document_title: Five-Year Plans of India

question_text: which period of the five year plan is called plan holiday

text: Five-Year Plans of India

text: History[edit]

text: Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[3]

text: The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after the Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of mixed economy, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging welfare state), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan).

text: First Plan (1951–1956)[edit]

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tag: table

text: The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.

text: The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore(2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.64%), land rehabilitation (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.

text: The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.

text: At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.

text: Second Plan (1956–1961)[edit]

text: The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.[4][5]

text: Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.

text: The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.

text: The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.

text: "The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.[6]"

text: Third Plan (1961–1966)[edit]

text: The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.

text: Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.

text: State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]

text: Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.

text: Fourth Plan (1969–1974)[edit]

text: At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]

text: Fifth Plan (1974–1978)[edit]

text: The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.[7][citation needed]

text: The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.

text: The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.

text: The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.[6]

text: Rolling Plan (1978–1980)[edit]

text: The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s economy. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.

text: Sixth Plan (1980–1985)[edit]

text: The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.

text: The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]

text: Seventh Plan (1985–1990)[edit]

text: The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.

text: The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".

text: As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.

text: Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.

text: Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:

text:
Balance of payments (estimates): Export – ₹330 billion (US$5.1 billion), Imports – (-)₹540 billion (US$8.4 billion), Trade Balance – (-)₹210 billion (US$3.3 billion)
Merchandise exports (estimates): ₹606.53 billion (US$9.5 billion)
Merchandise imports (estimates): ₹954.37 billion (US$14.9 billion)
Projections for balance of payments: Export – ₹607 billion (US$9.5 billion), Imports – (-) ₹954 billion (US$14.9 billion), Trade Balance- (-) ₹347 billion (US$5.4 billion)

text: Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.

text: The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.[8] and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%

text: Annual Plans (1990–1992)[edit]

text: The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.

text: Eighth Plan (1992–1997)[edit]

text: 1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization, privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India.

text: Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.

text: Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.

text: The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.

text: To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.[9]

text: Ninth Plan (1997–2002)[edit]

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.

text: Budget

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹859,200 crore (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.

text: Objectives

text: The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:

text:
Population control
Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development
Reduction of poverty
Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor
Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities
Primary education to all children in the country
Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes
Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture
Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices

text: Strategies

text:
Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.
New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.
Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.
Combination of public and private support to increase employment.
Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.
Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.
Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.
Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.

text: Performance

text:
The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%
The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%
The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%
The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.
An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.

text: The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.

text: The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.

text: Tenth Plan (2002–2007)[edit]

text: The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan were:

text:
Attain 8% GDP growth per year
Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labor force
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007
20-point program was introduced
Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%
The tenth plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities
Expenditure of ₹43,825 crore (US$6.8 billion) for tenth five years

text: Out of total plan outlay, ₹921,291 crore (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹691,009 crore (US$110 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.

text: Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)[edit]

text:
Rapid and inclusive growth. (poverty reduction)
Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
Empowerment through education and skill development.
Reduction of gender inequality.
Environmental sustainability.
To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.
Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.

text: Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)[edit]

text: The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.[10]

text: With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.

text: "It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.

text: “When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”

text: He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.

text: The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.[11] The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.


document_title: List of former European colonies

question_text: name a country that use a lot of colonies

root

text: List of former European colonies

text: North America[edit]

text: Britain and United Kingdom

tag: p

text:
British America

Canadian colonies

Island of St. John
Colony of Newfoundland
Province of Nova Scotia
Province of Quebec
Rupert's Land (A private estate stretching from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from the prairies to the Arctic Circle.[1])

"Thirteen Colonies"

New England Colonies:

Province of Massachusetts Bay
Province of New Hampshire
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Connecticut Colony

Province of New York
Province of New Jersey
Province of Pennsylvania
Delaware Colony
Province of Maryland
Colony of Virginia
Province of North Carolina
Province of South Carolina
Province of Georgia

Other North American colonies

Province of East Florida
Province of West Florida
Indian Reserve
Oregon Country (disputed with France)

Bermuda
British Honduras
Mosquito Coast

tag: ul

text: Denmark

text:
Greenland
Norway

text: France

text:
New France
Newfoundland
Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island)

Saint-Domingue (Haiti)

text: Netherlands

text: New Netherlands (Nieuw-Amsterdam / New York)

text: Norway

text:
Greenland
Vinland

text: Portugal

text:
Claim to Labrador
Settlement in Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

text: Russia

text:
North America

Fort Ross, California

text: Spain

text:
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821)

Las Californias
Nuevo Reino de León
Nuevo Santander
Nueva Vizcaya
Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Nueva Extremadura
Nueva Galicia

Captaincy General of Cuba
Puerto Rico
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
Captaincy General of Guatemala
Costa Rica
El Salvador
East Florida and West Florida
Settlement at Nootka, near Vancouver Island, Canada

text: Sweden

text: New Sweden (Nya Sverige)

text: West Indies and the Caribbean[edit]

text: Brandenburg

text: St Thomas

text: Britain

text:
Bahamas
Barbados
Jamaica
Leeward Islands

Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Saint Christopher (St Kitts)-Nevis

