document_title: Geography of Nigeria

question_text: when does the south west wind blow in nigeria

text: Geography of Nigeria

text: Climate types found in Nigeria[edit]

text: The tropical monsoon climate, designated by the Köppen climate classification as "Am", is found in the southern part of the country. This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic ocean, which is brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT airmass, a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air.[1]

text: The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year, for example, Warri town in the southern part of Nigeria, records a maximum of 28 °C (82.4 °F) for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) in its coldest month. The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 °C (5 °F).

text: The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall. These storms are usually convectional in nature due to the regions proximity, to the equatorial belt. The annual rainfall received in this region is very high, usually above the 2,000 mm (78.7 in) rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide. Over 4,000 mm (157.5 in) of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the Niger delta area. Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over 4,000 mm (157.5 in) of rainfall annually. The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and 3,000 mm (118.1 in) of rain per year.

text: The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks, with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks. The first rainy season begins around March and last to the end of July with a peak in June, this rainy season is followed by a short dry break in August known as the August break which is a short dry season lasting for two to three weeks in August. This break is broken by the short rainy season starting around early September and lasting to Mid October with a peak period at the end of September. The ending of the short rainy season in October is followed by long dry season. This period starts from late October and lasts till early March with peak dry conditions between early December and late February.[2]

text: The tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate, is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the central part of Nigeria, where it exerts enormous influence on the region.

text: This climate, the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator. Temperatures are above 18 °C (64 °F) throughout the year. Abuja, Nigeria's capital city found in central Nigeria, has a temperature range of 18.45 °C (65.21 °F) to 36.9 °C (98.4 °F), and an annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm (59.1 in) with a single rainfall maxima in September.[3]

text: The single Dry season experienced in this climate, the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march, is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind, a continental tropical (CT) airmass laden with dust from the Sahara Desert prevailing throughout this period.

text: With the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical(south westerlies) and the Continental tropical(north easterlies),[4] begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria.Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from 1,100 mm (43.3 in) in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over 2,000 mm (78.7 in) along the south western escarpment of the Jos Plateau.[5]

text:
The Sahel climate or tropical dry climate, is the predominant climate type in the northern part of Nigeria. Annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the southern and central part of Nigeria.
The rainy season in the northern part of Nigeria last for only three to four months (June–September). The rest of the year is hot and dry with temperatures climbing as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) .

text: Alpine climate or highland climate or mountain climate are found on highlands regions in Nigeria. Highlands with the alpine climate in Nigeria, are well over 1,520 metres (4,987 ft) above sea level. Due to their location in the tropics, this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands, mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height, a cool mountain climate.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Nigeria, like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands, has only two seasons. These are the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south atlantic ocean, locally known as the south west wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds.

text: Trade winds[edit]

text: Tropical maritime airmass[edit]

text: The tropical maritime airmass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season. This wind (the tropical maritime airmass) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat, of the tropical continental airmass (CT) known as the harmattan. The northward retreat of the tropical continental airmass (CT), is caused by the sun's northward shift from the tropic of capricorn in the southern hemisphere to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. This shift begins from February and ends in June, when the sun is fully overhead, at the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere.

text: During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis, the sun crosses the equator (around March), moving over west Africa at this time on its journey to the northern hemisphere. West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere.

text: The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa. Temperatures can climb as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F) over west Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as 48 °C (118.4 °F) in cities like Maiduguri.[6]

text: The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental airmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) finally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African atmosphere around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun.[7] The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

text: The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth. Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass.

text: During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) in the rainy season of Nigeria, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed, by afternoons to evenings, torrential downpour follows.

text: The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria.

text: The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line. The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds.[8] Nigeria's northern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees.[9] Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons.

text: Tropical continental airmass[edit]

text: The Tropical Continental Airmass (CT) locally known as the harmattan, is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria. This airmass dominates Nigeria's climate during the dry season from December to March. The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates. The haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun's rays from reaching the earth.

text: Effects of the tropical continental airmass[edit]

text: The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass, since it crosses the Sahara Desert, it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall.

text: The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation. The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass (the harmattan). But its coming brings some relief to farmers since the low humidity present in the air quickens the drying of their crops.

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Nigeria's location in the tropics has given her a tropical hot climate. Temperatures in Nigeria vary according to the seasons of the year as with other lands found in the tropics. Nigeria's seasons are determined by rainfall with rainy season and dry season being the major seasons in Nigeria.

text: The rainy season of Nigeria brings in cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage to the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the suns rays in the rainy season; this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid, a feature of tropical climates. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant.

text: The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December, a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere, this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime, from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season, temperatures can go as high as 44 °C (111.2 °F) in some parts of Nigeria.[10]

text: Semi temperate weather conditions prevail on the highlands in central Nigeria above 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) above sea level, namely the Jos Plateau. Temperatures on the Jos plateau ranges between 21 °C to 25 °C which are cool all year round.

text: Temperate weather conditions occur on the highlands along the Nigeria Cameroon border, in the eastern part of Nigeria. Highlands in these region attain an average height of more than 1,524 m (5,000 ft) to some standing above 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level. The climate on these highlands is temperate all year round. The major highlands in this region are the Obudu Plateau above 1,584 m (5,197 ft), Mambilla Plateau above 1,524 m (5,000 ft) and Mt Chappal Waddi above 2,000 m (6,562 ft).

