document_title: Christmas tree

question_text: when did the first christmas tree come about

question_tokens: when did the first christmas tree come about

text: Christmas tree

text: History[edit]

text: Possible predecessors[edit]

text: The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th-century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed. Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins.[12]

text: Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions. For example, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "The use of evergreen trees, wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and Hebrews. Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time."[13]

text: During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia, houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants, along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas.[14]

text: The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites, wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees.[14] The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans. A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak, telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven.[15][16]

text: Alternatively, it is identified with the "tree of paradise" of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December, the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries. In such plays, a tree decorated with apples (to represent the forbidden fruit) and wafers (to represent the Eucharist and redemption) was used as a setting for the play. Like the Christmas crib, the Paradise tree was later placed in homes. The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls.[10][11][17][18][19][20]

text: At the end of the Middle Ages, an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400, in Alcobaça, Portugal. The Regiment of the local high-Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree: "Note on how to put the Christmas branch, scilicet: On the Christmas eve, you will look for a large Branch of green laurel, and you shall reap many red oranges, and place them on the branches that come of the laurel, specifically as you have seen, and in every orange you shall put a candle, and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole, which shall be by the candle of the altar-mor."[21]

text: Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany. Its 16th-century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther, who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree.[22][23][24]

text: The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim, Alsace (then part of Germany, today France), dating 1576.[25]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki, made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree. These pale-colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm (7.9 in) to 3 meters (9.8 feet). Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea, but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi.[citation needed] Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great, because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1.

text: Poland[edit]

text: There was an old pagan custom, associated with Koliada, of suspending a branch of fir, spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling. The branches were decorated with apples, nuts, cookies, colored paper, stars made of straw, ribbons and colored wafers. Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year.

text: In the late 18th and early 19th century, these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree.

text: Estonia, Latvia and Germany[edit]

text: Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance-era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia. The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children. In Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia), in 1441, 1442, 1510 and 1514, the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval (now Tallinn) and Riga. On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays, the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square, where the members of the brotherhood danced around it.[26]

text: A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with "apples, nuts, dates, pretzels and paper flowers" was erected in the guild-house for the benefit of the guild members' children, who collected the dainties on Christmas Day.[27] In 1584, the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt (1584) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square, where the young men "went with a flock of maidens and women, first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame".

text: After the Protestant Reformation, such trees are seen in the houses of upper-class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs. This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries.

text: 18th to early 20th centuries[edit]

text: Germany[edit]

text: By the early 18th century, the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland, but it had not yet spread to rural areas. Wax candles, expensive items at the time, are found in attestations from the late 18th century.

text: Along the lower Rhine, an area of Roman Catholic majority, the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom. As a result, it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time. The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna.

text: In the 19th century, the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit, especially among emigrants overseas.[28]

text: A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco-Prussian War. Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches, this time in a new brightly lit form.[29]

text: Adoption by European nobility[edit]

text: In the early 19th century, the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia. Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816, and the custom spread across Austria in the following years. In France, the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans. In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg. It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865. He had published a fairy-tale called The Fir-Tree in 1844, recounting the fate of a fir-tree being used as a Christmas tree.[30]

text: Britain[edit]

text: Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established,[32] the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago. At the time of the personal union with Hanover, George III's German-born wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800.[33] The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family.[34] Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas. In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832, the delighted 13-year-old princess wrote:[35]

text: After dinner... we then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the trees...

text: After Victoria's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert, by 1841 the custom became even more widespread[36] as wealthier middle-class families followed the fashion. In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet, German origins and association with children and gift-giving.[37] An illustrated book, The Christmas Tree, describing their use and origins in detail, was on sale in December 1844.[38] On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding (née Fox Strangways) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox-Talbot: "Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree. It is made from Caroline's[39] description of those she saw in Germany".[40] In 1847 Prince Albert wrote: "I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest [his brother] and I were in the old time, of what we felt and thought; and their delight in the Christmas-trees is not less than ours used to be".[41] A boost to the trend was given in 1848[42] when The Illustrated London News,[43] in a report picked up by other papers,[44] described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree, surrounded by the royal family, on its cover. In fewer than ten years their use in better-off homes was widespread. By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them,[45] as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree.[46] They had not yet spread down the social scale though, as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where "Every family has its own" with that of Britain, where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the "romantic".[47]

text: Their use at public entertainments, charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however, and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums 'who had never seen a Christmas tree' would enjoy one that year.[48] Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity[49] but the effect was short-lived[50] and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes.[51] In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the "rapid growth of a new industry" as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand.[52] By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million[53] and their display in homes, shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season.

text: North America[edit]

text: The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec (1763–1791) to garrison the colony against American attack. General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife, the Baroness von Riedesel, held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel, delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits.[54]

text: The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century. The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger's Gift by Hermann Bokum. The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, titled "New Year's Day," by Catherine Maria Sedgwick, where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress's tree. Also, a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle, initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848, was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850, in Godey's Lady's Book. Godey's copied it exactly, except for the removal of the Queen's tiara and Prince Albert's moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene.[55] The republished Godey's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America. Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, shorn of their royal trappings, "the first influential American Christmas tree".[56] Folk-culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states, "In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850–60 than Godey's Lady's Book". The image was reprinted in 1860, and by the 1870s, putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America.[55]

text: Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country's first Christmas tree: Windsor Locks, Connecticut, claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden-Reed House,[57] while the "First Christmas Tree in America" is also claimed by Easton, Pennsylvania, where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816. In his diary, Matthew Zahm of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821, leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America.[58] Other accounts credit Charles Follen, a German immigrant to Boston, for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree.[59] August Imgard, a German immigrant living in Wooster, Ohio, is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes.[citation needed] In 1847, Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town, had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star, and placed the tree in his house, decorating it with paper ornaments, gilded nuts and Kuchen.[60] German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1842, where he taught Latin and Greek. Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater, Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker, thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time.[61] An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly "German in origin", including the Christmas tree, which is "planted in a flower pot filled with earth, and its branches are covered with presents, chiefly of confectionary, for the younger members of the family." The article distinguishes between customs in different states however, claiming that in New England generally "Christmas is not much celebrated", whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is.[62]

text: When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company, a predecessor of Con Edison, he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882. Johnson became the "Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights".[63]

text: The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin "O Christmas tree...", giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum (fir tree) means "Christmas tree", the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum.

text:
18th to early 20th century representations

The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer, 1858

Christmas in the Netherlands, c. 1899

Illustration for Harper's Bazaar, published 1 January 1870.

Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co. (Boston) 1880

Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House (c. 1904). Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya

An Italian American family on Christmas, 1924

text: 1935 to present[edit]

text: In Russia, the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution[64] but then reinstated as a New-year spruce (Новогодняя ёлка, Novogodnyaya yolka) in 1935. It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday, for example, the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star, but as the Red star. Decorations, such as figurines of airplanes, bicycles, space rockets, cosmonauts, and characters of Russian fairy tales, were produced. This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR, with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas (7 January) for a wide majority of Russian people.[65]

text: The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree. Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US. They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas. The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree, describing any poor-looking or malformed little tree, also derives from the 1965 TV special, based on the appearance of Charlie Brown's Christmas tree.[66]

text:
1935 to present

Christmas tree with presents

Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor's mansion.

Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene, Oregon

A Soviet-era (1960s) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut

Christmas Trees in church

An aluminum Christmas tree

text: Public Christmas trees[edit]

text: Since the early 20th century, it has become common in many cities, towns, and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors, such as the Macy's Great Tree in Atlanta (since 1948), the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City, and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide. The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code. Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree, tag the tree, and provide a certificate for inspection. Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world. Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays. In 2009, Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments.[citation needed]

text: The United States' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House. Today,[clarification needed] the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House. President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran.[67] The same was true in 1980, except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds, one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity.[67]

text: During most of the 1970s and 1980s, the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana, Florida. This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida, but was discontinued on the death of the paper's founder in the late 1980s.[68]

text: In some cities, a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized, in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed.

text: The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities. After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree, and £500 to buy chocolate and cakes, for the children of the much-bombarded town of Lille in northern France.[69] In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts, such as in Trafalgar Square in London, where the City of Oslo, Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War; in Boston, where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia, in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax; and in Newcastle upon Tyne, where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen, in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation.[70] Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington, D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II.[71]

text:
Public Christmas trees

Christmas tree in Milan, Italy, 2008

Christmas tree in Vatican City, 2007

Christmas tree in Salerno old town, Italy, 2008.

Trafalgar Square Christmas tree

Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt (2008)

in Lisbon (2005), at 75 metres (246 feet) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe.

Boston's Christmas Tree.

An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid (2011)

Christmas tree in Warsaw

Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza, California

Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall

Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal, Harbour City, Hong Kong

text: Chrismon trees[edit]

text: A "Chrismon tree" is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold.[72][73] First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957,[74] the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations,[75] including Anglicans,[76] Catholics,[77] Methodists,[78] and the Reformed.[79]

text: "Chrismon" (plural "Chrismons") was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of "Christ-monogram" (a Christogram).[80][81]

text: Customs and traditions[edit]

text: Setting up and taking down[edit]

text:
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text: Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates. Traditionally, Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve (24 December)[citation needed] or, in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas, 23 December, and then removed the day after Twelfth Night (5 January); to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck,[citation needed] and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house's residents, the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes.

text: In many areas, it has become customary to set up one's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season.[82] Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving (the fourth Thursday of November), and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores, often the day after Halloween (31 October). In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day, as to show respect to fallen soldiers. Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December, and leave it up until 6 January (Epiphany). In Germany, traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January, though many start one or two weeks earlier, and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 (Candlemas).[why?][citation needed]

text: In Italy, Ireland and Argentina, along with many countries in Latin America, the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December (Immaculate Conception day) and left up until 6 January. In Australia, the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December, which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays (except for South Australia, where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant, a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear) and is left up until it is taken down.[citation needed] Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February, the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Candlemas), when the Christmas season effectively closes.[83] Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve.[84]

text: Decoration[edit]

text: Christmas ornaments are decorations (usually made of glass, metal, wood, or ceramics) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree. The first decorated trees were adorned with apples, white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars, hearts and flowers. Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha, Germany, and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees. The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds.

text: Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree. Silvered saran-based tinsel was introduced later. Delicate mold-blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest, especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century, and have since become a large industry, complete with famous-name designers. Baubles are another common decoration, consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective, with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration. Lighting with electric lights (Christmas lights or, in the United Kingdom, fairy lights) is commonly done. A tree-topper, sometimes an angel but more frequently a star, completes the decoration.

text: In the late 1800s, home-made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow-laden tree. In the 1940s and 1950s, popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s, flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States. There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners. In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow.

text:
Decorations

A transparent Christmas bauble

A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree

Christmas baubles

A snowman-shaped decoration painted as a baseball

A toy bear Christmas decoration.

Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration.

Christmas decorations

Red ornamented Christmas bauble

Christmas baubles

text: Production[edit]

text: Each year, 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America, and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe. In 1998, there were about 15,000 growers in America (a third of them "choose and cut" farms). In that same year, it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees.[85] By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees. In Europe, 75 million trees worth €2.4 billion ($3.2 billion) are harvested annually.[86]

text: Natural trees[edit]

text: The most commonly used species are fir (Abies), which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out, as well as retaining good foliage color and scent; but species in other genera are also used.

text: In northern Europe most commonly used are:

text:
Norway spruce Picea abies (the original tree, generally the cheapest)
Silver fir Abies alba
Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana
Noble fir Abies procera
Serbian spruce Picea omorika
Scots pine Pinus sylvestris
Stone pine Pinus pinea (as small table-top trees)
Swiss pine Pinus cembra

text: In North America, Central America and South America most commonly used are:

text:
Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii
Balsam fir Abies balsamea
Fraser Fir Abies fraseri
Grand fir Abies grandis
Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis
Noble fir Abies procera
Red fir Abies magnifica
White fir Abies concolor
Pinyon pine Pinus edulis
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Scots pine Pinus sylvestris
Stone pine Pinus pinea (as small table-top trees)
Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla

text: Several other species are used to a lesser extent. Less-traditional conifers are sometimes used, such as giant sequoia, Leyland cypress, Monterey cypress and eastern juniper. Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees (including the blue spruce and, less commonly, the white spruce); but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut, and spruce needles are often sharp, making decorating uncomfortable. Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States; however, its winter color is faded. The long-needled eastern white pine is also used there, though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country, owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches, making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments. Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in Oceania, and in Australia, some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees. But, by far, the most common tree is the Monterey pine. Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree. Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments.

text: Some trees, frequently referred to as "living Christmas trees", are sold live with roots and soil, often from a plant nursery, to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed (and often decorated) for years or decades. Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio. However, when done improperly, the combination of root loss caused by digging, and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree's health; additionally, the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy, leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate. Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals, including mice and spiders. Thus, the survival rate of these trees is low.[87] However, when done properly, replanting provides higher survival rates.[88]

text: European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown, unsheared trees, while in North America (outside western areas where trees are often wild-harvested on public lands)[89] there is a preference for close-sheared trees with denser foliage, but less space to hang decorations.

