document_title: The Spy Next Door

question_text: who plays farren in the spy next door

question_tokens: who plays farren in the spy next door

text: The Spy Next Door

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bob Ho is a MSS operative on loan to the CIA as a undercover agent, who decides to retire after putting Russian terrorist Anton Poldark behind bars and marry his longtime girlfriend Gillian, who lives next door and has three children from previous relationships, Farren (a step-daughter), Ian and Nora. None of them know about his job. One day, Gillian leaves to visit her father in a hospital in Denver, Colorado and leaves Bob to take care of her children, who all despise him and plot to get rid of him. Using some technology from the CIA, Bob is able to get control of them. His partner, Colton James, informs him that Poldark has escaped prison and they suspect there is a mole in the CIA. Colton sends a file to Bob's computer for a top-secret formula for an oil-eating bacteria Poldark is working on. While snooping around Bob's house, Ian downloads the file, which he mistakes for music, onto his iPod. Poldark discovers the download and sends some of his people to Bob's house, but Bob overpowers them.

text: After the attack, Bob and the children hide at a Chinese restaurant, where Poldark's teenage henchman, Larry, tries to kill Bob. Bob defeats him and is forced to tell the children about his job. His boss Glaze then arrives, points a gun at him and demands the downloaded file, revealing himself as the mole working for Poldark. Bob knocks out Glaze with Nora's turtle, then hides in a hotel with the children. He tells Gillian over the phone about his job. Fearing for her children's safety, she flies home to take them and breaks up with him after discovering he is a spy.

text: Bob heads to an abandoned factory to confront the Russian terrorists but finds that Ian, wanting to become a spy, and Farren has run away from home. The trio is captured by the Russians, who force Ian to reveal that the file is on his iPod. As Poldark, his partner Tatiana, and Glaze go to Gillian's house, Bob and the children escape and defeat the remaining terrorists. They then go to Gillian's house and Poldark and his crew arrive soon after. Bob and the terrorists fight, with the children using Bob's secret weapons to defeat some of them. Soon after, Colton and his crew arrive to arrest the Russians and Glaze. Gillian initially rejects Bob, but soon realizes that he is a good man after Nora says she wants him to be her dad and Farren and Ian confess that Bob lied to protect them. Bob and Gillian then get married.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jackie Chan as Bob Ho, a spy on loan to the CIA and Gillian's neighbor, boyfriend and eventual husband
Amber Valletta as Gillian, Bob's neighbor, girlfriend and eventual wife
Magnús Scheving as Anton Poldark, a Russian terrorist
Madeline Carroll as Farren, Gillian's step-daughter
Will Shadley as Ian, Gillian's son
Alina Foley as Nora, Gillian's daughter
Billy Ray Cyrus as Colton James, Bob's partner
George Lopez as Glaze, Bob's corrupt boss
Lucas Till as Larry, a teenager working with Poldark
Katherine Boecher as Tatiana Creel
Jeff Chase as Russian thug

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Secret Agent Man" – Performed by Johnny Rivers
"The Way It Was" – Written and Performed by Daniel May
"Ba Ma De Hua" – Performed by Jackie Chan (theme song of Rob-B-Hood, a film also made by Chan)
"One Way or Another" – Performed by Blondie

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its first weekend, in the US, The Spy Next Door made $9.7 million in 2,924 theaters, opening at #6. It grossed $12.9 million over the four-day period, ranking #5 on that term. The film grossed $45.1 million on a $28 million budget.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12% based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lacking a script funny enough to cover up for Jackie Chan's fading physical gifts, The Spy Next Door fails on every conceivable level."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, it holds an average score of 27 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generals unfavorable reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text:
Most film critics targeted the film for "lacking a script," such as Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune for being "True Lies without the striptease or the Arab-maiming"[6] and Kyle Smith of The New York Post who also claimed the film is "ripping off True Lies."[7] Lael Loewenstein of Variety gave the film a negative review saying the film's "cartoonish jokes and misfired gags are likely to elicit more eye rolls than laughs."[8] Daniel Eagan of The Hollywood Reporter also disliked the film saying most of the film is "pretty tired stuff from Pacifier-style slapstick to comic relief delivered by, of all people, erstwhile country star Billy Ray Cyrus" and that Chan "seems stiff" and "clad in unattractive clothes and forced into dumbed-down situations."[9]
David Stratton of At the Movies dismissed the film calling it "a sad viewing experience". He added "The woeful screenplay, the mundane direction, by Brian Levant, and the indifferent acting all combine to sink a stupid plot which should never have got off the ground."[10] Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film 2½ stars.[11] Rickey, giving the film the benefit of the doubt, wrote "The plot may be forgettable, but the execution is frantic and funny. The Spy Next Door is a movie that will bring smiles to kids – and their grandparents."[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Spy Next Door was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 18, 2010.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award

Subject

Nominee

Result

Razzie Award

Worst Supporting Actor

Billy Ray Cyrus

Nominated

George Lopez


document_title: Olympic symbols

question_text: what are the 5 colors of the olympic flag

root

text: Olympic symbols

text: Motto[edit]

text: The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius, Altius, Fortius, which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger".[1] It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast.[2] Coubertin said "These three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible."[2] The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris.[3] A more informal but well-known motto, also introduced by Coubertin, is "The most important thing is not to win but to take part!" Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games.[4]

tag: p

text: Rings[edit]

text: The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the "Olympic rings". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]

text: ... the six colours [including the flag's white background] combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolour flags of France, England, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.

text: In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA, an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung: for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.[8].

text: The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1920.[9]

text: The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two American authors, Lynn and Gray Poole, when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s, saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games[10] that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone".[11] This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.

text: The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join.[12] As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the "five continents" of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Prior to 1951, the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent: blue for Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought).[13] Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour.

text: Flags[edit]

text: The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925.

text: The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.

text: Specific flags[edit]

text: There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony,[15] the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games, which are flown over the host stadium and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor color variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring.

text: Antwerp flag[edit]

text: The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr.National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag" instead of the "Paris Flag".[16] It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics (see below). The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired.

text: In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. "I can help you with that," Prieste said, "It's in my suitcase." At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney.[17] The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking him for donating it.[18]

text: Oslo flag[edit]

text: The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo, Norway, during the 1952 Winter Olympics. Since then, it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics. Currently, the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead.[19]

text: Seoul flag[edit]

text: As a successor to the Antwerp Flag,[20] the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics. The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building.