text: Topography[edit]

text: Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shaped confluence at Lokoja).[11] Plains rise to the north of the valleys. To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" highland, and to the southeast of the Benue hills and mountains are found all the way to the border with Cameroon. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast.[11]

text: Niger Delta[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)

text: The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria. It is one of the world's largest arcuate fan-shaped river deltas.

text: The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean. The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and distributaries of the River Niger.

text: Vegetation of the Niger Delta[edit]

text: The vegetation of the Niger Delta consist mainly of forest swamps. The forest are of two types, nearest the sea is a belt of saline/brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp. Numerous sandy islands occur with fresh water vegetation. Fresh water swamps gradually supersede the mangrove on the landward side. About 70% of Nigeria's crude oil and gas production is from the area.

text: Human population in the Niger Delta[edit]

text: The riverine area is home to a large population of people living mainly in small villages scattered along the banks of rivers and creeks.

text: Rainfall in Niger Delta[edit]

text: Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator. Annual rainfall totals vary from 2400 to over 4000 millimeters.

text: Niger Delta cities and their annually rainfall totals in millimeters:

text:
Warri — 2,730mm
Forcados (coastal town in the Niger Delta) — 4,870mm
Port Harcourt — 2,400mm
Calabar (coastal city) — 3,070mm (rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria)
Bonny (south of Port Harcourt) — 4,200mm

text: Vegetation[edit]

text: Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and montane land. (The latter is the least common, and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border.) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.[12]

text: Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas, is mangrove swamp (see Central African mangroves). North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest.[12]

text: The savannah zone's three categories are divided into mm' Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.[12]

text: Natural resources and land use[edit]

text: Nigeria's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum (see petroleum in Nigeria), tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas, hydropower, and arable land.

text: Extreme points[edit]

text: This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

text:
Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Niger immediately northwest of the town of Chadawa, Sokoto State.
Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with Cameroon immediately east of the village of Munyego, Borno State.
Southernmost point – unnamed headland south of the town of Egeregere, Bayelsa State.
Westernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Benin Republic immediately east of the Beninoise town of Jabata, Oyo State.


document_title: List of English terms of venery, by animal

question_text: what di you call a group of monkeys

question_tokens: what di you call a group of monkeys

root

text: This is a list of English terms of venery (venery being an archaic word for hunting), comprising terms from a tradition that arose in the Late Middle Ages, at least partly from the Book of Saint Albans of 1486, a historic list of "company terms". The present list also includes more common collective terms (such as "herd" and "flock") for some animals.

tag: p

tag: ul

text:
See also
References

text: Standard terms for particular groups are listed first in each group and shown in bold.

text:
Subject
Collective noun
Notes
Sources

A
A !

antelopes
herd

[1]

ants
army

[2]

colony

[2][3]

nest

[2]

swarm

[2]

apes
shrewdness

[1][4][5]

troop

[2]

asses
herd

[2]

drove
driven in a group
[2]

pace or passe

[2][3]

B
B !

baboons
troop

[2][5]

badgers
cete

[2][3][5][6]

bats
colony

[3]

bears
sleuth or sloth

[2][3][5]

beavers
colony

[2]

family

[2]

bees
swarm

[5]

drift

[5]

erst

[5]

grist

[3]

birds
flock

[5]

flight

[5]

pod

[5]

bitterns
sedge or sege

[3][4][7][8]

boars
sounder
12 or more
[6]

buffalo
herd

[3][5]

bullfinches
bellowing

[5]

bullocks
drove
driven in a group
[5]

butterflies
swarm

[9]

flutter

[10]

kaleidoscope

[11]

C
C !

capercaillie
tok

[12]

capons
mews

[13]

caribou
herd

[13]

cats
clowder

[2][3]

pounce

[3]

destruction
feral cats
[5][14]

cattle
mob
driven in a group
[15]

chickens
clutch

[5]

cheetahs
coalition
males only
[16]

choughs
chattering or clattering

[4][5][6][17][18]

colts
rag

[3][5][6]

rake

[5]

cormorants
gulp

[3]

coots
covert

[4][5][8]

coyotes
pack

[citation needed]

cranes
herd

[4][5][8]

sedge or sege

[3][7]

crocodiles
bask

[3]

crows
murder or horde

[3][5][6]

curlews
herd

[4][5][6][8]

D
D !

deer
herd

[citation needed]

parcel

[19]

dogs
pack

[citation needed]

dolphins
pod

[20][21]

dotterel
trip

[3][5][22]

doves
dole or dule
fanciful
[3][4][5]

flight

[8]

ducks
badling or badelynge

[3][8]

paddling
on water
[3][5]

plump

[23][24]

raft
on water
[3][5]

dunlins
fling

[5]

E
E !

eagles
convocation

[3]

eels
bed

[2]

elephants
herd

[3]

elk
gang

[5][6]

herd

[5]

F
F !

falcons
cast

[25]

ferrets
business
corruption over time of 'busyness'
[3][6]

busyness

[4]

besyness
fesynes
fesnyng
feamyng
ghost words arising from successive misspellings of "busyness"
[26]

finches
charm or chirm

[3][5]

fish
school

[3]

shoal

[3]

flamingoes
stand

[3]

flamboyance

[27]

colony

[27]

regiment

[27]

flies
business

[3]

foxes
leash

[3]

skulk

[3]

frogs
army

[3]

G
G !

