document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did drinking age changed to 21 in illinois

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1970:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
 ?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
 ?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
 ?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
 ?
18[7]
1972:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
 ?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
 ?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
 ?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
 ?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
 ?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21

Maine
 ?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
 ?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][45]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[46][47][48]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[49]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[50][51]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1976:
Raised to 19[52]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[53]
21

Mississippi
 ?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
 ?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
 ?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[54]
1973:
Lowered to 18[55][56]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][57]
21

Nebraska
 ?
21[58]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[58]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
 ?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[59]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[60][61][62]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][63]
21

New Mexico
 ?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[64]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66]
21

North Carolina
 ?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
 ?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [67]
21

Ohio
 ?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[68]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[69]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
 ?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[70]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [71]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][72]
21

Oregon
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][51]
21

Rhode Island
 ?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][73]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[74]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
 ?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[75]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[57]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[76]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[77][78]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[79]
1981:
Raised to 19[80]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
 ?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[81][82]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][82]
21

Virginia
 ?
21[83]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[83]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[83]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [84]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
 ?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[85]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[86]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[87]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[87]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[87]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[87]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[87]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
 ?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[88][89]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
 ?
 ?
 ?
21?
21 [90]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
 ?
21?
21 [91]

Puerto Rico
 ?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [92]

Virgin Islands
 ?
 ?
 ?
18
18 [93]

Guam
 ?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: Publishers Clearing House

question_text: where does the money for pch come from

question_tokens: where does the money for pch come from

root

text: Publishers Clearing House

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington, New York, by Harold Mertz,[4][5] a former manager of a door-to-door sales team for magazine subscriptions.[6] The company started in Mertz's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce.[7][8] Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz's home in Long Island, New York, and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received. Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz's basement into an office building and started hiring staff. When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969, its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center.[8] The company revenue had grown to US$50 million by 1981, and $100 million by 1988.[6]

tag: p

text: In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales,[9] based on the sweepstakes held by Reader's Digest.[4] The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning. After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings, prizes of[8] $5,000[6] and eventually $250,000 were offered.[10] PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974.[7][11] It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977. Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers (AFP) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions.[4][8]

text: AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas. When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million,[10] then to $10 million in 1985, PCH raised its prizes to match.[4] $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979,[12] $40 million by 1991[5] and $137 million by 2000.[9] In 1989 two members of its advertising team, Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane, started the Prize Patrol, a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home. The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series "The Millionaire".[4][13][14]

text: In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees,[4][15] reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner.[4] PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor.[8] A class action ensued, which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win.[4][15][16]

text: Government regulation[edit]

text: In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor, AFP, experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances.[4][10] This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000, which regulates direct mail businesses.[4] At the senate hearings regarding this Act, PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances. The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300.[8] Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes.[17]

text: Industry sources estimated PCH's response rates decreased by 7-12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits.[6][18] In 2000, PCH laid off a quarter of its 800-person work force.[18]

text: Lawsuits[edit]

text: In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all "finalists", which led to[10] a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states.[19][20][21] Later that year, PCH denied wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices.[20] Under the agreement, PCH said it would define terms like "finalist" and disclose the chances of winning.[22]

text: In 1997, a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa, Florida, thinking he had won, though he had not. The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies.[6] PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999.[8][23] In 2000, another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states, after the company sent mass mailings that said "You are a winner!" and used mock personalized checks.[17][24] PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future, and add a "sweepstakes fact box" to mailings.[17][24]

text: State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states.[8] Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states.[1][25] As part of the settlement, PCH was required to avoid terms like "Guaranteed Winner," add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise won't increase their chances.[26][25][27] PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a "compliance counsel."[6] PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year".[27]

text: PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007.[28] In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement. The company denied wrongdoing, but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly.[29][30][31][32]

text: In April 2014, an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had "pushed the limits" of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed.[33]

text: Online development[edit]

text: PCH began selling merchandise in 1985[7] with two products. After a Hershey's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products, the company began expanding into jewelry, media, collectibles, household products and others.[8] The company also shifted its focus online.[1][34] It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996.[35] In 2006, it acquired Blingo Inc., an ad-supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win.[13][36] PCH ran contests on Twitter, Facebook and Myspace. iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed. The company created online play-and-win sites like PCH Games (formerly Candystand) and PCHQuiz4Cash, with air-hockey and video poker games.[1]

text: In December 2010, PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com.[37] In 2011, PCH promoted a "$5,000 every week for life" sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com.[11][26] The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company, Liquid Wireless.[38] The company utilized, then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration (through other websites) to expand its customer base.[39]

text: In 2008, a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers. By 2013, the internet had become PCH's primary channel of interaction with consumers.[7] The New York Times described the digital transition as "part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users, show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH’s mailing lists."[1]

text: Products[edit]

text: PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][35] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]

text: The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes.[40] It's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75-90 percent of the fees from the original subscription, while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals.[10][41] PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct-marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk-mail for advertising through mass-mailings.[5][40] Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes. Frequent buyers can receive 30-40 mailings a year.[42]

text: Sweepstakes[edit]

text: Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win.[10][42][43] In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl.[44] As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed.[8] Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life,[45] or $10 million.[46] Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million.[47] The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years,[48] reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.