text: Rio de Janeiro flag[edit]

text: As a successor to the Seoul Flag,[21] the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics, Tokyo.

text: Singapore flag[edit]

text: For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games. The flag is similar to the Olympic flag, but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge.[22][23] During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010, Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee, Nanjing 2014.[24]

text: Innsbruck flag[edit]

text: For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck, Austria, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics.

text: Flame and torch relay[edit]

text: The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector, at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games.

text: Medals and diplomas[edit]

text: The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games. The medals are made of gold-plated silver – for the gold medals – silver, or bronze, and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. From 1928 until 2000, the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner's crown in her right. This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli. For each Olympic games, the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed, reflecting the host of the games.

text: In 2004, the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games. In this design, the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium, reflecting the renewal of the games. The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi.[25]

text: Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth, fifth, and sixth since 1949, and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981.

text: Anthems[edit]

text: The "Olympic Hymn", officially known as the "Olympic Anthem", is played when the Olympic flag is raised. It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas. Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas, a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but wasn't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley.

text: Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include:

text:
"Olympische Hymne": A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics.
The "Olympic Fanfare" for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled. Merikanto's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939, but the score was lost for over a decade; when rediscovered in 1951, it was decided to use it in 1952. It was recorded in 1953.[26]
"Bugler's Dream": Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite, the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme" due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC, starting with the 1964 Olympics.
The "Olympic March": The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song.
"Olympic Fanfare 1972": The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song, used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center (Deutsches Olympia-Zentrum, DOZ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies, composed by Herbert Rehbein.[27] It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company (Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg, conducted by Willy Mattes.[citation needed]
"Olympic Fanfare and Theme": Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics, the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then-Captain David Deitrick.[28] The first recording, performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles-area musicians, was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, with a concurrent Japan-only CD release (which went on to win a Grammy in 1985).[29] A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra. In 1996, an alternate version of "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games, replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud's Bugler's Dream. The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games, as the nations' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic flame and when the Olympic flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson.
"The Olympic Spirit": The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts.
"Summon the Heroes": The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
"Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.": The theme song to this television show, composed by Randy Edelman, has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics.[30]
"Call of the Champions": The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics.

tag: ul

text: Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports.

text: Kotinos[edit]

text: The kotinos (Greek: κότινος),[31] is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles.[32] In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold.[33] The victorious athletes were honored, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.

text: Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae. The answer was "All other men are participating in the Olympic Games". And when asked "What is the prize for the winner?", "An olive-wreath" came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: "Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour."[34]

text: However, in later times, this was not their only reward; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country. The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards-ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem.

text: Olympic salute[edit]

text: The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute, with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward, the palm is outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder.[35][36]The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924[35] and Berlin 1936.[37]

text: The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute.[38] It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics.[39]

text: Mascots[edit]

text: Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.

text: Intellectual property[edit]

text: The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic". The rings are not eligible for copyright protection, both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted.

text: The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks, including the Gay Games; the Minneapolis-based band The Hopefuls, formerly The Olympic Hopefuls; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games; Awana Clubs International, a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games; and Wizards of the Coast, publisher at the time of the IOC's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings.

text: In 1938, the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings. In 1952, when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics, the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country. Today, the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer.[40] In addition, a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint, which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo, and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines.

text: Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word "Olympics" in their name, such as the Special Olympics, an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities.

text: In recent years, organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games – such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 – putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games, including mere mentioning of the host city, the year, and others.[41][42]


document_title: Vestibule (architecture)

question_text: what is the space between two sets of doors called

text: Vestibule (architecture)

text: Modern usage[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In contemporary usage, a vestibule constitutes an area surrounding the exterior door. It acts as an antechamber between the exterior and the interior structure. Often it connects the doorway to a lobby or hallway. It is the space one occupies once passing the door, but not yet in the main interior of the building

text: Although vestibules are common in private residences, as a modified mud room, they are especially prevalent in more opulent buildings, such as government ones, designed to elicit a sense of grandeur by contrasting the vestibule's small space with the following greater one, and by adding the aspect of anticipation. The residence of the White House in the United States is such an example, but somewhat confusing. At the north portico, it contains a tiny vestibule now between the doors flushed with the outer and inner faces of the exterior wall of, and in the past inside, the Entrance Hall (called incorrectly Vestibule) separated from the not much bigger Cross Hall by just 2 double columns. The difference in sizes between a vestibule and the following space is better illustrated by the—so called—entrance (15) to the main gallery in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright. Many government buildings mimic the classical architecture from which the vestibule originates.

text: A purely utilitarian use of vestibules in modern buildings is to create an "air lock" entry. Such vestibules consist of merely a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors, the intent being to reduce air infiltration to the building by having only one set of doors open at any given time.[3]

text: ATM vestibule[edit]

text: An ATM vestibule is an enclosed area with automated teller machines that is accessible from the outside of a building, but typically features no further entrance beyond the vestibule. There may be a secure entrance to the vestibule which requires a card to open.[4]

text: Railroad use[edit]

text: The vestibule on a railroad passenger car is an enclosed area at the end of the carbody, usually separated from the main part of the interior by a door, which is power-operated on most modern equipment. Entrance to and exit from the car is through the side doors, which lead into the vestibule. When passenger cars are coupled, their vestibules are joined by mating faceplate and diaphragm assemblies to create a weather-tight seal for the safety and comfort of passengers who are stepping from car to car. In British usage the term refers to the part of the carriage where the passenger doors are located; this can be at the ends of the carriage (on long-distance stock) or at the 1/4 and 3/4 of length positions (typical on modern suburban stock).