Windward Islands

Grenada
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

text: Courland

text: New Courland (Tobago)

text: Denmark-Norway

text:
Saint John
Saint Thomas
Saint Croix

text: France

text:
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Grenada
Haiti
Montserrat
Saint Barthélemy
Nevis
Saint Christophe (St Kitts)
Saint Croix
Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
Sainte-Lucia (St Lucia)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Sint Eustatius
Tobago

text: Knights of Malta

text:
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint Christopher (St Kitts)
Saint Croix
Tortuga (off coast of Haiti)

text: Netherlands

text:
Anegada
New Walcheren (Tobago)
Saint Croix
Tortola
Virgin Gorda

text: Portugal

text: Barbados

text: Spain

text:
Bahamas
Cuba
Island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
Jamaica
Puerto Rico
Trinidad

text: Sweden

text:
Guadeloupe
Saint-Barthélemy

text: South America[edit]

text: Britain

text:
British Guiana

Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara

Falkland Islands
South Georgia

South Sandwich Islands

text: France

text: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro briefly, and São Luís briefly)

text: (see France Antarctique and France Équinoxiale)

text:
Iles Malouines (Falkland Islands)
French Guiana

text: Netherlands

text:
Berbice (Guyana)
Demerara
Surinam (Suriname)
Essequibo
New Holland (Brazil – Half the capitanas)

text: Spain

text:
Perú
New Granada
Río de la Plata

text: Portugal

text:
Brazil
Cisplatina (Uruguay)
French Guiana

text: Africa[edit]

text: Netherlands

text:
Arguin Island (in Mauritania)
Dutch Cape Colony
Dutch Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana, including El Mina)
Dutch Loango-Angola (Luanda, Sonyo and Cabinda)
Gorée (Senegal)
Moçambique (Delagoa Bay)
São Tomé
South Africa

text: Belgium

text:
Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Lado Enclave
Ruanda-Urundi (Rwanda and Burundi)

text: Brandenburg

text:
Arguin (in Mauritania)
Brandenburger Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

text: Britain

text:
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan)
Basutoland (Lesotho)
Balleland (Benin)
Bechuanaland (Botswana)
British East Africa (Kenya)
British Somaliland (northern Somalia)
British Togoland (eastern Ghana)
British Cameroons (split between Nigeria and Cameroon)
British Egypt

Khedivate of Egypt
Sultanate of Egypt
Kingdom of Egypt

Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Gold Coast (Ghana)
Colonial Nigeria

Niger Coast Protectorate
Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Southern Nigeria Protectorate
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria

Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
Nyasaland (Malawi)
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
South Africa

British Cape Colony
Colony of Natal
Orange Free State
Transvaal Colony

South-West Africa (Namibia)

Walvis Bay

Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
Swaziland
Tanganyika Territory (mainland Tanzania)
Uganda Protectorate
Sultanate of Zanzibar (insular Tanzania)

text: Courland

text: St. Andrews Island (in Gambia)

text: Denmark-Norway

text: Danish Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

text: France

text:
Albreda (in Gambia)
Dahomey (Benin)
French Algeria
French Cameroons (91% of modern Cameroon)
French Chad
French Congo (Republic of Congo)
French Guinea (Guinea)
French Upper Volta (Republic of Upper Volta, Burkina Faso)
French Somaliland (Djibouti)
French Sudan (Mali)
French Togoland (Togo)
Gabon
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Malagasy Protectorate
Colonial Mauritania
French protectorate in Morocco (89% of Morocco)
Niger
Oubangui-Chari (Central African Republic)
Senegambia and Niger

Upper Senegal and Niger
Colony of Niger

French protectorate of Tunisia

text: Germany

text:
German East Africa (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania)
German South-West Africa (Namibia)
Kamerun (split between Cameroon and Nigeria)
Togoland (split between Togo and Ghana)
Wituland

text: Italy

text:
Italian East Africa

Italian Ethiopia
Italian Eritrea
Italian Somaliland

Italian Libya

text: Portugal

text:
Ajuda (Whydah, in Benin)
Angola
Annobon
Cabinda
Cape Verde
Ceuta
Gorée (in Senegal)
Malindi
Mombasa
Algarve Ultramar (Morocco)

Agadir
Alcacer Ceguer
Arzila
Azamor
Mazagan
Mogador
Safim

Nigeria (Lagos area)
Mozambique
Portuguese Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana)
Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)
Quíloa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Tangier
Zanzibar
Ziguinchor

text: Spain

text:
Bona
Bougie
Jerba
Fernando Po and Annobon (insular Equatorial Guinea)
Oran
Port Guinea
Rio Muni (mainland Equatorial Guinea)
Spanish North Africa

