document_title: List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes

question_text: when will miraculous ladybug season 2 episode 7 air

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19) (France)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) (U.S.)
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30) (France)
22 October 2016 (2016-10-22) (U.S.)

2
26[8]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26) (France)
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30) (Netflix)
TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015–16)[edit]

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text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title [9][10]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. air date [9]
Prod.
code [9]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Stormy Weather"
"Climatika"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)[12]
20 December 2015[9]
101
1.47[13]

Marinette Dupain-Cheng is babysitting a child named Manon when her best friend Alya visits her. Alya tells Marinette that her crush, Adrien Agreste, is having a photoshoot nearby and takes them to see him. Meanwhile, Aurore Borell has just lost to her competitor, Mireille Jattée, to become the next weather forecaster. Infuriated, she becomes influenced by the villain Hawk Moth and turns into 'Stormy Weather', a villain who controls the weather. When Stormy wreaks havoc on Paris and interrupts the photoshoot, Marinette transforms into her secret super-hero persona, 'Ladybug'. At the same time, Adrien transforms into his secret super-hero persona, 'Cat Noir'. Together, they work to defeat Stormy, but are oblivious to each other's identities.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1.[11]

2
2
"The Bubbler"
"Le Bulleur"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
20 October 2015 (2015-10-20)
6 December 2015[9]
109
1.40[15]

It is Adrien's birthday and Marinette is struggling to give him the present she made for him. When Adrien's father won't allow Adrien to have a birthday party, his best friend Nino becomes angry about how unfair he's being towards Adrien. Claiming that all parents want to stop kids from having fun, Nino becomes influenced by Hawk Moth's power and turns into 'Bubbler', a villain who sends all the parents into outer space through his bubbles.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2.[14]

3
3
"The Pharaoh"
"Le Pharaon"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Bacconnier
21 October 2015 (2015-10-21)
10 January 2016[9]
115
1.11[17]

Marinette accidentally drops her history textbook while transformed as Ladybug. Alya, who happened to be at the scene, trying to film Ladybug in action, picks up the book, and speculates that Ladybug could be a Parisian collégienne. Marinette starts to panic when she finds out, and by Tikki's suggestion, brings Alya to visit a new Pharaoh exhibition at the Louvre, in order to try to get the book back. As they arrive, Alix's brother, Jalil, is discussing with his father about how one of the exhibitions on display is a resurrection spell. He believes that it could work, and wants to try it out, but Jalil's father gets angry and claims that such an important historical artifact cannot be misused. Angry that his father does not believe him, Jalil becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the Pharaoh, a villain with Egyptian god powers who intends to bring back Nefertiti. In this episode, we are told that there was a long line of Ladybugs going back over 5,000 years with Marinette being the latest Ladybug.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7.[16]

4
4
"Lady Wifi"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
22 October 2015 (2015-10-22)
17 January 2016[9]
103
1.43[19]

Alya is out to expose Ladybug's true identity when she finds Chloé with Ladybug's yo-yo and mask. When Alya attempts to take a photo of Chloé's open locker for evidence, Chloé accuses her of invasion of privacy, and has the principal suspend her. Alya becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Lady Wifi, a villain whose smartphone can fire different icons such as pause and lock, who can travel through wifi-serviced phones, and who stops at nothing to expose Ladybug, including invading Chloé's apartment.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6.[18]

5
5
"Timebreaker"
"Chronogirl"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Michaël Delachenal
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
27 December 2015[9]
116
1.17[21]

Marinette's parents are celebrating their twentieth anniversary, leaving Marinette to take care of one of her father's special cake orders. However, she gets a call from Alya, who reminds her to bring a banner she made for a race between two of her classmates, Alix and Kim, and she rushes off to Trocadéro. Alix has received a family heirloom pocket watch for her fifteenth birthday, and passes it to Alya to safeguard it for her while racing. However, during the race, the watch passes hands multiple times, before it is dropped by Chloé onto the ground and skated over by Alix, destroying the watch. Angry at her friends, Alix becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Timebreaker, a speedy villain who freezes people with a touch to get energy to travel back through time.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4.[20]

6
6
"Mr. Pigeon"
"M. Pigeon"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
13 December 2015[9]
106
1.09[23]

A fashion competition is to be held at Marinette's school where the winner will have their derby hat worn by none other than Adrien Agreste. Marinette is determined to win in the hope that Adrien will then notice her. Meanwhile, Officer Roger, a police officer, orders Xavier Ramier, a pigeon-loving man, to stop feeding the pigeons and to leave the park. Dejected, Xavier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Mr. Pigeon", a villain who controls massive flocks of pigeons.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5.[22]

7
7
"The Evillustrator"
"Le Dessinateur"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)
24 January 2016[9]
102
1.18[25]

Nathaniel is daydreaming in class of being a superhero who is rescuing his crush, Marinette, from "Stormy Weather" and "Lady Wifi". Soon embarrassed by Chloé for his comic drawings of his daydream, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Evillustrator", a villain whose drawings come to life.

This episode was shown in South Korea on 27 October 2015 as episode 9.[24]

8
8
"Rogercop"
Thomas Astruc
Denis Bardiau
27 October 2015 (2015-10-27)
31 January 2016[9]
111
1.18[27]

During Career Day in Marinette's class, Chloé loses an expensive bracelet and accuses Marinette of stealing it, as she had just slipped over Chloé's bag. Mr Bourgeois, Chloé's father, orders Officer Roger, Sabrina's father, to arrest Marinette and search her belongings. Officer Roger, however, refuses, saying that he cannot do that, unless there is evidence Marinette stole Chloé's bracelet, as it is against the law. As a result, Mr. Bourgeois, who is the Mayor of Paris, fires Officer Roger. Angry at the mayor for asking him to disobey the law and firing him, Roger becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Rogercop", a RoboCop-themed villain who wants to bring justice to those who break the law.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8.[26]

9
9
"Copycat"
"L'Imposteur"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Pascal Boutboul
28 October 2015 (2015-10-28)
3 January 2016[9]
108
1.29[29]

Attempting to ask Adrien out to the movies over the phone, Marinette instead accidentally leaves behind an embarrassing voicemail and rushes to delete it before he listens to it. Meanwhile, an artist named Theo is revealing a statue in the park, which he built in honor of Ladybug and Cat Noir. He has a crush on Ladybug and is looking forward to seeing her at the unveiling event, but only Cat Noir ends up arriving. After the event, Cat Noir insinuates to Theo that he and Ladybug are a couple. Feeling rejected and upset, Theo becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Copycat, a villain who is able to become an exact replica of Cat Noir.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3.[28]

10
10
"Dark Cupid"[30]
"Dislocœur"[31]
Thomas Astruc
Régis Jaulin
29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)
7 February 2016[30]
105
1.27[32]

It's Valentine's Day and love is in the air! After reading a love poem thrown away by Adrien, Marinette comes to the conclusion that the poem is about her, making her ecstatic even though the poem was originally intended for Ladybug. Meanwhile one of her classmates, Kim, is planning to ask his crush to be his Valentine. Marinette, in her love-sick daze, encourages Kim to go for it. When Kim sees his crush — Chloé — he is humiliated and rejected cruelly. Heartbroken, Kim is influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Dark Cupid, a villain whose arrows can replace true love and friendship with pure hate and mean-spiritedness. One of his targets is Cat Noir, who turns into Ladybug's enemy, just as he was about to confess his love to her.

11
11
"Horrificator"[33][34]
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)
21 February 2016[33]
117
1.13[35]

Nino is filming a movie in his classroom for a film contest, but Mylène, his classmate and one of the actors, is unsure about her ability as the leading actress, as she is easily frightened. After many failed attempts of shooting a single scene, Chloé makes fun of her fright and Mylène flees the classroom in tears. Disappointed in herself, Mylène becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Horrificatior, a monster who scares people and feeds on their fear.