text: Ancient usage[edit]

text: Vestibules were common in ancient Greek temples. Due to the construction techniques available at the time, it was not possible to build large spans. Consequently, many entrance ways had two rows of columns that supported the roof and created a distinct space around the entrance.[5]

text: In ancient Roman architecture, where the term originates, a vestibule was a space between the interior of a building and the street. The structure was a mixture between a modern hall and porch. Upon entering a Roman house or domus, one would have to pass through the vestibule before entering the atrium.[6]

text: From the 5th century on vestibules were used in churches in both the east and west.[7]


document_title: Vidhan Sabha

question_text: which is the largest vidhan sabha in india

text: Vidhan Sabha

text: Qualifications required to become a member[edit]

text: To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India, not less than 25 years of age. He or she should be mentally sound and should not be bankrupt. He or she should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him or her. Speaker of Vidhan Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body, and also a Deputy Speaker to preside during the Speaker's absence. The Speaker acts as a neutral judge and manages all debates and discussions in the house. Usually he or she is a member of the stronger political party

text: A Vidhan Sabha holds equal legislative power with the upper house of state legislature, the Vidhan Parishad ('Legislative Council'), except in the area of money bills in which case the Vidhan Sabha has the ultimate authority.

text: Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha[edit]

text: A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the Vidhan Sabha. If it is passed by a majority vote, then the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers must collectively resign.

text: A money bill can only be introduced in Vidhan Sabha. In bicameral jurisdictions, after it is passed in the Vidhan Sabha, it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad, where it can be kept for a maximum time of 14 days.

text: In matters related to ordinary bills, the will of Legislative Assembly prevails and there is no provision of joint sitting. In such cases, Legislative council can delay the legislation by maximum 4 months (3 months in first visit and 1 month in the second visit of the bill).

text: List of Vidhan Sabhas[edit]

text:
Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly)

Image
List of constituencies
Location/state capital
Number of Constituency
Governing party

Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Amaravathi
175
Telugu Desam Party

Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Itanagar
60
Bharatiya Janata Party

Assam Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly
Dispur
126
Bharatiya Janata Party

Bihar Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly
Patna
243
Janata Dal (United)

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly

Naya Raipur
90
Bharatiya Janata Party

Delhi Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Delhi Legislative Assembly
New Delhi
70
Aam Aadmi Party

Goa Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Goa Legislative Assembly
Panaji
40
Bharatiya Janata Party

Gujarat Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly

Gandhinagar
182
Bharatiya Janata Party

Haryana Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly
Chandigarh
90
Bharatiya Janata Party

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Shimla
68
Bharatiya Janata Party

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

Srinagar
87
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

Jharkhand Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
Ranchi
81
Bharatiya Janata Party

Karnataka Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly
Bengaluru
224
Janata Dal (Secular)

Kerala Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly
Thiruvananthapuram
140
Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Bhopal
230
Bharatiya Janata Party

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

Mumbai
Nagpur (Winter)

288
Bharatiya Janata Party

Manipur Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly
Imphal
60
Bharatiya Janata Party

Meghalaya Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
Shillong
60
National People's Party

Mizoram Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Mizoram Legislative Assembly
Aizawl
40
Indian National Congress

Nagaland Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Nagaland Legislative Assembly
Kohima
60
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

Odisha Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly
Bhubaneshwar
147
Biju Janata Dal

Puducherry Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly
Pondicherry
30
Indian National Congress

Punjab Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly
Chandigarh
117
Indian National Congress

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Jaipur
200
Bharatiya Janata Party

Sikkim Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly
Gangtok
32
Sikkim Democratic Front

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Chennai
234
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Telangana Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly
Hyderabad
119
Telangana Rashtra Samithi

Tripura Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly
Agartala
60
Bharatiya Janata Party

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Lucknow
403
Bharatiya Janata Party

Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
Dehradun
70
Bharatiya Janata Party

West Bengal Legislative Assembly

List of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly
Kolkata
294
All India Trinamool Congress

Total

—
—
4120[2]
—


document_title: Nasal bridge

question_text: where is the bridge of the nose located

question_tokens: where is the bridge of the nose located

text: Nasal bridge

text: The nasal bridge is the upper, bony part of the human nose, which overlies the nasal bones.

text: Dysmorphology[edit]

text: Low-rooted nasal bridges are closely associated with epicanthic folds. A lower nasal bridge is more likely to cause an epicanthic fold, and vice versa.[1]

text: A lower or higher than average nasal bridge can be a sign of various genetic disorders, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. A flat nasal bridge can be a sign of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Fragile X syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome.

text: An appearance of a widened nasal bridge can be seen with dystopia canthorum, which is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes.[2] Dystopia canthorum is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.[3]


document_title: Legality of polygamy

question_text: when was polygamy outlawed in the united states

text: Legality of polygamy

text: Countries that recognize polygamous marriages[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Algeria[1]
Cameroon[2]
Chad[3]
Central African Republic[4]
Republic of the Congo[5]
Djibouti[6]
Egypt[7]
Gabon:[8] Both men and women can join in polygamous marriage with the other gender under Gabonese law. In practice, the right to multiple spouses is reserved for men only.[9]
The Gambia[10]
Guinea[11]
Libya[12][13][14]
Kenya: Polygyny legal under legislation passed in 2014.[15]
Mali[16]
Mauritania[17]
Morocco[18]
Nigeria (only in some states)[19]
São Tomé and Príncipe[20]
Senegal[21]
Somalia[22]
South Sudan[23]
Sudan[24]
Swaziland[25]
Togo[26]
Tanzania[27]
Uganda[28]
Zambia[29]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Afghanistan[30]
Bahrain[31]
Bangladesh[32]
Bhutan[33][34]
Brunei[35]
Indonesia (except for in the provinces of Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, and West Papua) [36]
Iran[37]
Iraq (except for in Iraqi Kurdistan)[38]
Jordan[39]
Kuwait[40]
Lebanon[41]
Maldives[42]
Myanmar[43]
Oman[44]
Qatar[45]
Pakistan[46]
Saudi Arabia[47]
Sri Lanka[48][49][50]
Syria (except in Syrian Kurdistan)[51]
United Arab Emirates[52]
Yemen[53]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Solomon Islands[54]

text: Countries that only recognize polygamous marriages for Muslims[edit]

text: Note: These countries are included separately because they have specific legislation aimed only at Muslims.