geese
flock
on land
[3]

gaggle
on land
[3][5][8]

skein
in flight
[3][5]

giraffes
herd

[5]

tower

[3]

gnats
cloud

[3][5]

horde

[3]

goats
flock

[5]

trip

[citation needed]

goldfinches
charm

[8]

gorillas
band

[3]

goshawks
flight

[4]

grasshoppers
cloud

[3]

grouse
covey

[5]

guineafowl
rasp

[28]

H
H !

hawks
boil
two or more spiralling in flight
[3]

cast

[3][4]

kettle
flying in large numbers
[3]

lease

[4]

hens
brood

[8]

herons
sedge or sege

[3][4][6][7][8]

siege

[3][5]

hippopotamuses
bloat

[3]

hogs
parcel
See also boars, pigs, swine
[29][30]

hornets
nest

[3]

horses
team
in harness
[3]

haras or harrase

[3]

herd

[citation needed]

string

[3]

stud

[3]

hounds
pack

[citation needed]

hyenas
cackle

[3]

I
I !

ibex
herd

[citation needed]

insects
swarm

[citation needed]

J
J !

jackdaws
clattering

[31]

train

[31][32]

jays
party

[3]

scold

[3]

jellyfish
fluther

[5]

smack

[3][5]

K
K !

kangaroos
mob

[2]

troop

[2][3]

kittens
kindle

[5]

litter

[citation needed]

L
L !

lapwings
deceit or desert

[3][4][5][6][33]

larks
bevy

[5]

exaltation

[4][5][6][8]

leopards
leap or lepe

[2][3][5]

lions
pride

[2][3][5]

sawt

[5]

locusts
plague

[3]

M
M !

mackerel
shoal

[citation needed]

magpies
charm

[3]

gulp

[3]

murder

[3]

tiding

[3][4][5]

mallards
sord

[3][5][8]

suit or sute

[5][8]

mares
stud

[5][6]

martens
richesse or richness

[3][5]

mice
nest

[2]

minnows
shoal

[citation needed]

moles
labor or labour

[2][3][5]

monkeys
barrel

[2][3]

troop

[3][5]

wilderness

[34]

moose
herd

[2]

mules
barren

[2][3][5][6]

span

[2][3]

N
N !

nightingales
watch

[4][5][8]

O
O !

owls
parliament

[2][3][6]

oxen
drove

[2]

team

[2][3]

yoke

[2][3]

oysters
bed

[2][3]

P
P !

parrots
company

[2][3]

pandemonium

[2]

partridges
covey

[3][5][8]

peacocks
muster

[3][5][6][8]

ostentation

[2][3]

pride

[2]

pelicans
pod

[2]

penguins
colony

[2][3]

convent

[2]

tuxedo

[35]

pheasants
bouquet

[2][3]

head

[5]

nest

[3]

nide

[3]

nye

[2][3][5][6][8]

pigs
drift
See also boars, hogs, swine
[2][3]

drove

[2][3]

pigeons
kit
flying together
[5]

plovers
congregation

[4][5][8]

stand

[5]

wing

[5]

Q
Q !

quail
bevy

[2][3][4][5][8]

covey

[2][3]

drift

[5]

R
R !

rabbits
colony

[3]

nest

[3]

herd
domestic only
[3]

litter
young rabbits only
[3]

raccoons
gaze

[2]

rats
mischief

[36]

ravens
unkindness

[4][5]

rhinoceroses
crash

[2][3][5]

rooks
building

[4][5][8]

parliament

[5][6]

S
S !

seals
pod

[citation needed]

sea urchins
herd

[37][38]

sheep
flock

[2][3]

drove
when driven in a group
[3]

herd

[3]

hurtle

[2]

pack

[2]

sheldrake
dopping

[8][39]

snakes
bed

[2]

den

[2]

knot

[2]

nest

[3]

pit

[2]

snipes
walk

[5][6][8]

whisp or wisp

[5]

sparrows
host

[2][3][4][5][8]

spiders
cluster or clutter

[2]

squirrels
dray

[2][3]

scurry

[2][3]

starlings
chattering

[2][17]

murmuration

[2][4][5][6][8]

storks
mustering

[2][3]

swallows
flight

[2][3][8]

swans
bank
on the ground
[2]

bevy

[2][3]

flight

[2]

game

[5]

herd

[2][8]

wedge
in flight
[2][3][5]

swifts
flock

[citation needed]

scream

[40]

swine
drift

[6]

T
T !

teal
spring

[3][4][5][8]

tigers
ambush

[2]

streak

[2][3]

toads
knot

[2][3]

nest

[2]

trout
hover

[2][3]

turkeys
gang

[3]

rafter

[2][3]

turtles
bale

[2][3]

dole or dule

[2][8]

nest

[3]

turtle doves
dole or dule

[4]

pitying

[3]

V
V !

vipers
nest

[3]

vultures
kettle
in flight
[41]

committee
while resting
[41]

wake
when feeding
[41]

W
W !

walruses
herd

[3]

pod

[3]

waterfowl
bunch

[5]

knob
fewer than 30 (fanciful)
[42]

raft

[5]

weasels
colony

[2]

pack

[2]

whales
gam

[2][3]

herd

[3]

mob

[2]

pod

[2][3]

wigeons
company

[3][5]

trip

[5]

wildfowl
bunch

[5]

knob
fewer than 30 (fanciful)
[42]

plump

[5]

trip

[5]

wolves
pack

[2][3]

rout or route
when in movement
[2][3]

wombats
wisdom

[43]

woodcocks
fall

[3][4][5][8]

woodpeckers
descent

[2][3][5]

wrens
herd

[4][5]