Spanish Protectorate in Morocco
Ceuta
Melilla

Spanish West Africa

Río de Oro
Saguia el-Hamra
Tarfaya Strip
Ifni

text: Sweden

text: Swedish Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

text: Indian Ocean[edit]

text: France

text:
French Comoros
Isle de France (now Mauritius)
French Madagascar
French Seychelles

text: Netherlands

text: Dutch Mauritius (now Mauritius)

text: Portugal

text:
Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)
Maldive Islands
Socotra

text: Middle East[edit]

text: Britain

text:
Aden Protectorate
Bahrain
History of Egypt under the British
Mandatory Iraq
Sheikhdom of Kuwait
Muscat and Oman
Mandatory Palestine
Qatar
South Arabia
Emirate of Transjordan
Trucial States

text: France

text: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

text: Netherlands

text:
Jemen, Al Mukha (Mocca)
Mesopotamia (Iraq, Al Basrah)

text: Portugal

text:
Bandar Abbas
Hormuz
Manama
Muharraq Island
Muscat
Qeshm

text: Russia

text:
Russian Armenia
Russian Azerbaijan
Georgia within the Russian Empire

text: Indian Subcontinent[edit]

text: Austria

text: Nicobar Islands

text: Britain

text:
British India (After independence from Britain,` British India became Pakistan (East and West) and India – later East Pakistan was to become Bangladesh)

Bangladesh
India
Pakistan

Burma (Myanmar)
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

text: Denmark-Norway

text:
Frederik Oerne Islands (Nicobar Islands)
Serampore
Tranquebar

text: France

text:
India

Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Mahé, and Chandernagore

text: Netherlands

text:
Bangladesh (Dutch Bengal)
Burma (Myanmar) (Mrohaung (Arakan), Siriangh, Syriam, Ava, Martaban)
Ceylon
India (Dutch Bengal, Suratte, Malabar, Coromandel)

text: Portugal

text:
Bombay
Calicut
Cambay
Cannanore
Ceylon (Cilão)
Chaul
Chittagong
Cochin
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Goa
Hughli
Masulipatnam
Mangalore
Surat
Syriam

text: Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: United Kingdom

text:
Australia

New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Swan River Colony/Western Australia
Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
Victoria

British Solomon Islands
British Western Pacific Territories
Brunei
Colonial Fiji
Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Kiribati & Tuvalu)
Kingdom of Rarotonga (Cook Islands)
New Zealand

Auckland Islands
New Hebrides

Niue
Malaysia

British Malaya

Federated Malay States
Straits Settlements
Unfederated Malay States

British Borneo

North Borneo
Kingdom of Sarawak

Nauru
Singapore
Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Territory of New Guinea
Western Samoa
Phoenix Islands (part of Kiribati)
Solomon Islands
Territory of Papua
Tokelau
Tonga
Hong Kong
New Hebrides (Vanuatu, condominium with France)

text: Belgium

text: Tientsin (concession territory)

text: France

text:
East Asia

Kwang-Chou-Wan (廣州灣) leased territory, now the city of Zhanjiang (Guangdong province)
French settlements (concessions) in Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, and Hankou
French zone of influence officially recognized by China over the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong

Indochina

Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam

Annam
Cochinchina
Tonkin

New Hebrides (Vanuatu, condominium with Britain)

text: Germany

text:
Bismarck Archipelago
Caroline Islands (Karolinen)
German Samoa
Jiaozhou Bay (Kiautschou)
Kaiser-Wilhelmsland
Marshall Islands
Nauru
North Solomon Islands
Northern Marianas Islands (Marianen)
Palau

text: Italy

text: Tientsin (concession)

text: Netherlands

text:
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
Malacca
Taiwan (Tayowan)

text: Portugal

text:
Flores
Macau
Malacca
Moluccas

Ambon
Ternate
Tidore

Portuguese Timor (Timor-Leste)

text: Russia

text: Spain

text:
Spanish East Indies

Philippines
Marianas Islands (Ladrones)

Guam
Northern Marianas Islands

Caroline Islands

Marshall Islands

text: Europe[edit]

text: Austria

text:
Austrian Netherlands
Saarland or Saar (protectorate)

text: Britain

text:
Corsica (the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom was a protectorate or in personal union with Britain)
Cyprus
Heligoland
Ionian islands
Ireland (Originally as the Lordship of Ireland)
Malta
Menorca

text: Denmark

text:
Danish Estonia
Iceland

text: Greece

text: Magna Graecia

text: Italy

text:
Albania
Dodecanese

text: Norway

text:
Faroe Islands
Hebrides
Iceland
Isle of Man
Orkney
Shetland

text: Russia

text:
Belarus
Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Ukraine
Poland
USSR

Baltic States

Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania

Eastern Europe

Belarus
Ukraine
Moldova

Transcaucasia

Georgia
Azerbaijan
Armenia

Central Asia

Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

text: Spain

text:
Spanish Netherlands
Crown of Castile
Gibraltar
Crown of Aragon
Duchy of Milan

text: Sweden

text:
Swedish Estonia
Swedish Ingria
Swedish Livonia
Swedish Pomerania


document_title: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)

question_text: cast of the beauty and the beast series

question_tokens: cast of the beauty and the beast series

text: Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Catherine Chandler witnessed her mother's murder and almost killed herself until someone—or something—saved her. Nine years later, now working as a detective for the NYPD, a case leads her to Vincent Keller, an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service, who is actually alive. As Catherine comes to know him, she finds out more about her mother's murder and about who—and what—Vincent really is.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Kristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler
Jay Ryan as Vincent Keller
Austin Basis as J.T. Forbes
Nina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas
Brian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)
Max Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)
Sendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)
Amber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)
Nicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)
Michael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)

text: Development[edit]

text:
"What's beauty and what's beast? There are both of those things in all of us."

