document_title: Electric discharge in gases

question_text: why does a gas show a colour only when electricity is passed through the discharge tube

text: Electric discharge in gases

text: Electric discharge in gases occurs when electric current flows through a gaseous medium due to ionization of the gas. Depending on several factors, the discharge may radiate visible light. The properties of electric discharges in gases are studied in connection with design of lighting sources and in the design of high voltage electrical equipment.

text: Discharge types[edit]

text: In cold cathode tubes, the electric discharge in gas has three regions, with distinct current-voltage characteristics:[1]

text:
I: Townsend discharge, below the breakdown voltage. At low voltages, the only current is that due to the generation of charge carriers in the gas by cosmic rays or other sources of ionizing radiation. As the applied voltage is increased, the free electrons carrying the current gain enough energy to cause further ionization, causing an electron avalanche. In this regime, the current increases from femtoamperes to microamperes, i.e. by nine orders of magnitude, for very little further increase in voltage. The voltage-current characteristics begins tapering off near the breakdown voltage and the glow becomes visible.
II: glow discharge, which occurs once the breakdown voltage is reached. The voltage across the electrodes suddenly drops and the current increases to milliampere range. At lower currents, the voltage across the tube is almost current-independent; this is used in glow discharge voltage-regulator tubes. At lower currents, the area of the electrodes covered by the glow discharge is proportional to the current. At higher currents the normal glow turns into abnormal glow, the voltage across the tube gradually increases, and the glow discharge covers more and more of the surface of the electrodes. Low-power switching (glow-discharge thyratrons), voltage stabilization, and lighting applications (e.g. Nixie tubes, decatrons, neon lamps) operate in this region.
III: arc discharge, which occurs in the ampere range of the current; the voltage across the tube drops with increasing current. High-current switching tubes, e.g. triggered spark gap, ignitron, thyratron and krytron (and its vacuum tube derivate, sprytron, using vacuum arc), high-power mercury-arc valves and high-power light sources, e.g. mercury-vapor lamps and metal halide lamps, operate in this range.

text: Glow discharge is facilitated by electrons striking the gas atoms and ionizing them. For formation of glow discharge, the mean free path of the electrons has to be reasonably long but shorter than the distance between the electrodes; glow discharges therefore do not readily occur at both too low and too high gas pressures.

text: The breakdown voltage for the glow discharge depends nonlinearly on the product of gas pressure and electrode distance according to Paschen's law. For a certain pressure × distance value, there is a lowest breakdown voltage. The increase of strike voltage for shorter electrode distances is related to too long mean free path of the electrons in comparison with the electrode distance.

text: A small amount of a radioactive element may be added into the tube, either as a separate piece of material (e.g. nickel-63 in krytrons) or as addition to the alloy of the electrodes (e.g. thorium), to preionize the gas and increase the reliability of electrical breakdown and glow or arc discharge ignition. A gaseous radioactive isotope, e.g. krypton-85, can also be used. Ignition electrodes and keepalive discharge electrodes can also be employed.[2]

text: The E/N ratio between the electric field E and the concentration of neutral particles N is often used, because the mean energy of electrons (and therefore many other properties of discharge) is a function of E/N. Increasing the electric intensity E by some factor q has the same consequences as lowering gas density N by factor q.

text: Its SI unit is V·cm2, but the Townsend unit (Td) is frequently used.

text: Application in analog computation[edit]

text: The use of a glow discharge for solution of certain mapping problems was described in 2002. [3] According to a Nature news article describing the work,[4] researchers at Imperial College London demonstrated how they built a mini-map that gives tourists luminous route indicators. To make the one-inch London chip, the team etched a plan of the city centre on a glass slide. Fitting a flat lid over the top turned the streets into hollow, connected tubes. They filled these with helium gas, and inserted electrodes at key tourist hubs. When a voltage is applied between two points, electricity naturally runs through the streets along the shortest route from A to B – and the gas glows like a tiny glowing strip light. The approach itself provides a novel visible analog computing approach for solving a wide class of maze searching problems based on the properties of lighting up of a glow discharge in a microfluidic chip.


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who is the oldest living president of the us

root

text: Overview[edit]

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months, which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president following William McKinley's assassination, at the age of 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days. Assassinated three years into his term, he became the youngest at the time of leaving office (7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days); the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four-year term was Theodore Roosevelt (7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days). The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump, at the age of 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office, at the age of 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989.

tag: p

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 7004341150000000000♠93 years, 147 days). The second oldest, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 7004134390000000000♠36 years, 290 days. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 7004205480000000000♠56 years, 94 days).

text: The longest-lived president was Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days. He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 12, 2006, 44 days prior to his death. (Reagan had surpassed the 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days lifespan of the nation's second president, John Adams, on October 12, 2001.) The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died at the age of 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Since 1797, when George Washington's service as president ended, there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president.

text:
John Adams, December 14, 1799 to March 4, 1801, between the death of George Washington, and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Ulysses S. Grant, July 31, 1875 to March 4, 1877, between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Theodore Roosevelt, June 24, 1908 to March 4, 1909, between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft
Herbert Hoover, January 5, 1933 to March 4, 1933, between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Richard Nixon, January 22, 1973 to August 9, 1974, between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford.

tag: ol

text: The greatest number of presidents—former presidents plus the incumbent—alive at any given time is six, which has happened four times.

text:
Including: Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln; between March 4, 1861 (Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration) and January 18, 1862 (John Tyler's death)
Including: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton; between January 20, 1993 (Bill Clinton's first inauguration) and April 22, 1994 (Richard Nixon's death)
Including: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; between January 20, 2001 (George W. Bush's first inauguration) and June 5, 2004 (Ronald Reagan's death)
Including: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump; began on January 20, 2017 (Donald Trump's inauguration) and is ongoing.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams
(1735–1826)

Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)

Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)

Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)

George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)

Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)

tag: table

text: List of presidents by age[edit]

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,43913,439 days[e]
(7004134390000000000♠36 years, 290 days)
2017-11-6
7004340040000000000♠93 years, 36 days(34,004 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,0569,056 days[e]
(7003905600000000000♠24 years, 290 days)
2017-11-6
7004341150000000000♠93 years, 147 days(34,115 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,1346,134 days[e]
(7003613400000000000♠16 years, 290 days)
2017-11-6
7004260120000000000♠71 years, 79 days(26,012 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,2123,212 days[e]
(7003321200000000000♠8 years, 290 days)
2017-11-6
7004260560000000000♠71 years, 123 days(26,056 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134290290 days[e]
2017-11-6
7004205480000000000♠56 years, 94 days(20,548 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2017-11-6
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,781
2017-11-6
7004260780000000000♠71 years, 145 days(26,078 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ongoing.

text: Timeline of oldest living presidents[edit]

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president (while still president himself) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933, and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the election of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 50) and a former president (at age 51), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively).

text:
President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration (days)

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
03,8803,880 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
09,6989,698 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
03,6473,647 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
03,2673,267 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
00,990990 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
05,2655,265 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
02,1392,139 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
02,1062,106 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
00,510510 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
03,6453,645 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
02,7352,735 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
02,9762,976 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
02,6602,660 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days
00,253253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
01,4611,461 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
03,9883,988 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
02,2252,225 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
01,0341,034 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
11,61111,611 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
02,9892,989 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days
00,02727 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
02,9202,920 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
08,5378,537 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
00,934934 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
Current
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003396800000000000♠10 years, 315 days
03,9683,968 days

President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration
(days)

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.