text: Mr. Mikey Spencer from the Publishers Clearing House says that a cash payment is needed before they can deliver a prize.[49] According to Mikey Spencer from PCH "If you are contacted by anyone claiming to represent Publishers Clearing" Contact him at 1-202-844-0318.[50][51]

text: Odds of Winning[edit]

text: The odds of winning a PCH sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved.[47] According to the official rules, the estimated odds of winning the $1 million a year forever are one in 1.3 billion.[52] As of 2017, the odds of winning $15 million in Giveaway 8800 are 1 in 2.4 billion.[53] Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000, depending on the prize.[47]

text: Prize Patrol[edit]

text: The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes, work or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video.[7] Since their introduction in 1989, these reality TV-style videos of prize-winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials, and, more recently, in the company's online acquisition efforts, websites and social media communications.[7][11][26][54] In 2013, a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like The Brady Bunch and Gilligan's Island to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show.[54]

text: The Prize Patrol has made in-person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show[55] and The Price Is Right.[56][57] Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno,[58] Conan O'Brien[59] and the cast of Saturday Night Live;[60] woven into the plots of movies such as Let's Go to Prison,[61][62] The Sentinel[63] and Knight and Day;[64][65] and the subject of cartoons.[8]


document_title: Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna

question_text: who won the rajiv gandhi khel ratan award 2017

text: Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna

text: Nominations[edit]

text: The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the Indian Olympic Association, the Sports Authority of India (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline. In case of cricket, the nominations are received from the Board of Control for Cricket in India and SAI is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations.[b] The previous award recipients can also nominate one sportsperson for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded. The Government can nominate up to two sportspersons in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April.[1]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: All the received nominations are sent to SAI and National Anti-Doping Agency for the verification against the claimed achievements and doping clearance respectively. Any sportsperson who is either penalised or being enquired for usage of drugs or substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is not eligible for the award. A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director/Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports, the Secretary and the Executive Director/Director (TEAMS) of SAI verify and validate the nominations.[1]

text: The valid nominations are placed before the selection committee constituted by the Government. This twelve member committee consists of a Chairperson nominated by the Ministry, four Olympians or previous recipients of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna or Arjuna Award, three sports journalists/experts/commentators, one sportsperson/expert/administrator associated with parasports, one sports administrator, the Director General of SAI, and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports, with not more than one sportsperson from a particular discipline included in the committee.[1] When instituted in 1991–92, the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year.[4][9] Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee headed by Kapil Dev,[10][11] the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years.[12]

text: The medals won in various International championships and events of the disciplines which include Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games are given 80% weightage. The remaining 20% weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events. For any other games not included in Olympic, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games, the individuals performance of a sportsperson is taken into consideration. The sportsperson with maximum points is given 80 marks. Rest of the sportspersons are given marks in proportion to the maximum points. For team events, marks are given as per the strength of the team.[1] Following are the points defined for medals at the given events:

text:
Points for winning medals for the performance during the last four years

Event

Medal

 Gold

 Silver

 Bronze

Olympic Games/Paralympic Games

80
70
55

World Championship/World Cup[c]

40
30
20

Asian Games

30
25
20

Commonwealth Games

25
20
15

tag: table

text: For a given discipline, not more than two sportspersons, one male and one female, are given highest marks. The committee may not recommend the award to the sportsperson with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline. The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval.[1]

text: List of recipients[edit]

text:
Key

†

Indicates a joint award for the given year

text:
List of award recipients, showing the year, and discipline(s)

Year

Recipient(s)

Discipline(s)

Refs.

1991–92

Viswanathan Anand

Chess

[14]

1992–93

Geet Sethi

Billiards

[14]

1993–94 †

Homi Motivala

Yachting (Team Event)

[15]

1993–94 †

Garg Pushpendra Kumar

Yachting (Team Event)

[15]

1994–95

Karnam Malleswari

Weightlifting

[14]

1995–96

Nameirakpam Kunjarani

Weightlifting

[14]

1996–97

Leander Paes

Tennis

[14]

1997–98

Sachin Tendulkar

Cricket

[14]

1998–99

Jyotirmoyee Sikdar

Athletics

[4]

1999–2000

Dhanraj Pillay

Hockey (Men)

[5][14]

2000–01

Pullela Gopichand

Badminton

[16]

2001

Abhinav Bindra

Shooting

[6]

2002 †

K. M. Beenamol

Athletics

[17]

2002 †

Anjali Bhagwat

Shooting

[17]

2003

Anju Bobby George

Athletics

[18]

2004

Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore

Shooting

[19]

2005

Pankaj Advani

Billiards and Snooker

[20]

2006

Manavjit Singh Sandhu

Shooting

[21]

2007

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

Cricket

[22]

2008

No award[d]

[14]

2009 †

Mary Kom

Boxing (Women)

[7]

2009 †

Vijender Singh

Boxing

[7]

2009 †

Sushil Kumar

Wrestling

[7]

2010

Saina Nehwal

Badminton

[23]

2011

Gagan Narang

Shooting

[24]

2012 †

Vijay Kumar

Shooting

[25]

2012 †

Yogeshwar Dutt

Wrestling

[25]

2013

Ronjan Sodhi

Shooting

[26]

2014

No award

[10]

2015

Sania Mirza

Tennis

[27]

2016 †

P. V. Sindhu

Badminton

[28]

2016 †

Dipa Karmakar

Gymnastics

[28]

2016 †

Jitu Rai

Shooting

[28]

2016 †

Sakshi Malik

Wrestling

[28]

2017 †

Devendra   Jhajharia

Para Athlete

[29]