text: Asia[edit]

text:
India
Malaysia[55]
Philippines[56]
Singapore
Sri Lanka[57]

text: Countries that do not recognize polygamous marriages[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Benin[58]
Côte d'Ivoire: Polygamy may be punishable by six months to three years imprisonment, or a fine of CFA 50,000 to CFA 500,000 (US$80 to US$800).[59]
Eritrea: Illegal since 1977, after 2015 polygamy is punishable with "a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months, or a fine of 20,001 – 50,000 Nakfas."[60]
Ethiopia[61][62]
Seychelles
Tunisia, where it has been banned since 1956[63]

text: Under customary law[edit]

text:
Botswana[64]
Lesotho[65]
Liberia[66]
Malawi[67]
Namibia[68]
Niger[69]
Nigeria (only in some states):[70] Recognized in all northern Sharia states
Sierra Leone[71]
South Africa:[72] Recognized under customary law, and recognised for civil purposes in terms of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act.
Zimbabwe[73]

text: Illegal de jure but still practiced[edit]

text:
Angola[74]
Burkina Faso [75]
Burundi[76]
Cabo Verde[77]
Democratic Republic of the Congo[78]
Equatorial Guinea[79][80][81]
Ghana[82][83]
Guinea-Bissau[84]
Madagascar[85]
Mauritius
Mayotte (French territory) (not criminalized): Considered to be de facto illegal since a referendum sponsored by France in March 2009, forcing the island to comply with the French laws.[86][87] However, pre-existing Muslim marriages are currently still valid.
Mozambique[88]
Rwanda[89]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada: All forms of polygamy, and some informal multiple sexual relationships, are illegal under section 293 of the Criminal Code.[90] Bigamy is banned by section 290.[91] However, for a long time, the law banning polygamy has not been efficient. As of January 2009, no person had been successfully prosecuted, i.e. convicted, in over sixty years.[92] In 2009, two acquittals on polygamy charges, arising out of the town of Bountiful, British Columbia, prompted the government of British Columbia to pose a reference question to the Supreme Court of British Columbia (i.e., the superior trial court). The reference questions asked if criminalisation of polygamy was consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; and, if so, under what circumstances could people be legally punished for polygamy.[93] In November 2011 the court released its 335 page long decision, which was that the criminal offence of polygamy is indeed constitutional, but that it should not be used to prosecute minors for having taken part of a polygamous marriage.[94] Chief Justice Robert Bauman conceded that there is a conflict between this law and some civil right principles, but stated that there are other and "more important" issues which in this case take precedence. He wrote (as quoted by CBC news[94]): "I have concluded that this case is essentially about harm. More specifically, Parliament's reasoned apprehension of harm arising out of the practice of polygamy. This includes harm to women, to children, to society and to the institution of monogamous marriage." Bauman argued that there are cases where the "wives" (who may be rather young; sometimes as young as 12 years) are abducted and abused, but because they believe in a faith promoting polygamy, they are not willing to bring complaints to the authorities. He reasons that these offences sometimes may be stopped by applying anti-polygamy legislation. The decision was welcomed by the Attorney General of British Columbia, and by a representative for the group Stop Polygamy in Canada. Likewise, according to the CBC news,[94] some polyamorous groups in Canada expressed their relief, since Bauman had stated that the law shouldn't apply to them unless they decide to formalize their unions. Women's rights were central to decision.[94]
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and The Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago

text:
United States: Polygamy is illegal in all 50 states but not federally.[95] From about 1847 to 1857, in what is now the state of Utah, many Mormons practiced polygamy, which was widely condemned in the rest of the US. The US federal government threatened The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and made polygamy illegal through the enforcement of Acts of Congress such as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. The LDS Church formally outlawed the practice in 1890, in a document labeled 'The Manifesto'.[92][96] Small splinter groups from the LDS Church, such as Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and the Apostolic United Brethren still practice polygamy and awareness has been increased through television dramas such as Big Love and reality shows such as Sister Wives. Among American Muslims, a small minority of around 50,000 to 100,000 people are estimated to live in families with a husband maintaining an informal polygamous relationship.[95]
Uruguay
Venezuela

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Armenia
Azerbaijan
China: Polygamy is illegal under Marriage Law passed in 1980. This replaced a similar 1950 prohibition.[97] In Hong Kong, polygamy ended with the passing of the Marriage Act of 1971.
Georgia
Japan
Kyrgyzstan
Mongolia
North Korea
South Korea
Taiwan: Polygamy is illegal by the 1930 ROC civil law.[98]
Tajikistan
Turkey: Polygamy was criminalized in 1926 with the adoption of the Turkish Civil Code, part of Atatürk's secularist reforms. Penalties for illegal polygamy are up to 5 years imprisonment.[99] Turkey has long been known for its promotion of secularism,[100][101][102] and has introduced measures establishing stricter bars against polygamy; these were passed by the ruling moderate Islamist AK Parti as well. In March 2009, AK Parti effectively banned polygamists from entering or living in the country.[103]
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vietnam

text: Under customary law[edit]

text:
Cambodia[105]
Israel: While polygamy is forbidden according to the criminal law of the State of Israel, polygamous marriages contracted abroad are recognized, and polygamous marriages are legally valid for Jews and Muslims if they are valid according to Jewish law or Islamic, respectively. Adult consensual polygamy is not in fact prosecuted, though it is only widely practiced by Muslims.
Kazakhstan[106]
Laos
Nepal:[107][108][109] Criminalized with sentence of one to three years and fine up to Rs 25,000. However, the second marriage is not annulled and once the completion of the sentence, the second wife carries equal footing as the first one. Even the government pension provided to the wife of the retired government employee after his death is split by the government.[110]
Russia:[111][112] Factual polygamy and sexual relationships with several adult partners are not punishable in accordance with current[timeframe?] revisions of Criminal Code of Russia and Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. But multiple marriage can't be registered and officially recognised by Russian authorities because Family Code of Russia (section 14 and others) prohibits registration of marriage if one of person is in another registered marriage in Russia or another country. Polygamy is tolerated in predominantly Muslim republics such as Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan.[113][not in citation given]
Thailand[114]
Timor-Leste[115]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria: Illegal and punishable with up to three years imprisonment.[116]
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland: The official prosecutor is obliged to take all cases to a court where more two persons are married to each other and such relationships cease to exist after the court has decided it.[117] Polygamic marriages performed abroad may be recognized only in narrow occasions, for instance in child custody matters.[118]
France: Civil marriage registry illegal.
Germany: Illegal, punishable with fine or prison time up to three years.[119]
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland:[120] The Catholic Church in Ireland allowed someone with a church annulment but no civil annulment to remarry in church; such a marriage was legally null and bigamous but no prosecutions were brought.[121][122] The practice ended after the 1996 legalisation of divorce.[121] In 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that if someone had two legal marriages abroad, only the first was legal in Ireland, though 'that did not necessarily mean [the second] marriage "can never have legal consequences [in Ireland]"'.[123]
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands: Marriage between more than two individuals prohibited; however, a samenlevingscontract may include more than two partners. It legally accepts immigrants who are in such a union from a country where it is legal; e.g. if a man with two wives immigrates to The Netherlands, all three will be legally recognized.[124]
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania: Bigamy, defined as marriage conducted by a person which is already married, is punishable by up to 2 years in prison or fine. Knowingly marrying a married person is punishable by up to 1 year in prison or by fine.[125]
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden: Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad, and all spouses are subsequently registered as spouses in the population register, but other spouses than the first spouse may not always be recognized in all occasions.[126][127][128] Only the first spouse is recognized as a spouse when decisions are made on residence permits and social security.[126] A Swede may have four spouses registered at most.[127]
Switzerland: Polygamy is illegal by law. But polygamous marriage conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case-by-case basis.[129]
Ukraine
United Kingdom: Foreign polygamous marriages grant some welfare benefits only, but this is being phased out with the introduction of Universal Credit.[130] Polygamy is treated as bigamy if a second marriage (or civil partnership) is contracted in the United Kingdom. No legal recognition is extended to spouses of subsequent marriages after the first marriage is recognised even when subsequent marriages are contracted abroad.
Vatican City (Holy See)

