document_title: Richie Rich (comics)

question_text: what is the name of the dog in richie rich

text: Richie Rich (comics)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Although created in 1953, Richie didn't have his own title until 1960. Once he did, however, he quickly became Harvey's most popular character,[6] eventually starring in over fifty separate titles. The flagship, Richie Rich, ran 254 issues from 1960 to 1991 (with a hiatus from 1982–1986), followed by a second volume which ran an additional 28 issues from 1991–1994. Other long-running titles were Richie Rich Millions (113 issues from 1961–1982), Richie Rich Dollars and Cents (109 issues from 1963–1982), and Richie Rich Success Stories (105 issues from 1964–1982). (Harvey ceased publishing in 1982, but started up again in 1986 under new ownership;[7] this hiatus resulted in the cancellation of many titles.) Richie (along with many of the Harvey characters) have been published only sporadically since 1994.

text: Writers for the Richie Rich comic books and syndicated comic strip included Sid Jacobson, Lennie Herman, Stan Kay, and Ralph Newman. Richie Rich's most famous illustrator is Warren Kremer. Other illustrators included Ernie Colón, Sid Couchey, Dom Sileo, Ben Brown, Steve Muffatti, and Joe Dennett.

text: Character[edit]

text: Despite any negative stereotypes associated with his incredible wealth, Richie Rich is portrayed as kind and charitable. (In fact, his moniker is "the poor little rich boy.") He lives in an expensive mansion and owns at least two of everything money can buy. Richie appears to be around seven to ten years old and wears a waistcoat, a white shirt with an Eton collar (which is obscured by a giant red bow tie), and blue shorts. He occasionally attends school in his hometown of Harveyville[8]. Other times he's classmates with Little Dot and Little Lotta in Bonnie Dell.[9]

text: Ape Entertainment[edit]

text: For the Ape Entertainment comic book series debuting in 2011, the character was updated by emphasizing his altruistic side: "A mix of James Bond and Indiana Jones with the bank account of Donald Trump, Richie Rich is an altruistic adventurer who travels the world helping the less fortunate!"[10] The new Richie was joined by updated versions of his robot maid Irona and his butler Cadbury.[5]

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text: Rich family[edit]

text:
Mr. Richard Rich Sr. – Richie's father; an industrialist (first appearance Little Dot #3)
Mrs. Regina Rich – Richie's mother (first appearance Little Dot #1)
Aunt Noovo Rich (a pun on the French term nouveau riche) – Richie's wealthy but very eccentric aunt who is crazy about posting signs; has a tendency to show off her wealth. While few of Richie's aunts and uncles are clarified to be paternal or maternal, Aunt Noovo is known to be his paternal aunt, Mr. Rich's sister.
Uncle Titus - Although just as wealthy as the rest of the family, Uncle Titus is fanatical about saving money; he typically wears the most threadbare of clothes makes every conceivable effort to avoid spending money, to the extent that his house is equipped with an alarm that goes off if he carelessly leaves the house with "too much" money. Some in the family have nicknamed him "tightwad Tite-wad," a name he accepts with good humor.
Aunt Mintley – Oft-bewildered aristocrat.
Aunt Cleo — animal lover.
Uncle Worry – Richie's uncle, former coach of a professional football team known for its long losing streak.
Uncle Stormy – Another of Richie's uncles, whom Richie initially mistakes for an impostor named Blackie Bludsoe in one issue.
Dollar – Rich family dog, a "Dollarmatian" (like a Dalmatian, but with dollar signs instead of spots).

text: Van Dough family[edit]

text:
Reginald "Reggie" Van Dough Jr. – Richie's mean cousin, known for playing constant pranks on everyone, most notably Richie and his family, which causes his father to punish him. Treats his servants shabbily (often by calling them "peasant," which causes them to call him "monster", but they swiftly correct themselves and call him Master). (first appearance Little Dot #2)
Reginald Van Dough Sr. – Mrs. Rich's brother and Reggie's father, often angered with Reggie's non-stop pranks, and often punishes him for them (usually by spanking).
Vanessa Van Dough – Reggie's mother; not as quick to punish Reggie for his pranks, but she doesn't tolerate Reggie's unabashed cruelty either.
Penny Van Dough – Reggie's baby sister, she talks only in "baby talk." The curl on her head is shaped like a dollar sign.

text: Richie's friends[edit]

text:
Gloria Glad – Richie's redhead crush, notorious for her regular refusal of the many luxurious gifts Richie offers, and for her disdain for the open display of money, diamonds and other forms of wealth in Richie's household, despite his efforts to conceal it from her. Regardless, she always wins his attentions in comparison to Mayda Munny.
Mayda Munny – (whose name is a play on the phrase "made of money") Richie's snobby ravenette wannabe-girlfriend, who never wins his attentions; like the Riches and Van Doughs, her family is fabulously wealthy. Immensely jealous of Gloria, and often angry when her plans to snare Richie's attention backfire on her. Like Reggie, Mayda is snobbish and addresses those beneath her as "peasant".
Freckles and Pee-Wee Friendly – Richie's poor but most-prized friends (first appearance Little Dot #2)
Billy Bellhops – A redheaded boy who worked as a bellhop at his father's hotel. Premiered in "Richie Rich and Billy Bellhops" in 1977 but was short-lived.[11]
Timmy Time – An extraterrestrial boy who time-travels to present-day Earth with his robot friend Traveler (landing on the Riches' private beach) from the year 2019 in search of tholarine, a substance he needs for spaceship fuel back in 2019. Premiered in "Richie Rich and Timmy Time" in 1977 but was short-lived.[12]

text: Rich employees[edit]

text:
Herbert Arthur Runcible Cadbury – The Riches' butler who attends to the Rich estate. British born, Cadbury gives the image of propriety and servility. When need demands, however, he becomes a tough, gun-toting man of action. He is also a master hypnotist, ventriloquist and wood-carver.
Irona – The Riches' robot maid and Richie's bodyguard
Bascomb – The Riches' chauffeur
Chef Pierre – The Riches' chef extraordinaire
Mr. Cheepers – Mr. Rich's accountant
Mr. Woody – The incompetent Rich estate carpenter whose work falls apart with a light touch
Nurse Jenny – The Rich family nurse; was Richie's nanny when he was a baby
Professor Keenbean – The head of the Rich research and development department and Richie's personal tutor
Professor Mindblow – A worker at the research and development department.
Chadwick – The Riches' assistant butler
Minnie Mintz – One of the Riches' cooks
Captain Fuzzby – A member of the Riches' estate police

text: Villains[edit]

text:
The Onion – A recurring villain with horrible onion-powered breath capable of knocking victims unconscious with a trademark "hashoo!"
Dr. Robert Blemish – A recurring villain, an evil genius scientist and nemesis of Prof. Keenbean.
Dr. N-R-Gee – A recurring villain with the distinguishing feature of a huge red light bulb for a head, caused when scientist Phil Lament (a pun referring to a light bulb's "filament") suffered an electrical accident in his lab.
The Condor – A billionaire mastermind with his own terrorist army, and the Rich Family's worst enemy, whose only desire is to take over Mr. Rich's empire.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Animated TV series[edit]