12
12
"Darkblade"[39]
"Le Chevalier Noir"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
28 February 2016[39]
114
1.06[41]

After finding out that Chloé has been blackmailing people from running against her as the class representative, Marinette decides to nominate herself for the position. Wanting to prevent Marinette from winning, Chloé organizes an autograph session by rock musician Jagged Stone to bribe her classmates into voting for her. When Marinette finds out about the autograph session and leaves her home to intervene, Chloé sends Sabrina to Marinette's home, in hopes of finding something humiliating which can be used against Marinette. Meanwhile, Armand D'Argencourt, Collège Françoise-Dupont's fencing teacher, has just lost the Paris mayoral elections by a landslide defeat. In anger and humiliation, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Darkblade", an armored black knight, who zaps people and knights them, transforming them into an army of armored knights to take over Paris.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12.[36]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

13
13
"The Mime"[45]
"Le Mime"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
François Charpiat
Michaël Delachenal
Karine Lollichon
Sébastien Thibaudeau
13 December 2015 (2015-12-13)
7 May 2016[45]
119
N/A

Alya shows Marinette a video she recorded of Ladybug talking to her, but Marinette accidentally deletes it. Before Alya finds out, Marinette steals her phone and frantically tries to re-create the footage. Meanwhile, Mylène's father, Fred Haprèle, is getting his first major performance at the Eiffel Tower. However, his partner Chris deliberately makes him late, and convinces their manager Sarah (named Josiane in French version) to let Chris take the lead role instead. Disheartened, Fred becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Mime", a supervillain who can pantomime anything to make it reality.

Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in French version[42][43]
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13.[44]
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016.[citation needed]

14
14
"Kung Food"[47]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
10 January 2016 (2016-01-10)
10 September 2016[9]
125
N/A

Marinette's great uncle, the world-renowned Chinese chef Wang Cheng, visits Paris to participate in a cooking show called The Greatest Chef in the World. Before the competition begins, Marinette and Adrien run into Chloé, who is on the judges' panel. Chloé mocks Cheng for being a foreigner, and in retaliation, Marinette fires back with her own insults. Chloé sabotages Cheng's famous Celestial Soup, causing him to get poor results in front of the judges. Confused and upset, Cheng becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Kung Food", a villain who enslaves those who had eaten his ruined soup and who plans to cook Chloé in the soup.

The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016.[46]

15
15
"Gamer"[49]
"Le Gamer"
Thomas Astruc
Morade Rahni
17 January 2016 (2016-01-17)
24 September 2016[9]
112
N/A

Collège Françoise-Dupont is sending two students to represent them at a video game tournament, where they will compete with other schools in a fighting game known as Ultimate Mega Strike III. After Marinette notices that Adrien is one of the potential candidates, she participates in the selections in order to be able to team up with Adrien. She manages to defeat another candidate, her classmate Max, who has been training for the tournament for a whole year and was looking forward to participating. Angry about all his gaming training gone to waste, Max becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Gamer", a villain who uses a pyramid-shaped mecha-like ship, from the Ultimate Mega Strike III game that zaps people and objects, turning them into green "experience point" balls, which upgrades his ship.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016[48]

16
16
"Animan"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Perrin
Jean-Christophe Hervé
24 January 2016 (2016-01-24)
13 August 2016[51]
113
N/A

Nino develops a crush on Marinette so Adrien tries to help him by asking her out to the zoo. Marinette, however, thinks Adrien is asking her out and happily accepts. When at the zoo, Nino and Marinette are the only ones to show up; Adrien and Alya, at the same time, are hiding out in bushes nearby, helping the two talk to each other by instructing them via earpiece. Meanwhile, Marinette's classmate Kim mocks the new black panther in the zoo, claiming to the zookeeper, Otis, that he can run faster than it. Enraged by his remarks, Otis becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Animan", a supervillain who can shape-shift into any animal he desires including extinct species.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016.[50]

17
17
"Antibug"[53]
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)
15 October 2016
124
0.96[54]

Chloé is being harassed by something invisible, and Adrien and Marinette are immediately on the case. After talking with the concierge of the Grand Paris hotel, where Chloé lives, they discover Chloé had a fight with Sabrina, and had claimed that Sabrina is no longer her friend and is completely invisible to her. Heartbroken over her words, Sabrina was influenced by Hawk Moth, turning into the "Vanisher". As Ladybug and Cat Noir fight the Vanisher, who has just shown up, Chloé decides to join in, donning a fake Ladybug costume. However, this only causes the fight to get more difficult and Ladybug forces Chloé to leave, claiming that she is endangering everyone by staying. Chloé tries to tell Ladybug that the akuma is in Sabrina's rose brooch, but Ladybug does not listen, thinking that she is lying. Only when Chloé has left the scene does Ladybug realize that Chloé was right all along, but despite this, Ladybug does not apologize to Chloé. Feeling betrayed by her idol, Chloé becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Antibug", a darker, opposite version of Ladybug.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016.[52]

18
18
"The Puppeteer"[55]
"La Marionnettiste"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
7 February 2016 (2016-02-07)
8 October 2016
118
0.99[56]

Marinette is babysitting Manon. They are playing with hand-crafted dolls that Marinette made herself, Marinette playing as Ladybug and Cat Noir and Manon playing as Lady Wifi, Rogercop and Evillustrator. Because Marinette always plays as the Ladybug and Cat Noir dolls, Manon laments that Marinette always wins and bursts into tears. Feeling guilty, Marinette allows Manon to borrow her Ladybug doll. However, Nadja Chamack, Manon's mother, does not want her to borrow it, as she complains that Manon already has too many toys; they get into a dispute, resulting in the Ladybug doll getting torn. Despite that, Manon still wants to borrow the Ladybug doll, so she asks Marinette for it behind her mother's back. Marinette hesitates and decides on a compromise instead, allowing her to borrow the Lady Wifi doll instead. Chamack notices Manon playing with the new doll and becomes angry that Manon had defied her instructions so she confiscates it from her. Upset, Manon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Puppeteer", a villain who can control the people Marinette's dolls are based on.

The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016.[48]

19
19
"Reflekta"
Thomas Astruc
Sophie Lodwitz
Eve Pisler
21 February 2016 (2016-02-21)
1 October 2016 [58]
121
0.91[59]

At class picture day, Marinette's classmate Juleka is hesitant about participating, as she believes that she is under a curse where any picture she is in will have her face covered. Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo, Chloé has her friend Sabrina lock Juleka in the bathroom while she takes her place in the centre of the photo, beside Adrien. Believing that she'll always stay cursed and unnoticed, Juleka becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Reflekta, a flamboyant villain who can zap people into making them look exactly like her.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016.[57][48]

20
20
"Guitar Villain"[62]
"Guitar Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
28 February 2016 (2016-02-28)
3 September 2016[62]
120
N/A

Rock musician Jagged Stone has problems with his manager, who wants to change the look of his new album's cover and make him record a duet with XY, a hot new music artist who replaced Stone at the number-one position on the music charts. Although they agree on a compromise on the cover by having Marinette design it, Stone is later offended when he sees Marinette's first design (insisted on by his producer) and further enraged when he watches a interview given by XY, who arrogantly claims that technology matters more than music, rock 'n' roll is no longer in style, and that Stone was no match for him. Enraged, Stone becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Guitar Villain" (a reference to the title of "guitar hero" given to legendary guitarists in France[60]), a wild musician with a pet dragon, who influences people into headbanging and dancing uncontrollably by playing his guitar.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016.[48][61]

21
21
"Pixelator"[63]
"Numéric"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)
27 August 2016[63]
107
N/A