Z
Z !

zebras
herd

[2]

dazzle

[44]

zeal

[2]

tag: table

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
See also
References


document_title: Muse (band)

question_text: when does the next muse album come out

question_tokens: when does the next muse album come out

text: Muse (band)

text: History[edit]

text: 1994–98: Formation and early years[edit]

text: The members of Muse played in separate school bands during their stay at Teignmouth Community College in the early 1990s. Guitarist Matt Bellamy successfully auditioned for drummer Dominic Howard's band, Carnage Mayhem, becoming its singer and songwriter. They renamed the band Gothic Plague. They asked Chris Wolstenholme – at that time the drummer for Fixed Penalty – to join as bassist; he agreed and took up bass lessons.[2][3] The band was renamed Rocket Baby Dolls and adopted a goth-glam image.

text: In 1994, Rocket Baby Dolls won a local battle of the bands, smashing their equipment in the process.[4] Bellamy said: "It was supposed to be a protest, a statement, so, when we actually won, it was a real shock, a massive shock. After that, we started taking ourselves seriously." The band quit their jobs, changed their name to Muse, and moved away from Teignmouth.[5] The name "Muse" was supposedly inspired by Matthew Bellamy's art teacher Samuel Theoun. The band liked that it was short and thought that it looked good on a poster.[6] According to journalist Mark Beaumont, the band wanted the name to reflect "the sense Matt had that he had somehow 'summoned up' this band, the way mediums could summon up inspirational spirits at times of emotional need."[7]

text: 1998–2000: First EPs and Showbiz[edit]

text: After a few years building a fanbase, Muse played their first gigs in London and Manchester supporting Skunk Anansie on tour. They had a significant meeting with Dennis Smith, the owner of Sawmills Studio, situated in a converted water mill in Cornwall. He had seen the three boys grow up as he knew their parents, and had a production company with their future manager Safta Jaffery, with whom he had recently started the record label Taste Media.[8] The meeting led to their first serious recordings and the release of the Muse EP on 11 May 1998 on Sawmills' in-house Dangerous label, produced by Paul Reeve.[9] Their second EP, the Muscle Museum EP, also produced by Reeve, was released on 11 January 1999. It reached number 3 in the indie singles chart and attracted the attention of British radio broadcaster Steve Lamacq and the weekly British music publication NME.[10] Later in 1999, Muse performed on the Emerging Artist's stage at Woodstock 1999 and signed with Smith and Jaffery.[10]

text: Despite the success of their second EP, British record companies were reluctant to sign Muse. After a trip to New York's CMJ Festival, Nanci Walker, then Sr. Director of A&R at Columbia Records, flew Muse to the US to showcase for Columbia Records' then-Senior Vice-President of A&R, Tim Devine, as well as for American Recording's Rick Rubin. During this trip, on 24 December 1998, Muse signed a deal with American record label Maverick Records.[11] Upon their return from America, Taste Media arranged deals for Muse with various record labels in Europe and Australia, allowing them control over their career in individual countries.[12] John Leckie was brought in alongside Reeve to produce the band's first album, Showbiz (1999). The album showcased Muse's aggressive yet melancholic musical style, with lyrics about relationships and their difficulties trying to establish themselves in their hometown.[13]

text: 2001–02: Origin of Symmetry and Hullabaloo[edit]

text: During the production of their second album, Origin of Symmetry (2001), Muse experimented with instrumentation such as a church organ, Mellotron, animal bones, and an expanded drum kit. There was more of Bellamy's falsetto, arpeggiated guitar, and piano playing. Bellamy cites guitar influences such as Jimi Hendrix and Tom Morello (of Rage Against the Machine), the latter evident in the more riff-based songs in Origin of Symmetry and in Bellamy's use of guitar pitch-shifting effects.[14] The album features a cover of Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse's "Feeling Good",[15] voted in various polls one of the greatest cover versions of all time.[16][17][18] It was released as a double A-side single, "Hyper Music/Feeling Good".

text: Origin of Symmetry received positive reviews by critics; NME gave the album 9/10 and wrote: "It's amazing for such a young band to load up with a heritage that includes the darker visions of Cobain and Kafka, Mahler and The Tiger Lillies, Cronenberg and Schoenberg, and make a sexy, populist album."[19] Maverick, Muse's American label, did not consider Bellamy's vocals "radio-friendly" and asked Muse to rerecord the song for the US release. The band refused and left Maverick; the album was not released in the US until September 2005, after Muse signed to Warner Bros.[20][21]

text: In 2002, Muse released the first live DVD, Hullabaloo, featuring footage recorded during Muse's two gigs at Le Zenith in Paris in 2001, and a documentary film of the band on tour. A double album, Hullabaloo Soundtrack, was released at the same time, containing a compilation of B-sides and a disc of recordings of songs from the Le Zenith performances. A double-A side single was also released featuring the new songs "In Your World" and "Dead Star".