Sherri Cooper-Landsman, executive producer[2]

tag: div

text: Conception[edit]

text: The CW officially began developing the series in September 2011. The project was described as "a modern-day romantic love story with a procedural twist," unlike the original series which was a romantic drama with mystery and suspense elements. The show is the first project that Mark Pedowitz developed when he joined the network.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: The network ordered a pilot of the series in January 2012.[4] The pilot of the show was filmed in Toronto, Canada from March 22 to April 2, 2012.[5] It was picked up by The CW on May 11, 2012, and was scheduled to premiere during the 2012–13 television season.[6] Filming of the first season continued in Toronto from July 27 and production on the thirteenth episode was completed on December 21, 2012.[7] On November 9, 2012, a full season was ordered.[8] On April 26, 2013, Beauty & the Beast was renewed for a second season.[9] Filming of Beauty & the Beast was split between New York City, NY and Toronto from the second season. On May 8, 2014, Beauty & the Beast was renewed for a third season.[10] Filming on season three commenced on August 29, 2014,[11] and ended on February 12, 2015.[12] On February 13, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season, before the third season began airing.[13] On October 13, 2015, it was announced that the upcoming fourth season would be its last.[14] Filming of the fourth and final season began on May 29, 2015 and ended on November 17, 2015.[15] The final season premiered on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016.[16]

text: Crew[edit]

text: Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein as associate producers; Rick Bota as supervising producer; and Jeff Rake, R.R.K. Sinclair, and Rebecca Sinclair as consulting producers.

text: Sherri Cooper-Landsman and Jennifer Levin serve as executive producers and writers on the series alongside Brad Kern who joined the series as an executive producer beginning with the second season. Writers on the series include: Roger Grant, Blair Singer, Kelly Souders, Brian Wayne Peterson, John A. Norris, Eric Tuchman, Allison Moore, Emily Silver, Wendy Straker Hauser, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Jeff Rake, Brian Studler, Pamela Sue Anton, Melissa Glenn, and Rupa Magge.

text: Directors who've worked on the series include: Rick Bota, Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler.[17] Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend.[18] Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of Tess Vargas, Catherine's partner and best friend. Anderson signed on to the recurring role of Heather Chandler, Catherine's younger sister.[19] Jay Ryan joined the series in the second lead role, Vincent Keller (the character was originally called Vincent Koslow, though in the original series, Vincent had no last name).[20] Max Brown signed on for the role of Dr. Evan Marks, a medical examiner who has feelings for Catherine.[21] Brian White was the last actor to sign onto the series. White joined in the role of Joe Bishop, Catherine and Tess' commanding officer at the NYPD, who becomes romantically involved with Tess. White's character of Joe Bishop was not included in the second season of the series; the story line was that Bishop lost his job because he focused too much attention on finding the killer of his brother instead of performing his duties.[22]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)

2
22
October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
September 10, 2015 (2015-09-10)

4
13
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Beauty & the Beast has received negative reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 20% approval rating with an average rating of 3.2/10 based on 30 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, " A thoroughly middling romantic fantasy series, Beauty and the Beast suffers from a silly premise, mediocre writing, and bland characterization." [23] The series was given a 33 out of 100 score on Metacritic, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews from 19 critics.[24] Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot of Beauty & the Beast a C- grade, stating that it lacks the same charm that the 1980s drama had, and that 'The Beast' is more of a Hulk rather than an actual beast.[25] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle called the series an "overheated, badly written, wretchedly acted and unconvincing drama, which makes mincemeat out of the traditional beauty and the beast fairy tale".[26] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times also made similar observations but praised Nina Lisandrello who still remains as the only cast member in the show to ever receive a positive review. About Lisandrello, McNamara wrote "the only point of light is provided by Catherine's partner, Tess, who, as played with great common-sense appeal by Nina Lisandrello, clearly deserves to be on a better show."[27] More mixed but slightly favorable reviews were provided by David Hinckley of the New York Daily News, who said the series was "such a natural it's downright devilish"[28] and Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times, who stated the "girl-power themes will probably play well to the network's core audience."[29]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)

1
Thursday 9 p.m.
22
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)
2.78[30]
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
1.26[31]
2012–2013
#138
1.78[32]

2
Monday 9 p.m.
22
October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)
0.86[33]
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
0.76[34]
2013–2014
#171
1.24[35]

3
Thursday 8 p.m.
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
0.88[36]
September 10, 2015 (2015-09-10)
0.76[37]
2014–2015
N/A
N/A

4
Thursday 9 p.m.
13
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
0.83[38]
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)
0.70[39]
2015–2016
N/A
N/A