Marinette's class is visiting the Grand Paris hotel, as part of a program to try out some of the jobs that the staff do in the hotel on a daily basis, when rock idol Jagged Stone arrives. While Jagged is checking in, an overly-obsessed fan named Vincent Aza sneaks in behind him and tries to take a picture with Stone, but he is swiftly kicked out of the hotel by Jagged's assistant, and warned to never approach Stone again. Angry at being shunned by his idol, Vincent becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Pixelator", a supervillain who uses a head-mounted telescopic camera to take photos of people, making them vanish and trapping them in a white empty space by "digitising" them into living portraits that appear on his apartment wall.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 3 March 2016.[10]
This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016.[52]

22
22
"Princess Fragrance"[65]
"Princesse Fragrance"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie De Rudder
20 March 2016 (2016-03-20)
14 May 2016[65]
104
N/A

Marinette's classmate Rose is excited about Prince Ali's visit to Paris, but is caught at school spraying perfume on her fan letter and using a cellphone in class. Tikki feels ill, so Marinette plans to take her to a healer, but when Marinette trips on the stairs, Tikki is picked up by Chloe, who plans to give Tikki as a plush toy gift to Prince Ali. Chloe tears up Rose's letter, telling Rose that Prince Ali has no interest in her. Hurt, Rose is influenced by Hawk Moth and becomes "Princess Fragrance", a villain whose perfume spray makes people serve her, and who desires to have Prince Ali for herself. The untransformed Marinette must recover Tikki and stop Princess Fragrance from taking over all of Paris.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 13 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016.[64][52]

23
23
"Simon Says"
"Jackady"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
27 March 2016 (2016-03-27)
20 August 2016
110
0.86[68]

Nino is a contestant in a game show called The Challenge, where he has to get Mayor Bourgeois to dance. Despite being invited to see Nino, Marinette is grounded by her parents for missing too many classes at school, not knowing that she had been working as Ladybug. As Nino completes his challenge, the next contestant, a hypnotist named Simon Grimault (Jacques Grimeau in French version), is given the challenge to hypnotize Adrien's father Gabriel Agreste. However, Gabriel refuses to participate in the challenge, causing Simon to fail. Angry that he was not given the chance to at least try, Simon becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into "Simon Says" (Jackady in French version), an extravagant villain who can hypnotize someone by throwing playing cards at them.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 6 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016.[66][67]

24
24
"Volpina"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
3 April 2016 (2016-04-03)
22 October 2016
126
0.96[69]

Adrien discovers a book in his father's safe with pictures of the different Miraculous heroes and steals it to learn more. Later, a new student named Lila arrives who claims to be good friends with Ladybug in order to wow Adrien. Jealous and upset by Lila's lies, Marinette begins to tail her, during which time she watches Lila steal the Miraculous book from Adrien. Tikki notices the cover design and insists upon taking the book for further study. Lila then tells Adrien that she is descended from the Miraculous holder Volpina, prompting Marinette to transform into Ladybug and call Lila on her lies in front of Adrien. Embarrassed, Lila runs off and becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, who transforms her into "Volpina", a superhero with the power to create illusions, with the hope that she can gain Ladybug and Cat Noir's trust and betray them. The plan fails, though Hawk Moth is not concerned, proclaiming that his "big day" is at hand. Afterwards, Tikki's suspicions about the book are confirmed: it is the long-lost book of lore that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses. She then brings Marinette to meet the Great Guardian, Master Fu.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 19 March 2016.[10]
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016.[52]

25
25
"Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins, Part 1"[37]
"Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][76]
122
0.97[77]

A prequel of the series. It's Marinette's first day of school. Hawk Moth captures a butterfly kwami named Nooroo[70][71] and forces his allegiance. Hawk Moth's butterfly brooch allows him to give someone a superpower they desire and to make that person obey his will. He plans on using his new powers for evil purposes, intending to create villains to lure the heroes out to fight them, so he can steal their Miraculouses and gain absolute power. Master Fu, a 186-year-old Chinese man,[a] is notified of Hawk Moth's capture of Nooroo through Wayzz,[70][71] his own kwami, a turtle. However, he is too old to fight anymore, so he pretends to be a weak old man, travelling Paris to find suitable charges for the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses, hoping they can stop Hawk Moth and free Nooroo. He is helped by Marinette when he crosses a road and is almost hit by a car, and Adrien when he pretends to have fallen down. As school is dismissed, Ivan and Kim, two of Marinette's classmates, have a dispute, after Kim sends Ivan an offensive message on paper. Upset and angry, Ivan becomes Hawk Moth's first ever victim, turning into "Stone Heart", a giant rock monster who grows in size after taking damage. Master Fu learns of this, and has no choice but to quickly deploy both the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses, sending them to Adrien and Marinette. Marinette and Adrien both find a small box in their room, and after touching them, are quickly greeted by Tikki and Plagg. Both kwamis give their charges a quick explanation; soon Marinette and Adrien transform into Ladybug and Cat Noir and rush to stop Stone Heart. Despite their lack of experience and poor fighting skills, they manage to defeat "Stone Heart" and free the akuma. However, Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight; it flies off, duplicating itself and infecting many people, turning them into immobilised Stone Hearts. The episode ends as Marinette learns of her fatal mistake, and in her despair, thinking that she cannot do her job as Ladybug, removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table, causing Tikki to disappear.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14.[72][73]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21.[74]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

26
26
"Stoneheart - Origins, Part 2"[79]
"Cœur de pierre (Origines - Partie 2)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][80]
123
0.97[77]

The next morning, Marinette brings her earrings to school and slips them into Alya's bag, still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma and convinced Alya would be a better Ladybug. Adrien sneaks to school, desperate to leave his house and make friends. Questioned by his classmates, nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him. Marinette comforts Ivan; encouraged by her, Ivan sings Mylène a love song, but accidentally scares her off. Ivan turns into "Stone Heart" again with Hawk Moth's akuma, and takes control of his duplicates around Paris, which come to life. Stone Heart breaks into the classroom, grabs Chloé and Mylène and runs off, summoning his duplicates. Adrien rushes to stop Stone Heart as Alya takes chase to film the battle; Marinette runs after her, wanting to pass her the earrings. Stone Heart's duplicates catch Cat Noir as he saves Alya from being crushed by a flying car. Marinette has no choice but to transform; breaking Cat Noir out, they rush to Trocadéro. Ladybug catches Chloé when Stone Heart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower's lower deck. A swarm of akumas fly out of Stone Heart's mouth, forming Hawk Moth's face, who declares that Paris will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir's Miraculouses are surrendered. Ladybug refuses, stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong, and cleanses the akuma cloud. Hawk Moth orders Stone Heart to take their Miraculouses; he and his duplicates begin to climb the Eiffel Tower. Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower, using her yo-yo to make Mylène kiss Stone Heart's chest; surprised, he drops the paper ball the akuma is in. Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma. After her magic cleans up the damage, Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan's song lyrics. Mylène hugs Ivan; Ladybug and Cat Noir run off to transform back. Later, Adrien's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé, retaking her seat. That evening after school, it's raining outside; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella, and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways. Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar, satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22.[78]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016.[79]

text: Season 2 (2017–present)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
Netflix release date
Prod.
code

27
1
"The Collector"
"Le Collectionneur"
Thomas Astruc[7]
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[7]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)[81]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
201

Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses; due to a mistake he made in the past, their temple was wiped out, and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost. He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth, sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien. Meanwhile, Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book. When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel's, she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead. Meanwhile, Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma, but then de-transforms into Gabriel and then akumatizes himself into "The Collector", a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book. After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel, Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth. Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone, and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel, who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her. He rescinds Adrien's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates. Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth, having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017.[citation needed]

28
2
"Despair Bear"
"Doudou Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Nolwenn Pierre
Sébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)[83]
TBA
TBA

