document_title: Pandora Radio

question_text: how many songs are in pandora's library

question_tokens: how many songs are in pandora 's library

text: Pandora Radio

text: History[edit]

text: In 2000, Pandora Media Inc. began as Savage Beast Technologies, and was founded by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft and Tim Westergren.[1][7] The idea was to create a separate, individualized radio station for each user, with music that the user prefers and without music that they do not prefer. The company quickly ran through its initial $2 million in funding, running out of money by 2001. Founder Tim Westergren then convinced Pandora's 50 employees of the company to work for two years without pay.[8]

text: Initially, the company pursued a transitional strategy of technology licensing[clarification needed] to third parties including AOL, Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, and Tower Records. In 2004, the company returned to its initial vision of producing customized radio stations and changed its name to Pandora Media.[9] The website began as a paid service but quickly changed to an advertising service to make it also available free for users.

text: In 2011, Pandora launched its IPO on the NYSE and is listed as 'P'.[10] On March 7, 2013, Pandora chairman and chief executive Joseph J. Kennedy announced that he would leave the company after nine years.[11] In April 2013, Pandora announced that their radio streaming service had passed 200 million users, about 70 million of whom were active monthly.[12] By December 2013, Pandora was noted as accounting for 70 percent of all Internet radio listening in the United States.[1]

text: On September 1, 2013, Pandora removed a 40-hour-per-month limitation for free mobile listening.[13] In December 2013, iTunes was described as Pandora's "biggest existential threat".[1]

text: In early 2015, Pandora removed lyrics from song pages but returned them by July. On April 16, 2015, song samples were officially removed. At around the same time, a new feature was introduced to give users the ability to receive notices about their favorite artists through the music player. They also redesigned the thumbs up/down feature to allow the listener to undo their action. By January 2015, songs played on Pandora had received more than 50 billion thumbs up from users.[14]

text: In early 2017, Pandora revealed that 56 million of its 81 million active users subscribe to the Today's Country station and that country music accounted for more than 1.7 billion listening hours on the platform in 2016.[15]

text: On July 31, 2017, Pandora discontinued services in Australia and New Zealand, citing a need to focus solely on the U.S. market only.[16][17]

text: In September 2017, Roger Lynch became CEO; Lynch stated that he wanted to expand the service's focus on podcasts, with similar discovery features to those for music, as well as new monetization options.[18]

text: On September 24, 2018, Sirius XM Holdings announced its intent to acquire Pandora for $3.5 billion.[19]

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text: On June 11, 2013, Pandora announced it would purchase FM radio station KXMZ in Rapid City, South Dakota.[20][21] On October 7, 2015, Pandora announced it had acquired independent ticketing agency Ticketfly for $450 million.[22]

text: In November 2015, streaming music service Rdio, founded by Skype co-founders Janus Friis and Niklas Zennstroem, declared bankruptcy and sold its assets to Pandora for $75 million in an all-cash deal.[23] Pandora retained 100 Rdio employees, including Iain Morris and Rich Masio, who joined a growing licensing department in pursuit of direct licenses with labels and publishers.[24]

text: In March 2018, Pandora announced it would acquire digital audio ad technology firm AdsWizz for $145 million.[25]

text: Features[edit]

text: Streaming[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A station is set by specifying an artist or song, or a combination of multiple items of any kind in a single station. Listeners can tune into established genre stations, other users' stations or create their own stations based on their musical interests.[26] Each track played can be responded to with favorable (thumbs up) or unfavorable (thumbs down) buttons, which determine if it should be played, and if similarly classified songs should be played in the station. A second negative response to the same artist will ban that artist from the selected station unless the user has marked the artist positively on another occasion or if that artist is listed under the station's variety. No response is applicable to musical attributes or to albums. An unfavorable response immediately stops play of the track. Clicking the thumbs down or skipping to the next song too many times in a row will result in a short ban of skips. Pandora also utilizes short advertisements between every couple of songs.

text: A menu is provided with options, such as "I'm tired of this song" (allowing a user to remove a song from the station temporarily, which counts as a skip), "Why was this song selected?" (allowing users to learn more about the composition of each song), "Move song to another station," "New station," and "Bookmark." A "Buy" button is located at the top of each song block. From there, listeners can click on links to purchase the song from iTunes or Amazon.

text: There is a setting in each member's account allowing the user to censor songs with explicit lyrics. The censoring option applies exclusively to song versions from albums with a Parental Advisory label, as other songs with censored versions will have that version played. An example is the song Jet Airliner by the Steve Miller Band, which had one word censored for radio play. With explicit lyrics off, that version will play, because the album did not have a PA label.

text: While listening, users are offered the ability to buy the songs or albums at various online retailers.[26] More than 450 musical attributes are considered when selecting the next song. These 450 attributes are combined into larger groups called focus traits. There are 2,000 focus traits. Examples of these are rhythm syncopation, key tonality, vocal harmonies and displayed instrumental proficiency.

text: The service has two subscription plans: a free subscription supported by advertisements, and a fee-based subscription without advertisements. There are advertisements in Pandora Mobile for mobile phones and in the Pandora computer appliance. In October 2014, less than 5 percent of active listeners were paying subscribers.[27] At the time of Pandora's IPO in 2011, Pandora had 800,000 tracks from 80,000 artists in its library and 80 million users.[28] By November 2014, Pandora had approximately doubled its library size, topping 1.5 million songs.[29] As of end of mid-year 2018, Pandora had 71.4 million active users.[30]

text: In September 2016, Pandora announced additional features and subscription options, including a mid-level subscription service known as Pandora Plus that offers advertisement-free streaming, offline playback support using a prediction mechanism and more skips and replays. Users of the free advertisements-included service also were provided more skips and replays in exchange for watching an advertisement. Pandora also announced the launch of an on-demand service similar to competitors such as Apple Music and Spotify.[31][32]

text: On March 13, 2017, Pandora launched Pandora Premium, a new service allowing users to listen to and create playlists of individual songs on demand. Pandora's suggestions engine suggests and recommends songs and albums, as well as generate playlists based on similar songs. Pandora also emphasized a use of machine learning and manual curation, and that it had filtered "karaoke tracks, knock-off covers and pet sounds (but not Pet Sounds) that slow down other services" from its library.[33]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: To comply with the requirements and protections offered by the DMCA, Pandora serves users only in the United States, using IP addresses to block users from non-complying countries.[34]

