document_title: Early hominin expansions out of Africa

question_text: the earliest hominin discovery from africa and the world was done in

text: Early hominin expansions out of Africa

text: Sites[edit]

text: The oldest hominin sites are in East Africa. The earliest known retouched tools were found in Lomekwi, Kenya, and date back to 3.3 Ma, in the late Pliocene. They might be the product of Australopithecus garhi or Paranthropus aethiopicus, the two known hominins contemporary with the tools.[8]

text: Homo habilis is the first member of the Homo line and could have descended from the Australopithecus as early as 2.3 Ma; it is first attested in Lake Turkana, Kenya. Homo erectus seems to have appeared later, its earliest remains dating back to c. 1.9 – 1.6 Ma at Koobi Fora, Kenya.[9] The two species would have lived face to face in East Africa for nearly half a million years.[10]

text: Well before Homo habilis disappeared (c. 1.4 Ma), Homo erectus had made it into Eurasia. The earliest well-dated Eurasian site is Dmanisi in Georgia, securely dated to 1.81 Ma.[11] A skull found at Dmanisi is evidence for caring for the old. The skull shows that this Homo erectus was advanced in age and had lost all but one tooth years before death, and it is perhaps unlikely that this hominid would have survived alone. It is not certain, however, that this is sufficient proof for caring – a partially paralysed chimpanzee at the Gombe reserve survived for years without help.[12]

text: Early Pleistocene sites in North Africa, the geographical intermediate of East Africa and Georgia, are in poor stratigraphic context. The earliest of the dated is Ain Hanech in northern Algeria (c. 1.8[13] – 1.2 Ma[14]), an Oldowan grade layer. These sites attest that early hominins have crossed the North African tracts, which are usually hot and dry.[6]:2 Hominins were part of the East African biome, and a flux in climate could have briefly expanded their environment, giving them the chance to move north.

text: There is little time between Homo erectus’ apparent arrival in South Caucasus around 1.81 Ma, and its probable arrival in East and Southeast Asia. There is evidence of hominins in Yuanmou, China, dating to 1.7 Ma and in Sangiran, on Java, Indonesia, from 1.66 Ma.[15] It appears hominins took longer to move into Europe, the earliest site being Barranco León in southeastern Spain dated to 1.4 Ma[16] and a controversial Pirro Nord in Southern Italy, allegedly from 1.7 – 1.3 Ma.[17]

text: In any case, by 1 Ma, hominins had settled in most of the Old World. It is hard to say, however, whether settlement was continuous in Western Europe, or if successive waves repopulated the territory in glacial interludes. Early Acheulean tools at Ubeidiya from 1.4 Ma[18] is some evidence for a continuous settlement in the West, as successive waves out of Africa after then would likely have brought Acheulean technology to Western Europe.[citation needed]

text: Routes out of Africa[edit]

text: Sinai Peninsula[edit]

text: The Sinai Peninsula is the simplest African exit route, being since the Pliocene the only land bridge between the two continents of the Old World. Unless one argues[citation needed] for boats on behalf of Homo erectus, it is surely the only way out. However, it was hard to access until the Middle Pleistocene. The Nile was a much smaller river and followed a different course.

text: There are two Eurasian entryways that take advantage of the Sinai. First, the Levantine corridor, which moves north along the Eastern Mediterranean. Second, down the eastern bank of the Red Sea. Archaeological efforts in Arabia are limited, and attention is usually given to the Levantine corridor.

text: Bab-el-Mandeb[edit]

text: The Bab-el-Mandeb is a 30 km strait between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, with a small island, Perim, 3 km off the Arabian bank. The strait has a major appeal in the study of Eurasian expansion in that it brings East Africa in direct proximity with Eurasia. It does not require hopping from one water body to the next across the North African desert.[citation needed]

text: The land connection with Arabia disappeared in the Pliocene,[19] and though it may have briefly reformed,[20] the evaporation of the Red Sea and associated increase in salinity would have left traces in the fossil record after just 200 years and evaporite deposits after 600 years. Neither have been detected.[21] A strong current flows from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean and crossing would have been difficult without a land connection.

text: Oldowan grade tools are reported from Perim Island,[22] implying that the strait could have been crossed in the Early Pleistocene, but these finds have yet to be confirmed.[23]

text: Strait of Gibraltar[edit]

text: The Strait of Gibraltar is the Atlantic entryway to the Mediterranean, where Spanish and Moroccan banks are only 14 km apart. A decrease in sea levels in the Pleistocene due to glaciation would not have brought this down to less than 10 km. Deep currents push westwards, and surface water flows strongly back into the Mediterranean.

text: Entrance into Eurasia across the strait of Gibraltar could explain the hominin remains at Barranco León in southeastern Spain (1.4 Ma)[16] and Sima del Elefante in northern Spain (1.2 Ma).[24][25] But the site of Pirro Nord in southern Italy, allegedly from 1.3 – 1.7 Ma,[17] suggests a possible arrival from the East. Resolution is insufficient to settle the matter.[7]

text: Strait of Sicily[edit]

text: The modern Strait of Sicily separates Tunisia and Sicily by 145 km, but is shallow and would have been much narrower in glacial maxima. We have a poor understanding of plate tectonics of this area for the greater part of the Pleistocene. But while plate tectonics could have made the strait narrower than predicted by the lowering of sea levels alone, contrast of Pleistocene fauna strongly argues against an actual land bridge.[6]:3 Since the strait is only 400 km away from the North African hominin site of Ain Hanech in Algeria (1.8 Ma[13] or 1.2 Ma[14]) it remains a plausible route for Early Pleistocene expansion into Eurasia. But there is close to no evidence for a hominin passage. Alimen based most of her argument[26] in favour of such a migration on Bianchini's discovery[27] of Sicilian Oldowan grade tools. Radiometric dates, however, have not been produced, and the artefacts might as well be from the Middle Pleistocene.[28]

text: Crossing straits[edit]

text: Presence of hominin remains in Indonesian islands is good evidence for seafaring by Homo erectus late in the Early Pleistocene. Bednarik suggests that navigation had appeared by 1 Ma, possibly to exploit offshore fishing grounds.[29] He has reproduced a primitive dirigible raft to demonstrate the feasibility of faring across the Lombok Strait on such a device, which he believes to have been done before 850 ka. The strait has maintained a width of at least 20 km for the whole of the Pleistocene. Such an achievement by Homo erectus in the Early Pleistocene offers some strength to the suggested water routes out of Africa, as the Gibraltar, Sicilian, and Bab-el-Mandeb exit routes are harder to consider if boats are deemed beyond the capacities of Homo erectus.