text:
Beginning in 1980, Richie Rich appeared in his own Saturday morning cartoon show, Richie Rich where Richie Rich was voiced by Christian Hoff and then Sparky Marcus. The show aired on The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show from 1980–82 and The Pac-Man/Little Rascals/Richie Rich Show from 1982–84. In the animated version, Richie and his pals are somewhat older, around 12 years old. In the cartoon, Richie wears a red sweater with the letter "R" in front. Gloria was voiced by Nancy Cartwright, with the voice talents of Dick Beals as Reggie Van Dough, William Callaway as Professor Keanbean, Joan Gerber as Irona and Regina Rich, Christian Hoff as Freckles and Pee-Wee, Stanley Jones as Cadbury and Mr. Rich, and Frank Welker as Dollar.
In 1996, the second and most recent Richie Rich animated television series aired in non-network syndication, starring Katie Leigh as the voice Richie Rich and Irona. The series ran for 13 episodes and portrayed Richie in his "classic" tuxedo outfit. The show also features the voice talents of Jeannie Elias as Freckles, Gloria Glad, Reggie Van Dough, and Pee-Wee, René Auberjonois as Richard Rich, Chef Pierre, and Professor Keanbean, Pat Fraley as Dollar, Martin Jarvis as Cadbury and Bascomb, and Susan Silo as Regina Rich.
Richie Rich was parodied in the Adult Swim cartoon Robot Chicken with the TV show MTV Cribs, where the character is portrayed as a playboy and a rapper, and he shows his house on the same style as the MTV show.

text: Live action TV series[edit]

text: Netflix debuted a 2015 half-hour comedy series titled Richie Rich with Jake Brennan starring as Richie Rich, along with Joshua Carlon, Jenna Ortega, Lauren Taylor, Kiff VandenHeuvel, and Brooke Wexler. The show is executive produced by Jeff Hodsden and Tim Pollack, from The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and A.N.T. Farm. The show is produced by DreamWorks Animation.[13]

text: Movies[edit]

text:
Richie Rich, a live action film adaptation, was released in 1994, with Macaulay Culkin as the titular character, Edward Herrmann as Richard Rich, Christine Ebersole as Regina Rich, Jonathan Hyde as Cadbury, Michael McShane as Professor Keanbean, John Larroquette as the evil Laurence Van Dough, and Frank Welker providing special vocal effects. It was produced by Silver Pictures Davis Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment label.
A live-action sequel, Richie Rich's Christmas Wish, followed in 1998. This film starred David Gallagher as the titular character replacing Macaulay Culkin, Martin Mull as Richard Rich, Lesley Ann Warren as Regina Rich, Keene Curtis as Cadbury, Don McLeod as Irona, Michelle Trachtenberg as Gloria, Eugene Levy as Professor Keanbean, and Jake Richardson as Reggie Van Dough.

text: Titles published[edit]

text: Published by Harvey Comics unless otherwise noted

text:
Richie Rich

vol. 1 (Nov. 1960 – Jan. 1991)—254 issues
vol. 2 (Mar. 1991 – Nov. 1994)—28 issues

Richie Rich Adventure Digest
Richie Rich and... (Oct. 1987 – May 1990)—11 issues; each issue had a different guest star whose name became a part of the title for that issue only
Richie Rich and Billy Bellhops
Richie Rich and Cadbury (Oct. 1977 – Jan. 1991)—29 issues
Richie Rich and Casper (Aug. 1974 – Sept. 1982)—45 issues
Richie Rich and Casper in 3-D
Richie Rich and Dollar (Sept. 1977 – Aug. 1982)—24 issues
Richie Rich and Little Dot
Richie Rich and Gloria (Sept. 1977 – Sept. 1982)—25 issues
Richie Rich and His Girlfriends (Apr. 1979 – Dec. 1982)—16 issues
Richie Rich and Jackie Jokers (Nov. 1973 – Dec. 1982)—48 issues
Richie Rich and New Kids on the Block
Richie Rich and Professor Keenbean
Richie Rich and Reggie
Richie Rich and Timmy Time
Richie Rich Bank Book (Oct. 1972 – Sept. 1982)—59 issues
Richie Rich Best of the Years Digest
Richie Rich Big Book
Richie Rich Big Bucks
Richie Rich Billions (Oct. 1974 – Oct. 1982)—48 issues
Richie Rich Cash (Sept. 1974 – Aug. 1982)—47 issues
Richie Rich Cash Money
Richie Rich, Casper, and Wendy
Richie Rich Diamonds (Aug. 1972 – Aug. 1982)—59 issues
Richie Rich Digest (Oct. 1986 – Oct. 1994)—42 issues
Richie Rich Digest Stories (Oct. 1977 – Oct. 1982)—17 issues
Richie Rich Digest Winners (Dec. 1977 – Sept. 1982)—16 issues
Richie Rich Dollars and Cents (Aug. 1963 – Aug. 1982)—109 issues
Richie Rich Fortunes (Sept. 1971 – July 1982)—63 issues
Richie Rich Gems (Sept. 1974 – Sept. 1982)—43 issues
Richie Rich Giant Size
Richie Rich Gold and Silver (Sept. 1975 – Oct. 1982)—42 issues
Richie Rich Gold Nuggets Digest
Richie Rich Holiday Digest
Richie Rich Inventions (Oct. 1977 – Oct. 1982)—26 issues
Richie Rich Jackpots (Oct. 1972 – Aug. 1982)—58 issues
Richie Rich Million Dollar Digest
Richie Rich Millions (Sept. 1961 – Oct. 1982)—113 issues
Richie Rich Money World (Sept. 1972 – Sept. 1982)—59 issues
Richie Rich Money World Digest
Richie Rich Movie Adaptation
Richie Rich Profits (Oct. 1974 – Sept. 1982)—47 issues
Richie Rich Relics
Richie Rich Riches (July 1972 – Aug. 1982)—59 issues
Richie Rich Success Stories (Nov. 1964 – Sept. 1982)—105 issues
Richie Rich Summer Bonanza
Richie Rich Treasure Chest Digest
Richie Rich Vacation Digest
Richie Rich Vacation Digest Magazine
Richie Rich Vacation Digest '93 Magazine
Richie Rich Vaults of Mystery (Nov. 1974 – Sept. 1982)—47 issues
Richie Rich Zillionz (Oct. 1976 – Sept. 1982)—33 issues
SupeRichie


document_title: Justice League (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings everybody knows at the beginning of justice league

root

text: Justice League (soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman, except where noted.

tag: p

text: Though not included in the soundtrack, the theatrical cut features a brief excerpt of the piece "Krypton" ("Look To The Stars" on the 2013 CD release), which Hans Zimmer composed for Man of Steel. It is the only use of Zimmer's Superman theme in the film.

text:
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Everybody Knows" (Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson)
Sigrid
4:25

2.
"The Justice League Theme – Logos"

0:48

3.
"Hero's Theme"

4:17

4.
"Batman on the Roof" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and "Men Are Still Good")

2:34

5.
"Enter Cyborg"

2:00

6.
"Wonder Woman Rescue" (includes elements of "Is She with You?")