tag: ul

text:
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text: Lists of political office-holders by ageLists relating to the United States presidency

text: Articles with hCards


document_title: Beat Bobby Flay

question_text: who won beat bobby flay spaghetti and meatballs

text: Beat Bobby Flay

text: Format[edit]

text: In the first round, two guests, often a celebrity chef and a friend of Flay, introduce two contestants who cook for 20 minutes against each other using an ingredient chosen by Flay. The guests then determine who cooked the better dish and will face Flay in the second round. The contestant who won the first round then chooses a dish for both the contestant and Flay to cook in the second round which lasts for 45 minutes. The winner of the second round is determined by three judges in a blind taste test. Through 191 competitions Bobby Flay's win-loss record is 126 and 65.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

1
1
"Grueneberg and Nunziata"
August 24, 2013 (2013-08-24)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jeff Mauro
zucchini
Sara Grueneberg, Alberico Nunziata
Billy Grant, Marissa May, Lauren DeMayo
chicken parm
Sara Grueneberg

2
2
"Welcome to New York!"
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
Sunny Anderson, Jonathan Waxman
skirt steak
Anthony Lamas, Jennifer Nguyen
Cobi Levy, Kelsey Nixon, Roberto Treviño
shrimp and grits
Bobby Flay

3
3
"Farmer and the Belle"
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
Michael Symon, Simon Majumdar
red prawn
Karen Akunowicz, Matthew Raiford
Corby Kummer, Melba Wilson, Harold Dieterle
chicken and waffles
Bobby Flay

4
4
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell
cauliflower
Adam Harvey, Brian Tsao
Michael Chernow, Daniel Holzman, Wylie Dufresne
meat tacos
Brian Tsao[1]

5
5
"Fighting Irish"
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
Giada De Laurentiis, Mo Rocca
scallops
Brian Young, Steven McHugh
Ed Levine, Madison Cowan, Nils Norén
bangers & mash
Bobby Flay

6
6
"Beauty and the Feast"
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
Eden Grinshpan, Justin Warner
eggplant
Paul Denamiel, Rochelle Bilow
George Mendes, Michele Ragussis, Hugh Mangum
burger
Bobby Flay

7
7
"Eat, Flay, Love"
April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jack McDavid
brussels sprouts
Kimberly Van Kline, Christopher Lee
Todd Coleman, Marco Canora, Frank Prisinzano
mac & cheese
Bobby Flay

8
8
"Up in Smoke"
April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
Ally Wentworth, Michael Symon
poblano chili pepper
Kamal Rose, Shannon Barr
Ed Macfsarland, Alain Allegretti, Brian Duffy
crab cakes
Bobby Flay

9
9
"Old School/New School"
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
Katie Lee, Scott Conant
pineapple
Andrew Evans, Brooke Mallory
Joey Campenaro, Aliya LeeKong, Samus Mullen
meatloaf
Bobby Flay

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

10
1
"They Must Be Giants"
July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Scott Conant
lamb chops
Bruce Kalman, Andy Saint-Ange
Donatella Arpaia, Ed McFarland, Leah Cohen
linguine & clams
Bobby Flay

11
2
"East vs West"
August 7, 2014 (2014-08-07)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
fresh squid
Jason Santos, Neil Fraser
Drew Nieporent, Anita Lo, Harold Dieterle
fried chicken sandwich
Neil Fraser

12
3
"Bring Home the Bacon"
August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14)
Sunny Anderson, Jet Tila
broccoli
Matthew Britt, Tyler Anderson
Wylie Dufresne, Emily Fleischaker, Charlie Palmer
New England clam chowder
Bobby Flay

13
4
"Battle of Brooklyn"
August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)
Anne Burrell, Chris Santos
arctic char
Jennifer Cole Ruiz, Jordin Andino
Jonathon Sawyer, Roberto Trevino, Andy Ricker
Korean short ribs
Bobby Flay

14
5
"Out of the Pan/Into the Fire"
August 28, 2014 (2014-08-28)
Daphne Oz, Alton Brown
pork chops
Rina Younan, Carlos Serrano
Michael Psilakis, Ivy Stark, Eugene Remm
falafel
Rina Younan

15
6
"Ladies First"
September 4, 2014 (2014-09-04)
Katie Lee, Marc Murphy
oysters
Natasha Pogrebinsky, Esther Choi
Michael Ferraro, Kristin Sollenne, Jeff Zalanick
beef stroganoff
Bobby Flay

16
7
"Risky Business"
September 11, 2014 (2014-09-11)
Ted Allen, Alex Guarnaschelli
ricotta cheese
Jeremiah Bullfrog, Kyle Williams
Michael Psilakis, Joey Campanaro, Joshua David Stein
Cuban sandwich
Bobby Flay

17
8
"Smile Now, Cry Later"
September 18, 2014 (2014-09-18)
Judah Friedlander, Michael Symon
sweet potato
Jason Fullilove, Billy Olivia
Leah Cohen, George Mendes, Dominique Crenn
bouillabaise
Bobby Flay

18
9
"Ruling with an Iron Fist"
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
Simon Majumdar, Donatella Arpaia
beets
Tim Wiechmann, Stephan Durand
April Bloomfield, Scott Gerber, Maureen Petrosky
wienerschnitzel
Tim Wiechmann

19
10
"Against All Odds"
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
Alton Brown, Anne Burrell
corn
Florian Wehrli, Heather West
Terrance Brennan, Maureen Petrosky, Glenn Harris
French toast
Bobby Flay

20
11
"Sun Up to Show Down"
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
wild king salmon
Mychael Bonner, Anna Maria Santorelli
Harold Moore, Tracy Weiss, Ryan Scott
eggplant Parmesan
Bobby Flay

21
12
"Only in New York"
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Michael Symon
fresh atlantic cod
Palak Patel, Daniel Holzman
Hugh Mangum, Todd Coleman, Andrew Carmellini
chicken curry
Palak Patel

22
13
"Orange is the New Beat"
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Jeff Mauro
pumpkin puree
James Gillespie, Rob Mafucci
Frank Prisinzano, Candice Kuman, Lauren Hirschberg
pasta Bolognese
Bobby Flay

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

23
1
"An International Affair"
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
Amanda Freitag, Ted Allen
egg
Patrick D'Andrea, Rob Feenie
Mark Birnbaum, Franklin Becker, Andrew Friedman
ravioli
Bobby Flay

24
2
"Surf and Turf"
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell
green peas
Jake Gandolfo, Rafael Lunetta
Ed Brown, Ken Oringer, Suvir Saran
fish sandwich
Bobby Flay

25
3
"Gobbled Up"
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Chrissy Teigen
cranberries
Kat Ploszaj, Julietta Ballesteros
Seamus Mullen, Shaun Hergatt, David Leite
duck a l'orange
Bobby Flay

26
4
"Shaken Not Stirred"
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
chorizo
Kristin Kittrell, Giulio Adriani
Frank Prisinzano, Tricia Williams, Brian Duffy
gnocchi
Kristin Kittrell

27
5
"By Land or by Sea"
December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)
Brooke Burke-Charvet, Alton Brown
marcona almonds
Alex Diaz, Jeremy Hanlon
Seamus Mullen, Lourdes Castro, Madison Cowan
fish and chips
Bobby Flay

28
6
"Bells will be Ringing"
December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
pears
Mark Allen, Blythe Beck
Aliya Leekong, Greg and Darin Bresnitz
cornish game hen
Bobby Flay

29
7
"Heat in the Street"
December 18, 2014 (2014-12-18)
Scott Conant, Alex Guarnaschelli
pancetta
Damien O'Donnell, Adrian Leon
Phillip Lee, Ariane Daguin, Ivan Orkin
pork chop
Bobby Flay