2017 †

Sardara Singh

Hockey

[29]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The 2002 selection committee headed by former football player Pradip Kumar Banerjee made twenty one recommendations for the Arjuna Award and two recommendations for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, athlete K. M. Beenamol and shooter Anjali Bhagwat. The government rejected the recommendations and asked the committee to cut down the list to comply with the award guidelines, where only one sportsperson for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and fifteen sportspersons along with one disabled athlete for the Arjuna Awards could be recommended each year.[30] The committee revised the list to recommend Beenamol for the award over Bhagwat but also put a request "to consider everyone".[31] The decision spurred criticism for ignoring the achievements of the shooter and Bhagwat and the National Rifle Association of India expressed their "disappointment" with the decision.[32] Later, the government accepted all the recommendations "as an exception" and jointly awarded Beenamol and Bhagwat for the year 2002.[33]

text: In August 2013, the selection committee headed by Michael Ferreira recommended sport shooter Ronjan Sodhi for the award, with some committee members questioning the process of selection.[34] A committee member noted that discus thrower Krishna Poonia, and Paralympic athlete H. N. Girisha were shortlisted and Sodhi was not the initial choice. However, Girisha's name was removed, and the final voting was done between Sodhi and Poonia.[35] Poonia was accused of lobbying for the award by one of the committee member Anjali Bhagwat,[36] but the accused met the then Union Sports Minister Jitendra Singh to promote her case and also rubbished the lobbying allegations.[37][38] The Ministry conducted a separate enquiry by Secretary of Department of Sports and decided not to increase the number of awards "to maintain the stature of the awards".[37]

text: Following an announcement, in August 2015, that tennis player Sania Mirza was to be awarded, a Public-Interest Litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court. The petitioner, Paralympic athlete H. N. Girisha, mentioned that his performance was ignored by the committee.[39] Girisha claimed to be a top contender for the award with 90 points, owing to his silver medal winning act at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the Men's High Jump F42 event.[40] The petition mentioned that the points for Mirza's Grand Slam titles from 2011 until 2015 should not be counted as the events were not a part of the list of sports events to be considered for the performance evaluation.[e] The court withheld the conferment and sought replies from the Ministry about the selection process. The Ministry nevertheless presented the award to Mirza on 29 August 2015 amidst the case processing.[2]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The cash prize was revised from ₹1 lakh (US$1,500) to ₹3 lakh (US$4,400) in 2000,[4][5] to ₹5 lakh (US$7,300) in 2002,[6] and to ₹7.5 lakh (US$11,000) in 2009.[7]

Jump up ^ For cricket, there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government.[1]

Jump up ^ A World Championship/World Cup is generally organised every four years. For different cyclicities, proportionate marks are given.

Jump up ^ The award for the performance in 2008 is being referred to as award for 2009.[14]

Jump up ^ Mirza has won 2012 French Open – Mixed Doubles with Mahesh Bhupathi, 2014 US Open – Mixed Doubles with Bruno Soares, and 2015 US Open – Women's Doubles and 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles with Martina Hingis.[41]

tag: ol


document_title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

question_text: who shot caesar in dawn of the planet of the apes

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ-113 virus, or Simian Flu, the worldwide human population has been drastically reduced, with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus. Apes, with genetically enhanced intelligence caused by the same virus, have started to build a civilization of their own. Caesar is the chimpanzee leader of an ape colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco. Caesar's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash encounter a man named Carver in the woods, who panics and shoots Ash, wounding him. Carver's party, led by Malcolm, arrive while a number of apes join Blue Eyes and Ash. Caesar orders the humans to leave, and they flee to their community in San Francisco, centered around "the tower", a partially finished skyscraper. Prompted by Koba, a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for experimental mistreatment, Caesar brings an army of apes to the tower. There, he announces that while the apes do not want war, they will fight to defend their home. He demands that the humans stay in their territory. Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest to reconcile with the apes and gain access to a hydroelectric dam in their territory, which could provide long-term power to the city. Malcolm meets with Caesar, who allows the humans to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns. As Malcolm, his wife Ellie, and son Alexander work, they bond with the apes. Mutual distrust of both sides gradually subsides until Caesar discovers a gun Carver had hidden and orders the humans to leave. He later allows the humans one extra day to work on the dam after Ellie uses medicine to save Caesar's wife, Cornelia.

text: Distrustful of the apes, Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory. Maintaining his distrust of humans, Koba discovers the armory and later confronts Caesar, accusing him of loving humans more than apes. In response, Caesar severely beats Koba, but refrains from killing him. Koba returns to the armory, where he takes an assault rifle and kills two guards. Returning home, he secretly kills Carver. The generator is repaired, restoring power to the city. During the celebration, Koba sets fire to the apes' home, then, unseen to anyone else, shoots Caesar, who falls from the settlement's main tree. In the subsequent panic, Koba takes charge, implicating Carver in the shooting and convincing the apes to attack the humans. He leads them into San Francisco, where they plunder the armory and charge the tower, with many casualties. The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground. When Ash refuses Koba's orders to kill unarmed humans, citing Caesar's teachings, Koba kills Ash and imprisons any ape still loyal to Caesar.

text: Malcolm's family finds Caesar barely alive and transport him to his former house in San Francisco. Caesar reveals that Koba shot him, realizing that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans. When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar, he encounters Blue Eyes, who spares him before learning that his father is still alive. After reconciling with Caesar, Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes. Malcolm leads the apes into the tower, where he finds Dreyfus. He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base, who are now coming to fight the apes. Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower; as they fight, Dreyfus detonates C-4 charges that destabilize the tower, at the cost of his own life. Koba starts shooting at the apes, but Caesar tackles him off a ledge. While clinging on a metal girder, Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and is dropped to his death.