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Australia: Polygamous marriages cannot be performed in Australia, but polygamous relationships are still common within some indigenous Australian communities.[131][132] Polygamous marriages entered into abroad are recognised for limited purposes[which?] only.[133]
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand: Polygamous marriages cannot be performed in New Zealand, but are permissible if they are legally performed in a country that permits polygamy.
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

text: Current legislation[edit]

text: In most countries, a person who marries a person while still being lawfully married to another commits bigamy. In all such cases, the second marriage is considered legally null and void. Besides the second and subsequent marriages being void, the bigamist is also liable to other penalties, which vary between jurisdictions.

text: The United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand permit some benefits for spouses of polygamous marriages performed in other countries. On a case by case basis Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad but without giving residence or social security rights to other spouses.[126][127] In Switzerland polygamous marriages conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case-by-case basis.[134] see § Europe. In the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, which allows simultaneous, additional marital rights and obligations for already married persons, prior to married persons becoming divorced from their existing spouse.[135]

text: The vast majority of Muslim majority sovereign states recognize polygamous marriages: these states span from West Africa to Southeast Asia. Exceptions to the legality of polygamy in the Middle East occur in Israel, Turkey and Tunisia.[136] The Palestinian territories — consisting of West Bank and Gaza Strip — permit polygamous unions for Muslim citizens of the territories.[137]

text: Predominantly Christian nations usually do not allow polygamy, with a handful of exceptions such as the Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia. Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) is also the only predominately Buddhist nation to allow for civil polygamous marriages.[138]

text: Almost a dozen countries that do not permit polygamous civil marriages recognize polygamous marriages under customary law. All the northern states in Nigeria governed by Islamic Sharia law recognize polygamous marriages. The autonomous regions of Somaliland and Puntland in northern Somalia also recognize polygamy, as does the country's Transitional Federal Government itself, since the country is governed by Sharia law. The recently independent country of Southern Sudan also recognizes polygamy.

text: Polyandry is de facto the norm in rural areas of Tibet, although it is illegal under Chinese family law. Polygamy continues in Bhutan[34] in various forms as it has since ancient times. It is also found in parts of Nepal,[107] despite its formal illegality in the country.[108]

text: Debates of legalizing polygamous marriages continue in Central Asian countries.[citation needed]

text: Civil unions[edit]

text: Brazil – A legally married person or a married couple cohabiting with one or more sexual partner(s) is prohibited by law as bigamy, which is punishable by two to six years of imprisonment,[139] and is valid for every Brazilian citizen, including naturalized ones.

text: In 5 May 2011 long-term cohabitation between non-married persons, known as união estável ("stable union"), was extended to same-sex couples, recognized as a family entity and granted all 112 rights of married couples – its only legal difference from marriage is that it does not change individual civil status from single to married.[citation needed]

text: One of such uniões estáveis, in Tupã, São Paulo, was registered involving a man and two women, as reported in August 2012.[140] A second união estável-bound trio took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro, this time between three women, in October 2015.[141][142]

text: International law[edit]

text: In 2000, the United Nations Human Rights Committee reported that polygamy violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), citing concerns that the lack of "equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry" meant that polygamy, restricted to polygyny in practice, violates the dignity of women and should be outlawed.[143] Specifically, the reports to UN Committees have noted violations of the ICCPR due to these inequalities[144] and reports to the General Assembly of the UN have recommended it be outlawed. [145][146] Some states where polygamy is legal are not signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Malaysia, Brunei, South Sudan and Myanmar; therefore the UN treaty doesn't apply to these countries.[147] It has been argued by the Department of Justice of Canada that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law.[148]

text: Notable legislation[edit]

text: The tables below cover recent pieces of legislation that have been either debated, proposed or voted on; all of which concern a form of polygamous union.

text: To permit polygamy[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Polygamous union
Upper House
Lower House
Head of State
Final
outcome

Yes
No
Yes
No

 Iraq
1963
Polygamous civil marriage (revoke of prohibitions)[149]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 United Kingdom
1987 or earlier
Foreign marriages may receive benefits payments, being phased out[130]

 Malawi
1994
Customary law (recognizes polygamous unions)[150]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Libya
1998
Polygamous civil marriage [151]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 South Africa
1998
Customary marriage (civil recognition)[152]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Namibia
2003
Customary law (recognizes polygamous unions)[153]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Namibia
2004
Pension benefits to wives of a deceased president[154]
-
Failed
-
 No

 Uganda
2005
Polygamous civil marriage (easing of laws; plus restrictions)
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Kyrgyzstan
2007
Polygamous civil marriage[155]
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Kazakhstan
2007
Polygamous civil marriage[155]
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Uzbekistan
2007
Polygamous civil marriage
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Tajikistan
2007
Polygamous civil marriage
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Turkmenistan
2007
Polygamous civil marriage
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Kazakhstan
June 2008
Polygamous civil marriage[156]
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Iran
September 2008
Polygamous civil marriage (easing of laws)[157]
Failed
-
-
-
 No