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The show has been honored with acknowledgements from the People's Choice Awards, Teen Choice Awards and Saturn Awards as well as the Leo Awards, Canadian Screen Awards, the American Society of Cinematographers, the Canadian Society of Cinematographers and the Directors Guild of Canada.

text:
Accolades for Beauty & the Beast

Year
Result
Award
Category
Recipients

2012
Nominated
E! Golden Remote Award
New Fall Show You're Most Excited For
Beauty & the Beast

2013
Won
People's Choice Award
Favorite New TV Drama
Beauty & the Beast

Nominated
Teen Choice Award
Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Beauty & the Beast

Nominated
Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi
Kristin Kreuk

Nominated
Saturn Award
Best Youth-Oriented Series on Television
Beauty & the Beast

2014
Won
People's Choice Award
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show
Beauty & the Beast

Won
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress
Kristin Kreuk

Nominated
ASC Award
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic Television Series
David Greene
("Tough Love")

Nominated
Leo Award
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
Steven A. Adelson
("Any Means Possible")

Nominated
Teen Choice Award
Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Kristin Kreuk

Nominated
DGC Craft Award
Direction - Television Series
Rick Roseenthal
("Partners in Crime")

2015
Won
People's Choice Award
Favorite Network Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show
Beauty & the Beast

Won
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress
Kristin Kreuk

Nominated
CSC Award
Best Cinematography in a TV Series
David A. Makin

Nominated
Canadian Screen Award
Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series
Cheryl Dorsey, Peter Emmink, Doug McCullough
("Déjà Vu")

Nominated
DGC Craft Award
Production Design - TV Series
Doug McCullough
("Déjà Vu")

2016
Won
People's Choice Award
Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Show
Beauty & the Beast

Nominated
Canadian Screen Award
Best Visual Effects
Robert Vandenhoek

Nominated
Achievement in Visual Effects
Jeff Skochko

2017
Nominated
Canadian Society of Cinematographers Award
TV Series Cinematography
David A. Makin
("Monsieur et Madame Bête")

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: TVGN aired the first four episodes of the second season of the show back to back from May 11, 2014. This was the first syndication style broadcast of the show in the United States. The first four seasons have also been released to stream on Netflix in some regions[40] and on iTunes. In Greece Alpha TV premiered in March 27, 2018 the series.

text: Tie-ins[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text: A series of tie-in novels, written by Nancy Holder, have been published through Titan Books.

text:
Book
Title
Release date

1
Vendetta
November 25, 2014

2
Some Gave All
March 31, 2015

3
Fire at Sea
May 31, 2016

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The First Season
October 1, 2013
March 10, 2014
April 23, 2014
22

Features

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Season in Review: The Beginning
Dressing the Beauty
Creating the Beast
Commentary on "Pilot"

The Second Season
May 19, 2015
March 9, 2015
December 3, 2015
22

Features

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Season in Review: The Beast is Back
From Script to Screen: Creating an Episode
Set Tour: The Gentleman's Club

The Third Season
May 10, 2016
March 14, 2016
June 2, 2016
13

Features

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Season In Review: The Beast Strikes Again
A Day In The Life Of The Writers' Room

The Fourth Season
December 6, 2016
March 13, 2017
May 7, 2017
13

Features

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Season In Review: Farewell to the Beast
Closing a Chapter – A Fond Farewell

The Complete Series
May 30, 2017[41]

70

Features

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel


document_title: The Breakfast Club

question_text: what school did they film the breakfast club

text: The Breakfast Club

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.

text: They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. Bender, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives Bender several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.

text: The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that Bender retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; Bender comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; Bender's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.

text: Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing Bender in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.

text: As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and Bender. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives Bender one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay (read by Brian in voice-over), in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." Bender raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[5] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.

text: Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[5][6]

text: Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[8] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[9]

text: Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[10] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[11] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[12]

text: During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[6]

text: In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[13]

text: Poster[edit]

text: The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[14] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse." The poster itself was so influential, it was parodied in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 a year later.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[15][16] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[17]

text: The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States. On February 18, 1985 it was released in the Soviet Union, making it one of the rare west films to be shown. [18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection".[19] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[20] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[21] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[22][23] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[24]

text: On October 16, 2017, The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 89% approval rating based on 56 reviews with a critical consensus that states "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers".[26] Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated, "Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers, as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades."[27] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews".[28]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[29] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[30]

text: Award[edit]

text: Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.

text:
Award
Nominee
Result

Silver Bucket of Excellence Award
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Won

text: American Film Institute lists[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Nominated[31]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - Nominated[32]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) — Nominated[33]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Principal Richard Vernon: "Don't mess with the bull, young man. You'll get the horns!" – Nominated

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[34] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[35] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[36] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[37] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[38] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[39]

text: In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle". Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)", at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes — who had died a few months prior — along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
February 19, 1985

Recorded
1984

Genre
Rock, new wave

Length
38:02

Label
A&M Records

Producer
various artists

Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)