text: Rewind is not permitted. Until May 2009, six skips per station were allowed per hour, further limited to 72 skips every 24 hours. Giving a thumbs-down response, or a "don't play for a month" response count as skips.[citation needed]On May 21, 2009, the skip limit was altered such that it counts total skips from all stations with the limitation of twelve total skips every 24 hours. If a listener gives a song a thumbs-down or "don't play for a month" after the limit has been exceeded, the song will continue to play; it is only after the song has completed that it becomes subject to the listener's restrictions.[citation needed] Play of a single artist is limited, as Pandora provides similar music, not a play-on-demand service.[citation needed]

text: Initially, users with free accounts could listen to 40 hours of music a month, and could pay $0.99 per month for unlimited streaming. In September 2011, Pandora removed the 40-hour listening limit.[35] This 40-hour limit on free listening was re-introduced in March 2013 for mobile devices.[36] However, this limit was removed once more on September of the same year.[13]

text: Mobile devices[edit]

text: Pandora is available on iOS devices.[37] It is ad-supported and retains the original skip limits. Pandora is also available on Android (for tablets and mobile phones)[38], and BlackBerry 10 handsets via the Amazon app store.

text: The Pandora for BlackBerry OS (7.1 and earlier) application is limited to AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, T-Mobile, Boost Mobile, and U.S. Cellular carriers, but by visiting the Pandora website directly other BlackBerry users have been successful in downloading and using the application.[39]

text: Technical information[edit]

text: The Pandora media player is based on OpenLaszlo.[40] Pandora can also be accessed through many media streaming devices such as Roku, Reciva-based radios (from companies like Grace Digital, Sanyo, and Sangean), Frontier Silicon-based connected audio systems, Slim Devices, Sonos,[41] and HEOS by Denon.[42] product(s). On July 11, 2008, Pandora launched a mobile version of their software for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch through the iTunes App Store. Pandora is also available for Windows Phone, Windows 10, Android phones,[43] BlackBerry platforms, HP webOS (used on the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi, Palm Pre 2, and HP Veer)[citation needed]. Pandora was the provider for MSN Radio until MSN discontinued their internet radio service on June 18, 2008.[44] A modified version of Pandora has been made available for Sprint. Pandora is available on Comcast's X1/X2 cable TV products. A GNU/Linux-based application, called Pithos, which is available for accessing Pandora Radio, is available for most distributions via their repositories and is also available to build from source. SoundSpectrum's iOS-based visualizing application Tunr[45] has native support for Pandora, but requires a ONE subscription.

text: With a subscription to Pandora's One service, Windows and Mac users can download a desktop application for Pandora that uses the Adobe Air without using a web browser to access Pandora. All the normal functionality is included such as thumbs up/down, skip, pause and access to all channels on a user's account.[46]

text: Business model[edit]

text: Pandora decided to be a consumer-oriented music discovery service, specifically a non-interactive radio station.  In the three months that ended October 31, 2011, advertising comprised 88% of Pandora's total revenues;[47] a figure of 80% was reported for this metric in December 2013.[1]  RPM (revenue per 1000s of hours) is determined based on CPMs (cost per thousand impressions). CPMs are largely dependent upon network effects and thus increase as a website scales and adds users. As such, Pandora's strategy in order to allow for widespread distribution was to offer a service unbundled from devices and transport. Pandora is currently working with system-on-chip manufacturers to embed its technologies on the chips they sell to consumer electronics manufacturers like Samsung, Sony, and Panasonic.[48]

text: Pandora's cost structure is highly variable, with content acquisition costs representing roughly 50% of total costs.[47] There are three main costs associated with content acquisition. First, SoundExchange collects content fees on behalf of labels or artists on the recording themselves. These are by far the largest content acquisition costs.[citation needed] Second, Pandora pays licensing fees to agencies such as BMI, ASCAP, or SESAC in order to compensate composers, songwriters and publishers. Lastly, Pandora also pays TiVo Corporation for song and artist information; this has recently been structured as a flat monthly fee.

text: High variable costs mean that Pandora does not have significant operating leverage, and in the next couple years might actually have negative operating leverage due to an unfavorable shift in product mix towards mobile. Pandora is currently estimated to monetize mobile hours at roughly one-ninth the rate of desktop hours.[49] Since Pandora pays the same licensing cost per hour irrespective of the user's platform, the net contribution to earnings per mobile hour is even more skewed with respect to contribution to earnings from desktop hours. Mobile revenues will improve over time as Pandora shifts from relying on third-party ad networks to selling ad inventory internally at premium rates.

text: In January 2011, Pandora met with investment banks to consider a possible $100 million IPO.[50][51] The company filed with the SEC for a $100mm IPO on February 11, 2011 and officially began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with ticker symbol "P" on June 15, 2011 at a price of $16/share. This gave them a valuation of nearly $2.6 billion.[52]

text: Pandora announced $80.8 million in total revenue for their first quarter of fiscal 2012, which was up 58% over their previous year Q1 results. Of the $80.8 million, $70.6 million came from advertising, while the other $10.2 million came from subscription. In addition, Pandora has seen a 62% advertising revenue increase, and a 38% subscription revenue increase year-over-year.[53] However, the vast majority of Pandora's users remain on the free, ad-supported model.

text: Royalties[edit]

text: In 2007, a federal panel agreed with a SoundExchange request and ordered a doubling of the per-song performance royalty that Web radio stations pay to performers and record companies. Under this scheme, internet radio would pay double the royalty paid by satellite radio.

text: Because of the passage of DMCA in 1998 that increased fees and asked for licensing guarantees, the Pandora service was only available in Australia, New Zealand and the United States,[54][55] until service to Australia and New Zealand ceased on 1 August 2017 after "consideration of external factors".[5]  These rulings affect all U.S.-based Internet-based radio stations (terrestrial radio is not affected).