2:43

7.
"Hippolyta's Arrow"

1:16

8.
"The Story of Steppenwolf"

2:59

9.
"The Amazon Mother Box" (includes elements of "Is She with You?")

4:33

10.
"Cyborg Meets Diana"

2:36

11.
"Aquaman in Atlantis"

2:39

12.
"Then There Were Three" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

1:10

13.
"The Tunnel Fight" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

6:24

14.
"The World Needs Superman"

1:00

15.
"Spark of The Flash"

2:18

16.
"Friends and Foes" (includes elements of John Williams' "Superman Theme" from Superman)

4:14

17.
"Justice League United"

1:24

18.
"Home"

3:24

19.
"Bruce and Diana"

1:06

20.
"The Final Battle" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme")

6:14

21.
"A New Hope"

4:36

22.
"Anti-Hero's Theme"

5:35

23.
"Come Together" (Lennon–McCartney)
Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL
3:13

24.
"Icky Thump" (Jack White)
The White Stripes
4:14

25.
"The Tunnel Fight (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

10:58

26.
"The Final Battle (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme")

12:57

27.
"Mother Russia"

1:45

Total length:
101:22

tag: table

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

US Billboard 200[2]
186

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[3]
11


document_title: Child custody

question_text: who is considered the custodial parent in joint custody

text: Child custody

text: Issues[edit]

text: Residence and contact issues typically arise in proceedings involving divorce (dissolution of marriage), annulment, and other legal proceedings where children may be involved. In most jurisdictions the issue of which parent the child will reside with is determined in accordance with the best interests of the child standard.[3]

text: Parental conflict[edit]

text: Family law proceedings that involve issues of residence and contact often generate the most acrimonious disputes. While most parents cooperate when it comes to sharing their children and resort to mediation to settle a dispute, not all do. For those that engage in litigation, there seem to be few limits. Court filings quickly fill with mutual accusations by one parent against the other, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, brain-washing, parental alienation syndrome, sabotage, and manipulation. Custody battles are not in the child's best interest and are often used by an angry parent in order to control his/her former partner.

text: In some places, courts and legal professionals are beginning to use the term parenting schedule instead of custody and visitation. The new terminology eliminates the distinction between custodial and noncustodial parents, and also attempts to build upon the best interests of the children by crafting schedules that meet the developmental needs of the children. For example, younger children need shorter, more frequent time with parents, whereas older children and teenagers may demand less frequent shifts yet longer blocks of time with each parent.

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: Forum shopping to gain advantage occurs both between nations and where laws and practices differ between areas within a nation, The Hague Convention seeks to avoid this,[4] also in the United States of America, the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act was adopted by all 50 states, family law courts were forced to defer jurisdiction to the home state.[5]

text: Gender[edit]

text: As the roles of children have changed over the past couple of centuries from economic assets to individuals, so has the role of mothers and fathers in who would provide the best care for the child. Many courts and judges lean more towards the maternal figure when there is a trial for custody of a child. According to Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families study done at UCLA, women allocate about 13.9 hours a week to child care while men allocate about 7 hours a week.[6] Additionally, according to the Current Population Survey, in 2013, custodial mothers were more likely to have child support agreements (52.3 percent) comparative to custodial fathers (31.4 percent).[7]

text: Women’s and father’s rights activists often become involved in matters of child custody since the issue of equal parenting is controversial, most of the time combining the interests of the child with those of the mothers or fathers. Women’s rights activists are concerned about “family violence, recognizing primary caregiving, and inequities associated with awarding legal joint custody without a corresponding responsibility for child care involvement”.[8] Father’s rights activists are more concerned about their “disenfranchisement from children’s lives, the importance of parent-child attachment, combating parental alienation, and access enforcement”.[8] Courts cannot determine an individual child’s best interests with certainty, and judges are “forced to rely on their own interpretations of children’s interests, and idiosyncratic biases and subjective value-based judgments, including gender bias”.[8] Judges are currently using the ‘best interest of the child’ standard that was made to consider the interests of the child before the mothers and fathers, including the child’s mental, emotional, physical, religious, and social needs.[9]

text: Child poverty, lack of resources, and women’s economic dependence on men all remain pressing issues that are not effectively noted during the custody trials.[8]

text: Physical[edit]

text: Physical custody involves the day-to-day care of a child and establishes where a child will live. If a parent has physical custody of a child, that parent's home will normally be the legal residence (domicile) of the minor child. In custody cases, the schedule for which parent provides lodging and care for the child is defined by a court-ordered custody schedule (also known as a "parenting plan" or "parenting schedule").

text: Forms[edit]

text: Forms of physical custody include,

text:
Alternating custody, an arrangement whereby the child or children live for an extended period of time with one parent and an alternate amount of time with the other parent. This type of arrangement is also referred to as Divided custody.[10]
Shared custody, an arrangement whereby the child/children live for an extended period of time with one parent, and then for a similar amount of time with the other parent. Opposite to alternating custody, both parents retain authority over the child or children.[11]
Bird's nest custody, an arrangement whereby the parents go back and forth from a residence in which the child/children reside, placing the burden of upheaval and movement on the parents rather than the child or children.
Joint custody, an arrangement whereby both parents share physical custody. (la garde conjointe in French[12])
Sole custody (la garde exclusive in French[12]), an arrangement whereby only one parent has physical custody of the child or children.
Split custody (la garde divisée in French[12]), an arrangement whereby one parent has full-time custody over some children, and the other parent has full custody over the other children.
Third-party custody, an arrangement whereby the children do not remain with either biological parent, and are placed under the custody of a third person.

tag: ul

text: Joint[edit]

text: Joint physical custody involves a court order that awards custody of a child to both parties. In joint custody, both parents are custodial parents and neither parent is a non-custodial parent; in other words, the child has two custodial parents.

text: If a child has legal residence with both parents, the parents share "joint physical custody" and each parent is said to be a "custodial parent". Thus, in joint physical custody, neither parent is said to be a "non-custodial parent."[13] In some jurisdictions the term "visitation" is no longer used in joint custody cases, but is instead used only for sole custody orders.

text: In some jurisdictions, "joint physical custody" creates a presumption of "equal shared parenting". However, in most states, joint physical custody only creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with "significant periods" of physical custody so as to assure the child of "frequent and continuing contact" with both parents.[13] Courts have not clearly defined what "significant periods" and "frequent and continuous contact" mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out.

text: Many jurisdictions recognize two forms of joint custody: joint physical custody, and joint legal custody. In joint legal custody, both parents share the ability to have access to educational, health, and other records, and have equal decision-making status where the welfare of the child is concerned.

text: In joint physical custody, which would include joint physical care, actual lodging and care of the child is shared according to a court-ordered custody schedule (also known as a parenting plan or parenting schedule). Other terms may be used instead of visitation, such as "time share" or "parenting time".[14] In some states joint physical custody creates a presumption of equal shared parenting, however in most states, joint physical custody creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with "significant periods" of physical custody so as to assure the child of "frequent and continuing contact" with both parents.[13] For example, U.S. states such as Alabama, California, and Texas do not necessarily require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time, whereas states such as Arizona, Georgia, and Louisiana do require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time where feasible.[15] Courts have not clearly defined what "significant periods" and "frequent and continuous contact" mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out.