30
8
"Roll the Dice"
December 25, 2014 (2014-12-25)
Michael Voltaggio, Simon Majumdar
pork tenderloin
Evan Hennessey, John Miele
Ken Friedman, Ed McFarland, Donald Brophy
lobster roll
John Miele

31
9
"Pot Calling the Kettle Beat"
January 1, 2015 (2015-01-01)
Jonathan Waxman, Aaron Sanchez
goat cheese
Herb Wilson, Robin King
Wylie Dufresne, Anita Lo, Josh Capon
chicken pot pie
Bobby Flay

32
10
"New Kids on the Butcher Block"
January 8, 2015 (2015-01-08)
Jeff Mauro, Justin Warner
ground beef
Malcolm Mitchell, Daniela D'Ambrosio
Joey Campanaro, Madison Cowan, Mike Birnbaum
BLT
Bobby Flay

33
11
"Clash of the Culinary Titans"
January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)
Sunny Anderson, Ted Allen
pizza dough
Victor Albisu, Eddie Tangredi
Michael Stillman, Ariane Daguin, George Motz
steak and eggs
Victor Albisu

34
12
"Defend the House"
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
Alton Brown, Alex Guarnaschelli
hanger steak
Joe Dobias, Alina Eisenhauer
Sam Talbot, Aliya Leekong, Alex Garcia
biscuits & gravy
Bobby Flay

35
13
"Fry Me a River"
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
Scott Conant, Geoffrey Zakarian
tomatoes
Robert Hesse, Michael Jenkins
Corby Kummer, Terrance Brennon, Drew Nieporent
chicken wings
Bobby Flay

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

36
1
"Foreign Relations"
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
Giada De Laurentiis, Michael Symon
porterhouse steak
Taichi Kitamura, David Decastro
Ed Schoenfeld, Kristin Sollenne, Harold Dieterle
pot stickers
Taichi Kitamura[2]

37
2
"Fire in the Hole"
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Katie Lee
chickpeas
Jen Biesty, Chris Lamphier
George Mendes, Aliya Leekong, Drew Nieporent
paella
Bobby Flay

38
3
"To Contend and Serve"
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
Anne Burrell, Geoffrey Zakarian
italian sausage
Carla Harris, Noah Schwartz
Ed McFarland, Lourdes Castro, Rick Moonen
catfish po' boy
Bobby Flay

39
4
"Culinary Validation"
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
Scott Conant, Natalie Morales
kielbasa
Joe Adorno, Adam Halberg
Jeff Zalaznick, Kristin Sollenne, Rick Moonen
arroz con pollo
Bobby Flay

40
5
"Raising the Bar"
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
Sunny Anderson, Allison Sweeney
shiitake mushrooms
Kelvin Fernandez, Chris Kobayashi
Ivan Orkin, Roberto Treviño, Ming Tsai
meat arepas
Kelvin Fernandez

41
6
"No Training Wheels"
April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, David Burtka
feta cheese
Johnny Zone, Jumoke Jackson
Luke Holden, Mary Sue Milliken, Suvir Saran
fried fish tacos
Johnny Zone

42
7
"Best Laid Plans"
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
Katie Lee, Simon Majumdar
sardines
Clark Frasier, Keri Moser
Donal Brophy, Tricia WIlliams, Ken Friedman
cedar plank salmon
Bobby Flay

43
8
"East Coast's Finest"
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
Curtis Stone, Michael Symon
mussels
Luke Venner, Antonio Franco
Frank Pellegrino Jr., Laura Vitale, Michael Psilakis
veal milanese
Bobby Flay

44
9
"Out on a Limb"
April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)
Ted Allen, Tamron Hall
fluke
John Wassil, Katherine Humphus
Harold Moore, Ariane Daguin, Todd Coleman
lamb chops
Bobby Flay

45
10
"Any Given Sunday"
May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)
Chris Santos, Geoffrey Zakarian
bacon
Kathy Cary, Shanna O'Hea
Michael Ferraro, Susan Ungaro, Terrance Brennan
croque-monsieur
Bobby Flay

46
11
"Homeland"
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
oranges
Thoa Nguyen, Jason Hippen
David Massoni, Anita Lo, Ivan Orkin
bibimbap
Thoa Nguyen[3]

47
12
"Humble Beginnings"
May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21)
Sunny Anderson, Simon Majumdar
fresh mozzarella
Christopher Wall, Eugene Jones
Ed McFarlnd, Alexander Smalls, Frank Prisinzano
étouffée
Bobby Flay

48
13
"Getting Grilled"
May 28, 2015 (2015-05-28)
Michael Symon, Debi Mazar
chicken
Dominic Zumpano, Angelo Sosa
Michael Stillman, Hugh Mangum, Michael Lomonaco
steak and potatoes
Bobby Flay

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

49
1
"No Fear"
June 4, 2015 (2015-06-04)
Damaris Phillips, Alex Guarnaschelli
halibut
Will Gilson, Lawrence Males
Roberto Treviño, Lourdes Castro, Hugh Mangum
corn-beef hash
Bobby Flay

50
2
"Who's Your Daddy?"
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
Scott Conant, Haylie Duff
lobster
Sam Marvin, Gregory Torrech
Frank Prisinzano, Roberto Treviño, April Bloomfield
sausage & peppers
Sam Marvin

51
3
"No Formalities"
June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)
Sunny Anderson, Giada de Laurentiis
littleneck clams
Tre Wilcox, Sarah Acconcia
Andrew Carmellini, Tracy Weiss, Josh Capon
pork roulade
Bobby Flay

52
4
"Mavericks"
June 25, 2015 (2015-06-25)
Daphne Oz, Michael Symon
jumbo lump crab meat
Sylvia Casares, Braden Wages
Ivy Stark, Corby Kummer, Leah Cohen
thai green curry
Bobby Flay

53
5
"Stars and Stripes"
July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)
Rachael Ray, Jessica Seinfeld
watermelon
Matt O'Neil, Brian Cartenuto
Glenn Harris, Susan Ungaro, Ken Freidman
burger
Bobby Flay

54
6
"Rollin' Deep"
July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)
Katie Lee, Geoffrey Zakarian
fennel
Linda Hamel, Kenny Johnson
Charlie Parker, Tracy Weiss, Frankie Pelegrino Jr.
meatballs
Kenny Johnson

55
7
"Worst Case Scenario"
July 16, 2015 (2015-07-16)
Amanda Freitag, Alex Guarnaschelli
hen of the woods mushroom
Kouri Killmeier, Jared Case
Michael Lomonaco, Franklin Becker, Michael Psilakis
bratwurst sandwich
Bobby Flay

56
8
"Rise to the Occasion"
July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23)
Ted Allen, Debi Mazar
apples
Gio Osso, Mike Friedman
Aliya Leekong, Jeff Zalaznick, Laura Vitale
lasagne
Bobby Flay

57
9
"Do or Die"
July 30, 2015 (2015-07-30)
Scott Conant, Geoffrey Zakarian
pomegranates
Peter Morris, Gregory Webb
Harold Dieterle, Ivy Stark, Jason Birchard
chili relleno
Bobby Flay

58
10
"The Heat is On"
August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)
Katie Lee, Robert Irvine
rib-eye steak
Jeanie Roland, Becca Richards
Susan Feniger, Ed Brown, Susan Ungaro
mussels frites
Jeanie Roland