 Namibia
July 2009
Polygamous civil marriage[158]
Proposed
-
-
-
-

 Russia
2009
Polygamous civil marriage
Proposed
-
-
-
-

 Kenya
March 2014
Polygamous civil marriage
Passed[15]
-
-
-
 Yes

text: To outlaw polygamy[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Prohibition type
Upper House
Lower House
Head of State
Final
outcome

Yes
No
Yes
No

 United States
July 1862
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which made polygamy a misdemeanor offense in US territories and other areas where the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction.
'
'
Signed
 Yes

 United States
March 1882
Edmunds Act, which reinforced Morrill by making polygamy a felony in the jurisdictions covered by Morrill; also prohibited "bigamous" or "unlawful cohabitation" as a misdemeanor offense, which removed the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred in order to obtain convictions on polygamy related charges.
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Turkestan ASSR (modern Kyrgyzstan)
October 1921
Outlaws polygamy[159]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Thailand
October 1935
Outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage[160]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 North Vietnam (modern Vietnam)
October 1950
Outlaws polygamy
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Syria
1953
Restrictions on polygamous marriage[149]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 India
1955
Outlaws polygamy and polygamous marriages for Hindus only[161]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Tunisia
1956
Ban on polygamy; polygamous marriages[162]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Iraq
1959
Ban on polygamy; polygamous marriage[149]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Revoked

 Côte d'Ivoire
1964
New penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing)
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 British Hong Kong (modern Hong Kong)
1971
Outlaws polygamy[163]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Eritrean People's Liberation Front (modern Eritrea)
1977
Outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage (districts under Sharia exempt)[164]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Egypt
1979
Restrictions on polygamous marriage; ease of divorce laws[162]
Passed; abrogated
-
-
-
 No

 Egypt
1985
Restrictions on polygamous marriage (less liberal)[162]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 France
1993
Outlaws family reunion for polygamist immigrants[165]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Uganda
December 2003
Outlaws polygamy[166]
Failed
-
-
 No

 Morocco
2003
Restrictions on polygamous marriage[162]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Benin
August 2004
New penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing)[167]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Morocco
February 2005
Restrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions)[168]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Uganda
July 2005
Outlaws polygamy[169]
Failed
-
-
 No

 Indonesia
2007
Bans civil servants from living polygamously[170]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Morocco
May 2008
Restrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions)[citation needed]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Uganda
June 2008
Outlaws polygamy[166]
Failed
-
-
 No

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Nov. 2008
Outlaws polygamy except in selective circumstances[171]
Passed
Passed
Signed
 Yes

 Mayotte
March 2009
Mahoran status referendum, 2009 (passage outlaws polygamy)[172]
Territory-wide referendum
 Yes

 Turkey
May 2009
Disallows polygamists from immigrating into the country[173][not in citation given]

 Yes

 Indonesia
July 2009
Restrictions on polygamous marriage[174]
Pending
Pending
-
-

 Namibia
July 2009
Ban on polygamy and polygamous customary marriages
Proposed
-
-
-
-


document_title: Thomas Hardy

question_text: thomas hardy was brought up to the profession of

text: Thomas Hardy

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (1811–1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder, and married his mother Jemima (née Hand;[4] 1813–1904) in Beaminster, towards the end of 1839.[5] Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.[6] Because Hardy's family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.[7]

text: Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1862–64. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.[8][9] In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras.[10]

text: Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing.

text: Novel writing[edit]

text: In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,[11] Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford, whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874.[5][12][13] In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a house designed by Hardy and built by his brother. Although they later became estranged, Emma's subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and after her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.[14] In 1910, Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He would be nominated for the prize eleven years later.[15]

text: Final years[edit]

text: Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed; the cause of death was cited, on his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.[16] Hardy's estate at death was valued at £95,418 (£5184767 in 2015 sterling).[17]

text: Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve documents survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s, and research into these has provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works.[18] In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.

text: Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,[19] John Cowper Powys, and Virginia Woolf.[20] In his autobiography Goodbye to All That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s and how Hardy received him and his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

text: Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Gate, both in Dorchester, are owned by the National Trust.

text: Novels[edit]

text: Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Victorian poet and novelist, George Meredith, who felt that The Poor Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work.[21]

text: After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.[21] In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own name. The term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version of this story (which was published in Tinsley's Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff.[22]

text: In his next novel Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Hardy first introduced the idea of calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set, Wessex. Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels.

text: Subsequently, the Hardys moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878). Hardy published Two on a Tower in 1882, a romance story set in the world of astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes.

text: Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with an even stronger negative response from the Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Furthermore, its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield, Walsham How, is reputed to have burnt his copy.[18] In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".[23] Despite this, Hardy had become a celebrity by the 1900s, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of the criticism of both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.[24] The Well-Beloved, first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897.

text: Literary themes[edit]

text: Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works:

text: In Two on a Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints.

text: Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. Far From the Madding Crowd is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path."[27] Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip.

text: Poetry[edit]

text: For online poems, see "Poetry collections" below.

text: In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".[24][28] In the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry.

text: Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety of poetic forms including lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues, and dialogue, as well as a three-volume epic closet drama The Dynasts (1904–08),[29] and though in some ways a very traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,[30] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, often invented, stanza forms and metres,[31] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".[32]

text: Hardy wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to both the Boer Wars and World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'", and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.[33] Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.[33] A theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the nineteenth century, as seen, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".[34] The Napoleonic War is the subject of The Dynasts.

text: Some of Hardy's most famous poems are from "Poems of 1912–13", part of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death of his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged for twenty years and these lyric poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".[33] Poems like “After a Journey,” “The Voice,” and others from this collection "are by general consent regarded as the peak of his poetic achievement".[29] In a recent biography on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife, Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry."[35]

text: Many of Hardy's poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and "the perversity of fate", but the best of them present these themes with "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".[36] Irony is also an important element in a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Man he Killed" and "Are You Digging on My Grave".[37] A few of Hardy's poems, such as "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited also in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.[38]

text: A number of notable English composers, including Gerald Finzi,[39][40] Benjamin Britten,[41] and Gustav Holst,[42] set poems by Hardy to music. Holst also wrote the orchestral tone poem Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy in 1927.