text: It is unlikely that hominins populated Eurasia after a one-off event getting a few hominins across a strait (such as a Homo erectus family drifting on flood debris and landing on a Eurasian bank). There are biological constraints to the minimum size a population must maintain to avoid extinction. That is to say, if less than 50 hominins at once made it into Eurasia and lost contact with African hominins, the population would likely undergo an extinction vortex, in part due to inbreeding.[30]

text: Causes for hominin dispersals[edit]

text: Climate change and hominin flexibility[edit]

text: For a given species in a given environment, available resources will limit the number of individuals that can survive indefinitely. This is the carrying capacity. Upon reaching this threshold, individuals may find it easier to gather resources in the poorer yet less exploited peripheral environment than in the preferred habitat. Homo habilis could have developed some baseline behavioural flexibility prior to its expansion into the peripheries (such as encroaching into the predatory guild[31][32]). This flexibility could then have been positively selected and amplified, leading to Homo erectus' adaptation to the peripheral open habitats.[33] A new and environmentally flexible hominin population could have come back to the old niche and replace the ancestral population.[34] Moreover, some step-wise shrinking of the woodland and the associated reduction of hominin carrying capacity in the woods around 1.8 Ma, 1.2 Ma, and 0.6 Ma would have stressed the carrying capacity's pressure for adapting to the open grounds.[35][36]

text: With Homo erectus' new environmental flexibility, favourable climate fluxes likely opened it the way to the Levantine corridor, perhaps sporadically, in the Early Pleistocene.[6]

text: Chasing fauna[edit]

text: Lithic analysis implies that Oldowan hominins were not predators.[37] However, Homo erectus appears to have followed animal migrations to the north during wetter periods, likely as a source of scavenged food. The sabre-tooth cat Megantereon was an apex predator of the Early and Middle Pleistocene (before MIS 12). It became extinct in Africa c. 1.5 Ma,[38] but had already moved out through the Sinai, and is among the faunal remains of the Levantine hominin site of Ubeidiya, c. 1.4 Ma.[18] It could not break bone marrow and its kills were likely an important food source for hominins,[39] especially in glacial periods.[40]

text: In colder Eurasian times, the hominin diet would have to be principally meat-based and Acheulean hunters must have competed with cats.[citation needed]

text: Coevolved zoonotic diseases[edit]

text: Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen[2] suggest that the success of hominins within Eurasia once out of Africa is in part due to the absence of zoonotic diseases outside their original habitat. Zoonotic diseases are those that are transmitted from animals to humans. While a disease specific to hominins must keep its human host alive long enough to transmit itself, zoonotic diseases will not necessarily do so as they can complete their life cycle without humans. Still, these infections are well accustomed to human presence, having evolved alongside them. The higher an African ape's population density, the better a disease fares. 55% of chimps at the Gombe reserve die of disease, most of them zoonotic.[41] The majority of these diseases are still restricted to hot and damp African environments. Once hominins had moved out into drier and colder habitats of higher latitudes, one major limiting factor in population growth was out of the equation.

text: Hominin biology[edit]

text: While Homo habilis was certainly bipedal, its long arms are indicative of an arboreal adaptation.[42] Homo erectus had longer legs and shorter arms, revealing a transition to obligate terrestriality, though it remains unclear how this change in relative leg length might have been an advantage.[43] Sheer body size, on the other hand, seems to have allowed for better walking energy efficiency and endurance.[44] A larger Homo erectus would also dehydrate more slowly and could thus cover greater distances before facing thermoregulatory limitations.[45] The ability for prolonged walking at a normal pace would have been a decisive factor for effective colonisation of Eurasia.[46]

text: Brain thermoregulation[edit]

text: Thermoregulation and dehydration are major problems that need to be dealt with to move into the open grasslands. In particular, vascularisation of the brain is crucial in maintaining it in the narrow frame of tolerable temperatures.

text: Bones of the higher cranium grow in response to expansion of cerebral mass, in such a way that brain tissue and blood vessels mold the inner brain case. Endocranial casts of fossil skulls allow approximating brain vascularisation.[47] Dean Falk noticed that a single large vessel, the occipital marginal sinus, was responsible for irrigating most of the brain in early australopiths (Australopithecus afarensis, Paranthropus robustus and boisei).[48] The vessel grew smaller with time to be progressively replaced by a network of small veins in later hominins, starting with Homo habilis and continuing well into Eurasia. She interprets the change as an adaptation to cool the brain,[49] which she uses to advance her "radiator theory" for accelerated encephalisation from Homo habilis onwards.[50] To Falk, bipedalism, which predates large brains, favoured a rewiring of cerebral blood vessels into a gravity-assisted irrigation network, itself allowing the cool down needed for encephalisation.

text: Endocranial casts of Homo habilis and Homo erectus differ in the organisation of the frontal lobe, in particular in the prefrontal cortex where higher mental functions of consciousness and abstraction occur.[51] By themselves, mental capacities have likely played a role in the success of Eurasian colonisation. They would have allowed for greater social complexity,[52] predation and sharing prey,[53] and an overall higher quality diet.[54] If we are to believe Bednarik and his seafaring Indonesian Homo erectus, then the brain must have played a role in crossing channels.

text: According to Wheeler,[55] loss of functional body hair would have helped prevent hyperthermia, since hair will obstruct air flow over the skin and restrict cooling by evaporation. He further suggests that body cooling due to hair loss has relieved a thermal constraint on brain size (but in a response to Falk's radiator hypothesis, Ralph Holloway maintains that there is no evidence for a temperature constraint on brain size[56]). However, differences in body hair between Homo habilis and Homo erectus are impossible to test, and it will remain unclear whether hair loss was part of the hominin adaptation or preadaptation to Eurasia.