After a false fire alarm prank forces the entire student body except for Chloé to do chores as punishment, Adrien tells Chloé she must be nicer to people if she wants them to remain friends. Chloé's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and tells her to be nice as what her old teddy bear would do. During the party, Chloé tries her best, but when she sees Adrien dancing with Marinette, she loses her temper and Jean accidentally embarrasses her when he reveals her teddy bear, leading Chloé to berate and fire him. Feeling rejected, Jean becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Despair Bear", a villain who has the ability to control anyone he hugs.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017.[82]

29
3
"Prime Queen"
"Audimatrix"
Thomas Astruc[85]
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[85]
29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[86]
TBA
TBA

Marinette has to babysit Manon, but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show, so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs. Realizing she needs higher television ratings, host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir's supposed romantic relationship, which causes Ladybug to depart, dragging Cat Noir in tow. Heartbroken, Nadja becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Prime Queen", who has to ability to teleport through television screens and posters; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017.[84]

30
4
"Befana"
"La Béfana"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)[89]
TBA
TBA

Marinette is excited because today is her birthday. Not only that, but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting. Despite being excited to visit Marinette, Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up, but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things. While hanging out, Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina. Hurt and rejected, Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Befana", a villain with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels, who become her servants, with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017.[87][88]

31
5
"Riposte"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2017 (2017-11-01)[91]
TBA
TBA

A new student, Kagami Tsurugi, the daughter of a famous fencer, arrives at school and challenges Adrien to show everyone she's the best fencer. After a duel, Marinette, not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended, due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly, declares Adrien the winner, much to Kagami's dismay and humiliation, causing her to depart from the school. Feeling down, Kagami becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Riposte", a samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017.[90]

32
6
"Robostus"
"Robustus"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
3 November 2017 (2017-11-03)[93]
TBA
TBA

When Max builds Markov, a miniature robot capable of real human emotions, he is hesitant to even reveal him. After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school's servers, Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he's a toy. Markov becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Robostus", a villain capable of giving life to mechanical devices. When Hawk Moth tells Robustus to bring him the Miraculous, he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes. Markov takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium, where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir. When Robustus is about to gain the heroic duo's Miraculouses, he reveals he will take them for their power to grant any wish; only for Max, wanting his friend back, to free Ladybug and Cat Noir, who capture and de-evilize Markov. Marinette returns to Master Fu, who elaborates the Miraculouses' ability to grant wishes. Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish, someone else must lose the very thing wished for, such as Markov becoming human meant another would lose their humanity in return. Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this, and to continue guarding her own Miraculous.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017.[92]

33
7
TBA
"Gigantitan"
Thomas Astruc
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[94][95]
TBA
TBA

Today is a great day for Marinette: she and her friends Mylène, Rose, Juleka, Alix and, of course, Alya, have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien. But nothing is going as planned and Adrien's bodyguard, annoyed by the girls, becomes Hawk Moth's target. However, while the latter tries to akumatize him, the Gorilla calms down. The akuma then transforms a young child, who is on his way and upset at not having his candy, into Gigantitan, a giant villain.

34
8
"The Dark Owl"
"Le Hibou Noir"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[97]
TBA
TBA

Mr. Damocles, the school principal, starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well. However, while performing, he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to become a hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong. Humiliated and enraged, Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl, the actual superhero, and traps the heroes in a chamber to reveal their true identities. Not ready to know each other's identity yet, they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses, unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another, but Ladybug and Cat Noir do not.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5, 2017[96]

35
9
TBA
"Glaciator"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
14 January 2018 (2018-01-14)[100]
TBA
TBA

Marinette, Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André, a famous glacier in Paris. According to a legend, the couple who eats an ice cream at André's place will love each other forever! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there, but he did not come. For a good reason: he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug. Disappointed by the absence of Adrien, Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her. Collapsed, the glacier becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator, a giant ice cream snowman monster with the power that transforms people into ice cream and they start to melt! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him.

This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17, 2017, but it did not air due to production issues.[98][99]

36
10
TBA
"Sapotis"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)[101]
TBA
TBA

Marinette helps Alya babysit Ella and Etta, Alya's twin sisters, and the twins are making things difficult for their sister and her friend. When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed, Alya forbids them from going to amusement park tomorrow and takes away one of their hats. Fighting over one hat, the twins become influenced by Hawk Moth and turn into Sapotis, a set of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc. When Ladybug and Cat Noir get quickly overwhelmed by thousands of small monsters and need some help, Alya receives the Fox Miraculous from Ladybug and she becomes a fox-themed superhero named Rena Rouge. After the battle, Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and decides to keep the details of her adventure a secret.

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. release date
Prod.
code [9]

S1
"A Christmas Special"[5]
"Pire Noël"[103]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
11 December 2016 (2016-12-11)[103]
20 December 2016 (Netflix)[5]
TBA

While preparing for Christmas Eve, Adrien is about to spend his first Christmas without his mother. Thinking that his father does not want to celebrate the holidays this year, Adrien turns into Cat Noir and leaves his home to sing his anger in snowy Paris. When his father discovers that Adrien is not in his room, he becomes extremely worried. Hearing the news, Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien, who has reverted back to his normal self, in the company of a Santa. Ladybug thinks the Santa is akumatized and wants to trouble Adrien, so she pushes him away. Scorned, the Santa actually becomes a victim of Hawk Moth as "Santa Claws",[b] who plans to make this Christmas the worst in the history of Paris.
The special is done in a musical format, with various characters breaking into song throughout the episode.[102]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: A series of webisodes, Miraculous: La Webserie, was released by TF1. They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon. They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette, who writes in her diary, or by the others.[104] Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets (also A Miraculous Message), as well as on YouTube.[105] A 2D-animated series of webisodes was also released, titled Miraculous: Tales from Paris (Miraculous, une journée à Paris).

text: Miraculous Secrets[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [105]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

W1
"Cat Noir as seen by Marinette"
"Chat Noir vu par Marinette"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary.

W2
"Marinette and Adrien"
"Marinette et Adrien"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in "The Bubbler".

W3
"Marinette's Double Life"
"La double vie de Marinette (The double life of Marinette)"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her superhero life as Ladybug

W4
"My Birthday Party"
"Ma fête d'anniversaire (The Birthday Party)"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party

W5
"Marinette and Alya"
"Marinette et Alya"
5 October 2016
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together

W6
"Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Paris!"[106]
"Marinette et Paris (Marinette and Paris)"
12 October 2016
17 December 2015

Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris, including the Louvre, the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower.

W7
"Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Fashion!"[107]
"Marinette et la mode"
20 October 2016
8 January 2016

When asked about her career plans, Marinette talks about being a fashion designer, what she has designed, and what inspires her.

W8
"Ladyblog / Alya's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya"[108]
"Ladyblog"
27 October 2016
22 January 2016

Alya talks about her Ladyblog website.

W9
"Adrien's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien"[109]
"La double vie d'Adrien"
27 October 2016
29 January 2016

Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model, the son of a rich and famous fashion designer, and his excitement about being a student. He also talks about life as Cat Noir.

W10
"Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien: Love Letter!"[110]
"Ladybug vue par Adrien (Ladybug seen by Adrien)"
3 November 2016
9 January 2016

Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug, and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage.

text: Tales from Paris[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [105]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

T1
"The Notebook"
"Le carnet"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
18 January 2017

Marinette, Alya, and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloe makes fun of her notebook.

T2
"Inspiration"
"Inspiration"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
26 January 2017

Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance.

T3
"Repetition"
"Répétition"
30 January 2017 (2017-01-30) ((TF1)
15 February 2017

Tikki helps Marinette practise asking out Adrien.

T4
"Busy Day"
"Grosse journée"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
16 March 2017

Marinette helps her parents in the bakery.

T5
"Homework Essay"
"L'exposé"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
3 April 2017

Marinette has to make a presentation on a person who inspires her.