text: It is important to note that joint physical custody and joint legal custody are different aspects of custody, and determination is often made separately in many states' divorce courts. E.g., it is possible to have joint legal custody, but for one parent to have sole physical custody In some states this is referred to as Custodial Parent and Non-Custodial Parent.

text: Also, where there is joint physical custody, terms of art such as "primary custodial parent" and "primary residence" have no legal meaning other than for determining tax status, and both parents are still custodial parents.[16]

text: Sole[edit]

text: Sole physical custody means that a child shall reside with and be under the supervision of one parent, subject to the power of the court to order visitation. Physical custody involves the day-to-day care of a child and establishes where a child will live. A parent with physical custody has the right to have his/her child live with him/her. If a child lives with only one parent, that parent has sole physical custody and is said to be the custodial parent. The other parent is said to be the non-custodial parent, and may have visitation rights or visitation with his/her child.[13][17][18][19]

text: Usually the parent who is believed to value child quality more than the other is the one granted sole custody, leaving the high-valuation parent with the best incentives.[20]

text: Custodial parents[edit]

text: A custodial parent is a parent who is given physical and/or legal custody of a child by court order.

text: A child-custody determination means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the legal custody, physical custody, or visitation with respect to a child. The term includes a permanent, temporary, initial, and modification order. The term does not include an order relating to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual.[21] Where the child will live with both parents, joint physical custody is ordered, and both parents are custodial parents. Where the child will only live with one of the parents, sole physical custody is ordered, and the parent with which the child lives is the custodial parent, the other parent is the non-custodial parent.

text: Non-custodial parents[edit]

text: A non-custodial parent is a parent who does not have physical and/or legal custody of his/her child by court order.

text: A child-custody determination means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the legal custody, physical custody, or visitation with respect to a child. The term includes a permanent, temporary, initial, and modification order. The term does not include an order relating to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual.[21] Where the child will only live with one of the parents, sole physical custody is ordered, and the parent with which the child lives is the custodial parent, the other parent is the noncustodial parent. Note, however, where the child will live with both parents, joint physical custody is ordered, and both parent are custodial parents.

text: Legal[edit]

text: Legal custody involves the division of rights between the parents to make important life decisions relating to their minor children.[22] Such decisions may include choice of a child's school, choice of physician, whether the child should attend therapy and with what therapist, and decisions relating to medical and orthodontic treatment.[23]

text: Legal custody may be joint, in which case both parents share decision-making rights, or sole, in which case one parent is vested with the rights to make those key decisions without regard to the contrary wishes of other other parent.[22]

text: The "best interest" rule[edit]

text: In the context of cases regarding custody, the "best interest" rule suggests that all legal decisions made to accommodate the child are made with the goal of ensuring a child's happiness, security and overall well being. There are many different factors that go into the decision that is made in a child's best interest, which include the child's health, environment and social interests.[3]

text: Problems with the "best interest" rule[edit]

text: The “best interest” rule has been considered to be a standard in determining child custody for the most recent 40 years in history. Although it has been so widely favored amongst legal systems, there are some deficiencies to the concept. Robert Mnookin, an American lawyer, author, and a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, claimed that the best interest rule is indeterminate. It is considered to be a broad and vague set of guidelines that only leads to increased conflict amongst the parents instead of promoting cooperation that would actually lead to the best interest of the child being met.[24] Some of these problems specifically include:

text:
The current test for best interest generates high costs, which can impose on both the court and opposing parties.[24]
The verifiability of the best interest standard is hard to achieve. The privacy of family life makes assessing the evidence provided difficult. The best interests standard only worsens the problem, in which both parties are encouraged to introduce evidence of the quality of their parenting (which also promotes trying to disprove the opposing party’s capabilities of taking the child into custody).[24]
In an example of divorce, both parties are experiencing high levels of stress, which could make for a poor basis for assessing family behaviors and relationships.[24]

text: In order to better analyze the “best interest” of children, several experiments were conducted to observe the opinions of children themselves. Children of divorce were found to want equal time with both of their parents. Studies conducted by Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee (2002) show that children from all age ranges indicate that equal or shared parenting is of their best interest 93 percent of the time.[25] Several other studies were able to produce similar results, including Smart (2002), Fabricus and Hall (2003), Parkinson, and Cashmore and Single (2003).[26] As a result, there has been a push to allow for joint custody of children in the most recent years, which strives to best meet the interests of the children and most evidently favors a gender neutral stance on the custody issue. However, the decision is highly situational, for joint custody can only be achieved in the absence of certain exceptions. For example, history of domestic violence found from either parent can most certainly trump the possibility of joint custody for a child.[24]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Each parent has a responsibility under the Australian Family Law Act for their child/ren. In cases of separation or dysfunction between two parents the parental responsibility doesn't change.

text: In the case of divorce or separation of parents many hurdles can fall in the way regarding the custody of their children, deciding who will be the custodial parent and so forth. In Australia when parents can't come to an agreement which meets both of their needs when it comes to the custody of their child/ren cases are taken to court which happens in more scenarios than expected. When parents can't agree on these arrangements and take matters to court, the court makes orders about parental responsibilities, they have the power to approve and make consent orders.[27]

text: United States[edit]

text: Looking at the history of child custody demonstrates how the views of children and the relationship between husbands and wives have changed over time. The view of children has changed from economic assets to individuals with their own interests. Fathers were also once seen as the head of the household compared to today, when fathers and mothers have more equal standing in the care of their children.[28]

text: The colonial era and early republic: 1630-1830[edit]

text: During this time period, custodial issues arose with occasions other than divorce such as the death of the father or both parents, inability of parents to care for the children, or with situations involving illegitimate children. Children at the time were seen as economic assets with labor value. In addition to this, the only other important consideration in determining custody was the ability of the adults to supervise and raise the child. Widows would lose their children because they would not be able to support them. These children would be taken from the mother and given to another family that would support the child in return for the child’s labor services. Otherwise, fathers were seen as the head of the household and had complete custody rights to children.[29]

text: The nineteenth century[edit]

text: The view of children as servants to their fathers and economic assets began to change in the nineteenth century. Children were seen to have interests of their own that were often associated with the care of a nurturing mother. The women’s movement of the time also fought for women’s right to child custody in their campaign.[29] Judges eventually began to favor the “best interests of the child,” which, especially for young and female children, was associated with mothers. Maternal presumption was judicially developed through legislature such as the “Tender Years Doctrine” that presumed that children should be placed with their mothers in custody debates.[30] Granting custody to the father was seen “to hold nature in contempt, and snatch helpless, puling infancy from the bosom of an affectionate mother, and place it in the coarse hands of the father” when the mother was “the softest and safest nurse of infancy”.[31] This maternal presumption continued for over a hundred years. The only exception to maternal presumption was if the mother was considered to be “unfit.” Most often, this occurred when women had committed adultery or left their husband.[29]

