Association[101]
Ohio Right to Life[102]
Cuyahoga Valley Republicans[103]
National Rifle Association[104]

State Parties

Ohio Republican Party[105]

Newspapers

The Plain Dealer[106]
The Vindicator[107]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Melissa
Ackison
Don
Eckhart
Mike
Gibbons
Dan
Kiley
Jim
Renacci
Undecided

Baldwin Wallace University
April 24 – May 2, 2018
323
–
4%
1%
11%
4%
25%
55%

Fallon Research
April 4–7, 2018
502
± 4.4%
3%
2%
7%
1%
21%
65%

OnMessage (R-Renacci)
March 20, 2018
–
–
3%
3%
8%
3%
36%
47%

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
541
± 5.7%
5%
5%
10%
1%
21%
58%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

with Josh Mandel

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Melissa
Ackison
Michael
Gibbons
Josh
Mandel
Undecided

Remington Research Group (R-Mandel)
September 26–28, 2017
1,268
± 2.8%
5%
5%
50%
40%

with Matt Huffman

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Matt
Huffman
Josh
Mandel
Undecided

Club for Growth
December 11–12, 2016
600
± 4.0%
8%
62%
30%

with Pat Tiberi

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Josh
Mandel
Pat
Tiberi
Undecided

Club for Growth
December 11–12, 2016
600
± ?%
60%
12%
27%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results[108]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Jim Renacci
360,475
47.4

Republican
Mike Gibbons
241,109
31.7

Republican
Melissa Ackison
99,455
13.1

Republican
Dan Kiley
30,323
4.0

Republican
Don Eckhart
29,446
3.9

Total votes
760,808
100

text: General election[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text:
Sherrod Brown (D)
Philena Irene Farley (G, write-in)[109]
Jim Renacci (R)

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source
Ranking
As of

The Cook Political Report[110]
098 !Lean D
March 30, 2018

Rothenberg Political Report[111]
098 !Lean D
March 23, 2018

Sabato's Crystal Ball[112]
098 !Lean D
April 5, 2018

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Jim
Renacci (R)
Undecided

Grassroots Targeting (R-Ohio First PAC)
April 2018
1,266
–
41%
40%
19%

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
52%
38%
11%

Baldwin Wallace University
February 28–March 9, 2018
1,011
± 3.0%
41%
29%
30%

SurveyMonkey/Axios
February 12–March 5, 2018
1,995
± 3.6%
50%
45%
5%

Grassroots Targeting (R-Ohio First PAC)
February 2018
–
–
43%
38%
19%

text:
[show]
Hypothetical polling

with Mike Gibbons

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Mike
Gibbons (R)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
52%
38%
10%

Baldwin Wallace University
February 28–March 9, 2018
1,011
± 3.0%
41%
31%
28%

with Ackison

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Melissa
Ackison (R)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
52%
37%
11%

with Don Eckhart

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Don
Eckhart (R)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
53%
37%
10%

with Dan Kiley

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin
of error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Dan
Kiley (R)
Undecided

SurveyUSA
March 16–20, 2018
1,408
± 3.5%
52%
37%
11%

with Pat Tiberi

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Pat
Tiberi (R)
Undecided

Gravis Marketing
April 27 – May 2, 2017
1,352
± 2.7%
43%
41%
16%

with Josh Mandel

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Sherrod
Brown (D)
Josh
Mandel (R)
Undecided

PPD Buckeye State Battleground Poll
July 3–8, 2017
1,204
± 2.6%
42%
50%
8%

Luntz Global
June 12, 2017
500
± 4.4%
53%
34%
13%

Gravis Marketing
April 27 – May 2, 2017
1,352
± 2.7%
42%
45%
13%

WPA Opinion Research (R)
November 29 – December 1, 2016
600
± 4.0%
39%
40%
21%

Public Policy Polling
July 22–24, 2016
1,334
± 2.7%
45%
36%
18%

Public Policy Polling
April 26–27, 2016
799
± 3.2%
47%
33%
21%


document_title: Indian 2000-rupee note

question_text: what is the base colour of 2000 rupees note released by reserve bank of india in 2016

text: Indian 2000-rupee note

text: Design[edit]

text: The new ₹2000 banknote is a 66 mm × 166 mm magenta coloured note, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Ashoka Pillar Emblem, and the signature of Reserve Bank of India Governor. It has Braille print on it, to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side features a motif of the Mangalyaan, representing India's first interplanetary space mission, and the logo and tag line for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[1]

text: Security features[edit]

text: The ₹2000 banknote has multiple security features, listed below:[1]

text:
See through register with denominational numeral ₹2000
Latent image with denominational numeral ₹2000
Micro letters ‘RBI’ and ‘2000’ on the left side of the banknote
Windowed security thread with inscriptions ‘भारत’, RBI, and ₹2000 on banknotes, with a colour shift. The thread colour changes from green to blue when the note is tilted
Guarantee Clause, the Governor’s signature with the Promise Clause, and the RBI's emblem on the right side
Denominational numeral with Rupee Symbol, ₹2000 in colour changing ink (green to blue) on bottom right
Ashoka Pillar emblem on the right Mahatma Gandhi portrait and electrotype (2000) watermarks
Number panel with numerals growing from small to big on the top left side and bottom right side.
For the visually impaired Intaglio (raised printing) of Mahatma Gandhi portrait, Ashoka Pillar emblem, bleed lines and identity mark
Horizontal rectangle with ₹2000 in raised print on the right
Seven angular bleed lines on left and right side in raised print (obverse)
Year of printing of the note on the left (reverse)

text: Languages[edit]

text: Like other Indian rupee banknotes, the ₹2000 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

text:
Denominations in central level official languages (At below either ends)

Language

₹2000

English
Two thousand rupees

Hindi
दो हज़ार रुपये

Denominations in 15 state level/other official languages (As seen on the language panel)

Assamese
দুহেজাৰ টকা

Bengali
দুই হাজার টাকা

Gujarati
બે હજાર રૂપિયા

Kannada
ಎರಡು ಸಾವಿರ ರುಪಾಯಿಗಳು

Kashmiri
د ساس رۄپے

Konkani
दोन हजार रुपया

Malayalam
രണ്ടായിരം രൂപ

Marathi
दोन हजार रुपये

Nepali
दुई हजार रुपियाँ

Odia
ଦୁଇ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା

Punjabi
ਦੋ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ

Sanskrit
द्विसहस्रं रूप्यकाणि

Tamil
இரண்டாயிரம் ரூபாய்

Telugu
రెండు వేల రూపాయలు

Urdu
دو ہزار روپے

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: The introduction of such high denomination currency has been criticized by some, with former Finance minister of India P. Chidambaram dubbing the move "puzzling".[8] The design of the new note was criticized by former  Minister of Commerce and Industry Anand Sharma.[9]