Audio sample

Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)

file
help

text: The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey

tag: ol

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D−" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[40] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals".[41]


document_title: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

question_text: who plays the knight in night at the museum 3

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1938 Egypt, a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah, including a young Cecil Fredericks, finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah. The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic.

text: In present day New York City, Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History. He and the exhibits, brought to life each night by the tablet, help re-open the Hayden Planetarium. A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced, identifying Larry as his father. Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding, which later causes the exhibits to act erratically, causing mayhem at the planetarium’s reopening. Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party, who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life.

text: Larry reunites with Cecil, now in retirement, who realises the end of the tablet’s magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless. Cecil explains Ahkmenrah’s parents, Merenkahre and Shepseheret, may be able to restore the tablet’s power, but are located in the British Museum. Larry convinces the museum’s curator, Dr. McPhee, to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet, convinced that McPhee knows its secrets. Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum, bypassing the night guard Tilly. To Larry’s surprise, Theodore Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila the Hun, Jedediah, Octavius, Dexter the capuchin monkey, and Laaa have come as well. Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum, the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life.

text: They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton. Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft, but are rescued from a Pompeii model by Dexter. The group find Ahkmenrah’s parents, learning the tablet’s power can be regenerated by moonlight, since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu. Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it, leaving to find Camelot. Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape, Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly, but they become attracted to each other.

text: Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet’s power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise.

text: Three years later, Larry now works as a teacher, and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York. Tilly becomes the new night guard, and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee, showing him its power, and allowing the exhibits to awaken again. Outside, Larry watches them party inside.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History.[4]
Stiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry.
Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States.[4]
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature.[4]
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature.[4]
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History.[4]
Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History.
Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot, the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table.[5]
Rebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum.[4]
Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.
Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh.[4]
Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun, the statue of the leader of the Huns.[4]
Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.[4]
Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father.[7]
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil "C.J." Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil "C.J." Fredericks
Mickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Andrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History.
Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue.
Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue.
Anjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah.
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey.
Hugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited)
Alice Eve as Herself (uncredited)

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact.
Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head.
Regina Taufen as New York Reporter.

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 21, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood, "I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3, in fact. I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that. I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works."[9] In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the "ideas stage".[10] In February 2013 it was announced that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014.[11] On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014.[12]

text: On November 8, 2013, actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot.[5] On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley.[6] On December 18, 2013, it was announced that Stiller, Robin Williams, and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel.[13] On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum.[4] On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014.[14] On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum.[15] Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014.[16][17] On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.[18] In May 2014, principal photography ended.[19]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy.[20][21]

text:
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Film score by Alan SilvestriReleased
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)Recorded
2014Genre
Film scoreLength
56:52Label
Varese Sarabande

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6, 2015.[22][23][24]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)No.TitleLength1."The Ahkmenrah Expedition"3:342."Performance Prep"2:023."LOL"2:224."The Grand Re-Opening"3:135."The End Will Come"2:196."Sneak And Greet"3:257."Sir Lancelot"3:338."Where Are Jed And Octavius?"2:509."Main Hall"3:2410."Xiangliu"3:4611."Male Bonding"2:1512."The Legend of the Tablet"3:1113."The Escher Fight"3:4514."Camelot"3:4915."The Quest"2:3516."Seeing Your Boy Become A Man"3:1417."Laaa Love"1:5318."A Farewell Kiss"2:4019."Teddy's Goodbye"3:02Total length:56:52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2014.[25] It was then released on December 19, 2014 in the United States.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America, and $249.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million.[2]

text: In North America, early analysts were predicting a potential $25–$28 million opening.[27][28] In North America, the film was released on December 19, 2014 across 3,785 theaters.[29] It opened Friday, December 19, 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day, placing at number three at the box office.[30] The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend, earning $17.1 million, which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ($30.4 million) and its sequel ($54.1 million).[31] The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[32] According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's audience was 51% male, with 54% of the audience under the age of 25. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+", on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar.[33][34][35][36] The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million.[37] It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million, primarily because of China, where it opened at #1 with $26 million.[38] The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ($5.85 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Malaysia ($3.07 million), the UK ($3 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Germany ($2.1 million) and Singapore ($2 million).[37][33][39]

text: For the weekend of January 16, 2015, the film grossed $17.8 million, which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 48% approval rating, based on 104 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While not without its moments, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a less-than-inspired sendoff for the trilogy."[41] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review, praising the visual effects and calling the production values "topnotch", and admiring Guillermo Navarro's work. He added, "A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family-entertainment juggernaut... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises, but should add much holiday cheer to Fox's box-office coffers."[43] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum 'trilogy' turns out to be a good-natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy."[44] Glenn Kenny awarded the film 2½ stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed-set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said, "As talent-packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be—in this third installment... —one doesn't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody's best work. Or at least one certainly shouldn't, because it won't materialize."[45] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying "The third installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb may be the best, and even the generally wound-too-tight Ben Stiller – once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard – is easy to tolerate."[46] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced, this outing feels breezier, more enjoyable and less contrived."[47] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "There's a serenity to museum visits, especially if it's a place you know and love. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, amazingly, recaptures that feeling in big-studio franchise form."[48]