text: The early twentieth century[edit]

text: By the early twentieth century, divorce cases became more common, and custody disputed simultaneously became an issue that affected many families. With the changing attitudes of the Roaring 20’s, a woman’s sexual conduct no longer prevented her from receiving custody for her children. The double standard on sexual conduct of fathers and mothers was removed. The new rule according to Keezer on the Law of Marriage and Divorce stated that “Where the children are of tender years, other things being equal, the mother is preferred as their custodian, and this more especially in the case of female children, and this though she may have been guilty of delinquencies in the past but there is no evidence that she was delinquent at the time of determining the matter by the court.”[29]

text: The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries[edit]

text: In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, divorce rates increased dramatically. Due to the nature of divorce, the rules governing child custody became increasingly difficult to determine. It was at this time that the idea of mothers being favored to gain custody of children in the event of a divorce was challenged. “The simple fact of being a mother does not, by itself, indicate a capacity or willingness to render a quality of care different from that which the father can provide”, a New York court stated in 1973.[29] It was at this time that the basis of the “best interest rule” was changed to address many aspects of the child’s care in order to promote gender neutrality in decisions regarding custody. These aspects include, but are not limited to, the child’s mental, emotional, physical, religious, and social needs. All children have the right to services that prevent them from physical or psychological harm. This means that when assessing the best interest of the child, it is not only important to assess the parents who are fighting for custody, but also the environments in which the child would be placed under the custody of either parent. In a situation where neither parent would be deemed an appropriate caretaker for a child, custody would be given to a foster care center.[32]


document_title: America's Got Talent

question_text: who was the host of america's got talent season 1

question_tokens: who was the host of america 's got talent season 1

text: America's Got Talent

text: Format[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Auditions[edit]

text: The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States. Dubbed "Producers' Auditions", they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held.[7] Those that make it through the initial stage, become participants in the "Judges' Auditions", which are held in select cities across the country, and attended by the judges. Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges, whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act, with a live audience present for all performances. At the end of a performance, the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw, whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance, moves on to the next stage, otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage. Each judge is given a buzzer, and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed, hate what is being performed, or feel the act is a waste of their time; if a participant is buzzed by all judges, their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote. Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance. Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges' Auditions are taking place, with the show's presenter standing in the wings of each venue's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant's performance.

text: Between the fifth and seventh season, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.[10]

text: In the ninth season, the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the "Golden Buzzer", which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise, since it was first introduced on Germany's Got Talent. During auditions, each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows, regardless of the opinion of the other judges; when it was initially used, the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination. The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season.

text: Judge Cuts[edit]

text: Following auditions, successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition, in which they are separated out into a number of groups. Over the course of several weeks, each group performs per week, at a fixed venue, in which that group's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges. Of these acts, the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows; in some seasons, participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a "wildcard" act. The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them, they are immediately eliminated from the competition. Until the second season, acts did not have to perform a second time, instead moving on into the live shows, with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode. From the second season to the eighth, this stage was dubbed as the "Las Vegas" due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip, while in the ninth series, acts performed in New York, with the stage dubbed "Judgement Week".[11]

text: From the tenth season, the stage's format was changed and renamed as "Judge Cuts". In each round, the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows. Like the auditions, the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act, but once used, it could not be used again. Unlike previous seasons, the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round, with seven acts advancing into the live shows, including the one chosen by the guest's golden buzzer. Unlike the previous format for the stage, the venue used varied, but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot.

text: Live shows[edit]

text: During the live shows, the final selection of participants, which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer, are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers' and judges' votes. The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals, and then two semi-finals, aimed at finding that season's finalists. Additional rounds are conducted when required (such as a "Top 8" or a "Top 10", depending on the season). Live episodes are broadcast weekly, and featured performances by guest stars, including previous winners of America's Got Talent. During these stages, the judges still provide feedback on an act's performance when it is over, and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over; in the first season, the judges could not end a performance before it was over. Acts which don't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and/or the judges, are eliminated from the competition.

text: Those that make it into the season's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public, with the number of finalists varying between seasons. The act which does is declared the winner for that season, in which they secure the programme's cash prize of  $1 million, and, since Season 3 (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Between the fifth and eighth season, the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities.[12][13] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts.[14] (See #America's Got Talent Live, below.)

text: Judges and Presenters[edit]

text:
Season

Presenter

Judges (chair's order)

1

2

3

4

1

Regis Philbin

Piers Morgan

Brandy

David Hasselhoff

N/A

2

JerrySpringer

Sharon Osbourne

3

4

NickCannon

5

Howie Mandel

6

7

Howard Stern

8

Heidi Klum

Mel B

Howie Mandel

9

10

11

Howie Mandel

Mel B

Heidi Klum

Simon Cowell

12

TyraBanks

13

text: In its first season, the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan, with the program hosted by Regis Philbin. Prior to the start of the second season, Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in,[15][16] leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne,[17] while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show's host.[18] Further changes were made to the panel and show's host, as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season, and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season;[19] Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season, and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result;[citation needed] Morgan left after the sixth season, leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season.

text: In August 2012, Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC.[20][21] While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013,[22] the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition, such as on Britain's Got Talent two years prior. In March 2013, supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season, confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format.[23] In October 2015, Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season.[4] After his eighth year hosting America's Got Talent, Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network;[24] despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties, NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season.[2]

text: Judge Cuts Guest Judge[edit]

text:
Season

Judge Cuts Guest Judge (in order of appearance)

10

Neil Patrick Harris

Michael Bublé

Marlon Wayans

Piers Morgan

11

Ne-Yo

Reba McEntire

George Lopez

Louis Tomlinson

12

Chris Hardwick

DJ Khaled

Laverne Cox

Seal

13

Ken Jeong

Olivia Munn

Martina McBride

Chris Hardwick

text: Season synopses[edit]

text:
Season

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runner-up

Third place

1

June 21, 2006

August 17, 2006

Bianca Ryan

All That

The Millers

2

June 5, 2007

August 21, 2007

Terry Fator

Cas Haley

Butterscotch

3

June 17, 2008

October 1, 2008

Neal E. Boyd

Eli Mattson

Nuttin' But Stringz

4

June 23, 2009

September 16, 2009

Kevin Skinner

Bárbara Padilla

Recycled Percussion

5

June 1, 2010

September 15, 2010

Michael Grimm

Jackie Evancho

Fighting Gravity

6

May 31, 2011

September 14, 2011

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.