59
11
"Sticking to Your Guns"
August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)
Sunny Anderson, Curtis Stone
russet potatoes
Clark Barlowe, Peter McAndrews
Andrew Carmellini, Madison Cowan, April Bloomfield
liver & onions
Bobby Flay

60
12
"Arrivals and Departures"
August 20, 2015 (2015-08-20)
Donatella Arpaia, Alex Guarnaschelli
swordfish
Michael Walters, Lisa Nakamura
Franklin Becker, Candice Kumai, Madison Cowan
jerk chicken
Michael Walters[4]

61
13
"Culinary Tornado"
August 27, 2015 (2015-08-27)
Anne Burrell, Simon Majumdar
New York strip steak
Miguel Trinidad, Brian Hill
Leah Cohen, Hugh Mangum, Devin Alexander
ribs
Bobby Flay

text: Season 6[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

62
1
"Unfinished Business"
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)
Scott Conant, Jonathan Scott, Drew Scott
cherrystone clams
Angelo Sosa, Blythe Beck
Ivy Stark, Josh Capon, Elizabeth Karmel
pork enchiladas
Bobby Flay

63
2
"Settling the Score"
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
Sunny Anderson, Jeff Mauro
rack of lamb
Jordan Andino, Bruce Kalman
Frank Prisinzano, Laura Vitale, Harold Moore
pasta carbonara
Bruce Kalman[5]

64
3
"Frenemies"
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
Michael Symon, Debi Mazar
portobello mushroom
Natasha Pogrebinsky, Michael Jenkins
Ed McFarland, Tom Birchard, Andrew Friedman
pierogi
Bobby Flay

65
4
"Back with a Vengeance"
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
Daphne Oz, Geoffrey Zakarian
kale
Tre Wilcox, Anthony Lamas
Franklin Becker, Lourdes Castro, Julien Medina
moqueca
Bobby Flay

66
5
"Trick or Sweet"
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
Simon Majumdar, Debi Mazar
coconut
Justin Burke-Samson, Tommy Juliano
Paulette Goto, Johnny Iuzzini, Jennifer Yee
pumpkin trifle
Bobby Flay

67
6
"It's a Family Secret"
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
Anne Burrell, Spike Mendelsohn
flat iron steak
Kiran Verma, Ric Orlando
Jason Birchard, Maneet Chauhan, Madison Cowan
potato latkes
Ric Orlando

68
7
"She's a Lady"
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
Katie Lee, Alex Guarnaschelli
chicken thighs
Giovanna Huyke, Jennifer Bajsel
Roberto Treviño, Aliya Leekong, Hugh Mangum
shrimp mofongo
Bobby Flay

69
8
"Let's Talk Turkey"
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
Michael Symon, Geoffrey Zakarian
acorn squash
Nick Rabar, Jeff Haskel
Susan Ungaro, Michael Ferraro, Sarah Simmons
turkey sandwich
Bobby Flay

70
9
"Hook, Line and Sinker"
December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)
Scott Conant, Willie Geist
rainbow trout
Roy Breiman, Vaughn Crenshaw
Ken Friedman, Anita Lo, Glenn Harris
Dutch baby pancake
Roy Breiman

71
10
"Roasting on an Open Fire"
December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Penn Jillette
chestnuts
Ariane Duarte, Adil Fawzi
Michael Lomonaco, Candice Kumai, Phillipe Massoud
filet mignon
Ariane Duarte

72
11
"Poking and Prodding"
December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16)
Katie Lee, Judy Gold
polenta
Alex Stratta, Houman Gohary
Marco Moreira, Maneet Chauhan, Jean-Paul Bourgeouis
lamb shish kebab
Bobby Flay

73
12
"Rules are Meant to be Broken"
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
Ted Allen, Margaret Cho
fresh tuna
Diane DiMeo, Ian Russo
Jason Debriere, Ivy Stark, David Massoni
pork tostado
Bobby Flay

74
13
"Live From the Food Carpet"
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
Rachael Ray, Ross Mattthews
bell peppers
Gavin Fine, K.N. Vinod
Frank Prisinzano, Missy Robbins, Suvir Saran
fish curry
Bobby Flay

text: Season 7[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

75
1
"Strike While the Iron's Hot"
January 20, 2016 (2016-01-20)
Amanda Freitag, Geoffrey Zakarian
peanuts
Steve "Nookie" Postal, Tim Freeman
Kristin Sollenne, Dale Talde, Candice Kumai
pad thai
Tim Freeman[6]

76
2
"A Cut Above"
January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27)
Simon Majumdar, Jet Tila
flank steak
John Tesar, Terry Sargent
Michael Stillman, Madison Cowan, Jean-Paul Bourgeouis
beef Wellington
Bobby Flay

77
3
"Touchdown!"
February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03)
Anne Burrell, Laila Ali
avocado
Zane Holmquist, Deji Oduwole
Ben Ford, Tricia Williams, Pete Levin
pork nachos
Bobby Flay

78
4
"Sweet and Spicy"
February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)
Katie Lee, Damaris Phillips
chocolate & chillies
Carlos Baez, Steven Scalesse
Susan Feniger, Richard Sandoval, Pamela Morgan
chicken mole
Bobby Flay

79
5
"A Feather in Your Cap"
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Sunny Anderson
duck breast
Mohan Ismail, Nicole Roarke
Wylie Dufresne, Ed Schoenfeld, Frank Pellegrino
seafood lo mein
Mohan Ismail[7]

80
6
"The Boys Are Back"
February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)
Michael Symon, Michael Voltaggio
jarred tuna
Todd Hall, Brian Archibald
Julian Medina, Tricia Williams, Franklin Becker
steak torta
Brian Archibald[8]

81
7
"Always Expect the Unexpected"
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
Ted Allen, Kelsey Nixon
sirloin steak
Matt Levin, Sanaa Abourezk
Michael Psilakis, Corby Kummer, Jeremy Spector
vegetarian moussaka
Bobby Flay

text: Season 8[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

82
1
"Turning the Tables"
March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
Katie Lee
spinach
Alex Guarnaschelli, Michael Symon
Michael Lomonaco, April Bloomfield, Wylie Dufresne
lobster Newberg
Alex Guarnaschelli

83
2
"Pie in the Sky"
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
Maria Menounos, Scott Conant
striped bass
Branden Levine, Damon Gordon
Donal Brophy, Michael Lomonaco, Pete Levin
shepherd's pie
Bobby Flay

84
3
"Time to Get Schooled"
March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
Anne Burrell, Curtis Stone
asparagus
Cindy Wolf, Stacie Vande Wetering
Jean-Paul Bourgeouis, Cedric Vongerichten, Franklin Becker
seafood risotto
Bobby Flay

85
4
"Something Sweet"
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
Bobby Deen, Sunny Anderson
cherry
Caprial Pence, Ty Leon
Johnny Iuzzini, Paulette Goto, Zac Young
cream puffs
Bobby Flay

86
5
"Have Merci!"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Josh Capon
artichoke hearts
Gui Alinat, Kevin Ashade
Marco Moreira, Aliya Leekong, Alain Allegretti
coq au vin
Kevin Ashade[9]

87
6
"Just Act Natural"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Ina Garten, Neil Patrick Harris
piquillo pepper
Gail Arnold, Thomas John
Richie Notar, Madhur Jaffrey, Jehangir Mehta
chicken shawarma
Bobby Flay

88
7
"Riding the Wave"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
Katie Lee, Simon Majumdar
lamb tenderloin
Shaymus Alwin, Jeremy Sewall
Jamie Bissonnette, Keri Glassman, Ed McFarland
lobster bisque
Bobby Flay