text: Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship, with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military. Caesar warns that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack, and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family. The film ends as Caesar stands before a kneeling mass of apes.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a scarred bonobo and Caesar's treacherous lieutenant; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise
Judy Greer as Cornelia, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's wife, mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's former rival and enemy turned friend
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan and Caesar's friend and advisor
Doc Shaw as Ash, a common chimpanzee, son of Rocket, also Blue Eyes' best friend
Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes, a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia's first son
Lee Ross as Grey, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba

tag: ul

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Jason Clarke as Malcolm, the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes
Gary Oldman as Dreyfus, the leader of the remaining human survivors
Keri Russell as Ellie, a former nurse at the CDC, and Malcolm's wife
Kodi Smit-McPhee as Alexander, Malcolm's son from a previous marriage
Kirk Acevedo as Carver, a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm's group
Jocko Sims as Werner, the colony's radio operator
Enrique Murciano as Kemp, a member of Malcolm's group
Keir O'Donnell as Finney, an ally of Dreyfus
Lombardo Boyar as Terry, a guard at the colony's armory
Kevin Rankin as McVeigh, a guard at the colony's armory
Jon Eyez as Foster, a member of Malcolm's group
James Franco (uncredited) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes, in a cameo via a video from Caesar's childhood

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes, director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning."[7] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth."[8]

text: In an interview recorded after the release of Rise, Wyatt stated, "We want to grow and evolve, in the films that will [hopefully] come after this, to the '68 original."[9] Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise, as a whole new ape generation can be born, and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba's relationship.[10] According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa, a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel.[11]

text: In November 2011, Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise. It was reported to be a "healthy seven-figure deal" for him to reprise his role as Caesar, the ape leader.[12] On May 15, 2012, it was announced Scott Z. Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.[13] On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[14]

text: On September 17, 2012, there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly.[15] On October 1, Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement.[16] Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film.[17] On October 18, Mark Bomback, writer of Live Free or Die Hard, was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2012, after the departure of director Wyatt, James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel, saying, "Now Rupert's not a part of it so I don't know. My guess is I won't be in it. Nobody's talked to me since Rupert left."[19] Later, Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film.[20][21] Freida Pinto, who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise, confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn.[22] In April 2014, when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto's characters, producer Dylan Clark said, "I mean, they’re the ones that died...They were ground zero of the virus."[23]

text: In February 2013, actors Gary Oldman, Jason Clarke, and Kodi Smit-McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel, set ten years after the events from the first film.[24][25] In March 2013, actress Keri Russell was cast in a role.[26] That same month, Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia, a female chimp and love interest for Caesar.[27] Toby Kebbell, Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming.[citation needed] On May 15, 2013, Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River, British Columbia.[29] The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film, the forests, and the variety of landscapes.[30] Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans.[31]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Like Rise, visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital. In addition to the apes, Weta created other digital animals, such as a herd of elk, a grizzly bear, and CG doubles of the live horses. The elk were created using key-frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE, the bear through key-frame animation, and the horses with a mixture of key-frame animation and motion capture.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
August 12, 2014

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
77:21

Label
Sony Masterworks

Michael Giacchino film scores chronology

Star Trek Into Darkness
(2013)Star Trek Into Darkness2013
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
(2014)
This Is Where I Leave You
(2014)This Is Where I Leave You2014

text: The film's score was composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8, 2014.[32]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Level Plaguing Field"
2:21

2.
"Look Who’s Stalking"
2:35

3.
"The Great Ape Processional"
4:34

4.
"Past Their Primates"
1:57

5.
"Close Encounters of the Furred Kind"
4:38

6.
"Monkey to the City"
1:16

7.
"The Lost City of Chimpanzee"
3:46

8.
"Along Simian Lines"
5:04

9.
"Caesar No Evil, Hear No Evil"
2:27

10.
"Monkey See, Monkey Coup"
5:12

11.
"Gorilla Warfare"
7:37

12.
"The Apes of Wrath"
4:28

13.
"Gibbon Take"
2:55

14.
"Aped Crusaders"
3:26

15.
"How Bonobo Can You Go"
5:42

16.
"Enough Monkeying Around"
3:35

17.
"Primates for Life"
5:42

18.
"Planet of the End Credits"
8:56

19.
"Ain’t That a Stinger (Written By Griffin Giacchino)"
1:10

text: Release[edit]

text: On May 31, 2012, Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23, 2014.[14] It was announced on June 20, 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18, 2014.[33] On December 10, 2013, the film was pushed up one week to July 11, 2014.[34] The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California on June 26, 2014.[35] The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28.[36]

text: In Hungary, the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film's distributor, InterCom, and as a result it opened on July 17, 2014 on 45 screens, significantly fewer than similar big-budget productions.[37] However, the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers: Age of Extinction, which had been leading the chart for three weeks (on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna).[38]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a "simian flu" website[39] and mock PSA videos.[40] 20th Century Fox and Vice Media's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten-year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[41] A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books.[42] A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile/PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes-themed update on July 10, 2014. It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it "the summer’s best popcorn film",[44] and Deadline.com commented saying it is "a franchise that will keep going and going, unless they screw it up".[45] The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada, and $500,290,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $708,835,589.[6] Calculating in all expenses and revenues, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million.[46] It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th-highest of 2014.[47] Worldwide it is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise[48] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[49]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise, unadjusted for inflation[48] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[50] It opened on July 11, 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million (including previews).[51] During its traditional three-opening, the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million, which was 33% higher than its predecessor. Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors', its darker tone, attachment of new characters and the first film's way of ending were all determining factors in the film's strong opening.[52] It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge: Anarchy in its second week.[53][54]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those. International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ($14.88 million), Mexico ($12.94 million), South Korea ($11.5 million), Russia ($9.99 million), Brazil with ($9.2 million) and Australia ($6.6 million).[55][56] The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends.[56][57]