Silhouettes

Team iLuminate

7

May 14, 2012

September 13, 2012

Olate Dogs

Tom Cotter

William Close

8

June 4, 2013

September 18, 2013

Kenichi Ebina

Taylor Williamson

Jimmy Rose

9

May 27, 2014

September 17, 2014

Mat Franco

Emily West

AcroArmy

10

May 26, 2015

September 16, 2015

Paul Zerdin

Drew Lynch

Oz Pearlman

11

May 31, 2016

September 14, 2016

Grace VanderWaal

The Clairvoyants

Jon Dorenbos

12

May 30, 2017

September 20, 2017

Darci Lynne Farmer

Angelica Hale

Light Balance

13

May 29, 2018

September 19, 2018

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text: In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.[25]

text: On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.

text: In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.

text: The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.

text: Season 2 (2007)[edit]

text: After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.

text: In AGT's place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January.[26] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host,[27] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.

text: The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner-up was singer Cas Haley.

text: Season 3 (2008)[edit]

text: Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.

text: Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.

text: Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner-up.

text: Season 4 (2009)[edit]

text: Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.[28]

text: The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo.

text: On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.[29]

text: Season 5 (2010)[edit]

text: For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009.[30] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.

text: Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.

text: David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show[31] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show.[32] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.[33]

text: On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.[12][13]

text: Season 6 (2011)[edit]

text: Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent.[34]

text: The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.

text: On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2012)[edit]

text: Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012.[35] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.

text: Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight,[36] and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey.[37] In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark.[38] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the "X".

text: On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.[39]

text: On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2013)[edit]

text: Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013.[40] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season,[41] but later said that she was staying with the show "for now."[42] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.[43][44]

text: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added.[45] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge.[46]

text: An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before.[47] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight.[48] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.[48]

text: On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up.

text: Season 9 (2014)[edit]

text: Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET.[49] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online.[50] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.[51]

text: The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[11] This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer," which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[52]

text: For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.

text: On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up.

text: Season 10 (2015)[edit]

text: Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.[53]

text: Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return,[54] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host.[55] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten[56] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well.[57] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.[58]

text: It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout.[59] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center.[48][60] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.

text: During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows.[61] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.

text: On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season".[62]

text: On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.

text: Season 11 (2016)[edit]

text: America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]

text: On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[4] Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern's departure,[66] at the Dolby Theatre.[67]

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[68] The season premiered on May 31, 2016.[69]

text: On September 14, 12-year-old singer-songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12.[70] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).[71]

text: On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[72] NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12,[2] which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[73]

text: On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.

text: Season 13 (2018)[edit]

text: On February 21, 2018, it was announced that judges Simon Cowell, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning. The season premiered on May 29, 2018.[6]

text: Post-show[edit]

text: America's Got Talent Live[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance.

text: In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten-week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner-up Barbara Padilla and fourth-place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas.[74]

text: In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.[75]

text: In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.

text: In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[76] Tone hosted the tour.

text: In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[14]

text: In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.

text: In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.[77]

text: In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[78]

text: Holiday Spectacular[edit]

text: NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti.[79] The special drew 9.5 million viewers.[80]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

text: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

text: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

text:
Season

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Timeslot (ET)

Seasonviewers

Seasonranking

Date

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

1

June 21, 2006

12.41

Final Performances:  August 16, 2006

2005–06

Wednesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 17, 2006

12.05

Thursday 9:00 pm

1

2

June 5, 2007

12.93

Final Performances: August 20, 2007

2006–07

Tuesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 21, 2007

13.87

3

June 17, 2008

12.80

Final Performances:  September 30, 2008

10.23

2007–08

Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5)Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26)

1

Season Finale: October 1, 2008

12.55

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after August 27)

1

4[81][82][83]

June 23, 2009

11.30

Final Performances: September 15, 2009

13.84

2008–09

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2009

15.53

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

5[84][85]

June 1, 2010

12.35

Final Performances: September 14, 2010

14.60

2009–10

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 15, 2010

16.41

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

6[86][87][88]

May 31, 2011

15.28

Final Performances: September 13, 2011

13.67

2010–11

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5)

12.65

1

Season Finale:  September 14, 2011

14.37

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after June 22)

11.49[89]

1

7[90][91][92]

May 14, 2012

10.48

Final Performances:  September 12, 2012

11.05

2011-12

Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3)

10.48[93]

1

Season Finale: September 13, 2012

10.59

Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3)

10.58[89]

1

8[94][95][96]

June 4, 2013

12.41

Final Performances: September 17, 2013

11.19

2012–13

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.22[97]

1

Season Finale: September 18, 2013

11.49

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 10)

10.34[98]

1

9[99][100][101]

May 27, 2014

12.00

Final Performances: September 16, 2014

11.46

2013–14

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22)

10.31[102]

1

Season Finale: September 17, 2014

12.21

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after July 23)

10.37[103]

1

10[104][105][106]

May 26, 2015

11.09

Final Performances: September 15, 2015

11.33

2014–15

Tuesday 8:00 pm

10.70[107]

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2015

9.54

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 12)

9.07[108]

1

11[109][110][111]

May 31, 2016

11.67

Final Performances: September 13, 2016

13.97

2015–16

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.71[112]

1

Season Finale: September 14, 2016

14.41

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 5)

10.97[113]

1

12[114][115][116]

May 30, 2017

12.37

Final Performances: September 19, 2017

14.70

2016–17

Tuesday 8:00 pm

12.90[117]

1

Season Finale: September 20, 2017

15.64

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 9)

12.00[118]

1

13[119]

May 29, 2018

12.16

Final Performances: September 18, 2018

TBA

2017–18

Tuesday 8:00 pm

TBA

TBA

Season Finale: September 19, 2018

TBA

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 15)

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Result

Ref.

2011

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Competition Show

Nominated

[120]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[121]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special

Nominated

[122]

2012

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[123]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Nominated

[124]

Choice Male TV Personality: Nick Cannon

Nominated

[125]

2013

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[126]

2014

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[127]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[128]

2015

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[129]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[130]

2016

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Won

[131]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[132]

2017

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[131]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Won

2018

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

text: Top-selling albums by former contestants[edit]

text: Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.

text:
Rank

Former contestant

Total US sales

Albums

1

Jackie Evancho(season 5, runner-up)

3,000,000+[133]

Prelude to a Dream (2009) No. 121[134]
O Holy Night (2010) No. 2 (Platinum certification)[135]
Dream with Me (2011) No. 2 (Gold certification)[135][136]
Heavenly Christmas (2011) No. 11[135][137]
Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) No. 7[138]
Awakening (2014) No. 17[139][140]
Someday at Christmas (2016) No. 93[141]
Two Hearts (2017) No. 100[142] (Evancho's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart)[143]

2

Lindsey Stirling(season 5 quarterfinalist)

856,000+[144]

Lindsey Stirling (2012) No. 23
Shatter Me (2014) No. 2
Brave Enough (2016) No. 5

3

The Texas Tenors (season 4, 4th place)

500,000+[145]

The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[146]
O Night Divine (2013) No. 13 Classical Albums chart[147]
You Should Dream (2013) No. 111; No. 5 Classical Albums chart[148]
First 5 Years Live (2014) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[146]
Rise (2017) No. 22; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart[149]

4

Grace VanderWaal (season 11 winner)

200,000+[150]

Perfectly Imperfect (2016) No. 4
Just the Beginning (2017) No. 22

5

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. (season 6 winner)

156,000+[151]

That's Life (2011) No. 34[152]
Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart

6

Bianca Ryan (season 1 winner)

150,000+[153]

Bianca Ryan (2006) No. 57
Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart
The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart

7

Cas Haley (season 2 runner-up)

40,000+[154][155]

Cas Haley (2008) No. 8
Connection (2010) did not chart
La Si Dah (2013) did not chart

8

Michael Grimm (season 5 winner)

22,000+[156]

Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart
I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart
Leave Your Hat On (2010) No. 101
Michael Grimm (2011) No. 13

9

Neal E. Boyd (season 3 winner)

6,000+[157]

My American Dream (2009) No. 195

text: Contestants who have competed on other reality shows[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew.