89
8
"Fully Baked"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Scott Conant
plantain
Robert Vasquez, Aaron Rivera
Michael Laiskonis, Ivy Stark, Roberto Santibáñez
beef empanada
Aaron Rivera[10]

90
9
"Hall of Shame"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
Giada De Laurentiis, Jerome Bettis
okra
Kenny Gilbert, Jordan Wakefield
Tom Birchard, Lisle Richards, Ken Friedman
chicken & dumplings
Kenny Gilbert

91
10
"Star Power"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
Jeff Mauro, Eddie Jackson
Dover sole
Jesse Schenker, Danny Mena
Julian Medina, Rosanna Scotto, Madison Cowan
tortilla soup
Bobby Flay

92
11
"Ring of Fire"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
Jeff Mauro, Anthony Anderson
mahi-mahi
Adrianne Calvo, Ben Thomas
Michael Lomonaco, Tracy Weiss, Brian Duffy
steak au poivre
Bobby Flay

93
12
"Fingerlings Crossed!"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Diane Guerrero
fingerling potato
Philippe Corbet, George Rodrigues
Roberto Santibáñez, Paulette Goto, Brian Mazza
chili
George Rodrigues[11]

94
13
"A Little Bit Country"
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Trisha Yearwood
bay scallop
Lee Frank, Joe Wolfson
Hugh Mangum, Elizabeth Karmel, Marc Murphy
country fried steak
Bobby Flay

text: Season 9[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

95
1
"Fancy Meeting You Here"
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
Sunny Anderson
prosciutto
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Ken Oringer, Susan Ungaro, Jacques Torres
cheesecake
Anne Burrell

96
2
"Breaking Food News"
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
Michael Symon, Katie Couric
mackerel
Michael Ginor, Alyssa Gorelick
Michael Psilakis, Leah Cohen, George Mendes
lamb gyro
Bobby Flay

97
3
"Red, White, and BBQ"
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
Katie Lee, Elvis Duran
chicken wings
Brother Luck, Matt Bolus
Raquel Pelzel, Corby Kummer, Elizabeth Karmel
pulled pork sliders
Brother Luck[12]

98
4
"Green with Envy"
July 7, 2016 (2016-07-07)
Scott Conant, Perrey Reeves
silken tofu
Pankaj Pradhan, Vikki Krinsky
Michael Schulson, Keri Glassman, Sal Scognamillo
stuffed peppers
Bobby Flay

99
5
"Dancing With the Devil"
July 14, 2016 (2016-07-14)
Lance Bass, Michael Voltaggio
veal cutlet
Robbie Jester, James Laird
Frank Pellegrino, Tricia Williams, Stratis Morfogen
shrimp scampi
Robbie Jester

100
6
"Ladies Night"
July 21, 2016 (2016-07-21)
Katie Lee, Laura Vitale
romanesco
Eric Levine, Jannifer Janinski
Raquel Pelzel, Richie Natar, Kristin Sollene
tortelloni
Bobby Flay

101
7
"Stop Drop and Roll"
July 28, 2016 (2016-07-28)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Donny Deutsch
cannellini beans
Kevin Naderi, Mark Vecchitto
Maneet Chauhan, Franklin Becker, Dorothy Cann Hamilton
stuffed cabbage rolls
Kevin Naderi

102
8
"So many obstacles"
August 4, 2016 (2016-08-04)
Anne Burrell, Apolo Ohno
couscous
Michele Castelli, Brian Miller
Christian Petroni, Rosanna Scotto, Alex Garcia
meat pizza
Bobby Flay

103
9
"Who's Got This in the Bag"
August 11, 2016 (2016-08-11)
Jet Tila, Debi Mazar
ground lamb
Mark Gaier, Christopher Covelli
Ed Brown, Candice Kumai, Vikas Khanna
fish en papillote
Bobby Flay

104
10
"Age is Just a Number"
August 18, 2016 (2016-08-18)
Sunny Anderson, Kimberly Schlapman
blue cheese
Kevin Des Chenes, Jenny Dorsey
Cobi Levy, Anita Lo, Hugh Mangum
wonton soup
Jenny Dorsey

105
11
"Get in the Zone"
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Kenny Mayne
Yukon gold potatoes
Jeff Williams, Kevin Templeton
David Massoni, Lourdes Castro, Jason Debriere
chilaquiles
Bobby Flay

106
12
"Bobby's DMV Appointment"
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
Curtis Stone; Haylie Duff
guanciale
Serge Pambo, Todd Gray
Michael Psilakis, Tracy Weiss, Hugh Mangum
soft-shell crab sandwich
Bobby Flay

107
13
"Dark Horses Still Kick"
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Debi Mazar
branzino
Ed Hardy, Kunal Lamba
Hari Nayak, Dorothy Cann Hamilton, Hung Huynh
chicken bánh mì
Bobby Flay

text: Season 10[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

108
1
"Comforts of Home"
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
Scott Conant, Bethenny Frankel
ground pork
Jackie Rothong, Matteo Boffo
Frank Prisinzano, Jody Adams, Salvatore Coppola
cannelloni
Bobby Flay

109
2
"Shore Fire Strategy"
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
Anne Burrell, Mario Cantone
squab
Geoff Johnson, Martin Rios
Ed Brown, Clodagh Mckenna, Craig Samuel
lobster thermidor
Bobby Flay

110
3
"Howdy Halloween"
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
Sunny Anderson, Laura Vitale
blood oranges
Katherine Clapner, Joe Baker
David Lebovitz, Nicole Friday, Zac Young
devil's food cake
Katherine Clapner

111
4
"Bobby-Bing Bobby-Boom!"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
Anthony Carrino, John Colaneri, Alex Guarnaschelli
kalamata olives
Toni Sapienza, Rodney Murillo
Nick Defonte,[13] Kristin Sollenne, Dale Talde
meatball sandwich
Bobby Flay

112
5
"Che-Sing Glory"
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
Geoffrey Zakarian, Michael Che
country ham
Tony Nguyen, Andres Dangond
Judy Joo, Ivan Orkin, Ivy Stark
ramen
Bobby Flay

113
6
"Hold on for One More Flay"
October 27, 2016
Katie Lee, Carnie Wilson
butchery brioche
Jeremy Nolen, Vijay Sadhu
Aliya Leekong, Edi Frauneder, Julie Sahni
samosas
Vijay Sadhu[14]

114
7
"Surprise Surprise"
November 3, 2016
Curtis Stone, Sandra Lee
haddock
Pat Sheerin, Katie Chin
Michel Nischan, Anita Lo, Hung Huynh
pork fried rice
Bobby Flay

115
8
"Country Boys in the Big City"
November 10, 2016
Ted Allen, Anne Burrell
black beans
Mike Johnson, Justin Gaines
Jean Paul Bourgeois, Candice Kumai, Michael Psilakis
jambalaya
Bobby Flay

116
9
"Thanks But No Thanksgiving"
November 17, 2016
Martha Stewart, Scott Conant
butternut squash
Ed Cotton, Omar Zerrei
Madison Cowan, Marcie Turney, Felipe Donnelly
turkey cacciatore
Ed Cotton

117
10
"You've Got to be Kidding Me!""
November 30, 2016
Carla Hall, Aubrey Anderson-Emmons, Quvenzhane Wallis
cheddar cheese
Chris Scott, Line Pelletier
Chris Ekpiken, Sabrina Richard, Taylor Moxey
chicken fingers
Bobby Flay

118
11
"Back to School"
December 8, 2016
Ted Allen, Rowan Blanchard
strawberries
Zac Young, Francois Payard
Olivia Oshiro, David Pines, Elizabeth Oakes
Napoleon
Francois Payard