text: In the past, Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests, but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms. Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted. According to the United States Department of Agriculture's agriculture census for 2007, 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America, 5,717.09 square kilometres (1,412,724 acres) were planted in Christmas trees.[90]

text: The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2-metre (7 ft) tree takes, depending on species and treatment in cultivation, between 8 and 12 years. First, the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees. These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3–4 years. The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate, soil quality, as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer.[91]

text: Artificial trees[edit]

text: The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century,[92][93] though earlier examples exist.[94] These "trees" were made using goose feathers that were dyed green.,[92] as one response by Germans to continued deforestation.[93] Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size, from a small 2-inch (51 mm) tree to a large 98-inch (2,500 mm) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s.[95] Often, the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders.[96]

text: Over the years, other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular. In 1930, the U.S.-based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles.[97] Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree,[93] first manufactured in Chicago in 1958,[98] and later in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, where the majority of the trees were produced.[99] Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).[93] Approximately 10% of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable.[100]

text: Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well. Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree.[101] One Dallas-based company offers "holographic mylar" trees in many hues.[94] Tree-shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard,[102] glass,[103] ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations. Upside-down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products.[104] Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century.[93] Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient, and, because they are reusable, much cheaper than their natural alternative.[93] They are also considered much safer[105] as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard. Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million.[106] Currently it is estimated that around 58% of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66%.[107]

text:
Artificial trees

A tree with fibre optic lights

Christmas tree and presents Athens, Greece

White Christmas tree

Spanish artificial Christmas tree

A chrismon tree (St. Alban's Anglican Cathedral, Oviedo, Florida)

An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree

Artificial tree

text: Environmental issues[edit]

text: The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing. Generally, natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts.[106] However, trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association, continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment, and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties.[108]

text: Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting, often providing suitable habitat for wildlife.[citation needed] Alternately, live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder.[109] In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides.[110] Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers, such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees.

text: Real or cut trees are used only for a short time, but can be recycled and used as mulch, wildlife habitat, or used to prevent erosion.[111][112][113] Real trees are carbon-neutral, they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing.[114] However, emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation. An independent life-cycle assessment study, conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development, states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) of greenhouse gases every year (based on purchasing 5 km (3.1 miles) from home) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg (106 lb) over its lifetime.[115] Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons, providing a longer life cycle for each tree. Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers. Rentals are picked up after the holidays, while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services.[116]

text: Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years. In the past, lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC, but is now banned by Chinese laws.[citation needed] The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years. A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination, there do exist "worst-case scenarios" where major health risks to young children exist.[117] A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade.[118] The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old, the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached.[118] A professional study on the life-cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree.[115]

text: Religious issues[edit]

text: The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer, Martin Bucer.[119][120] In the United States, these "German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees."[121][122] When decorating the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem, a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897.[5][123] Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century, it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus.[6]

text: Under the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign.[124][125][126] The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being the Christmas tree, as well as other Christian holidays, including Easter; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.[127] With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation, people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year's trees.[126][128] In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular, not a religious holiday.

text: Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982. Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church, the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations,[129] and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes.[130] In 2004, Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ. This very ancient custom, he said, exalts the value of life, as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life, and it reminds Christians of the "tree of life" of Genesis 2:9, an image of Christ, the supreme gift of God to humanity.[131] In the previous year he said: "Beside the crib, the Christmas tree, with its twinkling lights, reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity. The crib and the tree: precious symbols, which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas."[132] The Catholic Church's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home.[133] Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book, which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion, has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree, as well as Blessing of a Crèche, for use in the church and the home.[134]

text: In 2005, the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a "Holiday Tree" rather than a "Christmas Tree".[135] The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits.[136]

text: Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia, as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church's Christmas celebrations, although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide.[137]


document_title: List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"

question_text: how many times is the f word used in scarface

root

text: List of films by number of uses

text:
Film
Year
Fuck count
Minutes
Uses/minute
Source
Ref.

Swearnet: The Movie
2014
935
112
8.35

[7]

Fuck—a documentary on the word[8]
2005
857
93
9.21

[9][10]

The Wolf of Wall Street
2013
569
180
3.16
SI
[11][12][13]

Summer of Sam
1999
435
142
3.06
PO
[14]

Nil by Mouth
1997
428
128
3.34
SI
[15]

Casino
1995
422
178
2.40
FMG
[16]

Straight Outta Compton
2015
392
167
2.35
SI
[17]

Alpha Dog
2007
367
118
3.11
SI
[18]

End of Watch
2012
326
109
2.99
KIM
[19]

Twin Town
1997
318
99
3.21
SI
[20]

Running Scared
2006
315
122
2.58
SI
[21]

Sweet Sixteen
2002
313
106
2.95
DR
[22]

Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat
2002
311
113
2.75
SI
[23]

Menace II Society
1993
305
98
3.11
PO
[24]

Goodfellas
1990
300
146
2.05
FMG
[25]

Narc
2002
297
105
2.82
FMG
[26]

Harsh Times
2006
296
120
2.46
SI
[27]

Made
2001
291
94
3.09
FMG
[28]

Another Day in Paradise
1998
291
101
2.88
SI
[29]

Pride and Glory
2008
291
125
2.32
SI
[30]

Dirty
2005
280
97
2.88
FMG
[31]

I'm Still Here
2010
280
107
2.40
FMG
[32]

Jarhead
2005
278
123
2.26
SI
[33]

Bully
2001
274
113
2.42
FMG
[34]

State Property 2
2005
271
94
2.88
SI
[35]

Brooklyn's Finest
2010
270
140
1.93
SI
[36]

Reservoir Dogs
1992
269
99
2.71
FMG
[37]

Pulp Fiction
1994
265
154
1.72
FMG
[38]

The Big Lebowski
1998
260
117
2.22
FMG
[39]

Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
2001
248
104
2.38
FMG
[40]

Free Fire
2016
240
90
2.67
KIM
[41]

Do the Right Thing
1989
240
120
2.00
SD
[42]

The Boondock Saints
1999
239
110
2.17
FMG
[43]

The Departed
2006
237
151
1.56
SI
[44]

Empire
2002
236
90
2.62
FMG
[45]

True Romance
1993
234
121
1.93
FMG
[46]

Black Mass
2015
234
122
1.92
SI
[47]

Goon
2012
231
93
2.48
KIM
[48]

My Name Is Joe
1998
230
105
2.19
SI
[49]

State of Grace
1990
230
134
1.71
FMG
[50]

Gridlock'd
1997
227
91
2.49
SI
[51]

The Devil's Rejects
2005
224
109
2.06
FMG
[52]

Eddie Murphy Raw
1987
223
90
2.47
FMG
[53]

Suicide Kings
1997
222
106
2.09
FMG
[54]

Zack and Miri Make a Porno
2008
219
101
2.16
SI
[55]

30 Minutes or Less
2011
218
83
2.17
KIM
[56]

Black and White
1999
215
98
2.19
SI
[57]

American History X
1998
214
119
1.79
FMG
[58]

The Original Kings of Comedy
2000
213
115
1.85
FMG
[59]

Hot Tub Time Machine
2010
212
100
2.12
SI
[60]

Monument Ave.
1998
210
93
2.25
PO
[61]

Layer Cake
2004
210
105
2.00
FMG
[62]

All Eyez on Me
2017
210
140
1.50
PI
[3]

Scarface
1983
207
170
1.21
FMG
[63]

Spun
2002
203
101
2.00
FMG
[64]

Dysfunktional Family
2003
200
89
2.24
SI
[65]

Foolish
1999
200
97
2.06
SI
[66]

This Is The End
2013
200
106
1.88
KIM
[67]