text: Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as one of the greatest twentieth-century poets, and his verse has had a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, and, most notably Philip Larkin.[32] Larkin included twenty-seven poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T. S. Eliot in his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1973.[43] There were also fewer poems by W. B. Yeats.[44]

text: Religious beliefs[edit]

text: Hardy's family was Anglican, but not especially devout. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. However, he did not attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for adult baptism in the Baptist Church. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it.[45] Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.

text: The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God:

text: Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to reach a consensus. However, Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism, deism, and spiritism. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr A. B. Grosart, about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",[47] Hardy replied,

text: Hardy frequently conceived of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice, a force he called The Immanent Will. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.[48] Even so, he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.

text: Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included Horace Moule (one of the eight sons of Henry Moule), and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,[49] such as those of Gideon Mantell. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology (1848) in 1858, and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.[50]

text: Locations in novels[edit]

text: Sites associated with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex[51] research site, which includes maps.[52]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and many of Lady Catherine's books are inspired by Hardy, who was very fond of her.[53]

text: D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1936), indicates the importance of Hardy for him, even though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment of character, and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).[54]

text: Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel by John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".[55] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys to be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.[56] Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932), and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset and Dorset.[57]

text: Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).[58] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (1985), in which a graduate thesis analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles is interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.[59]

text: Hardy has been a significant influence on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of the post-punk British rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Hardy, into his song lyrics.[60]

text: Works[edit]

text: Prose[edit]

text: Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:[citation needed]

text: Novels of character and environment

text:
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)
Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character (1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)
Jude the Obscure (1895)

text: Romances and fantasies

text:
A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)

text: Novels of ingenuity

text:
Desperate Remedies: A Novel (1871)
The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters (1876)
A Laodicean: A Story of To-day (1881)

text: Hardy also produced a number of minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.[61] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).

text: Short stories (with date of first publication)

text:
"How I Built Myself A House" (1865)
"Destiny and a Blue Cloak" (1874)
"The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
"The Duchess of Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Distracted Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"What The Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Waiting Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The First Countess of Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Anna, Lady Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Marchioness of Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" (1891)

"The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891)
"For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Incident in Mr. Crookhill's Life"(1891)
"The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
"Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" (1891)
"The History of the Hardcomes" (1891)
"Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891)
"On The Western Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891)
"Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891)
"To Please His Wife (nl)" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" (1891)
"Our Exploits At West Poley" (1892–93)
"Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Spectre of the Real" (1894)
"A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Grave by the Handpost" (1897) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" (1911)
"Old Mrs. Chundle" (1929)
"The Unconquerable"(1992)

text: Poetry collections[edit]

text:
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Collected Poems (1919)
Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)
The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, 1995)
Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, 1996)
Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)

text: Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy[62] at Poetry Foundation and Poems by Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com[63]

text: Drama[edit]

text:
The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)

The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)

The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: List of lakes by depth

question_text: which lake is the deepest in the united states

text: List of lakes by depth

text: Lakes ranked by maximum depth[edit]

text: This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres (1,300 ft)

text: Geologically, the Caspian Sea, like the Black and Mediterranean seas, is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust. However, it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake.

text:
Continent color key

Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Antarctica

text:
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)

1.
Baikal[1]
 Russia
Siberia
7003164200000000000♠1,642
7003538700000000000♠5,387

2.
Tanganyika
 Tanzania,  Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Burundi,  Zambia
Central Africa
7003147000000000000♠1,470
7003482300000000000♠4,823

3.
(Caspian Sea[2])
 Iran,  Russia,  Turkmenistan,  Kazakhstan,  Azerbaijan

7003102500000000000♠1,025
7003336300000000000♠3,363

4.
Vostok[3]
 Antarctica

7003100000000000000♠~1,000
7003330000000000000♠~3,300

5.
O'Higgins-San Martín[4]
 Chile,  Argentina
Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)
7002836000000000000♠836
7003274200000000000♠2,742

6.
Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa
 Mozambique,  Malawi,  Tanzania

7002706000000000000♠706
7003231600000000000♠2,316

7.
Issyk Kul
 Kyrgyzstan

7002668000000000000♠668
7003219200000000000♠2,192

8.
Great Slave
 Canada
Northwest Territories
7002614000000000000♠614
7003201500000000000♠2,015

9.
Crater[5]
 United States
Oregon
7002594000000000000♠594
7003194900000000000♠1,949

10.
Matano
 Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002590000000000000♠590
7003193600000000000♠1,936

11.
General Carrera-Buenos Aires[6]
 Chile,  Argentina

7002586000000000000♠586
7003192300000000000♠1,923

12.
Hornindalsvatnet
 Norway
Sogn og Fjordane
7002514000000000000♠514
7003168600000000000♠1,686

13.
Quesnel
 Canada
British Columbia
7002506000000000000♠506
7003166000000000000♠1,660

14.
Toba
 Indonesia
Sumatra
7002505000000000000♠505
7003165700000000000♠1,657

15.
Sarez
 Tajikistan

7002505000000000000♠505
7003165700000000000♠1,657

16.
Tahoe
 United States
California, Nevada
7002501000000000000♠501
7003164500000000000♠1,645

17.
Argentino
 Argentina
Santa Cruz (Patagonia)
7002500000000000000♠500
7003164000000000000♠1,640

18.
Kivu
 Democratic Republic of the Congo,  Rwanda

7002480000000000000♠480
7003157500000000000♠1,575

19.
Grand
 Canada
Newfoundland
7002475000000000000♠475
7003155800000000000♠1,558

20.
Mjøsa
 Norway
Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus counties
7002468000000000000♠468
7003153500000000000♠1,535

21.
Salsvatnet
 Norway
Nord-Trøndelag county
7002464000000000000♠464
7003152300000000000♠1,523

22.
Nahuel Huapi
 Argentina
Rio Negro, Patagonia
7002464000000000000♠464
7003152300000000000♠1,523

23.
Hauroko
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002462000000000000♠462
7003151600000000000♠1,516

24.
Cochrane / Pueyrredón[6]
 Chile,  Argentina
Aysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)
7002460000000000000♠460
7003150900000000000♠1,509