text:
As of July 2008, Pandora was in talks with major music labels regarding royalty issues to allow a return to the European market.
Costs remain a concern because of European royalty standards and a low demand for paid music services.[56]

text: In 2008, the founder of Pandora stated that the company may be on the verge of collapse. Royalty fees account for a majority portion of Pandora's revenues. If an agreement between Pandora and SoundExchange had not been reached, it could have meant the end of Pandora. "We're losing money as it is," said Tim Westergren. "The moment we think this problem in Washington is not going to get solved, we have to pull the plug because all we're doing is wasting money."[57]

text: On September 30, 2008, a bill was passed by the U.S. House and Senate to allow sites like Pandora to continue negotiations with SoundExchange into 2009.

text: On July 7, 2009, Pandora announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the royalty issue, which would significantly reduce the royalty rate, making it possible for Pandora to stay in business. Also announced was that free listening would be limited to 40 hours per month, but can be extended to unlimited for that month for USD$0.99. "The revised royalties are quite high," the company's blog notes, "higher in fact than any other form of radio".[58] The extended listening fee differs from "upgrading", which also disables advertisements, increases the bitrate from 64 to 192 kbps, and provides a dedicated music player (as opposed to listening through browser). This service, known as "Pandora One", costs $36 and is billed annually.[59] Pandora has since introduced an option to purchase Pandora One subscriptions on a monthly basis at a rate of $3.99 per month.[60] Also, in September 2013, Pandora began working with HitBliss to make Pandora One subscriptions available for HitBliss earned-payment.[61]

text: With an update to the Pandora player in September 2011, the 40 hour cap was extended to 320 hours.[35][62]

text: On November 22, 2011, Pandora reported its Q3 earnings. Royalty costs accounted for 50% of revenue, slightly better than expected. Its revenue, most of it from advertising, continues to rise at respectable rates. Not only has Pandora attracted more users but the average number of hours per user have also increased. Pandora now accounts for an estimated 4% of total US listening hours. As Pandora grows, it hopes to gain leverage on music labels and drive royalty costs down.[63]

text: On December 9, 2011, the CEO of Spotify, Daniel Ek, announced Spotify Radio would offer an unlimited number of stations and unlimited skips. Though Pandora's usage is 70% mobile, the Spotify Radio app competes against Pandora's mobile market.[64]

text: Pandora CEO Tim Westergren has supported The Internet Radio Fairness Act or IRFA (H.R. 6480/S. 3609), which would reduce the company's royalty payments to the performers by 80 percent.[65]

text: On November 5, 2012, Pandora filed suit in federal district court against ASCAP over royalty fees.[66] In the suit, the company sought to advocate for lower licensing fees on all the songs represented by the ASCAP's 435,000 members.[67]  On February 27, 2013, Pandora announced a 40-hour-per-month limit on free mobile listening. Pandora CEO Tim Westergren cited escalating royalty costs as the reason for the mobile cap.[68]

text: In a ruling made public earlier this year, US District Judge Denise Cote ruled that Pandora's rate paid to ASCAP should remain the same, 1.85%. She cited (p. 97) "troubling coordination" between two of the biggest publishing companies (Sony and UMPG) and ASCAP that alludes to core antitrust concern in the industry.[69]

text: After arguing that both ASCAP and BMI were showing bias towards international broadcasters who own terrestrial radio stations, Pandora announced on June 11, 2013 that it would attempt to acquire KXMZ, a radio station in South Dakota, under the presumption that doing so would allow it to access the same preferential licensing terms offered to services such as iHeartRadio (which is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., itself America's largest radio broadcaster).[20][21] The move was criticized by David Israelite, CEO of the National Music Publishers Association, who declared that Pandora was now "at war with songwriters," and had lost its credibility because it was resorting to "lawsuits and gimmicks" to make its point. However, a member of Public Knowledge praised the move, by stating that it was "a perfect example of the twisted incentives and strange results we get from a music licensing system that is based on who wants a license instead of just what they want to do with the music they’re using."[70][71] ASCAP also objected to the deal, filing a petition to deny with the FCC. The organization argued that the acquisition was not in the public interest because of Pandora's intent to use it as a "bargaining chip" for royalty payments. ASCAP also alleged that Pandora did not provide enough information about its ownership structure, failing to prove that less than 25% of the company was owned by foreign interests. On January 14, 2014, the FCC denied the acquisition until Pandora "demonstrate[s] adequate support for its foreign ownership compliance certification."[72][73]

text: On September 1, 2013, Pandora removed the 40-hour-per-month limit on free mobile listening (originally announced on February 27, 2013). Pandora stated that it was able to make this change "thanks to the rapid progress of its mobile advertising."[74]

text: In 2014, Pandora signed an agreement with some music copyright owners for lower royalties in exchange for more frequent streaming of songs. Though not illegal, this practice raised comparisons to payola, which is illegal payment for airplay on terrestrial radio.[75]

text: On September 15, 2016, Pandora released "Pandora Plus", a new subscription service to compete with other streaming services; the price was set at $4.99 and was available in later months.[76]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In May 2010, Pandora was named in Lead411's 2010 Hottest San Francisco Companies list.[77] In 2013, Entertainment Weekly compared a number of music services and granted Pandora a "B-", writing, "Free streaming radio, $36 a year for ad-free. Launched in 2005, Pandora is available on just about every platform. There's no on-demand, though, and stations tend to draw from a relatively small pool of albums."[78] As of March 2014, the annual option was eliminated, and the $3.99 monthly plan was the only way to get Pandora One. The price rose to $4.99 a month in July 2014. The annual subscription was brought back and is now $54.89 a year.