8 Mile
2002
200
110
1.81
SI
[68]

22 Jump Street
2014
200
112
1.78
PI
[69]

A Bronx Tale
1993
200
122
1.63
FMG
[70]

I Got the Hook Up
1998
197
93
2.11
SI
[71]

Sabotage
2014
196
109
1.80
SI
[72]

Born on the Fourth of July
1989
196
145
1.35
FMG
[73]

Next Day Air
2009
193
84
2.23
SI
[74]

Killing Them Softly
2012
193
97
1.99
SI
[75]

Overnight
2003
191
82
2.32
FMG
[76]

Ten Benny
1996
190
108
1.75
KIM
[77]

Superbad
2007
190
118
1.61
SI
[78]

Magnolia
1999
190
188
1.01
FMG
[79]

Monster
2003
187
110
1.70
FMG
[80]

Belly
1998
186
96
1.93
SI
[81]

Hustle & Flow
2005
186
115
1.61
FMG
[82]

The Wall
2017
185
82
2.26
PI
[4]

Clockers
1995
185
128
1.44
PO
[83]

Get Rich or Die Tryin'
2005
185
134
1.38
FMG
[84]

Bad Santa 2
2016
180
92
1.96
KIM
[85]

The 51st State
2001
180
93
1.93
FMG
[86]

Flawless
1999
178
112
1.58
FMG
[87]

Slam
1998
176
100
1.76
SI
[88]

Poetic Justice
1993
175
109
1.60
PO
[89]

Pineapple Express
2008
175
111
1.57
SI
[90]

Project X
2012
175
88
1.98
KIM
[91]

Human Traffic
1999
174
100
1.74
PO
[92]

Bad Santa
2003
173
98
1.76
FMG
[93]

Tigerland
2000
173
100
1.73
MR
[94]

Donnie Brasco
1997
172
127
1.35
FMG
[95]

Backstage
2000
170
86
1.97
SI
[96]

The Commitments
1991
169
118
1.43
FMG
[97]

Grindhouse
2007
169
191
0.88
SI
[98]

Four Rooms
1995
168
98
1.71
FMG
[99]

Death of a Dynasty
2003
167
93
1.79
KIM
[100]

Gang Related
1997
165
102
1.61
SI
[101]

Crank: High Voltage
2009
164
96
1.71
SI
[102]

Funny People
2009
164
153
1.01
SI
[103]

Boogie Nights
1997
164
155
1.05
FMG
[104]

Formula 51
2001
163
93
1.75
SI
[105]

Blood In Blood Out
1993
163
190
0.85
PO
[106]

21 and Over
2013
162
93
1.74
KIM
[107]

The Grey
2012
161
117
1.30
SI
[108]

Lone Survivor
2013
161
121
1.33
SI
[109]

Sausage Party
2016
160
89
1.80
PI
[110]

Good Time
2017
160
100
1.60
PI
[5]

Dirty Grandpa
2016
160
102
1.57
KIM
[111]

Snatch
2000
159
102
1.55
FMG
[112][113]

Platoon
1986
159
120
1.32
FMG
[114]

Blue Collar
1978
158
114
1.39
TFF
[115]

The Heat
2013
158
117
1.35
KIM
[116]

Colors
1988
157
120
1.30
FMG
[117]

Dead Presidents
1995
157
119
1.32
PO
[118]

That's My Boy
2012
156
116
1.35
SI
[119]

Magic Mike
2012
156
110
1.42
KIM
[120]

Intermission
2003
155
106
1.46
FMG
[121]

The Town
2010
155
125
1.26
SI
[122]

Legend
2015
155
131
1.18
SI
[123]

The Blair Witch Project
1999
154
86
1.79
FMG
[124]

Notorious
2009
154
123
1.25
SI
[125]

Good Will Hunting
1997
154
126
1.22
FMG
[126]

Boiler Room
2000
153
118
1.29
SI
[127]

Bad Boys II
2003
153
147
1.04
FMG
[128]

All About the Benjamins
2002
151
99
1.53
SI
[129]

Ash Wednesday
2002
151
99
1.53
FMG
[130]

Soul Men
2008
151
103
1.46
SI
[131]

Smokin' Stogies
2001
151
102
1.48
FMG
[132]

In the Name of the Father
1993
151
127
1.19
FMG
[133]

Clerks II
2006
150
97
1.55
PI
[134]

The Night Before
2015
150
101
1.49
KIM
[135]

Everybody Wants Some!!
2016
150
117
1.28
PI
[136]

Patriots Day
2016
150
130
1.15
SI
[137]

Hoffa
1992
150
140
1.07
FMG
[138]

The Place Beyond the Pines
2012
150
140
1.07
SI
[139]

American Honey
2016
150
163
0.92
KIM
[140]

tag: table

text: Record progression

text:
Film
Year
Fuck count
Minutes
Uses/minute

The French Connection
1971
11
104
0.11

Last Tango in Paris
1972
25
129
0.19

The Last Detail
1973
65
112
0.58

Blue Collar
1978
158
114
1.39

Scarface
1983
207
170
1.21

Eddie Murphy Raw
1987
223
90
2.47

Do the Right Thing
1989
240
120
2

Goodfellas
1990
300
146
2.05

Menace II Society
1993
305
98
3.11

Casino
1995
422
178
2.4

Nil by Mouth
1997
428
128
3.34

Summer of Sam
1999
435
142
3.06

Fuck-A documentary on the word
2005
857
93
9.21

The Wolf of Wall Street
2013
569
180
3.16

Swearnet: The Movie
2014
935
112
8.35


document_title: Pawn Stars

question_text: who gets to the shop first pawn stars

question_tokens: who gets to the shop first pawn stars

text: Pawn Stars

text: Production history and format

text: Pawn Stars began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures, who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city. Thinking such shops might contain unique characters, they searched for a family-run shop on which to center a TV series, until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip.[14] It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary,[15] and the manager and part-owner, Rick Harrison, had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years.[15][16][17] The shop, and Rick, had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003.[18]

tag: p

text: The series was originally pitched to HBO, though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions-style series taking place at the Gold & Silver's night window.[19] The format eventually evolved into the now-familiar family-oriented motif used on the series.[20] History president Nancy Dubuc, who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network's in-depth military programming, picked up the series, which was initially titled Pawning History, before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that Pawn Stars would fit better with the locale.[21] The network concurred, believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered.[20] The staffer adjusted its story-line in order to bring it in line with the network's brand, which included the on-camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver, though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show's stars.[14]

text: The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, Nevada. Although jewellery is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop,[22] most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store, which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011[23] (5,000 of which are typically held on pawn).[24] Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items, in which one of the staff members, usually Rick Harrison, his son Corey, or Harrison's father Richard (known as the "Old Man"), explains the history behind the object. When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object, they consult with a knowledgeable expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value, and in the case of items needing repair, the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale. Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer, including the expert's opinion, if one is given, often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer. A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever-changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the item's price. On occasion, Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs, thus taking a risk on such costs.[25]

text: Interpersonal narratives focusing on the relationship and conflicts among Rick, Corey, the Old Man, and Corey's childhood friend, Austin "Chumlee" Russell, who also works at the shop, also comprise episode plots. These usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop, the elder Harrisons questioning Corey's judgment,[26][27] and aspersions cast on Chumlee's intelligence and competence.[28] Before the second commercial break, a multiple choice trivia question related to the shop and its inventory, the cast members or one of the featured items is shown, with the answer provided after the break; beginning with the Season 8 episode "A Very Vegas Christmas", a trivia question is asked at every commercial break.