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

AISeason

Year

Outcome

1

2006

Jessica Sanchez

11

2012

Runner-up

3

2008

Holli Harden

9

2010

Appeared

4

2009

Thia Megia

10

2011

Finished in the Top 11

4, 9

2009, 2014

Kelli Glover

1

2002

Appeared

6

2011

Shevonne Phillidor

15

2016

Appeared

9

2014

Nick Fradiani, member of Beach Avenue

14

2015

Winner

10

2015

Jenna Renae

15

2016

Top 24

11

2016

Sal Valentinetti

14

2015

Appeared

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

ABDCSeason

Year

Outcome

2

2007

Jabbawockeez

1

2008

Champions

3

2008

Extreme Dance FX

5

2010

Competed as Blended Projekt

3, 4

2008, 2009

SQ Entertainment

1

2008

Runner-up

4

2009

BreakSk8

1

2008

Finished in fourth place

4

2009

FootworKINGz

6

2011

Competed

5

2010

Rated Next Generation (RNG)

7

2012

Finished in Top Four

5

2010

Strikers All-Stars

3

2009

Finished in Top Four

7

2012

787 Crew

6

2011

Competed

9

2014

Flight Crew Jump Rope

5

2010

Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

Show

Season

Year

Network

Outcome

1

2006

Tonya Kay, member of Trey Knight's Stilt World

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

1

2006

SyFy

5th Place

2

2007

Tammie Brown

RuPaul's Drag Race

1

2009

Logo

8th Place

2

2007

Tika "Sweetie" Rainn

Flavor of Love

1

2006

VH1

8th Place

3

2008

Derrick Barry

RuPaul's Drag Race

8

2016

Logo

5th Place

5

2010

Justin Hopkins

The Voice

2

2012

NBC

Advanced to Battle Rounds

5

2010

Murray SawChuck

Celebracadabra

1

2008

VH1

Appeared

5

2010

Alice Tan Ridley

30 Seconds to Fame

Pilot

2002

Fox

Winner

6

2011

Dani Shay

The Glee Project

2

2012

Oxygen

Appeared

7

2012

Trisha Paytas

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

2

2007

SyFy

7th Place

7

2012

Horse

American Ninja Warrior

4

2012

G4 and NBC

Competed

7

2012

Bria Kelly

The Voice

6

2014

NBC

Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher

7

2012

Academy of Villains

Fake Off

2

2015

TruTV

Appeared

7

2012

Lightwire Theatre

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Winners

7, 8

2012, 2013

D'Angelo and Amanda

Live to Dance

1

2011

CBS

Winners

7

2015

Ben Blaque

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals

8

2015

Alexandr Magala

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

9th place

8

2013

Kennedy Davenport

RuPaul's Drag Race

7

2015

Logo

4th Place

8

2013

Tummy Talk

The Gong Show

1

2017

ABC

Appeared

8

2013

Angela Hoover

First Impressions

1

2016

USA Network

Appeared

8

2013

KriStef Brothers

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

7th Place

8

2013

Taylor Williamson

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Semifinalist

9

2014

Adrian Romoff

Child Genius

2

2016

Lifetime

Winner

10

2015

Leroy Patterson

Solitary

2

2007

Fox Reality

7th Place

10

2015

Myq Kaplan

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Finalist

10

2015

Freelusion Dance Company

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA

10

2015

Piff the Magic Dragon

Penn & Teller: Fool Us

1

20112014

ITV (U.K.)The CW (U.S.)

Appeared

10

2015

Stevie Starr

Britain's Got Talent

4

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals[158]

11

2016

Cory Kahaney

Last Comic Standing

1

2003

NBC

Finalist

11

2016

Laura Bretan

Romania's Got Talent

6

2016

Pro TV

Winner[159]

13

2018

The Sacred Riana

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Winner[160]

13

2018

Yumbo Dump

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Semifinalist[161]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB.[162] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[163]

text: In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network, show America's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.

text: The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia, together with the twelfth series of Britain's Got Talent.


document_title: Hand

question_text: what is the name of the skin between your fingers

text: Hand

text: Structure[edit]

text: Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws, claws, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism. The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates. Hands must also have opposable thumbs, as described later in the text.

text: The hand is located at the distal end of each arm. Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands, because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb, thus enabling the feet to be used as hands.

text: The word "hand" is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand.[2]

text: Areas[edit]

text: Areas of the human hand include:

text:
The palm (Volar), which is the central region of the anterior part of the hand, located superficially to the metacarpus. The skin in this area contains dermal papillae to increase friction, such as are also present on the fingers and used for fingerprints.
The opisthenar area (dorsal) is the corresponding area on the posterior part of the hand.
The heel of the hand is the area anteriorly to the bases of the metacarpal bones, located in the proximal part of the palm. It is the area that sustains most pressure when using the palm of the hand for support, such as in handstand.

text: There are five digits attached to the hand, notably with a nail fixed to the end in place of the normal claw. The four fingers can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others:

text:
index finger, pointer finger, forefinger, or 2nd digit
middle finger or long finger or 3rd digit
ring finger or 4th digit
little finger, pinky finger, small finger, baby finger, or 5th digit

text: The thumb (connected to the first metacarpal bone and trapezium) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying human hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition.

text: Bones[edit]

text: The skeleton of the human hand consists of 27 bones:[9] the eight short carpal bones of the wrist are organized into a proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform) which articulates with the bones of the forearm, and a distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate), which articulates with the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand. The heads of the metacarpals will each in turn articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanx of the fingers and thumb. These articulations with the fingers are the metacarpophalangeal joints known as the knuckles. The fourteen phalanges make up the fingers and thumb, and are numbered I-V (thumb to little finger) when the hand is viewed from an anatomical position (palm up). The four fingers each consist of three phalanx bones: proximal, middle, and distal. The thumb only consists of a proximal and distal phalanx.[10] Together with the phalanges of the fingers and thumb these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly-articulated chains.

text: Because supination and pronation (rotation about the axis of the forearm) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist, the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand.

text: There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand, small ossified nodes embedded in tendons; the exact number varies between people:[7] whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints, sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (72.9%) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger (82.5%) and the index finger (48%). In rare cases, sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger.

text: The articulations are:

text:
interphalangeal articulations of hand (the hinge joints between the bones of the digits)
metacarpophalangeal joints (where the digits meet the palm)
intercarpal articulations (where the palm meets the wrist)
wrist (may also be viewed as belonging to the forearm).