text: Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair, a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion."[49] Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "It's kind of fun, unembarrassingly, and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so."[50] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying "There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor."[51] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two out of four stars, saying "The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly. But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert."[52] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Seeing Ben Stiller, the late Robin Williams, and their magically roused gang together again, this time in London, is initially all about indulgent, nostalgic smiles rather than new wows. But then comes the movie's exceptionally clever and fresh final act, which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs."[53] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly, with its heart in the past... It's an exciting opening, and perhaps too exciting for the film's own good. It's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time-honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick."[54] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying "Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum, the creaky Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue."[55]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes, pop-culture references, and father-son bonding moments. In other words, it's exactly the kind of film that shouldn't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts – but what a movie it could be if it did."[56] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "For piquing kids' interest in history and nature, you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise. But its third installment is more meh than manic, too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors. You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up."[57] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie."[58] Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying "None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise, is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation."[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Comedy

Nominated

[60]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy

Ben Stiller

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actor

Ben Stiller

Won

[61][62]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 10, 2015.[63] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1.[64]


document_title: YouTube Play Button

question_text: when do you get a play button from youtube

text: YouTube Play Button

text: YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards,[1] are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.

text: These are distinct from the YouTube Awards, which are intended to recognize the best quality videos. YouTube Creator Rewards are based on a channel's subscriber count, but are awarded at the sole discretion of YouTube. Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued, to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines.[1]

text: Awards[edit]

text: When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone and is deemed eligible for a Youtube Creator Reward[1], they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol. The trophies are of different sizes: each button and plaque gets progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets.[2]

text: There are currently three different tiers of rewards,[1] plus a fourth that has been awarded only once:

text:
The Silver Play Button, for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers. The old version was made of nickel-plated cupronickel alloy.[3]
 The Gold Play Button, for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers. It is made of gold-plated brass.[3]
 The Diamond Play Button, for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers. It is made of silver-plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle.
 The Ruby Play Button. In December 2016, YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers. It was made in the shape of his channel's logo: a hand giving a "bro fist", or a fist bump. It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active. It is not referenced in the Creators Award page, and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future.[4][5]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Acuna, Kirsten (July 19, 2012). "YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Brouwer, Bree (July 24, 2015). "YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Cohen, Joshua (June 29, 2012). "YouTube Gives 24-Karat Gold 'Play Button' to Channels with 1M+ Subs". Tubefilter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Dillon, Poppy (August 3, 2015). "YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button". TenEighty. Retrieved April 12, 2016.


document_title: Property Brothers

question_text: where does property brothers take place in 2017

text: Property Brothers

text: Development[edit]

text: Drew was offered a gig as a host of a real estate competition show that ultimately didn't materialize.[4] Cineflix, however, wanted Drew for a show tentatively called My Dream Home, with the intention of finding a female co-host.[5] When they learned he had a brother who was also in real estate,[6][4] the production company asked the brothers to make a sizzle reel.[7] Jonathan and Drew submitted themselves making over their older brother's living room.[8] Six months went by before Cineflix responded favorably, and a week later they began filming a pilot for the show in Toronto.[7][9] Originally, the network wanted Drew to work as the contractor because of his physique; when they realized that Jonathan was licensed, however, they switched the roles.[10]

text: As Cineflix searched for a distributor, six months went by with no offers, when (off the strength of the pilot) the W Network in Canada ordered a full season;[9] meanwhile HGTV passed.[9] Taking note of the show's success in Canada led HGTV to condense the existing episodes to 30 minutes and air them on a trial basis.[9] After the show scored number-one ratings for its timeslot, the network picked the show up for distribution in the US.[9]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Using the expertise of the Scott brothers, prospective homebuyers find a "fixer-upper" and remodel it into their dream home while staying within their budget. The featured families and individuals are often working towards a deadline, like the birth of a child or a special occasion. Historically, each episode started with Drew showing potential homebuyers a house with everything on their wish list, only to later reveal that the house was outside of their reach financially. However, beginning with season 6 (10),[N 1] Drew began to explain from the start that the home would exceed their budget, and should only serve as inspiration. In either scenario, he and Jonathan then highlight the advantages of purchasing an older home. Afterwards, Drew takes the buyers on a tour of homes that are significantly less ideal, but have renovation potential, and they are asked to narrow their choices down to two. Jonathan then uses computer-generated imagery to reveal his re-imagined vision for the home after significant renovations. The graphics are made by an outside company using Neezo Renders software at a cost of about $10,000 per episode.[11][12] After the family makes a final decision, Drew leads them through the process of bidding on and purchasing a home. Once a purchase is made, Jonathan and his team begin renovations. After initial demolition, the family is kept away from site, and are brought back at the conclusion for the final reveal.