document_title: List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships

question_text: who has the most championships in all sports

root

text: This is a list of cities in the United States that field or have fielded teams in North America men's professional sports leagues, showing the number of league championships each city has won. The "five major leagues" comprise Major League Baseball, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, Major League Soccer and the National Hockey League. These numbers are for cities and metropolitan areas, not individual franchises: where a team has moved to a new city, the number of championships in the old city remains the same. For example, the Nationals' NBA championship is counted in Syracuse, where it was won, while the team itself later moved to Philadelphia and became the 76ers.

tag: p

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank
City
MLB champions
NBA champions
NFL + AFL + AAFC champions
NHL + PCHA champions
MLS Cup champions
5 major men's league champions overall
Arena Football League champions
MLL champions
NLL champions

1
New York
35
2
9
8
0
54
-
-
-

2
Boston
9
17
5
6
0
37
-
1
-

3
Chicago
6
6
11
6
1
30
1
-
-

4
Los Angeles
5
11
2
2
5
25
1
-
-

5
Detroit
4
3
4
11
-
22
4
-
2

6
Philadelphia
7
4
5
2
0
18
3
3
6

7
Pittsburgh
5
-
6
5
-
16
-
-
-

8-T
Green Bay
-
-
13
-
-
13
-
-
-

8-T
St. Louis
11
1
1
0
-
13
-
-
-

8-T
Cleveland
2
1
10
-
-
13
0
-
-

11
Washington, D.C.
1
1
5
0
4
11
0
-
-

12
San Francisco
3
2
5
-
-
10
-
-
-

13-T
Baltimore
3
1
5
-
-
9
0
2
1

13-T
Oakland
4
3
2
-
-
9
-
-
-

14-T
Dallas
0
1
6
1
0
8
-
-
-

14-T
Minneapolis
2
5
1
0
0
8
-
-
-

17-T
Miami
2
3
2
0
0
7
-
0
4

17-T
Houston
1
2
2
-
2
7
-
-
-

18
Denver
0
0
3
2
1
6
1
1
1

20-T
San Antonio
-
5
-
-
-
5
-
-
-

20-T
Cincinnati
5
-
0
-
-
5
-
-
-

20-T
Kansas City
2
-
1
-
2
5
-
-
-

23
Seattle
0
1
1
1
1
4
-
-
1

24
Newark
-
-
-
3
-
3
-
-
1

25-T
Anaheim
1
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-

25-T
Buffalo
-
-
2
0
-
2
-
0
4

25-T
Canton
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
-
-

25-T
Milwaukee
1
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-

25-T
Tampa
0
-
1
1
0
2
5
-
-

25-T
San Jose
-
-
-
0
2
2
4
-
-

25-T
Portland
-
1
-
-
1
2
-
-
-

32-T
Akron
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Atlanta
1
0
0
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
New Orleans
-
0
1
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Phoenix
1
0
0
0
-
1
3
-
-

32-T
Providence
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Raleigh
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Rochester
0
1
0
-
-
1
-
1
4

32-T
San Diego
0
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Syracuse
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-

32-T
Columbus
-
-
-
0
1
1
-
-
-

32-T
Salt Lake City
-
0
-
-
1
1
-
-
-

32-T
Indianapolis
-
0
1
-
-
1
-
-
-

NR
Charlotte
-
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
-

NR
Jacksonville
-
-
0
-
-
0
1
-
-

NR
Memphis
-
0
-
-
-
0
-
-
-

NR
Nashville
-
-
0
0
-
0
-
-
-

NR
Oklahoma City
-
0
-
-
-
0
-
-
-

NR
Orlando
-
0
-
-
0
0
2
-
-

NR
Sacramento
-
0
-
-
-
0
-
-

NR
Albany
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

NR
Grand Rapids
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

NR
Spokane
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

tag: table

text: Note: Includes all NFL champions from 1920 through 1965, and all (separate) AAFC champions from 1946 to 1949, and all (separate) AFL champions from 1960 to 1965. From 1966 through present, the lone football champion is that season's Super Bowl winner.


document_title: Picnic at Hanging Rock (TV series)

question_text: where was foxtel picnic at hanging rock filmed

text: Picnic at Hanging Rock (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in February 2017 at Labassa, Caulfield, Mandeville Hall, Toorak, Rippon Lea, Elsternwick, Werribee Park, as well as Lysterfield Park and Fraser St Clunes.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Natalie Dormer as Mrs Hester Appleyard, headmistress
Lily Sullivan as Miranda Reid
Lola Bessis as Mademoiselle Dianne de Poitiers, mistress of French Conversation
Harrison Gilbertson as Michael Fitzhubert
Samara Weaving as Irma Leopold
Madeleine Madden as Marion Quade
Inez Curro as Sara Waybourne
Ruby Rees as Edith Horton
Yael Stone as Miss Dora Lumley, mistress of Deportment and Bible Studies
Philip Quast as Arthur Appleyard, Hester's late husband

tag: ul

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text:
Anna McGahan as Miss Greta McCraw, mistress of Geography and Mathematics
Sibylla Budd as Mrs Valange, mistress of Art and Literature
Randall Berger
Kate Bradford
Mark Coles Smith
Ines English
Kaarin Fairfax
John Flaus
Mayah Fredes
Ros Gentle
Marcus Graham
Emily Gruhl
Kym Gyngell
Don Hany
Huw Higginson
James Hoare
Rob Jacobson
Felix Johnson
Markella Kavenagh
Julie Nihill
Jonny Pasvolsky
Alyssa Tuddenham
Bethany Whitmore

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Episode One"
Larysa Kondracki
Beatrix Christian
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

2
"Episode Two"
Larysa Kondracki
Beatrix Christian
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

3
"Episode Three"
Larysa Kondracki
Alice Addison & Beatrix Christian
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

4
"Episode Four"
Amanda Brotchie
Alice Addison
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

5
"Episode Five"
Michael Rymer
TBA
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

6
"Episode Six"
Michael Rymer
Beatrix Christian
6 May 2018 (2018-05-06)[3]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered in Australia on Showcase in 2018.[4] The program was acquired by the BBC in the United Kingdom, Canal+ in France and Amazon Video in the United States.[5] Also the series broadcast in Greece by ERT.