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the first DVD, featuring seven episodes from season one, with both English and French audio tracks, was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout! Factory.[111][112] Another DVD, subtitled Spots On!, which contains six episodes, was released on 30 August 2016.[113] A third DVD, Be Miraculous, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 10 January 2017 .[114] A fourth DVD, It's Ladybug was released on 11 April 2017.

text:
DVD title
Season
Episodes
Release date

Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
1
7

List[show]

"The Bubbler"
"Mr. Pigeon"
"Stormy Weather"
"Timebreaker"
"Copycat"
"The Pharaoh"
"Lady Wifi"

3 May 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Spots On!
1
6

List[show]

"The Evillustrator"
"Rogercop"
"Dark Cupid"
"Horrificator"
"Darkblade"
"The Mime"

30 August 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Be Miraculous
1
7

List[show]

"Ladybug & Cat Noir (Origins, Part 1)"
"Stone Heart (Origins, Part 2)"
"Animan"
"Simon Says"
"Pixelator"
"Guitar Villain"
"Kung Food"

10 January 2017

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: It's Ladybug
1
6

List[show]

"Gamer"
"Antibug"
"The Puppeteer"
"Refletka"
"Princess Fragrance"
"Volpina"

11 April 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)". Miraculous: Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir. Season 1. Episode 22 (in French). 4 March 2016. Event occurs at 02:40. Télé-Québec. Encore jeune! Je n'ai que cent-quatre-vingt-six ans! (Still young! I am only 186 years old!
Jump up ^ In the Christmas special, Santa, or Père Noël (lit. Father Christmas) is akumatized into Pire Noël (lit. "worst Christmas").


document_title: All Summer in a Day

question_text: who are the main characters in all summer in a day

root

text: All Summer in a Day

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text: The story is about a class of students on Venus, which in this story is a world of constant rainstorms, where the Sun is visible for only 1 hour every seven years. (This story was written before Mariner 2 discovered that the surface temperature on Venus is higher than the boiling point of water.)

tag: p

text: One of the children, Margot, moved to Venus from Earth five years earlier, and she is the only one in her class to remember sunshine, since the Sun shone regularly on Earth. She describes the Sun as "a penny", or "like a fire in the stove", and the other children, being too young ever to have seen it themselves, do not believe her. The other students bully and ostracize her and just before the sun comes out, they lock her in a closet down a tunnel.

text: As the Sun is about to appear, their teacher arrives to take the class outside to enjoy their one hour of sunshine and, in their astonishment and joy, they all forget about Margot. They run, play, skip, jump, and prance about, savoring every second of their newly found freedom. "It's much better than sun lamps!" one of them cries.

text: Suddenly, a girl catches a raindrop in her hands. Thunder sounds, and they start to pick as many flowers as they can before it starts pouring again and run back inside. At this point, one of them remembers Margot, who is still locked in the closet. Ashamed, they let her out of the closet, standing frozen, embarrassed over what they have done, and unable to "meet each other's glances."

text: The precious Sun has come and gone and, because of their despicable act, Margot, who loved the Sun the most, has missed it.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A 30-minute television adaptation, originally broadcast on the PBS' children's series WonderWorks in 1982. The ending is expanded to show the children atoning for their horrible act by giving Margot flowers that they picked while the Sun was out.[2] The director of photography was Robert Elswit, who went on to become an Academy Award winning cinematographer.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Reesa Mallen as Margot
Keith Coogan as William
Tammy Simpson as Paula
Jerry Marshak as Michael
Bridget Meade as Lisa
Edith Fields as Mrs. Callaghan

tag: ul

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: All Summer in a Day is alluded to in a description of main character Oscar Wao, from Junot Díaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. "Sucks a lot to be left out of adolescence, sort of like getting locked in the closet on Venus when the sun appears for the first time in a hundred years." Although in Bradbury's All Summer in a Day, it comes out every seven years.[3]

text: The story also is referenced in chapter 22 of Karen Thompson Walker’s novel The Age of Miracles.

text: The story is referenced in Season 3 Episode 2 of the cartoon Drawn Together when the character Toot is trapped in the closet and doesn't get to experience the Wiener Man's hot dog offerings.

text: Trivia[edit]

text: This story is about Venus and the Sun. Coincidentally, author Ray Bradbury died the same day as a very rare celestial event, a transit of Venus across the Sun.[4]


document_title: List of the longest-running West End shows

question_text: what is the longest running musical in uk

text: List[edit]

text: Unless otherwise states, the number of performances listed is for the original West End production of the show. M denotes a musical, P denotes a straight play, R denotes a revue, D denotes a dance musical, and S denotes a special case. An asterisk indicates an announced closing date for a currently-running show. All currently-running shows are updated as of 8 January 2018, unless otherwise stated.

text:
#
Title
Genre
Opening
date
Closing
date
Performances
Comment

1
The Mousetrap
P
25 November 1952

27,174
Currently running at the St. Martin's Theatre

6 October 1952 – Production premiere at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham
25 November 1952 – Opened in the West End at the New Ambassadors Theatre
13 September 1957 – Longest-running West End play
12 April 1958 – Longest-running West End show overall, 2239 performances
9 December 1964 – 5,000 performances
23 March 1974 – Closed for 2 days to transfer to the St. Martin's Theatre, retaining initial run status
17 December 1976 – 10,000 performances
16 December 2000 – 20,000 performances
18 November 2012 - 25,000 performances
1965 & 1999 – Sets, costumes and props replaced

2
Les Misérables
M
8 October 1985

13,341
Currently running at the Queen's Theatre

Opened at the Royal Shakespeare Company's Barbican Theatre.
Transferred to the Palace Theatre on the West End on 5 December 1985.
Transferred to the Queen's Theatre in April 2004, where it is still running.

3
The Phantom of the Opera
M
9 October 1986

13,008
Currently running at Her Majesty's Theatre

4
The Woman in Black
P
7 June 1989

11,704
Currently running at Fortune Theatre

5
Blood Brothers
M
28 July 1988
10 November 2012
10,013

6
Cats
M
11 May 1981
11 May 2002
8,949
Opened in London at the New London Theatre

The show closed on its 21st anniversary, where it was broadcast in Covent Garden for those who couldn't acquire a ticket
It held the record for longest running West End Musical for four years before it was overtaken by Les Misérables, the current record holder.

7
Mamma Mia!
M
6 April 1999

7,871
Currently running at Novello Theatre

This is the longest running jukebox musical
Opened at the Prince Edward Theatre
Moved to the Prince of Wales Theatre on 9 June 2004
Moved to Novello Theatre in September 2012

8
The Lion King
M
19 October 1999

7,634
Currently running at Lyceum Theatre

9
Starlight Express
M
27 March 1984
12 January 2002
7,406

10
No Sex Please, We're British
P
3 June 1971
16 January 1987
6,761

11
Stomp
D
25 September 2002
7 January 2018
6,512
Opened at the Vaudeville Theatre

Moved to the Ambassadors Theatre on 27 September 2007

12
Chicago
M
18 October 1997
1 September 2012
6,187
This is the longest running revival

Show opened at the Adelphi Theatre
Moved to the Cambridge Theatre in April 2006
Moved to the Garrick Theatre in November 2011

13
Buddy – The Buddy Holly Story
M
12 October 1989
3 March 2002
5,140
Opened at the Victoria Palace Theatre

Moved to the Strand Theatre (now the Novello Theatre) in October 1995

14
Wicked
M
27 September 2006

4,746
Currently running at Apollo Victoria Theatre

15
We Will Rock You
M
25 September 2002
31 May 2014
4,659

16
Billy Elliot the Musical
M
11 May 2005
9 April 2016
4,566

17
Miss Saigon
M
20 September 1989
30 October 1999
4,264

18
Jersey Boys
M
18 March 2008
26 March 2017
3,787

19
Thriller - Live
R
26 January 2009

3,745
Currently running at Lyric Theatre

20
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)
P
7 March 1996
3 April 2005
3,744