text: In addition to spawning imitators, such as the truTV series Hardcore Pawn, the success of Pawn Stars has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, which has become a Las Vegas tourist site,[20] and has expanded its business accordingly. Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day, the shop's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010. To handle the increased business, the shop hired nearly 30 new employees,[29] and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds, to 15,000 square feet,[14][20] the shop's tenth expansion since it opened.[30] Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode "Over the Top" that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff's use.[31] The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise, whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook, which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers. The staff's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances, for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night.[3] As a result of filming at the shop, however, the four main cast members no longer work the counter, due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential, and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this. When shooting episodes of the series, the shop is temporarily closed, with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom.[15][32]

text: In July 2011, Harrison signed a record-breaking 80-episode renewal contract for four more seasons of the series.[3]

text: After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET, the program moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30, 2013,[33] replacing Swamp People, which moved an hour later to 10PM ET.[34] The program also received a new opening and theme song, "Winning isn't Everything", performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd.[33] The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12, 2014.[35]

text: Episodes

text: Cast

text: Main shop staff

text:
Richard (Rick) Kevin Harrison[36] – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of "The Old Man" Richard and father of "Big Hoss" Corey, he has earned the nickname of "The Spotter" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13.[37][38][39] Rick co-founded the "Gold & Silver" pawn shop with his father in 1989[2] at the age of 23.[37] Boasting that "Gold & Silver" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags.[37] An avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s.[40] Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014.[41][42]
Richard Benjamin "The Old Man" Harrison[43] – Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop,[39] which he opened in 1989[2] with his son Rick. He was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man",[44] which he earned at age 38, according to the episode "Fired Up".[45] Originally from Lexington, North Carolina,[46] he was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning,[47] and had not had a sick day since 1994.[48] He was a 20-year veteran of the U.S. Navy. He was particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars,[49] from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary[50] to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in "Honest Abe", which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.[51] In the episode that aired on July 31, 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired.

tag: ul

text:
Corey Harrison – Rick's son and Richard's grandson, who is nicknamed "Big Hoss".[52] and started at the shop at age nine, polishing jewelry.[31][53][54] He is now the manager of the shop's day-to-day operations, and 30 of its employees,[55] makes the most purchases of anyone in the shop,[56] and is being groomed by Rick to be the boss one day. Corey often comes into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop's inventory,[57] his responsibilities as a manager,[26] and his overall judgment in sales,[58] in particular his purchase of expensive items.[27] Following gastric lap band surgery in 2010 and a change to his diet, Harrison's weight went down from 365 lb (166 kg) to approximately 250 lb (113 kg) by July 2011.[59] In Season 6, he tells the elder Harrisons that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10% partnership in the shop.[60] He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5% partnership, with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future.[61]
Austin "Chumlee" Russell[62] – Corey's childhood friend, employed for five years at the time of the first season,[63][64] having started at the shop when he was 21.[65] Chumlee was given his nickname at age 12 by the father of a childhood friend, who named him after the walrus sidekick of Tennessee Tuxedo.[62][66][67][68] He does behind-the-counter work at the shop, such as testing the items, loading them,[67] and writing the tickets for items purchased by others.[69] He is often the butt of the others' jokes for his perceived lack of intelligence and his incompetence,[28][67] for which he has been referred to as a "village idiot".[45][63][68][70] Chumlee has responded to this by explaining that he is underestimated, and points to his expertise in pinball machines, which he utilizes in the second season episode "Pinball Wizards", much to Corey's surprise, as an example of one of the areas in which he is knowledgeable. Chumlee later displays the ability to repair a gas-powered toy car in "Never Surrender" (Episode 3.25), and expert knowledge in discerning a fake pair of Air Jordan V sneakers in the following episode, "Honest Abe" (Episode 3.26).[71] As a result of the show, Russell formed his own company, which sells novelty items, including T-shirts of his own design, and arranges for his personal appearances. He sold half of the company in 2010 to Rick Harrison for $155,000, so that the shop could handle orders of his merchandise more efficiently.[72]

text: Minor shop staff

text:
Danielle "Peaches" Rainey[55] – One of the shop staff members. In the episode "Rope a Dope", she is punished for her habitual tardiness by being put on the graveyard shift with Chumlee, who harbors an unrequited affection for her. She reluctantly helps Rick appraise a box of Playboy magazines in "Peaches & Pinups", despite her distaste for the task. The Old Man asks her about Chumlee's whereabouts in "Chum Goes AWOL". She is also seen socializing with the other shop staff in the closing scene of "Confederate Conundrum".
Olivia Black[73] – A night shift employee hired in Season 5. She is among the applicants favored by Corey and Chumlee, because of her attractiveness, when they screen the applicants in "Learning the Ropes". She is hired, after being further interviewed by Rick and The Old Man in "Crosby, Stills and Cash", and begins her training in "Les is More". In "Corey's Big Burn", she is shown working with night-shift customers with Chumlee, though Rick and The Old Man express concern that the double shifts Chumlee is working as a result of volunteering to train her (which they perceive to be motivated solely by his attraction to her) might be too much for him. Black was fired from the show on December 19, 2012, when her 2008 nude modeling work for the soft porn website SuicideGirls was revealed.[74][75] Though fired from the series, she was not fired from the shop, where she continued to work, albeit off-camera. She later left the shop.[76] She also returned to SuicideGirls and shot a new pictorial for them four days after her firing.[77]

text:
Antwaun Austin[78][79] – The shop's 6'5"[80] security guard.[78] Usually seen in the background, Antwaun sometimes sells store T-shirts to people who come in, helps customers bring in large items, and, when necessary, removes customers who are unruly or disruptive.[80] In "Flight of the Chum", for example, he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault, but a copy. He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 "Teacher's Pet", in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years, and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold.[78] When he later prepares to take a few days off in "Security", he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door.[81]
Fat Back – An in-house mechanic, who also provides appraisals on the condition of vehicles.[82]
Johnny – An in-house mechanic and expert in racing and other sporting memorabilia.[83]
Scott – One of the shop's part-time employees, who spends much of his time at flea markets and estate sales, purchasing items that Rick will purchase from him to sell in the shop.[84]
Andy  – The shop's head of security. He first features prominently in a storyline in the Season 6 episode "Shekel and Hyde".[85]
Lili  – An intern at the shop.[86]

text: Recurring experts

text: Professional specialists are sometimes called in by the pawn shop to determine the authenticity and value of the items brought in and, in some cases, to restore them. The following is a list of recurring experts who have appeared in two or more episodes.

text:
Name
Area of expertise

Mark Allen
Performer and collector of Western memorabilia, and owner of Wild West Arts Club and Western Stage Props.[87][88][89][90][91]