document_title: Role Models

question_text: who wrote love take me down to the streets

text: Role Models

text: Plot[edit]

text: Danny and Wheeler are two energy drink salesmen who promote a drink called "Minotaur" to school children, and encourage kids to stay off drugs. Wheeler loves the job, but Danny hates it, viewing it as a pointless, dead-end career. Danny's depression results in the collapse of his relationship with his girlfriend Beth, after he impulsively proposes to her. After a presentation at an elementary school, the duo find their Minotaur truck being towed, as they were parked in a no-parking zone. After an argument with the tow truck driver, Danny attempts to "drive" their truck free of the tow truck, damaging the tow truck, nearly running over a security guard and crashing into a statue. Both men are arrested and charged with assault and disorderly conduct.

text: Beth strikes a deal with the judge in which they have to log 150 hours of community service over the next 30 days, in lieu of 30 days in jail. They are to complete their service with Sturdy Wings, a big brother-big sister program led by Gayle Sweeny, a recovering addict. Gayle is aware of their court mandate and warns them that if they fail to meet her requirements they will be sent to prison. Wheeler is paired up with Ronnie, a foul-mouthed streetwise miscreant obsessed with breasts, who has driven away all the other "Bigs" he has been paired with. Danny is assigned Augie, a nerdy teenager obsessed with medieval live action role-playing games.

text: Danny is unable to find common ground with Augie while Ronnie takes a disliking to Wheeler. Danny considers choosing the jail sentence, but Wheeler insists that if they go to jail, they will get raped. They gradually bond with their "littles". Ronnie and Wheeler share the experience of having been abandoned by their fathers while Danny learns about Augie's medieval fantasy realm. Ronnie takes an interest in Wheeler's favorite group, Kiss, and discovers that Wheeler shares his obsession with breasts, which Wheeler teaches him to control. Danny and Augie bond when they realize that they are both involved in the Sturdy Wings program against their will. Danny joins Augie's live action role playing game, "LAIRE" (Live Action Interactive Role-playing Explorers) and attempts to reconcile with Beth, but to no avail (Beth must commit to the break-up, stating that it is for the best).

text: However, their good luck is short-lived. When Augie manages to sneak up on the King of LAIRE, Argotron the King lies and tells everyone that he killed Augie. Danny, defending Augie, confronts and then pushes the King, and gets himself and Augie banned from LAIRE forever. Later, Danny insults Augie's mother and stepfather for refusing to support Augie's hobby, earning their hatred. As soon as Augie's parents kick Danny out of their house, Danny retorts, "I'd be psyched if he were my kid." Meanwhile, Wheeler takes Ronnie to a party and leaves him unsupervised, resulting in Ronnie walking home alone and a series of angry messages from Ronnie's mother, Karen, on Wheeler's cell-phone. Ronnie and Augie's parents ask Sturdy Wings for new mentors, and Danny and Wheeler are expelled from the program, thus failing to complete their community service. Beth says that she will defend Danny and Wheeler in court, but cannot make any promises, as they will eventually be sent to jail. Danny and Wheeler argue and go their separate ways.

text: Danny convinces King Argotron to allow himself and Augie to fight that afternoon in the much-awaited battle royale. Wheeler gets permission from Karen to hang out with Ronnie after he gets out of jail, and earns Ronnie's forgiveness. However, the King secretly warns the other members of Augie's LAIRE "country" of Xanthia that allowing Augie to fight with them will lead to severe retribution in the game. They call Augie to tell him he's too much of a liability and he has nowhere to turn. To form a new LAIRE country, Danny and Augie need four members and matching costumes. Danny asks Wheeler and Ronnie to join them. They arrive with Wheeler's Kiss costumes and a Kiss-themed Minotaur truck, naming their new country "Kiss-My-Anthia". After a betrayal by his former Xanthian allies, Augie finally duels with the king, defeating him. A hidden player, Sarah, who goes by Esplen in LAIRE, then attacks and defeats Augie; she is crowned the new queen and chooses Augie as her king-consort. Augie's parents forgive Danny.

text: Impressed with having seen that Wheeler and Danny care for the children, Gayle clears their names with the judge. Danny serenades Beth with a rendition of the Kiss song "Beth" and they happily reconcile.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seann William Scott as Wheeler
Paul Rudd as Danny
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Augie
Bobb'e J. Thompson as Ronnie
Elizabeth Banks as Beth
Jane Lynch as Gayle
Ken Jeong as King Argotron
Kerri Kenney-Silver as Lynette
Ken Marino as Jim
Nicole Randall Johnson as Karen
A.D. Miles as Martin
Joe Lo Truglio as Kuzzik
Vincent Martella as Artonius
Matt Walsh as Davith of Glencracken
Allie Stamler as Sarah/Queen Esplen
Jessica Morris as Linda the Teacher
Carly Craig as Connie
Keegan-Michael Key as Duane
Amanda Righetti as Isabel
Jorma Taccone as Mitch from Graphics
Armen Weitzman as Party Dude
Elijah Polanco as Ronnie's Friend
Nate Hartley as Rule Master
Louis C.K. as School Liaison

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally announced in December 2006 under the title Big Brothers, with Luke Greenfield directing and Timothy Dowling writing the script.[3] A January 22, 2007, draft of the script credits Moses Port and David Guarascio as writers, with no listing of Dowling.[4] During promotion for the film Knocked Up, Paul Rudd revealed that shooting on Big Brothers was on hiatus while the script was being retooled.[5] News was later revealed that Rudd was commissioned to write a new draft of the script and David Wain had signed on to direct.[6] Wain later revealed the film was now titled Little Big Men.[7] UniversalPictures.com listed the film under the final title Role Models, which made its release on November 7, 2008.[8] It was pre-screened at the University of Maryland's Hoff Theater on October 30, 2008 to positive accord.

text: A running gag in the film is a song entitled "Love Take Me Down (to the Streets)", which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings. In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building, Martin begins singing the song, which he claims is "one of their hits from the '70s", a fact which Danny denies. This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film. During the credits, the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by "Not Wings." The song was written by Charles Gansa, a composer who worked on the film, and A. D. Miles, who plays Martin in the film. It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo, a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band Rain.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Role Models opened #2 at the box office behind Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa with $19.2 million. The film made a total of $67,300,955 domestically and $25,201,210 in foreign countries, for a total of $92,502,165 worldwide.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Role Models was met with generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 78%, based on 157 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Role Models is a frequently crude, always funny comedy with the cast providing solid work throughout."[10] On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 61 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".[11]

text: In their year end review, IGN awarded Role Models with "Best Comedy Film of 2008".[12] Eye Weekly selected Role Models as one of the best films of 2008.[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on March 10, 2009 selling 1,028,207 during its first week generating $17,469,237 in revenue. As of August 10, 2011 the DVD has sold 2,555,713 copies and over $40 million in revenue.[2]


document_title: History of the rupee

question_text: when was devaluation of rupee done in india

text: History of the rupee

text: Early uses[edit]

text: Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.