text: In 2002, Muse threatened Celine Dion with legal action when she planned to name her Las Vegas show "Muse", despite the band owning the worldwide performing rights to the name. Dion offered Muse $50,000 for the rights, but they turned it down and Dion backed down. Bellamy said "We don't want to turn up there with people thinking we're Celine Dion's backing band."[22]

text: 2003–05: Absolution[edit]

text: Muse's third album, Absolution, produced by Rich Costey, Paul Reeve and John Cornfield was released in September 2003. It debuted at number one in the UK[23] and produced Muse's first top-ten hit, "Time Is Running Out", and three top-twenty hits: "Hysteria", "Sing for Absolution" and "Butterflies and Hurricanes". Absolution was eventually certified gold in the US.[24] Muse undertook a year-long international tour in support of the album, visiting Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, and France. On the 2004 US leg of the tour, Bellamy injured himself onstage during the opening show in Atlanta;[25] the tour resumed after Bellamy received stitches.[26]

text: In June 2004, Muse headlined the Glastonbury Festival, which they later described as "the best gig of our lives".[27][28] Howard's father, William Howard, who attended the festival to watch the band, died from a heart attack shortly after the performance. Bellamy said: "It was the biggest feeling of achievement we've ever had after coming offstage. It was almost surreal that an hour later his dad died. It was almost not believable. We spent about a week sort of just with Dom trying to support him. I think he was happy that at least his dad got to see him at probably what was the finest moment so far of the band's life."[4]

text: Muse won two MTV Europe awards, including "Best Alternative Act", and a Q Award for "Best Live Act",[29][30] and received an award for "Best British Live Act" at the Brit Awards.[30] In July 2005, they participated in the Live 8 concert in Paris.[31] In 2003, the band successfully sued Nestlé for using their cover "Feeling Good" for a Nescafé advertisement without permission and donated the money won from the lawsuit to Oxfam.[32] An unofficial DVD biography, Manic Depression, was released in April 2005.[33]

text: Muse released another live DVD on 12 December 2005, Absolution Tour, containing edited and remastered highlights from their Glastonbury performance unseen footage from their performances at London Earls Court, Wembley Arena, and the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles.

text: 2006–08: Black Holes and Revelations and HAARP[edit]

text: In 2006, Muse released their fourth album, Black Holes and Revelations, co-produced once again with Rich Costey. The album's title and themes reflect the band's interest in science fiction.[34][35] The album charted at number one in the UK, much of Europe, and Australia.[36][37] In the US, it reached number nine on the Billboard 200.[38]

text: Before the release of the new album, Muse made several promotional TV appearances starting on 13 May 2006 at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend. The Black Holes and Revelations Tour started before the release of their album and initially consisted mostly of festival appearances, including a headline slot at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2006.[39] The band's main touring itinerary started with a tour of North America from late July to early August 2006. After the last of the summer festivals, a tour of Europe began, including a large arena tour of the UK.[40]

text: Black Holes and Revelations was nominated for the 2006 Mercury Music Prize, but lost to Arctic Monkeys.[41] It earned a Platinum Europe Award after selling one million copies in Europe.[42] The first single from the album, "Supermassive Black Hole", was released as a download in May 2006. In August 2006, Muse recorded a live session at Abbey Road Studios for the Live from Abbey Road television show. The second single, "Starlight", was released in September 2006. "Knights of Cydonia" was released in the US as a radio-only single in June 2006 and in the UK in November 2006. The fourth single, "Invincible", was released in April 2007.[43] Another single, "Map of the Problematique", was released for download only in June 2007, following the band's performance at Wembley Stadium.[44]

text: Muse spent November and much of December 2006 touring Europe with British band Noisettes as the supporting act. The tour continued in Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia in early 2007 before returning to England for the summer. At the 2007 Brit Awards in February, Muse received their second award for Best British Live Act.[45] They performed two gigs at the newly rebuilt Wembley Stadium on 16 and 17 June 2007, and became the first band to sell out the new Wembley.[46] Both concerts were recorded for a DVD/CD, HAARP, released in early 2008.[47][48] It was named the 40th greatest live album of all time by NME.[49]

text: The tour continued across Europe in July 2007 before returning to the US in August, where Muse played to a sold-out crowd at Madison Square Garden, New York.[50] They headlined the second night of the Austin City Limits Music Festival on 15 September 2007, and performed at the October 2007 Vegoose in Las Vegas with bands including Rage Against the Machine, Daft Punk and Queens of the Stone Age.[50] Muse continued touring in Eastern Europe, Russia and Scandinavia before going to Australia and New Zealand. They played their final show of the Black Holes and Revelations tour as the headliner of the KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas.[20] In March 2008, Muse played concerts in Dubai, Johannesburg and Cape Town.[51] On 12 April, they played a one-off concert at the Royal Albert Hall, London in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust.[52]

text: Muse performed at Rock in Rio Lisboa on 6 June 2008, alongside bands including Kaiser Chiefs, The Offspring and Linkin Park.[53] They also performed in Marlay Park, Dublin, on 13 August.[54] A few days later, Muse headlined the 2008 V Festival, playing in Chelmsford on Saturday 16 August and Staffordshire on Sunday 17 August.[55] On 25 September 2008, Bellamy, Howard and Wolstenholme all received an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from the University of Plymouth for their contributions to music.[56][57]

text: 2009–11: The Resistance[edit]

text: During the recording of Muse's fifth studio album The Resistance, Wolstenholme checked into rehab to deal with his alcoholism, which was threatening the band's future. Howard said: "I've always believed in band integrity and sticking together. There's something about the fact we all grew up together. We've been together for 18 years now, which is over half our lives."[58]