21
The 39 Steps
P
14 September 2006
5 September 2015
3,731 [note 1]

22
Jesus Christ Superstar
M
9 August 1972
23 August 1980
3,357

23
Me and My Girl
M
12 February 1985
16 January 1993
3,303
This is a revival of the 1937 musical.

24
Evita
M
21 June 1978
18 February 1986
3,176 [note 2]

tag: table

text: Oh! Calcutta! which opened in the West End on 30 September 1970 and closed in either January or February 1980, would have approximately 3,800 performances, but no closing date is known, so proper ranking cannot be made.[note 3]

text: The next longest running play is There's a Girl in My Soup (1966–1973). The next longest running musical is Oliver! (1960–1966).


document_title: Frosty's Winter Wonderland

question_text: what is the name of frosty the snowman's wife

question_tokens: what is the name of frosty the snowman 's wife

text: Frosty's Winter Wonderland

text: Plot[edit]

text: Years have passed since Frosty left for the North Pole, but kept his promise to the children that he would be back again someday. When he hears the news about the first snowfall of the season, he comes back to the children. The children are excited to hear about Frosty's return and are overjoyed when he comes back to play with them, but then Jack Frost sees the fun that the children are having with Frosty and becomes jealous of him. When he learns the origin of Frosty and his magic silk hat which brought the snowman to life when placed on his head, Jack decides to steal it from Frosty so the children will love him more. But that night, while Frosty and the children were ice-skating at the frozen pond, Jack unknowingly and mistakenly captures the male horse's old hat with his ability to blow snowy winds. Believing it to be Frosty's hat, he disappears with it.

text: Despite the fun he has, Frosty becomes sad and lonely at the end of each day when the children go home for the night, making him cry for the first time. To cheer him up, the kids, with his help, build a snow wife the next day (suggested names included Cleopatra, Cornflakes, Ermintrude, and Minny Ha-Ha) and name her Crystal, but she is not alive like how he is. The children try placing a horse's bonnet on her head but to no avail. Meanwhile, Jack soon looks upon the stolen hat from the male horse and discovers he was tricked. Realizing that Frosty was the cause of his failure, he swears revenge on him. Late that night, Frosty presents Crystal with a bouquet of frost flowers. His gift of love brings her to life, and she says his trademark line: "Happy Birthday". The two joyously frolic through the snow, until Jack uses a gust of icy wind which blows Frosty's hat off, turning him back to his lifeless state and taunting Crystal that he is gone for good. To prove Jack wrong, she sculpts a corsage out of snow, places it on Frosty's chest and gives him a kiss which immediately brings him back to life. Befuddled by his reanimation, Jack throws Frosty's hat back on his head.

text: Frosty and Crystal run through the town announcing their wedding to the children. The children gather together with Parson Brown, the local preacher, in town to marry them. Parson Brown says that he can't perform the ceremony, as he can only legally marry real people. Everyone is dejected until Parson Brown suggests they build a "snow parson" with his assistance. After the parson is built, Parson Brown states that "A parson is not a parson 'til he holds the Good Book in his hand." He places his Bible into the snow parson's hand, and like Frosty and Crystal, he is magically brought to life. Jack witnesses this and decides to spoil the wedding with a blizzard. Crystal decides to reason with him and asks for him to be the best man at the wedding (after all, she says, the whole wedding should be wintry, and so it would only be appropriate for him to be the best man). Finally feeling appreciated, Jack agrees. The wedding goes on without a hitch, to the song "Winter Wonderland".

text: Frosty, Crystal, and Jack have fun with the children all winter, but they notice the weather is starting to grow warm again. Jack decides to make it so that winter lasts forever and Frosty and Crystal can stay. As the overly long winter continues, Parson Brown decides to talk with everyone. He tells them that winter can never last forever, or the trees will never sprout leaves and flowers will never grow. Frosty, Crystal, and Jack are saddened, but acknowledge it's time for them to leave. They once again head for the train to the North Pole (But not before one last skate through town). Frosty and Crystal say their goodbyes to the same traffic cop Frosty encountered in the first special (who is no longer surprised by Frosty's sentience), who wishes them off only to swallow his whistle in shock again when he hears he has married. All traces of winter melt away, but everyone remembered that the winter wonderland was a good memory and good memories can never die, so the narrator said. Because everyone knows that on one not so faraway day, that first snowflake will fall. The scene then shows Jack Frost up in a tree. And in a few months, the whole town becomes a winter wonderland again. The special ends with the narrator saying to the viewers, "May all your winters be wonderful." And Frosty and Crystal responding, "And frosty, too!"

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dennis Day – Parson Brown, Snow Parson
Paul Frees – Jack Frost, Traffic Cop
Andy Griffith – Himself (Narrator)
Shelly Hines – Elsie's brother
Manfreed Olea – Child
Eric Stern – Child
Barbara Jo Ewing – Elsie
The Wee Winter Singers – Children
Jackie Vernon – Frosty
Shelley Winters – Crystal (Also credited as Mrs. Frosty)

text: Production credits[edit]

text:
Producers/Directors – Arthur Rankin, Jr., Jules Bass
Writer – Romeo Muller
Based on the Song "Frosty the Snowman" – Steve Nelson, Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill & Range Songs
"Winter Wonderland" – Dick Smith, Felix Bernard © 1934 Bregman Vocco and Conn, Inc.
Sound – John Curcio, Don Hahn, Dave Iveland, Tom Clack
Animation – Toru Hara, Tsuguyuki Kubo
Key Animation – Kazuyuki Kobayashi
Background Design – Minoru Nishida
Design – Paul Coker, Jr.
Music Arranger/Conductor – Maury Laws

text: © 1976 Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc.

text: Television rights[edit]

text: The rights to this special are held by Warner Bros. Television Distribution, which licenses the show to Freeform. The latter airs the special annually on its "25 Days of Christmas" marathon.

text: Because the ownership of the television rights to the Rankin/Bass library was split into two parts (one including all productions prior to 1974 and one including all productions from that point onward) after the company's dissolution in 1987, Frosty's Winter Wonderland was separated from the original Frosty the Snowman special. The telecast rights to the original are now held by CBS, who produced a companion sequel of its own, Frosty Returns, with a totally different cast, style and production staff.

text: Home video[edit]

text: Frosty's Winter Wonderland was first released on a compilation VHS tape with the 1981 special The Leprechauns' Christmas Gold by Vestron Video's Lightning Video label in 1985. The same double-feature release was also available in Australia in the late 1980s. Warner Home Video distributed the special for its second VHS release in 1992, and also released it on DVD in 2004 paired with the 1974 special 'Twas the Night Before Christmas. The DVD was re-released in 2011.

text: Culture[edit]

text: In the 1998 Warner Bros. film Jack Frost, Charlie Frost (Joseph Cross) shows his father Jack Frost (Michael Keaton) some scenes from the special while changing television channels.


document_title: History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand

question_text: who won the rugby between england and new zealand

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 England
Won by
 New Zealand
Drawn
England points
New Zealand points

In England
24
5
18
1
321
470

In New Zealand
15
2
13
0
210
354

Neutral venue
1
0
1
0
29
45

Overall
40
7
32
1
560
969

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
England
New Zealand

Longest winning streak
2 (9 Nov 2002–12 Jun 2004)
9 (12 Jun 2004–1 Dec 2012)

Largest points for

Home
38 (1 December 2012)
64 (20 June 1998)

Away
27 (14 June 2014)
45 (18 June 1995)

Largest winning margin

Home
17 (1 December 2012)
42 (20 June 1998)