text: The word rūpiya is derived from word rūpa, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",[3] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", hence a "coin". It is derived from the noun rūpa "shape, likeness, image".

text: Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarūpa), copper coins (Tamrarūpa) and lead coins (Sisarūpa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, Rūpya – wrought silver, rūpa – form.[1]

text: In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji.[8]

text: During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1546, Sher Shah Suri set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya.[3][6] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, the Maratha era (1674–1818)[7] and in British India, as well.

text: Coinage since the British period[edit]

text: The British settlements in Western India, South India, and the Eastern Province of Bengal (Calcutta) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.

text:
Indian rupee (1862).

Obverse: Crowned bust of Queen Victoria.
Reverse: Face value, country and date.

Coin made of 91.7% silver.

text: There are many fake coins of East India Company, with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side-bar. Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.

text: The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest.

text: The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant. Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig. The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.

text: Acute shortage of silver during the First World War, led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.

text: Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.

text: The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. this was the first coinage of Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new.

text: With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

text: Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.

text: Since 1947[edit]

text: Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]

text: Decimalisation[edit]

text: A summary of the decimalisation of the Rupee:[10]

text:
Dates
Currency system

From 1835
1 rupee = 16 annas =64 pice (paisé – singular, "paisa") = 192 pies (singular, "pie")

From 1 April 1957
1 rupee = 100 nayé paisé

From 1 June 1964
1 rupee = 100 paisé

text: The price of 16 Annas is 1 rupee in 1947. The demand for decimalisation existed for over a century. Sri Lanka decimalised its rupee in 1869. The Indian Coinage Act was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' until 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating. For example, the one paisa coin carried the text "One hundredth of a Rupee" in Hindi.

text: 1966 Economic crisis[edit]

text: From 1950, India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. Furthermore, the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector, due to that sector's negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, which increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee, was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation. Furthermore, The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which necessitated more devaluation. Defense spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 (Foundations, pp 195). Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965/1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices.

text: At the end of 1969, the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pence[clarification needed]. A decade later, by 1979, it was trading at around 6 British pence. Finally, by the end of 1989, the Indian Rupee had plunged to an all-time low of 3 British pence. This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures.

text: 1991 Economic crisis[edit]

text: In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious economic trouble. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. As in 1966, India faced high inflation and large government budget deficits. This led the government to devalue the rupee.[11]

text: At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.

text: Revaluation[edit]

text: In the period between 2000 and 2007, the Rupee stopped declining and stabilized ranging between 1 USD = INR 44–48. In late 2007, the Indian Rupee reached a record high of Rs.39 per USD, on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country. This posed problems for major exporters, IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee. The trend has reversed lately with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries. Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies, e.g. the British Pound, which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008.

text: 2013 Depreciation[edit]

text: Due to stagnant reforms, and declining foreign investment, rupee started depreciating in the early 2013.[12] Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further, but none managed to slow down the depreciation.[13] After continued depreciation, and high inflation, the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue. He was of the view that, the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors. He also asked the political parties to help his Government, tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value.[14]

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: Early paper issues[edit]

text: Notes issued by the Bank of Bengal can be categorised in the following three series.

text:
Unifaced series: The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one gold mohur and in denominations of Rs. 100, Rs. 250, Rs. 500, etc.
Commerce series: Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying 'commerce'. The notes were printed on both sides. On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts, viz., (Urdu, Bengali and Devanagari). On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank.
Britannia series: By the late 19th century, the motif 'commerce' was replaced by 'Britannia'. The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery.

text: British India issues[edit]

text: The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India, which was a considerable task. Eventually, the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters, the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency.

text:
Victoria portrait series: The first set of British India notes were the 'Victoria Portrait' series issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels. The security features incorporated the watermark, the printed signature and the registration of the notes.
Underprint series: The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000.
George V series: A series carrying the portrait of George V were introduced in 1923, and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 1, 2½, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000, 10,000.

text: Reserve Bank issues during British India[edit]

text: The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday, 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta. Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934, empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue. The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of George VI in 1938. This was followed by Rs. 10 in February, Rs 100 in March and Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 in June 1938. The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor, Sir James Taylor. In August 1940, the one-rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure, as a Government note with the status of a rupee coin. During the war, the Japanese produced high-quality forgeries of the Indian currency. This necessitated a change in the watermark. The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait. The security thread was introduced for the first time in India. The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued.

text: Republic of India issues[edit]

text: Following the Independence of India the Government of India brought out the new design Re.1 note in 1949. Initially, it was felt that the King's portrait be replaced by a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, however, the Lion Capital of Ashoka was chosen. The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines. In 1953, Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes. The economic crisis in late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967. High denomination notes, like Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978.

text: The first "Mahatma Gandhi Series" was introduced in 1996. Prominent new features included a changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped.

text: The five hundred (₹500) and one thousand rupee notes (₹1,000) were demonetised by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016.[15] These notes are being replaced by the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of notes.

text: Valuation history[edit]

text: The Indian rupee and British pound sterling were historically exchanged based on the gold silver ratio. By the 1870s, the rupee had crossed ₹9 to the sterling and was officially pegged, via several appointed commissions, to the sterling from 1926 to 1966 at ₹13.33. The peg changed to the US dollar in 1966 at ₹7.80.[16]

text:
Year
Exchange rate
(INR per USD)

1940
3.4804[n 1]

1941–1942
3.3077[n 2]

1943
3.3223[19]

1944–1945
3.3024[20]

1946
3.309[21]

1947
1.00[22]

1948
1.30

1949
3.67

1950–1966
4.76[22]

1966
7.50[22]

1975
8.39[22]

1980
7.86[23]

1985
12.38[23]

1990
17.01[23]

1995
32.427

2000
43.50[23]