text: The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there. The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally.[58] Fox reported that the sequel's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title, save for Iron Man 3, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Age of Extinction at that time.[59] After playing for a month in theaters, it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone.[60] In total, it went on to make $107.4 million there, of which the studio received $26.8 million profit.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release.[61][62][63] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 90% based on 285 reviews with a rating average of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci-fi achievement."[64] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a "generally favorable" rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews.[65]

text: Guy Lodge of Variety said, "An altogether smashing sequel to 2011's better-than-expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes, this vivid, violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department, with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt."[66] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually: Maintain a simmering level of tension without let-up for two hours, seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters. In the annals of sequels, Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars—it's that much better."[67] Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said, "There's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over, as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy, deterrence, law and leadership. However often it risks monkey-mad silliness, it's impressively un-stupid."[68] Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film "A+" and said "Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie. It's a great science-fiction film, full-stop, and one of the year's very best movies so far."[69]

text: Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that "in bearing, speech, and agonized expressiveness, Serkis's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur."[70] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling, writing that "Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences, emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence. It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting, for sure, but it also gives you a lot to think, and even to care, about."[71]

text: Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote, "Here's a rule that has gradually become clear to me: Any film that begins with one of those fake-news montages, where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse, already sucks even before it gets started. This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage, but it all ends in yelling."[72]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 2, 2014.[73] According to Nielsen VideoScan, it subsequently became the best-selling home video release for the week.[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Third film[edit]

text: After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. On January 6, 2014, Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce.[75] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017.[76][77] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[78] In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film.[79] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was small.[80] In October 2015, The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[81]


document_title: CC Sabathia

question_text: what types of pitches does cc sabathia throw

text: CC Sabathia

text: High school career[edit]

text: Sabathia was born in Vallejo, California and attended Vallejo High School, where he excelled in baseball, basketball, and football. As a teenager, Sabathia played summer baseball in the Major League Baseball youth program, Reviving Baseball in Inner cities (RBI).[1] In baseball, he compiled a win–loss record of 6–0 with an 0.77 earned run average (ERA) with 14 hits, and 82 strikeouts in  45 2⁄3 innings pitched during his senior season. Coming out of the draft he was the top high school prospect in Northern California according to Baseball America.

text: In football, he was an all-conference tight end. He received scholarship offers to play college football, including one from UCLA, and signed a letter of intent to attend the University of Hawaiʻi.[2]

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Draft and minors[edit]

text: Sabathia was drafted in the first round (20th overall) by the Indians in the 1998 MLB draft. He signed for a $1.3 million bonus.

text: In 2000, he was selected for the 28-man United States Olympic Team roster. He appeared in one pre-Olympic tournament game in Sydney, Australia, but was not on the official 24-man, Gold Medal-winning roster because he was called up by the Cleveland Indians. He was named the Indians' 2000 Minor League Player of the Year (receiving the "Lou Boudreau Award").[3][4]

text: Cleveland Indians (2001–2008)[edit]

text: In 2001, he was the youngest player in the Major Leagues. Sabathia led the league in hits per 9 innings pitched (7.44), was third in the league in win–loss percentage (17–5, .773), fourth in strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (8.53), sixth in wins, and seventh in strikeouts (171). He finished second in the AL voting for Rookie of the Year, behind future Yankees teammate Ichiro Suzuki.

text: Sabathia signed a four-year, $9.5 million contract with the Indians, with a club option for 2006, on February 23, 2002.[5] In the 2002 season, he was tenth in the AL in strikeouts, with 149 in 210 innings.[6] In 2003, he had the tenth-best ERA in the AL (3.60). He was also named to the American League All-Star team for the first time. Sabathia made his second All-Star selection in a row as he finished the 2004 season by going 11–10 with a 4.12 ERA and 139 strikeouts.[6]

text: The Indians picked up their $7 million club option for 2006 on April 27, 2005 and Sabathia signed a two-year, $17.75 million deal.[7] In 2005, he was fourth in the AL in strikeouts/9 IP (7.37), seventh in strikeouts (161) and eighth in wins (15). This marked his fifth straight season of double digit wins to open a career. He threw the fastest fastball in the AL in 2005, averaging 94.7 miles per hour.[8] He also hit his first career home run as a batter in interleague play off of Ryan Dempster in May. The Indians went 20–11 in his starts.

text: In 2006, he led the major leagues with 6 complete games. He also led the AL in shutouts (2), was third in ERA (3.22), sixth in strikeouts per 9 IP (8.03) and eighth in strikeouts (172). He became the first left-handed pitcher to start his career with six consecutive seasons of double digit wins.[9]

text: Sabathia collected his 1,000th career strikeout on May 21, fanning the player who beat him out for Rookie of the Year honors: Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners. He was also named to the American League All-Star team for the third time. On September 28, he became the youngest pitcher (27 years, 69 days) to record 100 career wins since Greg Maddux in 1993. On October 23, Sabathia won the Players Choice Award for Outstanding AL Pitcher.[10] His pitching performance led the Cleveland Indians to their first American League Central Division Championship since 2001, his rookie season. For his performance, he was awarded the 2007 American League Cy Young Award joining Gaylord Perry as the only two Cleveland Indians pitchers to ever win the award. (Cliff Lee and Corey Kluber have since also won.) [11] Sabathia also won the Warren Spahn Award given to the best left-handed pitcher in the Majors.[12] Despite his strong regular season, Sabathia did not perform well against the Boston Red Sox in the American League Championship Series. In two starts, he went 0–2 with a 10.45 ERA.