119
12
"Whiz Kids"
December 15, 2016
Gibson Boreli, Tyler Zager, Sunny Anderson
corn flakes
Brian Santos, Claud Beltran
Lauren Zilberman, Finn Skerlj, Emily Waters
beef quesadillas
Bobby Flay

120
13
"Like Father Like Daughter"
December 22, 2016
Scott Conant, Aila Conant
bowtie pasta
Max Hardy, Lee Knoeppel
Hunter Zampa, Julep Knowlton, Tatiana Cicciarella
grilled cheese
Bobby Flay

text: Season 11[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

121
1
"All at Stake"
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
Amanda Freitag, Carla Hall
Canadian bacon
Todd Erickson, Charles Bauer
Jeremy Spector, Michael Ferraro, Dorothy Cann Hamilton
salisbury steak
Todd Erickson

122
2
"Better Late Than Never"
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
Giada De Laurentiis, Alex Guarnaschelli
parsnip
Melissa Mayer, Jen Royle
Jason DeBriere, Sara Gore, Ken Oringer
chicken flautas
Bobby Flay

123
3
"Bro-Down Showdown"
January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
Michael Voltaggio, Bryan Voltaggio
sunchokes
Terence Feury, Patrick Feury
Jason Hicks, Raquel Pelzel, Michael Vignola
surf & turf
Bobby Flay

124
4
"Too Biggs to Fail"
January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Katie Lee, Jason Biggs
rock shrimp
David Vargas, Sam Gorenstein
Roberto Santibanez, Alison Roman, Ed McFarland
seafood burrito
Sam Gorenstein

125
5
"The Grid Iron Chef"
February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Josh Capon
jalapeno
Lee Chizmar, Mark Allen Moller
Robbie Schultz, Katie Quinn, Michael Lomonaco
cheesesteak
Bobby Flay

126
6
"She Loves Me ....Not"
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
Daphne Oz, Lara Spencer
red wine
Frank Otte, Eric Adjepong
Susan Ungaro, Glenn Harris, Angie Mar
eggs benedict
Bobby Flay

127
7
"You Won't Like Him When He's Angry"
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
Kristin Cavallari, Geoffrey Zakarian
veal tenderloin
Daniel Angerer, Jamie Knott
Robyn Lawley, Chris "C-Snacks" Clarke, Tricia Williams
veggie burger
Bobby Flay

128
8
"Roll with the Punches"
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
Curtis Stone, Simon Majumdar
razor clams
Perry Chung, Richard Mancini
Hung Huynh, Pamela Morgan, Frank Prisinzano
crispy spring rolls
Perry Chung

129
9
"Steak Me Home Tonight"
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
Anne Burrell, Chris D'Elia
peaches
Trish Tracey, Daniel Cox
Wylie Dufresne, Ariane Daguin, Alfred Portale
steak frites
Bobby Flay

130
10
"Sweet but Sour"
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
white chocolate
Kym Delost, Chris Teixeira
Michael Laiskonis, Nicole Friday, Niles Noren
apple dumpling
Bobby Flay

131
11
"Thrown from the Throne"
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
Amanda Freitag, Simon Majumdar
heirloom carrots
Ian Bowden, Danielle Duran
Erik Ramirez, April Bloomfield, Joey Campanaro
veal piccata
Bobby Flay

132
12
"I Thought We Were Friends"
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
Giada De Laurentiis, Scott Conant
red snapper
Vuong Loc, Ian Alvarez
Jason Wang, Robbie Shoults, Leah Cohen
chicken pho
Vuong Loc

133
13
"Both Sides of the Coin"
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Anne Burrell,
quail eggs
Jason Tom, Admir Alibasic
Michael Stillman, Brian Mazza, Harold Moore
sloppy joe
Bobby Flay

text: Season 12[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

134
1
"Iron Chef Redemption"
April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)
Ted Allen, Debi Mazar
sun-dried tomatoes
Todd Stein, Paul Virant
Susan Feniger, Billy Durnan, Alex Thermopoulos
brick chicken
Bobby Flay

135
2
"Mazel Tov"
April 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)
Michael Symon, Susan Lucci
broccoli rabe
Alex Reznik, Colin Smith
Lidia Bastianich, Noah Bernamoff, Olivia Culpo
matzo ball soup
Alex Reznik

136
3
"Challah at Your Boy!"
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
Anne Burrell, Jay Pharoah
challah bread
Rene Rodriguez, Michael Kramer
Ivy Stark, Jeremy Jacobowirz, Lidia Bastianich
huevos rancheros
Rene Rodriguez

137
4
"Tame in the Flame"
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
Scott Conant, Busy Philipps
duck confit
Ivana Raca, Tom Wolfe
Einat Admony, Lazarus Lynch, Anita Lo
branzino
Bobby Flay

138
5
"Inside Scoop"
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Helene Yorke
top round of beef
Steven Oakley, Bobby Hanson
Madison Cowan, April Bloomfield, Jimmy Bradley
seafood corndogs
Steven Oakley

139
6
"Open Grill Season"
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
Sunny Anderson, Gail Simmons
meyer lemon
Brandon Byrd, Nicolay Adinaguev
Michael Lomonaco, Jess Pryles, Robbie Shoults
carne asada
Bobby Flay

140
7
"Friends in All Places"
May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)
Michael Symon
king crab
Jet Tila, Alex Guarnaschelli
Ed McFarland, Leah Cohen, Drew Neoporent
sole almondine
Alex Guarnaschelli

141
8
"The Next Food Network Star Is..."
June 7, 2017 (2017-06-07)
Alton Brown
persimmons
Damaris Phillips, Justin Warner
Donal Brophy, Tricia Williams, Michael Psilakis
tuna noodle casserole
Damaris Phillips

142
9
"Deja Flay"
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)
Scott Conant
grapefruit
Anne Burrell, Marcus Samuelsson
Sileshi Alifom, Sara Moulton, Michael Laiskonis
chicken doro wat
Marcus Samuelsson

143
10
"BBF vs. Chopped"
June 22, 2017 (2017-06-22)
Ted Allen
colossal shrimp
Amanda Freitag, Marc Murphy
Najmieh Batmanglij, April Bloomfield, Kristin Sollenne
fesenjān
Amanda Freitag

144
11
"Ghosts of Bobby's Past"
June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
Laura Prepon, Daphne Oz
filet mignon
Einat Admony, Leia Gaccione
Tom Birchard, Susan Ungaro, Alon Shaya
pork chops and applesauce
Bobby Flay

145
12
"Salty and Sweet"
July 6, 2017 (2017-07-06)
Katie Lee, Carla Hall
Raisin
Bruno Feldeisen, Michelle Gayer
Paulette Goto, David Lebovitz, Nicole Friday
Banana cream pie
Bobby Flay

146
13
"Record Breaking"
July 13, 2017 (2017-07-13)
Josh Capon, Jaymee Sire
steamer clams
Joshua Bedford, Jarad Gallagher
Ed Schoenfeld, Maggie Nemser, Spencer Rubin
egg drop soup
Bobby Flay

text: Season 13[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

147
1
"Sugar and Spice but not so nice"
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
Alton Brown, Adam Richman
Coffee Beans
Josh Johnson, Dana Cree
Samantha Seneviratne, Nils Noren, Raiza Costa
Brownie Sundae
Dana Cree

148
2
"Fancy vs Rustic"
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)
Sunny Anderson, Katie Lee
Figs
Angie Berry, Giuliano Matarese
Ed Brown, Rohini Dey, Corby Kummer
Shrimp and Grits
Bobby Flay