text: Arches[edit]

text: The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches: longitudinal arches (the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones), transverse arches (formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones), and oblique arches (between the thumb and four fingers):

text: Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand, that of the thumb is the most mobile (and the least longitudinal). While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility, the remaining rays are firmly rigid. The phalangeal joints of the index finger, however, offer some independence to its finger, due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons.[11]

text: The carpal bones form two transversal rows, each forming an arch concave on the palmar side. Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the "keystone" of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension.[11] The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch. The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament and the intercarpal ligaments (also oriented transversally). These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the deep and superficial palmar arches. Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch.[12]

text: Compared to the carpal arches, the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals (thumb and little finger). As these two metacarpals approach each other, the palmar gutter deepens. The central-most metacarpal (middle finger) is the most rigid. It and its two neighbors are tied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacarpal bones. The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent, while the fifth metacarpal (little finger) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal (ring finger) which forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal.[11]

text: Together with the thumb, the four fingers form four oblique arches, of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important, especially for precision grip, while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip. The thumb is undoubtedly the "master digit" of the hand, giving value to all the other fingers. Together with the index and middle finger, it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force. The ring and little fingers are more static, a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed.[11]

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups: the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm.

text: Intrinsic[edit]

text: The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar (thumb) and hypothenar (little finger) muscles; the interosseous muscles (four dorsally and three volarly) originating between the metacarpal bones; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor (and are special because they have no bony origin) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism.[13]

text: Extrinsic[edit]

text: The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible.

text: The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used, for instance, pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments.

text:
Compartment 1 (Most radial)
Compartment 2
Compartment 3
Compartment 4
Compartment 5
Compartment 6 (Most ulnar)

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitorum communis

text: The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna. The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna.

text: Innervation[edit]

text: The hand is innervated by the radial, median, and ulnar nerves.

text: The radial nerve innervates the finger extensors and the thumb abductor, thus the muscles that extends at the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles); and that abducts and extends the thumb. The median nerve innervates the flexors of the wrist and digits, the abductors and opponens of the thumb, the first and second lumbrical. The ulnar nerve innervates the remaining intrinsic muscles of the hand.[14]

text: All muscles of the hand are innervated by the brachial plexus (C5–T1) and can be classified by innervation:[15]

text:
Nerve
Muscles

radial
Extensors: carpi radialis longus and brevis, digitorum, digiti minimi, carpi ulnaris, pollicis longus and brevis, and indicis.
Other: abductor pollicis longus.

median
Flexors: carpi radialis, pollicis longus, digitorum profundus (half), superficialis, and pollicis brevis (superficial head).
Other: palmaris longus. abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and first and second lumbricals.

ulnar
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (half), palmaris brevis, flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, adductor pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis (deep head), palmar and dorsal interossei, and third and fourth lumbricals.

text: The radial nerve innervates the skin the back of the hand from the thumb to the ring finger and the dorsal aspects of the index, middle, and half ring fingers as far as the proximal interphalangeal joints. The median nerve innervates the palmar side of the thumb, index, middle, and half ring fingers. Dorsal branches innervates the distal phalanges of the index, middle, and half ring fingers. The ulnar nerve innervates the ulnar third of the hand, both at the palm and the back of the hand, and the little and half ring fingers.[14]

text: There is a considerable variation to this general pattern, except for the little finger and volar surface of the index finger. For example, in some individuals, the ulnar nerve supplies the entire ring finger and the ulnar side of the middle finger, whilst, in others, the median nerve supplies the entire ring finger.[14]

text: Skin[edit]

text: The glabrous (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the feet) are usually lighter — and even much lighter in dark-skinned individuals, compared to the other side of the hand. Indeed, genes specifically expressed in the dermis of palmoplantar skin inhibit melanin production and thus the ability to tan, and promote the thickening of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum layers of the epidermis. All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges (fingerprints) acting as friction pads. In contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched. On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to 3 cm (1.2 in); an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors.[16]

text: The web of the hand is a "fold of skin which connects the digits"[17]. These webs, located between each set of digits, are known as skin folds (interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis). They are defined as "one of the folds of skin, or rudimentary web, between the fingers and toes".[18]

text: Variation[edit]

text: The ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger in adults is affected by the level of exposure to male sex hormones of the embryo in utero. This digit ratio is below 1 for both sexes but it is lower in males than in females on average.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: A number of genetic disorders affect the hand. Polydactyly is the presence of more than the usual number of fingers. One of the disorders that can cause this is Catel-Manzke syndrome. The fingers may be fused in a disorder known as syndactyly. Or there may be an absence of one or more central fingers—a condition known as ectrodactyly. Additionally, some people are born without one or both hands (amelia).

text: There are several cutaneous conditions that can affect the hand including the nails.

text: The autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis can affect the hand, particularly the joints of the fingers.

text: Some conditions can be treated by hand surgery. These include carpal tunnel syndrome, a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the median nerve, and Dupuytren's contracture, a condition in which fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be straightened. A similar condition[clarification needed] to this is where some of the fingers cannot be flexed due to injury to the ulnar nerve.

text: A common fracture of the hand is a scaphoid fracture—a fracture of the scaphoid bone, one of the carpal bones. This is the commonest carpal bone fracture and can be slow to heal due to a limited blood flow to the bone. There are various types of fracture to the base of the thumb; these are known as Rolando fractures, Bennet's fracture, and Gamekeeper's thumb. Another common fracture, known as Boxer's fracture, is to the neck of a metacarpal.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the mobile hands of semi-arboreal tree shrews that lived about 60 million years ago. This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face, together allowing the muscle control and stereoscopic vision necessary for controlled grasping. This grasping, also known as power grip, is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs. Hominidae (great apes including humans) acquired an erect bipedal posture about 3.6 million years ago, which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands.[19] Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of paleolithic stone tools.[20][21] It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand.[22]

text: While the human hand has unique anatomical features, including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree, the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors. The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in cortical motor areas and spinal motoneurons, giving the cerebral cortex monosynaptic control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles; placing the hands "closer" to the brain.[23] The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the central nervous system, and the hand, therefore, is a direct tool of our consciousness — the main source of differentiated tactile sensations — and a precise working organ enabling gestures — the expressions of our personalities.[24]

text: There are nevertheless several primitive features left in the human hand, including pentadactyly (having five fingers), the hairless skin of the palm and fingers, and the os centrale found in human embryos, prosimians, and apes. Furthermore, the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes, reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms.[19]

text: The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates.[25] Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes,[26] and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.[27] Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo floresiensis. This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.[28] The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus, an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey). In humans, the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb.[27]

text: There is a hypothesis suggesting the form of the modern human hand is especially conducive to the formation of a compact fist, presumably for fighting purposes. The fist is compact and thus effective as a weapon. It also provides protection for the fingers.[29] However, this is not widely accepted to be one of the primary selective pressures acting on hand morphology throughout human evolution, with tool use and production being thought to be far more influential.[21][30][31][32]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Illustration of Hand and Wrist Bones.

Bones of the left hand. Volar surface.

Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface.

Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand.

Cuban doctor checks the hand of a patient. Sara, Guinea-Bissau, liberated zones, 1974

Hard hands of a young girl in Algeria.