text: Sabathia began the 2008 season 6–8 with a 3.83 ERA in 18 starts. He was leading the American League in strikeouts (123) and strikeouts per 9.0 innings (9.05) while ranking second in innings pitched (122.1) and tied for second in complete games (3). However, with the Indians out of playoff contention, and with Sabathia an impending free agent, the Indians sought to trade Sabathia.

text: At the time Sabathia departed Cleveland, he was fifth in club history in strikeouts (1,265) and sixth in strikeouts per 9.0 innings (7.448), and his 2007 strikeouts-to-walks ratio was at the time a single-season best 5.649.[13]

text: Milwaukee Brewers (2008)[edit]

text: On July 7, 2008, Sabathia was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for Matt LaPorta, Michael Brantley, Zach Jackson and Rob Bryson.[14][15] During his press conference, Sabathia made it known to the assembled members of the media that he would prefer his name to be spelled "CC" rather than "C.C."[16] He recorded his first win with the Brewers on July 8, 2008 against the Colorado Rockies. Sabathia was 17–10 overall (11–2 with Milwaukee) with a 2.70 ERA and was second in the majors (behind Tim Lincecum) with 251 strikeouts. Sabathia pitched three complete games in his first four starts with the Brewers, winning all four.

text: On July 30, 2008, Sabathia took out a large $12,870 ad in the sports section of Cleveland's daily newspaper, The Plain Dealer. The ad, signed by Sabathia, his wife Amber, and his family read:

text: Thank you for 10 great years ... You've touched our lives with your kindness, love and generosity. We are forever grateful! It's been a privilege and an honor![17]

text: On August 31, 2008, Sabathia threw what was ruled as a one-hitter against the Pittsburgh Pirates in PNC Park. The one hit for the Pirates came off of a check swing by Andy LaRoche in the fifth inning that rolled fair and was bobbled by Sabathia on an attempted bare-handed pickup. The team sent in an appeal to Major League Baseball to try to get the hit ruled as an error, but were unsuccessful.[18] Sabathia struck out eleven in the Brewers' 7–0 win over the Pirates, making Sabathia's ninth complete game in the 2008 season. On September 28, 2008, Sabathia pitched a 4-hitter against the Cubs to win 3–1 in the final game of the season, clinching the wild card for the Brewers—their first-ever postseason berth as a National League club and their first since losing to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1982 World Series. It was Sabathia's 10th complete game of the year, the most complete games by any pitcher in a single season since Randy Johnson threw 12 in 1999. In 2008 Sabathia had the most effective slider among major league starting pitchers.[19] When batters swung at his pitches, they failed to make any contact 28% of the time, the highest percentage among major league starting pitchers.[20]

text: Sabathia started game 2 of the NLDS against the Philadelphia Phillies. The Brewers were heavily favored to win behind Sabathia, but Sabathia faltered, surrendering 5 runs in 3 2⁄3 innings, including a walk to the pitcher Brett Myers and a grand slam to Shane Victorino. The Phillies would go on to win the World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays.

text: Sabathia was sixth in the voting for the 2008 NL MVP award, behind Albert Pujols of the Cardinals, Ryan Howard of the Phillies, Ryan Braun also of the Brewers, Manny Ramirez of the Dodgers, and Lance Berkman of the Astros.[21]

text: New York Yankees (2009–present)[edit]

text: 2009: ALCS MVP and World Series championship[edit]

text: On December 18, 2008, Sabathia signed a seven-year, $161 million contract with the New York Yankees. It was the largest contract for a pitcher in MLB history until 2013 when Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners signed a seven-year $175 million contract.[22][23] On March 26, 2009, manager Joe Girardi announced that Sabathia would be the Opening Day starter and the starter for the home opener at the new Yankee Stadium.[24] Sabathia won his first championship ring with the Yankees, finishing 19–8 with a 3.37 ERA and 197 strikeouts in 230 innings. Sabathia also won the American League Championship Series (ALCS) Most Valuable Player Award for his performance in the 2009 ALCS. Sabathia finished fourth in the AL Cy Young Award voting behind Zack Greinke, Félix Hernández, and Justin Verlander.

text: 2010: All-Star season[edit]

text: On April 10, 2010, Sabathia took a no-hitter into the 8th inning. With two outs in the inning, former teammate Kelly Shoppach ripped a single to left field, ending the no-hit bid.[25] On July 4, he earned his fourth All-Star selection, and his first as a Yankee. On August 22, Sabathia recorded his 16th consecutive start of at least six innings allowing three earned runs or less, breaking a tie with Ron Guidry (from his Cy Young Award-winning 1978 season) for the longest streak in franchise history.[26] On September 18, he defeated the Baltimore Orioles to become baseball's first 20-game winner in 2010. The win also marks the first time he had ever won 20 games in a single season in his career.[27] Sabathia had won 19 games in a season twice previously: in 2007 with the Indians and 2009 in his first season with the Yankees. In 2010, Sabathia had a 21-7 record, recording a 3.18 ERA and 1.19 WHIP with 197 strikeouts in  237 2⁄3 innings. He finished third in the AL Cy Young Award voting behind Félix Hernández and David Price.