text: Advertising[edit]

text: Pandora initially offered a subscription-only service without commercials. However, the idea of paying did not sit well with most U.S. consumers and the company had to consider alternative business models to offer a free service. Then, in December 2005 Pandora sold its first advertisement.[79]

text: In 2015, Pandora began playing more advertisements per hour in certain geographies and demographics. Pandora normally plays no more than 6 advertisements per hour for free users.[80]

text: Revenue[edit]

text: Pandora became fairly popular within just two years. Starting from 2010 to 2012 Pandora's registered users had increased from 45 million to 125 million. The company's revenue increased from $55 million to $274 million, in which a majority of it from advertising. In order to appeal to a large audience of consumers, Pandora offers ad-free access for $36 a year.[81] During its 2011 fiscal year, Pandora reported $138 million in revenue with a $1.8 million net loss, excluding the cost of a special dividend associated with the IPO.[82] Overall, Pandora has a 78 % of Internet radio, and it has a 9.3 % share of the U.S. public radio. Finally, in 2013 industry-wide total radio ad revenue increased to $17.6 billion in the U.S.[83]

text: Pitch to advertisers[edit]

text: Pandora obtains its advertisers by explaining that the company reaches a narrower audience compared to terrestrial radio. "Pandora's pitch to advertisers is that its technology can cater to consumers with far greater precision than radio – it can pinpoint listeners by age and sex, ZIP code or even musical taste."[81]

text: Methods of advertising[edit]

text: There are a few different methods of advertising on Pandora. Audio advertising comes in spots of 15 to 30 seconds, and run once every 20 minutes. However, users only encounter ads if they are engaging with the site, like contributing a thumbs up or a thumbs down when changing a song or station.[84]

text: Next, there are banner ads which are featured on the wallpaper of the site. As noted by the New York Times, banner ads are on Pandora in order "to promote engagement, audio segments can be accompanied by clickable display ads offering coupons or product information.[84]

text: Advertising on Pandora works through a method of collecting data from the users online browsing activity. Once the data is collected, the company uses the data to show the user target ads. This process of advertising is also known as behavioral advertising. Pandora offers its users the option of submitting out of the targeted ads, by an opt-out configuration on its website. Opting-out will only prevent targeted ads, meaning users may continue to see generic (non-targeted ads) from these companies after they opt-out. Eventually, Pandora offers either targeted advertisements or generic advertisements for its non-subscribed users.[85] However, Pandora's advertising does not offer local content such as the local news, weather, traffic, and talk.[81]

text: Market segments[edit]

text: Pandora has created two market segments, one for Spanish listeners, and another for English listeners. By creating multiple market segments, Pandora's advertising is customized to its users' needs. In order to create the first two market segments, the company cross-referenced its registered user data with U.S. census. Then, the cross reference allows the company to identify zip codes with high populations of Hispanic and Spanish-speaking people, and finally it ran tests overlaying the two data sets to infer which listeners fit into those buckets.[86]

text: Internet radio competitors[edit]

text: Starting in the early 2010s, new entrants entered the personalized radio market, such as Grooveshark (launched 2007), iHeartRadio (launched 2008), Mog.com, TuneIn (founded 2002), AccuRadio, Rhapsody (launched 2001), and Europe's Spotify, all threatening to use the concept of "true" on-demand access to online music as a challenge to Pandora's personalized radio.

text: Europe's most popular online streaming music service, Spotify, launched in 2006 and arrived in the U.S. in mid-2011. As of 2016, Spotify has a catalogue of over 30 million songs compared to Pandora's library of around 1.5 – 2 million.[87] As pointed out by editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau, "Spotify allows users to upload their own songs to the online library. While Pandora allows listeners to connect to the social media site Facebook to see what their friends are listening to, Spotify users can quickly and easily share playlists with their friends through Facebook, Twitter, email, and SMS text messages".

text: The second competitor that is targeting Pandora's personalized radio appeal is iHeartRadio. Editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau note "iHeartRadio is the largest radio operator in the United States with 237 million listeners and 800 stations in 150 markets, iHeartRadio, like Pandora, offers listeners the opportunity to like or dislike a song in order to receive recommendations on other tunes. It also offers custom tools that allow the listener to discover new artists or more songs based on existing choices".[79]

text: Sirius XM has also become a competitor in recent years due to online-only accounts and being able to customize stations; their wide availability in both the new and used car market also gives it an advantage over Pandora. When acquiring XM Satellite Radio in 2007, Sirius actually accurately predicted that it would be competing against streaming services like Pandora in its argument with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over whether the merging of the only two satellite radio companies in North America would cause antitrust issues.[88][89]

text: As recognized by the Ad Age staff, "Pandora has about 76 million monthly users, and about a 70% share of the internet radio market in the U.S."[90] Ad Age predicted that competition would likely intensify due to Apple's acquisition of the Beats Music service, but Apple announced that it would be closing the service on November 30, 2015.[91]

text: Yet even with all of its competition, Pandora's Promoted Stations rely on its core Music Genome Project. Overall, the Music Genome Project of more than 450 attributes assigned to each song with a human-curated database of recorded music gives a big edge over competitors like Spotify and Beats Music.[92]


document_title: Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics

question_text: who won the skeleton in the 2018 olympics

root

text: Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Qualification[edit]

text: A total of 50 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum 30 men and 20 women could qualify. The qualification was based on the world rankings of 14 January 2018.[1]

tag: p

text: Competition schedule[edit]

text: The following was the competition schedule for the two skeleton events.[2]

text: All times are (UTC+9).

text:
Date
Time
Event

15 February
10:00
Men's singles runs 1 and 2

16 February
09:30
Men's singles runs 3 and 4

20:20
Women's singles runs 1 and 2

17 February
20:20
Women's singles runs 3 and 4

tag: table

text: Medal summary[edit]

text: Medal table[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Great Britain (GBR)
1
0
2
3

2
 South Korea (KOR)
1
0
0
1

3
 Germany (GER)
0
1
0
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
0
1
0
1

Total
2
2
2
6

text: Events[edit]

text:
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze

Men's[3]
details
Yun Sung-bin
 South Korea
3.20.55
Nikita Tregubov
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
3.22.18
Dominic Parsons
 Great Britain
3.22.20

Women's[4]
details
Lizzy Yarnold
 Great Britain
3:27.28
Jacqueline Lölling
 Germany
3:27.73
Laura Deas
 Great Britain
3:27.90

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: A total of 50 athletes from 24 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia) participated. The number of athletes each National Olympic Committee (NOC) entered are shown in parentheses.[5][6] Seven nations made their Winter Olympics debut in the sport: Belgium, China, Ghana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Nigeria and Ukraine.