Brenda Anderson
Handwriting expert and owner of Expert Handwriting Analysis.[92][93]

Jesse Amoroso
Expert in stringed instruments, and owner of Cowtown Guitars.[94][95][96]

Joe Ashman
Expert in guns and weapons, and owner of Ashman's Pioneer Market in Fillmore, Utah.[97]

Jemison Beshears
Expert in weapons and antique arms.[98][99]

Jeremy Brown
Expert in sports memorabilia and cards, and owner of Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia.[100][101]

Rick Dale
Metal artist and antique restorer, and owner of Rick's Restorations.[102][103][104] Dale also stars in American Restoration, a spin-off set at Rick's Restorations and starring Dale and his staff, which premiered in October 2010.[9][10][11]

Tony Dee
Antique firearms expert, who operates The Gun Store.[105]

Bob Demel
Expert in antique weapons, militaria and other types of antiques, and owner of Antiques, Arms & Armor Historical Investments, Coto de Caza, California.[106]

Ferdinand Geitner
Master watchmaker and clockmaker, expert in timepieces, and owner of Montecito Clock Gallery.[107][108]

Craig Gottlieb
Firearms and military antiques expert, and owner of Craig Gottlieb Military Antiques.[109][110] Like Rick Harrison, he also appears on the series United Stuff of America.[111]

Steve Grad
Principal authenticator for PSA/DNA

Mark Hall-Patton
Expert in 20th century artifacts and history, and administrator of the Clark County Heritage Museum and the Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum at McCarran Airport.[112][113][114] Hall-Patton, affectionately nicknamed The Beard of Knowledge, is the expert most often consulted by the Harrisons,[115] and also appears on the spinoff American Restoration.[116] Unlike most of the experts who appear on the show, Hall-Patton never offers a financial estimate of an item's value, preferring to only establish authenticity and historical significance. This is in keeping with the International Council of Museums ethics code and many museum policies against staff providing monetary appraisals.[117] Although the Clark County Museum was little-known outside of Las Vegas, and has no advertising budget, annual attendance soared nearly 70% since 2012, reaching 42,000 in 2013.[118] Like Rick Harrison, he also appears on the series United Stuff of America.[119]

Johnny Jimenez
Expert in vintage toys, and owner of Toy Shack of Las Vegas.[120][121]

Steve Johnston
Expert in vintage toys and owner of Rogue Toys

Danny "The Count" Koker
Motorcycle and automobile restoration expert, and owner of Count’s Kustoms.[122][123][124] Koker has also guest-starred on Rick Dale's spinoff, American Restoration,[125] and stars in his own spinoff, Counting Cars, which premiered in August 2012.[12][13]

Dr. Phineas Kastle
Expert in ancient artifacts

Wally Korhonen
Expert in automobile restoration, and owner of Rusty Nuts Rods and Customs.[87][126][127]

Dana Linett
Expert in artifacts from Early American history, including the Colonial and Revolutionary periods, and President of Early American History Auctions.[128][129][130]

Mark Logan
Expert in classic and performance cars, as well as dragsters, and President of Nevada Classics, Inc. and Shelby Cars Northwest.[131][132]

Brett Maly
Fine art appraiser for Art Encounter in Las Vegas.[133]

Drew Max
Forensic document examiner/handwriting expert, and owner of Authentic Autographs Unlimited.[134][135][136]

Paul Milbury
Owner of Military Historical Arms & Antiques, and an expert in historical military arms and antiques from 1776 – World War II.[137]

Roy Page
Expert in vintage vacuum tube appliances, and owner of Roy's Repair-O-Rama, which specializes in such appliances.[138]

Sean Rich
Antique arms and armory expert, specializing in the 16th to 18th centuries, and owner of Tortuga Trading Inc.[139][140][141] He also appeared as an expert in the National Geographic Channel show Lords of War.[142]

Rebecca Romney
Expert in rare books, manuscripts and documents from the 15th to the 21st centuries, and manager at the Las Vegas Gallery of Bauman Rare Books.[143][144][145]

Charles Roof
Archery specialist and manager of Pacific Archery Sales.[146]

Murray SawChuck
Professional magician and magic historian, owner of Murray Productions Inc.[147]

Matthew C. Shortal
Aviation expert, Marine F-18 and Navy Blue Angels pilot, and graduate of Top Gun.[148]

Jay Tell
Expert in coins, paper currency and stamps, and owner of Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries.[149][150]

Bill Ybarzabal
Boat restorer, and owner of A1A Marine Tech.[151][152]

Bob Yuhas
Restoration and motorcycle expert

text: Celebrity cameo appearances

text: Cameo appearances have been made by Phil Collen, Joe Elliott, Bob Dylan, Jeremy McKinnon, Meredith Vieira, the Oak Ridge Boys, George Stephanopoulos, Matt Kenseth, Steve Carell, Kip Winger, Roger Daltrey, Katie Couric, Vic Flick and Butch Harmon.[153]

text: Reception

text: U.S. television ratings

text: By January 2011, Pawn Stars was History's highest-rated series. An original episode broadcast on January 24, 2011 was watched by seven million viewers, the most-watched telecast ever on History, according to the network and Nielsen Media Research.[3][154] In 2011 it was the second highest-rated reality series on TV behind  Jersey Shore, attracting 7.6 million viewers.[155] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Pawn Stars was most popular in rural Kentucky.[156]

text: Critical reception

text: Christopher Long, reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town, praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined, calling it "addictive" and "a big-time winner", and opined that it is the best show on History and perhaps cable.[45] In one issue of TV Guide, writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of "guilty pleasures."[8] April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics, whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series' setting, reviewed one episode of the series, which she labeled a "cool Antiques Roadshow". Though she found aspects of it interesting, she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show's historical material, as well as Corey Harrison's weight. She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed.[157] USA Today's Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons, as well as the customers seen in the shop, is "alternately amusing and grating". People magazine wrote of the show, "Think Antiques Roadshow, but with neon and far more tattoos."[158] Some of History's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like Pawn Stars and Swamp People have replaced some of the network's previous history-oriented programming.[155]

text: The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers, who while conceding its entertainment value, claim that the series' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop, whose business is predicated on individuals on fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills, such as electronics, tools and jewelry. Corey Grigson and Charles Brown, who own a shop called Pawn Stars, estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100. They also point out appraisals are handled by the staff, who rely on experience, reference works and research, and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons.[159]

text: The success of the series has also lent itself to parody. At the June 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas,[160] the Hanson Brothers from the movie Slap Shot appeared in a spoof sketch in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to Harrison at the Gold & Silver.[161] The show has received 7.7/10 ratings on TV.com and has received 7.4/10 ratings on IMDb.