text: The Resistance was released in September 2009, the first Muse album produced by the band,[59] with engineering by Adrian Bushby and mixing by Mark Stent.[60] It topped album charts in 19 countries, became the band's third number one album in the UK,[61] and reached number three on the Billboard 200.[62] Reviews were mostly positive, with praise for its ambition, classical influences and the thirteen-minute, three-part "Exogenesis: Symphony".[63] "Exogenesis: Part I" was used by director Guy Ritchie in the Jude Law advert for Dior Homme, "A Rendezvous".[64] The Resistance beat its predecessor Black Holes and Revelations in album sales in its debut week in the UK with approximately 148,000 copies sold.[65] The first single, "Uprising", was released seven days earlier.[66] On 13 September, Muse performed "Uprising" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City.[67]

text: The Resistance Tour started with A Seaside Rendezvous in Muse's hometown of Teignmouth, Devon, in September 2009, and included headlining Coachella Festival in April 2010 and two gigs at Wembley Stadium in September. The band also supported the U2 360° Tour.[68]

text: In January 2010, Muse headlined the Big Day Out festivals in Australia and New Zealand, starting with Auckland and ending with Perth.[69] They headlined the American Coachella festival on Saturday 17 April[70] and headlined the Glastonbury Festival 2010 along with Gorillaz and Stevie Wonder,[71][72] as well as the Oxegen festival in 2010 alongside Arcade Fire and Eminem.[73] The group were also headline on the 2010 Hovefestivalen,[74] as well as T in the Park 2010 and among other festivals, including the Austin City Limits Music Festival.[75] On 20 April 2010, the band announced fourteen dates for a North American tour, which were to be held between September and November 2010.[76] They added four dates to their forthcoming North American tour on 28 April 2010.[77]

text: On 7 May 2010 it was announced that Muse would provide the lead single for the film The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. The soundtrack's lead single "Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)" was released on 17 May 2010.[78] In June, Muse headlined Glastonbury Festival for the second time, and were joined by U2 guitarist The Edge to play "Where the Streets Have No Name", after U2 pulled out of their headlining slot due to singer Bono's back injury.[79]

text: For their live performances, Muse received the O2 Silver Clef Award in London on 2 July 2010.[80] The award was presented by Roger Taylor and Brian May of Queen. Taylor described the trio as "probably the greatest live act in the world today".[81] On 12 September 2010, Muse won an MTV Video Music Award in the category of Best Special Effects, for the "Uprising" promo.[82] On 21 November, Muse took home an American Music Award for Favorite Artist in the Alternative Rock Music Category.[83] On 2 December, Muse were nominated for three awards for the 53rd Grammy Awards on 13 February 2011, for which they won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album for The Resistance.[84]

text: Based on having the largest airplay and sales in the US, Muse were named the Billboard Alternative Songs and Rock Songs artist for 2010 with "Uprising", "Resistance" and "Undisclosed Desires" achieving 1st, 6th and 49th on the year end Alternative Song chart respectively.[85][86] On 30 July 2011, Muse supported Rage Against the Machine at their only 2011 gig at the L.A. Rising festival. On 13 August, Muse headlined the Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival in San Francisco.[87] Muse headlined the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2011.[88] To celebrate the tenth anniversary of their second studio album Origin of Symmetry (2001), the band performed all eleven tracks.[89] Muse also headlined Lollapalooza in Chicago's Grant Park in August 2011.[90]

text: 2012–13: The 2nd Law and Live at Rome Olympic Stadium[edit]

text: In an April 2012 interview, Bellamy said Muse's next album would include influences from acts such as French house duo Justice and UK electronic rock group Does It Offend You, Yeah?.[91] On 6 June 2012, Muse released a trailer for their next album, The 2nd Law, with a countdown on the band's website. The trailer, which included dubstep elements, was met with mixed reactions.[92][93] The trailer begins with classical sounding music in the background, but progresses into full on dubstep which some fans were not thrilled about, openly expressing their doubts toward the quality of the album; on the other hand, some fans were excited to hear yet another progression in Muse's sound.[94][95] On 7 June, Muse announced a European Arena tour, the first leg of The 2nd Law Tour. The leg included dates in France, Spain and the UK.[96] The first single from the album, "Survival", was the official song of the London 2012 Summer Olympics,[97] and Muse performed it at the Olympics closing ceremony.[98] The single premiered on BBC Radio 1's Zane Lowe show on 27 June.[99]

text: Muse revealed The 2nd Law tracklist on 13 July 2012.[100][101] The second single, "Madness", was released on 20 August 2012, with a music video released on 5 September. Muse played at the Roundhouse on 30 September as part of the iTunes Festival. The 2nd Law was released worldwide on 1 October, and on 2 October 2012 in the US; it reached number one in the UK Albums Chart, and number two on the US Billboard 200.[102][103] The song "Madness" earned a nomination in the Best Rock Song category and the album itself was nominated for the Best Rock Album at the 55th Grammy Awards, 2013. The band performed the album's opening song, "Supremacy", with an orchestra at the 2013 Brit Awards on 20 February 2013.[104]

text: Muse released their fourth live album, Live at Rome Olympic Stadium, on 29 November 2013 on CD/DVD and CD/Blu-ray formats. In November 2013, the film had theatrical screenings in 20 cities worldwide. The album contains the band's performance at Rome's Stadio Olimpico on 6 July 2013, in front of over 60,000 people; it was the first concert filmed in 4K format.[105] The concert was a part of the Unsustainable Tour, Muse's mid-2013 tour of Europe.[105]

text: 2014–2016: Drones[edit]