text: During the offseason, Sabathia was diagnosed with a torn meniscus in his right knee, requiring arthroscopic surgery performed by Dr. Christopher Ahmad to repair. Sabathia began therapy immediately after the surgery and began his regular routine in preparation for spring training after three to six weeks.[28][29] He lost from 25 to 30 pounds to prevent future problems with his knee.[30]

text: 2011: All-Star season[edit]

text: On July 26, 2011, Sabathia took a perfect game through  6 1⁄3 innings against the Seattle Mariners, retiring the first 19 batters he faced in a game interrupted twice due to rain. He ended up striking out 14 batters through 7 innings(setting a career high), and pitching another one-hitter, this one, a combined one-hitter. Sabathia was pulled before recording an out in the 8th after walking three batters to load the bases; relief pitchers David Robertson and Mariano Rivera finished the game, with Robertson allowing only one run (charged to Sabathia) on a double-play ground ball that would have ended the inning, but was bobbled by third baseman Eric Chavez.[31] For his performance in July 2011, Sabathia was named AL Pitcher of the Month. He posted a 4–1 record with a 0.92 ERA during the month, striking out 50 batters and walking 13 in 39 innings. He also pitched two complete games and one shutout.[32] Sabathia recorded his 2,000th career strikeout on September 10, 2011 against Torii Hunter of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.[33] In 2011, Sabatha had a 19–8 record, 3.00 ERA, 230 strikeouts,  237 1⁄3 innings pitched and a 1.21 WHIP.

text: Though his contract contained an opt-out clause that allowed him to become a free agent after the 2011 season, Sabathia said he had no intention of exercising it as he loves playing for the New York Yankees and his family loves life in New York.[34][35] On October 31, 2011, Sabathia announced via his Twitter account that he would not be exercising his opt-out clause and had signed an extension with the Yankees. The extension was for an additional year on his original seven-year contract, worth $25 million, along with a $25 million vesting option with a $5 million buyout for the following year.[36][37] He finished fourth in Cy Young voting after the season.[38]

text: 2012: All-Star season[edit]

text: Sabathia began the 2012 season with bad footing as he allowed a grand slam by Carlos Peña in his first inning of work on opening day against the Tampa Bay Rays.[39] He recovered, however, going 9–3 with a 3.55 ERA in his first 14 starts. He threw a complete game against the Atlanta Braves on June 18.[40]

text: In the 2012 American League Division Series, Sabathia won the first and fifth (deciding) games against the Baltimore Orioles, but lost Game Four of the ALCS, allowing the Detroit Tigers to sweep the Yankees. On October 25, 2012, Sabathia underwent arthroscopic surgery in his left elbow to remove a bone spur.[41]

text: 2013: Struggles and injuries[edit]

text: In 2013, Sabathia's velocity decrease has caused him to be a pitcher that had to rely more on location rather than velocity.[citation needed] On July 3, 2013, Sabathia collected his 200th career win against the Minnesota Twins.[42] His season ended early due to a strained hamstring, finishing with a 14–13 record and a career-high 4.78 ERA.[43]

text: Sabathia lost 40 pounds in 2013 and showed up to spring training in 2014 weighing 275 pounds. He admitted to crash dieting after a cousin of his died of heart disease in December 2012.[44][45]

text: 2014: Injury-plagued season[edit]

text: On May 12, 2014, Sabathia was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to right knee inflammation. Fluid buildup was detected in the knee and the buildup was drained by a shot with no surgery required. Seeking a second opinion with Dr. James Andrews, he received a stem-cell shot in the knee. Sabathia was transferred to the 60-day disabled list on July 1 (retroactive to May 11) being sidelined until early to mid-July or later. After making a rehab appearance with the Double-A Trenton Thunder, Sabathia began to experience swelling in his right knee, putting his season in jeopardy. The Yankees projected that Sabathia might need microfracture surgery, which could potentially end his career. On July 16, it was announced that Sabathia's 2014 season had ended. In only 8 starts in 2014, Sabathia went 3-4 with a 5.28 ERA. He underwent surgery on July 23 to repair his degenerated knee.[46]

text: 2015: Struggles and injuries[edit]

text: Sabathia reported to spring training weighing 305 pounds (138 kg), as he believed his decreased weight contributed to his poor 2014 season.[47] During a game against the Angels on June 7, 2015, Sabathia recorded his 2,500th career strikeout but was later ejected along with Joe Girardi for getting into a confrontation with MLB umpire Dan Bellino following a double play.[48]

text: Sabathia went on the disabled list after leaving the game of August 23 with right knee soreness. He had a 4-9 record with a 5.27 ERA in 24 games started to that point.[49] He returned to the Yankees on September 9 wearing a knee brace.[50] He pitched to a 2.17 ERA in five starts after returning, including winning the game that clinched the Yankees a playoff berth in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game.[51]

text: 2016: Improvement[edit]

text: On May 6, 2016, Sabathia was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a left groin strain. On May 20, Sabathia recorded his 100th win as a New York Yankee in a 8-3 victory over the Oakland Athletics, going six innings, allowing one run and striking out eight.[52] Making 30 starts in 2016, Sabathia finished 9-12 with a 3.91 ERA in  179 2⁄3 innings (30 starts) with 152 strikeouts. On October 11, Sabathia underwent surgery on his right knee, described as a routine cleanup.[53]

text: 2017: Best Season since 2012[edit]