149
3
"Bear-Ware"
August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Daphne Oz
Merguez sausage
Hal Holden-Bache, Derek Orrell
Jason Debriere, Claudia Fleming, Craig Samuel
Oysters Rockefeller
Bobby Flay

150
4
"Green, White and Red"
August 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Turbot
Raffaele Ronca, Ken Vedrinski
Frank Prisinzano, Kristin Sollenne, Dan Pashman
Gnudi
Ken Vedrinski

151
5
"Chop Chop"
August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)
Amanda Freitag, Jet Tila
Gruyere Cheese
Fabio Mura, Nicole Votano
Glenn Harris, Michele Ragussis, Joe Isidori
Breakfast Sandwich
Bobby Flay

152
6
"Familiar Names and Faces"
August 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)
Ted Allen, Sunny Anderson
Coconut Milk
Stephen Kalt, Brad Spence
Lex Taylor, Raquel Pelzel, Nguyen Tran
Patty Melt
Stephen Kalt

153
7
"International Showdown"
August 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)
Katie Lee, Marcus Samuelsson
Green Beans
Alida Solomon, Pasquale Cozzolino
Lauren Hirschberg, Barbara Lynch, Rich Aronovitch
White Clams Pizza
Bobby Flay

154
8
"Feathered and Fried"
September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)
Anne Burrell, Marc Murphy
Rabbit Legs
Thomas Boemer, Darnell Ferguson
Melba Wilson, Daniel Delaney, Sarah Simmons
Fried Chicken
Bobby Flay

155
9
"Pulling Out All the Stops"
September 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)
Steve Schirripa, Simon Majumdar
White Anchovies
Dave Bazirgan, Stephen Jones
Stephen Starr, Susan Povich, Jean-Paul Bourgeois
Hoppin' John
Stephen Jones

156
10
"Number One Baby"
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
Scott Conant, Laura Vitale
Tri-Tip Of Beef
Nicolas Bour, RJ Moody
Tom Birchard, Leah Cohen, Roberto Trevino
Salt Cod Fritters
Bobby Flay

157
11
"Drop the Knife"
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
Colin Quinn, Katie Lee
Collard Greens
Diane Vista-Wayne, Lauren Brown
Angie Mar, Ed Mcfarland, Ariane Daguin
Savory Souffle
Lauren Brown

158
12
"Boil and Trouble"
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
Giada De Laurentiis, Daphne Oz
Pumpkin Seeds
Jeffrey Hansell, Meghann Ward
Wylie Dufresne, Alon Shaya, Dale Talde
Frog Legs
Bobby Flay

159
13
"We're All Family Here"
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
Sophie Flay, Alton Brown
Tomatillos
Jonathan Waxman, Dean Fearing
Marc Vetri, Lourdes Castro, Christian Petroni
Tagliatelle
Bobby Flay

text: Season 14[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

160
1
"Feeling Bleu"
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Bobby Moynihan
Halloumi Cheese
Marcellus Coleman, Lionel Haeberle
Raquel Pelzel, Madison Cowan, Keri Glassman
Chicken Cordon Bleu
Lionel Haeberle

161
2
"Take a Bao"
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
David Alan Grier, Carla Hall
Black Cod
Suchanan Aksornnan, Richard Hales
Cobi Levy, Angie Mar, Wilson Tang
Pork Bun
Bobby Flay

162
3
"Ain't That Dandy"
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
Katie Lee, Ben Feldman
Pork Chops
Jason Dady, Mike DeCamp
Drew Crane, Dale Talde, Marco Canora
Poke
Bobby Flay

163
5
"The Iron Age"
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Simon Majumdar
Onions
Jose Garces, Stephanie Izard
Donatella Arpaia, Madison Cowan, Susan Ungaro
Seafood Paella
Bobby Flay

164
4
"Turkey's Done"
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
Sunny Anderson, Sophie Flay
Turkey Cutlets
Clayton Chapman, Tony Priolo
Brian Mazza, Einat Admony, Ronnie Woo
Pumpkin Ravioli
Tony Priolo

165
6
"Sea Shells by the Sea Shore"
November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)
Marcus Samuelsson, Michael Voltaggio
Sea Urchin
Ed Harris, Jason McLeod
Michael Schulson, Abigail Hitchcock, Alain Allegretti
Coquilles St.-Jacques
Bobby Flay

166
7
"Rotten Tomatoes for Bobby"
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
Scott Conant, Helene Yorke
Green Tomatoes
Andre Fowles, Darren Sayphraraj
Ed Schoenfeld, Aliya Leekong, Nigel Spence
Hot And Sour Soup
Darren Sayphraraj

167
8
"Holidays Are for Battle"
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Tia Mowry
Cornish Game Hens
Simone Falco, Eoghain O'Neill
Ariane Daguin, Frank Prisinzano, Jackie Gebel
Ossobuco
Simone Falco

168
9
"Cracking a Win"
December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
Anne Burrell, Andrew Zimmern
Soft Shell Crabs
David Baruthio, Blake Hartwick
Michael Lomonaco, Ali Rosen, Daniel Eddy
Scotch Egg
Bobby Flay

169
10
"Who Done It?"
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
Lorraine Pascale, Damaris Phillips
Prosecco
Jeremy Fogg, Andrea Bergin
Paulette Goto, Zac Young, Marcy Blum
Ice Cream Sandwich
Jeremy Fogg

170
11
"Clamming Up"
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
Amanda Freitag, Geoffrey Zakarian
Cockles
Kiran Patnam, Jonathan Wu
Tricia Williams, Jehangir Mehta, Tracy Jane Young
Butter Chicken Masala
Kiran Patnam[15]

171
12
"Midwest Swing"
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Katie Lee, Daphne Oz
Hake
Daniel Angerer, Mike Johnson
Andrew Friedman, Lucinda Scala Quinn, Hugh Mangum
Barbecued Chicken
Bobby Flay

172
13
"Peeling Away"
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Ted Allen, Busy Philipps
Bananas
Amanda Rockman, Vicki Wells
Nils Norén, Raiza Costa, Scott Levine
Tiramisu
Amanda Rockman

text: Season 15[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

173
1
"Big Dog on the Block"
December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
Sunny Anderson, Josh Denny
Ostrich Egg
Harold Baker, Tony Minadakis
Craig Samuel, Kardea Brown, Matt FX
Ginormous Seafood Sandwich
Bobby Flay

174
2
"Windy City Wants More"
December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
Scott Conant, Hannah Hart
Purple Potatoes
David Adjey, Cory Morris
Billy Durney, Lourdes Castro, Isaac Toups
Ropa Vieja
Cory Morris

175
3
"Bobby Gets Sacked"
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
Eddie Jackson, Jaymee Sire
Bratwurst
Paul Malvone, Jack Riebel
Jeremy Ford, Melba Wilson, Robbie Shoults
Juicy Lucy
Bobby Flay

176
4
"Broken Hearts"
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
Anne Burrell, Scott Conant
Maraschino cherry
Robert Nieto, Caroline Schiff
Jacques Torres, Samantha Seneviratne, Alan Rosen
Chocolate tart
Bobby Flay

177
5
"Going Loco"
February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)
Eddie Jackson, Damaris Phillips
Shishito Peppers
Mike Andrzejewski, Anthony Nelson
Chung Chow, Nicole Ponseca, Corby Kummer
Loco moco
Mike Andrzejewski