25.
Lake Tinn
 Norway
Telemark county
7002460000000000000♠460
7003150900000000000♠1,509

26.
Adams
 Canada
British Columbia
7002457000000000000♠457
7003149900000000000♠1,499

27.
Chelan
 United States
Washington (state)
7002453000000000000♠453
7003148600000000000♠1,486

28.
Van[7]
 Turkey

7002451000000000000♠451
7003148000000000000♠1,480

29.
Poso
 Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002450000000000000♠450
7003147600000000000♠1,476

30.
Fagnano
 Argentina,  Chile
Tierra del Fuego
7002449000000000000♠449
7003147300000000000♠1,473

31.
Great Bear
 Canada
Northwest Territories
7002446000000000000♠446
7003146300000000000♠1,463

32.
Manapouri
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002444000000000000♠444
7003145700000000000♠1,457

33.
Te Anau
 New Zealand
Southland (South Island)
7002425000000000000♠425
7003139000000000000♠1,390

34.
Tazawa
 Japan
Akita Prefecture
7002423000000000000♠423
7003138700000000000♠1,387

35.
Wakatipu
 New Zealand
South Island
7002420000000000000♠420
7003137800000000000♠1,378

36.
Como
 Italy
Lombardy
7002410000000000000♠410
7003134500000000000♠1,345

37.
Superior
 Canada,  United States
Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
7002406000000000000♠406
7003133200000000000♠1,332

text: Lakes ranked by mean depth[edit]

text: Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes. Unfortunately, accurate mean depth figures are only available for well-studied lakes, as they must be calculated by dividing the lake's volume by its surface area. A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey. Therefore, mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations.

text: The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth, as it has a large continental shelf (significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths).

text:
Continent colour key

Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Antarctica

text:
Name
Country
Region
Depth
(meters)
Depth
(feet)

1.
Baikal[1]
Russia
Siberia
7002744400000000000♠744.4
7003244200000000000♠2,442

2.
Tanganyika
Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia
Africa
7002570000000000000♠570
7003187000000000000♠1,870

3.
Crater[5]
United States
Oregon
7002350000000000000♠350
7003114800000000000♠1,148

4.
Vostok[3]
Antarctica

7002344000000000000♠344
7003112900000000000♠1,129

5.
Tahoe
United States
California, Nevada
7002301000000000000♠301
7002989000000000000♠989

6.
Adams
Canada
British Columbia
7002299000000000000♠299
7002981000000000000♠981

7.
Malawi
Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi

7002292000000000000♠292
7002958000000000000♠958

8.
Tazawa
Japan

7002280000000000000♠280.0
7002918600000000000♠918.6

9.
Issyk Kul
Kyrgyzstan

7002278390000099999♠278.4
7002913400000000000♠913.4

10.
Kivu
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda

7002240000000000000♠240
7002787000000000000♠787

11.
Matano[8]
Indonesia
Sulawesi
7002240000000000000♠240
7002787000000000000♠787

12.
Hornindalsvatnet[8]
Norway
Sogn og Fjordane
7002237000000000000♠237
7002778000000000000♠778

13.
Toba[8]
Indonesia
Sumatra
7002216000000000000♠216
7002707000000000000♠707

14.
Karakul
Tajikistan

7002210000000000000♠210
7002689000000000000♠689

15.
Sarez
Tajikistan

7002202000000000000♠202
7002662000000000000♠662

16.
Lake Tinn[8]
Norway
Telemark
7002190000000000000♠190
7002623000000000000♠623

17.
(Caspian Sea[2])
Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan

7002184000000000000♠184
7002604000000000000♠604

18=
Lake Teletskoye
Russia

7002174000000000000♠174
7002571000000000000♠571

18=
Ranau
Indonesia
Sumatra
7002174000000000000♠174
7002571000000000000♠571

20.
Slocan
Canada
British Columbia
7002171000000000000♠171
7002561000000000000♠561

21.
Como[9]
Italy
Lombardia
7002161000000000000♠161
7002528000000000000♠528

22.
Azure
Canada
British Columbia
7002157190000000000♠157.2
7002515700000000000♠515.7

23.
Quesnel
Canada
British Columbia
7002157000000000000♠157
7002515000000000000♠515

24=
Ohrid
Macedonia and Albania

7002155000000000000♠155
7002508000000000000♠508

24=
Mjøsa
Norway
Hedmark, Oppland and Akershus
7002155000000000000♠155
7002508000000000000♠508

26.
Salsvatnet[8]
Norway
Nord-Trøndelag
7002154000000000000♠154
7002505000000000000♠505

27.
Geneva[8]
Switzerland, France

7002153000000000000♠153
7002502000000000000♠502

28.
Singkarak
Indonesia
West Sumatra
7002149000000000000♠149
7002489000000000000♠489

29.
Lake Superior
United States, Canada
Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin
7002147000000000000♠147
7002483000000000000♠483

30.
Loch Ness[8]
United Kingdom
Scotland
7002133000000000000♠133
7002436000000000000♠436

31.
Great Central
Canada
British Columbia
7002124000000000000♠124
7002407000000000000♠407

32.
Garibaldi
Canada
British Columbia
7002119000000000000♠119
7002390000000000000♠390

33.
Dead Sea
Jordan, Palestine, Israel

7002118000000000000♠118
7002387000000000000♠387

34.
Titicaca
Peru, Bolivia

7002107000000000000♠107
7002351000000000000♠351

35.
Gander
Canada
Newfoundland
7002105400000000000♠105.4
7002346000000000000♠346

36.
Kauhakō Crater[10][11]
United States
Hawaii
7002105000000000000♠105
7002344000000000000♠344

text: Greatest maximum depth by continent[edit]

text:
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, (2: Caspian Sea), 3: Issyk Kul, (3: Matano)
Europe — 1: Hornindalsvatnet, 2: Mjøsa, 3: Salsvatnet
North America — 1: Great Slave Lake, 2: Crater, 3: Quesnel

text: Central America — 1: Atitlán, 2: Chicabal

text: Oceania — 1: Hauroko, 2: Manapouri, 3: Te Anau

text: Australia — 1: St Clair

text: South America — 1: O'Higgins/San Martín, 2: General Carrera, 3: Argentino

text: Greatest mean depth by continent[edit]

text:
Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok[3]
Asia — 1: Baikal, 2: Issyk Kul, 3: Karakul
North America — 1: Crater, 2: Tahoe, 3: Quesnel
Oceania — 1: Kauhakō Crater