2005 (Jan)
43.47[23]

2006 (Jan)
45.19[23]

2007 (Jan)
39.42[23]

2008 (October)
48.88

2009 (October)
46.37

2010 (22 January)
46.21

2011 (April)
44.17

2011 (21 September)
48.24

2011 (17 November)
55.3950

2012 (22 June)
57.15[24]

2013 (15 May)
54.73[25]

2013 (12 Sep)
62.92[26]

2014 (15 May)
59.44[27]

2014 (12 Sep)
60.95[28]

2015 (15 Apr)
62.30[29]

2015 (15 May)
64.22

2015 (19 sep)
65.87

2015(30 nov)
66.79

2016(20 Jan)
68.01

2016(25 Jan)
67.63

2016(25 Feb)
68.82

2016 (14 April)
66.56

2016 (22 Sep)
67.02

2016 (24 Nov)
67.63

2017 (28 Mar)
65.04

2017 (28 April)
64.27

2017 (15 May)
64.05

2017 (14 August)
64.13[30]

text: Other issues[edit]

text: Jammu and Kashmir issues: Maharaja Rambir Singh introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877. The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period. The notes carried the 'Sun' motif of the Dogra family.

text:
Hyderabad issues: The Government of Hyderabad had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money. The British, however resisted the attempts of Indian princely states to issue paper currency. The acute shortage of silver during the First World War and the contributions of Hyderabad State to the British war effort led them to accept, in 1918, paper currency in denominations of Rs.10/- and Rs.100/- issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act. The currency was designated the Osmania Sicca (OS). Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926. After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at Nasik, Hyderabad notes came to be printed there.
Burma issues: Burma separated from India in 1938; however, the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of Burma and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order, 1937. In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India.
Indo-French issues: The French Indian rupee (FIR) was introduced by France's Bank of Indochina in French colonies of India.
Indo-Portuguese issues : The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1959. It was divisible into 16 Tangas or 960 Reis. In 1959, the currency was changed to the Portuguese Indian Escudo, at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos.
Persian Gulf issues: For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India: areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the Reserve Bank of India, who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased. However, Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold. It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about $US1.75 to 2 billion – roughly two-thirds of the value of paper money in circulation. While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India, it was illegal to import or export gold. The Gulf Rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee (PGR), was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian Rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act, 1 May 1959. After India devalued the rupee on June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates (known as the Trucial States until 1971) – replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.
Emergency issues, Princely states: During the 1940s, when mints were occupied for use in the war, an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India. Princely states in Western India like Balvan, Bikaner, Bundi, Gondal, Indergadh, Junagadh, Jasdan, Kutch Mengni, Muli, Morvi, Mangrol, Nawanagar, Nawalgarh Palitana, Rajkot, Sailana, Sayla, Vithalgadh, issued "Cash Coupons" to meet the shortage.

text:
Hyderabad state OS Rs. 100 issue

Five rupees, 1922

Portuguese Indian 1 rupee, 1924

French Indian 1 rupee, 1938

George VI profile portrait, RBI, 1937

One rupee, British India

George VI profile portrait changed to frontal portrait, RBI, 1943

Two rupees, Republic of India


document_title: Jordan of Saxony

question_text: what is st jordan the patron saint of

question_tokens: what is st jordan the patron saint of

text: Jordan of Saxony

text: Life[edit]

text: Jordan belonged to the noble German family of the Counts of Eberstein. He was born in the Castle of Borrenstrick, in the diocese of Paderborn. He began his studies in his native land, and was sent to complete them at the University of Paris.[2] While a student he met Dominic de Guzman, the founder of the Order of Preachers, and was inspired by the preaching of Reginald of Orleans (also known as Reginald of Saint-Gilles) to join the Dominican Order. He received the habit on Ash Wednesday, 1220. Jordan was a Master of Arts and a grammarian, and taught in the schools of Paris.[3]

text: In 1221, a General Chapter of the Order held in Bologna appointed Jordan Prior Provincial of Lombardy in Italy.[4]

text: Master General[edit]

text: On 6 August 1221, Dominic died, and in 1222 Jordan was elected as his successor as Master General of the Order of Preachers.[2] Like Saint Dominic, Jordan was famed as a strict disciplinarian whose commitment to the Rule was tempered with kindness.

text: During Jordan's administration, the young Order increased to over 300 priories. Jordan is particularly remembered for his eloquence in attracting candidates to join the Order. Through his lectures in university towns, he won many—allegedly well over 1,000—professors and students for the Order from the universities of Europe, among whom was Albertus Magnus who is thought to have been recruited in Padua.[5] He added four new provinces to the eight already existing. Twice he obtained for the Order a chair at the University of Paris and helped to found the University of Toulouse. He established the first general house of studies of the Order.[6]

text: Additionally, Jordan was a spiritual guide to many, including one of the first Dominican nuns, the Blessed Diana degli Andalò, O.P.[2] He also found time to write a number of books: a life of St. Dominic and several other works. Among them was the Libellus de principiis Ordinis Praedicatorum ("Booklet on the beginnings of the Order of Preachers"), a Latin text which is both the earliest biography of Saint Dominic and the first narrative history of the foundation of the Order.

text: A section of a work by Friar Gerald de Frachet describing the lives of the first Dominicans, the Lives of the Brothers (Vitae fratrum), is dedicated to describing his character, virtue, and miracles. All of the first chroniclers of the Order describe Jordan's kindness and personal charm. He had the ability to console the troubled and to inspire the despondent with new hope.[7]

text: Death[edit]

text: Jordan died, at the age of forty-seven, in a shipwreck on his return from Palestine, where he was visiting the local monasteries of the Order. The shipwreck occurred off the coast of Syria on 13 February 1237.[8] Jordan was buried in the Dominican Church of St. John in Akko, in present-day Israel. The boat Angel Mika Kemp has recently been raised from the seabed.

text: His feast day is 13 February.[9]

text: Veneration[edit]

text: Jordan of Saxony was beatified by Pope Leo XII in 1825.

text: Patronage[edit]

text: He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations. Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila, which was founded by the Dominican Order. In Colombia, he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia, one of the most important private schools of Bogota.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Jordan of Saxony is credited with introducing the practice of singing the Salve Regina in procession at the end of Compline, done, it is recorded, to calm the spirits of the Brothers, who were being tried by the Devil.[6]