Away
6 (15 September 1973)
26 (29 November 2008)

text: History[edit]

text: A century of New Zealand dominance has been punctuated by infrequent England victories. The 17 point margin in 2012 eclipsed the 13-0 win in 1936. Out of the blue England visited NZ in 1973 and won the test match 16-10, their first win in New Zealand. Ten years later they pulled off the first home win in 48 years by 15-9 and repeated the feat ten years later by the same score. They won back to back victories in 2002 and 2003.

text: One of the 1997 matches resulted in a 26 all draw.

text: The rest of the matches have been won by New Zealand. The highest margin was 42 points in 1998 in Dunedin when England sent a depleted touring side to New Zealand.

text: The teams have met three times in World Cups, with New Zealand winning all three matches.

text: Hillary Shield[edit]

text: Since 2008, the winner of New Zealand – England Test matches have been awarded the Hillary Shield. The shield is only contested in non-World Cup matches, and is named in honour of Sir Edmund Hillary — the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest. It was also conceived to recognise the links between New Zealand and England. When the shield was unveiled in 2008 by New Zealand's Prime Minister at the time, Helen Clark, and Hillary's widow, Lady June Hillary, Clark said of Hillary "He was part of a British expedition when he conquered Mt Everest shortly after the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II".[3]

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition

40
8 November 2014
Twickenham, London
21 – 24
 New Zealand
2014 Autumn International

39
21 June 2014
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
36 – 13
 New Zealand
2014 England tour of New Zealand

38
14 June 2014
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin
28 – 27
 New Zealand

37
7 June 2014
Eden Park, Auckland
20 – 15
 New Zealand

36
16 November 2013
Twickenham, London
22 – 30
 New Zealand
2013 Autumn International

35
1 December 2012
Twickenham, London
38 – 21
 England
2012 Autumn International

34
6 November 2010
Twickenham, London
16 – 26
 New Zealand
2010 Autumn International

33
21 November 2009
Twickenham, London
6 – 19
 New Zealand
2009 Autumn International

32
29 November 2008
Twickenham, London
6 – 32
 New Zealand
2008 Autumn International

31
21 June 2008
AMI Stadium, Christchurch
44– 12
 New Zealand
English tour of New Zealand

30
14 June 2008
Eden Park, Auckland
37– 20
 New Zealand

29
5 November 2006
Twickenham, London
20 – 41
 New Zealand
2005 Autumn International

28
19 November 2005
Twickenham, London
19 – 23
 New Zealand
2005 New Zealand Grand Slam Tour

27
19 June 2004
Eden Park, Auckland
36 – 12
 New Zealand
2004 English Tour of Australasia

26
12 June 2004
Carisbrook, Dunedin
36 – 3
 New Zealand

25
14 June 2003
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
13 – 15
 England
2003 English Tour of Australasia

24
9 November 2002
Twickenham, London
31 – 28
 England
2002 Autumn International

23
9 October 1999
Twickenham, London
16 – 30
 New Zealand
1999 Rugby World Cup Pool B

22
27 June 1998
Eden Park, Auckland
40 – 10
 New Zealand
1998 English Summer Tour

21
20 June 1998
Carisbrook, Dunedin
64 – 22
 New Zealand

20
6 December 1997
Twickenham, London
26 – 26
  draw
1997 New Zealand Grand Slam Tour

19
22 November 1997
Old Trafford, Manchester
8 – 25
 New Zealand

18
18 June 1995
Newlands, Cape Town
45 – 29
 New Zealand
1995 Rugby World Cup Semi-final

17
27 November 1993
Twickenham, London
15 – 9
 England
1993 New Zealand tour of Britain

16
3 October 1991
Twickenham, London
12 – 18
 New Zealand
1991 Rugby World Cup Pool A

15
8 June 1985
Athletic Park, Wellington
42 – 15
 New Zealand
1985 English tour of New Zealand

14
1 June 1985
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
18 – 13
 New Zealand

13
19 November 1983
Twickenham, London
15 – 9
 England
1983 New Zealand November Tour

12
24 November 1979
Twickenham, London
9 – 10
 New Zealand
1979 New Zealand November Tour

11
25 November 1978
Twickenham, London
6 – 16
 New Zealand
1978 New Zealand November Tour

10
15 September 1973
Eden Park, Auckland
10 – 16
 England
1973 English Tour

9
6 January 1973
Twickenham, London
0 – 9
 New Zealand
1972-73 All Blacks Tour

8
4 November 1967
Twickenham, London
11 – 23
 New Zealand
1967 All Blacks Tour

7
4 January 1964
Twickenham, London
0 – 14
 New Zealand
1963-64 All Blacks Tour

6
1 June 1963
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
9 – 6
 New Zealand
1963 English tour of Australasia

5
25 May 1963
Eden Park, Auckland
21 – 11
 New Zealand

4
30 January 1954
Twickenham, London
0 – 5
 New Zealand
1953-54 All Blacks Tour

3
4 January 1936
Twickenham, London
13 – 0
 England
1935-36 All Blacks Tour

2
3 January 1925
Twickenham, London
11 – 17
 New Zealand
1924-25 All Blacks Tour

1
2 December 1905
Crystal Palace, London
0 – 15
 New Zealand
The Original All Blacks tour


question_text: which country has the highest gdp per capita in europe

text: Map of sovereign states in Europe by 2017 GDP nominal per capita based on USD exchange rate[edit]

text: The map data is for year 2017 using IMF data (WEO April 2018 Edition) GDP nominal per capita - current international dollar[1]

text: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita 2017[edit]

text:
The "IMF" column includes data for the year 2017 for members of the International Monetary Fund[2]
The "World Bank" column includes data for the year 2016 from the World Bank[3]

text: Data across columns are not comparable as they may refer to different years. All data are in United States dollars.

text: Note: To sort the table in descending order, click on the little square next to the column you wish sorted four times.

text:
Country
Rank
IMF[4] 2017
Rank
WB[5] 2016

 Albania
101
4,582
95
4,147

 Austria
14
47,289
13
44,177

 Belarus
88
5,760
88
4,989

 Belgium
18
43,582
17
41,096

 Bulgaria
73
8,064
71
7,351

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
95
5,148
91
4,709

 Croatia
44
13,138
56
12,091

 Cyprus
28
24,976
32
23,324

 Czech Republic
37
20,152
35
18,267

 Denmark
9
56,444
8
53,418

 Estonia
38
19,840
37
17,575

 European Union
-
n/a
-
n/a

 Europe
-
-
-
24,969

 Finland
15
46,016
14
43,090

 France
21
39,869
23
36,855

 Germany
17
44,549
16
41,936

 Greece
39
18,637
36
18,104

 Hungary
51
15,531
51
12,665

 Iceland
5
70,332
5
59,977

 Ireland
4
70,638
4
61,607

 Italy
25
31,984
27
26,939

 Kosovo
-
n/a
-
3,661

 Latvia
50
15,547
47
14,118

 Liechtenstein
-
n/a
-
-

 Lithuania
44
16,730
45
14,880

 Luxembourg
1
105,803
1
102,831

 Macedonia
92
5,474
86
5,237

 Malta
31
27,250
28
25,058

 Moldova
133
2,279
132
1,900

 Montenegro
77
7,647
77
6,701

 Netherlands
12
48,345
12
45,295

 Norway
3
74,940
3
70,813

 Poland
55
13,822
53
12,372

 Portugal
35
21,161
34
19,813

 Romania
61
10,757
59
9,474

 Russia
62
10,608
61
8,748

 San Marino
-
n/a
-
-

 Serbia
87
5,899
84
5,348

 Slovakia
42
17,664
39
16,496

 Slovenia
34
23,654
32
21,305

 Spain
29
28,358
24
28,523

 Sweden
11
53,217
10
51,600

  Switzerland
2
80,590
2
78,812

 Turkey
63
10,511
56
10,788

 Ukraine
129
2,582
126
2,186

 United Kingdom
22
39,734
18
39,899

 Armenia
115
3,860
108
3,606

 Azerbaijan
109
4,140
101
3,877

 Georgia
110
4,098
102
3,854

 Kazakhstan
70
8,840
70
7,510


document_title: Adipose tissue

question_text: where is adipose tissue found in the skin

text: Adipose tissue

text: Anatomical features[edit]