text:
Australia (2)
 Austria (2)
 Belgium (1)
 Canada (6)
 China (1)
 Germany (6)
 Ghana (1)
 Great Britain (4)
 Israel (1)
 Italy (1)
 Jamaica (1)
 Japan (3)
 Latvia (3)
 Netherlands (1)
 New Zealand (1)
 Nigeria (1)
 Norway (1)
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (2)
 Romania (2)
 South Korea (3)
 Spain (1)
 Switzerland (1)
 Ukraine (1)
 United States (4)

tag: ul


document_title: The Christmas Card

question_text: who played cody cullen on the christmas card

text: The Christmas Card

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the midst of war in Afghanistan, U.S. Army Master Sergeant Cody Cullen (John Newton) is given a Christmas card from a fellow soldier who had received it from his hometown, Nevada City, California. The card was sent by Faith Spelman (Alice Evans). As months pass, the card never leaves his side. Cody, who has no family, and whose father was killed during the Vietnam War, is deeply affected when the soldier who gave him the card is killed. A few weeks before Christmas, Cody travels to see the soldier's widow, back in Nevada City. Just ase he is about to leave town, Cody runs into Faith at a local luncheonette, where they happened to have placed identical orders. They part, but on his way out of town, Cody saves Faith's father, Luke (Ed Asner), from being hit by a speeding car. Luke takes a liking to Cody and convinces him to stay on as temporary help at his family's logging company. Paul (Ben Weber), Faith's longtime boyfriend who travels much of the time, and who selfishly wants Faith to move away from her close-knit family in Nevada City, arrives to meet her.

text: Complicating matters, Cody has fallen in love with Faith and despite her attempts to ignore the feeling, they end up sharing a kiss. When Paul unexpectedly asks Faith to marry him, she says yes. Even so, Paul downplays Faith's wish to stay near her family in the "boondocks". This all comes to a head on Christmas Eve. On the church steps, Cody and Paul meet, and Cody admits that he loves Faith, but accepts that she's going to marry Paul instead, and hopes that Paul is marrying Faith "for all the right reasons". In church, in spite of the presence of Paul by her side, Faith keeps looking for Cody who has decided to leave. Paul notices and they step out and decide to part ways.

text: Early on Christmas Day, Cody places a Christmas card on the family Christmas tree, which will direct the family to the Christmas present, a wooden bench (inscribed with "Where the Magic Begins") that he has been building to mark the family's favorite spot at a nearby lake where he and Faith first kissed. Cody leaves a Christmas card for Faith with a handwritten note, which she reads aloud. In the note, Cody confesses his love for Faith, and says goodbye. She asks her father whether it was her letter that brought Cody to Nevada City, to which Luke answers: no, you did. In the movie's final scene, Faith finds Cody at the local Vietnam War veterans' memorial. She chastises him for not saying goodbye, but before she can complete the sentence he kisses her, and she embraces him.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Haymes Newton as (Sgt.) Cody Cullen
Alice Evans as Faith Spelman
Edward Asner as Luke Spelman
Peter Jason as Uncle Richard
Lois Nettleton as Rosie Spelman
Ben Weber as Paul
Andrew Sanford as Sammy
Kate Hamon as Selma
Glorinda Marie as Molly
Charlie Holliday as Reverend Ives
Kurt Johnson as Eric
Brooke Davis as Liddy
Nick Ballard as Jonesy
Chad Collins as Lewis
Brian Robinson as Edo

text: Press[edit]

text: Hallmark Channel collaborated with Operation Dear Abby, who issued a special message in her column: "This holiday season – support the troops by sending a message to our servicemembers."[1] The network also put together a national Cards for Troops campaign and a partnership with America Supports You to build support of Americans for the men and women of the U.S. Armed Services. Hallmark Channel also set up a satellite link to reunite Jennifer Parsley, a young woman from Porter, Texas who sent thousands of cards to troops through Operation Gratitude and in the process met serviceman Jeremy Harshman, who is deployed overseas.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The movie ranked as Hallmark Channel’s highest-ever-rated telecast on the date of its premiere. The network also ranked #1 in Prime Time that day, making it the most-watched telecast on basic cable for the day.[3]

text: Award nomination[edit]

text: For his performance as Luke, Edward Asner was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie in 2007.[4]


document_title: Gregorian calendar

question_text: when did the us adopt the gregorian calendar

question_tokens: when did the us adopt the gregorian calendar

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Description

text:
A year is divided into twelve months

No.
Name
Length in days

1
January
31

2
February
28 (29 in leap years)

3
March
31

4
April
30

5
May
31

6
June
30

7
July
31

8
August
31

9
September
30

10
October
31

11
November
30

12
December
31

text:
Christopher Clavius (1538–1612), one of the main authors of the reform.

Pope Gregory XIII in an early 17th-century engraving.

text: The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and 29 February is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years.[9]

text:
Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers.[10] The cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years.[Note 4][Note 5] Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A mean calendar year is 365

97
400

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {97}{400}}}

 days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.[Note 6]

text: A calendar date is fully specified by the year (numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself), the month (identified by name or number), and the day of the month (numbered sequentially starting at 1). Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December, at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar (see the "beginning of the year" section below).

text: Gregorian reform

text: The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar. It was instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582.[3] The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).[Note 7]

text: Background

text: Because the date of Easter was tied to the Spring Equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, which they placed on 21 March. However, the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March (Lady Day) as the equinox (until 342), and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon.[12] In the Alexandrian system, since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April. This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April. In Rome, Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April, that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival. The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April.

text: Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.[13]

text: Worse, the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19-year cycle. That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years, so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days.

text: European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period. Bede, writing in the 8th century, showed that the accumulated error in his day was more than three days. Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days. Dante, writing c. 1300, was aware of the need of a calendar reform. The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV, who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose. However, the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome.[14] The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing. Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform, among them a paper sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515,[citation needed] but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s, and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–1585).

text: Preparation

text: In 1545, the Council of Trent authorized Pope Paul III to reform the calendar, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter. In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted.[15] The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).[4]

text: Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

text: Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude.[16][17] Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies.[18][19] The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.[20]

text: Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long.[21] As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

text: Lilius's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued, 800-page volume. He would later defend his and Lilius's work against detractors. Clavius's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move, and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory.