text: Production[edit]

text: The show's producers choose cities for filming based a variety of factors including fan interest,[13] proximity to a major airport,[14] and diversity of architecture.[14] As is typical of home improvement shows with an accelerated renovation format, three experienced crews work on the house in tandem to finish within the four to seven week timeline.[2] The brothers hire local design, real estate, and construction companies in the cities where they film.[15] Additionally, building permits are typically ready prior to construction, and their projects take priority with their suppliers.[16][12] The buyers own the property and pay for the remodeling, but the show is able to provide about $20,000 to $25,000 worth of cash and furnishings.[13][12] The brothers do not charge for their services.[12] The total budget presented is for the three or four rooms featured on the show; the rest of the renovations are done off-camera on a separate budget and timeline.[12]

text: Persons interested in appearing on the show must come with a shortlist of homes or a home they plan to buy, though Drew provides additional options, and reserves the right to reject their selection if the home is unsafe.[17] Producers screen applicants for their ability to make quick decisions and their availability to film for at least eight weekdays during the project.[18] Applicants must apply as a couple (whether they be spouses, partners, friends, or family). While financial requirements for prospective couples vary from season to season,[12][18] the casting call for filming that began in September 2017 required applicants to have a budget of at least $90,000 with an additional contingency for unexpected expenses.[19]

text: The brothers have maintained that their shows are not contrived or scripted.[20] Homeowners are not provided with storylines or dialog and unforeseen construction challenges are real.[21] Additionally, the homebuyers work with real project budgets,[2] However, the brothers concede that conversations may be re-shot and incidents may be reconstructed due to disruptions on set (e.g. a plane flying overhead), to highlight how protracted problems were resolved, or because the cameras did not capture the real-time shot.[22][23]

text: The show started out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[24] Season 3 (3 and 5)[N 1] of the show was filmed in Austin, Texas, for half of the year and Toronto for the rest.[13] Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences couldn't relate to the higher market prices in Canada.[12] The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia to film in 2013.[16] In 2014, the show filmed several episodes in Atlanta, Georgia and Toronto. Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County, New York.[25][26] In 2017, they have been filming in Nashville, Tennessee and Toronto.[27][19]

text: The show is broadcast in over 150 countries,[23] and is dubbed in many languages.[citation needed] The voices of both brothers is provided by the same voice actor in Spanish.[28]

text: Presenters[edit]

text: Before going into real estate as a profession, the brothers tried acting, including minor roles in Breaker High, Smallville, and X-Files.[28] Drew aspired to be an actor, while Jonathan sought a career as an illusionist.[6] In 1996, they bought their first house when they were 18-year-old university students and, after renovations, sold it a year later for a $50,000 profit.[29][30] Jonathan and Drew Scott then began working in the real estate and design fields to financially support themselves as entertainers.[6] In 2004, they founded Scott Real Estate, Inc., a company that oversees the sale and construction of residential and commercial projects, with offices in Vancouver, Calgary, and Las Vegas.[3] While their business did well, after ten years went by with little to no acting jobs, Drew decided to return to acting full-time.[31] In 2009, he was finally approached for what would become Property Brothers.[28] At the show's start, the twins had managed real estate holdings for 15 years.[32][28]

text: Both brothers are licensed real estate agents, and Drew continues to be a licensed agent with Keller Williams Elite in British Columbia.[24] Jonathan is also a licensed contractor.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show quickly rose to number one and, as of 2017, Property Brothers remains HGTV's highest rated show..[33] The fifth season viewers attracted more than 10 million US viewers on HGTV in the 24 – 54 age demographic, and consistently ranked as a top five cable program among upscale women in the 25 – 54 age group.[34] In 2016, the show averaged 1.3 million viewers weekly.[35]

text: Consumer Reports put it on its list of best home improvement shows, saying, "We all wish Drew and Jonathan were our big brothers—and that they’d help us find our dream home."[36]

text: Property Brothers has won multiple awards. After being nominated in 2011, Drew and Jonathan won the 2012 Leo Award (the awards program for the British Columbia film and television industry) for "Best Host(s) in an Information or Lifestyle Series" for Property Brothers.[37] In 2012, they were nominated for a Rose d'Or award in the lifestyle show category.[12][38] The show's been nominated for a Cablefax Award and for Outstanding Structured Reality Program at the 2015 Emmy Awards.[39][40]

text: The program has had an impact on popular culture, and has been the subject of multiple jokes on Brooklyn 99,[41][42] Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt,[43][44] The Late Show with Stephen Colbert,[45] and Saturday Night Live.[46][47]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
HGTV Season
Episodes
Filming Location
First aired
Last aired

1

1
13
Toronto
January 4, 2011 (2011-01-04)
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)

2

2
13
Toronto
October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)
January 31, 2012 (2012-01-31)

4
13
Austin
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)

3

3
13
Austin/Toronto
January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)
April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)

5
13
Vancouver
August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28)
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)

4

6
13
Atlanta
March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27)

7
13
Toronto
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)

5

8
14
Westchester County
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)

9
13
Westchester County
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)

6

10
13
Westchester County
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)

11
13
Nashville
2018 (2018)