text: Awards and honors

text: In 2010, Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show.[43][162]

text: On July 17, 2012, the Clark County Commission declared that day to be "Pawn Stars/Gold & Silver Pawn Day". At the Commission meeting, Richard "The Old Man" Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum, and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran (sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode "Take a Seat") to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran.[163]

text: Legal issues

text: In October 2012, A+E Networks and History, as well as cast members from the show, were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies, a Las Vegas promoter[164] and the Harrisons' manager, who represented them and Austin Lee "Chumlee" Russell in their television business dealings.[165] Jefferies, who was instrumental in helping to launch the series,[166][167] states that after the show premiered, his influence in the show was increasingly reduced, and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series. Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars, of which the cast had been unaware.[164][168]

text: In March 2016, "Chumlee" Russell pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the discovery of an arsenal of weapons, marijuana, and other drugs by police at his home in Las Vegas.[169]

text: Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield

text: Following the success of Pawn Stars, Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of Pawn Stars:

text:
American Restoration was Pawn Stars' first spinoff. It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick's Restorations, and premiered in October 2010.[9][10][11]
Cajun Pawn Stars is set at the Silver Dollar Pawn & Jewelry Center, a pawn shop in Alexandria, Louisiana that is owned and operated by Jimmie DeRamus and his family. The show, which follows the same format as the original Pawn Stars, debuted on History on January 8, 2012.[170]
Counting Cars stars Danny "The Count" Koker, proprietor of Count's Kustoms, and follows a format similar to American Restoration, in which Koker and his staff restore and modify classic automobiles. Counting Cars debuted on August 13, 2012, after Pawn Stars.[12][13]
Pawn Stars UK is a local version of Pawn Stars set in the United Kingdom; that series premiered in the UK on the History channel on August 26, 2013.[171] This series is slated for a first season of eight episodes, and, like Cajun Pawn Stars, will show the trade of collectibles from the local perspective.[172]
Pawnography is a game show that first aired on July 10, 2014 on History. Hosted by comedian Christopher Titus and featuring Rick, Corey and Chumlee as panelists, Pawnography features contestants answering questions related to selected items sold at the Gold and Silver, for a chance to win the item.[173]
Pawn Stars SA is a local version of Pawn Stars set in South Africa; that premiered on 14 October 2014 on the DSTV channel.[174]
Pawn Stars Australia is a local version of Pawn Stars set in Australia, that premiered in 2015 on Foxtel.[175]

text: In addition, Leftfield created five similar series that follow the same format as Pawn Stars:

text:
Oddities, a Discovery Channel series which premiered in November 2010, focusing on the operations of a New York–based antique shop.
Oddities: San Francisco, a spinoff of Oddities taking place at a San Francisco-based antiques shop, which debuted in June 2012 on the Science channel.[176][177]
What the Sell?!, a TLC series that debuted in March 2011, about three generations of women running an antique shop in Wheaton, Illinois.
Ball Boys, an ABC series that debuted March 2012, about an owner of a sports collectibles shop and his son in Baltimore, Maryland.[178]
United Stuff of America, an H2 series that focuses on artifacts that played a key role in history, such as the cane with which Andrew Jackson fended off a presidential assassin, the axe Abraham Lincoln used as a young rail splitter, and the pencils Ulysses S. Grant used to write his memoirs.[41][42]

text: Merchandise

text: In 2011, History launched Pawn Stars: The Game for play on Facebook.[179]

text: In June 2011, Rick Harrison's autobiography, License to Pawn: Deals, Steals, and My Life at the Gold & Silver, was published by Hyperion Books.[180] Harrison's autobiography details his childhood, some of the troubles he faced before he got into the pawning business, as well as anecdotes from his time at the Gold & Silver. Also, The Old Man, Corey, and Chumlee have their own chapters in the book, reflecting on their life and experiences at the pawn shop.[181]

text: In October 2011, the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition: Gold & Silver Pawn Shop prepaid debit card, in a special tie-in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop.[182][183]

text: On September 5, 2012, it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of Pawn Stars the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo.[184] which took place October 2 to 4, 2012 in Las Vegas.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: highest score of michael jordan in one game

text: Key[edit]

text:
^

Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*

Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank

Points

Player

Date

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Team

Opponent

Score

MP

FGM

FGA

3PM

3PA

FTM

FTA

Notes

Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1

100

Wilt Chamberlain*

March 2, 1962

23

18

28

31

Philadelphia Warriors

New York Knicks

169–147

48

36

63

—

—

28

32

[A]

[1][2] [3][4][5]

2

81

Kobe Bryant

January 22, 2006

14

12

27

28

Los Angeles Lakers

Toronto Raptors

122–104

41:56

28

46

7

13

18

20

[B]

[6][7][8]

3

78

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 8, 1961

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

147–151

63

31

62

—

—

16

31

[C]

[5]

4

73

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 13, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Chicago Packers

135–117

48

29

48

—

—

15

25

[D]

[5]

73

Wilt Chamberlain*

November 16, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

New York Knicks

127–111

48

29

43

—

—

15

19

[E]

[9]

73

David Thompson*

April 9, 1978

32

21

9

11

Denver Nuggets

Detroit Pistons

137–139

43

28

38

—

—

17

20

[F]

7

72

Wilt Chamberlain*

November 3, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

115–127

—

29

48

—

—

14

18

[9]

8

71

Elgin Baylor*

November 15, 1960

—

—

—

—

Los Angeles Lakers

New York Knicks

123–108

45

28

48

—

—

15

18

[G]

71

David Robinson*

April 24, 1994

18

6

19

28

San Antonio Spurs

Los Angeles Clippers

112–97

44

26

41

1

2

18

25

[H]

[10][11]

10

70

Wilt Chamberlain*

March 10, 1963

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Syracuse Nationals

148–163

48

27

38

—

—

16

22

[9]

70

Devin Booker^

March 24, 2017

10

9

23

28

Phoenix Suns

Boston Celtics

120–130

45

21

40

4

11

24

26

[I]

12

69

Michael Jordan*

March 28, 1990

16

15

20

18

Chicago Bulls

Cleveland Cavaliers

117–113

50

23

37

2

6

21

23

[J]

[12][13][14]

13

68

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 16, 1967

14

15

15

24

Philadelphia 76ers

Chicago Bulls

143–123

—

30

40

—

—

8

22

68

Pete Maravich*

February 25, 1977

17

14

17

20

New Orleans Jazz

New York Knicks

124–107

43

26

43

—

—

16

19

15

67

Wilt Chamberlain*

March 9, 1961

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

New York Knicks

135–126

—

27

37

—

—

13

17

67

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 17, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

St. Louis Hawks

121–128

48

26

44

—

—

15

20

[5]

67

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 25, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

New York Knicks

135–149

48

25

38

—

—

17

22

[5]

67

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 11, 1963

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

129–134

—

28

47

—

—

11

17

[9]

19

66

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 9, 1969

17

17

22

10

Los Angeles Lakers

Phoenix Suns

134–116

48

29

35

—

—

8

18

[K]

20

65

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 13, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Cincinnati Royals

132–152

48

24

40

—

—

17

30

[5]

65

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 27, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

St. Louis Hawks

147–137

48

25

43

—

—

15

20

[5]