text: The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple, rule-based calendar. Lilius's formula was a 10-day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea, and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4. The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well.

text: The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years (i.e., 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc.). In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced.

text: When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected).

text: Adoption

text: Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States. The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, over which he had no authority. They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect.

text: The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches, Orthodox Churches, and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged.

text: A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.[22]

text: On 29 September 1582, Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.[23] This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[citation needed] (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.[24]

text: Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold.

text: Britain and the British Empire (including the eastern part of what is now the United States) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752.[Note 8] Sweden followed in 1753.

text: Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.

text:
Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar

1500
1600
1700
1800
1900

1582: Spain, Portugal, France, Poland, Italy,
Catholic Low Countries, Luxemburg, and colonies

1610: Prussia
1700: 'Germany', Swiss Cantons, Protestant Low Countries, Norway, Denmark
1873: Japan
1912: China, Albania

1584: Kingdom of Bohemia
1648: Alsace
1752: Great Britain and colonies
1875: Egypt
1915: Latvia, Lithuania

1682: Strasbourg
1753: Sweden and Finland
1896: Korea
1916: Bulgaria

1918: USSR, Estonia

1919: Romania, Yugoslavia{[Note 9]

1923: Greece

1926: Turkey

text: Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates

text:
Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.[26]

Gregorian range
Julian range
Difference

From 15 October 1582
to 28 February 1700
From 5 October 1582
to 18 February 1700
10 days

From 1 March 1700
to 28 February 1800
From 19 February 1700
to 17 February 1800
11 days

From 1 March 1800
to 28 February 1900
From 18 February 1800
to 16 February 1900
12 days

From 1 March 1900
to 28 February 2100
From 17 February 1900
to 15 February 2100
13 days

From 1 March 2100
to 28 February 2200
From 16 February 2100
to 14 February 2200
14 days

text: Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive):

text: This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February (the bissextum (twice sixth) or bissextile day) until the late Middle Ages. The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 (assumed to exist before 1582).

text: The following equation gives the number of days (actually, dates) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar, called the secular difference between the two calendars. A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar.[27]

text:
where

D

{\displaystyle D}

 is the secular difference and

Y

{\displaystyle Y}

 is the year using astronomical year numbering, that is, use (year BC) − 1 for BC years.

⌊

x

⌋

{\displaystyle \left\lfloor {x}\right\rfloor }

 means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer. Thus during the 1900s, 1900/400 = 4, while during the −500s, −500/400 = −2.

text: The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is as follows:

text: Up to 28 February in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February (Julian), to remember that 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February.[28][29]

text: Beginning of the year

text:
Country
Start numbered year
on 1 January
Adoption of
Gregorian calendar

Denmark
Gradual change from
13th to 16th centuries[30]
1700

Venice
1522
1582

Holy Roman Empire (Catholic states)
1544
1583

Spain, Poland, Portugal
1556
1582

Holy Roman Empire (Protestant states)
1559
1700

Sweden
1559
1753

France
1564[31]
1582[n 1]

Southern Netherlands
1576[32]
1582

Lorraine
1579
1682

Dutch Republic
1583
1582

Scotland
1600[33][34]
1752

Russia
1700[35]
1918

Tuscany
1721
1750

Great Britain and the British Empire
except Scotland
1752[33]
1752

text: The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.[36] The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

text: During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December (supposed Nativity of Jesus), 25 March (Annunciation), or Easter (France),[37] while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.[38]

text: In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,[39] but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day).[40] So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),[41] although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.[42]

text: Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) till 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.[43]

text: In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries a specific year when a 1 January-year became the norm can be identified. In other countries the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs.

text: Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though it is implied by two tables of saint's days, one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December, and another for any full year that begins on 1 January. It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January, in contrast with the Julian calendar, which specified it relative to 22 March. The old date was derived from the Greek system: the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January.

text: Jump up ^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar. This change was reverted in 1805.

tag: ol

text: Dual dating

text: During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.[44]

text: Old Style and New Style dates

text: "Old Style" (OS) and "New Style" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which calendar reference system is used for the date given. In Britain and its Colonies, where the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year,[Note 10] and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS).[42][45][46][47]

text: Proleptic Gregorian calendar

text: Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

text: Usually, the mapping of new dates onto old dates with a start of year adjustment works well with little confusion for events that happened before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. But for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains in English language histories.

text: Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. Confusion occurs when an event affects both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November 1688 (Julian calendar), after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 (Gregorian calendar).

text: Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date (23 April 1616), but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time (as Spain used the Gregorian calendar, but Britain used the Julian calendar). This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day.

text: Astronomers avoid this ambiguity by the use of the Julian day number.

text: For dates before the year 1, unlike the proleptic Gregorian calendar used in the international standard ISO 8601, the traditional proleptic Gregorian calendar (like the Julian calendar) does not have a year 0 and instead uses the ordinal numbers 1, 2, … both for years AD and BC. Thus the traditional time line is 2 BC, 1 BC, AD 1, and AD 2. ISO 8601 uses astronomical year numbering which includes a year 0 and negative numbers before it. Thus the ISO 8601 time line is −0001, 0000, 0001, and 0002.

text: Months

text: The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months, which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days:

text:
January (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius, "Month of Janus",[48] the Roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings
February (28 days in common and 29 in leap years), from Latin mēnsis Februārius, "Month of the Februa", the Roman festival of purgation and purification,[49][50] cognate with fever,[49] the Etruscan death god Februus ("Purifier"),[citation needed] and the PIE word for sulfur[49]
March (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Mārtius, "Month of Mars",[51] the Roman war god[50]
April (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis, of uncertain meaning[52] but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ("to open")[53] or the name of the goddess Aphrodite[50][57]
May (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Māius, "Month of Maia",[58] a Roman vegetation goddess[50] whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ("great")[58] and English major
June (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūnius, "Month of Juno",[59] the Roman goddess of marriage, childbirth, and rule[50]
July (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūlius, "Month of Julius Caesar", the month of Caesar's birth, instituted in 44 BC[60] as part of his calendrical reforms[50]
August (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Augustus, "Month of Augustus", instituted by Augustus in 8 BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power[61]
September (30 days), from Latin mēnsis september, "seventh month", from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC[62]
October (31 days), from Latin mēnsis octōber, "eighth month",[63] from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC[62]
November (30 days), from Latin mēnsis november, "ninth month",[64] from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC[62]
December (31 days), from Latin mēnsis december, "tenth month",[65] from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC[62]

text: Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse "Thirty Days Hath September". It appears in Latin,[66][67] Italian,[68] and French,[69] and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425:[70][71][72]

text:
Thirti dayes hath novembir
April june and Septembir.
Of xxviij is but oon
And alle the remenaunt xxx and j[71]