178
6
"Sour With The Sweet"
February 22, 2018 (2018-02-22)
Sunny Anderson, Josh Capon
Cowboy Rib eye steak
Robert Cho, Brian Malarkey
Leah Cohen, Rich Aronovitch, Dana Cowin
Monte Cristo sandwich
Bobby Flay

179
7
"Stuffed and Fried"
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
Katie Lee, Jet Tila
Langoustine
Crista Luedtke, Alan Vargas
Brian Duffy, Ivy Stark, Akhtar Nawab
Chimichanga
Bobby Flay

180
8
"At It Again"
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Ted Allen, Marc Murphy
Squid Ink
Seis Kamimura, Demetrio Zavala
Michael Psilakis, Leah Cohen, Christian Petroni
Beef Bulgogi
Bobby Flay

181
9
"Surf's Up"
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
Anne Burrell, Loni Love
Basil
Paras Shah, Sheldon Simeon
Bill Telepan, Nicole Ponseca, Roberto Treviño
Pork Adobo
Bobby Flay

182
10
"Revenge Is Best Served Bold"
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
Scott Conant, Laura Vitale
Zucchini
Leia Gaccione, Tony Nguyen
Glenn Harris, Rohini Dey, Hung Huynh
Brunch Burger
Bobby Flay

183
11
"Ladies Don't Play"
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
Daphne Oz, Michael Voltaggio
Fava Beans
Aarthi Sampath, Zoe Schor
Hari Nayak, Alison Roman, Albert Di Meglio
Chicken Biryani
Aarthi Sampath

184
12
"Not a Speck"
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
Sunny Anderson, Carla Hall
Speck
Jonah Miller, Ronny Miranda
Seamus Mullen, Ingrid Hoffmann, David Santos
Peri Peri Chicken
Bobby Flay

185
13
"Getting Crabby"
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
Alex Guarnaschelli, Jet Tila
Cucumber
Mark Laubner, Brendan Pelley
Michael Psilakis, April Bloomfield, Drew Nieporent
Crab cake sandwich
Bobby Flay

text: Season 16[edit]

text:
№
#
Title
Original airdate
First round
Second round

Guest(s)
Ingredient(s)
Contestants
Judges
Dish
Winner

186
1
"Red Hot"
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
Katie Lee, Giada De Laurentiis
Red Kidney bean
Ashbell McElveen, John Cox
Dale Talde, Ivy Stark, Lazarus Lynch
Pancake
Bobby Flay

187
2
"Worldly Ways"
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
Sunny Anderson, Andrew Zimmern
Manchego
Jared Forman, Fabio Viviani
Frank Prisinzano, Lidia Bastianich, Marco Canora
Spaghetti with meatballs
Fabio Viviani

188
3
"Sticky Situation"
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
Michael Symon, Marcela Valladolid
Peanut butter
Clarice Lam, Avery Ruzicka
Jen King, Zac Young, Tracy Obolsky
S'more
Bobby Flay

189
4
"Sprung a Leek"
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
Damaris Phillips, Amanda Freitag
Leek
Shota Nakajima, Jamie Gwen
Drew Nieporent, Sara Gore, Charles Parker
Tempura
Shota Nakajima

190
5
"Stealing the Spotlight"
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)
Ina Garten, Laura Benanti
Dates
Paulette Goto, Ed Schoenfeld
Mary Sue Milliken, Michael Solomonov, Lucinda Scala Quinn
Chicken marsala
Bobby Flay

191
6
"Grill Me"
May 24, 2018 (2018-05-24)
Katie Lee, Mekhi Phifer
Korean-Style Short ribs
Lisa Dahl[16], Nathan Gresham
Timothy Walker, Sasha Miranda, Brian Duffy
Beef Slider
Bobby Flay


document_title: Electron transport chain

question_text: what goes in and comes out of the electron transport chain

text: Electron transport chain

text: Background[edit]

text: The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.

text: The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions.[1] If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP,[2] which powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation.[citation needed]

text: In mitochondria[edit]

text: Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.

text: A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.

text: Mitochondrial redox carriers[edit]

text: Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c). Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.

text: Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain:

text: Complex I[edit]

text: In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.[3]

text: The pathway of electrons is as follows:

text: NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.[5]

text: This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides (Example : Guanethidine), Rotenone, Barbiturates, Chlorpromazine, Piericidin.

text: Complex II[edit]

text: In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase, (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial, (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, (SDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.

text: This complex is inhibited by Carboxin.

text: Complex III[edit]

text:
In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (

2

H

2

+

e

−

{\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}}

) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinone (

2

H

2

+

e

−

{\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}}

) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules).

text: When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.

text: This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite(BAL), Napthoquinone and Antimycin.

text: Complex IV[edit]

text: In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water. At the same time, eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only four are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide, azide, hydrogen sulphide(H2S).

text: Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation[edit]

text:
According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient). This gradient is used by the FOF1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain.[6] The FO component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c subunits. Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits.[7] The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the FO turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required.[8] After c subunits, protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix.[7] This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD+ and Q). The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis, catalyzed by the F1 component of the complex.[9]
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler. This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production.[10] Synthetic uncouplers (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrocresol, CCCP) also exist, and can be lethal at high doses.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH2) to a terminal electron acceptor (O2) via a series of redox reactions. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are three proton pumps: I, III, and IV. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.

text: The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium. This means that these reactions are readily reversible, by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants (for example, by increasing the proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains.[11]

text: In bacteria[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is

text: NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.

text: In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:

text: Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a dehydrogenase, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor.

text: Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, E. coli (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.

text: A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain only one or two. They always contain at least one proton pump.

text: Electron donors[edit]

text: In the present day biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs. Organotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and phototrophs (plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.

text: Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source. Such an organism is called a lithotroph ("rock-eater"). Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, manganese oxide, and ferrous iron. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere.

text: The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution. This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source.

text: Dehydrogenases[edit]

text: Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors. When organic matter is the energy source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H2 dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), etc. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow.[citation needed]

text: Quinone carriers[edit]

text: Quinones are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use ubiquinone (the same quinone that mitochondria use) and related quinones such as menaquinone. Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10.

text: Proton pumps[edit]

text: A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the Q cycle).

text: Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps; others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome bc1 is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (it is not found in E. coli). As the name implies, bacterial bc1 is similar to mitochondrial bc1 (Complex III).

text: Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process. They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP.

text: Cytochrome electron carriers[edit]

text: Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.

text: Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c. Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers.

text: Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV. They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment.

text: Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.

text: Terminal oxidases and reductases[edit]

text: When bacteria grow in aerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor (O2) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase. When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase.

text: In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex (Complex IV) is cytochrome oxidase. Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases. For example, E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc1 complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.

text: Anaerobic bacteria, which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor. For example, E. coli can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.

text: Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.

text: Electron acceptors[edit]

text: Just as there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. If oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy.[citation needed]

text: In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate.

text: Since electron transport chains are redox processes, they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs. For example, the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD+/NADH redox pair and the O2/H2O redox pair. NADH is the electron donor and O2 is the electron acceptor.

text: Not every donor-acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible. The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor. Furthermore, actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions (1 molar concentrations, 1 atm partial pressures, pH = 7), which apply to standard redox potentials. For example, hydrogen-evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10−4 atm. The associated redox reaction, which is thermodynamically favorable in nature, is thermodynamic impossible under "standard" conditions.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Bacterial electron transport pathways are, in general, inducible. Depending on their environment, bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched, modular, and inducible.

text: Photosynthetic[edit]

text: In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O2) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used to produce useful work. About 30 work units are produced per electron transport.