text: Muse began writing their seventh album soon after the Rome concert. The band felt that the electronic side of their music was becoming too dominant, and wanted to return to a simpler rock sound.[106][107] After self-producing their previous two albums, the band decided to work with producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange so they could focus on performance and spend less time mixing and reviewing takes.[107] Recording took place in the Vancouver Warehouse Studio from October 2014 to April 2015.[108][109]

text: Muse announced their seventh album, Drones, on 11 March 2015. The following day, they released a lyric video for "Psycho" on their YouTube channel,[110] and made the song available for instant download with the album pre-order. Another single, "Dead Inside", was released on 23 March.[111]

text: From 15 March to 16 May, Muse embarked on a short tour in small venues throughout the UK and the US, the Psycho Tour.[111] Live performances of new songs from these concerts are included on the DVD accompanying the album along with bonus studio footage.[112] On 18 May 2015, Muse released a lyric video for "Mercy" on their YouTube channel, and made the song available for instant download with the album pre-order.[113]

text: Drones was released on 8 June 2015.[111] A concept album about the dehumanisation of modern warfare,[114] it returned to a simpler rock sound with less elaborate production and genre experimentation.[107][115][116] It topped the album charts in the UK, the US, Australia and most major markets.[117][118][119]

text: Muse headlined Lollapalooza Berlin on 13 September 2015.[120] On 15 February 2016, Drones won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 58th Grammy Awards.[121] On 24 June, Muse headlined the Glastonbury Festival for a third time, becoming the first act to have headlined each day of the festival (Friday, Saturday and Sunday).[122] On 30 November 2016, Muse were announced to headline Reading and Leeds 2017.[123]

text: 2017–present: eighth studio album[edit]

text: In February 2017, Muse announced a North America tour with Thirty Seconds to Mars and PVRIS to take place later in the year.[citation needed][124] Howard confirmed on his Instagram the band were back in the studio.[125] On 5 April, Muse posted studio footage on social media and announced a new song to be released soon.[126] On 8 and 9 May, the band teased the new single in behind-the-scenes clips of the filming of a music video.[127] On 18 May, Muse released a new single, "Dig Down".[128] In an interview with Zane Lowe on 18 May, Bellamy said Muse will release a new album in 2018.[129] On October 5, 2017, it was announced that Muse will be playing BlizzCon 2017.[130]

text: Musical style[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Described as an alternative rock,[131][132][133] space rock[134][135][136] and progressive rock band,[137][138] Muse mix sounds from genres such as electronic music, progressive metal[139] and art rock,[140][141] and forms such as classical music, rock opera and many others.[142] In 2002, Bellamy described Muse as a "trashy three-piece".[143] In 2005, Pitchfork described Muse's music as "firmly ol' skool at heart: proggy hard rock that forgoes any pretensions to restraint ... their songs use full-stacked guitars and thunderous drums to evoke God's footsteps."[144][145] AllMusic described their sound as a "fusion of progressive rock, glam, electronica, and Radiohead-influenced experimentation."[146] On the band's association with progressive rock, Howard said: "I associate it [progressive rock] with 10-minute guitar solos, but I guess we kind of come into the category. A lot of bands are quite ambitious with their music, mixing lots of different styles – and when I see that I think it's great. I've noticed that kind of thing becoming a bit more mainstream."[147]

text: For their second album, Origin of Symmetry (2001), Muse wanted to craft a more aggressive sound. In 2000, Wolstenholme said: "Looking back, there isn't much difference sonically between the mellow stuff and the heavier tracks [on Showbiz]. The heavy stuff really could have been a lot heavier and that's what we want to do with [Origin of Symmetry]."[148] Their third album, Absolution (2003), features prominent string arrangements and began to draw influences from artists such as Queen.[149] Their fourth album, Black Holes and Revelations (2006) was influenced by artists like Depeche Mode and Lightning Bolt, as well as Asian and European music such as Naples music; additionally, the band listened to radio stations from the Middle East during the album's recording sessions.[150] Queen guitarist Brian May has praised Muse's work, calling the band "extraordinary musicians", who "let their madness show through, always a good thing in an artist."[151]

text: Muse's sixth album, The 2nd Law (2012) has a broader range of influences, ranging from funk and film scores to electronica and dubstep. The 2nd Law is influenced by rock acts such as Queen and Led Zeppelin (on "Supremacy") as well as dubstep producer Skrillex and Nero (on "The 2nd Law: Unsustainable"[152] and "Follow Me", with the latter being co-produced by Nero), Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder (on "Panic Station" which features musicians who performed on Stevie Wonder's "Superstition"[153]) and Hans Zimmer.[154] The album features two songs with written and sung by bassist Chris Wolstenholme, who wrote about his battle with alcoholism.[155]

text: Musicianship[edit]

text: Many Muse songs are recognizable by lead vocalist Matt Bellamy's use of vibrato, falsetto, and melismatic phrasing, influenced by Jeff Buckley.[156] As a pianist, Bellamy often uses arpeggios. Bellamy's compositions often suggest or quote late classical and romantic era composers such as Sergei Rachmaninov (in "Space Dementia" and "Butterflies and Hurricanes"), Camille Saint-Saëns (in "I Belong to You (Mon Coeur S'ouvre À Ta Voix)") and Frédéric Chopin (in "United States of Eurasia").[157] As a guitarist, Bellamy often uses the arpeggiator and pitch-shift effects to create a more "electronic" sound, citing Jimi Hendrix and Tom Morello as influences.[14] His guitar playing is also influenced by a more classical harmonic aesthetic, particularly the style of Latin and Spanish guitar music, as Bellamy cites: "I learnt some Spanish guitar music that opened up a world of different harmonies and making music and a different sort of passion; very heavy music but it hasn't got a distortion pedal."[158]