Thirty days have November,
April, June, and September.
Of 28 is but one
And all the remnant 30 and 1.

text: Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools. The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as "Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I can't remember"[73] but it has also been called "probably the only sixteenth-century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart".[74] A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic, considering the knuckles of one's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days. Using two hands, one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across, omitting the space between the index knuckles (July and August). The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand, returning from the last (July) to the first (August) and continuing through. A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key, taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones.

text: Weeks

text: In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

text: Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. ISO 8601, in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. Software often starts with Sunday=0, which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page.

text: Accuracy

text: The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long.[75] This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years[76] with respect to the current value of the mean tropical year. However, because of the precession of the equinoxes, which is not constant, and the movement of the perihelion (which affects the Earth's orbital speed) the error with respect to the astronomical vernal equinox is variable; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days[77] implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days).

text: In the 19th century, Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years, instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period.[78] This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days. Herschel's proposal would make the year 4000, and multiples thereof, common instead of leap. While this modification has often been proposed since, it has never been officially adopted.[79]

text: On time scales of thousands of years, the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time (see tidal acceleration and leap second) while the year maintains a more uniform duration.

text: Calendar seasonal error

text: This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons.

text: The y-axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years.

text: Each point is the date and time of the June solstice in that particular year. The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year. Centurial years are ordinary years, unless they are divisible by 400, in which case they are leap years. This causes a correction in the years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300.

text: For instance, these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice, and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice—about 2.35 days of variation compared with the seasonal event.

text: Proposed reforms

text: The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar:

text:
Holocene calendar
International Fixed Calendar (also called the International Perpetual calendar)
World Calendar
World Season Calendar
Leap week calendars

Pax Calendar
Symmetry454
Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar


document_title: Ed O'Neill

question_text: who is al bundy married to in real life

question_tokens: who is al bundy married to in real life

text: Ed O'Neill

text: Early life[edit]

text: O'Neill was born into an Irish American Catholic family in Youngstown, Ohio.[3][4] His mother, Ruth Ann (née Quinlan), was a homemaker and social worker, and his father, Edward Phillip O'Neill, was a steel mill worker and truck driver.[5] O'Neill attended Ursuline High School before transferring to Worthington High School and winning a state championship earning the name Ed O'Winner and won a football scholarship to Ohio University, where he majored in history, also having joined the Mu chapter of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.[6] O'Neill left Ohio after his sophomore year; he spent more time playing sports and partying than studying[6] and also feuded with his coach.

text: He transferred to Youngstown State University (YSU), where he was a defensive lineman. While an undergraduate, O'Neill pledged Delta Sigma Phi and was initiated into the Delta Sigma chapter there. Rumors abound that he was an avid partier.[5] O'Neill was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1969 but was cut in training camp.[4][5][7] Later, on Married... with Children, O'Neill played a former high-school football star who had failed to make it big and constantly reminisced about his "glory days" at Polk High ("I once scored four touchdowns in a single game"). As part of this theme, former Pittsburgh Steelers great and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw also made two guest appearances on the show. O'Neill was also a substitute social studies teacher at Ursuline High School before becoming an actor.[5]

text: Career[edit]

text: O'Neill re-enrolled at YSU after being cut by the Pittsburgh Steelers and was one of the first students at the school's then new theater program. In 1979, he played a boxer opposite Danny Aiello in the Broadway play Knockout. It was there that he was seen by director William Friedkin and landed his first movie role, as a police detective in Cruising, starring Al Pacino.

text: In 1985, O'Neill appeared alongside Jeff Kinsland in a Red Lobster commercial[8] and made a brief guest appearance in The Equalizer. In 1986, he was cast as the character of NYPD Police Detective Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle for the planned television series Popeye Doyle. The Popeye Doyle character originally appeared in the motion picture The French Connection (played by Gene Hackman). The two-hour made-for-television movie/pilot was filmed and shown on network television. O'Neill received good reviews for his performance, and the pilot received good ratings, but the series was not picked up for production.

text: In 1986, while playing the role of Lennie in a stage production of John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men at the Hartford Theater in Hartford, Connecticut, he was seen by a casting agent from the Fox television network and he was asked to audition for the role of Al Bundy [9] in Married... with Children, an American sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in Chicago.[5] It was the series that led off the first night of Fox's primetime lineup on April 5, 1987, concluding after 11 seasons on June 9, 1997.

text: During and following the success of Married... with Children, O'Neill appeared in several movies, including The Bone Collector, Little Giants, and Dutch. He also had small parts in Wayne's World and Wayne's World 2, and appeared as Relish the Troll King in The 10th Kingdom. O'Neill made a brief appearance on the comedy variety show In Living Color, playing the "Dirty Dozens" champion who defeats the challenger, played by Jamie Foxx. He also made a cameo on the sitcom 8 Simple Rules as the ex-boyfriend of Cate S. Hennessy (played by Katey Sagal, who portrayed O'Neill's TV wife Peg Bundy on Married... with Children). He appeared in the movie The Adventures of Ford Fairlane with Andrew Dice Clay and in Cruising with Al Pacino. During the mid-1990s, he had a long string of appearances in commercials for 1-800-COLLECT.

text: Law & Order franchise creator Dick Wolf cast O'Neill as Sgt. Joe Friday in his 2003 remake of Jack Webb's classic TV crime series Dragnet. The series was canceled by ABC in its second season. O'Neill went on to appear as Governor Eric Baker, a recurring character on NBC's The West Wing. O'Neill also played Bill on HBO's television series John From Cincinnati.