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, adipose tissue macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself.[4] Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: Mice[edit]

text: Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity.[1] The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines and the omental depot (which originates near the stomach and spleen) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots, respectively. The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of the hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose the inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor depots include the pericardial, which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large lymph node.[5] Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected,[6] comprising about 30% of dissectible fat.[7]

text: Obesity[edit]

text: In an obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus. A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. It may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person quickly loses large amounts of fat (a common result of gastric bypass surgery). This condition cannot be effectively corrected through diet and exercise alone, as the panniculus consists of adipocytes and other supporting cell types shrunken to their minimum volume and diameter.[citation needed] Reconstructive surgery is one method of treatment.[citation needed]

text: Visceral fat[edit]

text: Visceral fat or abdominal fat[8] (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the abdominal cavity, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from subcutaneous fat underneath the skin, and intramuscular fat interspersed in skeletal muscles. Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the abdomen is mostly visceral and semi-fluid.[9] Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots, including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal depots. Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm2 (VFA, visceral fat area).[10]

text: An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. New developments such as the Body Volume Index (BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. Excess visceral fat is also linked to type 2 diabetes,[11] insulin resistance,[12] inflammatory diseases,[13] and other obesity-related diseases.[14] Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality.[15] Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometic measures,[16] and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference.[17]

text: Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to sex hormone differences. Female sex hormone causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women.[18][19] When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist;[20] later fat is stored in the abdomen.[9]

text: High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat.[21][22] One study suggests at least 10 MET-hours per week of aerobic exercise is required for visceral fat reduction.[23]

text: Epicardial fat[edit]

text: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect cardiac function.[24] Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with subcutaneous fat, suggesting a depot specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism.[25]

text: Subcutaneous fat[edit]

text: Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the hypodermis.[26] This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective.[27] The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat.[28]

text: Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones leptin and resistin.[26]

text: The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley, who rigorously tested many types of skinfold, and, as a result, created two formulae to calculate the body density of both men and women. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases.[29]

text: Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012[update], Durnin and Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. New formulae are still being created.[29]

text: Marrow fat[edit]

text: Marrow fat, also known as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements. The adipocytes in this depot are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which can give rise to fat cells, bone cells as well as other cell types. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots.[30][31][32] Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow adipocytes.[33][34][35] The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. Moreover, increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots.[33]

text: Ectopic fat[edit]

text: Ectopic fat is the storage of triglycerides in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and pancreas.[1] This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes.[36] It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the abdominal cavity, but is not to be confused as visceral fat.

text: The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown. The cause is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity. Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and this is associated with an improvement of the function of that organ.[36]

text: In the latter case, non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise have the ability to decrease ectopic fat (particularly in heart and liver) in children and adults with overweight or obesity.[37][38]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Free fatty acids are liberated from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enter the adipocyte, where they are reassembled into triglycerides by esterifying it onto glycerol. Human fat tissue contains about 87% lipids.[citation needed]

text: There is a constant flux of FFA (Free Fatty Acids) entering and leaving adipose tissue. The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin—if insulin is elevated, then there is a net inward flux of FFA, and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood sugar, which results from consuming carbohydrates.[citation needed]

text: In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis.

text: Fat cells have an important physiological role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance. Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to a large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension).[39] Studies of female monkeys at Wake Forest University (2009) discovered that individuals suffering from higher stress have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies. This suggests a possible cause-and-effect link between the two, wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems.[40]

text: Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells without the need for feeder cells.[41] The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells.[42] A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. abdominal, omental, pericardial) yield adipose-derived stem cells with different characteristics.[42][43] These depot-dependent features include proliferation rate, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, gene expression, as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions.[44]

text: Adipose tissue is the greatest peripheral source of aromatase in both males and females,[citation needed] contributing to the production of estradiol.

text: Adipose derived hormones include:

text:
Adiponectin
Resistin
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
TNFα
IL-6
Leptin
Estradiol (E2)

text: Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called adipokines (adipocytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround.[1][45]

text: Brown fat[edit]

text: Brown fat or brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue important for adaptive thermogenesis in humans and other mammals. BAT can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria through tissue-specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).[46] BAT is primarily located around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax, where may effectively act in heat exchange. BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves that results in UCP1 activation. BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding.[47] UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to β-adrenergic receptor activation.[46] UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton symporter, although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated.[48] In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by ATP, ADP, and GTP.[49]

text: Attempts to simulate this process pharmacologically have so far been unsuccessful. Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for weight loss therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs.

text: Until recently, brown adipose tissue was thought to be primarily limited to infants in humans, but new evidence has now overturned that belief. Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007,[50] and the presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified histologically in the same anatomical regions.[51][52][53]

text: Beige fat and WAT browning[edit]

text: Browning of WAT, also referred to as “beiging”, occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige adipocytes take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).[54] In doing so, these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes.

text: The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes. The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol, which also acts as a chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death.[54] β3 agonists, like CL316,243, have also been developed and tested in humans. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability.[55]

text: Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a 24-hour period.[56] A study by Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained.[57]

text: Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process.[58] These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16),[59] peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2).[60][61][62]

text: The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes.[63] FGF21, a hormone secreted mainly by the liver, has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC-1α.[54] It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity[64] FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated.[65][66] Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning.

text: Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning[edit]

text: Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field. Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

text: DNA microarray is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C.[67] The most significantly up- and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism.[67] This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that insulin deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning.[68] These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning.

text: RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods. RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce the beige phenotype. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type (WT) mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice.[69] Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging.

text: Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess histone modifications. This tool has enabled examination of epigenetic regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes. Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development.[69]

text: Genetics[edit]

text: The thrifty gene hypothesis (also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when [it was] first advanced" in other contexts.[70][71]

text: In 1995, Jeffrey Friedman, in his residency at the Rockefeller University, together with Rudolph Leibel, Douglas Coleman et al. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked.[72][73][74] Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the hypothalamus. When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases. Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size.

text: Leptin, however, plays a different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal.[75] However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as leptin resistance. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research.[76]

text: Gene defects in the leptin gene (ob) are rare in human obesity.[77] As of July, 2010, only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated ob gene (one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans)—two families of Pakistani origin living in the UK, one family living in Turkey, one in Egypt, and one in Austria[78][79][80][81][82]—and two other families have been found that carry a mutated ob receptor.[83][84] Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin, and, in these individuals, leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity.[85]

text: Several mutations of genes involving the melanocortins (used in brain signaling associated with appetite) and their receptors have also been identified as causing obesity in a larger portion of the population than leptin mutations.[86]

text: In 2007, researchers isolated the adipose gene, which those researchers hypothesize serves to keep animals lean during times of plenty. In that study, increased adipose gene activity was associated with slimmer animals.[87] Although its discoverers dubbed this gene the adipose gene, it is not a gene responsible for creating adipose tissue.

text: Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear.[88]

text: Physical properties[edit]

text: Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml.[89] Thus, a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more muscular tissue, since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g/ml.[90]

text: Body fat meter[edit]

text: A body fat meter is a widely available tool used to measure the percentage of fat in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine the body fat to weight ratio. They tend to under-read body fat percentage.[91]

text: In contrast with clinical tools, one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage. To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless, electric current through the body and measures the resistance, then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis.

text: Animal studies[edit]

text: Within the fat (adipose) tissue of CCR2 deficient mice, there is an increased number of eosinophils, greater alternative Macrophage activation, and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet.[92]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified).

White adipose tissue in paraffin section

Electronic instrument of body fat meter