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: where was the winter olympics held in the united states

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic Games host cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I
—
1896
000000002018-04-06-0000April 6
000000002018-04-15-0000April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II
—
1900
000000002018-05-14-0000May 14
000000002018-10-28-0000October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III
—
1904
000000002018-07-01-0000July 1
000000002018-11-23-0000November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV
—
1908
000000002018-04-27-0000April 27
000000002018-10-31-0000October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V
—
1912
000000002018-05-05-0000May 5
000000002018-07-22-0000July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI
—
1916
Cancelled due to WWI[4]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII
—
1920
000000002018-04-20-0000April 20
000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]

Chamonix
 France
Europe
—
W001I
1924
000000002018-01-25-0000January 25
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII
—
000000002018-05-04-0000May 4
000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W002II
1928
000000002018-02-11-0000February 11
000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX
—
000000002018-05-17-0000May 17
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W003III
1932
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X
—
000000002018-07-30-0000July 30
000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe
—
W004IV
1936
000000002018-02-06-0000February 6
000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI
—
000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]

Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan
 Nazi Germany
Asia
Europe
—
W005aV
1940
Cancelled due to WWII[4]

Tokyo
Helsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan
 Finland
Asia
Europe
S012XII
—

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W005bV
1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII
—

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W005cV
1948
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV
—
000000002018-07-29-0000July 29
000000002018-08-14-0000August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe
—
W006VI
1952
000000002018-02-14-0000February 14
000000002018-02-25-0000February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV
—
000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-03-0000August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W007VII
1956
000000002018-01-26-0000January 26
000000002018-02-05-0000February 5

Melbourne
Stockholm[g]
 Australia
 Sweden
Oceania
Europe
S016XVI
—
000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10
000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America
—
W008VIII
1960
000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII
—
000000002018-08-25-0000August 25
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W009IX
1964
000000002018-01-29-0000January 29
000000002018-02-09-0000February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII
—
000000002018-10-10-0000October 10
000000002018-10-24-0000October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe
—
W010X
1968
000000002018-02-06-0000February 6
000000002018-02-18-0000February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX
—
000000002018-10-12-0000October 12
000000002018-10-27-0000October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia
—
W011XI
1972
000000002018-02-03-0000February 3
000000002018-02-13-0000February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX
—
000000002018-08-26-0000August 26
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W012XII
1976
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-15-0000February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI
—
000000002018-07-17-0000July 17
000000002018-08-01-0000August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W013XIII
1980
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-24-0000February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII
—
000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-03-0000August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe
—
W014XIV
1984
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-19-0000February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII
—
000000002018-07-28-0000July 28
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America
—
W015XV
1988
000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV
—
000000002018-09-17-0000September 17
000000002018-10-02-0000October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe
—
W016XVI
1992
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
000000002018-02-23-0000February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV
—
000000002018-07-25-0000July 25
000000002018-08-09-0000August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe
—
W017XVII
1994
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-27-0000February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI
—
1996
000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-04-0000August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia
—
W018XVIII
1998
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-22-0000February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII
—
2000
000000002018-09-15-0000September 15
000000002018-10-01-0000October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America
—
W019XIX
2002
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
000000002018-02-24-0000February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII
—
2004
000000002018-08-13-0000August 13
000000002018-08-29-0000August 29

Torino
 Italy
Europe
—
W020XX
2006
000000002018-02-10-0000February 10
000000002018-02-26-0000February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX
—
2008
000000002018-08-08-0000August 8
000000002018-08-24-0000August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America
—
W021XXI
2010
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX
—
2012
000000002018-07-27-0000July 27
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]
—
W022XXII
2014
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-23-0000February 23

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI
—
2016
000000002018-08-05-0000August 5
000000002018-08-21-0000August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia
—
W023XXIII
2018
000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
000000002018-02-25-0000February 25

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII
—
2020
000000002018-07-24-0000July 24
000000002018-08-09-0000August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia
—
W024XXIV
2022
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-20-0000February 20

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII
—
2024
000000002018-07-26-0000July 26
000000002018-08-11-0000August 11

TBD
TBD

—
W025XXV
2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV
—
2028
000000002018-07-21-0000July 21
000000002018-08-06-0000August 6

TBD
TBD

—
W026XXVI
2030
(TBD)

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
4

4
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
3

 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)

 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)

 German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)

8
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
2

 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)

 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)

 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0

 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0

 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)

 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)

 Sweden
Europe
2 (1912, 1956 (equestrian events only))
0

17
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0

 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)

 Mexico
North America
1 (1968)
0

 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0

 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0

 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
31

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
8

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

6
Africa
0
0
0

text: Unsuccessful cities[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Country
City
Bids

 United States
Detroit
7

 Hungary
Budapest
6

 Turkey
Istanbul
5

 Spain
Madrid
4

 Argentina
Buenos Aires
4

  Switzerland
Lausanne
4

 United States
Philadelphia
5

 United States
Chicago
4

 United States
Minneapolis
3

 Cuba
Havana
3

 Belgium
Brussels
3

 Azerbaijan
Baku
2

 Qatar
Doha
2

 Spain
Seville
2

 Yugoslavia
Belgrade
2

 Puerto Rico
San Juan
1

 Australia
Brisbane
1

 Slovakia
Poprad
1

 United States
Boston
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]


document_title: Blame Game

question_text: who is talking at the end of blame game

question_tokens: who is talking at the end of blame game

text: Blame Game

text: Background[edit]

text: "Blame Game" was recorded in Oahu, Hawaii, where most of the sessions for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy took place.[1] West opted to work with more familiar songwriters to maintain artistic privacy and keep a low profile after several of his publicized controversies.[2] West recorded the song with vocalist John Legend, a frequent collaborator of his since West's 2004 debut album The College Dropout.[3] During an appearance on Ustream, West announced that Legend was set to appear on a song from his currently upcoming album, titled "Blame Game".[4][5] During the announcement, West cited "Blame Game" as his favorite song from the album, which was at the time unfinished.[4][5] The song developed from Legend and West's brainstorming, which also led to several other tracks, including "All of the Lights".[6][7] Rapper Pusha T was erroneously reported to have provided backing vocals on the song.[5][8]