text: In 2008, O'Neill appeared in an advertisement for then-presidential candidate Barack Obama as "Al the Shoesalesman".[10]

text: In January 2009, O'Neill reunited with David Faustino (Bud Bundy from Married... with Children) for two episodes of Faustino's show Star-ving.[11] O'Neill also appeared with the entire cast of Married... with Children again when they were honored at the 7th Annual TV Land Award show in 2009.

text: Since 2009, O'Neill has played the role of Jay Pritchett on the ABC sitcom Modern Family, a role that earned him three Primetime Emmy Award nominations in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[12][13][14] Since 2012, O'Neill has done voice-overs in TV advertisements for the over-the-counter form of Zyrtec,[15] along with Walmart's store-branded mobile phone service, Straight Talk.

text: In 2016, O'Neill starred as Hank the Octopus in the highly successful Pixar animated film Finding Dory. According to O'Neill, he didn't realize at first that he had a starring role in the film. As his voice recording sessions continued and most of his interactions turned out to be with Dory, he finally began to suspect that Hank was a major character in the film.[16]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: O'Neill is married to actress Catherine Rusoff. As of 2016[update] they have two daughters and live in Los Angeles.[17]

text: After being introduced to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu by his friend writer/director John Milius, O'Neill has trained in the martial art for 22 years under the mentoring of Rorion Gracie. In December 2007, O'Neill received his black belt.[18][19] In the 2012 TV documentary I Am Bruce Lee, O'Neill states that he considers getting his black belt "the greatest achievement of my life, apart from my children."[20]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1980
Cruising
Detective Schreiber

1980
The Dogs of War
Terry

1980
The Day the Women Got Even
Ed

1982
Farrell for the People
Detective Jay Brennan

1983
When Your Lover Leaves
Mack Sher

1986
A Winner Never Quits
Whitey Wyshner

1986
The Three Little Pigs
Elvis Presley

1987
Right to Die

1988
Police Story: Gladiator School
Sergeant Stanley Bivens

1990
A Very Retail Christmas
Max Crandall

1989
Disorganized Crime
George Denver

1989
K-9
Sergeant Brannigan

1990
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane
Lieutenant Amos

1990
Sibling Rivalry
Wilbur Meany

1991
Dutch
Dutch Dooley

1991
The Whereabouts of Jenny
Jimmy O'Meara

1992
Wayne's World
Glen

1993
Wayne's World 2
Glen

1993
Nick's Game
Ron Hawthorne

1994
Blue Chips
Ed

1994
Little Giants
Kevin O'Shea

1995
W.E.I.R.D. World
Dr. Monochian

1997
Prefontaine
Bill Dellinger

1997
The Spanish Prisoner
FBI team leader

1999
The Bone Collector
Detective Paulie Sellitto

2000
Lucky Numbers
Dick Simmons

2001
Nobody's Baby
Norman Pinkney

2004
Spartan
Burch

2005
Steel Valley
Congressman Cardone
Short film

2008
Redbelt
Hollywood producer

2010
Lost Masterpieces of Pornography
Chief Justice Renato Corona
Short film

2012
Wreck-It Ralph
Mr. Litwak
Voice only

2015
Entourage
Himself
Cameo

2016
Finding Dory
Hank
Voice only

2017
Sun Dogs[21]
Bob Garrity

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1970
All My Children

Unknown episodes

1984
Miami Vice
Arthur Lawson / Artie Rollins
Episode: "Heart of Darkness"

1985
Moonlighting
Taxi driver
Episode: "Pilot"

1985
Hunter
Dan Colson
Episode: "The Garbage Man"

1985
Braker
Danny Buckner

1985
The Equalizer
Doctor
Episode: "The Children's Song"

1985
Spenser: For Hire
Buddy Almeida
Episode: "Widow's Walk"

1986
Popeye Doyle
James "Popeye" Doyle
TV Pilot film

1987–1997
Married... with Children
Al Bundy
259 Episodes

1988
Midnight Caller
Hank
Episode: "Twelve Gauge"

1990
Saturday Night Live
Guest host
January 13, 1990

1990
The Earth Day Special
Al Bundy

1991
Top of the Heap
Al Bundy
Episode: "Top of the Heap"

1994
In Living Color
Himself
Episode: "The Dirty Dozens Tournament of Champions"

2000
The 10th Kingdom
Relish the Troll King

2001
Big Apple
Detective Michael Mooney
8 episodes

2003–2004
L.A. Dragnet
Lieutenant Joe Friday
22 episodes

2004
In the Game
Buzz
TV pilot

2004–2005
The West Wing
Governor Eric Baker
4 episodes

2005
8 Simple Rules
Al Bundy
Episode: "Old Flame"

2005
In the Game
Buzz

2006
Inseparable
Alan

2006
Twenty Good Years
Brock Manley
Episode: "Between Brock and a Hard Place"

2006
The Unit
William Partch
Episode: "Silver Star"

2007
John from Cincinnati
Bill Jacks
10 episodes

2009
WordGirl
Panicking Man (Uncredited)
Episode: "The Wrong Side the Law"

2009–present
Modern Family
Jay Pritchett
Main Role

2011
Handy Manny
Mayor Thompson
Episode: "Great Garage Rescue"

2011
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
Grandpa
Episode: "Truth or Daredevil"

2012
The Penguins of Madagascar
Hunter's father
Episode: "Operation: Antarctica"

2013
Real Husbands of Hollywood
Himself
Episode: "Thicke and Tired"

2015
Family Guy
Bud Swanson
Episode: "Papa Has a Rollin' Son"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: O'Neill received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 30, 2011.[22][23]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result

1992
Golden Globe Award
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Comedy/Musical
Married... with Children
Nominated

1993
Golden Globe Award
Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Comedy/Musical
Married... with Children
Nominated

2009
TV Land Award
Innovator Award
Married... with Children
Won

2010
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2011
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Won

2011
Golden Nymph Award
Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2011
Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2011
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2012
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Won

2012
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2013
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Won

2013
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated

2014
Screen Actors Guild Award
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
Nominated