text: The bassline, performed by Wolstenholme, is the central motif of many Muse songs, usually fuzz bass, an overdriven, distorted tone. Both Bellamy and Wolstenholme use touch-screen controllers, often built into their instruments; this touch screen can control a variety of synthesizers and digital effects pedals but is most often used to control a Korg Kaoss pad or Digitech Whammy pedal.[159]

text: Lyrical[edit]

text: Most earlier Muse songs lyrically dealt with introspective themes, including relationships, social alienation, and difficulties they had encountered while trying to establish themselves in their hometown. However, with the band's progress, their song concepts have become more ambitious, addressing issues such as the fear of the evolution of technology in their Origin of Symmetry (2001) album. They deal mainly with the apocalypse in Absolution (2003) and with catastrophic war in Black Holes and Revelations (2006). The Resistance (2009) focused on themes of government oppression, uprising, love, and panspermia. The album itself was mainly inspired by Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. Their sixth studio album, The 2nd Law (2012) relates to economics, thermodynamics, and apocalyptic themes. Their latest album, Drones (2015) is a concept album that uses autonomous killing drones as a metaphor for brainwashing and loss of empathy.

text: Books that have influenced Muse's lyrical themes include:

text:
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell,[160]
Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control by Kathleen Taylor
Confessions of an Economic Hitman by John Perkins,[161]
Rule by Secrecy by Jim Marrs
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives by Zbigniew Brzezinski
Hyperspace by Michio Kaku,[162]
The 12th Planet by Zecharia Sitchin.[163]
Trance Formation of America by Cathy O'Brien[164]

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Matt Bellamy – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, keytar
Chris Wolstenholme – bass guitar, backing/lead vocals, guitars, keyboards, harmonica
Dominic Howard – drums, percussions, synthesizers, backing vocals

Touring musicians

Morgan Nicholls – keyboards, samples, percussions, guitar, backing vocals, bass guitar (2004, 2006–Present)
Dan "The Trumpet Man" Newell – trumpet (2006–2008)
Alessandro Cortini – keyboards, synthesizers (2009, substitute)

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Showbiz (1999)
Origin of Symmetry (2001)
Absolution (2003)
Black Holes and Revelations (2006)
The Resistance (2009)
The 2nd Law (2012)
Drones (2015)

text: Concert tours[edit]

text:
Showbiz tour (1998-2000)
Origin of Symmetry tour (2000–02)
Absolution tour (2003-04)
US Campus Invasion Tour 2005 (2005)
Black Holes and Revelations Tour (2006–08)
The Resistance Tour (2009–11)
The 2nd Law World Tour (2012–14)
Psycho Tour (2015)
Drones World Tour (2015–17)


document_title: R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy

question_text: who said justice must be seen to be done

text: R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy

text: Facts[edit]

text: In 1923 McCarthy, a motorcyclist, was involved in a road accident which resulted in his prosecution before a magistrates court for dangerous driving. Unknown to the defendant and his solicitor, the clerk to the justices was a member of the firm of solicitors acting in a civil claim against the defendant arising out of the accident that had given rise to the prosecution. The clerk retired with the justices, who returned to convict the defendant.

text: On learning of the clerk's provenance, the defendant applied to have the conviction quashed. The justices swore affidavits stating that they had reached their decision to convict the defendant without consulting their clerk.

text: Judgment[edit]

text: The appeal was essentially one of judicial review and was heard at the King's Bench division by Lord Chief Justice Hewart. In a landmark and far-reaching judgement, Lord Hewart CJ said:

text:
“
It is said, and, no doubt, truly, that when that gentleman retired in the usual way with the justices, taking with him the notes of the evidence in case the justices might desire to consult him, the justices came to a conclusion without consulting him, and that he scrupulously abstained from referring to the case in any way. But while that is so, a long line of cases shows that it is not merely of some importance but is of fundamental importance that justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done.
The question therefore is not whether in this case the deputy clerk made any observation or offered any criticism which he might not properly have made or offered; the question is whether he was so related to the case in its civil aspect as to be unfit to act as clerk to the justices in the criminal matter. The answer to that question depends not upon what actually was done but upon what might appear to be done.
Nothing is to be done which creates even a suspicion that there has been an improper interference with the course of justice. Speaking for myself, I accept the statements contained in the justices' affidavit, but they show very clearly that the deputy clerk was connected with the case in a capacity which made it right that he should scrupulously abstain from referring to the matter in any way, although he retired with the justices; in other words, his one position was such that he could not, if he had been required to do so, discharge the duties which his other position involved. His twofold position was a manifest contradiction.
In those circumstances I am satisfied that this conviction must be quashed, unless it can be shown that the applicant or his solicitor was aware of the point that might be taken, refrained from taking it, and took his chance of an acquittal on the facts, and then, on a conviction being recorded, decided to take the point. On the facts I am satisfied that there has been no waiver of the irregularity, and, that being so, the rule must be made absolute and the conviction quashed.

”

text: The ruling is derived from the principle of natural justice and has been followed throughout the world in countries that use the English legal system. It has been applied in many diverse situations, including immigration cases, professional disciplinary cases, domestic tribunals such as members' clubs, and perhaps most famously in the Pinochet case[1], where the House of Lords overturned its own decision on the grounds of Lord Hoffman's conflict of interest.