text: On June 13, Sabathia left the game after an apparent left hamstring injury. It was eventually revealed that his left hamstring was diagnosed with a Grade 2 strain, landing him on the disabled list.[54] He returned on July 4, starting against the Toronto Blue Jays at Yankee Stadium.[55] On July 21, Sabathia earned a win on his 37th birthday, throwing  5 1⁄3 scoreless innings.[56] On August 1, Sabathia made his 500th career start in loss against the Detroit Tigers.[57] He was the second player in Major League history to make 500 starting pitching appearances in the regular season without ever appearing as a reliever; the feat was previously achieved by Tom Glavine.[58] On August 8, he was taken out of a game after the third inning after experiencing pain in his surgically repaired right knee.[59][60] On August 11, Sabathia landed on the 10-day disabled list again due to the lingering knee problem. He finished the season 14-5 with a 3.69 ERA, 120 strikeouts and a 1.27 WHIP in  148 2⁄3 innings (27 starts). Sabathia was especially dominant in the role of the Yankee's stopper. In games following a Yankee's loss Sabathia went 9-0 with a 1.71 ERA in 11 starts, by far the best stats in both categories among pitchers who made at least seven starts following a team loss. Starting game 2 of the ALDS, Sabathia limited the Indians to earned runs in  5 1⁄3 innings followed by 9 strikeouts against just two runs allowed in  4 1⁄3 innings in game 5 as the Yankees advanced to the ALCS for the first time since 2012. Starting Game 3 of the ALCS Sabathia spun six shutout innings of three hit ball as the Yankees defeated the Astros 8-1. With the win Sabathia improved to 10-0 in with a 1.69 ERA in games started following Yankees losses (including the postseason).

text: Awards and Highlights[edit]

text:
6× All-Star selection (2003, 2004, 2007, 2010–2012)
World Series champion (2009)
ALCS MVP (2009)
AL Cy Young Award (2007)
2× MLB wins leader (2009, 2010)
2× AL shutouts leader (2006, 2008)
NL shutouts leader (2008)

text: Player profile[edit]

text: Despite throwing with his left hand as well as batting from the left, Sabathia is right-handed.[61] Sabathia has six pitches: a cutter (89–92 MPH), a more used two-seam/sinker fastball (88–93 MPH), a Four seam fastball (89-94 mph), a curve ball (74-76 MPH), a slider (78–82 MPH),[62] and changeup (82–84 MPH).[63] Once ahead in the count, he primarily uses his changeup to strike out right-handed batters, and his slider to strike out left-handers.[64] He also exhibits good command of his pitches, posting a 5.65 K/BB ratio in 2007.[65] Throughout most of his career, Sabathia's four-seam fastball sat in the 92-96 mph range (topping out at 98 mph) and his sinking fastball averaged 89-93 mph (topping out at 96 mph), thus making him a power pitcher. Since 2013, Sabathia has become accustomed to being a control pitcher, in the 2017 he cut down his usage of the four-seamer (87-91 mph topping out at 93 mph) and favored the sinker and cutter.

text: Sabathia holds a lifetime postseason record of 10 wins and 5 losses in 22 games (21 starts). He has pitched a total of 123 postseason innings, giving up 127 hits, 58 walks and 58 earned runs resulting in a 4.24 ERA. He also struck out 120 batters.[66]

text: As of the end of the 2017 season, Sabathia has acquired 25 hits in 124 plate appearances,[67] making him one of the more successful pitchers from a hitting standpoint. On one occasion, Sabathia hit a 440-foot home run on June 21, 2008, off Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Chan Ho Park.[68] He commented later, saying "I told everybody I was trying to hit homers today because I had two singles last year and everybody was all over me, saying I was a singles hitter. It was awesome."[69] On July 13, 2008, in his second game with the Brewers, Sabathia hit his second home run of the season off Cincinnati Reds pitcher Homer Bailey, becoming the third pitcher in history to homer in both leagues in the same season and the first since Earl Wilson did it in 1970 with Detroit and San Diego.[70]

text: Sabathia's reputation of pitching a high number of effective innings each season has led to sports broadcasters often referring to him as a workhorse, discounting his injury-shortened 2014 campaign Sabathia has averaged over 200 innings a season in his career.[71] Sabathia has the most lifetime complete games (38 including 12 shutouts), innings pitched (3317) and strikeouts (2849) of any active pitcher as of 2017.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Sabathia and his wife, Amber, have four children: a son Carsten Charles III (born 2003), a daughter Jaeden Arie (born 2005), a daughter, Cyia (born 2008), and a son Carter (born 2010). The family lived in Fairfield, California outside his hometown of Vallejo, California near San Francisco until he signed with the Yankees. Then the family moved to Alpine, New Jersey. The family loves life in New Jersey and being so close to New York City.[72] Nevertheless, Sabathia remains connected to his hometown. On January 27, 2012, Vallejo High School honored Sabathia by declaring it "CC Sabathia Day" and renaming the school's baseball field in his honor.

text: Sabathia also appeared on a promotional video for Battlefield Bad Company 2 against "Random Grenade Throws" which showed him doing a public service announcement about random grenade throws. It spoofs the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 public service announcement with Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Cole Hamels. Sabathia remains very close friends with former teammates Cliff Lee and Prince Fielder.[73] Sabathia is a supporter of Crutches4Kids. He is an Oakland Raiders fan.

text: Sabathia operates a charity, the PitCChIn Foundation, which supports inner city children. In 2014, the foundation supported a team of runners in the 2014 New York City Marathon, consisting of Amber, the wife of Amar'e Stoudemire, Tiki Barber and Angie Martinez.[74]

text: On October 5, 2015, Sabathia announced that he was checking himself into an alcohol treatment center.[75] During the previous weekend, Sabathia had been binge drinking in the hotel while the Yankees were on the road in Baltimore, including drinking in the clubhouse after a game that had been cancelled due to rain.[76][77]