65

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 7, 1966

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia 76ers

Los Angeles Lakers

132–125

—

28

43

—

—

9

20

65

Kobe Bryant

March 16, 2007

4

19

9

24

Los Angeles Lakers

Portland Trail Blazers

116–111

49:58

23

39

8

12

11

12

[L]

[15]

24

64

Elgin Baylor*

November 8, 1959

13

12

17

22

Minneapolis Lakers

Boston Celtics

136–115

—

25

47

—

—

14

19

[M]

64

Rick Barry*

March 26, 1974

—

—

23

22

Golden State Warriors

Portland Trail Blazers

143–120

43

30

45

—

—

4

5

64

Michael Jordan*

January 16, 1993

22

8

11

16

Chicago Bulls

Orlando Magic

124–128

47

27

49

1

5

9

11

[N]

[16]

27

63

Joe Fulks*

February 10, 1949

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Indianapolis Jets

108–87

—

27

56

—

—

9

14

[O]

63

Elgin Baylor*

December 8, 1961

—

—

—

—

Los Angeles Lakers

Philadelphia Warriors

151–147

—

23

55

—

—

17

24

[P]

[17]

63

Jerry West*

January 17, 1962

—

—

—

—

Los Angeles Lakers

New York Knicks

129–121

39

22

36

—

—

19

22

63

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 14, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

118–120

—

24

41

—

—

15

20

[9]

63

Wilt Chamberlain*

November 26, 1964

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Philadelphia 76ers

117–128

—

27

58

—

—

9

20

63

George Gervin*

April 9, 1978

20

33

10

DNP

San Antonio Spurs

New Orleans Jazz

132–153

33

23

49

—

—

17

20

[Q]

63

Michael Jordan*

April 20, 1986

17

6

13

18

Chicago Bulls

Boston Celtics

131–135

53

22

41

0

0

19

21

[R]

34

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 14, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Boston Celtics

136–145

48

27

45

—

—

8

10

[5]

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 17, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

St. Louis Hawks

136–130

53

24

48

—

—

14

20

[S]

[5]

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 21, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Syracuse Nationals

139–132

53

25

42

—

—

12

17

[T]

[5]

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 29, 1963

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

New York Knicks

123–103

—

27

44

—

—

8

17

[9]

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

November 15, 1964

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Cincinnati Royals

122–106

—

26

44

—

—

10

21

62

Wilt Chamberlain*

March 3, 1966

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia 76ers

San Francisco Warriors

135–125

—

26

39

—

—

10

19

62

Tracy McGrady*

March 10, 2004

7

21

24

10

Orlando Magic

Washington Wizards

108–99

45:50

20

37

5

14

17

26

[18]

62

Kobe Bryant

December 20, 2005

15

17

30

DNP

Los Angeles Lakers

Dallas Mavericks

112–90

32:53

18

31

4

10

22

25

[U]

[19][20]

62

Carmelo Anthony^

January 24, 2014

20

17

19

6

New York Knicks

Charlotte Bobcats

125–96

38:39

23

35

6

11

10

10

[V]

[21]

43

61

George Mikan*

January 20, 1952

18

18

—

—

Minneapolis Lakers

Rochester Royals

91–81

—

22

45

—

—

17

21

[W]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 9, 1961

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Chicago Packers

135–113

48

28

48

—

—

5

10

[5]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 22, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

St. Louis Hawks

139–121

48

21

36

—

—

19

34

[5]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

February 28, 1962

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Chicago Packers

128–119

48

24

46

—

—

13

17

[5]

61

Elgin Baylor*

April 14, 1962

18

15

13

15

Los Angeles Lakers

Boston Celtics

126–121

—

22

46

—

—

17

19

[X]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

November 21, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Cincinnati Royals

139–143

—

27

52

—

—

7

15

[9]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 11, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

Syracuse Nationals

136–124

—

27

57

—

—

7

11

[9]

61

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 18, 1962

—

—

—

—

San Francisco Warriors

St. Louis Hawks

130–110

—

26

53

—

—

9

14

[9]

61

Michael Jordan*

March 4, 1987

14

10

7

26

Chicago Bulls

Detroit Pistons

125–120

43

22

39

0

0

17

18

[Y]

[22][23][24]

61

Michael Jordan*

April 16, 1987

15

17

16

13

Chicago Bulls

Atlanta Hawks

114–117

41

22

38

0

3

17

21

[Z]

[25][26][27][28][29]

61

Karl Malone*

January 27, 1990

17

13

20

11

Utah Jazz

Milwaukee Bucks

144–96

33

21

26

0

0

19

23

[30]

61

Shaquille O'Neal*

March 6, 2000

10

16

16

19

Los Angeles Lakers

Los Angeles Clippers

123–103

44:52

24

35

0

0

13

22

[AA]

[31]

61

Kobe Bryant

February 2, 2009

18

16

12

15

Los Angeles Lakers

New York Knicks

126–117

36:48

19

31

3

6

20

20

[32]

61

LeBron James^

March 3, 2014

11

13

25

12

Miami Heat

Charlotte Bobcats

124–107

41:12

22

33

8

10

9

12

[AB]

[33][34]

57

60

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 1, 1961

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

138–117

48

22

47

—

—

16

26

[5]

60

Wilt Chamberlain*

December 29, 1961

—

—

—

—

Philadelphia Warriors

Los Angeles Lakers

123–118

48

24

43

—

—

12

19

[AC]

[5]

60

Wilt Chamberlain*

January 26, 1969

18

9

10

23

Los Angeles Lakers

Cincinnati Royals

126–113

—

22

36

—

—

16

24

[AD]

60

Bernard King*

December 25, 1984

21

19

11

9

New York Knicks

New Jersey Nets

114–120

41

19

30

0

0

22

26

[35]

60

Larry Bird*

March 12, 1985

12

11

19

18

Boston Celtics

Atlanta Hawks

126–115

43

22

36

1

4

15

16

[AE]

[36]

60

Tom Chambers

March 24, 1990

14

21

14

11

Phoenix Suns

Seattle SuperSonics

121–95

42

22

32

0

0

16

18

[37][38][39][40]

60

Allen Iverson*

February 12, 2005

17

12

11

20

Philadelphia 76ers

Orlando Magic

112–99

42:01

17

36

2

5

24

27

[41][42]

60

Gilbert Arenas

December 17, 2006

12

5

12

15

Washington Wizards

Los Angeles Lakers

147–141

49:00

17

32

5

12

21

27

[AF]

[43]

60

Kobe Bryant

March 22, 2007

13

11

19

17

Los Angeles Lakers

Memphis Grizzlies

121–119

45:11

20

37

3

7

17

18

[AG]

[44]

60

Kobe Bryant

April 13, 2016

15

7

15

23

Los Angeles Lakers

Utah Jazz

101–96

42

22

50

6

21

10

12

[AH]

[45][46]

60

Klay Thompson^

December 5, 2016

17

23

20

DNP

Golden State Warriors

Indiana Pacers

142–106

29

21

33

8

14

10

11

[AI]

[47]

60

James Harden^

January 30, 2018

16

13

13

18

Houston Rockets

Orlando Magic

114–107

46:26

19

30

5

14

17

18

[AJ]

[48]