text: West asked comedian Chris Rock to appear on the song.[9] Rock, a fan of West's, mused that he was more than happy to collaborate with West,[9] and said, "you'd be amazed at how many people want to work with you if you just ask, if you just make a call."[10] He had previously collaborated on other hip hop songs, such as with rappers Ludacris, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and Ice Cube on the track "You Ain't Gotta Lie (Ta Kick It)".[10] Rock described his collaboration with West as exciting in nature, commenting that he was always open to working on unusual ventures.[9][10] In an interview with The New York Times, Rock went into detail about the composition of the song:

text: “I did that quicker than I read scripts that they offer me money to do ... I thank [Kanye] so much it probably freaks him out. Especially at this late date, to get on something, the album of the moment, that stuff is priceless, you can’t put a price tag on that. I felt invigorated by it. I’ve still got my fastball."[9]

text: The song is partly inspired by West's relationship with model Amber Rose.[11][12] West originally met Rose in 2008, and they subsequently developed a romantic relationship,[13] before having a dramatic break-up in 2010; Rose cited allegations of adultery.[14] Rose also said that West had written the song about their relationship, commenting that West "talked reckless about me on his album".[12][14]

text: Composition[edit]

text:
"Blame Game"

A sample featuring West repeatedly confessing "I can't love you this much" over the soulful, cello-driven production.[15][16]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The track is built on a recreation of electronic musician Aphex Twin's piano composition "Avril 14th".[17][18] The song begins with a minute long introduction sung by Legend.[15][19] "Blame Game" has a lush, cello-driven production with predominant piano.[15] After Legend's introduction, West raps his verses in a highly melodic manner, almost singing his lines.[19] West's forceful delivery expresses hurt and contempt.[11][20] The song's soulful sound juxtaposes West's angry lyrics: "been a long time since I spoke to you in a bathroom, ripping you up, fuckin' and chokin' you".[21] He subsequently raps less antagonistically and repeatedly confesses "I can't love you this much".[22]

text: West's vocals are substantially manipulated throughout the song from "naturally clear-sounding and ominously pitched-down as it pans back and forth",[21] as they are slowed down, sped up, edited substantially, and altered in various ways, giving the song a brooding, ominous mood.[21][23] Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal wrote that this effect "bottoms out with a verse in which Kanye's voice is sped up, slowed down and stretched out ... The effect is almost psychotic, suggesting three or four inner monologues fighting over smashed emotions."[24] AbsolutePunk's Drew Beringer commented that the vocal altercations gives the sense of the "multiple personalities and paranoia he tries to overcome."[23]

text: On "Blame Game", West attempts to call his past lover, but he receives a call back instead and he hears a conversation between her and Chris Rock,[25][26] who begins an extended monologue approximately five minutes into the song.[27] Chris Rock performs a vulgar, profanity-ridden sketch in which he compliments his lover's dress sense and sexual technique, and asks her who taught her these skills.[19][28] Each time he asks, the answer is the same: "Yeezy taught me.".[19][29] Andy Gill of The Independent commented that a similar "alliance of aristocratic piano and cello with less rarefied elements underpins 'Blame Game', a brutal rumination on West's sexual appetite".[16][30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Blame Game" generally pleased contemporary critics. The Village Voice's Sean Fennessey said that it is "not the flashiest or most forward-thinking song on the album, but certainly the most earthbound. And therefore the most important."[31] Chicago Sun-Times writer Thomas Conner complimented Rock's "hilarious, X-rated spiel" and cited the song as the best example of West's ability "to contrast the light and dark pieces against each other, the profane and the sacred", writing that it utilizes "Legend's soft, pretty voice to sing a smooth, troubling refrain."[15] Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield called it one of the funniest of West's career, a "confessional" song where he "honestly struggles to figure out why he has to be such a douchebag."[22] Steve Jones of USA Today cited the song as the album's pièce de résistance that "plays out with growing hostility over John Legend's moody piano work."[32] Nitsuh Abebe of New York mused that the song successfully showcased a "gloomy and elegiac" presentation.[33]

text: David Browne of Time called it "that rare, effortless fusion of penthouse-boudoir R&B and hip hop grit", but was ambivalent about its segue "into an interminable, decidedly unfunny skit in which a guy keeps asking a woman how she learned such mind-boggling bedroom moves."[26] In contrast, Kitty Empire of The Guardian felt that "comedian Chris Rock is hilariously foul-mouthed at the end of Blame Game."[25] Becky Bain of Idolator called the song epic, but felt that Rock's appearance served as a detriment to the song, writing; "we’d kill the last two minutes with Rock’s unfocused, not-as-funny-as-we-think-it’s-supposed-to-be rambling, but otherwise, this is quite a beautiful track."[5] "Blame Game" charted on South Korean Gaon Chart at position 81.[34]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The song was also featured in Runaway, a 35-minute music video directed by West set to music from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.[35][36] After a traumatic dinner sequence, the song is played during a tense moment between West and the phoenix.[37] At the Vevo Presents GOOD Music musical presentation, the song was performed by both West and Legend together.[38] The two performed a few song together before Legend performed his own single "Ordinary People" separately.[38]

text: A planned music video for the song was going to feature an appearance by Amber Rose, however she declined the offer.[39] Rose commented that she passed on the video because she "just felt like Chris Rock's part was disrespectful", believing that the song painted her in a negative light.[12] Another reason for her declining to appear in the video because of her then-current relationship with rapper Wiz Khalifa, feeling that appearing in an ex-boyfriend's musical venture would be disrespectful to Khalifa.[12] West told Rose that both "Blame Game" and the Runaway film were partially inspired by his relationship with her.[12]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits adapted from liner notes for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010).[17]

text:
Chris "Hitchcock" Chorney – cello
Andrew Dawson – engineer, mixing
Mike Dean – additional production, bass, composer, mixing, piano
DJ Frank E – composer, producer
Ryan Gilligan – engineer
Richard D. James – composer (sample)
Phil Joy – engineer
John Legend – composer, featured artist
Salma Kenas – additional vocals
Anthony Kilhoffer – mixing
Chloe Mitchell[40] – composer (poem)
Chris Rock – additional vocals
Kanye West – composer, producer, primary artist

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2011)
Peak
position

South Korean Gaon Chart[34]
81